Download Free Participatory Action Research Approaches And Methods Connecting People Participation And Place Routledge Studies In Human Geography Book in PDF and EPUB Free Download. You can read online Participatory Action Research Approaches And Methods Connecting People Participation And Place Routledge Studies In Human Geography and write the review.
Participatory Action Research (PAR) approaches and methods have seen an explosion of recent interest in the social and environmental sciences. PAR involves collaborative research, education and action which is oriented towards social change, representing a major epistemological challenge to mainstream research traditions. It has recently been the subject of heated critique and debate and rapid theoretical and methodological development. This book captures these developments, exploring the justification, theorisation, practice and implications of PAR. It offers a critical introduction to understanding and working with PAR in different social, spatial and institutional contexts. The authors engage with PAR's radical potential, while maintaining a critical awareness of its challenges and dangers. The book is divided into three parts. The first part explores the intellectual, ethical and pragmatic contexts of PAR; the development and diversity of approaches to PAR; recent poststructuralist perspectives on PAR as a form of power; the ethic of participation; and issues of safety and well-being. Part two is a critical exploration of the politics, places and practices of PAR. Contributors draw on diverse research experiences with differently situated groups and issues including environmentally sustainable practices, family livelihoods, sexual health, gendered experiences of employment, and specific communities such as people with disabilities, migrant groups, and young people. The principles, dilemmas and strategies associated with participatory approaches and methods including diagramming, cartographies, art, theatre, photovoice, video and geographical information systems are also discussed. Part three reflects on how effective PAR is, including the analysis of its products and processes, participatory learning, representation and dissemination, institutional benefits and challenges, and working between research, action, activism and change. The authors find that a spatial perspective and an attention to scale offer helpful means of negotiating the potentials and paradoxes of PAR. This approach responds to critiques of PAR by highlighting how the spatial politics of practising participation can be mobilised to create more effective and just research processes and outcomes. The book adds significant weight to the recent critical reappraisal of PAR, suggesting why, when, where and how we might take forward PAR's commitment to enabling collaborative social transformation. It will be particularly useful to researchers and students of Human Geography, Development Studies and Sociology.
Qualitative researchers increasingly flock to social justice research to move beyond academic discourse and aid marginalized communities and groups. This is the first textbook to address the methods of conducting qualitative research using a social justice paradigm. The book addresses the differences that a social justice stance requires from the researcher, then discusses how major qualitative methodologies are employed to create social justice in both the process and products of qualitative research. In this book-chapters cover grounded theory, phenomenology, ethnography, participatory action research, and other key qualitative designs;-methods chapters are written by experts in that methodology;-case studies illustrate show this style of research in action;-material is tightly organized and edited for course use although there are multiple authors.
"With clarity and confidence, this vibrant volume summons up 'the social' in geography in ways that will excite students and scholars alike. Here the social is populated not only by society, but by culture, nature, economy and politics." - Kay Anderson, University of Western Sydney "This is a remarkable collection, full of intellectual gems. It not only summarises the field of social geography, and restates its importance, but also produces a manifesto for how the field should look in the future." - Nigel Thrift, Vice-Chancellor, University of Warwick "The book aims to be accessible to students and specialists alike. Its success lies in emphasizing the crossovers between geography and social studies. The good editorial work is evident and the participating contributors are well-established scholars in their respective fields." - Miron M. Denan, Geography Research Forum "An excellent handbook that will attract a diversity of readers. It will inspire undergraduate/postgraduate students and stimulate lecturers/researchers interested in the complexity and diversity of the social realm.... As the first of its kind in the sub-discipline, it is a book that is enjoyable to read and will definitely add value to a personal or library collection." - Michele Lobo, New Zealand Geographer The social relations of difference - from race and class to gender and inequality - are at the heart of the concept of social geography. This handbook reconsiders and redirects research in the discipline while examining the changing ideas of individuals and their relationship with structures of power. Organised into five sections, the SAGE Handbook of Social Geographies maps out the 'connections' anchored in social geography. Difference and Diversity builds on enduring ideas of the structuring of social relations and examines the ruptures and rifts, and continuities and connections around social divisions. Geographies and Social Economies rethinks the sociality, subjectivity and placement of money, markets, price and value. Geographies of Wellbeing builds from a foundation of work on the spaces of fear, anxiety and disease towards newer concerns with geographies of health, resilience and contentment. Geographies of Social Justice connects ideas through an examination of the possibilities and practicalities of normative theory and frames the central notion of Social geography, that things always could and should be different. Doing Social Geography is not exploring the 'how to' of research, but rather the entanglement of it with practicalities, moralities, and politics. This will be an essential resource for academics, researchers, practitioners and postgraduates across human geography.
Demonstrating the contested and differentiated nature of childhood and youth embodiment, this book responds to political and media discourses that stigmatize unruly youthful bodies, by combining the critical analysis of imagined and disciplined youthful bodies with a focus on young peoples lived and performed, embodied subjectivities.
Social work research is concerned with complex social issues closely connected to communities of people who are marginalized and oppressed. This volume develops critical and creative research methodologies that place questions of social justice at their centre and take innovative approaches to collecting, analysing, interpreting and presenting research data. The first section of the book examines textual data produced from an array of methodologies focused on the spoken and/or written word. These approaches allow those who are often silenced to speak by providing space and time to capture memory and meanings that may not come to light in a time driven structured research method like an interview or a questionnaire. The second section of the book discusses visual methods, including an examination of historical artefacts like, photographs and objects, and participant engagement with art, specifically clay sculpture and drawings. Both sets of methods examine the concept of 'time', that is, how we understand time, as in our past memories, how we develop relationships and knowledge over time. These creative and critical methods provide new insights into ways of undertaking social research in social work which captures the complexity of social experiences, problems and meanings that are, more often than not, embedded in time and place.


These poems revolve around the figure of Sun Wukong, the stone monkey, who is one of the main characters of the Chinese epic Journey to the West written by Wu Cheng-en in the T'ang Dynasty. In Chinese mythology, he is also known as Monkey King, the trickster, folk-hero who overthrew heaven.
the monkey in his zoo.
and burning the heavens down.
I am an Oriental. And being an Oriental, I could never be completely a man.
I am an Oriental Macaque.
I need the largest junk.
This you tried to teach me.
and weren't meant to be.
or shorter on my command.
and dress myself with my own bare hands.
you were a bad Asian.
You did not sit still.


Supplement No. 1 provides FAA approval of Service Bulletin 530B as an Alternate Method of Compliance (AMOC) with AD #98-02-08 (see attached).
For more information on this topic, refer to Service Bulletin No. 530B.


New restaurants open in San Francisco on a daily basis but rarely does one attract as much attention as the recently debuted Che Fico. The Divisadero Street Italian eatery is currently the hottest spot in the entire city. It's been open for less than a month but already counts Anderson Cooper and Gwyneth Paltrow amongst its biggest fans.
So what makes Che Fico so unique? Well, everything. Chef and owner David Nayfeld—along with chef Angela Pinkerton and business partner Matt Brewer—have created a highly-anticipated restaurant that serves comforting rustic cuisine in an Instagrammable atmosphere. It's the sort of whole package eatery that only comes along once in awhile.
Che Fico was three years in the making. Located on the second floor of a two-story building that used to house an auto body shop, Che Fico has an open kitchen with a pizza oven. A room dedicated to aging charcuterie sits in the middle of the dining room, which is bright and airy with exposed wood and oversized communal table.
Photo Credit: Douglas Friedman Nayfeld developed a particular technique for the pizza dough that features local ingredients. The resulting pizza has a sourdough-like quality to it—it's crispy and incredibly enjoyable. It's the sort of pizza that dreams are made of—a pizza that you will crave and think about days after consuming it. The chef made over 600 pizzas before they perfected the recipe.
"We were sitting here every day, tasting a bite of pizza, spitting it out, tasting a bite of pizza, spitting it out," Nayfeld explains. "Just figuring out what the hydration level was; how the fermentation should be; what flours we wanted to use; what was important to us from a textural and consistency basis; what temperature the oven should be; how much oven spring we wanted; how long it would bake; what we wanted to dust the crust with; what the mixture of doughs would be." A pizza obsessive, Nayfeld could go on and on in a way that only the most passionate of chefs could relate to.


