WORK IN PROGRESS (by Stefan J. Gueffroy [fka Eckel]): the grammar articles are being edited for wiki publication. During editing, the content might be incomplete, out of sequence or even misleading.
Work on the grammar wiki will resume during 2015.
31.Jan.12 The approach to explain Tibetan verbs will be changed to that of the "three thematic relations: Theme, Location, and Agent"
2017 - The treatment of the la don particles will be changed into that of three different particles - which they are.
1.2.2.3.1.2 verbs expressing "to make effort, to engage in"
1.3.1.1 Linking Verb, གཏན་འཁེལ་བའི་ཚིག་ "Word of Certainty"
1.3.3.2 Verbs that Express "to Make Effort, to Engage In"
Note: བྱ་ཚིག་ "action word" is translated as "verb". Even though in English a verb is a word that describes an action or state of being Tibetan grammarians do not classify words describing a mere state of being or existence as བྱ་ཚིག་.
All important example sentences are taken from either བོད་རྒྱ་ཚིག་མཛོད་ཆེན་མོ་, བུདྡྷ་པཱ་ལི་ཏ་མཱུ་ལ་མ་དྷྱ་མ་ཀ་བྲྀཏྟི་, མཁན་པོ་གཞན་དགའི་སྤྱོད་འཇུག་གི་མཆད་འགྲེལ་, དྭགས་པོའི་ཐར་རྒྱན་, འཇམ་མགོན་ཀོང་སྤྲུལ་གྱི་ཤེས་བྱ་ཀུན་ཁྱབ་མཛོད་, མཁན་པོ་ཀུན་དཔལ་གྱི་སྤྱོད་འཇུག་གི་ཚིག་འགྲེལ་, or འཇམ་མགོན་མི་ཕམ་རྒྱ་མཚོའི་མཁས་འཇུག་.
Intransitive: Not passing over to an object; expressing an action or state that is limited to the theme or subject.
Transitive: Passing over to an object; expressing an action which is not limited to the agent or subject.
Intransitive verbs: No direct object, no passive voice: e.g. I go.; I go to the market.; The bird died.
Transitive verbs: Can have a direct object, can form passive voice: e.g. I buy bread.; The bird was killed by the cat.
There are verbs that can have two objects. These are called ditransitive verbs. In "Douglas gave a vase to him." "vase" is the direct object and "him" is the indirect object.
In English there are verbs that can function as both transitive and intransitive verbs, e.g. "I broke the vase." and "The vase broke." In the second example "broke" can not have an object.
Note: With the help of a prepositional phrase, intransitive verbs can also be used in the passive voice, e.g. "The houses were lived in by hundreds of people."
Intransitive verbs: theme / subject: ming tsam (no particle) qualifier: locative etc.
The Buddha taught the Dharma.
Beside being an explanation of syntactic verb categories in Tibetan us such, this section is chiefly aimed to be an background for the syntactic categories referred to in the main section which is "Classification of verbs according to semantic and syntactic groups".
There are verbs that have a participant marked with the agentive particle but have no participant in ming tsam.
There are verbs that are not transitive but have a participant marked with the agentive particle.
ཐ་དད་པ་ and ཐ་མི་དད་པ་ do not correspond to the devision into transitive and intransitive.
The categories used in here will be referred to as "ming tsam intransitive", "agentive transitive" and "agentive directed". These categories are so named with respect to the existence of a participant marked with the agentive particle, the presence or absence of a theme in ming tsam.
The category that sticks out is that of "agentive directed" verbs. The verbs of the agentive transitive and ming tsam intransitive categories are respectively either transitive or intransitive. They are easily classified by the possibility of a given verb to either take an agent (marked with the agentive particle) together with its theme (in ming tsam) or not. In contrast to that the verbs of the agentive directed category include verbs that are intransitive, transitive and "indirect ditransitive". They have in common that they have two participants, one marked with the agentive particle and one with a la don, but no theme in ming tsam.
Examples with a stated agent are very difficult to find for this type of verb. If there were to be an example with a stated agent then this agent would be marked with the agentive particle.
verbs of mental activity when the "object of interest" is actively engaged in. They then have the theme (or direction, see below) with la don.
This section is an expansion of "1.2.1.2 The subcategories of the agentive transitive, agentive directed and ming tsam intransitive verbs" in order to give example sentences for the different categories. The semantic verb categories that are given as example for each category are not necessarily exhaustive.
linking verbs; ཡིན་པ་ "to be, are"
unintentional intransitive verbs; ངལ་བ་ "to be tired"
Adjectives can function like stative verbs.; བཟང་ "[to be] good, excellent"
When adjectives are used in this way they lose their second syllable.
E.g.:ངན་པ་ ("bad, inferior") only ངན་ and བཟང་པོ་ ("excellent, good") only བཟང་.
Even though I[' m] bad, [my] Lama [is] good.
unintentional verbs; འཆི་བ་ "to die", འཆར་བ་ "to arise"
verbs of motion; འགྲོ་བ་ "to go", མཆོང་བ་ "to jump"
verbs of existence and possession; ཡོད་པ་ "to exist" or "to have"
Verbs of necessity like དགོས་པ་ "to be needed" are closest in grammar to verbs of possession. The need itself is not directed but what is needed is "directed" towards a "location", it is needed at that "location". This is like in the example of the verbs of possession where the person who possess things is the location at which these things exist.
attitude verbs (verbs of emotion and attitude); དགའ་བ་ "to like"
Note: Some verbs within the "attitude verbs" category which are (more or less) voluntary e.g. like གུས་པ་ "to respect" could be placed with either stative affective or stative directed verbs.
verbs of dependence; རྟེན་པ་ "to rely, depend"
This is the stative (fruitional) aspect of the "verbs of absence and presence". They express a resultant state, e.g.,སྟོང་པ་ "to be empty".
The land is empty of water.
The inside of the house filled up with water.
These are the intransitive stative and dynamic verbs of interrelation, the conjunctive / disjunctive verbs, verbs of agreement, comparison, and verbs expressing connections of association and possession Many of these have irregular grammar and can occur with other particles, i.e. la don or originative.
These are the intransitive stative and dynamic verbs of separation, and verbs of avoidance.
sick (plural) hot cold etc. illness free "How can this be?!"
How could the ill ever become free of their hot, cold etc. disease (if they do not listen to their skilled doctor).
evaluative verbs; རུང་བ་ "suitable", འཐུས་པ་ "to be sufficient"
transitive verbs where the agent acts upon an a theme (object); འཐུང་བ་ "to drink"
These are fruitional and unintentional verbs. They are transitive verbs where the theme (object) is not acted upon and the agent is passive, perceiving or obtaining the theme (object) like with རྙེད་པ་ "to find", མཐོང་བ་ "to see".
I have found this nectar like Dharma.
The agent (subject) བདག་ is marked by the agentive particle.
Ditransitive verbs are verbs where the agent's (subject) action upon the theme (object) is directed towards a recipient (indirect object). These verbs express any transfer of goods, information, or action like སྦྱིན་པ་ "to give", or any verb expressing to produce something for somebody.
Agent (subject): agentive particle, theme (object): ming tsam, recipient (indirect object): la don.
The doctor gives medicine to the ill.
These are the transitive verbs that belong to of the "verbs of presence" category.; འགེངས་པ་ "to fill"
These are the transitive verbs of interrelation.; སྦྲེལ་བ་"to connect, attach, link together"
These are the transitive verbs of separation.; སྐྱོབ་པ་ "to protect"
Intentional verbs of perception can have agentive directed grammar. ལྟ་བ་ (to look) is mostly seen with agentive directed grammar. Other intentional verbs of perception e.g.ཉན་པ་ "to listen" can be seen with either agentive transitive or agentive directed grammar.
verbs expressing "to make effort, to engage in"
རྩོལ་བ་ "to endeavor, to exert", འབད་པ་ "to make effort"
Verbs of comparison when expressing "to rival" e.g., འགྲན་པ་ "to rival, to challenge, compete with" have agentive directed grammar.
Note: For the time being this usage of these verbs is treated as being similar to the grammar of "verbs expressing 'to make effort, to engage in'" since their qualifier, the direction of the action is not directly affected in the way it is in case of "verbs of benefit or harm" and "surface contact verbs". On the other hand when taking in to account the agentive transitive - associative grammar that theses verbs display when expressing "to check and verify, to compare two things" (see below) it may also be argued that they are rather agentive directed.
The firefly challenges the sun.
Note: Since the verbs of comparison display two types of grammar they have a separate category of their own within the main section "Classification of Verbs according to Semantic and Syntactic Groups" below. They are not together with "Agentive Directed Verbs" (with which they share grammar with), but come after "Verbs of Interrelation" (the second type of verbs they share grammar with).
E.g., གནོད་པ་ "to harm", ཕན་པ་ "to benefit"
Verbs of benefit or harm and hindrance have an agent (subject) with the agentive particle and a recipient (indirect object / direction) with a la don. They are here called indirect ditransitive because an action is passing over to a recipient. That which is passed over (the benefit or harm) is not stated as the theme but is lexicalized in the verb (inherent within the meaning of the verb) The recipient receives this benefit or harm and can not be the theme..
The illness harmed the body.
The verb ཁྱབ་པ་ "to pervade" is in Tibetan itself classified as ཐ་མི་དད་པ་ while it is transitive in English.
With the verb ཁྱབ་པ་ "to pervade, permeate, be present throughout" the participant "that pervades" is mostly marked with the agentive particle and the object or space that is pervaded marked with the la don. "That which is pervaded" is considering to be a qualifier in here .
The verb can also occur with "that what pervades" in ming tsam.
Note: If the theme is a whole clause then the terminative is used. This is not an occurrence of an agentive directed grammar.
Some verbs can come with a referential la don ལ་. E.g.,འཛིན་པ་ when it means "to apprehend (something as something)" can have that which a statement is made about marked with (a referential) la don ལ་. and the qualifier of identity and equivalence marked with the la don ཏུ་སུ་ etc.. This could be interpreted either as a case where the theme is in marked with the la don or a case where the grammar is similar to that of intentional verbs of perception like ལྟ་བ་ "to look" which has direction of the attention plus a qualifier.
the action of doing so "to fill with"
the process of becoming full "to be full"
The vase was filled with water [by someone]. The inside of the house filled up with water.
(an agent can not be stated) The vase is full of water.
See: "verbs with multiple meanings occurring with different syntax"
Some verbs change their meaning when a different particle is used for the same participant.
E.g., སེམས་པ་ can mean "to think" when the theme (object) is in ming tsam or "to contemplate" when the theme (or direction see above) is marked with the la don ལ་.
