Throughout more than thirty years with degenerative multiple sclerosis there have been horrible times with the disease that dragged me to deep levels of sickness I did not think were possible. The terrors often came in the darkest nights when exhaustion was at its greatest and I was at the end of my tether emotionally and physically. I would cry out to God while fumbling in the dark for my rosary beside my bed.
Praying the rosary has nourished generations of Christians dating back into antiquity. In medieval times the custom of praying "Paternoster" beads (Latin for Our Father) was common, in many European countries.
It was a way of meditating on the life of Christ from his birth to his resurrection. Medieval Christianity saw Mary the Mother of Christ as a spiritual guide to the mysteries of her Son. Hail Mary evolved as a prayer during that time.
God waits for the Christian at the hour of his life. The prayers of Mary, the Mother of God, precede him. It has been this way throughout the centuries for people who believed in Jesus Christ and placed their trust in Him. So it can be for you and me.
Next Article Hang Up the Phone and Play!
Thank you Mr. Pickup for the acute spiritual insights you provide as a result of your health challenges. God does use such to bestow his blessing through you and other servants, i.e. Sister Faustina Kowalska.
The Protestants, two millennia later are still satisfied with their spiritual dryness, minus Mary.


text:
Bodyform Is Taking Vulva Art to the Bathroom Stalls of London
Because we've all seen enough poorly drawn peen
By Angela Natividad on May 13 2019 - 12:36pm
Ah, the timeless art of johnsons. They're a staple of pop culture, slumbering faces and public bathrooms. TheToiletStudy.com finds that 46 percent of the drawings men make in bathroom stalls are penises, "their most popular subject." (In case you want to peer deeper into that porcelain hole, here's a whole article on what bathroom graffiti tells us about ourselves.)
Where's all the love for ladyparts? Not writ over public toilets, that's for sure.
In the long battle for equality, this isn't the cross we'd have chosen to die on. But Bodyform has decided to take it up, thus relieving us from speculating on whether or not we even should.
The feminine hygiene brand that last year gave us a swanky video of singing vulvas is launching the "Viva La Vulva Bathroom Takeover."
Half of all male toilets in the U.K. feature at least one penis doodle. With illustrator Oliwia Bober and AMV BBDO, the brand will replace such doodles with vulva art across toilet walls and doors throughout London. Queen of Hoxton in Shoreditch already features pastel tributes to our little-admired genitalia.
Illustrator Oliwia Bober
Some 42 percent of women feel embarrassed about their vulvas, and 61 percent feel pressure to make it look a certain way. This comes from Bodyform's own research, conducted in 2018 among 3,000 women in the U.K., France and Sweden.
"It is our mission to break down the taboos that hold women back, so naturally we want to help women celebrate and own their bodies," says marketing manager Traci Baxter of Bodyform. "With our Bathroom Takeover, taking place at select venues where permissions have been granted, we want to celebrate the female form to ensure every woman feels pride in her body. Without a positive relationship with the most intimate part of our body, we can't have a positive relationship with ourselves."
From 2015-16, over 200 girls under 18 underwent labiaplasty in the U.K., per the International Society of Aesthetic Plastic Surgery. Some 150 of them were under 15. This is a totally aesthetic procedure with major physical and psychological risks, especially for girls whose bodies are still developing.
Social media and the ready availability of porn tend to get the blame for how gross women feel about their vaggies, but that doesn't adequately express how common and traumatic body-shaming actually is. The Netflix series Sex Education features a whole story arc about a teen who gets blackmailed when a photo of her vulva is shared with the entire school.
And while trying to correct the problem with bathroom graffiti seems facetious, it's not entirely daft: Ugly dick art is actually so prevalent in our culture that it's almost desensitizing when you're finally faced with the real thing. Could the same be said of vulvas?
I mean, look at the almost extraterrestrial weirdness of this triumph of fallopian tubes. There's a strong case to be made that seeing lots of different kinds of vulvas, rendered with varying degrees of artistry, does send a larger message: Your vag isn't weird. It's unique and sort of crazy but also beautiful and, frankly, miraculous.
"I'm so proud to be involved with the 'Viva La Vulva' campaign with Bodyform and leading the charge for the Bathroom Takeover," says Bober. "Art is one of the most powerful tools for self-expression, and the more we can raise awareness of the beautiful female form, the more women will feel empowered to celebrate their vulva and combat feelings of shame and embarrassment. This campaign is a fantastic example of Bodyform's mission to help break down the taboos that hold women back."
Expect vulvas to flower across London in places that agree to replace their penis doodles. The Bathroom Takeover will run through June 1 and builds on Bodyform's "I'll Say It Again" festival, a celebration of women's voices through theater, art and music.
And just because we feel like it, here's that singing-vulva video from last year.
AMV BBDO
Angela Natividad
@luckthelady
Angela Natividad is a founding contributor to Muse. She is also the co-founder of esports agency Hurrah.gg, and co-author of Generation Creation.
More from Angela Natividad
Inside the Beautiful, Alien Worlds of Medical Illustrator Cynthia Turner
HBO Crafted Amazing 'Personal Daemons' for the Biggest Fans of His Dark Materials
McCann Wins 3 Grand Clios in Health for Donate Life California's 'Second Chances'
Squarespace Just Turned Oscar the Grouch Into a Darling of the Art World
By David Gianatasio

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Coconut oil-based, multifunctional ingredients with antimicrobial activity.
Copperhead Chemical has launched a new line of natural coconut oil based, multifunctional cosmetic ingredients with gentle antimicrobial action that promotes optimal skin flora for naturally beautiful skin. The ingredients are prepared by a patented, green process that harnesses the efficacy of coconut oil medium chain esters to improve formulations, enhance skin feel and help to naturally preserve products, according to the company.
Laurest 1220 and Biopolysan 220B are said to be water soluble, elegant polyglycerol ester blends made from natural and sustainable raw materials; coconut oil and vegetable-based, non-GMO diglycerol. The gentle antimicrobial aspects of these ingredients act to augment and enhance the skin's natural defenses against microorganisms by delivering water soluble fatty acid esters to the skin that help to promote a healthy skin microbiome. The antimicrobial properties of these products are stronger than that of most essential oils.
According to Copperhead Chemical, from self-preserving to broad spectrum, these ingredients are easy to formulate with, provide a luxurious skin feel, promote stable emulsions and simplify preservation strategies. The product offering includes a broad spectrum combination with benzyl alcohol.


To strengthen the economic income base of Andean communities and foster their inclusion into the formal economy via skills training and small business development while conserving Andean cultural traditions.
To strengthen the social capital of Andean communities by implementing educational, sports and youth development programs.
To support improved natural resource management and conservation practices among the Andean people.
Andean Alliance is focused on supporting "grass roots" community development planning capabilities and implementing programs that strengthen the educational and economic base of Andean communities while enhancing their social and environmental conditions. We are dedicated to raising funds through innovative non-government channels that includes everything from simple donations from concerned citizens to the establishment of profitable community businesses.


Dedicated in part to the CYCLOPAEDIA of Ephraim Chambers as well as the spin off publications and Encyclopaedias that evolved out of Chambers's original Cyclopaedia or Universal Dictionary.Here I plan to collect and amass all the available information as concerns the Cyclopaedia, it's publication and all the various editions, as well as presenting images of the plates, and printing devices. I have tracked down photographs of existing copies and present the details of those copies that are currently available for purchase. Also I have collected the sketchy details of the life of Ephraim Chambers, as well as notes about those who were associated with his work, principally John Senex.
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text:
Kareena Kapoor (em hindi: करीना कपूर; Bombaim, 21 de setembro de 1980) é uma atriz, cantora e modelo indiana. Ela é filha dos atores Randhir Kapoor e Babita, e irmã mais nova da atriz Karisma Kapoor. Famosa por interpretar uma variedade de personagens em uma variedade de gêneros de filmes - de comédias românticas a dramas policiais - Kapoor recebeu vários prêmios, incluindo seis Filmfare Awards, e é uma das atrizes mais populares e mais bem pagas de Bollywood.

Depois de fazer sua estréia como atriz no filme de guerra de 2000 Refugee, Kapoor se estabeleceu com papéis no drama histórico Asoka e no melodrama Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham... (ambos em 2001). Esse sucesso inicial foi seguido por uma série de fracassos comerciais e papéis repetitivos, que renderam críticas negativas. O ano de 2004 marcou uma virada para Kapoor, quando ela jogou contra o tipo no papel de uma trabalhadora do sexo no drama Chameli. Em seguida, ela ganhou o reconhecimento da crítica por sua interpretação de uma vítima de motim no drama Dev de 2004 e uma personagem baseada na heroína de William Shakespeare, Desdemona, no filme policial de 2006 Omkara. Outros elogios vieram por suas atuações na comédia romântica Jab We Met (2007), os thrillers Kurbaan (2009) e Talaash: The Answer Lies Within (2012) e os dramas We Are Family (2010), Heroine (2012) e Udta Punjab (2016). Seus lançamentos de maior bilheteria incluem o filme de super-heróis Ra.One (2011), os dramas 3 Idiots (2009), Bodyguard (2011) e Bajrangi Bhaijaan (2015), o filme amigo feminino Veere Di Wedding (2018) e a comédia Good Newwz (2019).