Are you eager to explore Saratoga County's rich history and cultural heritage? Saratoga County is renowned for its wide diversity of local museums. Exhibitions on a wide array of subjects will keep all the members of your family engaged. We've compiled a list of six museums that will add to your historical knowledge of Saratoga County and New York State.


text:
With spectacle and song, Legally Blonde: The Musical, like, totally rests its case
By Mitch Montoya
This week, Chicago's very own Great White Way will become the Great "Blonde" Way with the debut of Legally Blonde: The Musical, a lively production that reminds us of the power of blondes, the "bend and snap," and believing in yourself.
After a two-year run on Broadway, the Tony-nominated show embarked on a national tour, bringing the blonde ambition of Elle Woods to cities around the country. Based on the popular film starring Reese Witherspoon, Legally Blonde is the story of a sorority-girl-turned-Harvard-Law-student in search of love. Played by Becky Gulsvig, Elle may seem like a typical blonde from Malibu, but her drive, optimism, and wit show that there is more to her than golden tresses and brightly colored outfits. Gulsvig is charming and likable, providing a lead character that defies the stereotypes of gorgeous girls from L.A. Her voice is distinctive and fun, not annoying or overpowering. This means that at times she can get lost in the big song-and-dance numbers, but this allows for other characters to shine.
Director and choreographer Jerry Mitchell has molded the plot of the film into an extravaganza worthy of its Broadway stage. The beginning number "Omigod You Guys" shows that big musical numbers and Elle's ditzy persona will carry the show. Mitchell has crafted dance numbers that are more contemporary dance-off than classical tap. The performers have a clear athleticism that allows them to dance nonstop but still keep everything in check. Shirtless guys, midriff-bearing girls, short skirts, and tight shirts prove that this show is equally about being in shape as it is about holding a tune.
Legally Blonde has a dazzling set that works well with the big performances. Bright lights, props, and numerous backdrops move quickly to keep the audience's attention, and a brightly colored frame surrounds the stage and sets the mood for many of the scenes. This sets the backdrop for some truly magical moments when the entire cast is on stage.
Comedy is another strong point. Elle's partner-in-crime, Paulette (Natalie Joy Johnson) the manicurist, is absolutely hilarious. Everything from a New Jersey accent to tight blue spandex makes her the perfect figure for comedic relief. Johnson really gets laughs when she attempts to perform the seductive "bend and snap" and when the delivery man offers her a strategically placed package. One of the funniest numbers in the show is also one of the best performed. "There! Right There" is a courtroom scene where Elle tries to convince her defense team that the man who claims that he had an affair with the defendant is actually gay. What ensues is a hilarious number where the cast attempts to figure out whether he is gay or European. The dancing, singing, comedic quips, and dazzling set design all culminate to give a memorable performance.
While much of the musical's plot adheres to the film, some alterations take away from the important message of the story. In the film, Elle is driven by her own ambition and desire to be a successful lawyer, but here her helpful law school friend, Emmett, seems to loom over her shoulder far too much. His constant encouragement (reinforced by some overly sentimental songs about ambition) doesn't work with its take-home message of believing in yourself and never judging a book by its cover. What made the movie so great was that Elle fit the stereotype of a dumb blonde, but throughout the film she proved to be a smart girl that accomplished her goals all by herself, in spite of any negativity she received from other people. It's sometimes difficult to see that in this production sometimes.
Legally Blonde: The Musical has all the talent necessary for a great show, but in the transition to stage, the sparkle of the basic story is lost. Even with great singing and dancing, audience members are still left wanting the story of the independent, pink-obsessed blonde who graduated at the top of her class at Harvard, won a high profile murder trial, mastered the "bend and snap," and did it all without the help of any man.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


It's like Windows Explorer or Mac's Finder but with the benefit of access to the most popular clouds right from your mobile device! It's picture view works better than standard galleries and ASTRO is in dozens of Top Ten Android App lists and has been recommended in books. DOWNLOAD NOW.
It also gives you the ability to stop processes that burn battery life (Task Killer) and backup your apps (Application Backup) in case you lose or change phones.


Louis Psihoyos, director of "The Cove" believes sea mammals should not be kept in captivity.
(CNN) -- The director of an Oscar-nominated documentary about dolphin slaughter says the SeaWorld killer whale attack that left a trainer dead earlier this week could have been prevented.
American Louie Psihoyos, director of "The Cove," which highlights the multi-billion dollar captive dolphin industry, said sea mammals should be left in the wild.
"We join people in mourning this tragedy while keeping in mind that these animals don't belong in captivity," he said in a statement issued Thursday.
"Our film 'The Cove' reinforces this notion that placing dolphins and whales in captivity is not an acceptable method of educating the public about these magnificent and normally peaceful animals," he said.
Psihoyos's comments came after an employee at SeaWorld, in Orlando, Florida, died following an incident involving a 12,000-pound (5,400 kilograms) killer whale.
The whale grabbed 40-year-old Dawn Brancheau's ponytail was and pulled her under water in front of shocked onlookers at SeaWorld's Shamu Stadium, according to police.
Psihoyos, went on to say that the fact the whale, named Tilikum, had links to other human deaths was further evidence that marine mammals should not be kept in captivity.
... these animals don't belong in captivity.
"The fact that this particular whale has killed others in the past is evidence of this, especially when considering that there are no documented cases of whales attacking humans in the wild," he said. "This is a tragedy that could have been prevented."
In 1999, Tilikum was blamed for the death of a 27-year-old man whose body was found floating on his back in a tank at SeaWorld, the apparent victim of whale "horseplay," authorities said then.
"The Cove," which won best documentary at the 2009 Sundance Film Festival and is competing for the Best Documentary at this year's Academy Awards.
The film went on to spark an international campaign against dolphin hunting -- and controversy in Japan where the action is set.
It depicts the annual butchering of the sea creatures near the Japanese coastal town of Taiji where dolphin hunts have been carried out for centuries.
Upwards of 2,400 dolphins are captured or killed each year in the cove in Taiji, but more than 20,000 dolphins are killed in Japan annually, according to Psihoyos who is also co-founder of the Oceanic Preservation Society.
Some of the dolphins captured at Taiji are sold to aquariums, parks and zoos, while the rest are killed for their meat.


text:
Q: Jersey 1 @Inject migrated to Jersey 2 stopped working I am doing a Jersey 1 to Jersey 2 migration of my system.
In my code I had @Inject annotation from com.sun.jersey.spi.inject.Inject and @Singleton from com.sun.jersey.spi.resource.Singleton. I've changed these to javax.inject.Inject and javax.inject.Singleton.
Since this change I am getting errors while injecting any object annotated with it. My error is this
javax.servlet.ServletException: A MultiException has 4 exceptions.  They are:
1. org.glassfish.hk2.api.UnsatisfiedDependencyException: There was no object available for injection at SystemInjecteeImpl(requiredType=APIConnectorHandler,parent=BarcodeSearchClient,qualifiers={},position=-1,optional=false,self=false,unqualified=null,1090224052)
2. org.glassfish.hk2.api.UnsatisfiedDependencyException: There was no object available for injection at SystemInjecteeImpl(requiredType=APIConnectorHandler,parent=RSearchClient,qualifiers={},position=-1,optional=false,self=false,unqualified=null,1247004825)
3. java.lang.IllegalArgumentException: While attempting to resolve the dependencies of com.search.barcode.BarcodeSearchClient errors were found
4. java.lang.IllegalStateException: Unable to perform operation: resolve on com.search.barcode.BarcodeSearchClient

    org.glassfish.jersey.servlet.WebComponent.service(WebComponent.java:423)
    org.glassfish.jersey.servlet.ServletContainer.service(ServletContainer.java:386)
    org.glassfish.jersey.servlet.ServletContainer.service(ServletContainer.java:334)
    org.glassfish.jersey.servlet.ServletContainer.service(ServletContainer.java:221)
    org.apache.tomcat.websocket.server.WsFilter.doFilter(WsFilter.java:53)
    com.filter.MetricsEmittingFilter.doFilter(MetricsEmittingFilter.java:89)