སེམས་པ་ the theme in ming tsam: "to think"
སེམས་པ་ the theme marked with the la don: "to contemplate, to think about"
E.g., in Tibetan the verb ཟིན་པ་ means "to be grasped, to be taken hold of, to be captured" and "to learn by heart, to memorize". When uses as auxiliary verb it expresses the completion of an action.
Some verbs also have a different meaning when used as modal auxiliary verb. E.g., ཆོག་པ་ either "allowed, permitted" as a modal auxiliary verb or "to be sufficient" as verb on its own, (see "Verbs of Evaluation).
When meaning "allowed, permitted" ཆོག་པ་ comes as a modal auxiliary verb right after the verb.
When meaning "to be sufficient" then comes after that which is "sufficient" (marked by the agentive particle).
A verb or a semantice group of verbs can have the grammar of two or more syntactic groups.
There are two main reason for this. Both are in relation to the main function of the particles that is of concern here, to show what kind of relation a participant of a clause has to the verb of the clause.
1.) There are overlaps between the functions of different particles. This comes from the fact that some of the Tibetan particles can mark a wide range of different type of participants and if there are two or more particles that can express the same or a similar relation between participant and verb then there is the possibility that the verb is seen with those different particles. E.g. དང་and ལས་ can mark the qualifier of "disjunctive verbs" which leads to the fact that "disjunctive verbs" are ming tsam intransitive associative and ming tsam intransitive originative.
2.) If a verb can have different semantic meanings like སེམས་པ་ "to think" or "to contemplate" (see above) it can have its participants marked with different particles in regard to those different meanings since the participants are of different types.
Verbs that belong to semantic groups with particular type of qualifiers which are marked with either the agentive particle (གིས་etc.), the originative particles (ལས་, ནས་) , or the associative particle (དང་) and those groups where potentially agentive transitive and ming tsam intransitive verbs come with the same type of qualifier are placed in separate groups (see below).
The first section below will cover those ming tsam intransitive verbs verbs (including the linking verb) that do not have any particular qualifier or have their qualifier marked with the la don, which means that the intransitive verbs without qualifier and with la don for their qualifier are taken together under one heading.
One reason for this is the way "location" is viewed here [note - link void]. The theme of a "change of state verb" and "state of being verb" is a theme in refernce to a location in the same way the theme of a "verb of motion" and "verb of living" is a theme in refernce to a location. The "location" of "change of state" and "state of being" verbs is the state the theme changes to or the state (lexicalized in the verb) it "remains" in.
In this context it needs to be noted that there is a difference between the "location" of three semantic core arguments agent, theme and location and a generic location where an action takes place. [see note - link void] E.g., in "In Berlin, she went to his apartment." "she" is theme and "his apartment" is location whereas "in Berlin" is an adverbial sentence qualifier of place.
Another point to notice is question of the "status" of origin. Even though any motion or change of state originates from somewhere, the qualifier of origin is not included as a core argument [note link void]. Which means that for instance "verbs of motion" are classified as "ming tsam intransitive - dynamic directed" but not as "ming tsam intransitive - dynamic directed / originative". An originative particle is only used to categorize a group of verbs as "intransitive or transitive - originative" when it comes with an unique semantic group, e.g., like the "verbs of separation".
Linking Verb, གཏན་འཁེལ་བའི་ཚིག་ "Word of Certainty"
The cause is the sugathagarbha, the condition is the virtuous friend.
These are verbs that express a non-controllable state of being.
ངན་ from "ངན་པ་ "bad, inferior" and བཟང་ from བཟང་པོ་ "excellent, good"
In this city [you] need to go to a guest house.
[One] needs to stay at a certain place.
They talk while sitting on a seat.
He happily stayed for a long time at a comfortable place.
The barren women's son does not exist.
There is dung in Tibet.
[This] what is called unobstructed is: [It] is not the existence of [an] obstruction for this.
The condition for woolen cloth to have come into existence and to exist are threads.
The power of the country belongs to (is hold by) the people.
In Tibetan, the theme of the verb དགོས་པ་ "to need" is that what is needed, it "performs" the action "to be needed", (the "water" in the example below). What or whom it is needed for is the qualifier (the "sprouts"). This is different to how it is understood in English. See: Verbs and Particles - Notes on "need" and theme, subject and dative subject.
Regarding this, the vowels and consonants which were not needed for the Tibetan language were discarded.
Note: Some verbs which are (more or less) voluntary e.g.like གུས་པ་ "to have respect" could also be considered to be stative directed.
Note: ལ་ is the most common la don used.
In the front afraid of the wolf, in back afraid of the tiger.
The shepherd is loving to the sheep.
With verbs expressing "to be afraid" the agentive particle can mark that which one is afraid of.
The dog [just] fears that stone itself.
The extent of good qualities depends on effort.
Depending on the other side this side came into existence (exists).
This section covers those agentive transitive verbs that do not belong to a semantic group that uses a particular type of qualifier. Verbs that belong to semantic groups with particular type of qualifiers which are marked with either the agentive particle (གིས་etc.), the originative particles (ལས་, ནས་) , or the associative particle (དང་) and those groups where potentially agentive transitive and ming tsam intransitive verbs come with the same type of qualifier are placed in separate groups (see below).
The agent (subject) is omitted, the theme (object) མདུན་ལམ་ is in ming tsam.
The agent (subject) ཁོ་ is marked by the agentive particle.
Ananda attained [the state of an] arhat.
Ditransitive verbs are verbs where the agent's action upon the theme (object) is directed towards a recipient (indirect object). These are verbs expressing any transfer of goods, information or action (like སྦྱིན་པ་ "to give") or any verb expressing to produce something for somebody. Typical ditransitive verbs are "to give", "to sell", "to bring", "to tell" and generally any verb expressing any transfer of goods, information or action producing something. E.g.: "She gave him ten silver.", "I read the books to him.", "She is baking a cake for him.".
We can not be given the sustenance of well-being by another person.
Some intentional verbs of perception e.g. like ལྟ་བ་ "to look" have or can have agentive directed grammar. They have the direction of their attention marked with a la don. Their grammar can be irregular.
ལྟ་བ་ is mostly seen with agentive directed grammar. Other intentional verbs of perception (e.g.ཉན་པ་ "to listen") can be seen with either agentive transitive or agentive directed grammar. See Verbs and Particles - Notes.
Note: They are ཐ་དད་པ་ classified in Tibetan (but they do not have a theme in ming tsam. See Grammar Terms).
Three examples of different grammar with སྣོམ་པ་ "to smell".
Smell the scent of fragrant / delicious tea!
In this case "what is smelled / sniffed" is marked by the la don (དྲི་ལ་) making it into a direction (qualifier).
In the next two cases "what is smelled" (the theme) is not marked by a la don but in ming tsam and in the second sentence the "nose", the "place of smelling" is marked by the la don (སྣར་) .
[He] smelled / sniffed the nice scent of the fragrance in his nose.
Four examples of different grammar with for རེག་པ་ "to touch". In the first two sentences that which is touching is marked by the agentive particle (ལག་པས་).
The hand touched and the texture (soft-rough) was felt.
In the next two sentences that which is touching is not marked by the agentive particle (ཤིང་གི་ཡལ་ག་ and རྐང་པ་) but is in ming tsam. The place of touching is marked by the la don as before. (For changes in grammar between voluntary and involuntary usage of the same verb see "Verbs and Particles - Notes".
The tree branch touched the head.
The feet did not touch the ground.
Verbs that Express "to Make Effort, to Engage In"
"Verbs expressing 'to make effort, to engage in'" are categorized as "indirect transitive" (and are in Tibetan categorized ཐ་དད་པ་ - if they are transitive or not is still somewhat under discussion - On the Transitivity of Verbs Expressing "To Make Effort, To Engage In"). These verbs have their theme, "the effort" etc. lexicalized in the verb and do not have a theme (object) as a participant  (in ming tsam). They do have a direction of the action, "what the effort is toward" marked by la don.
Make effort in your studies!
(One) will persevere in the bodhisattva conduct through body, speech and mind.
If the way of doing is mistaken, then even though making effort in the work, it will not be accomplished.
These verbs are similar to the verbs of presence with the exception that the effected participant is not in ming tsam. That what is pervaded is marked by la don while that what pervades is marked by either the agentive particle or is in ming tsam. The verb ཁྱབ་པ་ means "to pervade, permeate, be present throughout" and "it logically pervades", "it follows" when used in logical arguments and debate. Its grammar is irregular.
Buddha nature (essence of the Tathagata) abides in all sentient beings of the realms of the world like oil is throughout present within sesame seeds.
The sun's ray pervade (shone / shine) in all directions (everywhere).
If [a phenomena] is a human being it follows that [that phenomena] is a sentient being.
"Given the subject of a phenomena, if (ན་) [that phenomena (omitted)] is a human being, it follows (ཁྱབ་) that [that phenomena (omitted - potentially in ming tsam or marked by la don)] is a sentient being."
"Given the subject of a phenomena, if antecedent—[that phenomena (omitted)] meets the condition (expressed by a clause ending in the root of verb + ན་)—is true, then the consequent logically follows—[that phenomena (omitted — potentially in ming tsam or marked by la don)] is logically pervaded (ཁྱབ་) (which means it has the characteristic expressed) by the proposed consequence."
In short: first protasis—"If (ན་) antecedent is true"—then apodosis—consequent (ཀྱིས་ with an omitted theme) logically follows (ཁྱབ་)."
Verbs of benefit or harm and hindrance have an agent (subject) marked with agentive particle and a recipient (indirect object / direction) with la don. The action is passing over to a recipient. That what is passed over, the benefit or harm, is not stated as the theme but is lexicalized in the verb (inherent within the meaning of the verb) See: On the Ditransitivity of Verbs of Benefit or Harm.
The philosophical tenet was refuted.
The medicine helps against the illness. / The medicine helped [to treat] the illness.
With transitive verbs that come with a qualifier of identity or equivalence, the theme (object) is often marked with the la don ལ་ and the qualifier of identity or equivalence is marked with the la don སུ་རུ་ཏུ་དུ་ར་.
See also: Verbs with multiple meanings occurring with different syntax.
་་་་ལ་དབྱེ་ན། ་་་་ "... when [this] is divided [into subdivision] ..." occurs often at the beginning of an enumeration, explanation, etc..
Unusual is (1.) that this is the future form of the verb since in most cases a verb before a conditional ན་ is in the past tense of that verb and (2.) that it differs from the grammar of the present tense འབྱེད་པ་ "to divide" which has a theme, that which is divided, in ming tsam.
