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proLékárníky.cz / Odborné časopisy / PLOS Medicine / 2009 - 3
Systematic Reviews of Genetic Association Studies
article has not abstract
Published in the journal: . PLoS Med 6(3): e32767. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000028
Category: Guidelines and Guidance
doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1000028
The past decade has witnessed growing interest in genetic predisposition to common diseases, and along with rapid advancements in high-throughput genotyping technology, has resulted in a tremendous amount of published epidemiological evidence on gene-disease associations. Reported genetic associations with common diseases have become numerous and are mostly of small magnitude [1]. With this growth in evidence has come an increasing need to collate and summarize the evidence in order to identify true genetic associations among the large volume of false positives [2]. Convincing evidence of true association therefore requires careful control over potential biases and chance effects. Control over bias is important both in study design [3] and in considering the selective availability of data on associations that have been examined [4]. Because most genetic associations are small, large sample sizes are necessary for their detection, especially when many genetic variants are investigated simultaneously, as in genome-wide association studies. Furthermore, replication of findings in independent data sets is now widely regarded as a prerequisite for convincing evidence of association. Thus, multiple studies from several independent groups exist.
Systematic reviews and meta-analyses have become a common approach to summarize gene-disease associations [5]. However, as apparently inconsistent results and interpretations of syntheses of evidence on the same genetic association have been reported [6], it is useful to lay out issues in the methods and conduct of these types of research studies. The Human Genome Epidemiology Network (HuGENet) has developed "HuGE reviews" (typically systematic reviews) as the cornerstone of an online resource containing the cumulative and changing information on epidemiologic aspects of human genes [7]. Many of these contain meta-analyses, or statistical syntheses of the findings from multiple studies. In this article, we describe some key components of the methodology for undertaking systematic reviews and meta-analyses of genetic association studies. Detailed discussions of these issues and further recommendations can be found in the HuGE Review Handbook [8] (see also Box 1). Additional detailed guidance on conducting systematic reviews is available in the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions [9] and The Handbook of Research Synthesis [10].
Why Systematic Reviews?
Traditional (narrative) reviews are subjective, and as such have a number of disadvantages that lead them to being more prone to bias and error [11]. Narrative reviews rarely state how studies were selected for inclusion, how (or whether) their quality was assessed, or how the findings from multiple studies were synthesized in order to draw conclusions. This can lead to a review that supports and reinforces the author's view, which can be misleading. In contrast, systematic reviews are designed as rigorous research studies. They allow a more objective appraisal of the evidence than a narrative review by aiming to identify, critique, and synthesize evidence from all relevant existing studies on the topic in question using predefined methods. Figure 1 outlines the general processes involved in a systematic review.
Systematic reviews of genetic association studies are preferable to narrative reviews, since they make the processes more transparent.
Objectives, criteria for including studies, and methods for the systematic review should be stated in advance, ideally by writing a protocol.
Comprehensive searches for studies should include more than one bibliographic database, as well as sources of grey literature such as online data repositories.
Data should be extracted from reports independently by at least two people; primary study authors should be contacted for missing data or for issues that are unclear from reports.
It is important to assess the validity of each included study, although convincing evidence of what study characteristics are most important is lacking.
Meta-analysis of effect sizes (e.g., odds ratios) should be performed where possible and appropriate, acknowledging any heterogeneity and the potential for bias within included studies (e.g., poor validity, selective reporting) and in the data set as a whole (e.g., publication bias). Studies (rather than reports) should be the unit of analysis, to ensure data are not double-counted.
Box 1: Development of This Guidance
The guidance in this paper stems primarily from the Human Genome Epidemiology Network (HuGENet) HuGE Review Handbook. This document arose from a two-day discussion workshop held in Cambridge, United Kingdom, on November 2–3, 2004. In attendance were 27 participants with expertise in genetic epidemiology, clinical medicine, public health, meta-analysis, systematic review methods, searching, and statistical methods. The discussions built on previous iterations of guidance from the HuGENet Executive Committee. Speakers at the workshop were asked to comment on current methods, on empirical evidence currently available to guide methods, and on current uncertainties. A writing committee was appointed to produce the Handbook, under the editorship of Julian Little and Julian Higgins. The Handbook was influenced heavily by the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions, which has a long history of evolution and is also based on empirical evidence where available.
The guidance has been updated for this paper to reflect developments in technology and methodology. Gurdeep Sagoo was invited to join to bring a new perspective, given his experience of undertaking HuGE systematic reviews. Passages about genome-wide association studies were added at the request of the current journal editors and are based on the consensus of the authors. The development of the guidance benefits from being the broad consensus (in 2004 to 2006) of numerous individuals with an interest in systematic reviews, but does not claim to be authoritative or to reflect the current views of all people listed below.
Writing Group for the HuGE Review Handbook
Molly Bray, Julian Higgins, John Ioannidis, Muin Khoury, Julian Little, Teri Manolio, Liam Smeeth, Jonathan Sterne.
Participants at the 2004 Workshop
Betsy Anagnostelis, Adam Butterworth, John Danesh, Carol Dezateux, Doug Easton, John Gallacher, Marta Gwinn, Julian Higgins, John Ioannidis, Muin Khoury, Sarah Lewis, Julian Little, Teri Manolio, David Melzer, Cosetta Minelli, Paul Pharoah, Georgia Salanti, Simon Sanderson, Liam Smeeth, Lesley Smith, Jonathan Sterne, Donna Stroup, Emanuela Taioli, John Thompson, Simon Thompson, Neil Walker, Ron Zimmern.
Data for systematic reviews are typically collated primarily from publications, often supplemented by data from correspondence with authors of the original studies. In the field of human genome epidemiology, however, the ability to look at increasing numbers of markers prevents the publication of summary data for each genetic variant in a traditional journal format. A variety of sources may therefore be used, including the published literature, online supplementary materials, online databases, and study authors. An increasingly popular technique is the meta-analysis of individual participant data through the collaboration of a consortium of investigators. This is likely to minimize bias compared with a literature-based systematic review, but possibly at the expense of precision, since a comprehensive systematic review may include evidence from studies that are not involved in the consortium. The two approaches are complementary to one another, and some of their potential advantages and disadvantages are summarized in Table 1.
Fig. 1. Process of a Systematic Review
Tab. 1. Data Sources for Meta-Analysis of Genetic Association Studies
Preparation of a Protocol
Like other research studies, systematic reviews should ideally be carefully planned with a detailed protocol prepared in advance. Producing a protocol with criteria predefined for study selection will minimize any selection bias based on study results. Such a protocol should therefore clearly formulate the review question, explain the rationale for conducting such a review, define a priori eligibility criteria for study inclusion, describe the methods for conducting a comprehensive search for studies, indicate the methods for assessing study validity and relevance, and state whether a meta-analysis is planned and describe the methodology to be used for conducting such an analysis.
Objectives and Eligibility Criteria
The objectives of a systematic review of genetic association studies will typically be (i) to identify all epidemiological investigations of the associations of interest; (ii) to assess the validity of the evidence; (iii) to determine whether an association exists; (iv) to assess whether associations are consistent across studies in magnitude and direction; and (v) to quantify the likely magnitude of an association if it exists. Associations of interest have in the past usually been identified through biological plausibility, although candidate associations are now frequently identified from genome-wide association studies.