The APIConnectorHandler is Injected both in RSearchClient and BarcodeSearchClient. I first called the endpoint hitting RSearchClient in the flow and then BarcodeSearchClient because of which RSearchClient is also shown as exception #2.
My web.xml looks like this
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<!--
When modifying this file, DO NOT FORGET to also modify workspace-web.xml
if necessary so that "brazil-build server" will work.
-->
<web-app xmlns="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/javaee"
         xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
         xsi:schemaLocation="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/javaee http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/javaee/web-app_3_0.xsd"
         version="3.0">

    <context-param>
        <description>Spring Expression Language Support</description>
        <param-name>springJspExpressionSupport</param-name>
        <param-value>false</param-value>
    </context-param>
    <listener>
        <listener-class>com.abc.listener.ContextListener</listener-class>
    </listener>

    <servlet>
        <servlet-name>JerseyServlet</servlet-name>
        <servlet-class>org.glassfish.jersey.servlet.ServletContainer</servlet-class>
        <init-param>
            <param-name>jersey.config.server.provider.packages</param-name>
            <param-value>
                com.search, com.fasterxml.jackson.jaxrs.json
            </param-value>
        </init-param>
        <load-on-startup>1</load-on-startup>
    </servlet>
    <servlet-mapping>
        <servlet-name>JerseyServlet</servlet-name>
        <url-pattern>/*</url-pattern>
    </servlet-mapping>

    <filter-mapping>
        <filter-name>MetricsEmittingFilter</filter-name>
        <url-pattern>/*</url-pattern>
    </filter-mapping>

</web-app>

A few things i did find what that Hk2 is unable to find the beans and stuff but what i'm unable to understand is how did it work in Jersey 1. Where was Jersey 1 @Inject getting the beans from?
PS. This is a super legacy code and i don't really know why but it has spring integration but none of the objects are created as beans. They are just initialized with new in multiple places. Spring is used to initialize only region specific beans.

A: Got it working. I had to create a binder class and app class and link it in web.xml. The binder class needed to have binding of all the classes i'm injecting via @Inject and their dependencies.
Followed https://www.appsdeveloperblog.com/dependency-injection-hk2-jersey-jax-rs/

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Texas Holdout: What the Hell to Do With the Pac-11?
The Pac-10's invitation to six of the Big 12 teams was designed to bring in the powerhouse markets of Texas and Oklahoma. Everything seemed to go as planned with Colorado accepting the Pac-10's invitation and Nebraska, likewise, accepting an invitation from the Big Ten. The Big 12 was as good as history, right? Wrong.
The University of Texas has screwed USC once again.
Texas declined the Pac-10's offer yesterday, with the remaining Big-12 schools following step. The reason? Texas wanted to keep control over its local television contracts and thus higher guaranteed revenue. The Big-12 would allow Texas this control, the Pac-10 wouldn't. This guarantees Texas an additional $25 million a year, with the other remaining schools projected to double their previous year's earnings.
So what the hell to do with Colorado? Here's a less than attractive answer: Utah. Yes, that's right, Utah will be most likely be Colorado's Pac-10 counter weight. I know, it's like we tried to pick up the hot chick in a bar (Texas/Oklahoma) and we woke up the next morning with her ugly friend (Colorado) and her chubby cousin (Utah) .
So now the Big 12 is the new Big 10, and the Big Ten (which was really the Big Eleven) is the new Big Twelve and the Pac 10… it's the Pac 11, at least for the foreseeable future.
Tags: Nebraska Oklahoma
0 thoughts on "Texas Holdout: What the Hell to Do With the Pac-11?"
Not sure this clown knows anything. The big 10 has been the big 11 for about a million years. They are now the big 12.
Knew this would happen. Doesn't it seem like this was all a rushed affair? It's like they tried to put an expansion together, shaking up the whole landscape of college football in a week. This is why you have closed door negotiations and figure out terms before you jump in and do something stupid. You make sure Texas and Oklahoma are locks before inviting Colorado. Damn.
James Faber says:
I think this is great. Who the h@#$ needs Texas anyway. The whole purpose of this issue was to disable the Big 12's influence on the BCS(EC), the losers of the last two BCS(EC) Championship games by reducing them out of the ability to play a championship game (a lot of extra points to the winner by the BCS(EC))with less than 12 teams. This has been done, and the PAC-10 has gained the 12th (if Utah comes-no brainer). SC can still be the monster of the league, but if Oregon, OSU, FUCLA and others improve, the PAC-10 should be poised to fill the slot just vacated by Texas/OK and their league children; competing with the BIG 10 (new Big 12)and they are a bunch of losers anyway.
This is great-getting rid of the Big 12, and not having to wet nurse Texas in the process. Big win for SC.
Joe Bob says:
PAC 10 got the dregs. Texas has more money, control, and now an easier path to the national championship game by eliminanting a potentially dangerous conf champ game.
Next Post Linebacker Jordan Campbell the First to Defect


VirTis Freezemobile 25 and 35 Series freeze dryers offer more flexibility, more operational features and moremaintenance conveniences than most other systems on the market. The Freezemobile is ideally suited for peptide production, small scale projects , protein purification etc.
The Sentry™ 2.0 Microprocessor Controller offers a highly intuitive operation with At-A-Glance System Status Monitoring. The central control panel has a Synoptic LCD display and a graphical LED display,which displays vacuum units in millitorr, microbar, or pascal. The graphical wave LEDs visually reflects temperature and vacuum levels. Function buttons located on the front of the panel allow users to navigate through the menus located within the LCD display to select operation parameters. The LCD display also shows condenser temperature, ambient room temperature, vacuum levels, and component status during freeze drying cycles. An audible alarm and LED warn of unwanted process deviations and power outages.


Gibbs, an American Bulldog, was one of the dogs who the city council said had to wear a muzzle at all times.
The city council has done a U-turn on the requirement of owners to muzzle 'menacing' dogs in their own homes.
It has apologised to dog owners who received letters saying their dog had to be muzzled at all times.
It comes after widespread backlash from the public last week, forcing the city council to seek "urgent" legal advice on whether it had interpreted the Dog Control Act correctly.
City council consenting and compliance general manager Leonie Rae said the legal advice it received supported the view that dogs classified as menacing did not need to be muzzled.
She apologised for any "confusion" caused.
"The further legal opinion we have received supports the view that dogs classified as menacing do not need to be muzzled when they are inside their owner's house or contained securely within their owner's property,'' she said.
"The members of our animal management team are all passionate animal lovers. They were trying to prevent other animals and people from coming to harm by ensuring that the owners of menacing dogs were aware of what their obligations were.
"We will be writing to the dog owners with dangerous or menacing dog classifications to update them. This will give clarity around where and when menacing dogs need to be muzzled".


Discussion in 'Windows XP' started by FireTom, Jan 22, 2006.
I have somehow developed a dozen unwanted dividers in my task bar. Also, when I have an app open, it sometimes is shown twice. Once on the left and once on the right.
Right click on your task bar and go to Toolbars, uncheck the one causing the duplicates.