Casada com o ator Saif Ali Khan, com quem tem um filho, a vida de Kapoor fora das telas é objeto de ampla cobertura na Índia. Ela tem a reputação de ser franca e assertiva, e é reconhecida por suas contribuições para a indústria cinematográfica por meio de seu estilo de moda e papéis no cinema. Além de atuar em filmes, Kapoor participa de espetáculos teatrais, apresenta um programa de rádio e contribuiu como co-escritora para três livros: um livro de memórias autobiográfico e dois guias de nutrição. Ela começou sua própria linha de roupas e cosméticos para mulheres e trabalha com a UNICEF desde 2014 na defesa da educação de meninas e para o aumento na educação de qualidade na Índia.

Filmografia

Prêmios e indicações

Bibliografia

Ligações externas

Atores da Índia
Naturais de Bombaim
Família Tagore

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Back to back blizzards for the Bismarck-Mandan area and this last blizzard struck the area quick and hard.
The snow totals are still coming in from around the area and with the sunshine, many people are digging out.
Thank you for submitting your blizzard pictures on our Facebook page. A special shout out to everyone working together to clear our roads. Continue to stay safe and warm! Check out Bismarck-Mandan blizzard pictures below.
This is one Christmas blizzard we'll be talking about for a while.


With the death sentence pronounced on Mohammed Morsi, the first democratically elected President in Egypt's history, it is difficult not to conclude that Egypt is moving away from a democratic destination at an accelerated pace.
Ukraine: where is it going?
It is possible, if there is political will, to find a negotiated settlement on the basis of a new constitution giving greater say to regions in foreign policy. In brief, the US should agree to a sort of Finlandization of Ukraine.
This is the right time to raise a fundamental question about Obama's policy towards Syria: Is there a coherent, consistent policy, based on a reasonably accurate assessment of the ground realities in Syria? The answer is a definite no.
If Greece defaults and walks out, the EU will be in crisis. Speculators will go for Spain and the EU will not be able to find the money to bail out a large economy such as that of Spain.
With the conclusion of the parliamentary and presidential elections, based on a constitution that finely balances the country's Islamic heritage with the need for modernity, Tunisia has done what Egypt has failed to do.
Gaza: What Does Israel Want?
Israel's argues that the Hamas does not recognize its existence, which, up to a point, is technically correct. But, a moment of reflection will show that recognition is exchanged only between states and that since Israel has prevented the emergence of an independent Palestine, it has no right to expect recognition from the other side.
It is painfully clear that no serious attempt is being made to resolve the Syrian crisis. There seems to be a certain fatigue in the international community combined with a belief that it is beyond human ingenuity to bring an end to the crisis; the world has to learn to live with it.
Where is Ukraine headed to?
It is unlikely that Russia has serious plans to invade Ukraine and there is no reason to believe that EU or even US really wants a war. Yet, US, and perhaps Russia too, are prepared to play brinkmanship and it is not beyond the realm of possibility that there can be a war that nobody wanted.
Three meetings to discuss Ukraine are scheduled for the week beginning on Monday, April 14. The first meeting is of EU foreign ministers at Luxembourg on April 14. They are supposed to consider further sanctions on Russia. The next day the EU defence ministers are going to meet. The third meeting in Geneva on April 17 will bring together US, Russia, EU, and EU.