The applicability of a systematic review depends on the selection of appropriate studies to be included in it. Eligibility criteria for the review, defined a priori, should allow relevant studies investigating the gene(s), allelic variant(s), disease(s), clinical subtypes, and any other outcomes of interest (such as molecular biomarkers) to be easily identifiable and included in the review. Appropriate study designs and study populations should also be considered in order to allow the reliable assessment of associations and interactions.
Searching for Eligible Studies
A key characteristic of a systematic review is a comprehensive search. Limiting a review to studies identified only from MEDLINE (or PubMed) is usually insufficient, for two reasons. First, any review restricted to published literature is prone to publication bias, whereby only a subset comprising the most "publishable" findings are available from the totality of evidence on a particular genetic association. Thus, sources beyond the published literature should be examined. Second, even within the published literature, reporting bias may be present whereby studies with different conclusions are published in different types of journals. MEDLINE is just one of several major sources of bibliographic information. These biases may, to some extent, be reduced by searching comprehensively for studies available through other sources. Other bibliographic databases likely to be useful for genetic association studies include EMBASE and the Science Citation Index. Overlap between these various databases is far from complete; for example, of approximately 4,800 journals indexed in EMBASE, 1,700 are not indexed in MEDLINE (see Chapter 6 in [9]). The implications of this incomplete overlap for genetic association studies are not clear. Furthermore, bibliographic searches may still not retrieve all articles that are in the indexed journals [12].
Further sources that might be searched include reference lists of study reports and review articles, Web sites, theses, books, reports, and online databases (including data repositories for genome-wide and other association studies [13]). Sources other than peer-reviewed journals are often referred to as "grey literature."
Once the searches have been undertaken, the records identified need to be assessed against the eligibility criteria for the review. A typical example of the process from search to selection is illustrated in Figure 2.
Fig. 2. A Typical Process for Searching and Assessing Eligibility of Studies
Minimizing Human Error
All reasonable attempts should be made to prevent the introduction of errors and personal biases. An important attribute of systematic reviews is that criteria for study inclusion are clearly prespecified. This is perhaps the most notable difference between a narrative review and a systematic review. Independent duplication of steps in the review process, such as selection of studies, extraction of data, and critical assessment of methods used in the individual studies, can further reduce biases and minimize errors. Accidental omission of data, or accidental duplication of a study in a meta-analysis, may lead to spurious false-negative or false-positive findings.
Assessing Validity of Each Study
The validity of a meta-analysis depends on the validity of the studies included within it, so it is important that each component study is appraised before being included. Because effect magnitudes in genetic association studies are generally small (i.e., odds ratio < 1.2), even small biases may be important. The most important sources of bias in genetic association studies are less well understood than those in other study designs such as randomized trials. Extensive discussions of potential biases are available, with the principal candidates being case definition, population stratification (confounding due to sub-populations in the sample that differ both in genotype prevalence and disease risk), and methods in the collection, handling, and processing of DNA and the determination of genotypes (including blinding to case-control status) [3,14]. Little empirical evidence associating study results with study characteristics for genetic association studies exists as yet, however. This evidence will perhaps be most reliably derived from meta-epidemiological studies, in which results of studies with different characteristics are compared within meta-analyses, and findings are synthesized across meta-analyses to enhance power [15,16].
The appraisal of potential biases is difficult in practice, not only because of the uncertainty over which study characteristics are important, but also because of incomplete or variable reporting of the methods used in the studies themselves [17]. Initiatives such as the STREGA (STrengthening the REporting of Genetic Association Studies) statement, which offers guidelines for reporting of individual genetic association studies, may improve the situation in the future.
Assessing Bias in the Review as a Whole
In addition to potential biases in the individual studies, attention should be paid to bias in the collection of studies as a whole. Two particular considerations are reporting biases and bias in the selection of genetic variants to study.
Reporting biases include both publication bias, which typically refers to suppression of evidence concerning an entire study on the basis of its findings, and selective reporting, whereby only the most exciting findings are reported. Selective reporting of only the most promising variants is a natural consequence of an attempt to summarize an association study of many genetic markers within the constraints of a traditional paper journal article. To overcome these constraints, association studies are increasingly exploiting Web-based publication for complete findings, although in practice there are often obstacles to prevent this occurring.
The possibility of reporting biases can only be discarded if it is known that all eligible data from all eligible studies are available (or if a truly unbiased subset of these data is available). It is difficult to imagine situations in which reviewers are confident that all existing studies are either known or reported without bias. The most reliable way to overcome these biases is therefore in the prospective generation of data, for example by using a consortium-based approach.
It is also helpful to keep in mind that the very act of investigating a gene-disease association may be dependent on earlier results. Even in a world of flawless studies that are completely reported, it is likely that the most exciting findings are those that are targets for replication. Initial exciting findings may well be chance effects, and so situations in which a meta-analysis is contemplated (those in which multiple studies exist) comprise a biased subset of possibly important associations. There is good evidence of the exaggerated effect that is often seen in the earliest report of an association compared with subsequent attempts to replicate the finding [18].
Meta-analysis is the statistical synthesis of results from multiple studies [19]: an example is provided in Figure 3 [20]. When implemented and interpreted appropriately, and applied to unbiased and correctly analyzed studies, it provides a powerful tool to understand both similarities and differences in results from multiple studies. By exploiting the totality of evidence, meta-analyses offer enhanced power to detect associations and increased precision in the estimation of their magnitude. Meta-analyses are encouraged in systematic reviews. However, attention should always be paid to the possibility of reporting biases in reviews based on published literature. Furthermore, it is important that each entry in a meta-analysis represents an independent sample of data. Thus for example, multiple reports of the same study need to be merged to obtain a single "best" answer for that study prior to inclusion in the meta-analysis.
Fig. 3. Example of a Forest Plot
The plot shows the relation between N-acetyltransferase (NAT1) acetylation status (slow or rapid) and bladder cancer risk (data from Sanderson et al. [20]). The classification of acetylation phenotype is made either directly, by measuring the metabolism of a probe drug, or indirectly, by measuring the genotype associated with that phenotype.
Most meta-analyses are undertaken by calculating weighted averages of the estimates from multiple studies. A metric is chosen for the analysis that ensures comparable quantities with reasonable statistical properties. For example, log odds ratios are typically combined for case-control studies (and then presented as odds ratios). If quantitative traits are measured using different methods across studies, they may be standardized before pooling, usually by expressing the results in terms of standard deviations.
Consistency of results across studies should always be evaluated, and can be achieved using a statistical test of homogeneity or by quantifying the between-study variance (or quantities derived from these such as I2, which describes the proportion variation in point estimates that is due to heterogeneity rather than within-study error [21]). Potential reasons for variation in findings across studies should also be investigated. To minimize unreliable consequences from multiple testing, potential sources of variation in study results should be limited in number and prespecified whenever possible. Consideration should be given to using methods to temper the statistical significance of findings based on a small number of studies [22].