Note: There are no intransitive dynamic or transitive forms of the verbs of absence (with the qualifier marked by the agentive particle). See note below.
free from the non-concordant side of the view of "mine"
A dynamic or transitive form of the verbs of absence would be verbs that express the removal of something. However, the dynamic transitive verbs that express "to remove", "purify", ot "clear away" conform to regular transitive grammar. Similarly, dynamic intransitive verbs that express something "becoming exhausted", "vanishing", or "disappearing" conform to regular intransitive grammar.
For instance དག་པ་ "to be cleansed, to be purified" is the past tense of the verb འདག་པ་ "to become clean, to become purified". In the past tense formདག་པ་ behaves like a verb of absence with "that which is removed" being marked by the agentive particle, while the present and future tense of འདག་པ་ take "that which is to be removed" in ming tsam, with the instrument marked with the agentive particle.
Below are two examples of a resultant state with དག་པ་ "to be purified" and བྲལ་བ་ "to be free of" (which is a disjunctive verb) coming with དྲི་མ་ "stains" - "that which is free of" - marked with the agentive particle (དྲི་མས་).
In contrast to this the next two examples further below are with the present or future tense of འདག་པ་ "to become purified, will become purified" with "that which is going to be purified" occurring in ming tsam, and the instrument being marked with the agentive particle.
[...this] is the explanation that all downfalls are purified by means of confession alone.
The term "presence" is used as the counterpart to "absence".
The vase is full of water.
The inside of the house had filled with water.
The vase was filled with water.
[They] filled the store room with valuables.
Note: The la don can commonly be used as a substitute for the associative particle དང་ with verbs that come with the associative particle. For that reason most or all of these verbs can have either associatve or directed grammar.
Note: The verb སྦྱོར་བ་ "to connect, join, (and many more meanings)" comes frequently with la don instead of the associative particle དང་ . This is much rarer with any other verbs of this category.
Note: The associative particle དང་ is frequently omitted.
When there is the arising of a flame, the meeting with darkness does not exist.
Note: These verbs can also be used without a qualifier. E.g., སྦྱོར་བ་ in the next example comes without a qualifier. In this example "the palms are (simply) joined (together)" but are not "joined with something".
That is the mind of wishing that all beings [may be] freed from suffering together with it's causes.
Even being that way, the looking which is separated from the act of looking will not be looking (intentional).
...[it] is in accordance with the definitive meaning of both, the middle and last [turning of] the wheel [of Dharma].
A "simple agreement" without something to be in agreement with and us such without a particle marking what is in agreement.
Example with the la don ར་ marking a whole clause.
All those are in accord with discarding the cause of samsara, the grasping at [a] self and accomplishing the state of liberation, Nirvana.
Note: མྱང་འདས་ is short for མྱ་ངན་ལས་འདས་པ་, Nirvana.
Note: འགྲོགས་པ་ is classified as ཐ་དད་པ་ but there are no indications that it is a transitive verb and it is in its grammar more related to "verbs of motion"—a volitional intransitive verb—than to transitive verbs. There is the theme—that what is accompanying someone etc.—in ming tsam and that what is accompanied marked with the associative particle དང་. If there were to be an agent then this agent would cause two things to accompany each other, which does not match the semantic of the verb and the verb is not seen to be used in that way. It seems that it got its ཐ་དད་པ་ status from the fact that there is an action that "passes over" in the way that there is someone who (or something that) is accompanied and from its volitional character.
The Verbs of Comparison are in a separate category of their own because they display two types of grammar (in regard to a theme in ming tsam), that of "Agentive Directed Verbs" and that of agentive transitive associative verbs, the "Verbs of Interrelation"
The next example is without qualifier, since only one argument is needed in this expression. Because the verb has a theme in ming tsam it belongs to this grammar category (even with its meaning being rather that of "competing" like in the examples below with agentive directed grammar).
Note: ལུས་རྩལ་ normally means "physical exercise", but "physical skill" seems more fitting in this context.
Can a coward dare to match a hero?
Keeping away from the main road, [he] went along a derelict path.
Note: This usage is not uncommon and needs grammatically be treated as a compound verb.
Turning off the road [he] went.
Note: The "verbs of evaluation and assertion" are separated into the two categories of the "verbs of assertion" and "verbs of evaluation". This is done because of their difference in grammar and is merely a naming convention since verbs of both categories can evaluate and / or assert. The naming was done in regard to the fact that on one side verbs like རིགས་པ་ "to be logically" and ཐལ་བ་ "to follow logically" are often used to make (philosophical) claims and assertions, whereas on the other side verbs like འགྲིག་པ་ "to be fitting" and ཆོག་པ་ "to be sufficient" rather evaluate a situation.
Note: Some of the coming verbs change their meaning with syntax.
Note: See also:"la don / 3.1 Note on classifications for 1.10 verbs with la don / intransitive verbs / 1.1 expressing a 'quality': evaluative".
Note: The theme can also be marked by the la don ར་ when the theme is verb or a clause. See: "la don—Verbal clause as theme"
It is not appropriate to do like that.
Even [if one] has (/does) not any other practice [then this], it is permissible (/ sufficient).
Note: ལས་ "work" is the qualifier and the theme is omitted - "['something'] is permissible as action"
that deed not appropriate suffering that those deed is not logical "if asked why"
Note: The grammar of the verbs of this category looks quite unique. These verbs are seen commonly with only one participant which is marked with the agentive particle. Here they are analyzed (see belowsee below) as simple intransitive verbs with an qualifier / instrument / source (marked with the agentive particle).
To drink this medicine will be sufficient.
[His] physical constitution was suitable for the task.
To contemplate on impermanence only is not enough.
Note: ཁོ་ན་ means "only" and the ས་is the agentive particle making it into ཁོ་ནས་ - the ནས་ is not the originative case.
ཡིན་ can never have its complement completely omitted but it can have some parts of the complement omitted that are already introduced or inferable.
The first reason why the complement of ཡིན་ can not be completely omitted is that it would be impossible to infer the meaning of the omitted complement and the sentence would have no meaning. When expressing that "x is y" then "x" can be omitted if it can be inferred from context. On the other hand if "y" were to be omitted then there would be no statement made about "x" since "y" is the new information. It is as if one were to say in English: *"This ice cream has the quality of [∅].", without adding the information the sentences is intended to express.
The second reason is that both theme and complement of ཡིན་ are in ming tsam. It would therefore be impossible to differentiate between an omitted theme and an omitted complement.
For these two reasons, 1.) that is syntacticly not possible to differentiate between an omitted theme or complement, and 2.) that completely omitting the complement creates a clause without meaning, one must always assume that if something is (completely) omitted, it is the theme and not the complement.
In regard to this in the example below the sentences is without a stated complement in ming tsam. It has a statement of reason, shown by means of the དབང་གིས་ ("due to, through the power of") marked by the agentive particle that comes directly before the ཡིན་.
One thing that must be understood is the difference between ཡིན་ "be, is" and the English "be, is". The English "be" has two different meanings. 1) It is the copula expressing that "x is y", a statement about x's identity, feature, etc.; and 2) it expresses existence: "x is" is the same as "x exists". Unlike the English "be", ཡིན་ is only a copula-it only covers the meaning of "x is y"-but does not include "x exists". ("X exists" is expressed by ཡོད་ in Tibetan.) In the same way as "x exists" can not be expressed with the Tibetan ཡིན་, also "x exists because of y" can not be expressed with ཡིན་.
Similarly, the (abbreviated) example (above) ཡོན་ཏན་མི་འབྱུང་བ་འདི་སྡིག་པ་ མི་དགེ་བའི་དབང་གིས་ཡིན་ can not be interpreted as "this non-arising of qualities exists (is) due to negativity [and] non virtue".
On the other hand "due to negativity [and] non virtue" can not, in itself, be the complement for ཡིན་ because a reason can not be the complement for a linking verb. There can be a reason for "this being that" but the identity or feature of something can not be a reason itself. "X is (/ has the identity of) Y because of Z" is a possible structure but not *"X is / has the identity of [∅] because of Z". (In the next example the English "is" needs to be replaced by "has the quality of" in order to rule out the meaning of "to exist".) For example one can say: "This ice cream (is /) has the quality of excellence because my grand uncle made it." but not *"This ice cream (is /) has the quality of [∅] because my grand uncle made it." Therefore, there needs to be an omitted complement understood as coming immediately before the ཡིན་.
The solution comes from the fact that Tibetan can and does omit "duplicated" or identical parts of a clause (noun phrases) and in the above example, the omitted identical part—which is needed as the complement—is the same as the theme—ཡོན་ཏན་མི་འབྱུང་བ་འདི་ "this non—arising of qualities".
"Furthermore, [it is] said [that] in the same way as it is more important to wash cloth than to dye [them] it is extremely important to make effort to purify negativity, since this non-arising of the qualities of hearing, reflection, [and] meditation in one's stream [of being] is [this non-arising of qualities in one's stream [of being]] due to negativity [and] non virtue."
In general is the omitted part only pragmatically controlled and not fixed (and does not need to be the whole theme), but I can not think of an (even generic) example where it would not need to contain at least a part of the theme, and I would go so far to claim, that a part of the complement that is different form the theme will never be an anaphoric zero argument. (The argument itself can have its own anaphoric zero arguments since an argument itself can have parts of it omitted).
"...since this non-arising of the qualities of hearing, reflection, [and] meditation in one's stream [of being] is [this non-arising] due to negativity [and] non virtue."
The pragmatic limits of the location of the "arising" are generally set by the phenomena that arises, but since here the location is already stated-"one's stream [of being]"-the information about the location is also anaphorically included in the complement, so that if one takes only a part of the theme as complement [མི་འབྱུང་བ་འདི་] "[this non-arising]" all other parts of the theme are zero-anaphorically included within the complement.
↑ It does not refer to the sentence- or discourse-level category of "topic".
↑ This term "associative" is used in reference to Nicolas Tournadre (University of Provence and CNRS, Lacito, The Classical Tibetan cases and their transcategoriality, From sacred grammar to modern linguistics, Himalayan Linguistics, Vol. 9(2): 87-125). It could also be called "comitative case" or "sociative case".
↑ ལྟ་བ་ is mostly seen with agentive directed grammar. Other intentional verbs of perception e.g.ཉན་པ་ "to listen" can be seen with either agentive transitive or agentive directed grammar.
↑ The qualifier of a linking verb is usually called "complement". This term is also used here to distinguish it from "qualifiers" that are not in ming tsam.
↑ མི་ང་རང་ངན་ཏེ་ lit.:... the person [who is me] myself ... .
↑ Typical ditransitive verbs are "to give", "to sell", "to bring", "to tell" and generally any verb expressing any transfer of goods, information or action that produces something. E.g.: "She gave him ten silver.", "I read the books to him.", "She is baking a cake for him.".