Pasifika Festival will have a new temporary home for 2015, with Hayman Park in Manukau set to be transformed into an enchanting array of Pacific Island villages on 14 –15 March.
Now in its 23rd year, Pasifika Festival is the biggest celebration of Pacific Island culture and heritage in the world with over 1,000 performers and 300 stalls.
The festival forms part of the Auckland's non-stop summer of events, and is being delivered this year by Orange Productions on behalf of Auckland Tourism, Events and Economic Development (ATEED) and Auckland Council.
Pasifika Festival 2015 was originally scheduled to take place at Western Springs Park, but has been moved following the discovery of a localised small population of Queensland fruit flies in the Grey Lynn area.
The Ministry for Primary Industries (MPI) is taking urgent action to eradicate the Queensland fruit fly – a serious insect pest of fruit and vegetable crops – and is confident of success given the resources and expertise involved.
As part of these efforts, MPI has placed restrictions on the movement of whole fresh fruit and some vegetables out of a 1.5km exclusion zone which includes the Pasifika Festival site at Western Springs Park.
Pasifika Festival 2015 will include over 230 food and craft stalls, many of which will serve fresh fruit – a staple of many traditional Pacific Island cuisines.
ATEED and Orange Productions have been in close contact with MPI regarding the potential impact that these restrictions might have on Pasifika Festival.
MPI has advised of the high risk of hosting Pasifika Festival at Western Springs Park, with an estimated crowd of 40,000 people per day likely to attend.
As a result, all parties have reached an agreement to move Pasifika to Hayman Park, which is outside of the exclusion zone, to mitigate and manage the risk that the Queensland fruit fly presents.
Mayor Len Brown says: "Auckland Council is working closely with MPI on the Queensland fruit fly eradication operation, including providing resources and staff expertise. We appreciate the need to act swiftly and decisively.
"To minimise the risk of spreading this devastating insect pest and working on MPI advice, our ATEED team and event organisers Orange Productions have been working hard to find an alternative venue for this year's Pasifika Festival.
"Hayman Park will be a good temporary home for Pasifika Festival. It offers the right size, scale and accessibility – with excellent links to public transport – to accommodate the cultural performances, food and craft which make Pasifika one of Auckland's most loved cultural events.
Pasifika Festival would like to acknowledge the support of its sponsors and supporters including Stuff.co.nz, Frucor, MaiFM, Tip Top, Pacific Media Network, Globug, Unitec, More FM, the U.S Embassy, Air New Zealand and more.
To find out more about Pasifika Festival 2015 visit www.aucklandnz.com/pasifika.
•	Pasifika Festival takes place at Hayman Park, Manukau, on 14 March (10am-5pm) and 15 March (8.45am-4pm) 2015.
•	Hayman Park is well serviced by public transport – located in the heart of Manukau, the park is in close proximity to Manukau train station and a bus hub.
•	Pasifika Festival is free entry on both days and suitable for all ages.
•	Cook Islands, Fiji, Niue, Aotearoa, Hawai'i, Kiribati, Samoa, Tahiti, Tuvalu, Tonga, Tokelau and Melanesia will take part in the festival.
•	Live performances and workshops include; hula dancing, hat weaving, ukelele lessons, drumming and carving.
o	The Hawaiian Village back for a second year after debuting in 2014, while a new Melanesian Village will be showcasing food and craft from Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu and the Solomon Islands on Sunday, 15 March.
o	Watermelon sundaes will be back by popular demand in the Tongan Village, a perfect treat after a paua fritter found in the Aotearoa Village.
o	There will be plenty of fun planned to keep children amused and the Mai FM crew will be onsite with their photo booth and giveaways.
o	Demonstrations will showcase the uniqueness of Pacific crafts and the skills mastered to make them.
o	Those who like to get involved will be spoilt for choice with activities, from hat weaving and hula dancing to ukelele and drum lessons.
o	The interdenominational church service which is open to the public will take place in the Tongan Village on Sunday, 14 March from 8.45am with amazing singing from choir groups, the service entertains and includes a family focused message. It is not to be missed.


text:
10 Signs You're Studying Too Much for the LSAT
June 6, 2016 General, Students
Wondering if you're overdoing it and studying too much for the LSAT? That's a normal worry to have. You might just be working really hard, propelled by a healthy sense of responsibility to fulfill your dreams. Or you might be overdoing it. Do any of these apply to you?
1. You're reading this post. Just kidding. Kind of. If you find yourself Googling things like "how to know if I'm studying too much" or "maximum hours per week to study for the LSAT"—well, maybe you're trying to tell yourself something?
2. You've missed so many birthdays/funerals/holidays, your friends don't bother to invite you to anything anymore. There's a difference between supportive friends who know you're busy (and thus might let you know it's ok if you're unable to attend an event) and friends who have straight up given up on you. If you're only finding out about parties or outings after the fact, and this is unusual for you, it might be a sign that you're neglecting your friends. While a high LSAT score can definitely get you places, it won't get you friends. Take care of your relationships.
3. You compulsively translate normal conversations into lawgic in your head. What kind of a monster have you become? You're not seeing the Matrix. But you might be hallucinating. Doctors commonly prescribe taking two chill pills and going outside to treat this common ailment (commonly known as "lawgicitus").
4. Take a look at your Facebook/Twitter/Instagram posts. More than 50% LSAT related? Think about the most annoying person you've friended/followed on social media. That person probably posts a lot of the same thing (kids, workout pics, what they're eating, etc.) for self-validating reasons. Sound familiar? Does it sound familiar because you are that person with the LSAT? Don't be that person. If you are that person, it's probably time to pump the breaks and get a hobby. Just don't post a ton of repetitive content about that.
5. You've taken to identifying the flaws in everyone's arguments. Oh man. Some people get downright socially hazardous when studying for the LSAT. Just because you're busy mastering Flaw questions doesn't mean you need to become the self-appointed Master of Flaws in every conversation! Give it (and your friends—while they still are your friends) a rest!
6. Your definition of fun is buying new pencils or doing Logic Games "because you enjoy them." It's much more likely that you've become rather rusty in the recreation department and have forgotten what fun really is.
7. You reference LR stimuli/RC passages in casual conversations, prefaced by "I read this really cool LR stimulus/RC passage the other day..." And if you're going to do this, just don't tell people you picked up the cool-ish factoid from the LSAT! (And maybe branch out a little ...)
8. Your emotions are directly connected to your PT performance. No, that PT score a few points below your average does not mean that you're a failure or that you're going to end up at the American Samoa Correspondence School of Lawls.
9. You've watched Legally Blonde more than twice in the past week. We see you. You know Netflix keeps track of your viewing history, right? Same goes for that episode of Suits where Rachel gets the 172. Some pop cultural inspiration is a good thing! But if you're OD'ing on those rare mentions of the LSAT in TV/movies, you're probably overdoing it on the LSAT.
10. You dread studying. This is the most serious sign that it's time to take a break. You're toasted. Crisped. Burnt out, through and through. Time to get back to life and remember why you're doing this in the first place—to live a life spent pursuing your dreams! And those dreams don't stop with the LSAT. The LSAT is just a gateway into your future and this season will likely be over sooner than you think.
Images taken from Imgur (The 50 reaction/funny gifs you didn't know you needed), WiffleGif, and Giphy.
Featured image: Henry Smith


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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Man arrested for making threats against teachers, staff in Summit County
FILE - A police officer carries handcuffs. (AP Photo/Seth Wenig)
By: Robert Garrison
DENVER — A 26-year-old Glenwood Springs man was arrested Wednesday for threats he allegedly made against Summit County School District teachers and staff.
Charles Draughn was arrested in the Snowmass area of Pitkin County on charges of felony menacing, misdemeanor menacing and interference with staff/faculty, students of educational institutions, according to a news release from the Fifth Judicial District.
On Tuesday, Draughn allegedly posted several comments on the Summit Daily newspaper's Instagram account, threatening teachers and school district staff, including Superintendent Tony Byrd, the news release read.
Officials said there are no further threats or immediate safety concerns for Summit County schools.
Draughn was booked into the Pitkin County Detention Facility and is being held on a $100,000 bond.
What do you want Denver7 to follow up on? Is there a story, topic or issue you want us to revisit? Let us know with the contact form below.