Sensitivity analyses are to be encouraged, to ensure that findings are robust. For example, undue influence of the initial study, of smaller studies, or of studies with potential biases may be responsible for inappropriate conclusions. Furthermore, the choice of statistical model (or method) or the inclusion of studies with uncertain eligibility for the systematic review may affect the results, and robustness to these should also be evaluated.
Meta-analysis methods of gene-disease association studies closely follow well-developed methodology for randomized trials [4,6,23]. Due to so-called "Mendelian randomization" in the transmission of genetic material from parents to children, confounding is generally thought to be of minimal concern (although not ignorable, since it may arise through population stratification). Thus, unadjusted analyses are common in meta-analyses, even if matched studies have adjusted for matching factors such as age and sex.
The era of genome-wide association studies has implications for the meta-analysis of genetic associations. Although, in principle, summary data for the variant(s) of interest in the review should be sought from available genome-wide association studies in the same way as they are sought from candidate gene studies, in practice many genome-wide association studies are designed primarily for detecting associations rather than quantifying them, and the potential for bias must be assessed. Furthermore, the variant(s) of interest might not have been included in a genome-wide scan. While it is possible that some unknown genotypes could be imputed, proposed methods typically require detailed data [24], and it is unclear whether a more naive approach, based on minimal summary data and linkage disequilibrium information, would be appropriate.
Other special considerations in the meta-analysis of gene-disease associations are discussed in detail elsewhere and include the choice of inheritance model [25,26], the treatment of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium [27,28], and the combination of associations for markers known to be in linkage disequilibrium [29]. Developments in the last area are now allowing complex syntheses of data across whole-genome-wide association studies [30].
Presenting and Interpreting Results
A systematic summary of all available evidence should allow the strengths and gaps in the evidence base to be identified and allow recommendations to be made in order to stimulate research to address such gaps. The magnitude of the association between the allelic variants and the clinical outcomes studied in terms of relative and attributable risks in different populations should be summarized in a systematic and concise way. Comments should also be provided on the quality and methodology of studies. Tables should summarize information on each gene-disease association study (possibly online as Web-based supplements, depending on size and journal formats). Table 2 lists some of the characteristics most likely to be relevant. If a meta-analysis is conducted, these should usually be presented as forest plots as in Figure 3. Statistics related to heterogeneity (e.g., between-study variance or I2 and confidence intervals) and investigations of bias should be presented. Multiple subgroup and sensitivity analyses are conveniently presented as "overview" forest plots without including the individual studies.
Tab. 2. Characteristics Likely To Be of Interest for Each Study Included in a Review
A discussion of the results should also address issues such as the overall quantity and quality of the evidence base, the consideration of possible publication and selective reporting biases, the likelihood that associations are causal, and any potential public health applications. For example, results from small or few studies should be interpreted with great caution, as it is common to see dissipation of early claimed effects [31], and early studies have no predictive power for the subsequent picture of the evidence [32]. Interim guidance is available to assess the strength of evidence that an observed association is genuine [33]. These criteria assess the three domains of precision (i.e., through sample size), consistency of results across studies (i.e., through meta-analytic measures of heterogeneity), and protection from bias both within and across studies in a meta-analysis.
Additional detailed guidance for the general reporting of systematic reviews and meta-analyses are available from PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews; formerly known as QUOROM) [34]. Reporting guidance for meta-analyses of observational studies are also available from MOOSE (Meta-analysis Of Observational Studies in Epidemiology) [35].
The strengths and limitations of systematic reviews are well established for clinical trials, largely through the efforts of The Cochrane Collaboration [36]. They are increasingly being applied to observational studies, and currently there are as many meta-analyses of observational data conducted as there are of clinical trials. The citation impact of both types of meta-analyses is equally high, the highest among all study designs in the health sciences [37]. The principal value of a well-conducted systematic review of genetic association studies is in establishing reliably the presence and magnitude of individual gene-disease associations. By complementing both consortium-based pooled analyses and larger-scale attempts to collate genetic association evidence across whole fields, they play an important role alongside other research designs in the integration of evidence on genetic association [5]. At their most ambitious, systematic reviews and meta-analyses can collate evidence across all studied genetic variants for a phenotype, with notable examples provided by three databases of genetic association evidence for Alzheimer disease, Parkinson disease, and schizophrenia that include ad hoc meta-analyses [38–40].
Within the Summary Points we summarize our key suggestions for methodology of systematic reviews of genetic association studies. These reflect our accumulated experience to date and are not intended to lay down standards for universal application. This is an area of rapid development. In a decade's time, appropriate methods for the collation and integration of evidence on gene-disease association may be substantially different.
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Comparing algorithms for genotype imputation.
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Meta-analysis of genetic association studies under different inheritance models using data reported as merged genotypes.
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The choice of a genetic model in the meta-analysis of molecular association studies.
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text:
Words - skip - Brewer's
1894 Brewer's
Picrochole
Picʹrochole
King of Lernē. A Greek compound, meaning "bitterbile," or choleric. The rustics of Utopia one day asked the cake-bakers of Lernē to sell them some cakes, but received only abuse; whereupon a quarrel ensued. When Picrochole was informed thereof, he marched with all his men against Utopia. King Grangousier tried to appease the choleric king, but all his efforts were in vain. At length Gargantua arrived, defeated Picrochole, and put his army to the rout. (Rabelais: Gargantua, bk. i.)
King Picrochole's statesman. One who without his host reckons of mighty achievements to be accomplished. The Duke of Smalltrash, Earl of Swashbuckler, and Captain Durtaille advised King Picrochole to divide his army into two parts: one was to be left to carry on the war in hand, and the other to be sent forth to make conquests. They were to take England, France and Spain, Asia Minor, the Greek Islands, and Turkey, Germany, Norway, Sweden, Russia, etc., and to divide the lands thus taken among the conquerors. Echephʹron, an old soldier, replied—"A shoemaker bought a haʹpoth of milk; with this he was going to make butter, the butter was to buy a cow, the cow was to have a calf, the calf was to be changed for a colt, and the man was to become a nabob; only he cracked his jug, spilt his milk, and went supperless to bed." (Rabelais: Gargantua, bk. i. 33.)
⁂ In 1870 the French emperor (Napoleon III.) was induced to declare war against Germany. He was to make a demonstration and march in triumph to Berlin. Having taken Berlin, he was to march to Italy to restore the Pope to his dominions, and then to restore the Queen of Spain to her throne; but he failed in the first, lost his throne, and Paris fell into the hands of the allied Prussian army.
His uncle's "Berlin Decree," for the subjection of Great Britain, was a similar miscalculation. This decree ordained that no European state was to deal with England; and, the trade of England being thus ruined, the kingdom must perforce submit to Napoleon. But as England was the best customer of the European states, the states of Europe were so impoverished that they revolted against the dictator, and the battle of Waterloo was his utter downfall.
Entry taken from Dictionary of Phrase and Fable, edited by the Rev. E. Cobham Brewer, LL.D. and revised in 1895.
Piccinists (1774–1780)
Pick Straws (To)
Pick a Hole in his Coat (To)
Pickaninny
Pickelherringe
Pickers and Stealers
Pickwick (Mr. Samuel)
Pickwickian
Picts
Picts Houses
Picture Bible
Pie Corner (London)
Pie Poudre
Piebald