text:
Griggs v. Duke Power Company
PETITIONER:Griggs
RESPONDENT:Duke Power Company
LOCATION:Duke Power Company's Dan River Stream Station
DOCKET NO.: 124
DECIDED BY: Burger Court (1970-1971)
LOWER COURT: United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit
CITATION: 401 US 424 (1971)
ARGUED: Dec 14, 1970
DECIDED: Mar 08, 1971
Willie Griggs filed a class action, on behalf of several fellow African- American employees, against his employer Duke Power Company . Griggs challenged Duke's "inside" transfer policy, requiring employees who want to work in all but the company's lowest paying Labor Department to register a minimum score on two separate aptitude tests in addition to having a high school education. Griggs claimed that Duke's policy discriminated against African-American employees in violation of Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act. On appeal from a district court's dismissal of the claim, the Court of Appeals found no discriminatory practices. The Supreme Court granted certiorari.
Did Duke Power Company's intradepartmental transfer policy, requiring a high school education and the achievement of minimum scores on two separate aptitude tests, violate Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act?
Warren E. Burger:
Mr. Greenberg, you may proceed.
Jack Greenberg:
Mr. Chief Justice and may it please the Court.
This case is here on petition for writ of certiorari to the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit which affirmed in Court and reversed in Court a decision of the United States District Court for the Middle District of North Carolina by decision in which Judge Sobeloff dissented.
The issue is one of statutory construction of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the particular statutory provision for which I would like to draw the Court's attention appears on page 2 of our brief.
The statute makes it unlawful employment practice for an employer to fail or refuse to hire or to discharge any individual or otherwise to discriminate against him with regard to race.
And then in Section 2 which more particularly applies to the issue we have pending here to limit, segregate, or classify his employees in any way which would deprive or tend to deprive any individual of employment opportunity or otherwise adversely affect the status as an employee because of race and other forbidden reasons.
The question presented in this case is whether intelligence tests and a high school graduation requirement may be use as a pre-requisite to promotion from the job of laborer to the job of coal-handler and perhaps other jobs at respondent's power plant.
When these tests, that is the intelligence tests which I might say was adopted on July 2, 1965, the effective date of the Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
When these tests screen out Negroes at a significantly higher rate than they screen out whites and there has been no demonstration that the tests and the high school requirement predict ability to do the job and indeed there is some evidence to the contrary that they do not predict the ability to do the job.
Now, the court below held in the case of employees employed after the high school requirement was instituted that the statute was not violated and as I read the opinion of the court below and the position of respondents, they rests on three separate grounds, that first of all that there was no demonstration of an intent to discriminate.
Secondly, there's a statutory argument and that is that such tests are privileged as "professionally developed ability tests" under Section 703 (h) of Title VII and then there is an assertion by the respondent which we say has no support in the record.
In fact, the record in some parts of the country that the test survey legitimate business need that is that certain employees are not fully promotable throughout the plant to higher positions and that the high school education requirements help select employees who are.
Now, before elaborating our argument, we would like to make our position clear with regard to ability testing.
No employer, we submit under the statute is required to employ anyone who is unable to do the job and any employer may use tests and educational requirements which predict whether an employee or perspective employee can do the job.
But if the tests that's used or the educational requirement that's used screens out members of a race or of a group protected by the statute and does not predict who can do the job or does not have predictive validity as the industrial psychologist use the terminus this record use the term, then it cannot be justified merely on the basis of good faith.
A good faith or intent, we submit is an elusive concept which regularly, frequently is advance in civil rights cases.
We hear good faith defenses in school segregation cases, in jury discrimination cases, in voting discrimination cases and the courts have regularly responded that they look to results and not make an effort to read the mind of an employer or indeed something much more difficult to do to read the mind of a corporation as to what it intends to do by the application of certain standards and tests.
Indeed, while it has not been possible on this record to challenge the good faith of the respondent because that's just something that one can very rarely develop evidence on.
Such a test would be an invitation to many who would seek to evade the statute to hide behind the concept of good faith.
Now as I said Duke Power Company adopted the test requirement for initial employment on July 2, 1965 the date of the Act in question.
Until then and until after the filing of the charge in this case in fact, employment of Duke Power Company was rigidly racially segregated.
Black persons worked in the Labor Department only.
White persons worked in the better and higher paying jobs, that is the departments described in the record of Operations, Maintenance, Test and Laboratory, and Coal Handling.
And the highest paid black worker made less money than the lowest paid white worker under the system.
Now, I understand it in the labor department that that was the only growth was it?
Well, at one time (Voice Overlap) there was a white foreman in the Labor Department.
What my real question is, as a matter of fact and I don't know that I fully understand it, was the Labor Department all Negro and every other department in the company all white, this is prior up to 1965?
Or was it only that the Labor Department was all Negro and that the other departments Coal Handling did have some Negroes in it or not?
The first formulation is the correct one.
There was rigid racial segregation.
The Labor was all black, everything else was all white.
Up until 1965?
Well, indeed until up until after the filing of the charge in this case that's some time after —
1965, wasn't it?
Well, I think the first black men probably got out of the Labor Department in 1966, after the filing of the charge before the employment opportunity.
And there were no Negroes in the other four departments?
There is no question about that on the record.
I don't think the respondent would challenge that for a moment.
I just was surprise as a matter of fact.
Well, the intelligence test was put in at the request of certain non-high school graduate white workers in the Coal Handling Department as a substitute for a high school education and it has been described in the record as a test which would identify the average high school graduate.
So, it's perhaps even somewhat more stringent in the high school education requirement in that that half the high school graduates presumably would be unable to pass these tests.
And to enable them to be promoted to the so-called inside departments, Labor and Coal Handling were outside only the departments or inside.
The high school education requirement was adopted considerably earlier and the date is not certain but it appears to be people talk in terms of about 1955 as a pre-requisite to employment and promotion in all departments but the Labor Department.
Black people can be employed in Labor without a high school education.
Others could be employed in the other departments initially only with a high school education.
But many pre-1955 Duke Power Employees are non-high school graduates at all pay levels throughout the plant and indeed, the — our brief has an analysis of the pay which is earned by various workers.
The pay earned by an average high school work or an average non-high school worker is about the same the calculations are on page 38 of our brief and the Government's brief engages in a similar analysis of promotability comparable promotability and promotion rates of high school and non-high school graduates and it finds that high school and non-high school graduates within the plant are roughly promoted and approximately the same rate.
Does this record show the total employment figure in 1955 and total employment figure currently?
I couldn't spell it out.
There — to quote the respondents in this case and I am sure this is right.
There is "a real stable employment situation there and there have been roughly about 95 workers at all times that are relevant to this case."
Well, I wondered if that figure because it certainly would be countered to the general growth of everything in 15 years.
Well, I'm not familiar with the industry.
It just may be that in the power industry, it's possible to expand power production perhaps from other locations without increasing the work force but the employment situation has remained just about the same.
I think that doesn't seem to be any real doubt about that and they characterize it as stable, and it apparently is.
After the passage of the Act and they filed into complaint before the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, Duke did promote a number of black workers with a high school education over a period of a couple of years.
And the Court of Appeals then ordered the promotability but not the actual promotion of others employed before the high school education requirement was adopted and that is now in further litigation down in the District Court because there is a claim at which the Court has not yet rendered any position that some white people have been brought above this black workers.
The Court has not resolved that.
This case involves four workers frozen in the Labor Department by the test requirement of July 2, 1965 and by the fact that they have no high school education.
Have they taken and failed these tests?
The record is not clear on who has taken and who has not taken these tests.
The record indicates that three of the workers, some of them black and some of them white, we don't know which to a black which one is white.
Half taken and failed the test.
Everyone who has taken the test has failed it.
The record indicates that applicants for employment almost entirely the overwhelming number of the client to take the test.
They don't want to take the test.
This is however class action and our argument about the test is that it is so patently discriminatory as I hope to develop in the moment too that really doesn't matter, that doesn't have any real bearing on the decision of the case.
Well, I thought you said these are four identifiable Negro workers in the Labor Department.
These are four identifiable —
On the class that they represent beyond their own number?
The class in the complaint and in the order allowing an amendment to the complaint is defined as persons presently working at Duke Power and those who may be accepted for employment in the future.
So it is in some sense a rather well-defined class than in the sense quite an open-ended class.
And that open-ended class was accepted was it by the courts?
Yes, the District Court right on pages 17 of the complaint files an order allowing amendment to the complaint and defines it.
Well, then on page 19 also, it's the same thing again order allowing class action.
This action is maintainable as a class action.
Only in so far as six injunctive reliefs and so from the class presented are those represent — are those Negroes presently employed as well as those who make subsequently be employed by defendant standard of the station.
Both those orders on page 17 and 19 (a) may be —
May be subsequently employed, it's not future applicants, is it not?
No, that's not future applicants, those who may subsequently be employed.
Its employees?
And there are now four identifiable people as I understand your submission.
I'm sorry, and then on page 14, its also who may subsequently seek employment by defendant on page 14 order allowing amendment to the complaint.
So it's both.
You're talking about 14 (a) or the —
14 (a) order allowing amendment to the complaint.
Who are now employed that may subsequently seek employment, the first paragraph, the order line.
And then the opinion of the Court —
If these four people, you say it's not clear which —
We do not know —
Which if any have taken the tests –
— any who have, have all failed.
Everybody who's taken the tests has failed.
But it's not clear that any of these four have taken them, is it?
If — we do not know.
We do not know.
I might then point out the order of the Court of Appeals defines the class as those who subsequently maybe employed and may hereafter seek employment.
That's in the very sentence of Judge Forman's opinion.
As I was saying, the case involves those workers who want to be promoted from Labor to Coal Handling.
Now white men without a high school education who have not passed the tests and who do not have a high school education are doing the Coal Handling jobs today.
Typically, the way workers qualify for the coal handling job is by on the job training on page 124 of the larger volume of the record.
Official of the company testifies.
We would have to determine that by action or actually putting them in if there was an opening to see how they would perform.
And then he says, you would take the scene, the man if he is qualified to go into job and make a trial of him and try him out.
And then the method of qualifying the job is elaborated also on page 23 as in response to interrogatory 27.
The company provides on-the-job-training.
Prior to 1955, did you say there was no high school test?
And there are — does the record show how many people are in the non-labor force who did not meet the high school — would not today be able to meet the high school?
Yes, the record shows that there is a, there is a document filed by the respondents which the education of everyone who on page 126 of this record of everyone who works in the plant by my rough calculation about a third of the people in the plant do not have a — are not high school graduates.
Would that be — does this record show how that compares with the change in standards generally and this are comparable industries that I assume many people today will have requirements it be the high school or college who did not have it 15 or 20 years ago —
Does this show any hideous —
There is some statement by respondents that elsewhere in the utility industry tests of this sort are being used.
But I would like to say that there is first of all, there is no demonstration to perform the job of coal handler, you have to have a high school education.
In fact, if you look at the labor's jobs, the labor's jobs and the coal handler's jobs, job specifications are here in pages 48 and 65 of the record and they're roughly the same.
The coal handler just to read a few of them has to operate certain vehicle service and clean coal handling equipment and be able to record weight on page 48.
On page 65, the labor has to operated company vehicles, operate floor sweeping machines, tractors, trucks and so forth, lift trucks and so forth.
Things are comparable.
The jobs are — people are trained for the job, by on-the-job training.
There is no indication that the high school education in any way qualifies want to do the job.
And indeed if one were to look at the Wonderlic tests which appears here on page 102 of the record, it's difficult to see how for the qualifications put now for coal handler there is any need to know or even have a sense of the difference between the words adopt and adept, reflect — reflect and reflex, pretensions and pretentious, image and imaginary, enlarge and aggrandize, and various other kinds of test.
Would that have a — would that have validity and promotability aspect of not?
There is absolutely no evidence that it would at all.
We do not deny that there are jobs which that kind of a test or some kind of a test might have some validity.
The Wonderlic people who prepared the tests themselves say the test is not useful unless it has been — unless it has what they call predict the validity, you have to see whether or not passing these tests qualifies you to do this job.
This test is not an open sesame to decide who can do any job in the whole world.
Or would it be a violation of the Act if an employer had a general policy that he would not hire anyone in any capacity if they didn't meet certain potential promotability qualifications?
That would not be a violation of the job if he could demonstrate that that kind of capacity to be promotable is necessary to do the job and necessary for the operation if it is planned.
And then it might not be a violation either if he did not disproportionately screen out members of a protected race or national group or —
Now that's the key to your case?
That's the key.
There is —
But if the impact of any tests screens out one particular category whether it happens to be women or Negroes or Orientals or whatever, then its — it at least suspect to such?
Then it must be justified in terms of some sort of validation of its ability to predict and here we have in the State of North Carolina, one-third as many black people as white people graduate from high school.
Examinations of this Wonderlic test by the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission and now recently in the case in the Eastern District of Louisiana, Hicks against Crown-Zellerbach show that the Wonderlic test by vast disproportions screens out black people for the very same reason that high school education requirement does.
It is really a test of the capacity to do the kind of thing a high school graduate may be able —
Then if the power plant in let us say the State of Maine on the assumption that they would be almost all white population there, if the power plant in the State of Maine had a high school or other aptitude test that was directed promotability and it did not have any impact — adverse impact on any particular racial group or national origin group.
It would not put to the Act?
An industrial problem, I would suggest they might be depriving themselves of people otherwise to do the job very well.
But that would not be the problem that —
No, no violation problem?
No violation problem.
If it has a disproportion impact upon black people or members of some of the various protected groups then they can use it if they can justify it in terms of business necessity.
But if these tests of July 2, 1965 screens out blacks and high school education requirements screens them out and they — it has no bearing on who can and cannot do the job then it's our position and may not refuse it.
I'd like to reserve the balance of my time.
Alright, Mr. Greenberg.
Mr. Ferguson.
George W. Ferguson, Jr.:
Mr. Chief Justice, may it please the Court.
We are here today to determine the rights, duties, and obligations of employers and employees in private employment.
In the mid 1950s as has been indicated to you, Duke Power Company adopted a practice of requiring a high school education for promotion or hiring into all departments other than the Labor Departments at its Steams Stations.
The heart of this case is whether or not that practice is discriminatory under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 as to four Negroes who were hired after the adoption of that requirement.
Since adoption of the requirement, no employee white or black has been hired into departments other than the labor department unless he had a high school education.
A collateral issue in this case in our view is whether or not the tests used by the company as a substitute for the high school requirement violates the Act.
Petitioners assert that the educational requirement is discriminatory because it fails to meet the test of business necessity.
To meet that test, petitioners claim that any such requirement must be validated for job relatedness.
On the other hand, the company claims and the District Court below and the majority of the Court of Appeals below found and concluded that under the record, evidence in this case, the educational requirement had a genuine business purpose and was adopted to upgrade the quality of the defendant's workforce and was not adopted with any intent to discriminate against Negroes hired after adoption of the requirement.
The uncontradicted evidence of record in this case is that employees and the operations and maintenance department are responsible for the safe, efficient, and reliable operations and maintenance of complex machinery used in the production of electric and energy.
Those in the Laboratory Department must be able to perform laboratory conditions — operations which include water analysis, coal analysis and keep accurate logs with respect to those operations.
Those in the Test Department must maintain the accuracy of instruments, gauges, and control devices.
Employees in Coal Handling must be able to read and understand manuals relating to complex machinery and operate that machinery in order to progress through the coal handling classification satisfactorily.
All of these jobs we submit to you require a degree of skill, judgment, and intelligence and we would respectfully say to you that it supports the company's decision to require in overall general intelligence and mechanical comprehension level as reasonably necessary to safely and efficiently operate a plant costing millions of dollars which performs a complex function of electric power production which this company as a public utility is required by law to maintain adequate and continuous service.
If there were no high school graduation requirements to the labor force, how do you suggest that would adversely affect the company's operation?
What's the —
There is no high school requirement for the labor force, may it please, Your Honor.
Then I misheard you.
I thought you said every person hired on the labor force.
No, sir.
Every person hired since 1955, in all departments other than the Labor Department have a high school education.
I'm glad you corrected that.
I thought your statement was in conflict with what I remembered in the rest.
Thank you for calling my attention sir.
In addition, this record shows that —
May I just ask it, clarify this, today if a person applies for a job —
— at this plant, he must have a high school education must he if he is to be considered for employment in any of the four departments other than the labor department?
Is that it?
Yes and he must also pass these tests.
He must do both now.
He must do both.
A new applicant as of now must do both, would he?
He must have a high school education requirement and he must pass the test with the score of the average high school graduate.
The test that we use here must —
It's a double test, isn't it?
Yes, that is for new employees only.
The test here may it please Your Honor were utilize as an alternate for the high school requirement as to give incumbents only not new employee but incumbents only, the chance to enter and progress into the higher skill lines of progression without the necessity of having a high school education.
And so but a new applicant today must have a high school diploma in the first place?
And then must be also take the both the Wonderlic Test and the Bennett or Bennett tests?
It must make 20 on the Wonderlic and 39 on the Bennett Mechanical.
And this is true for all, any of the four departments other than the Labor Department?
And as of today, the Labor Department still requires neither of those qualifications.
They have to take a Revised Beta tests that is not in this appendix but they take Revised Beta tests which really is no more than just an appreciation of danger and understanding of how to follow instructions.
In addition, I would say to you that Mr. ACT who is the Vice-President of Power Production and in charge of steam plants on our company system stated that the company instituted the high school requirement because its business was becoming more complex.
It had employees who are unable to grasp situations to read, to write, and who didn't have an intelligence level really to progress upward in the higher skill lines of progression that were talking about and in fact some refuse promotion because they didn't feel that they could do the job.
Now when you say, we're talking about, are you talking about promotion within the department or are you talking about interdepartmental transfer?
Interdepartmental transfer.
We, I was — at that point Your Honor, I was saying this, that we found that we were getting some road blocks, well because we had hired people without a high school education and without the mechanical and general intelligence level that ultimately, in view of our business become a more complex.
We were hiring people and we were suffering road blocks and these tests and as the petitioners only evidence were designed to exclude — to include not exclude anybody without a high school education.
They have three non-discriminatory alternatives about which they can travel into the other, the higher skill lines of progression.
One, they could take the tests and make satisfaction scores in progress or two, they could take advantage of the company's tuition refund program which we pay 75% of the costs of and get a high school diploma or GED equivalent, or they can do it on their own.
They have those three alternatives.
The record makes that clear.
— existing employees?
This is for incumbents about which we are talking only.
Remember the court below cured its termination as to the six black employees who were contemporaneously hired with or after the whites who were hired into the better departments and have been progress in law and order that when the District Court fashioned a decree that it would take those six employees, waive the education and test requirement as to them and require plant lab rather than departmental seniority with respect thereto.
Does that answer your question, sir?
Well, I think so.
I've had a little trouble of the facts in these case and I —
As to the three high school graduates they were all promoted after the Civil Rights Act became effective on July 2, 1965.
They were all promoted out of labor into the higher skill lines of progression and which we would contend is the precise effect Congress intended.
Because both courts below found and concluded that Negroes were relegated to the Labor Department prior to the effective date of the Act.
Let me see if I can translate what you've said in terms of the factual situation on this record but the operation of it if a man, if any racial or a national origin is hired in the labor department now without a high school education or any other tests.
And at some point, things he can qualify for one of the other operating departments of the company.
Is he permitted to — does he come within this group whose tuition is paid three-fourths by the company?
And if you access the test, he can join in this upward movement?
If he comes in without a — I see your point Mr. Chief Justice, if he comes in at the — in the Labor Department without a high school education, your question is does he have to pass the test and have a high school education requirement also, is that true?
Or to get out of it and move on?
He could take the tests and move on.
We're speaking about new hires into departments other than Labor must have a high education and in addition thereto pass these two tests that we're talking about.
Now since these tests have been an inaugurated since this policy is in effect, how many people have move out of the labor force by this rout into other branches?
Through the testing rout?
(Voice Overlap) As indicated earlier, three — two blacks and one white have passed the tests — have taken the tests but not passed.