↑ also called "addressee" and "beneficiary"
↑ One difficulty with these verbs is finding an example with a stated agent. In most cases there is only an instrument, source or reason given. This instrument which effects the action comes with the agentive particle.
↑ See: Verbs and Particles - Notes for the discussion about transitive verbs with agentive directed grammar.
↑ This is a type of auxiliary verb that is used to indicate modality – that is, to give more information about the function of the main verb in regard to likelihood, ability, permission, and obligation. English words that are often used to express modality are: may, can, must, ought, will, shall, need, dare, might, could, would, and should.
↑ Another reason is the fact that with one more subheading (when placing "intransitive verbs" as one more higher level heading) the maximum number of subheadings of the wiki would be exceeded.
↑ It is also the past tense of (past)མཆིས་པ། (pres.)མཆི་བ། (fut.)མཆི་བ།"to go", "to come"
↑ Verbs like "to strive" are intransitive verbs in English, accompanied by a qualifier stating what one is striving for.
S.V.Beyer designates རྩོལ་ and བརྩོན་ as intransitive verbs (S.V.B., The Classic Tibetan Language p.341) and in "A Tibetan Verb Lexicon" for འབད་"to make effort" (p. 131 འབད་ "verb class VI" / "Agentive-Objective Verb") the example given is སྙིང་ནས་གྲོལ་བ་དོན་དུ་གཉེར་བའི་གང་ཟག་གིས། བདག་མེད་པའི་ལྟ་བ་རྣམ་པར་དག་པ་ཁོང་དུ་ཆུད་པའི་ཐབས་ལ་འབད་དགོས། "Persons who from the depths of their hearts seek liberation must work at the means of understanding the correct view of selflessness."
↑ དབྱེ་བ་ is either a verb, the future tense of the present tense འབྱེད་པ་ "to divide" or it is the related noun དབྱེ་བ་ "divisions, classification, differentiation", but there is no particular reason to interpret the དབྱེ་ in the example above as an abbreviated noun.
↑ See disjunctive verbs below.
↑ Note: Nicolas Tournadre in "The Classical Tibetan cases" mentions a few adjectives that can come with the same type of grammar. Nicolas Tournadre, University of Provence and CNRS, Lacito, The Classical Tibetan cases and their transcategoriality, From sacred grammar to modern linguistics, Himalayan Linguistics, Vol. 9(2): 87-125.: "a3) Specification: This function is quite peculiar and is linked to specificative adjectival or verbal predicates, which are always stative. A specificative verb or adjective governs two arguments, one in the absolutive [ming tsam] (in some cases in the dative [la don]) and the other in the instrumental [agentive particle]. Most adjectival predicates such as phyug 'rich', mtho 'high', thung 'short', mkhas 'expert', ring 'long', che 'big' may have an argument in the instrumental conveying specification. Some specificative verbs also trigger the same construction. Among the most frequent, one should mention: khengs 'to be filled (with)', bskor 'to be surrounded by', g.yogs 'to be covered by', .... ."
↑ See the "Note" about their classification as agentive directed - intransitive dynamic directed in verbs of comparison / competition above.
↑ A formerly done split into "verbs of evaluation and assertion I and II" did lead to confusion among students without an academic background. They read "I" as the first person singular pronoun and were wondering about the meaning of the heading—"Verbs of Evaluation and Assertion I (/aɪ/—first person singular pronoun)" .
↑ One can also count three if the usage as auxiliary verb is included, or even more if one includes subcategories. E.g.: Expressing "existence" can be split into expressing "existence" ("There is a rabbit.") and "location" ("The rabbit is in the house").
↑ The "is" copula can make a range of statements about the theme. E.g.: identity, "The rabbit is the our king."; feature (adjective predication) "The rabbit is furry."; class membership, "This rabbit is an alien." etc..
↑ Please tell me if you can.
This page was last edited on 12 May 2017, at 13:54.


And now this command is for your benefit, O priests who despise the One you serve.
God's message to Judah through Malachi is a double entendre. On one level, God is rebuking people who commit adultery and abandon their spouses. God hates divorce because of its disastrous consequences on lives, families, and communities. The effects of broken marriages can last a lifetime, even if people fool themselves into thinking otherwise. God stands as the first and most important witness to every marriage contract, and He desires for His people to take those vows seriously. On another level, however, God is rebuking all of Israel—His bride—who has committed adultery against the Eternal One by abandoning Him to worship other gods. As chronic adulterers, God's people don't realize their illicit relationships with pagan goddesses and foreign governments have broken their covenant with Him and are causing them to stray from God's requirements. They mix cultic rituals with God's prescribed rituals, and they genuinely don't understand why God won't respond to their prayers, blessings, and sacrifices. Israel demonstrates how people can become insensitive to frequent sin and how that sin can affect their contemporaries and future generations. According to the prophet, naiveté is no excuse for breaking His commands.
Eternal One: 2 If you will not listen and if you will not devote yourselves to giving glory to My name, then I, the Eternal, Commander of heavenly armies, will send the curse on you and will curse those blessings you give to Me on behalf of yourselves and your laypeople. In fact, I have cursed those blessings since you are refusing to dedicate yourselves to Me. 3 Look, I am rebuking your children—your seed whom you offer. I will spread dung on your faces, the dung of your festival offerings, and someone will take you away with it.[a] 4 Then you will know I, the Eternal, Commander of heavenly armies, sent this command to you as a reminder of My covenant with Levi and your responsibilities regarding it.[b] 5 My covenant with Levi was filled with life and peace, and I gave those gifts to him out of respect. He feared Me, and he was in awe of My name and all I was purported to be. 6 He spoke the law of truth, and falsehood was not found on his lips. In peace and justice he walked with Me, and he turned many from iniquity by his words and example; 7 the lips of the priest should be a gateway to knowledge, and the laypeople should seek the law from his mouth because he is the messenger of the Eternal, Commander of heavenly armies. 8-9 But you priests have turned from the straight and smooth way you should be guarding. You have caused many to stumble upon the law; you have corrupted the covenant of Levi! So I, the Eternal, Commander of heavenly armies, have made you hated and humiliated as you sit in that dung heap in front of all the people because you are not keeping My ways. Instead you are picking and choosing which of My laws to teach and follow.
10 Do we not all share one father? Has not one God created us all? Why do we all act deceitfully with our brothers and sisters and soil the covenant between God and our ancestors? 11 First of all, Judah has acted deceitfully, and an atrocity has been committed in Israel and in Jerusalem because Judah has soiled the holy place of the Eternal One—His earthly throne which He loves—by marrying a daughter of a foreign god, by joining pagan families and worshiping pagan goddesses. 12 May the Eternal One cut off from His community among the tents of Jacob the man who does this—the one stirring, answering,[c] and presenting a grain offering to the Eternal, Commander of heavenly armies. 13 And this is a second thing you do: you cover the altar of the Eternal One not with the blood of perfect sacrifices but with your own tears, weeping and groaning as if you were worshiping other gods because He does not accept the grain offering you present or receive it with delight. 14 Yet you ask, "Why won't He accept our offerings?" It is because the Eternal One has been a witness to the way you have dealt deceitfully with the wife of your youth, although she is your companion and covenant wife, by going off with that foreign woman! 15 Has He not made you and your wife one? You belong to Him, body and spirit. And what does He seek from such a union? Godly children.[d] So guard yourselves; be true to the wife of your youth, and stop being unfaithful.
Eternal One: 16 For I, the God of Israel, hate divorce! I, the Commander of heavenly armies, despise it when people wrap themselves in violence like a garment. So guard yourselves; be true to your wife and not unfaithful.


The production, processing, marketing, distribution, financing, and development of agricultural commodities and resources including food, fiber, wood products, natural resources, horticulture, and other plant and animal products/resources.
Careers in designing, planning, managing, building and maintaining the built environment.
Designing, producing, exhibiting, performing, writing, and publishing multimedia content including visual and performing arts and design, journalism, and entertainment services.
Careers in planning, organizing, directing and evaluating business functions essential to efficient and productive business operations.
Planning, managing and providing education and training services, and related learning support services such as administration, teaching/training, administrative support, and professional support services.
Planning and related services for financial and investment planning, banking, insurance, and business financial management.
Planning and executing government functions at the local, state and federal levels, including governance, national security, foreign service, planning, revenue and taxation, and regulations.
Planning, managing, and providing therapeutic services, diagnostic services, health informatics, support services, and biotechnology research and development.
Preparing individuals for employment in career pathways that relate to families and human needs such as restaurant and food/beverage services, lodging, travel and tourism, recreation, amusement and attractions.
Preparing individuals for employment in career pathways that relate to families and human needs such as counseling and mental health services, family and community services, personal care, and consumer services.
Building linkages in IT occupations for entry level, technical, and professional careers related to the design, development, support and management of hardware, software, multimedia and systems integration services.
Planning, managing, and providing legal, public safety, protective services and homeland security, including professional and technical support services.
Planning, managing and performing the processing of materials into intermediate or final products and related professional and technical support activities such as production planning and control, maintenance and manufacturing/process engineering.
Planning, managing, and performing marketing activities to reach organizational objectives such as brand management, professional sales, merchandising, marketing communications and market research.
Planning, managing, and providing scientific research and professional and technical services (e.g., physical science, social science, engineering) including laboratory and testing services, and research and development services.
The planning, management, and movement of people, materials, and goods by road, pipeline, air, rail and water and related professional and technical support services such as transportation infrastructure planning and management, logistics services, mobile equipment and facility maintenance.
Choose your pathway to success. Tennessee's Career Clusters are organized into 16 broad categories that encompass virtually all occupations from entry through professional levels and are aligned with the U.S. Department of Education's structure of Career and Technical Education. Career Clusters identify the knowledge and skills needed to follow a pathway toward career goals and provide a context for exploring the many occupational options available. Note that each cluster is divided into different pathways or Programs of Study that are grouped by the knowledge and skills required for occupations in these career fields. Students that complete three credits in a Program of Study or Career Cluster are CTE Concentrators. Our district CTE Office is here to support students in selecting a Program of Study. - See more at: https://www.tn.gov/education/career-and-technical-education/career-clusters.html.
Rights of Parents and Students.
Parent Notification Under the Elementary and Secondary Education Act.


The excitement in the air is palpable. The red carpet swirls with activity as publicists whisk celebrities from interview to interview and photographers light up the evening shadows with a flurry of flashbulbs.
In the midst of the organized chaos that surrounds her night after night, Chelsea Briggs has become the girl that every aspiring entertainment reporter dreams of being. Standing beside the boys from One Direction, laughing with Selena Gomez and getting a first look at the latest blockbuster film to hit theaters, she is the girl who cheerfully shares her experiences with an audience of millions for Hollywire TV.