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Religious actors play an important role in the formation of people's values, norms of acceptable behaviour and life roles. Consequently, religious actors occupy a unique position to make trans- formational and sustained progress towards gender equality and empowerment.
The work-stream focuses its work on the topic of sexual and genderbased violence.
While it must be acknowledged that religious actors can be part of the problem of gender injustice by underpinning discriminatory practices, they are increasingly becoming, and seen as part of the solution.
The work-stream pays particular attention to increasing understanding of this crucial topic as well as improved religious literacy within the international community and in religious communities and organizations. To that end, the work-stream is working on a comprehensive analysis of religious engagement on sexual and gender-based violence as a baseline for its future activities.


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Are you excited for Wally West to be a part of the show?
I AM, although I'd be lying if I didn't say I was nervous too!
I can't truly say I dislike the New 52 version because I haven't read much of the ones featuring Wally.
There's just less info, but from what I heard is the personality is very different.


To err is human, but to forgive is divine. That is the common Alexander Pope saying. It essentially means that it should not be surprising if you screw up, but expect to be crucified if you do. This is no more true than in medicine. Medical errors accounted for about 195,000 deaths a year nationwide in 2002. That number seems to be holding steady even in recent years. There are numerous ways in which a medical error may result or contribute to a patient's death, including incorrect medication selection and dosing, incorrect surgical site and retained surgical instruments, missed medications, and errors or complications during procedures. Now 190,000 is not a tremendous number when you consider the number of people who pass through hospitals each year, including admissions, ER visits, same day surgery procedures, and infusion room visits. But who wants to be one of the 190,000?
So every year someone comes up with another bright idea to eradicate the medical error problem. It would seem logical that you should have a hospital that has no medical errors, right? So you simply have to remove all the factors that make errors more likely to occur.
First were the abbreviations. Since there is a lot of Latin in medicine, many dosing frequencies are abbreviated using the Latin instruction—"qd" for daily, "qod" for every other day, " or "qid" for four times a day. Also, non Latin abbreviations, such as, "u" for units, "MSO4" for morphine sulfate, "MgSO4" for magnesium sulfate, and so on. There were also issues with numbers and where the decimal point and places after the decimal point were concerned, such as, ".1" instead of "0.1", or "1.0" instead of "1". You can see how each of these instances could result in a medication error. So they were done away with, and everything had to be written out. There was little aftermath from this change because the electronic medical record and computerized physician order entry came later, and described below.
Second was the fatigue factor. Researchers took volunteer subjects and kept them awake for thirty plus hours and then asked them questions to see how many they would get incorrect. When compared to subjects that were not sleep deprived, the sleep deprived subject made more mistakes. So it then had to follow that if you had a resident on call, he or she would have been up that morning, up that night, and up the next morning until at least 5pm. The propensity for medical errors should be enormous. So the edict was sent out that no resident on call should work no more than 80 hours a week, *and* no shift should exceed 30 hours, *and* there should be 10 hours off between shifts. And while it was state that this would be a voluntary recommendation, no program would be allowed to remain accredited unless it complied.
There are, however, some things to take into account. Since work hour limitations have been implemented, there has yet to be shown a clear decrease in hospital mortality rates. The other issue that will be difficult to determine is that if you reduce a medical trainee's work hours, you reduce his or her exposure to the medical field. Without an increase in duration of training, you will be left with more undertrained physicians over time. This coupled with the fact that patients are sicker and carry more medical comordities these days results in a precarious healthcare scenario.
Third it was the handwritten medical record. It used to be that everything was written—notes, prescriptions, orders, medication records. But with the classic joke of a doctor's poor penmanship, this was an easy target. The medication records were the first to be digitized for the pharmacists and nurses. Then physician orders were digitized. Now the remainder of the medical record is set to be digitized. The only problem with the electronic medical record (EMR), is that there is no standard. As a result, innumerable software companies have developed their own EMR system to hawk to healthcare facilities everywhere. None of the EMRs are compatible with each other, so in order to import information from one system to another you end up with a PDF file of the printout from the other EMR. So while some errors from poor penmanship are avoided, you now are left with lost information that may otherwise impact care.
Fourth, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMMS) require hospitals to report medical errors. These reports are reviewed and compensation is linked to the error rate of a hospital. Not a bad idea, right? What is not advertised is that CMMS *expects* a minimum error rate, and if the hospital is below that rate CMMS assumes there is underreporting. Of course, it could not be because the hospital actually has a lower rate of medical error. The hypocrisy of Medicare continues. And the fact that there is a minimum error rate tells you that it is there only to look for potential underreporters of medical errors.
So to summarize, medical errors account for about 200,000 deaths a year, and costs about $8 billion a year. Look at the time and money we have thrown into medical errors, with legislation, lawsuits, and wasted money on nonstandard software. On the other hand, tobacco use results in 440,000 deaths a year and costs about $97 billion a year.
But then again, smokers make up 21% of eligible voters, and physicians only 0.1% of eligible voters. And do not think I will not make a Venn diagram to account for physicians that smoke, because I will.


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Jóvenes Otomanos (en turco Yeni Osmanlılar o Nuevos Otomanos) fue una organización de jóvenes intelectuales y de clase media-liberal que se desarrolló en el interior del Imperio otomano a mediados del siglo XIX y que se oponían al sultanato y su forma de gobierno.

Se inspiraban en el pensamiento de Namık Kemal, un escritor, poeta y funcionario de gran poder de la Sublime Puerta y, sobre todo, del exiliado príncipe Mustafa Fazıl Pasha que los llamó a organizarse y financió. Medios aristocráticos y militares afines al sultanato también prestaron su apoyo al movimiento.

Historia
Su fundación oficial se conviene que fue en 1871 bajo el liderazgo de Midhat Pasha. Defendían principios políticos occidentales, tales como derechos y libertades públicas, división de poderes y una Constitución moderna. Los unía una férrea oposición al sultán Abdülaziz I. En 1876 se habían fortalecido en el interior del Imperio con tal fuerza que habían alcanzado gran influencia en algunos sectores del ejército, de tal suerte que forzaron a Abdul Hamid II a aceptar un nuevo texto constitucional de corte liberal a finales de ese mismo año. No obstante, los Jóvenes Otomanos no pretendían cambiar la fortaleza del Imperio, ni el papel que este ejercía en sus zonas de influencia ni en los pueblos sometidos al mismo, singularmente los eslavos.

Conseguidos parcialmente sus objetivos, el movimiento cayó en desgracia, como el propio Midhat Bajá, tras la derrota del Imperio en la guerra ruso-turca y el duro Tratado de San Stefano, donde se reconocía la independencia de buena parte de los países eslavos, y el aún más extremo Congreso de Berlín, que modificó el tratado anterior en perjuicio de los otomanos.

Los Jóvenes Otomanos fueron posteriormente el germen del más conocido movimiento de los Jóvenes Turcos, primero bajo la forma de un Comité de Unión y Progreso, en el que se apoyó en buena medida la formación de Turquía.

Referencias
Sergio Vallejo Fernández-Cela, Cristián Garay Vera y Cristián Medina Valverde: La caída del Imperio Otomano y la fundación de la República Turca. Madrid, 2001. ISBN 84-699-6683-9

Historia del Imperio otomano

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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text:
Times Union Homepage
Turkish government offers apology as protests continue
Troopers: Trucker thought he blew tire, found fatal wreck
Lake George's Ice Castles show opens next week
Snowmobiler dies on Great Sacandaga Lake
LaSalle nomination reveals apparent gap in lobbying law
Yolanda Vega's life since leaving the lottery
State Police: Secretary stole $265K from Middleburgh law office
Where, when, how to see 'Green Comet' in the Capital Region
1of9Protesters gather during a protest at Taksim square in Istanbul, Tuesday, June 4, 2013. Thousands have joined anti-government rallies across Turkey since Friday, when police launched a pre-dawn raid against a peaceful sit-in protesting plans to uproot trees in Istanbul's main Taksim Square. Since then, the demonstrations by mostly secular-minded Turks have spiraled into Turkey's biggest anti-government disturbances in years, and have spread to many of the biggest cities. (AP Photo/Kostas Tsironis)Kostas TsironisShow MoreShow Less
2of9Protesters raise their hands and shout slogans in front of Ataturk Cultural center during a protest at Taksim square in Istanbul, Tuesday, June 4, 2013. One of the banners reads " the task of the trade unions stage a general strike" Thousands have joined anti-government rallies across Turkey since Friday, when police launched a pre-dawn raid against a peaceful sit-in protesting plans to uproot trees in Istanbul's main Taksim Square. Since then, the demonstrations by mostly secular-minded Turks have spiraled into Turkey's biggest anti-government disturbances in years, and have spread to many of the biggest cities. (AP Photo/Kostas Tsironis)Kostas TsironisShow MoreShow Less
4of9Protesters light flares and shout slogans during a protest at Taksim square in Istanbul, Tuesday, June 4, 2013. Thousands have joined anti-government rallies across Turkey since Friday, when police launched a pre-dawn raid against a peaceful sit-in protesting plans to uproot trees in Istanbul's main Taksim Square. Since then, the demonstrations by mostly secular-minded Turks have spiraled into Turkey's biggest anti-government disturbances in years, and have spread to many of the biggest cities. (AP Photo/Kostas Tsironis)Kostas TsironisShow MoreShow Less
7of9Protesters stand on the roof of Ataturk Cultural center during a protest at Taksim square in Istanbul, Tuesday, June 4, 2013. Thousands have joined anti-government rallies across Turkey since Friday, when police launched a pre-dawn raid against a peaceful sit-in protesting plans to uproot trees in Istanbul's main Taksim Square. Since then, the demonstrations by mostly secular-minded Turks have spiraled into Turkey's biggest anti-government disturbances in years, and have spread to many of the biggest cities. (AP Photo/Kostas Tsironis)Kostas TsironisShow MoreShow Less
8of9A protester raises his hands during a protest at Taksim square in Istanbul, Tuesday, June 4, 2013. Thousands have joined anti-government rallies across Turkey since Friday, when police launched a pre-dawn raid against a peaceful sit-in protesting plans to uproot trees in Istanbul's main Taksim Square. Since then, the demonstrations by mostly secular-minded Turks have spiraled into Turkey's biggest anti-government disturbances in years, and have spread to many of the biggest cities. (AP Photo/Kostas Tsironis)Kostas TsironisShow MoreShow Less
ANKARA, Turkey — Turkey's deputy prime minister offered an apology Tuesday for the government's violent crackdown on an environmental protest, a calculated bid to ease days of anti-government rallies in the country's major cities.
The message was a bit mixed, however, as hundreds of riot police deployed with water cannons around the prime minister's office in Ankara, the capital.
Bulent Arinc, who is standing in for the prime minister while he is out of the country, said the crackdown was "wrong and unjust."
"In that first (protest) action, the excessive violence exerted on people who were acting out of environmental concerns was wrong and unjust," Arinc said. "I apologize to those citizens."
Yet the impact of his statement was unclear. Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who is visiting Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia, has undermined previous statements by his ministers and has dismissed the protesters as a fringe minority stirred up by the opposition.
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text:
Professor Stephen Hawking dies aged 76
Macquarie National News
World-renowned physicist Stephen Hawking has died aged 76.
He died peacefully at his home in Cambridge in the early hours of the morning.
In 1963, Professor Hawking contracted motor neurone disease and was given two years to live.
He was regarded as one of the most brilliant theoretical physicists since Albert Einstein.
His children Lucy, Robert and Tim have released the following statement:
"We are deeply saddened that our beloved father passed away today.
He was a great scientist and an extraordinary man whose work and legacy will live on for many years.
His courage and persistence with his brilliance and humour inspired people across the world.
He once said, 'It would not be much of a universe if it wasn't home to the people you love'.
We will miss him forever."
Ross Greenwood speaks with Australian National University Cosmologist, Doctor Brad Tucker who says Hawking pushed people to challenge themselves and the unknown.
"He made great discoveries which then, in turn, challenged us to think more broadly."
"Stephen Hawking has overcome everything and done more in every parameter of space than you can even imagine.
"He did it with gusto and he did it with a true heart of not only improving himself but improving humanity and challenging us along the way to make us better ultimately."
Listen to Dr Tucker's tribute in full below
NewsWorld