So, none have moved out by virtue of the additional promotional avenue we gave them.
Now, had all three of them taken the training course at the shared expense of the company?
No sir, they have not.
One — we have one who has recently passed or given as or shown a satisfactory evidence of a high school education.
He is now the Labor Department foreman.
Hugo L. Black:
Who conducted these tests?
A Mr. Richard Lemons at this particular plant, Justice Black.
Was he an employee of the company?
Anyone else participate?
I don't believe anyone else at this particular plant.
Any charge of unfairness of any kind in the tests?
They passed by that.
Well, there is a claim that the tests is an inherently an unfair tests, so far as Negroes are concerned.
Alright Your Honor, may I speak of that just a moment?
Well, that is — do I understand the claim in opposition correctly?
They claim the tests as to Negroes are unfair because they are culturally deprived and therefore placed at a competitive disadvantage.
And what they're asking is that you tailor a new test that will be directed at the particular job ahead.
Yes, sir and I would respectfully submit to you that the legislative history of the Act clearly showed that general intelligence and aptitude tests that Congress intended they should be used.
And I'd point specifically to Senator Tower's language.
This is all discussed in pages 27-340 of the brief.
I would direct the Court's — the attention of the Court to this when Senator Tower called up his original amendment, he stated, "It is an effort to protect the system whereby employers give general ability and intelligence tests to determine the trainability of employees."
What page were you on precisely?
That is page 31 of our brief, Your Honor.
If you'll go on over to page 32, you will see Senator Lawshe's questions demanding to know where there is language in this field that allows the Motorola type test be given.
I would point out even more particularly to you on page 38 the Clark case Interpretative Memorandum prepared by the Justice Department which states this.
There is no requirement in Title VII that employers abandon bona fide classification tests where because of differences and background and education, members of some groups are able to perform better on these tests than members of other groups.
An employer may set his qualifications as a high as he likes.
He may test to determine which applicants have these qualifications and he may hire, assign, and promote on the basis of tests performance.
Now the Justice Department through the Solicitor General's amicus curiae apparently now claims that the tests breveted only if they're specifically job related and apparently repudiates the Interpretative Memorandum on which Congress of the United States relied when it enact that legislation.
Well, nothing that I heard you read would say that the tests could be non-job related.
So that they can be as high as he likes.
But it doesn't say they can be wholly irrelevant to the job that is being employed to fill.
Well, may I answer that this way.
The Bennett and the Wonderlic are of course professionally developed tests.
That alone we realized is not enough.
The courts below found that we have a genuine business purpose in adopting the high school education requirement when they found that the tests were a reasonably satisfactory substitute for the high school education requirement.
Now, if we assume that the tests are professionally developed ability tests and that Congress intended to allow the use of general aptitude and ability tests then and in that event the crucial inquiry becomes this.
Are the tests designed, used, or intended to discriminate.
Now, as to design, the two testing question here were designed by professional psychologists.
The record evidence shows that the Wonderlic was designed to measure general intelligence and that the Bennett Mechanical AA was designed to measure mechanical comprehension.
The use — the use of the two tests are as a substitute for the high school education requirement.
Purely and simply to determine if the employee has a general intelligence overall mechanical comprehension level of the average high school graduate.
What about the intent?
Well, once the employer establishes a legitimate business purpose for an employment practice testing or otherwise, then that practice is non-discriminatory even if it operates to prefer whites over black.
If the intent and the legitimate business purpose are inextricably bound up together I would submit to the Court.
That statutory were used as kind of a slippery and ambiguous word in this context.
It could be read couldn't it and as I gather how your brothers in the other side read it.
That is if they are used results in discrimination then they're use to discriminate and on the other hand it could be read as if they, that if they're not subjectively used for purposes of discrimination, then they're alright.
I simply suggest that that's not the clearest word in the world in this context.
Well sir, I would submit to you that it's factually impossible to use it to discriminate in this case as I point out on page 26 on our brief.
Let me see if I can focus with you for a moment on the difference that you suggested existed between the Department of Justice position previously and now.
Alright, sir.
On page 38, the italicized language that you were referring to I think, does the amendment relates to the business or enterprise, the business or enterprise not to the specific jobs that's what the Department of Justice said in that memorandum.
The Department of Justice seems to be saying now, do you suggest that the amendment concerning the tests relates to specific jobs as distinguished from enterprise?
Apparently so, what you're referring to Mr. Chief Justice is the First Tower Amendment.
And this — I believe the Clark case Interpretative Memorandum was submitted after the First Tower Amendment.
I am not sure about that but the language I had reference to is on page 31 of the brief.
Down about middle of the page where he said it is an effort to protect the system.
I would point out also to you that both the EEOC has held that educational qualifications don't violate the Act.
I believe you'll find that as appendix exhibit number 4.
But general ability and intelligence tests wouldn't universally relate to specific jobs, would they?
Would you ponder on that at lunch while we recess?
If you please, Your Honors, someone else has 10 minutes of my time [Laughing].
[Lunch Recess]
Findings and conclusions of the court below should not be set aside unless they're found to be clearly erroneous and in closing I would comment on the petitioner's argument that the educational test requirement has a vast discriminatory potential.
That simply is not a valid contention because the lower court carefully guarded against the broad approval of all educational and testing requirements by restricting its decision solely to the facts of this case and that decision should, we respectfully submit, be affirmed.
Mr. Ferguson, may I ask you one question?
I'm under the impression that there were 14 original, no 13 original plaintiffs here, is this correct?
Yes sir, that is correct.
One Negro who had a high school education was not a plaintiff.
There are 14 Negroes employed at the Dan River Steam Station, one of which had been promoted in the Coal Handling and was not a plaintiff in this action.
Well, I wonder what had happen to him and this is the answer to it then.
Mr. Cohen.
Lawrence M. Cohen:
I appear before you today in behalf of the Chamber of Commerce of the United States to urge affirmance of the decision below.
This case is one which is a vital concern to employers, both small and large throughout the United States.
In today's labor market, there are often many applicants for the job, just as there are many employees who desire to be promoted into a better position.
The employer must make a choice and the choice confine the employers often a difficult one.
We believe employers must be permitted to be able to use objective, generally accepted standards of intelligence, educational achievement or ability in order to make that decision.
Mr. Cohen, let me put this question to you if I can.
Assume area of the country where I suppose in the southwest there are people whose primary language is Spanish and have a rather limited comprehension of English.
Suppose an employer provided for farmworkers that they must pass the test, something like a literacy test in English on official that would be a rational request generally from employers I'm sure.
Its impact in the southwest in that particular area for the farmworkers might have no relationship at all to the job, might or might not, wouldn't that bring it under the Act if the impact was there?
I think this is really the heart of this case.
Most educational test today unfortunately or aptitude test have a discriminatory impact on one and more racial groups.
This is the educ problem of the social economic status of these groups as it historically evolved.
We would — the position that petitioner's urge says that wherever you have an educational requirement, wherever you have an intelligence test, the employers then are obligated to prove business necessity that he had to use that particular tests.
We believe that where the employer has a legitimate business purpose and can demonstrate to the Court on the basis of the evidence in the case that he had a legitimate business purpose for the tests, he ought to be permitted to use it.
When Congress enacted Title VII, it knew that educational requirements and tests had a potential discrimination on the type that you've just referred to.
It did not allow to use a test.
They did not prohibit the use of educational requirements.
It tried to reach a compromise where employers could use such test and use such educational requirements as long as they were not a pretext or substitute for discrimination.
Well, does the Duke, does it go that far that it must be a subterfuge or is it on the impact?
Well, I — It's — It isn't — it's whether on the basis of the evidence in the case. Did the employer use or intend that the test be discriminatory?
That's the words for example of 703 (h).
Our fear here really is that if a business necessity test is adopted of the type that petitioners varies to this Court, the result would be that employers won't be able to any objective test.
Well, would you regard business necessity and business related as being the same or as one stronger than the other?
No, I think the difference is between business necessity which is the position, the petitioners and the Government urged and legitimate business purpose.
This the way the Court of Appeals split on the case.
In the majority opinion, the court says the respondent had a legitimate business purpose and persist the details some six or seven reasons why it believes that there had a legitimate business purpose.
It approached in a case by case basis and on the based of the entire record.
Judge Sobeloff in his dissent says the test is one of business necessity.
And that in turn is the position that petitioners urge before this Court today.
The problem really is one of what does business necessity mean.
One Court of Appeals recently held that business necessity means that essential to the safe and efficient operation of the employers business.
The trouble is that educational requirements or tests are never can be shown to be essential.
So the test is essential.
The employer must fall back and use something other than objective criteria because under the EEOC's definition of a test, any objective means selecting employees is considered a test.
That's really what we're talking about today.
We're not talking about the Wonderlic test.
We're not talking about the Bennett test.
We're talking about objective means of choosing which employee should fit in to a particular job or which employee should be hired in the first place.
And if the employers cannot use objective means, then the only way they can choose employers is either subjectively who does the interviewer like, or on the basis some arbitrary method like the first person in is the first person hired.
And we feel and that the Court noted in the Porter case that if you use subjective or arbitrary means, it have a vastly greater potential for discrimination and a vastly greater potential for poor business decisions and related business decision than a test in the objective kind of criteria which the Duke Power used here.
And our fear is that if the test —
Thurgood Marshall:
Mr. Cohen, what relationship does either these tests have to "Coal Handling?"
The Court of Appeals found that on the facts of this case, the tests served the legitimate business capacity — business purpose by hiring a reservoir of able employees in Coal Handling who cannot only do the jobs there but were reasonably able to be promoted into the higher skill jobs.
Whether on the — I would feel that the Court of Appeals decision is a reasonable one here and that should not be disturbed.
But the real — my real point here is that the test has to be one that —
Why not put the same test before you hire a laborer?
I'm sorry Mr. Justice Marshall?
Why don't they have the same test before you're hired as laborer in Duke?
Well, I think the difference is that there's greater skills required of the employees in the Coal Handling Department.
Well, they might go up to be president too?
That's correct but the question is, does should you in each case require the employer before he uses a tests to first demonstrate that that test is related just to that particular job?
Or can you hire from, have a test that relates to more than that particular job?
But assume that you can hire somebody as a coal handler and put the requirement that he have a PhD, you have that right, any employer but does he have that right under this Act?
That's the question.
My question is — my feeling Mr. Justice Marshall is that this is like a case of an employer who discharges a union employee during a union organizational campaign.
He doesn't have a right to discharge if he's discharging the employee because he's engaged in union activities.
But he does have the right if he is acting within for a legitimate business purpose and not because he is trying to get up the employee because of union person.
If someone sets up a standard for the Coal Handling Department and does that with for no business purpose and only so that he can prohibit Negroes from entering that department then I think he has violated this law.
But he did it none for well that he had a prior policy of rigid segregation and exclusion.
He is not writing on a clean slate.
And he quit this rule in as I understand it, the day the Bill became effective.
The company put in the — the policy of permitting as an alternate to the educational requirement of permitting test.
That was put in the day effective, the educational requirement itself and the day of the Act by some 10 years.
Now, what the employer did when the Act became effective was to create and additionally avenue for promotion that was over and above what he had done prior to the Act.
Before that, all you needed to show was a high school diploma?
And after that, if you didn't have a high school diploma, you have to give a test which he gave.
He — Duke gave the test, mark the test, right?
What — yes, I think that's what the point that I like to make is that, I think what the Court of Appeals needed to consider was often is the timing of the tests, what the employers racial relation, what is generally action was in the area of race relations, what kind of expert opinion her relied on.
What he did later on is back his engage in validation studies now.
It was on the basis of that entire record that the Court of Appeals had to make a decision of whether there was a legitimate business purpose.
The same way the Court of Appeals I say would have considered whether the employer really had a legitimate business purpose in discharging a union employee.
I think the Court of Appeals consider all these facts.
It waived the timing as you've indicated along with the other facts on the record and it reach to what is a reasonable decision and the decision that I think this Court ought not to disturb.
My principle reason here appearing is an amicus is not so much to argue the facts of whether the Court's decision was correct or whether the Court of Appeals applied the correct tests.
That I think is the key issue in this case.
And we would urge that the Court of Appeals did apply the correct tests.
Where they reach the correct result applying the test is a different story.
Well, we think the correct test should be one as the Court of Appeals did of whether the employer and all the circumstances of the case and on a case by case approach adopted a — had a legitimate business purpose for its testing requirement or for its educational requirement.
Without regard to job relation?
Yes, I think job relationship is one aspect and not the only aspect of the case.
But should they consider your brief?
Oh absolutely!
But it should not be determinative either under the EEOC's guidelines or under business necessity test.
Well, let me be sure that I understand your response to my hypothetical question.
If the fruit pickers and farmworkers down the southwest had this English language test, you'd regard that as not very job related?
No, I would — my feeling is you can never prove that there was a business necessity for that test and nor that it was job related in the sense that the employers had to have that skill in order to perform the job.
It probably would not — if it had not as I understand the petitioner's position, if it had not been validated and which includes job relatedness.
Under the EEOC's guidelines, the employer could not use it.
There command of English would be relevant only to the extent that was necessary to understand the instructions, isn't that about that?
You would have to demonstrate that the employers could not do the job if they did not have an understanding of English.
Have the employer — that an understanding of English was essential to the job.
The employer could not prove those two points.
He would have violated the law.
Thank you Mr. Cohen.
Mr. Greenberg you have about 10 minutes left.
I would like to get to the record in this case because I would like to assert to this Court that this record nowhere demonstrates that this high — the high school education or the ability to pass the test is related to any job that is from labor to coal handler or from coal handler to anywhere else.
That's saying that in some plants, somewhere and some records, someone might not demonstrate that and if they did, it would be a different case.
It is not demonstrated here and I'd like to read this, "But two of many proportions of the record that indicate that the contrary is —
What — where are you reading?
Well, I'm going to read from page 179, Dr. Moffie, the respondent's industrial psychologist and he said the same the number of times.
But here he said, "They're trying to validate each job.
We are doing job related validities.
For example, we have completed one study where —
That's about one-fourth of the page down, isn't it?
We have completed one study.
We had taken over roughly 100 to 200 people in some categories.
Well, over 200 people of different job levels where we have attempted to validate the Wonderlic.
And we are finding as pointed out this morning by Dr. Barron.
Dr. Barron is the petitioner's expert that we are too broad.
You can find that throughout the record.
Now as to the high school education on page 188 and of course this is redundant because the test in this case is meant to demonstrate whether they are average high school graduate and so it is redundant but in any event, Dr. Moffie says, "High school education would merely tell you that you have the necessary —
Let's locate our spot first.
188, just above the colloquy on the bottom of the page.
High school education would merely tell you that you have necessary abilities as defined by a high school education and if the company feels that this is required in this job that's all that would tell you.
That's what respondents in the amicus is saying that if the company feels that you ought to have this qualifications then the company ought to have the right to do it and — but that's not what the statute says.
The statute changes the pre-existing situation and says its unlawful employment practice for an employer too.
And I'll just summarize here, classify employees in any way which would deprive or tend to deprive any individual employment opportunities or otherwise adversely affect the status.
And the statute says you may not classify them.
They have classified them by ability to take the tests and have a high school education and it deprives and certainly tends to deprive them and adversely affects them with respect to employment and promotion and pay.
And we submit that's a violation of the statute.
Now there is an exception in this statute that was referred to.
Section 703 (h) which is the professionally developed ability test provision and that comes out of the Motorola case which was referred to.
The Motorola case was a case quite unlike this case.
Motorola and this case are not the same cases at all.
Motorola was a case in which a Hearing Examiner held that even though a Negro applicant for a job could not pass a test and could not do the job, he nevertheless ought to be employed with some notion of compensatory employment, compensatory credit for being deprive and so forth and so on.
And that's not this case and that's not this statute.
If these petitioners were taking a job validated, job related tests and they could not pass the tests and not passing the tests indicated they could not do the job, we would not be here today.
But these are tests which the respondents have considered throughout the record do not indicate anything at all about the ability to do job.
Non-high school graduates are in Coal Handling, Maintenance, Laboratory and Test, Operations.
They are being promoted at the same — approximately as the calculations in the Government's brief indicates and promoted at the same rate as high school graduates, they are earning approximately the same pay as high school graduates and the argument that they have to be able to pass these tests go from Labor to Coal Handling so that that they then can reach some very much higher lever at the plant.
It's just not born out in addition to which I mean just to look at —
Mr. Greenberg, perhaps you're saying that on the facts here there are — the Company hasn't made out that any of its other jobs, the higher jobs require a high school diploma or an ability to pass these tests.
Let's assume that it shall not though although the jobs in which they were hiring initially didn't require it.
Then we would have a different case.
If it were shown that this —
I know we'll have different case but as you come out on it.
If it were shown that these were a place — a plant with rapid and frequent promotion which is not true here, the place is stagnant, it were stable as the call it.
But anyway, promotions are from inside mostly?
If promotions were from inside and it were necessary to — and the company can demonstrate that blocking up the lines of progression would adversely affect the operation of the plant.
We would not be urging the position, our position with respect to that situation.
In other words, it would be job related.
It would be job validated but in some other sense with regard to promotability.
As Judge Sobeloff, I gather would agree with what you just said and he said that however, there's been no showing in this case that any — that these tests are related in any of these other jobs.
That's right, it's not — I mean you can divide the job validation issue into two parts.
The job validation as respect to medium employment and future employment over some period of time and that second category is not quite as simple because I think the company might have to demonstrate that there is a regular flow of people through the plant and if they can't function with people stopping of somewhere along the way up the ladder.
But nevertheless, if the could show that and they could show that it would interfere with their functioning properly to have people sort of stop in the line of progression not to conform in and supervise this and so forth, then they would have establish a current of job validation.
But they haven't even done that here.
They just made an assertion about it.
And that's not adequate to divest the petitioners of their rights, we would submit.
You don't think general allegations that there are a lot of jobs on the ladder that require some kind of abstract skills and things like that isn't — it's just not enough?
I would say that would be enough — not enough when you're dealing in an area like this where without speaking about any particular case, there's a lot of duplicity going on and a lot of cases.
You have to have something you can deal with objectively but quite a part from that, we have non-high school graduates across the total range of employment in these plants, so it just really doesn't hold the water.
Just a final word about 703 (h), we submit that the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission which is charge by the statute with the enforcement of the statute is in a particular peculiar — peculiarly advantageous position to construe it and it has construed the term professionally developed ability test to mean a job validated test.
So far as the legislative history is concerned, briefs are full of it.
We think that the conclusion of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission should be dispositive.
We think that we have demonstrated quite clearly in the brief of legislative history indicates that one ought to be able to pass a test which indicates his ability to do a job not just to pass a test in the abstract which doesn't indicate anything at all.
Mr. Chief Justice you asked the question about the ability to speak Spanish.
There was a case quite like that which was settled that that was against one of the southwestern power companies but involved height.
In order to be a lineman, you had to be above a certain height and for variety of reasons, Mexican Americans in that part of the county were not above the certain height, generally speaking and they could not get the job.
Yet there was no indication that height had anything at all to do with the ability to do the job.
Proceeding was brought and the case was settled but it never came to a decision.
But we would submit that if one could show that this was a height test and that only one-third as many black people qualified for the height test as white people and that height had nothing whatsoever to do with the ability to do the job, we've exactly this case here and that the result should be the same.
Let me ask you this Mr. Greenberg.
Suppose in terms of eligibility to intern in a hospital.
The hospital standard required that they be persons whose scholastic training and general aptitude is measured by some reasonable tests, such that they would be qualified to become staff members.
In standing alone, would you grant that as a reasonable criteria?
Mr. Chief Justice, it's not a subject of which I know anything at all but it would seem to me that a medical education is really is ought to be directly related to the ability to practice medicine and once the excellence of one's training and what one has learned has demonstrated by his record would bear some relation.
I would assume that's —
The implication of my question are that some medical graduates would and some would not be able to meet that ultimate test of being ultimately qualified to be staff members.
Well, I would assume that relevant criteria would be used and that would be job validated.
I would think that it make sense to me.
I can't imagine why it wouldn't but it's not — it's anything I really know anything about.
Thank you Mr. Greenberg.
Thank you gentlemen.
The case is submitted.
Hamm v. City of Rock Hill
Avent v. North Carolina
Goss v. Board of Education of Knoxville, Tennessee
Fikes v. Alabama – Oral Argument – December 06, 1956 (Part 2)
Case Briefs - 1970