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The funding for construction projects can come from a variety of sources (federal, state, local) and in many forms (stimulus programs, bonds, grants, tax revenues, private donors, etc.). Each source has its own usage and distribution rules for handling those funds, and when multiple sources are used to fund one project, managing finances can be an extremely complicated endeavor. Owners must stay organized and remain in compliance with funding requirements or risk difficult audits, penalties, or, worse, even loss of funding.
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Let's applaud the many agencies across the country that work tirelessly to maintain and improve our modern conveniences…with a little help from technology.
Watch the City of Norfolk DPW discuss the challenges associated with spreadsheet-driven project management and the benefits of cloud-based technologies.


text:
Time Is Not Imaginary
Forum List | Follow Ups | Post Message | Back to Thread Topics
Posted by Luis Hamburgh on November 16, 2001 03:51:20 UTC
(1) According to the Uncertainty Principle, nothing can possess 100% position and zero momentum. In a world where time were merely a product of our imaginations, this principle would be incorrect.
(2) We might want to ask ourselves what we mean when we refer to "space-time," or "space," or "the universe," (or whatever). I think it's fair to define the universe as interactions of matter. Universe = mass & energy, interacting on micro- & macro- scales.
(3) Hence, all intervals of space-time are products of matter.
(4) Therefore, all intervals of space-time, no matter how infinitesimal, would be a priori uncertain; that is to say, every interval of 'reality' is restricted from existing purely as a position.
(5) We are forced to conclude that, if matter cannot exist wholly in position, and therefore space-time intervals cannot exist wholly in position, then the foundations of the universe include more than the system of coordinates we use to establish position.
Time is real.
-LH
tell me about it! I have experienced time travel. - jisbond - November 16, 2001 - 04:40 UTC
Not time travel- TV control - yanniru - November 16, 2001 - 15:22 UTC
future time in a box? - jisbond - November 17, 2001 - 06:19 UTC
Ok then... let's here it! - smartguy - November 16, 2001 - 22:38 UTC
Embarrassing correction... - smartguy - November 16, 2001 - 22:42 UTC
I hate when that happens - harvey1 - November 16, 2001 - 22:59 UTC
Mee to - luis_hamburgh - November 17, 2001 - 00:35 UTC
LOL... - smartguy - November 17, 2001 - 01:15 UTC
I suggest a spelling be - carefuluniverse - November 17, 2001 - 05:11 UTC
brain chemistry - jisbond - November 17, 2001 - 06:28 UTC
JamesBond, this is just a hallucination (seeing future/remoting) - alexander - November 17, 2001 - 18:18 UTC
Do you believe in life beyond the grave? - jisbond - November 17, 2001 - 19:53 UTC
"hallucination" as "explain all" - dolphin - November 18, 2001 - 05:16 UTC
problem may be in physics - jisbond - November 18, 2001 - 05:30 UTC
Is there ANYTHING else except physical world? - alexander - November 19, 2001 - 22:37 UTC
Is There ANYTHING Else Except Physical World? - jisbond - November 19, 2001 - 22:45 UTC
Time is an imaginary math coordinate - yanniru - November 16, 2001 - 15:28 UTC
How do you "see" a space dimension? - pmartin - November 17, 2001 - 00:18 UTC
You can't - luis_hamburgh - November 17, 2001 - 01:11 UTC
Nonsense - yanniru - November 17, 2001 - 14:16 UTC
That's induction - luis_hamburgh - November 17, 2001 - 14:45 UTC
"Seeing" dimensions - pmartin - November 19, 2001 - 02:52 UTC
BTW The extra dimensions don't have to be "culed up" - pmartin - November 19, 2001 - 03:04 UTC
Virtual dimensions - luis_hamburgh - November 17, 2001 - 00:37 UTC


RAYNHAM, Mass. – January 21, 2014 – Codman Neuro announced today that the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has classified the recently initiated medical device correction notice related to the TRUFILL® n-BCA Liquid Embolic System as a Class I recall.
TRUFILL® n-BCA is indicated for embolization of cerebral arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) when presurgical devascularization is desired. The use of incorrectly mixed product can result in the liquid mixture solidifying too slowly in unintended areas, which may lead to embolization or reflux into arteries and pulmonary vessels. This could result in significant impact to the patient, including neurological deficits, pulmonary emboli and possibly death.
In October 2013, Codman Neuro identified an incorrect statement in the product's Instructions For Use (IFU) that described suggested mixing ratios for use in certain treatment conditions, informed the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and other regulatory authorities, and issued a corresponding correction notice to inform customers in the U.S., Costa Rica, Puerto Rico and Russia. The error was identified through routine internal procedures.
No corresponding patient deaths or permanent patient injuries have been reported to date. When the product is mixed correctly, it is expected to perform as intended. Thorough product training is required before purchasing the TRUFILL® nBCA. The company has verified that all related physician training materials and promotional documents contain correct information.
All customers who have purchased TRUFILL® nBCA are reminded to review the correction notice and other product literature to ensure proper mixing procedures are followed. They may also call Codman Neuro with questions or to report any malfunction or adverse event on weekdays between the hours of 7:00am and 6:30pm Eastern Time at 1-866-491-0974, Option 2.