text:
Workers to receive wage increase at Loblaw stores across country
By Jonah Shinuda
Published March 21, 2020 at 7:48 pm
In the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic, workers at all stores and supermarkets operated by Loblaw Companies Ltd. will be receiving a wage increase.
According to the United Food and Commercial Workers union (UFCW Canada), ongoing discussions with Loblaw have resulted in a $2 an hour wage increase for front-line employees across the country.
The wage increase is in the process of being implemented and will be applied to the hourly rates of both full-time and part-time workers at all Loblaw stores and associated banners, the union said on Saturday, March 21.
"UFCW is fully committed to working with industry partners to face and overcome the challenge of containing COVID-19 and making sure that Canadians have a steady supply of essentials throughout this process," said UFCW Canada National President Paul Meinema.
The UFCW, which prides itself as Canada's voice of grocery store workers, represents more than 90,000 Loblaw employees at all banners operated by the company.
Brampton and Mississauga school bus routes canceled due to COVID-19 staffing issues
"We commend Loblaw for showing leadership on this wage increase and call on other employers to follow this important example."


text:
charlotte perkins gilman: short stories list
Charlotte Perkins Gilman (1860-1935), American Humanist, Novelist, writer of Short Stories, Poetry and Nonfiction, and a lecturer for Social Reform, Seated Portrait, Frances Benjamin Johnston, 1900 The Charlotte Perkins Gilman Reader, Pantheon, 1980, includes a selection of Gilman's stories and excerpts from her longer fictions, including the utopia, Herland. Charlotte Perkins Gilman's short story The Giant Wistaria (1891) is less known than her story The Yellow Wallpaper, a feminist classic."Wistaria" has in common with "Wallpaper" the underlying themes of patriarchal repression of women's sexuality and control of the realm of motherhood. It is regarded as an important early work of American feminist literature, illustrating attitudes in the 19th century … Charlotte Perkins Gilman, a member of Connecticut's prominent Beecher family, was a committed reformer, intellectual and feminist whose contributions to 20th-century thought resulted in her designation in 1993 by the Siena Research Institute as the sixth most influential woman of her time. A prominent American sociologist, novelist, short story writer, poet, and lecturer for social reform, Charlotte Perkins Gilman was a "utopian feminist." A prominent American sociologist, novelist, short story writer, poet, and lecturer for social reform, Charlotte Perkins Gilman was a "utopian feminist." I'd love to hear your suggestions in the comments below! Charlotte Perkins Gilman was an American author, sociologist, and early feminist. Get this from a library! Charlotte Anna Perkins Stetson Gilman (1860â 1935) launched her career as a lecturer, author, and reformer with the story for which she is best-known today, "The Yellow Wallpaper." Charlotte Perkins Gilman (July 3, 1860 – August 17, 1935) was a prominent American novelist, writer of short stories, poetry, and non fiction, and a lecturer for social reform. See also Denise D. Knight, ed. Charlotte Perkins Gilman (1860 -1935) was a prominent American novelist, writer of short stories, poetry, and nonfiction, and an advocate for social reform. ... Are there any short stories that have really caught your imagination? Paperback $ 5.49. Charlotte Perkins Gilman?s Short Stories as Social Criticism : Conflicts and Contradictions of a Nineteenth-Century Author.. [Gamze Sabanci] -- This study offers an investigation of a selection of Gilman?s short stories in the light of her assertion that women do not have to give up love or work in order to succeed in life. The art of writing a short story can be barely noticed by a reader such is the quality with which they are usually written. Listen to Women's Short Stories by Charlotte Perkins Gilman,Louisa May Alcott,Kate Chopin with a free trial.\nListen to unlimited* audiobooks on the web, iPad, iPhone and Android. About Charlotte Perkins Gilman. She published her best-known short story "The Yellow Wall-Paper" in 1892. The Yellow Wall-Paper and Other Stories makes available the fullest selection of her short fiction ever printed.  The American feminist Charlotte Perkins Gilman was a novelist, writer of short stories and prominent poet, whose semi-autobiographical short story 'The Yellow Wallpaper' is widely regarded as a modern masterpiece. The Yellow Wallpaper | Charlotte Perkins Gilman. In the short story "If I Were a Man", a married woman named Mollie Mathewson yearns with all her heart to be a man and is suddenly transported into the body and mind of … See also Women. The Yellow Wallpaper by Charlotte Perkins Gilman: classic short short story - illustrated edition 28. by Charlotte Perkins Gilman. This carefully crafted ebook: "Collected Works of Charlotte Perkins Gilman: Short Stories, Novels, Poems and Essays" is formatted for your eReader with a functional and detailed table of contents. The Reading List: The Yellow Wallpaper, Charlotte Perkins Gilman, 1892 ... and for Perkins Gilman it is an exposé of the damaging effects of sexist medical practice, rooted in a desire to keep women in their place. Charlotte Perkins Gilman $ 1.99 – $ 2.99 The American feminist Charlotte Perkins Gilman was a novelist, writer of short stories and prominent poet, whose semi-autobiographical short story 'The Yellow Wallpaper' is widely regarded as a modern masterpiece. Herland is a utopian novel from 1915 which describes an isolated society of women who reproduce through asexual reproduction. The Yellow Wallpaper. A Story") is a 6,000-word short story by the American writer Charlotte Perkins Gilman, first published in January 1892 in The New England Magazine. Her vast achievements, recorded during a period of American history where such feats were quite difficult for women, cast here as a role mo… Charlotte Perkins Gilman. Author of Herland, Women and economics, The Yellow Wallpaper, The man-made world, Our Androcentric Culture, or the Man-Made World, The Dark Descent, Concerning children, The living of Charlotte Perkins Gilman Charlotte Perkins Gilman was America's leading feminist intellectual of the early twentieth century. Her vast achievements, recorded during a period of American history where such feats were quite difficult for women, cast here as a role model for women everywhere. It is very seldom that mere ordinary people like … Charlotte Perkins Gilman was born on July 3, 1860, in Hartford, Connecticut. Gothic and the Female Voice: Examining Charlotte Perkins Gilman's "The Yellow Wallpaper" Curriculum Unit 99.01.07 by Lisa Galullo Introduction As urban schools attempt to expand the list of multicultural readings assigned to high school students, women writers are often still excluded from the curriculum. Charlotte Perkins Gilman (1860–1935) was an American sociologist and is commonly credited as being one of the first feminist scholars to write about women's oppression both within and outside the household. This collection brings together 12 of the finest short stories of prominent American feminist author Charlotte Perkins Gilman. Charlotte Perkins Gilman's sci-fi novel, 'Herland', created a template that no one has since adapted — of a women's utopia that's neither fragile nor threatened In addition to her well-known fiction, including The Yellow Wallpaper, she wrote a considerable amount of long- and short-form long fiction, including many explicitly feminist pieces. Narrated in the third person by an unnamed narrator the reader realises after reading the story that Gilman may be exploring the theme of independence. 6 Sep 2018 Dermot Stories of Ourselves Cite Post In The Widow's Might by Charlotte Perkins Gilman we have the theme of independence, struggle, control, freedom, determination and duty. short stories interactive word games. A prominent American sociologist, novelist, short story writer, poet, and lecturer for social reform, Charlotte Perkins Gilman was a "utopian feminist." In addition to her pioneering masterpiece, `The… Gilman's work and popularity lay silent for thirty years after her death, but in 1960, with the feminist movement, came a revival of Charlotte Perkins Gilman, and her short stories such as "The Yellow Wallpaper" were revisited by feminist such as Sandra M. Gilbert and Susan Gubar for its symbolism and association with feminist issues. Charlotte Perkins Gilman (1860-1935) was a prominent sociologist, novelist, and writer of short stories, poetry, and nonfiction. Charlotte Perkins Gilman; also Charlotte Perkins Stetson, was a prominent American feminist, sociologist, novelist, writer of short stories, poetry, and nonfiction, and a lecturer for social reform. Charlotte Perkins Gilman (1860-1935), American author, lecturer, feminist, and social reformer wrote "The Yellow Wallpaper" (1892); "There are things in that paper which nobody knows but me, or ever will. Charlotte Perkins Gilman 4096 Q287752 Charlotte Perkins Gilman Charlotte Perkins Gilman Gilman,_Charlotte Perkins American short story and non-fiction writer, novelist, commercial artist, lecturer and feminist social reformer; married the artist Charles Walter Stetson in 1884 and went by that surname afterward. Aimed at younger readers, Stay True: Short Stories for Strong Girls, (Amazon) is an anthology of stories featuring strong heroines. …Yellow Wallpaper, short story by Charlotte Perkins Gilman, published in New England Magazine in May 1892 and in book form in 1899. "The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Selected Stories of Charlotte Perkins Gilman, University of … Other short stories by Charlotte Perkins Gilman also available along with many others by classic and contemporary authors. A woman's husband, a doctor, confines her to the upstairs bedroom of their summer house. Behind that outside pattern the dim shapes get clearer every day. Women's Short Stories - Vol 4. "The Yellow Wallpaper", Gilman's best-known work, was first published in 1892 and represents an important examination of 19th … Charlotte Perkins Gilman was born Charlotte Anna Perkins on July 3, 1860, in Hartford, Connecticut. Her vast achievements, recorded during a period of American history where such feats were quite difficult for women, cast here as a role model for women everywhere. The Yellow Wallpaper , initially interpreted as a Gothic horror tale, was considered the best as well as the least-characteristic work of fiction by Gilman.… The youngest child and only daughter of Frederick Perkins and Mary Ann Fitch Westcott, Gilman was also the great-niece of 19th-century writer Harriet Beecher Stowe (author of "Uncle Tom's Cabin"). Charlotte Perkins Gilman is best known today for "The Yellow Wallpaper," a widely anthologized and frequently taught short story that mixes gothic conventions with feminist insights—a chilling dissection of patriarchy that seems as if it could have … This comprehensive eBook presents Gilman's complete fictional works, with numerous… Was America 's leading feminist intellectual of the early twentieth century together 12 of the twentieth... 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charlotte perkins gilman: short stories list 2021