Bobolinks (Dolichonyx oryzivorus) travel 12,000 miles each year to their North American breeding areas, where they have experienced habitat loss and degradation for decades. The declining grassland bird may also face threats in South America, where a recent study found the bird relies heavily on rice fields for food, and those fields are often farmed with pesticides.
"I found one-third of their diet was rice," said Rosalind Renfrew, lead author on the study published in The Condor: Ornithological Applications.
The bobolink summers between British Columbia and New Brunswick, but Renfrew, a conservation biologist with the Vermont Center for Ecostudies, wondered what threats this "iconic species often used to represent grassland birds" may face on its South American wintering grounds. To answer this question, she investigated the species' nutritional reliance on cultivated rice during wintertime and its potential consequences.
Renfrew and her colleagues netted the birds from populations breeding in Nebraska, North Dakota and Vermont in 2008. Before the birds' August molt, the team collected flight feathers, which had grown on the wintering grounds, to examine for dietary clues. Analyzing carbon in the feathers, they confirmed that rice constituted a significant part of their winter diet.
That raises concerns, she said, because of pesticide use on rice farms in some South American countries. The findings not only have potential implications for the already dwindling bobolink population, Renfrew said, but for the broader ecosystem as well.
"If pesticides are affecting bobolinks, they're affecting a suite of species that also use rice fields," she said.
Renfrew is following up with a paper about the levels of pesticide exposure in bobolinks feeding on rice in Bolivia.
Where do the bats killed by turbines come from?