Originally from Royal Oak, Michigan, Chelsea studied broadcasting at Central Michigan University. With a natural talent for journalism and on-camera work, she eventually became an intern at MTV in New York City. But it was at Hollywire.com, where her production background and knowledge of the fast-paced entertainment industry really began to pay off.
Along with another intern, Chelsea pushed the website to embrace the video format, which she saw as the future of entertainment news.
From sit down interviews to red carpet coverage, Hollywire.com appeals to a new generation of fans, who are tired of the old-fashioned, big-studio-produced entertainment news shows.
On camera, her enthusiasm and excitement is contagious. She is funny, quirky and down-to-earth. Off camera, Chelsea says, she's the same.
It is these traits that leave her celebrity guests feeling comfortable opening up to her in interviews. As she chats on the phone with StayFamous.Net about her amazing career, it's easy to see that talking to her is like talking to your best friend. It's a gift that can't be taught in journalism school, and one she has easily mastered.
Of course, like any great interviewer, she's had her share of disappointing conversations, when the celebrities (who will remain nameless) weren't as charming as she expected them to be. But overall, she points to moments like her interviews with Paul Rudd and Conor Maynard as some of her fondest memories, when she found the stars to be even more likeable in person.
"It's always fun when you interview celebrities that don't take themselves so seriously, and that are just fun and have fun with you and aren't stuck up or snooty," she said.
Her hard work and determination to be the best at what she does, makes Chelsea such an inspiration.
To keep up with all her latest adventures, follow Chelsea Briggs on Twitter @Chelsea_Briggs. You can also watch the Hollywire Hot Minute with Chelsea and enjoy more exclusive entertainment news at Hollywire.com.


text:
A case report of thyroid plasmacytoma and literature update
Fahd Refai1, Wafaey Gomaa2, Layla Abdullah1
1 Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
2 Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Al Minia, Egypt
Date of Submission 18-Jul-2019
Date of Acceptance 13-Sep-2019
Date of Web Publication 08-Nov-2019
Prof. Wafaey Gomaa
Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box: 80205, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
DOI: 10.4103/JMAU.JMAU_36_19
Plasmacytomas of the thyroid gland are rare, whether or not they arise as solitary (primary) lesions or secondary to systemic multiple myeloma. Here, we present the case of a 71-year-old female presenting with goiter and Hashimoto's thyroiditis, in whom the subsequent histopathological diagnosis of plasmacytoma was a surprise. In presenting this case, we summarize the last 25 years of literature on thyroid plasmacytoma and review the salient clinicopathological characteristics, differential diagnoses, management, and outcomes of this rare condition.
Keywords: Extramedullary, pathology, plasmacytoma, thyroid
Refai F, Gomaa W, Abdullah L. A case report of thyroid plasmacytoma and literature update. J Microsc Ultrastruct 2020;8:75-9
Refai F, Gomaa W, Abdullah L. A case report of thyroid plasmacytoma and literature update. J Microsc Ultrastruct [serial online] 2020 [cited 2021 Jan 20];8:75-9. Available from: https://www.jmau.org/text.asp?2020/8/2/75/270590
Plasmacytoma can occur in the thyroid gland either as primary lesions (solitary extramedullary plasmacytoma [EMP]) or secondary to systemic spread of multiple myeloma.[1] Differentiating between primary and secondary plasmacytoma is essential, because their clinical behavior and subsequent management are markedly different. Here, we describe a case of a thyroid plasmacytoma arising in a background of Hashimoto's thyroiditis. In doing so, we take the opportunity to emphasize the importance of clinical follow-up and review the last 25 years of literature on thyroid plasmacytoma including their clinicopathological features, important differential diagnoses, and outcomes.
A 71-year-old female with a medical history of hypertension and diabetes presented with a massive goiter. Thyroid function tests on presentation revealed a thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) of 5.51 μIU/L (0.27–4.2), free T3 of 3.67 pmol/L (2.8–7), free T4 of 9.98 pmol/L (12–22), thyroid peroxidase antibody of 319 IU/mL (0–34), and thyroid thyroglobulin antibody of 683 IU/mL (0–115). A thyroid ultrasound showed enlarged (right lobe: 6.9 cm × 3.0 cm × 2.7 cm; left lobe: 7.4 cm × 3.1 cm × 3.8 cm; isthmus unremarkable) heterogeneous lobes bilaterally with prominent vasculature and microcalcifications, but no focal lesions. Scintigraphy was normal with homogeneous 1.7% Tc99m uptake. The laboratory and imaging findings were entirely consistent with autoimmune (Hashimoto's) thyroiditis. She underwent elective thyroidectomy 1 year later. The patient gave consent before surgery. The case is reported according to the regulations of Research Committee of the Biomedical Ethics Unit, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. At that time, her TSH had risen to 11.0 μIU/L (0.27–4.2), but her free T4 levels were static at 9.84 pmol/L (12–22). Her operation was unremarkable, and she was discharged without any hoarseness of voice, but with low calcium level (1.95 mmol/L [2.12–2.52]) and hypoalbuminemia (25 g/L [40.2–47.6]). An intraoperative frozen section revealed chronic thyroiditis with a prominent plasma cell component.
On macroscopic pathological examination, the left lobe measured 9 cm × 6 cm × 3.5 cm and the right lobe measured 10 cm × 6 cm × 3.5 cm, both with prominent capsular blood vessels, gray-yellow in color, and firm in consistency [Figure 1]a and [Figure 1]b. Microscopic examination [Figure 1]c and [Figure 1]d revealed a diffuse, mature plasma cell infiltrate separated by fibrous septa. Occasional binucleation and mitotic figures were visible, along with focal lymphoid follicle formation and germinal centers. Residual thyroid follicles were present with oncocytic follicular lining. On immunohistochemical testing, the lesion was positive for antibodies targeting kappa light chain, CD38, and CD45, but negative for lambda light chain, CD138, thyroglobulin, CD20, synaptophysin, chromogranin, NSE, CD30, calcitonin, and Bcl-2 [Figure 2]a, [Figure 2]b, [Figure 2]c, [Figure 2]d. There was no evidence of follicular or papillary carcinoma. These histological features were consistent with EMP in a background of focal Hashimoto's thyroiditis. A thorough neck examination and serum and protein electrophoresis were recommended to rule out neck extension and multiple myeloma, respectively. Unfortunately, the patient moved shortly after the operation and was lost to follow-up.
Figure 1: Gross and microscopic appearance, (a) The left lobe is shown and measures 9 cm. (b) The cut surface is gray-yellow in color. (c) Diffuse infiltration with mature plasma cell infiltrate separated by fibrous septa along with focal lymphoid follicle formation and germinal center (H and E 40×). (d) Sheet of diffuse mature plasma (H and E 200×)
Figure 2: Immunohistochemistry, (a) Tumor cells show positive membranous reaction to CD45 (leukocyte common antigen). (b) Tumor cells show positive membranous reaction to CD38. (c) Tumor cells show positive cytoplasmic membranous reaction to kappa. (d) Tumor cells show negative reaction to lambda. Original magnification is 100×. DAB (3,3'-diaminobenzidine) was used as chromogen and hematoxylin as the counter stain
Here, we report a case of plasmacytoma of the thyroid, which, to the best of our knowledge, is only the second to be reported in a Saudi Arabian individual.[2] Plasmacytoma of the thyroid can be either primary or secondary to systemic spread of multiple myeloma. Primary EMPs fall into the spectrum of plasma cell neoplasms, but account for only 3%–5% of total,[3] usually arising in the head and neck region (80%–90%),[4] but rarely at other sites. This includes the thyroid where, since first being described by Voegt in 1938,[5] only a few cases have been described. Although the exact incidence of thyroid EMP is difficult to establish due to its rarity, early large attempts to quantify thyroid EMP revealed seven thyroid cases in 272 (3%) EMPs,[6] and conversely, Hazard and Schildecker found only two EMPs in 14,000 thyroid operations.[7] In their effort to summarize the literature on thyroid plasma cell neoplasms in 1994, Kovacs et al.[1] collated 50 cases of solitary EMP of the thyroid and 16 cases of thyroid involvement with systemic multiple myeloma. In a similar effort, but including the Japanese literature, Ohshima et al.[8] identified 34 cases of solitary thyroid EMP in the Western literature and further 32 cases in the Japanese literature. Since then, further 19 cases of solitary EMP of the thyroid [Table 1] and 11 cases of thyroid EMP with multiple myeloma [Table 2] have been reported as case reports in the English literature.
Table 1: Cases of solitary extramedullary plasmacytoma of the thyroid reported since 1994
Table 2: Cases of thyroid involvement with multiple myeloma reported since 1994
Similar to Kovacs et al.,[1] we found that there was a female predominance of primary EMP of the thyroid (63% vs. 61% in Kovacs et al.) and average age of presentation in the sixth to seventh decade (58 [±14] vs. 63.6 years in Kovacs et al.).