text:
The Data Is In — Trigger Warnings Don't Work
A decade ago, there was little research on their effectiveness. Now we know.
By Amna Khalid and
Jeffrey Aaron Snyder
The original proponents of trigger warnings on campus argued that they would empower students suffering from trauma to delve into difficult material. "The point is not to enable — let alone encourage — students to skip readings or our subsequent class discussion," the philosopher Kate Manne wrote in The New York Times. "It's about enabling everyone's rational engagement."
Now, about a decade after trigger warnings arrived on college campuses, it's clear that an avoidance rationale is officially competing with the original lean-in logic.
A recent Inside Higher Ed piece by Michael Bugeja, an Iowa State journalism professor, is emblematic of this shift. In light of the tumultuous times (a "mental-health pandemic," ongoing sexual violence and racism, the anxiety of returning to in-person instruction), Bugeja says that trigger warnings are needed now more than ever. All faculty members should follow his lead, he argues, and include detailed trigger warnings on their syllabi accompanied by the following note: "You don't have to attend class if the content elicits an uncomfortable emotional response."
Bugeja's article prompted us to review the latest research on the efficacy of trigger warnings. We found no evidence that trigger warnings improve students' mental health. What's more, we are now convinced that they push students and faculty members alike to turn away from the study of vitally important topics that are seen as too "distressing."
To clarify at the outset, a trigger warning is not the same thing as a general content advisory like the "explicit content" label for music albums or the film-rating system (G, PG, R, etc.). Trigger warnings identify specific content and themes. Here's an example for Toni Morrison's debut novel, The Bluest Eye:
• Alcohol abuse
• Child abuse
• Death (including infant)
• Incest
• Racism (including structured)
• Sexual assault
• Toxic parents
The origins of trigger warnings date to the 1970s, when post-traumatic stress disorder was codified as a psychiatric condition, the symptoms of which include flashbacks, nightmares, intrusive thoughts, and social withdrawal. The term "trigger" signified any stimulus that set off a post-traumatic stress reaction, from particular sights, sounds, and smells to certain foods, faces, and calendar dates.
When debates about trigger warnings first erupted, there was little-to-no research on their effectiveness. Today we have an emerging body of peer-reviewed research to consult.
The consensus, based on 17 studies using a range of media, including literature passages, photographs, and film clips: Trigger warnings do not alleviate emotional distress. They do not significantly reduce negative affect or minimize intrusive thoughts, two hallmarks of PTSD. Notably, these findings hold for individuals with and without a history of trauma. (For a review of the relevant research, see the 2020 Clinical Psychological Science article "Helping or Harming? The Effect of Trigger Warnings on Individuals With Trauma Histories" by Payton J. Jones, Benjamin W. Bellet, and Richard J. McNally.)
We are not aware of a single experimental study that has found significant benefits of using trigger warnings. Looking specifically at trauma survivors, including those with a diagnosis of PTSD, the Jones et al. study found that trigger warnings "were not helpful even when they warned about content that closely matched survivors' traumas."
What's more, they found that trigger warnings actually increased the anxiety of individuals with the most severe PTSD, prompting them to "view trauma as more central to their life narrative." "Trigger warnings," they concluded, "may be most harmful to the very individuals they were designed to protect."
An estimated 3.5 percent of the U.S. adult population has PTSD. (Note that trauma rarely results in PTSD.) For the small proportion of our students suffering from PTSD, colleges have an obligation to help them succeed academically. In other words, access to treatment is what is needed.
On campus the definition of what constitutes a trigger has expanded dramatically from stimuli that induce symptoms of PTSD to any material that might elicit "difficult emotional responses." Refracted through the prism of social justice, trigger-worthy topics proliferated to include the likes of racism, classism, sexism, ableism, and other "issues of privilege and oppression."
For Bugeja, any topic that evokes an intense negative emotion is a potential trigger. To identify "where warnings may be warranted" when he starts a new class, Bugeja uses a "trigger-word game" to compile information on the words and phrases that elicit the most powerful emotions for his students. Here are some of the topics that made the "Top 10 Trigger List" from his spring 2021 media-ethics course: Covid-19, Black Lives Matter, Trump, #MeToo, and George Floyd.
Note that Bugeja's syllabus already includes a host of trigger warnings. For this particular course, the following topics, among others, are flagged with a trigger warning: "Nazi symbols," "alcohol and sexual misconduct," "profanity and slurs," and the "Emancipation Proclamation, Civil War aftermath, transformation of Lincoln," and other "sensitive issues associated with race." According to the syllabus, if students decide to miss class or forgo a particular assignment, they just need to email. (Bugeja provides a study guide for key concepts in the event that students opt out.)
With all due respect to Bugeja, who is obviously a thoughtful and dedicated teacher, it seems unavoidable that policies like these would impede meaningful engagement with difficult topics and reinforce the idea that students are inherently fragile. Indeed, embracing trigger warnings may drive some students to be on high alert for any content that might possibly upset or offend.
Chronicle illustrations
Alas, the content that is most likely to raise hackles is often of the utmost importance. As the Harvard law professor Jeannie Suk Gersen reported in 2014, about a dozen of her colleagues at multiple institutions had dropped rape law from their criminal-law courses because students were complaining the material was "triggering." Consider the consequences: Not only will students not learn the material, but there will be fewer lawyers with the expertise to fight for rape victims. Since then, the fear that some material is just too distressing for students has only intensified. Based on published accounts as well as our conversations with colleagues across the country, books, articles, and films are quietly being dropped, along with lectures, discussion activities, and assignments. (On the suppression of controversial ideas within academe, including self-censorship, see Sean T. Stevens, Lee Jussim, and Nathan Honeycutt's 2020 Societies journal article, "Scholarship Suppression: Theoretical Perspectives and Emerging Trends.")
We were gobsmacked several years ago when a colleague informed us that a student had requested a trigger warning for a reading about the Holocaust. This same student also asked for an alternative text to read because the original reading was "too disturbing."
Two quick observations:
First, if you read about the Holocaust and are not disturbed, you should really look into the possibility that you're a sociopath.
Second, there is no alternative to learning about the Holocaust.
At the college level, we don't believe the Holocaust, slavery, genocide, and other harrowing topics should come in two different versions: "regular" and "lite."
As it happens, the distribution of trigger warnings by topic often seems arbitrary. Suicide, sexual assault, and eating disorders typically make the cut. Warfare, cancer, and starving children do not. We don't think we have the expertise or moral authority to make decisions about what kind of pain — not to mention whose pain — matters most. Indeed we're skeptical that anyone does.
In any event, when a classroom conversation is in full swing, it's impossible to predict the direction it will take. Every contribution is a potential "trigger."
Why are we so afraid to acknowledge the power of academic study to provoke, destabilize, and disturb? Conflict, pain, and suffering are central elements of any serious study of the human experience. In U.S. history courses, for example, it isn't possible to teach an accurate portrait of past events without covering horrifying material, from the genocide of Native peoples to the tragedy of 9/11. If we truly want to understand and reckon with past and present atrocities, we must be willing to face difficult, even excruciating, moments.
To be clear, we are not in favor of a shock-and-awe approach of springing distressing content on students without advance notice. Instead, effective teaching practices naturally address many of the issues that trigger warnings are meant to tackle. The syllabus is key: Clear course descriptions, including topics to be covered, are essential.
Context too is crucial. For instance, there are dozens of trigger warnings that could precede a screening of Spike Lee's film Do the Right Thing, from xenophobia and alcohol addiction to racial slurs and police violence. But that runs the risk of reducing a complex work of art to a litany of problematic topics, not to mention eliminating the element of surprise that can shock us into a "higher consciousness."
When Jeffrey shows Do the Right Thing, he invites students to share what they know about Spike Lee films before they watch it. This ensures that everyone is aware that intense examinations of race and racism are likely to figure. Do the Right Thing in particular, he notes, depicts the volatility of a multiethnic Brooklyn neighborhood in the late 1980s. This little bit of background knowledge prepares students to fully engage with the film without giving away plot points, identifying key themes, or telling them how to interpret particular scenes.
There is a world of difference between warning and informing. Simply using the phrase "trigger warning" raises the stakes, squeezing course content into a narrow frame defined by trauma and suffering.
We appreciate that advocates of trigger warnings have drawn attention to the fact that students' mental health affects their learning. And we share their commitment to treating students with compassion. As a result, we think it's imperative to acknowledge that the best evidence to date finds that trigger warnings do not minimize anxiety and emotional distress, and might even do the opposite. Furthermore, applying trigger warnings to any material that elicits an "uncomfortable emotional response" makes a mockery of the real challenges faced by those suffering from PTSD. As the Harvard study we cited earlier concluded, trigger warnings are "unvetted interventions" and their use is "irresponsible to victims of trauma." In our view, the problems with trigger warnings extend well beyond mental-health concerns. By contributing to a misguided safety-and-security model of education, trigger warnings ultimately deprive all students of the most powerful learning opportunities.
Amna Khalid
Amna Khalid is an associate professor of history at Carleton College and host of the podcast Banished.
Jeffrey Aaron Snyder is an associate professor in the department of educational studies at Carleton College.


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The Ice Bucket Challenge and Matt Damon
Celebrities and even the Simpsons have taken on the ice bucket challenge to raise money for charity. How did it start? Why did Matt Damon use water from his toilet?
AuthorTom Freyberg
For the second time this week I've been nominated to take on the so called "ice bucket challenge".
For those who haven't seen the headlines, or countless stories on social media sites, this is where you fill a bucket with ice and water, pour it over your head, and nominate three friends to complete the challenge in 24 hours. You then make a donation to charity. A simple, momentary painful experience for a great outcome. All tapping into the power of social media. But how did it start?
In mid July a Florida golfer was nominated by a friend and decided that his donation should go to ALS (Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis), as his cousin suffered from the disease. A chain of nominations later and it reached Pete Frates, a former baseball player who suffers from ALS. US football player Tom Brady then got involved and this is when the campaign started truly going global.
And then the likes of Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg took on the challenge, before nominating Bill Gates. A Simpsons cartoon was even made to raise awareness. Homer cowardly pours a glass of water over his head before his son Bart drops a host of artic animals and an ice cream truck from the sky on top of him!
According to the official ALS website, donations quadrupled in the last week of August alone. From $22.6 million on August 19th to a staggering $88.5 million on August 26th. Great entertainment for a great cause. What could go wrong? Well, quite a lot actually.
Videos of millions of people pouring water over themselves inevitably sparked accusations of "wasting water". Questions were asked about tipping perfectly adequate drinking water away while millions in developing countries lack this privilege. One video from Gaza was an eye opener. Three brothers pour buckets of sand, and even rubble, instead of water over their heads. They said they did not have water to waste and intermittent electricity meant they couldn't make ice. This then started the "Rubble Bucket Challenge".
Alarmist headlines also reported how one island in Scotland – Colonsay – had its water system shut down due to demand from the ice bucket challenge. Supermarkets were reported to be running out of ice supplies.
Hollywood star Matt Damon, co-founder of water.org, used water from his household toilets (see youtube video below). "The water in our toilets in the west is actually cleaner than the water that people in the developing world have access to," he said. Mentioning a drought in California, he said that past attempts at the challenge "posed a problem" as there's about "800 million people in the world" who don't have access to clean drinking water.
Damon raises a valid point: water scarcity is a global problem and millions, billions if you are talking proper sanitation, lack access.
Not everyone will go to the extremes of the Hollywood actor and "reuse" toilet water for the challenge. Yet how about reusing rainwater from a water butt? Or if you have a garden, stand in a flower patch and give yourself a good soaking there, in the process watering your prize petunias?! Or like the share a bath campaigns, why not share a soaking?
Any campaign that has grown to this scale will no doubt attract its critics. But $88.5 million raised for one charity in a space of few weeks should not be knocked. Especially as this was over 30 times more than the charity received during the same period last year.
More people now hopefully know about ALS and if someone says a family member is suffering, people will be more understanding.
Unfortunately, like every viral phenomenon, the virtual shelf life is quite limited. The old saying for print used to be "Today's headlines are tomorrow's fish and chip wrappers". In a world where social media is now king, and news feeds are updated incessantly every minute, news barely lasts the duration of a day before being replaced.
So yes, I'll be taking on the ice bucket challenge later and donating. Over my garden (but without the prize flowers)…
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text:
Orthochilus mechowii is a species of orchid. It occurs from Nigeria to Western Ethiopia and South Africa. It was previously known as Eulophia mechowii until recently transferred back to the genus Orthochilus.