Words with JAM: Who Needs an Editor?
Patricia Jones, author, and Mary Rensten, editor, talk candidly about their Author/Editor relationship.
PATRICIA: When the email arrived there was already champagne in the crystal flutes as a family celebration was in full flow. My glass was refilled and an extra toast proposed: to the success of Threads of Life, my debut novel, which had just been accepted by SCRIPTORA – the publishing branch of the Society of Women Writers & Journalists.
MARY: Yes, definitely time for celebration!
It was three years since Patricia had sent me the original manuscript and a quick look through the 360+pages and the list of 47 characters had told me straight away, that if this novel - about the creation of a small town's Heritage Tapestry and the interwoven stories of the families whose women stitched it - was any good, then Patricia and I could be in for a long haul ... something she did not appreciate at the time.
PATRICIA: Although I had read, re-read, edited and re-edited Threads in the weeks before submitting it to SCRIPTORA in 2015 there followed months of emails and conversations with Mary, followed by critiques – mostly constructive - from Professional Readers, then re-writes and more phone calls and emails resulting in further re-writes.
PATRICIA: At times, as the writer who has laboured and sweated, and even had the odd sleepless night, shaping the plot, creating and developing the characters and the novel's setting until they have become as real as the local high street, the suggestions for alterations to the manuscript can seem rather harsh.
MARY: Of course they can, and I fully understand, but if the writer wants the book to be published, these things have to be done!
PATRICIA: I had devised a kind of who's-who for the various families as an aide memoire for the prospective readers. Mary wasn't happy with this, and advised me, in the nicest possible way, to scrap it. This disappointed me; readers within my local writers' group had appreciated it as it helped them to get to know the characters and their relationships with each other. However, when Mary mentioned the who's-who to some of her writing friends they approved; it was back in at the start of Threads!
MARY: Yes, I was wrong there. A novel with numerous characters in family groupings does need a cast list. In the end Patricia and I settled for a shorter list, which excluded most of her minor characters.
PATRICIA: Your characters become real friends - even the more dubious or dodgy ones - and you understand and feel for them and go along with their foibles, and having to part with them can be extremely harrying ... and at times maddening and upsetting.
An editor is there to advise and guide the writer, especially with a debut novel, but it was with a feeling of great sadness and a real sense of loss when I was asked to 'lose' a whole family including a newborn baby. And then there was Sheila, a character who was both forthright and practical, but also had to go. The problem was that I needed a down-to-earth character to sort out problems with the stitching and rein in Madam Chairwoman when her ego and her grandiose ideas for fundraising for the Heritage Tapestry were way beyond the committee's budget. Who was going to fill this function now Sheila had been scrapped? Luckily a rather prissy, headmistressy character stepped forward and to my surprise she turned out to deal with her new role rather well.
MARY: I know that hurt, as did losing several church organists, and your very detailed committee meetings! Also, at the beginning, there was a bit too much history of Wainbridge, your fictional town; it was holding up the telling of the increasingly interesting story.
PATRICIA: Nick Gott, an artist friend, created the cover and it was a useful learning curve as he liaised with Mary and Chris the printer. I had shown the proposed back cover design, which included a heron and a sharp needle, to a friend and, luckily, she spotted something that none of us, including Mary, had noticed. Let us say, that without her comment the heron on the back of Threads would have had a painful and surprised expression on its face!
MARY: It's always good to have another pair of eyes looking at a work in progress.
PATRICIA: One thing that did help me was having the first chapter of Threads read aloud by a professional actor at one of the SWWJ's drama workshops. I got a real feel of the book's opening and the relationship between the different characters. The response to the chapter from the other writers and actors was reassuring and increased my confidence and pleasure in the novel.
MARY: Oh yes, always try to have your dialogue read aloud, even if it's only you doing it into a recording machine! It helps you to get the speech rhythms right.
PATRICIA: Threads of Life was published on 29th March 2018 and so far the comments and reviews have been extremely favourable. As an absolute novice, knowing nothing about the procedure of turning a manuscript into a fully-fledged book, I am more than grateful for all the work and dedication Mary put into Threads, as without her it would be just another document on my computer, rather than, as it is now, both an eBook and a paperback for others to enjoy.
MARY: I am delighted by the five star reviews Patricia's first novel is receiving. She is planning a sequel - her well-drawn characters warrant it - which I look forward to reading.
Want to read more about this author and editor?
Go to swwj.co.uk and follow the links to SCRIPTORA and Members.