Plasma cells are an unusual finding in the thyroid, with the frozen section plasmacytosis raising early suspicion of an unusual entity in this case. The diffuse involvement of the thyroid with plasma cells, normal scintigraphy, and no evidence of a focal lesion are commonly reported,[1] so our case is not unusual in that regard. The morphological features and CD38 positivity with kappa light chain restriction made the diagnosis relatively straightforward. However, the diagnosis is not always straightforward. The main histopathological differential diagnoses are mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma (especially with marked plasma cell differentiation),[37],[38] lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma, large B cell lymphoma with plasmo/immunoblastic differentiation, medullary carcinoma,[11],[34] and plasma cell granuloma,[39] so both morphological and immunohistochemical features must be considered in addition to a high index of suspicion for EMP. Here, there was no CD20 positivity and lymphoepithelial complexes were absent, This ruled out MALT lymphoma. On the other hand, the relatively low proliferation rate and nuclear atypia did not suggest an aggressive B cell lymphoma. Calcitonin and neuroendocrine markers were negative, ruling out medullary carcinoma, and the kappa light chain restriction was inconsistent with plasma cell granuloma. However, particular care must be taken when making a cytological diagnosis on fine needle aspirates, because the presence of mimicking nuclear atypia and amyloid, the stromal amyloid of medullary carcinoma and the light chain deposits of plasmacytoma being identical, can prompt a misdiagnosis of medullary carcinoma.[11],[34] The distinction between EMP and medullary thyroid carcinoma is important because the management is different. Medullary thyroid carcinoma is usually treated by thyroidectomy and neck dissection rather than thyroidectomy/radiotherapy alone. Further, follicular neoplasm of the Hürthle cell type shares prominent cytomorphological patterns with plasmacytoma including discohesive aggregates of tumor cells accompanied by dispersed single cells, tumor cells with abundant cytoplasm, eccentrically placed nuclei, and occasional multinucleation, so should be considered when examining cytological preparations.[12]
Regrettably in this case, the patient was lost to follow-up, and despite the clinical recommendation to screen for multiple myeloma, this could not be performed; about a third of upper respiratory tract EMP have systemic spread on further examination, and many of the case reports of thyroid EMP are subsequently found to have systemic involvement.[40] In their comprehensive analysis of outcomes of 46 EMP at different sites (albeit only one confined to the thyroid), Galeini et al.[41] established specific diagnostic criteria for primary (localized) EMP: (i) monoclonal plasma cell histology on tissue biopsy, (ii) plasma cells in the bone marrow representing <5% of all nucleated cells, (iii) absence of lytic skeletal lesions or other tissue involvement, (iv) a lack of hypocalcaemia or renal failure, and (v) a low level of serum M protein, if present. We were unable to establish whether this lesion was localized or part of a systemic manifestation of multiple myeloma. However, given that there was concomitant Hashimoto's thyroiditis, which to our knowledge has yet to be reported in 13 thyroid cases of multiple myeloma in Kovacs et al.[1] or in the further 11 multiple myeloma cases summarized in [Table 2], it is much more likely that this case represents a primary EMP without systemic spread. Conversely, 36/44 (82%) of primary EMPs in Kovacs et al.[1] and 10/19 (53%) of primary EMPs summarized in [Table 1] arose in a background of Hashimoto's thyroiditis, and further investigations are warranted to establish whether the autoimmune or chronic inflammatory process is causative for primary EMP as suggested for other lymphomas and papillary carcinoma.[1]
Although there is no major consensus on the optimal treatment for primary EMP, both surgery and radiotherapy alone or in combination have frequently been used to manage the disease; indeed, all the newly reviewed cases in [Table 1] were successfully treated with either or both modalities. Accordingly, surgery in our case was appropriate in this case. Further systemic chemotherapy would have been warranted if the lesion had manifestations of systemic disease. Clinical outcomes for patients with localized disease are extremely good. In contrast to solitary plasmacytoma of the bone, which frequently converts into multiple myeloma, EMP remains localized, with 83% showing no evidence of disease after a mean follow-up of 56 months in Kovacs et al.[1] and only 3/50 patients progressing to multiple myeloma during follow-up. Likewise, when considering all EMPs, they have a favorable prognosis (15 years survival rate of 78%) when treated locally by irradiation and/or surgery.[41] Of our 19 new cases summarized in [Table 1], there were no recurrences or deaths from the disease, albeit with only short follow-up periods. By contrast, nearly half of all patients with plasmacytoma occurring in the context of multiple myeloma died of their disease with a mean survival of 9.7 ± 15.7 months and further 33% had persistent disease.[1]
In conclusion, primary and secondary plasmacytomas are rare thyroid neoplasms that are often unexpected, and in the case of primary plasmacytoma, are often associated with Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Clinical examination and imaging are generally unhelpful in diagnosis, and care must be taken with pathological assessment, particularly when interpreting cytology samples. Follow-up is essential, because primary and secondary lesions have markedly different management and outcomes. Finally, further research is required to establish the relationship between inflammatory thyroid disease and the development of primary EMP.
Kovacs CS, Mant MJ, Nguyen GK, Ginsberg J. Plasma cell lesions of the thyroid: Report of a case of solitary plasmacytoma and a review of the literature. Thyroid 1994;4:65-71.
Meccawy AA. Plasmacytoma of the thyroid gland: Case report and review of the literature. J King Abdulaziz Univer Med Sci 2010;98:1-20.
McKenna R, Kyle R, Kuehl W, Grogan T, Harris N, Coupland R, et al. WHO Classification of Tumours of Haematopoietic and Lymphoid Tissues. Plasma Cell Neoplasms. Lyon: IARC; 2008. p. 200-13.
Alexiou C, Kau RJ, Dietzfelbinger H, Kremer M, Spiess JC, Schratzenstaller B, et al. Extramedullary plasmacytoma: Tumor occurrence and therapeutic concepts. Cancer 1999;85:2305-14.
Voegt H. Extramedullare plasmocytoma. Virchows Arch 1938;302:497-508.
Wiltshaw E. The natural history of extramedullary plasmacytoma and its relation to solitary myeloma of bone and myelomatosis. Medicine (Baltimore) 1976;55:217-38.
Hazard J, Schildecker W. Plasmocytoma of the thyroid. Am J Pathol 1949;25:819-20.
Ohshima M, Momiyama T, Souda S, Kuratani T, Toda K, Hiasa Y. Primary plasmacytoma of the thyroid: A case report and comparative literature study between Western Nations and Japan. Pathol Int 1994;44:645-51.
Hassan MJ, Khans S, Pujani M, Jetley S, Raina PK, Ahmad R. Extramedullary plasmacytoma of the thyroid: Report of a rare case. Blood Res 2014;49:280-3.
Mertens de Wilmars M, Knoops L, Sempoux C, Galant C, Geets X, Poirel HA, et al. Solitary extramedullary plasmocytoma of the thyroid: A case report and histological approach to plasma cells infiltrate in the thyroid gland. Acta Clin Belg 2015;70:133-7.
Bhat V, Shariff S, Reddy RA. Extramedullary plasmacytoma of thyroid-a mimicker of medullary carcinoma at fine needle aspiration cytology: A case report. J Cytol 2014;31:53-6.
Lee CH, Jung YY, Chung YR, Ryu HS. Liquid-based cytologic findings of solitary extramedullary plasmacytoma in thyroid: A case report identified with fine-needle aspiration cytology. Diagn Cytopathol 2014;42:964-9.
Ridal M, Ouattassi N, Harmouch T, Amarti A, Alami MN. Solitary extramedullary plasmacytoma of the thyroid gland. Case Rep Otolaryngol 2012;2012:282784.
Yao CM, Erovic B, Higgins KM. Solitary extramedullary plasmacytomas of the thyroid in Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Thyroid 2012;22:861-2.
Puliga G, Olla L, Bellisano G, Di Naro N, Ganau M, Lai ML, et al. Solitary extramedullary plasmacytoma of the thyroid gland associated with multinodular goiter: Case report and review of the literature. Pathologica 2011;103:61-3.
Patten DK, Fazel M, Dina R, Tolley N. Solitary extramedullary plasmacytoma of the thyroid involved by papillary carcinoma: A case report and review of the literature. Endocr Pathol 2011;22:155-8.
Shahani S, Ahmad A, Barakat FH, Chuang HH, Fowler NH, Myers JN, et al. F-18 FDG PET/CT detecting thyroid plasmacytoma after the successful treatment of gastric large B-cell lymphoma. Clin Nucl Med 2011;36:317-9.
Abdel Khalek MS, Ibrahim WG, Crawford BE, Kandil EH. Euthyroid enlargement of the thyroid gland. Plasmacytoma in thyroid. Neth J Med 2010;68:424, 429.
Fraser SC, Bishop JA, Champaneri S, Tufano RP. Pathology quiz case 2: Extramedullary plasmacytoma (EMP). Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2010;136:635, 636-7.
Avila A, Villalpando A, Montoya G, Luna MA. Clinical features and differential diagnoses of solitary extramedullary plasmacytoma of the thyroid: A case report. Ann Diagn Pathol 2009;13:119-23.
Ozkan E, Tokmak E, Kir KM. Detection of thyroid plasmacytoma by F-18 FDG PET/CT imaging. Clin Nucl Med 2008;33:292-3.
Chaganti S, Gurunathan R, McNaboe E. Solitary extramedullary plasmacytoma of the thyroid gland: A case report and review of literature. Internet J Head Neck Surg 2007;2:1-4.
Kuo SF, Chang HY, Hsueh C, Lin JD. Extramedullary plasmacytoma of the thyroid. N Z Med J 2006;119:U2005.
De Schrijver I, Smeets P. Thyroid enlargement due to extramedullary plasmacytoma. JBR-BTR 2004;87:73-5.
Hasegawa Y, Itoh T, Tamagawa Y, Komeno T, Kojima H, Ninomiya H, et al. Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma followed by plasmacytoma, both arising in A thyroid gland with Hashimoto's disease. Leuk Lymphoma 1999;35:613-8.
Sahu KK, Singh P, Malhotra P, Srinivasan R. Thyroid plasmacytoma: A rare cause of hoarseness of voice. Indian J Nucl Med 2019;34:78-80.
Gochhait D, Govindarajalou R, Kar R, Rangarajan V, Dehuri P, Dubashi B. Plasmacytoma of thyroid clinically and morphologically mimicking primary thyroid carcinoma. Cytopathology 2019;30:113-6.
Singh K, Kumar P, Pruthy R, Goyal G. Multiple myeloma presenting as thyroid plasmacytoma. Indian J Med Paediatr Oncol 2017;38:552-4.
Park BJ, Kalish RJ, Vercillo AP. Disseminated plasmacytoma of the thyroid. Ear Nose Throat J 2010;89:137-9.
Ozdemir E, Bayraktar M, Sökmensüer C, Kir KM, Kansu E. Late relapse of a light-chain myeloma as extramedullary plasmacytoma of the thyroid gland after second allogeneic stem-cell transplantation. Clin Transplant 2009;23:981-4.
Serefhanoglu S, Sayinalp N, Haznedaroglu IC, Goker H, Cetiner D, Aksu S, et al. Extramedullary plasmacytomas of the thyroid and pericardium as initial presentation of multiple myeloma. Ann Hematol 2008;87:853-4.
Terrier B, Aouba A, Diop S, Clerc J, Vasiliu V, Munera Y, et al. Thyroid gland plasmacytoma with a dramatic and persistent complete response under thalidomide and dexamethasone-associated treatment. Leuk Lymphoma 2006;47:1424-6.
Wahner-Roedler DL, Witzig TE, Loehrer LL, Kyle RA. Gamma-heavy chain disease: Review of 23 cases. Medicine (Baltimore) 2003;82:236-50.
Bourtsos EP, Bedrossian CW, De Frias DV, Nayar R. Thyroid plasmacytoma mimicking medullary carcinoma: A potential pitfall in aspiration cytology. Diagn Cytopathol 2000;23:354-8.
Schiller VL, Deutsch AL, Turner RR. Multiple myeloma presenting as extramedullary plasmacytoma of the thyroid, advanced grade II-III plasmablastic type. Skeletal Radiol 1995;24:314-6.
Vailati A, Marena C, Milani F, Aristia L, Sozzé E, Galenda P, et al. Cytological evidence of plasmacytoma of the thyroid. Haematologica 1995;80:91-2.