Synonyms
The following are heterotypic synonyms :
Orthochilus renschianus  Rchb.f.
Eulophia zeyheri  Hook.f.
Eulophia mechowii  (Rchb.f.) T.Durand & Schinz
Eulophia milanjiana  Rendle
Eulophia renschiana  (Rchb.f.) T.Durand & Schinz
Eulophia praestans  Rendle
Eulophia woodii  Schltr.
Eulophia dichroma  Rolfe in D.Oliver & auct. suc. (eds.)
Eulophia lujae  De Wild.
Eulophia granducalis  Kraenzl.
Eulophia amblypetala  Kraenzl.

References

External links

Eulophiinae

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Rivalries with Fatal Consequences
April 6, 2022 / Gabriele Anderl, Ildikó Cazan-Simányi and Reinhold Mittersakschmöller / 0 Comments
Editors' note: This essay is part of the series Socio-Cultural Anthropology under Hitler: Four Case Studies from Vienna
In January 1940, the young Dutch archaeologist F. M. Schnitger found employment at the Museum of Ethnology in Vienna, today's Weltmuseum Wien. The position was a substantial advancement toward his goal of becoming a famous researcher. Yet his career ended abruptly only a few years later, through a chain reaction triggered partly by himself and by one of his local rival colleagues. The name of Frederic Martin Schnitger is still familiar to scholars and to a broader audience interested in Indonesian cultural histories.[1] His best-known publication, Forgotten Kingdoms in Sumatra (1939), is still regarded as an important account of the archaeology and traditions of this part of Indonesia.
Schnitger was born on April 22, 1912 in Malang on East Java, where his father owned a sugar cane plantation and his mother worked as a teacher. His origin would later become a concern for several authorities of the Nazi state, since Schnitger's maternal great-grandmother was Chinese. At the age of nine, Schnitger was sent to Holland where he attended primary and grammar schools. The young Schnitger developed a keen interest in Asia's history, religion, and archaeology. He published his first article in 1929-1930, when he was still a teenager. After studies at Leiden University, he traveled to Sumatra in 1935 to conduct archaeological research across the whole island. One of Schnitger's goals was to find evidence that Palembang in the South was the historical capital of the Srivijaya empire. In Palembang he contributed enormously to the development of the municipal museum, where he received the professional title of "Conservator." From 1935 to 1938, Schnitger commuted frequently between Sumatra and Europe to maintain his contacts there.[2] Disagreements with his teachers at the university in Leiden prompted Schnitger to leave the Netherlands and move to Vienna in 1935—a fateful decision, as it would later turn out.[3]
Frederic Martin Schnitger at the megaliths of Bitaha / Olayama, Nias, 1938 (unidentified photographer), Weltmuseum Vienna photo collection, inv. no. VF 40306
Courtesy of KHM-Museumsverband, Weltmuseum Vienna and VÖAW
He continued his academic studies at the University of Vienna, where he was awarded a PhD in ethnology in February 1938. The English version of his dissertation (The Archaeology of Hindoo Sumatra, Leiden 1937) received great attention in academic circles, as little had been published on the subject up to that time. Schnitger seemed to be on the verge of a promising career. The number of his academic and popular publications up to 1939 alone was impressive: at the age of 27, Schnitger could refer to "about 150" articles. But at the same time, he often had financial difficulties and constantly required new projects to survive in Vienna.
In 1940, Schnitger began his service at the Vienna Museum of Ethnology, initially as an unpaid employee in the library, despite his high qualifications. His colleague and future opponent Maria Horsky (1905–1949) met the career-minded Schnitger with deep mistrust because she was worried about her own position.[4] Horsky—who had been a member of the then illegal Nazi organization, the NSDAP, in Austria since 1934—was at that time still a student. However, in the course of the staff changes at the Museum of Ethnology that followed the "Anschluss" of Austria in March 1938, she was assigned to the museum by decree of the Ministry of the Interior and Cultural Affairs. A letter from her colleague Etta (Becker-) Donner (1911–1975) suggests that the ministry sent Horsky to the museum as a political confidante and informant.[5] Donner, an expert on Africa, was Horsky's staunchest opponent in the museum.[6] While working there, Horsky resumed her unfinished studies at the University of Vienna in early 1940, but changed her major from German and Romance studies to ethnology. At the museum, Horsky was allowed to work on the Nias collection, which also held Schnitger's interest, since he had traveled and researched in the region. Horsky obtained her doctorate on July 14, 1941, after barely a year and a half of study.
Numerous documents testify to increasing tensions at the museum, particularly between Horsky and Donner, focusing on questions of rank and salary. To an extent these tensions were also informed by Donner's growing affinity for the Austrian anti-Nazi resistance, and the increasing reluctance of staff members to side with an explicitly pro-Nazi activist such as Horsky. Yet Horsky often had her way and eventually was put in charge of the museum's South Seas and Indonesia collections. As tensions between resistance members, bystanders, and Nazis within the museum were still growing, the director Fritz Röck and six colleagues submitted reports to the Ministry in November 1942 with serious accusations against Maria Horsky.[7] Apparently, Horsky exerted inappropriate pressure on other museum employees by referring to her good connections to influential individuals and organizations within the Nazi system.
Schnitger added in this report that Horsky "constantly observes the private lives of the museum staff and spreads rumors about them that damage their good reputation… She claims that my colleague Dr. Han is a communist. For years she has been spewing venom and bile about her colleague Dr. Becker [-Donner] out of jealousy."[8] However, none of these accusations ultimately had any serious consequences for Horsky.
Apart from her rivalry with Becker, Horsky seems to have seen Frederic Martin Schnitger as the main threat to her own career plans—probably because of the overlaps in their fields of work. Already when writing her dissertation on the museum's Este collection with an emphasis on objects from Nias Island, Horsky had placed herself in direct competition with Schnitger. Although not yet formally employed at the museum, Schnitger had the status of a "scientific official specializing in Indonesia and the South Seas." However, since the director Röck was now considering employing Schnitger on a permanent basis, Horsky must have seen a need to react.
In the course of an enquiry with the Colonial Institute in Amsterdam, Horsky came across an article from 1939 in the Dutch newspaper Der Telegraaf reporting that Schnitger had been killed in an air battle over Warsaw. Schnitger was accused of having written this report himself, which he denied.[9] Horsky forwarded the incriminating material to Hans Kummerlöwe, the Director General of all scientific museums in Vienna. Whatever she may have wanted to achieve with this step, it was not successful. Schnitger remained at the museum, and Röck granted Schnitger a wartime appointment in 1942.