The list is far too long to name every doughnut shop in central Ohio, and it seems new shops are popping up daily – not that we're complaining. However, any aficionado will tell you that not all doughnuts are created equal.
From the classics like Buckeye Donuts, Resch's Bakery and DK Diner, to the newcomers like Destination Donuts, Duck Donuts and The Donut Experiment, Columbus residents should be thrilled to know there is no shortage of new doughnuts to try. But what makes each one unique?
Resch's Bakery has been serving baked goodness to central Ohioans since 1912, and that means you're sure to get something you love. According to Resch's, there's a major difference between "doughnuts" and "donuts:" While doughnuts are older, donuts are the true American variety. Expect nothing less than mouth-watering American basics done right.
Similarly, DK Diner's bakers know that they might not make the most frou-frou doughnut in central Ohio, but they've mastered the art in the 30-plus years since DK Diner's opening. In fact, says DK Diner's general manager, Anthony Teny, that's something that DK Diner, Resch's, Schneider's Bakery and Buckeye Donuts share; a product with a historic, tried-and-true taste. And there ain't nothing wrong with that.
There's something to be said of stepping into a Columbus institution like one of the older, established doughnut shops. You might get an eyebrow raise if you ask for bacon on your order, but you'll feel a part of something dependable and no less delectable.
If you're in the mood to branch out and try something that's as much a feast for the eyes as it is for the stomach, don't worry; we've got you covered.
Aptly named, The Donut Experiment gives you the power to do what you want. Looking for sea salt, Oreo cookies, cereal or a candy bar on your doughnut? What about a Sriracha doughnut? The perfect opportunity for a flight of doughnuts, snag a dozen from the Donut Experiment and each one will taste completely different from the last. The winner of Best Doughnut in Columbus from this year's Best of the 'Bus, Duck Donuts, has a huge variety of toppings, too – though Columbus area manager Jenna Grayson wouldn't suggest getting too wild with it.
However, what makes Duck Donuts really special is that, no matter what time of day you walk in, you can always expect a warm doughnut. That's because each one is dunked in the fryer as you walk in on a made-to-order basis.
And for a uniquely modern Columbus experience, make the North Market a stop to test out Destination Donuts. You can only find its doughnuts in the North Market or various central Ohio coffee houses, and owner Heather Morris makes it her goal to use as many locally sourced ingredients as possible.
Which is your favorite? After trying each spot, coming up with an answer might be harder than you think. When you finally decide, don't forget to vote at www.cityscenecolumbus.com.
If your doughnut itch still hasn't been scratched, don't worry – there's more. For that true Ohio experience, you'll have to step outside the brick and mortars. Some of central Ohio's farms offer just as good a doughnut as any shop – just don't forget to bring a basket for apple picking.