Aihara H, Tsutsumi Y, Ishikawa H. Extramedullary plasmacytoma of the thyroid, associated with follicular colonization and stromal deposition of polytypic immunoglobulins and major histocompatibility antigens. Possible categorization in MALT lymphoma. Acta Pathol Jpn 1992;42:672-83.
Kojima M, Shimizu K, Shimizu K, Masawa N. Incidental MALT type lymphoma exhibiting prominent plasma cell differentiation associated with hashimoto's thyroiditis. A two case report. Head Neck Pathol 2009;3:27-30.
Patil PA, DeLellis RA. Plasma cell granuloma of the thyroid: Review of an uncommon entity. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2018;142:998-1005.
Ewing MR, Foote FW Jr. Plasma-cell tumors of the mouth and upper air passages. Cancer 1952;5:499-513.
Galieni P, Cavo M, Pulsoni A, Avvisati G, Bigazzi C, Neri S, et al. Clinical outcome of extramedullary plasmacytoma. Haematologica 2000;85:47-51.
[Table 1], [Table 2]
Refai F
Gomaa W
Abdullah L
Extramedullary
plasmacytoma

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


My first contact with the "Thinking" of Dr. Deming occurred when I was at the Census Bureau. As I'm sure most of you are aware the taking of the Census is an incredibly complex activity; from the making of the maps, developing the mailing lists, creating the Census form, the collection itself, and the publication of results. The Bureau had traditionally built a back-up system in anticipation that in each step of the process something could go wrong. As the person who would likely be held accountable if something did go wrong, I had generally supported this position. Then one day in a discussion on the subject one of our senior members commented that if Deming was still with us, he would describe the Bureau's approach of ensuring quality by developing elaborate back-up systems with his very compelling metaphor, "You burn the toast and I'll scrape it." In essence you end up with a piece of toast that everybody accepts, but you really have acknowledged that a problem is likely and you have built a process to make it tolerable – exactly what Deming had argued against.
Dr. Deming and I had a more personal, and for me more memorable, brief meeting during the taking of the 1980 Census. I gave a presentation on our progress and he came up and very nicely said, "You are doing a good job, keep it up." The last time we met was at General Motors in the nineties when he was advising us on improving the quality of our products and services.
However, it wasn't until I gained a better understanding of his concept of Profound Knowledge by reading his works, combined with what I learned during consulting engagements and evolving friendships with Russ Ackoff and Peter Drucker that I came to more fully understand and appreciate the value of his thinking. What I appreciated most was the fact that he railed against decision makers and those providing them information, who blindly asserted opinion as fact, out of convenience or ignorance. Instead, he challenged all involved to test their opinions, theories, hypotheses, hunches and beliefs against reality to truly understand what is going on and learn what is necessary to improve the situation.


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Iron Lion Design Challenge II (2009).
In the second year of the annual Iron Lion Design Challenge, the competition grew and the projects became more diverse. My teammate and I had the challenge of developing a system of serving targeted advertising (á la Minority Report).


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Нагадак () — топоним в Башкортостане.

 Нагадак — деревня в Аургазинском районе
 Нагадак — железнодорожная платформа (остановочный пункт) в одноимённой деревне Аургазинского района

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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New York|Dear @POTUS: The Nun Who Tweets a Daily Prayer to President Trump
Dear @POTUS: The Nun Who Tweets a Daily Prayer to President Trump
Catholic sisters have long prayed for world leaders. This one just happens to do it using a very public platform.
"It's been the hardest spiritual practice I've ever committed to," Sister Susan Francois said.CreditCreditBryan Anselm for The New York Times
By Alexandra E. Petri
When she was a high school student in Maryland, Sister Susan Francois got her first job at Kmart. She then requested shifts on Saturdays and Sundays to avoid church. Born and raised Catholic, she was already experiencing doubts about the role of women in the church and in the institution itself. She spent most of the 1990s as an "ex-Catholic," she said, living in Portland, Ore., where she went to college and worked as a city elections official.
As the millennium approached, however, Sister Susan, now 46, became interested in her Catholic roots again. "I was in this high-powered career, but where I found all my joy in life was through my volunteer work," she said. She began to see a connection between what was rapidly becoming her social mission and Catholicism.
So she started to fill her weekends with church again.
In 2005, Sister Susan got in even deeper: She entered the Sisters of St. Joseph of Peace religious order on the West Coast. It was around this time, she said, that she noticed other nuns praying for President George W. Bush and then, President Barack Obama. In 2017, two years after she had relocated to the St. Joseph headquarters in Englewood Cliffs, N.J., Sister Susan decided to take her own presidential praying practice to the next level: Twitter.
Dear @POTUS. 661 days later still praying for you as a leader and as a human being to grow in humility and the ability/capacity/willingness to focus on the common good and peace of all. #PopeFrancis has some good advice for all of us ... https://t.co/lPFkdfpSLZ
— Sister Susan Francois, CSJP (@susanfrancois) December 4, 2018
This is an edited and condensed version of a recent conversation with her.
Q. How did you come to tweet prayers to the president?
A. I was sitting in the Chicago O'Hare Airport, waiting for my flight back to Newark. It was a few days after Trump's inauguration, and on the TVs in the background were arguments about "alternative facts." I thought, "I am going to go crazy if I don't come up with some calming spiritual practice that keeps me engaged but does not add to the negativity." When I sent the first tweet, it was purely for myself. I didn't expect it to make a big splash. But that fact that it was public and that I committed to it every day means I have to do it, even if I don't want to. It's been the hardest spiritual practice I've ever committed to.
What is your process for coming up with the tweets?
I pray with the sisters, and then I pray with the news. I pray with the stories that are there, and that has been the foundation of my morning prayer for 15 years.
I usually just sit for a little while and see what comes. If there is a particular thing happening, then I will take that to prayer until I can get that to a whole statement that is not toxic, because that is what I am trying to do: Come from a place of integrity while remaining engaged.
Why do you tweet at his official account, rather than @realDonaldTrump?
My understanding is that @POTUS is archived, and from my academic research on resistance as a response to injustice, it is important for consistency and for history to know that ordinary people didn't look away. I wanted it to be a record of history that a Catholic sister wanted to tweet a nonviolent prayer at the president. In looking back at some tweets, I realize that on Feb. 20 of this year, I switched my format and started my tweets with "Dear @Potus." Before that, I would just launch into the tweet. When you pray for someone every day for more than a year, you start to build some sort of a relationship, even if one-sided.
You call yourself a Gen X nun on your Twitter bio. What's the significance of that?
As someone who entered her religious life in her 30s, I bring the cultural nuances and references and approach to life that Gen Xers have. I am actually part of a group called Giving Voice, and we are Gen Xers or millennials, and we live religious life a little different. We had lives and careers before this.
What's your living situation like? Do you have a daily ritual?
I live with two sisters in a rental house near the St. Michael's Villa, which had a fire two years ago, so our main building is under construction. We're hoping to move back by the end of February. We start each day sitting together in silent prayer, which sets the tone for the rest of the day. I serve on the Congregation Leadership Team, working on relationships with sponsored ministries in New Jersey: a hospital, two nursing homes, a school for the blind and an inner-city ministry with women and children. I am also the congregation treasurer. You don't think of the sisters as a corporation, but they are, so the business side of it has to take place, too.
I do sometimes cross the bridge and come into the city. I just came in last weekend to meet a sister-friend who is about my age and is celebrating 15 years as a sister — it's called a jubilee. In about a week, I am going to spend time with a group of sister-friends my age from other congregations, and we're going to hang out at a vacation house, play cards and watch movies — do things normal people do.
What is one thing you'd like to share with the rest of us about the lives of nuns these days?
To know that we exist, and we always will in some shape or form as long as people are committed to making the good stuff of the Gospel in the world come true. We are normal people who have this special dedication to prayer and to helping people. And it's a good life.
A version of this article appears in print on , Section MB, Page 8 of the New York edition with the headline: On Twitter's Wings, Prayers Seek a Presidential Audience. Order Reprints | Today's Paper | Subscribe


Lepakshi is a small village in Mandal in the Anantapur District of Andhra Pradesh, India. The Veerabhadra temple of Lepakshi, which was built by the brothers Viranna and Virupanna, is dedicated to Veerabhadra. It is an example of the Vijayanagara architectural style. It is located 15 km (9.3 mi) east of Hindupur and approximately 120 km (75 mi) north of Bangalore. Lepakshi is culturally and archaeologically significant as it is the location of shrines dedicated to Shiva, Vishnu and Veerabhadra which were built during the Vijayanagara Kings' period (1336–1646). The temples are the location of mural paintings of the Vijayanagara kings and Kannada inscriptions. Near the temple complex is a large granite Nandi bull. On a hillock known as Kurma Saila, "tortoise shaped hill", are other temples to Papanatheswara, Raghunatha, Srirama, and Durga. Points of interest in the temple include a rock chain, Vastu Purusha, the Padmini race lady, the hanging pillar, Durga Paadam, the eyes of Viroopaakshanna and Lepakshi saree designs. The paintings on the roof are made with natural pigments. Another interesting aspect of this temple is that it is North facing. The Shiva's bull Nandi is a granite monolithic sculpture on the main road of Lepashki approximately 200 m from the temple. It is 4.5m high and 8.23m long making one of the largest nandi in India. The sculpture has been positioned so that it faces the Shivalinga which is shielded by a large serpent inside the temple. The nandi wears a kaasu malai, a bell chain, earrings and other jewellery. Legend has it that the Naga of the Nagalinga was carved out of a single stone by sculptors while they waited for their mothers to prepare lunch. The Nagalinga is approximately 12 feet in height. Hindupur railway station is a major railway station.


Constructed to the highest standards, cavity walls and individual heating for each kennel ensures maximum comfort during your best friend's stay with us. Each kennel has a sliding hatch to its own covered run so they can come and go as they wish.
Dogs also have access to large grass exercise paddocks, for lead free exercise. Unlike other kennels, we do not charge extra for individual diets or for heating kennels.


Royal Moore Subaru offers a free, no obligation and confidential CarFinder tool, allowing you to specify your desired car, truck or SUV and submit the vehicle configuration to us. Once we locate matching automobiles, you automatically receive details of those models, with photographs included. Let us handle the task of finding your next dream car!
Looking to have your Subaru car serviced in Oregon? Royal Moore Subaru offers car service and repair in HIllsboro as well as the Portland, Beaverton, Wilsonville, Forest Grove & Northern Coast areas. Whether you need your Subaru car serviced, or are on the market for a new or used vehicle, please feel free to visit us today!