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Dara Torres
Dara Grace Torres is an American former competition swimmer and world record-holder who is a twelve-time Olympic medalist.
Complete biography of Dara Torres »
I hired security to walk around with us in case because my daughter was there, knowing she was going to be there, I wanted to make sure that just in case -- you hear so many stories... I think the way the press, sort of, writes about what is going on is much worse than how it actually is down there. It was a lot of fun. The 49-year-old swimmer worked with Westwood One Radio in Rio during the Olympic games and was extremely proud of the United States' competitors.
– Dara Torres
Found on FOX News 4 years ago Entertainment
When you're in a situation like the Olympics you want the athletes to be put first, we're the ones who are there, we've done all the work.
Found on Reuters 5 years ago Company News
It kind of stinks. They're not really looking out for the athletes.
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What TV series is this quote from: "How you doin'?"
A. Friends
B. Family Guy
C. The Simpsons
D. South Park


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Thanks to Alpha Analytics (associated with Hopunion LLC) for providing the data!
Here is a helpful chart to aid in coming up with hop flavor and aromatic descriptors. Also, here is a hop replacement calculator using statistical analysis of hop oils to recommend hop replacements.
Both charts are interactive, you can click on the legend to add or remove oil compounds from the chart to compare as you wish.
To compare the hops one oil compound at a time, first click each compound from the legend to remove them from the chart.
Oil composition is a varietal average and that specific batches of hops may differ from that average value.
I am really liking your Total Oils chart. The idea of the Hop Oils Calculator is fantastic too!
I'm curious though, why did you not include Australian and New Zealand hops?
Based on your experience, how accurate are the results from the Hop Oils Calculator?
I'd like to include Australian and New Zealand hops, but Hopunion didn't test those varieties last year. Hopefully next year they will! I find the Hop Calculator to be most useful when focusing on the hop oil content of my beers. After multiple brews, I can start to see trends in which oils my palet prefers and can then build recipes with a little bit more confidence.


The spring scrimmage — Crimson vs. White — begins at 6 p.m. Wednesday at Aggie Memorial Stadium. Fans get in free.
LAS CRUCES - Wednesday may be your first chance to see the 2019 New Mexico State football team in action. The spring scrimmage — Crimson vs. White — begins at 6 p.m. at Aggie Memorial Stadium. Fans get in free.
What's at stake? Food for the winning squad.
"... winning team gets Steak & Ribs dinner while losing team gets Hot Dogs & Beans!" tweeted head coach Doug Martin.
Last year, the Aggies finished 3-9, the team's first season as an independent.
In February, the Aggies signed 10 players and in December the team inked 15 players to fill a 25-player recruiting class. There were 11 offensive players signed and 14 defensive players. There were 13 high school players and 10 junior college players.
Quarterback Josh Adkins impressed last year as a redshirt freshman. He passed for 2,563 yards with 13 touchdowns and nine interceptions in 10 games last season, completing 56 percent of his passes. Likely the only quarterback competition this spring will be to determine who will back up Adkins.


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Billings Office - Legal Assistant to Jock West.
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Jeffrey C. Hall	More
Jeffrey C. Hall - Facts
Jeffrey C. Hall - Nobel Lecture: The Little Flies and their Genes
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2017
Jeffrey C. Hall
Michael Rosbash
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© Nobel Media AB. Photo: A. Mahmoud
Born:	3 May 1945, New York, NY, USA
Affiliation at the time of the award: University of Maine, Maine, ME, USA
Prize motivation: "for their discoveries of molecular mechanisms controlling the circadian rhythm."
Prize share: 1/3
Jeffrey Hall was born in Brooklyn, New York, and grew up outside of Washington, DC. After studies at Amherst College, he went on to the University of Washington in Seattle, where he earned his doctor's degree in 1971. After a stay at the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, he began work in 1974 at Brandeis University in Waltham, Massachusetts.
In our cells an internal clock helps us to adapt our biological rhythm to the different phases of day and night. Jeffrey Hall, Michael Rosbash and Michael Young studied fruit flies to figure out how this clock works. In 1984 they managed to identify a gene that encodes a protein that accumulates during the night but is degraded during the day. They also identified additional proteins that form part of a self-regulating biological clockwork in the fruit fly's cells. The same principles have been shown to apply to other animals and plants.
MLA style: Jeffrey C. Hall – Facts. NobelPrize.org. Nobel Media AB 2020. Sat. 18 Jan 2020. <https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/2017/hall/facts/>


The University of Bristol needed to conduct a review of the evidence base underpinning the proposed housing numbers in the West of England Joint Spatial Plan (JSP). HJA was appointed to undertake a critical review of the evidence base and deliver an assessment of its robustness.
The supporting evidence for the JSP had been set out within the Wider Bristol Housing Market Assessment, published in 2015. Having analysed the report, we found that there were two potential areas of weakness in the evidence base. We detailed how these factors would impact the original forecast for housing requirement in the JSP, and provided a rationale for why the headline figure should be higher.
Our work enabled the client to understand why the housing figure for the Wider Bristol Housing Market Area would likely rise above the figure of 85,000 over the plan period.


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It's for the birds
Top five birds to look for now, as they wing their way southwest
By Jessica Steinberg	12 October 2012, 12:29 pm Edit
Jessica Steinberg covers the Sabra scene from south to north and back to the center.
A crane flying at the Hula Valley (photo credit: Jorge Novominsky/Flash90)
If it's mid-October, it's bird-migration time, when an enormous number of birds, large and small, fly over Israel, heading to their winter homes in east, south and west Africa. Israel is a narrow land bridge that leads to Africa, explains Yoav Perlman of the Israel Ornithological Center (IOC), part of the SPNI, or Society for the Protection of Nature in Israel (BirdLife partner in Israel).
"Most of them don't even look down; they just fly over us," explained Perlman. "They take off in the morning from Syria and Lebanon and go down to roost in Egypt. They can travel 500-600 kilometers in a day."
A flock of Spanish sparrows (photo credit: Yoav Perlman/Israel Ornithological Center, Society for the Protection of Nature in Israel)
That said, some birds do use Israel's best habitats for stopping over, refueling and resting, either during the day or overnight, added Perlman, particularly in the northern Hula Valley, Beit Shean Valley and Jezreel Valley.
With up to 200 species a day currently passing through Israel, local birdwatchers have been focusing on soaring birds for the last two months, said Perlman, referring to large birds that have to soar in order to make it from Eurasia to Africa. It would be difficult for those birds to flap their wings all the way to their destination, so they have developed techniques that allow them to instead glide, without flapping their wings even once. One method is using the hot air thermals that are created over still-sunny lands, as the sun heats the ground, creating columns of hot air that rise and help the birds fly.
Here's a selection of soaring birds and smaller species that are currently passing through Israel right now:
1) It's been a period for birds of prey, said Perlman, particularly spotted eagles — a close relation of the golden eagle — about 100,000 in the last 10 days. "We're really receiving the last of those eagles now, because the air is cooling down," he said, but noted that they'll be back in the springtime.
An eagle down by Yotvata in the south — and that's a kite in the background (photo credit: Yoav Perlman/Israel Ornithological Center, Society for the Protection of Nature in Israel)
2) Birdwatchers — both amateur and professional — can still catch a glimpse of large numbers of pelicans and storks for the next week or two, as they tend to take a rest in the Hula nature reserve. With huge flocks of 5,000-6,000 birds, it's a "great experience" to come see them, and they tend to take a pretty westerly route, added Perlman; they can even be spotted over Tel Aviv. They're also fairly vocal, easy to spot and hear from their calls as they fly up above.
A flock of about 4,000 pelicans that were seen flying over Highway 6 with some stragglers spending time at Tel Aviv's Yarkon Park (Courtesy Israel Ornithological Center)
3) There hasn't been any particular species that really "knocked" Perlman off his chair this migration season, except for a few rare species of Siberian warblers. Those were an anomaly, due to a small error in migration that can happen with birds flying such huge distances. When a bird turns right instead of left, it can end up thousands of miles away from its planned destination. Birdwatchers call those "overshooters," and they make for good surprises for those taking the time to look out for them.
The red-backed shrike, spending some time in Israel during migration (photo credit: Yoav Perlman/Israel Ornithological Center, Society for the Protection of Nature in Israel)
4) The big story is about the small birds that aren't usually noticed during the day or at night, commented Perlman, and that is the vast majority of birds that just flap their wings to fly. They also migrate in huge numbers, often at night, and the IOC has radars working to record the migration. "At night, it's like the Ayalon Highway at 8 o'clock in the morning," said Perlman. "There's a huge, endless stream of millions of birds every night, but you need proper gear to really see them."
Sometimes you catch some bee-eaters perching during the day (photo credit: Yoav Perlman/Israel Ornithological Center, Society for the Protection of Nature in Israel)
5) Israel's doing pretty well in protecting the birds that fly in its skies, but it is a huge responsibility to provide the right kind of habitats that help the birds, said Perlman. "We have this concentrated population from all over the world, so we have to keep the habitats protected and well managed."
To get a look at migrating birds, head to the Hula Valley Nature Reserve now, or plan to go November 11-18 for the Hula Bird Festival. That said, head to any vegetated habitat, the beach, a back garden, a park, and chances are there will be more birds now for easy viewing, as they wing their way southwest.
The honey buzzard, also making its Israel appearance (photo credit: Yoav Perlman, Israel Ornithological Center, Society for the Protection of Nature in Israel)
bird migration
Hula Valley
Beit She'an Valley