text:
import PropTypes from 'prop-types';
import React from 'react';

export default class Label extends React.Component {
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  render() {
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        <span className="hextrapolate-base">
          {this.props.text}
        </span>
        {this.props.children}
      </label>
    );
  }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


As an aggressive, patient-centered growth company, Aspen Dental Management, Inc. (ADMI) has been focused on programs related to new office openings. In an effort to better support existing practices and their associates, the ADMI Training and Development team developed the PEP (Practice Execution Program). This face-to-face program works to improve communication and teamwork between the office leaders; dentist and practice manager. Practice-centered analysis, reflection and collaborative exercises highlight this 2.5 day event and reinforce the understanding that when the manager and dentist forge a solid working relationship, strong results in practice performance and patient satisfaction are achieved.
ITT's Plant Performance Learning Services (PPLS) offers training solutions for optimizing industrial plant performance to customers and distributors around the world. The variety of courses offered targets different levels of plant personnel for a customer with a goal to increase in-plant reliability competency. Our needs assessment process allows us to identify the potential gap between the current skills/knowledge and the desired level of performance. The gaps are used to define training objectives and develop courses specific to customer needs. Subject matter experts are trained in delivering the courses that support a learner centered training environment. The goal of PPLS is to provide training to generate revenue that positively impacts growth and profitability.
The Industrial Certification and Training program was a collaborative initiative of the Westcott Community Center and MACNY, The Manufacturers Association, as well as over 15 other collaborating organizations, to provide training for emerging and transitioning workers living in poverty, leading to industry recognized credentials and jobs. Participants were recruited through community based organizations and the courts. Eligible participants received orientation, intensive case management, employment readiness skills, and job specific training. At the conclusion of the training program, case managers assisted participants in the job search process with partners providing opportunities to meet potential employers and get hired.
The North Syracuse Central School District Board and District Administration made a commitment to begin to change the environment and climate within the Transportation Center. Six areas of importance were identified that, if addressed, could begin to have a positive impact on morale among employees. These focus areas were: Respect, Expectations, Communications, Fairness, Recognition and Teamwork. The district made a substantive, and visible, effort to provide resources for employees to take ownership of their morale and be influential in the shape of their future work relationships: to create their own culture.
Because the clinical laboratory is not as viewable to the public as some careers, and with an exodus of healthcare workers to retirement, the clinical laboratory has been facing a shortage of technologists. Laboratory Alliance took it upon itself to make its own technologists by recruiting college biology and chemistry graduates into healthcare. In collaboration with Broome Community College, these graduates were provided technical training while working at Laboratory Alliance. Laboratory Alliance provided daily on-line study time and hands-on laboratory experience.
When conducting leadership development training, it is necessary to design the program to custom fit each particular situation. The ability to create laser-focused leadership development programs quickly is often critical to meet customer demands and timelines. The Leadergrow process obtains customer input using a user-friendly survey process and company historical data and rapidly configures an intervention that will be a perfect fit for the current need. The result is a totally customized leadership development program that can be ready for implementation in less than two weeks from initial contact.
Maria was asked to form a new sector of ITT's aftermarket business of selling training services to customers and distributors around the world. Her objective was to start up a for-profit training function in an organization that historically provided training at no or low cost. Through Maria's leadership and learning expertise, she successfully transitioned a cost-center to a profit-center while developing and delivering world class customer training courses that are superior to competitive offerings. Maria has met her targets and built a training function that is generating revenue and has met company goals in 2010.
Partners for Education & Business, Inc.
"It's training, centered on learners, engaging learners"
David Sokolowski, Aspen Dental Management, Inc.
"Hearing the positive impact training & development initiatives are having"
"Wouldn't miss it next year!"