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BS6 Honda CB300R Details Leaked
Home Features VIDEO: Yamaha R25 advertisement released in Indonesia
VIDEO: Yamaha R25 advertisement released in Indonesia
August 21, 2014 | Suvil Susvirkar
Added in: Features
Although we are still to get the taste of Yamaha's highly anticipated quarter-litre sportsbike, the R25, people in Indonesia are already readying themselves for receiving the delivery of the product. Yamaha has also released a television commercial of the R25 in Indonesia.
The video begins with a man walking towards his Yamaha R25 when he sees other men suffering from daily problems in life. But after reaching his motorcycle, he zooms past the city refusing to fall prey to his daily chores and goes to a place where he will have control of his own life. The video ends with a tag: YZF R25 – Revs Your Ego.
The Yamaha R25 is the latest addition to the Japanese manufacturer's sports class YZF family. It will be powered by a new 249cc twin-cylinder liquid-cooled engine that would produce 35 bhp and 22.6Nm of torque. Power would be transferred to the tarmac through a six-speed gearbox. The bike comes with new high-compression (11.6:1) engine which uses Yamaha's DiASil (Die casting Aluminum-Silicon) cylinders for better heat dissipation and lighter weight.
Yamaha will have price its R25 smartly to stand stiff competition from KTM's RC390 and Honda CBR250R. Also, local manufacturers like Bajaj and Hero MotoCorp are on the verge of introducing their 400cc and 250cc motorcycles respectively and will have home ground advantage.
What do you think of the new Yamaha R25? Share your thoughts through comments below. Stay tuned to Motoroids for all the updates from the world of auto.
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Formula 1 Japan Livestream: How to Watch the Race Live
Max Verstappen finished seventh in Singapore last week, but the Red Bull star can still win the Drivers' Championship this morning in Japan. In order to win the championship outright, he'll have to win the race with the fastest lap. But he can still clinch the championship in Japan with a little help. All he has to do is win the race — even without the fastest lap — and have Ferrari's Charles Leclerc finish lower than second. With five races left in the season, Verstappen leads Leclerc by 104 points and his Red Bull teammate Sergio Perez by 106 points in the Drivers' Championship standings. Red Bull also leads Ferrari and Mercedes in the Constructors' Championship.
Meanwhile, F1 megastar Lewis Hamilton remains in sixth place in the overall standings, while his Mercedes teammate George Russell sits in fourth.
The Japanese Grand Prix will air on ESPN 2. It begins at 12:55 a.m ET on Oct. 9, which is 9:55 p.m. PT on Oct. 8.
Those looking to follow all the drama will need access to ABC, ESPN, ESPN 2 and ESPNews to catch every second of the action all season long. The entire race weekend, including practice sessions and qualifying, will be shown in the US on ESPN's family of television networks.
No single provider has exclusive rights to the network, so there are plenty of ways to get ESPN and watch the races without cable. We've broken down everything you need to know in order to stream today's race, and all the other F1 races this season.
Red Bull's Max Verstappen has a stranglehold on the Drivers' Championship.
Dan Mullan/Getty Images
What is F1 and how is it different from IndyCar?
Both IndyCar and F1 are open-wheeled, single-seater racing formats. This means that the cars can only fit one person and have uncovered wheels that protrude from the body of the vehicle. Despite their basic similarities, F1 and IndyCar offer very different experiences.
In F1, there are only 10 teams, with two drivers apiece for a total of 20 drivers. Most races must go for 305 km, which is about 190 miles. Each driver needs to use two different tires in the race, so a pit stop is mandatory, though cars are not allowed to refuel. Races average around two hours in length and are held at venues all over the world.
Teams spend hundreds of millions of dollars each year developing their cars. All cars must have certain elements — for example, gearboxes must have eight gears plus a reverse and last for six consecutive races — but teams have leeway to tweak and change some parts of their car, including their engines, in the pursuit of speed.
In contrast, the cars featured in IndyCar are more standardized. They all have the same aerodynamic kit and chassis and can only be powered by one of two engines — either a Honda or a Chevrolet. That said, teams are allowed to develop some of their own parts, like dampers and some of their suspensions.
IndyCar races occur on a wide range of tracks, from fast ovals to road and street courses. The length of the races also varies, with some, like the Indianapolis 500, lasting 500 laps and taking over three hours to complete. Not surprisingly, refueling during pit stops is a big part of the strategy during IndyCar races. Teams can field more than two cars, meaning that the amount of drivers on the grid fluctuates from race to race.
IndyCar is mostly considered an American sport and does not have the same level of money and glamour associated with it compared to the globe-hopping F1 circuit.
Why should I care about F1?
F1 races might best be described as a sort of action-packed chess match that takes place while drivers are throttling around a track at close to 200 mph. Teams need both strategy and skill to compete against some of the best minds in motorsports.
F1 is also full of strong personalities. The Netflix documentary series F1: Drive to Survive follows many of the teams and drivers over the course of a year and has helped raise the profile of the sport in the US. Released in March, season four of the series chronicles last year's tight championship race between rivals Verstappen and Hamilton. It also focuses on the internal battles between drivers on the same team, while giving viewers a peek into the tense, pressurized world of elite racing.
Does F1 stream on ESPN Plus?
ESPN does not air any F1 coverage on its ESPN Plus streaming service. If you want to watch the practices or races you will need a television provider of some kind or to pay for F1's $80 per season TV Pro subscription.
When, where and what time are the races?
Races are held on Sunday and are usually spaced two weeks apart. Here's the entire schedule, all times ET:
F1 2022 schedule
11 a.m. ET
Saudi Arabian GP
1 p.m. ET
Australian GP
1 a.m. ET
Romagna GP
Miami GP
3:30 p.m. ET
Spanish GP
Azerbaijan GP
Canadian GP
Austrian GP
French GP
Hungarian GP
Belgian GP
Dutch GP
Italian GP
Singapore GP
Japanese GP
United States GP
Mexican GP
Brazilian GP
Best options for streaming without cable
Race weekends normally start on Friday with multiple practice runs and continue on Saturday with qualifying. The races themselves take place Sunday. ESPN typically airs practices and qualifying on a mix of ESPN 2 and ESPNews, while the races tend to air on ESPN. F1 events in North America often land on ABC.
Here are some of the best ways to catch the entire race weekend without cable.
You can catch the entire race weekend with a subscription to YouTube TV. ABC, ESPN, ESPN 2 and ESPNews are all included in the package, which means you'll have all the channels you need in order to watch every second of the action.
Read our YouTube TV review.
Hulu Plus Live TV is a little more expensive than YouTube TV, but it also offers all the channels you need to watch every second of race weekend. As an added bonus, Hulu Plus Live TV comes with the rest of the Disney Bundle, which includes a subscription to Disney Plus, as well as ESPN Plus. F1 races don't air on ESPN Plus, but the service offers a ton of other content for die-hard sports fans.
Read our Hulu Plus Live TV review.
Sling TV's $35 Orange plan might be a good choice for F1 fans who are primarily looking to just watch the races on Sundays. This plan is one of the cheapest ways to get access to ESPN and ESPN 2. Those looking for ESPNews will have to opt for the $11 Sports Extra ad-on. Sling TV lacks ABC, which could be a problem for fans hoping to catch the F1 races in North America.
Read our Sling TV review.
FuboTV costs $70 per month and includes ABC, ESPN and ESPN 2. The base package lacks ESPNews, but you can add it for an extra $8 a month with the Fubo Extra Package or pay for the $80-a-month Elite streaming tier that includes Fubo Extra. Check out which local networks FuboTV offers here.
Read our FuboTV review.
DirecTV Stream is the most expensive live TV streaming service. Its cheapest, $70-a-month Plus package includes ESPN, ESPN 2 and ABC, but you'll need to move up to the $90-a-month Choice plan to get ESPNews. You can use its channel lookup tool to see which local channels are available in your area.
Read our DirecTV Stream review.
For gearheads looking to get every angle on the action, F1 offers its own streaming service. F1 TV Pro costs $80 per season and gives fans access to all races from F1, F2, F3 and Porsche Supercup. You'll be able to livestream every track session from all F1 grand prix and have access to all driver onboard cameras and team radios. You'll also be able to watch full on-demand races, replays and highlights, along with F1's historic race archive.
F1 also offers a TV Access Plan for $27 per year, which only gives you on-demand access to races once they have been completed. Users will still be able to view all F1 onboard cameras, along with full replays of F1, F2, F3 and Porsche Supercup. It also includes the historic race archive.
Source by www.cnet.com
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With z15, IBM Targets Hybrid Multi-Cloud Security Concerns
By Joyce Wells
IBM's new z15 is aimed at delivering the ability to manage the privacy of customer data across hybrid multi-cloud environments, enabling clients to manage access to data via policy-based controls, with the capability to revoke access to data across the hybrid cloud.
IBM Z is a critical component for addressing top concerns around hybrid cloud such as security, privacy, and agility, according to Ross Mauri, GM of IBM Z. The new z15 has been designed to give customers the privacy and security they need, with protection for both traditional mission-critical workloads and newer workloads such as digital asset custody or blockchain.
The movement of data between partners and third parties is often the root cause of data breaches. IBM says that 60% of businesses reported they suffered a data breach caused by a vendor or third party in 2018.
With the growing adoption of hybrid multi-cloud environments, the importance of maintaining data security and privacy only grows more pressing.
The IBM z15 culminates 4 years of development with more than 3,000 IBM Z patents issued or in process and represents a collaborative effort with input from more than 100 companies.
The new z15 provides:
New Data Privacy Passports technology that clients can use to gain control over how data is stored and shared—enabling the ability to protect and provision data and revoke access to that data at any time, not only within the z15 environment but across an enterprise's hybrid multicloud environment. The z15 can also encrypt data everywhere—across hybrid multi-cloud environments—to help enterprises secure their data wherever it travels.
Cloud-native development, enabling clients to modernize apps in place, build new cloud-native apps and securely integrate their most important workloads across clouds.
Instant recovery to limit the cost and impact of planned and unplanned downtime by enabling users to access full system capacity for a period of time to accelerate shutdown and restart of IBM Z services and to provide a temporary capacity boost to rapidly recover from lost time.
The ability to process up to one trillion web transactions a day, support massive databases, and scale-out to 2.4 million Linux containers in a single z15 system6—up to 2.3 times more Linux containers per core on a z15 LPAR versus a compared bare-metal x86 platform, running an identical web server load7.
The ability to address mission-critical latency challenges by delivering up to 30 times lower latency and up to 28 times less CPU utilization on z15 by compressing secure web transaction data before encryption using the Integrated Accelerator for z Enterprise Data Compression instead of using software compression8.
More information is available from IBM about the IBM z15 at www.ibm.com/us-en/marketplace/z15.