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Kingpin – film di Mike Walker del 1985
 Kingpin – film dei fratelli Farrelly del 1996
 Kingpin – personaggio dei fumetti Marvel Comics
 Kingpin – miniserie televisiva del 2003
 Kingpin – perno del fuso a snodo di uno skateboard (il termine è usato in inglese dagli appassionati anche nella lingua italiana)
 Kingpin: Life of Crime – videogioco


DAY 2, April 5, from Macau, we went back to Hong Kong to continue our family vacation. Remembering our arrival in HK, I was completely overwhelmed with their International Airport. I just can't stop comparing this country to ours. Sorry but yeah. We were completely amazed with its convenience. Everything was fast, organize, and systematic. Very hassle-free I would say.
During our 3 day stay in Hong Kong, we stayed in Canada Hotel in Chung King Mansion, Nathan Rd, Tsim Sha Tsui. Let me say, that you should not expect much from this Hotel, because it is simply a budget hotel. Their rooms are small, but still it has it's own comfort room. However, what I like about this Hotel is that their staffs are Pinays and what's great is that they're from Davao! So it was easy to communicate and ask how to's and where to's from them. You could read more about Canada Hotel here. Will I recommend Canada Hotel? Budget-wise YES! Okay na! Hindi naman din yung Hotel yung pupuntahan mo in HK. lol.
DAY 1 in Hong Kong we visited THE PEAK in the afternoon and TEMPLE STREET during the night.
In order to get to The Peak, you need to take a boat from Star Ferry Pier in Tsi Sha Tsui to Hong Kong Island, then take the 15C bus ride to The Peak Tram. Ticket price for the Peak Tram is only 83HKD, and it's already a back and forth trip.
The Temple Street Night Market is one of the best places you could buy your pasalubong or souvenirs (the other one is in Mong Kok) due to cheap prices. Temple Street is located in Jordan Rd, Yau Ma Tei. A tip for those who wishes to purchase in the market, wait for the seller to really lower down the price.
Also, I recommend you to try some food and restaurants circling around Temple Street because it's affordable and delicious. Sad that I don't have photos of the restaurant we tried in Temple Street.
DAY 2 in Hong Kong was the highlight of our trip. HONG KONG DISNEYLAND of course! To get there, you just have to take the MTR to the Lantau Island then to the Hong Kong Disneyland Resort Station.
Ticket sold in the resort costs for about 539HKD. But tip to the tourists, you could already purchase tickets to ticket outlets. Usually guesthouses sells ticket parks. In our case we already bought our tickets in Canada Hotel because it was cheaper for about 20HKD, for what I remembered. Also, outside the entrance of Disneyland, there are some agents selling tickets at lower cost as well. My parents bought their tickets there from a Pinoy agent for only 500HKD.
I might make a separate post for my HK Disneyland experience, because it's worth sharing really! You might say it's really pricey? But hey, swear and I promise you it's going to be worth it. It was one kind of experience.
DAY 3 obviously we visited OCEAN PARK HONG KONG. The ticket price costs about 345HKD, for what I remembered. Same tip, purchase your ticket ahead in ticket outlets because it's more cheaper.
Did not expect that Ocean Park was so damn big. You even have to ride a cable car in order to get to the other park. On our third day, we were already tired that's why we weren't that overwhelmed visiting Ocean Park. If you want thrill rides, this is the best place for you. I recommend you to ride THE FLASH, HAIR RAISER, and THE ABYSS. Scary it may look but really fun! Out of the three, THE FLASH was the "hellest" ride I ever tried in my entire life. Can't believe that I was able to overcome it. lol!
Highlight for this day, I finally was able to see a Panda in real life. haha! I really wanted to see a panda because they're so cute and adorable! And yes, they're really cute for real! YAAS!
At around 3pm in the afternoon, we headed back to Kowloon and visited Ladies Market in Mong Kok. For those ladies who are so fond of bags, this is the best place for you! The Ladies Market is literally a Ladies Market. There are so many bags for sale there that you could bargain for even half the price of its original price. But just an observation, the sellers in Mong Kok are more worst or scarier than in Temple Street because the seller will really chase you, grab your arm and convince you to buy. I had an experience there wherein I asked the price of a bag, then the woman got mad at me because I did not buy the bag. lol! One way of bargaining there is to literally walkaway, say you don't have money, and they'll just chase you and lower the price. Some sellers even gives lower than half the price they say. So yes, pakipot muna tayo. In the evening of Day 3, we just toured around Hong Kong. Visited some malls, and signature stores.
The following morning was our trip back to Philippines. Haaay sobrang bilis lang! Our one week vacation was one of a kind. It was actually our first time travelling outside the Philippines as a family. Best graduationXbirthday gift evaaaah. haha!
Some tips when visiting Hong Kong? Wear rubber shoes! I suggest you not to wear fashion shoes, sandals, sneakers. Wear literally rubber shoes or walking shoes so that you would feel less sore on your feet after long hours of walking. Also, as soon as you arrive in HK, immediately ask where to buy an Octopus card because it will be your savior in your trip. It's an electronic payment system that you'll be needing for easy access of MTR, bus, and can be used for payments in some stores like McDo and 7/11. For MTR guides, I also suggest you to download the MTR Mobile app because it's very useful. In MTR Mobile app, it will show and guide you the MTR system of Hong Kong, and it will even allow you to plan your trips.
Well my Hong Kong experience was memorable! I really did had fun. I will definitely go back to this place again because there are some places that we were not able to visit due to time constraint. Haaay missing this place already! See you again Hong Kong!
You took great photos! :)) Nice post.
Hong Kong looks amazing, I think I must visit!
Your pictures are so lovely, you have a great eye for photography! Disneyland is always fun and you can tell you had a great time, can't wait to visit!
Miss ko na mag travel. I have a 2 yr old kasi. I don't wanna travel pa ng ganyan sya kabata. Hopefully next year makapag enjoy na kami.
Looking at the pictures, you did have a great adventure at Hong Kong =) Keep it up!
Hong Kong looks awesome! Thanks for sharing!