Inexplicably, Schnitger added fuel to the fire by submitting a report to the Gestapo accusing Horsky, Kummerlöwe's secretary Adele Neffe, and several other people of espionage activities against Germany. Furthermore, he revealed his alleged knowledge of "resistance in Holland in the Amsterdam Colonial Institute." With this report, Schnitger incriminated several important Dutch scholars. He also set in motion developments that he could soon no longer control and that would eventually cost him his life.
Horsky in turn reacted with a criminal complaint against Schnitger: she accused him of having broken open her locker in order to destroy her raincoat and to read her personal mail. On March 1, 1943, Schnitger was arrested by the Gestapo at the museum. It remains unclear whether Horsky was responsible for this dramatic turn, but in any case along with the museum's director Fritz Röck she was summoned as a witness in the trial against Schnitger before the Vienna Criminal Court in the following year.[10]
On May 18, 1943, Röck filed a criminal complaint against Schnitger for "embezzlement and malicious damage to property, up to theft of state and private property." The enclosed protocol was signed by several other museum employees, including Maria Horsky. They accused Schnitger of stealing books, photographs, and maps from the museum's holdings and of having damaged some of them on purpose. In his interrogation by the criminal police, Schnitger denied these allegations.
On January 27, 1944, the Gestapo forwarded the complaints to the Vienna public prosecutor's office. According to the Gestapo, investigation revealed that Schnitger "deliberately falsely accused several persons of a crime, including espionage harmful to the German Reich," and that he had stolen and arbitrarily damaged other people's property. During his interrogation by the Gestapo, Schnitger firmly denied the theft of books and other materials and having damaged Horsky's coat. However, he admitted to having made false accusations of espionage against several people out of spite and with the aim of gaining advantages for himself.[11] Schnitger also confessed that he had at an earlier time sent a letter to the Gestapo in Berlin with equally untrue information about intelligence activities in Germany.
In February 1944, Horsky had finally achieved her goal: she was given a higher ranking by decree of the Reich Minister for Science, Education and National Culture, in which the integrity of her character, her party membership since 1934, and her unconditional dedication to the National Socialist state were emphasized.[12]
On September 14, 1944, Schnitger was found guilty of the crime of defamation by slandering a number of people, including Horsky, but—for lack of clear evidence—was acquitted of the accusation of stealing or damaging books and other materials from the museum. He was sentenced to one year in prison and, on November 22, 1944, he was "handed over to the Vienna police prison at the disposal of the Gestapo."[13]
Around three and a half months later, on March 12, 1945, the Gestapo transferred Schnitger to the concentration camp of Mauthausen—less than two months before the liberation of the camp and the end of the Second World War. The death book of the Mauthausen concentration camp states that (Frederic) Martin Schnitger died on April 23, 1945 in the "medical camp,"[14] a section where sick prisoners were housed, and from which it can be assumed that hardly any prisoners returned alive.
On July 30, 1945, when the war in Europe was already over, Maria Horsky was officially dismissed from the museum and left Vienna. After that, traces of her grow scant. On February 24, 1949 she was found frozen to death in a mountain log cabin in Styria—26 days after her disappearance had been reported. According to the police report, "no traces of violence suggesting foul play were found on the body, in the hut or in the immediate surroundings." It appeared that she had committed suicide.[15] The available sources leave many questions concerning Frederic Martin Schnitger: what motives actually prompted him to his fateful actions? What was his actual attitude towards the Nazi regime? At the same time, it remains unclear why he had to die in a concentration camp, and what role his Asian background played in this. During his court hearings, he repeatedly emphasized that his statements to the Gestapo had been made under extreme pressure.
Return to series introduction and links to other essays
[1] See Gabriele Anderl and Reinhold Mittersakschmöller, "Gefährliches Spiel mit dem Feuer: Frederic Martin Schnitger, Archäologe und Indonesienforscher," in Völkerkunde zur NS-Zeit aus Wien (1938–1945), eds. Andre Gingrich and Peter Rohrbacher, vol. 2, 687–720 (Vienna: VÖAW, 2021).
[2] Marieke Bloembergen and Martijn Eickhoff, The Politics of Heritage in Indonesia: A Cultural History (Cambridge University Press, 2020), 189 (see section on Schnitger, 186–190); John N. Miksic, "Introduction" to F. M. Schnitger, Forgotten Kingdoms in Sumatra (Singapore: Oxford University Press, 1989), ix.
[3] According to an article publ. in Zaans volksblad, Zaandam, 5 October 1939, "Een vreemde geschiedenis. Is dr. F. M. Schnitger werkelijk gesneuveld bij Warschau?". We are indebted to Dr. Werner Kraus from the Center for Southeast Asian Art, Passau, Germany who drew our attention to some important articles of the Dutch colonial press.
[4] See Ildikó Cazan-Simány, "Zum Fall Dr. Horsky: Konflikte, Rivalität und Denunziation," in Völkerkunde zur NS-Zeit aus Wien (1938–1945), eds. Andre Gingrich and Peter Rohrbacher, vol. 2, 723–740 (Vienna: VÖAW, 2021).
[5] For Etta Becker-Donner see Barbara Plankensteiner, "Vom Rampenlicht in die Unauffälligkeit: Etta Becker-Donner und der Widerstand am Wiener Museum für Völkerkunde," in Völkerkunde zur NS-Zeit aus Wien (1938–1945), eds. Andre Gingrich and Peter Rohrbacher, vol. 3, 1393–1430 (Vienna: VÖAW, 2021).
[6] Weltmuseum Vienna Archives, P/M1/9; Austrian State Archives, AdR, BMfU, PA R8/86 Horsky; Röck in his complaint of November 13, 1942.
[7] Austrian State Archives, AdR, BMfU, PA R8/86 Horsky; Becker-Donner, Bleichsteiner, Krögler, Lieb, Schnitger, Seiler, Röck, November 13, 1942, to the General Department for Art Promotion.
[8] Austrian State Archives, AdR, BMfU, PA R8/86 Horsky; Schnitger in his complaint of November 13, 1942.
[9] Weltmuseum Vienna Archives, D39/N2.
[10] Weltmuseum Vienna Archives, D44/21; Horsky, report on the work carried out in 1943 at the Museum of Ethnology in Vienna, undated); Vienna City and State Archives, Regional Court for Criminal Matters Vienna II, Vr 361/44; Proceedings against Martin Schnitger.
[11] Vienna City and State Archives, Vienna Regional Court, LG I, Vr 361/44, criminal proceedings against Martin Schnitger, Vienna State Police Headquarters, Secret State Police, transcript with Dr. Martin Schnitger, January 28, 1944.
[12] Austrian State Archives, AdR, BMfI, GA 56.952 Horsky; Political Evaluation Questionnaire on Maria Horsky, filled out on February 18, 1939; Political Evaluation Questionnaire, filled out on June 25, 1943; Weltmuseum Vienna Archives, D45/206b; Ethnological Museum employees, n.d. [1945].
[13] Vienna City and State Archives, District Court of Vienna, LG I, Vr 361/44, criminal proceedings against Martin Schnitger.
[14] Mauthausen Concentration Camp Memorial, Archive, Book of the Dead, sign. AMM/Y 46 b.
[15] Styrian Provincial Archive, BH Bruck an der Mur, 14 V 1/1949.
Gabriele Anderl: contributions / anderl.gabriele@aon.at
Ildikó Cazan-Simányi: contributions / Ildiko.Cazan-Simanyi@weltmuseumwien.at / Alternative email: cazan-i@gmx.at
Reinhold Mittersakschmöller: contributions / rainworld@aon.at
Gabriele Anderl, Ildikó Cazan-Simányi and Reinhold Mittersakschmöller, "Rivalries with Fatal Consequences," History of Anthropology Review 46 (2022): https://histanthro.org/notes/rivalries-with-fatal-consequences/.