text:
/*
Title: Screenshots
Description: Screenshots of Scorpion CMS
Type: page
*/

<i class="icon-screenshot"></i> Screenshots
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October is Small Business Month in Ontario, a time of year set aside to honor the significant impact small businesses have on the province and Canada as a whole.
Small business owners are encouraged to look into Toronto self storage pricing and compare it to their office building rent prices. Storage facilities can house business operations and will save a business loonies while doing so.
"In Canada, 98 per cent of all businesses are considered 'small,' that is, employing fewer than 100 people," said Gary Goodyear, minister of state for the Federal Economic Development Agency for Southern Ontario at the annual Arnprior and District Breast Cancer Support Group dinner. "Yet the contribution these businesses make to our economy is enormous, accounting for roughly 30 per cent of Canada's GDP and almost half of our private sector employment."
Goodyear added that small businesses account for nearly 30 percent of Canada's gross domestic product and nearly half of the private sector.


text:
Microsoft buys Lionhead Studios
Tags: #black #black-and-white #black-white #development #fable #molyneux #movies #peter #populous #studios #theme-park #the-movies #white
Companies: #game #lionhead #microsoft
Microsoft has captured Peter Molyneux - one of the UK's leading game makers - with the purchase of Lionhead Studios in a move to secure exclusive titles for its XBox 360 console.
Molyneux has been a leading figure in the video game industry for well over a decade, and is best known for inventing the god genre in 1989 with Populous.
Some regard him as one of the world's most inventive game developers, with titles including Syndicate, Theme Park, Dungeon Keeper, Black & White and more recently Black & White 2 and The Movies.
There has been an increasing number of doubts surrounding the future of Lionhead Studios after Molyneux scaled back future projects by laying off one fifth of his work force after disappointing sales of Black & White 2 and The Movies. Neither game sold as well as Molyneux expected, despite a wealth of good reviews from leading publications.
A Microsoft spokesperson stated that the software giant was not going to put pressure on Lionhead to play it safe in the development of future headline titles. Molyneux's past proves that Lionhead is willing to do things a little differently. A recent example of this was The Movies, where players took control of a Hollywood movie studio, allowing them to create their own films.
The rumours suggest that Lionhead is working on a sequel to Fable. The RPG was heavily hyped by Molyneux during development and was released in 2004 without many of the features that were discussed during pre-release interviews. Could the sequel be an XBox 360 exclusive?
Discuss in the forums.
No Fable II for PC, says Lionhead
Peter Molyneux's Lionhead Studios has confirmed that there are no current plans to make Fable 2 for the PC.
Lionhead wants your insults
Those guys at Lionhead may be smart, but they don't exactly have the foulest of mouths. Good thing they're asking gamers to submit insults for the upcoming Fable 2 then.
Peter Molyneux says RPG games are rubbish
In a typical case of 'Molyneux syndrome', Lionhead's head honcho slags off Oblivion and the RPG genre, claiming Fable 2's one-button combat system is the way forwards.
August 8, 2007 | 10:54


text:
All Showbiz
Who is Alex Horne's wife Rachel?
Published: 11:51, 22 Mar 2022
Updated: 15:20, 22 Mar 2022
TASKMASTER creator Alex Horne and his wife Rachel have been married for the past 16 years.
From a small town girl to a well known journalist, here's everything you need to know about the comedian's wife.
Rachel Horne is a journalist from Northern IrelandCredit: Instagram
Who is Alex Horne's wife Rachel Horne?
Rachel is a 42-year-old newsreader and journalist born in Northern Ireland.
When she was 18 she lived in Vietnam, where she taught English.
When she returned back from her travels she went on to read law and theology at Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge, then went on to study a postgraduate degree in broadcast journalism at City, University of London.
more on celeb relationships
Redknapp regrets her split, Kim's ex wont let go… how to deal with break-ups
Rachel has worked for multiple different BBC outlets including Breakfast With Frost, BBC Radio Five Live and Newsbeat on BBC Radio 1.
In January 2019 she joined Virgin Radio UK alongside Chris Evans as a breakfast show newsreader.
Rachel has over 33,000 followers on Instagram and often posts fun pics of her husband, Alex.
In September 2021, she posted a picture of herself sitting on the Taskmaster Greg Davies' throne.
The keen runner is in training for the London Marathon 2021 on October 3.
Rachel and Alex Horne met while studying at Cambridge UniversityCredit: Instagram
More celebrity news
This is who Emily Atack is dating right now
RING KERCHING
I sold my engagement ring on Vinted within days of my ex and I splitting up
NEW TOTTI
Totti's ex goes public with new boyfriend six months after split from Roma hero
vow of silence
JLo snubs ex Marc Anthony's fourth wedding & heads on trip with Ben Affleck
When did they get married and do they have kids?
The pair like to keep their relationship and personal life private, but we do know that Alex and Rachel met over 20 years ago while they were both studying at Cambridge University.
They have been together since, and tied the knot in 2005.
The couple have three boys together - Thomas, Barnaby and Dara.
They live in a beautiful home in Chesham, Buckinghamshire, with their three children and pet dog, Jesse.
TRAGIC TOT
Family of Bella-Rae, 1, killed by 'pit bull' vow 'she'll never be forgotten'
Katie Price shows off her new boobs as fiance Carl grabs her bum in the sea
When is Taskmaster season 13 on TV and how can I watch it?
Taskmaster series 13 is likely to start Spring this year.
Like previous seasons, all episodes will air on Channel 4.
If you want to catch up on the past series, you can do so via All 4.


The selection and submission of materials collected in the field will vary according to the type and extent of laboratory support desired by the submitter. Contact the NVSL for assistance determining the type of samples to collect.
Not all cases of an exotic disease run a typical course or have classical lesions. In addition, insidious disease forms may enter a susceptible population and spread without notice because they do not show the expected clinical picture. Therefore, a comprehensive collection of specimens is the most useful in providing a diagnosis. Click here to view a Table of Specimen Collection, intended to supply the field diagnostician with lists of specimens for various animal species. The specimen listings are minimum recommended lists, designed to include samples necessary for diagnostic confirmation of foreign animal diseases for each of the animal species, as well as the differential diagnosis of domestic diseases that might be confused with a foreign animal disease. The lists are not intended to replace the field diagnostician's judgment concerning the collection of additional specimens.


text:
Q: How to prevent interruptions when recording video with Flutter?(notifications, calls, low power) I'm trying to prevent users to get interrupted when they are recording their workout.
I find a way with power plugin to manage power notifications but is there any other way to prevent user to get interrupted by notifications, calls when they are recording video?
Also I look for a way to start do not disturb but so far I only find solution for android.|
related: https://stackoverflow.com/a/58176473/9779791

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


The Boardwalk, located in Irvine, California, is a creatively designed commercial office development that merges indoor corporate environments with outdoor collaboration spaces, resulting in a unique business campus. IPD worked closely with the overall site architect to integrate the parking facility into this innovative project. The eight-level structure contains over 2,100 parking stalls, including provisions for valet service as well as self-parking for employees and visitors to the complex. The two vertical circulation cores feature high-speed, glass-backed elevators overlooking the park-like central courtyard and adjacent office towers.


A successful content ecosystem takes connections connected content, people, and systems. However, at many organizations, content is created in silos, powered by politics, and not driven by success metrics. It might be outdated or contradictory, have different voices, or be disconnected from audience needs. In those instances, content is a drain and an expense, rather than an asset. This presentation reveals how organizations of different types and sizes created content ecosystems that transformed their content into assets that deliver audience value and drive business success.
MGM sends notifications for nearby restaurants, shopping, show deals, etc., for hotel guests staying in Bellagio Las Vegas via their smartphones, based on geo-location, loyalty member status, and preferences. and the MGM app.
31. How many things to subscribe to?
32. How many things to subscribe to?
33. How many things to subscribe to?


text:
OPÉRA NATIONAL DE PARIS: PALAIS GARNIER: Built of marble of various colours, it is home to the double staircase leading to the foyers and the various floors of the theatre. In the tradition of Italian theatre, the horseshoe-shaped "French" auditorium, was designed for the audience to see and to be seen. The house curtain was created by theatrical painters Auguste Rube and Philippe Chaperon, following Charles Garnier's instructions. The ceiling painted by Marc Chagall was inaugurated on September 23, 1964. The OPÉRA BASTILLE is the work of the Canadian-Uruguayan architect Carlos Ott, who was chosen in November 1983 after an international competition that attracted entries from some 1,700 architects. The theatre was inaugurated on July 13th 1989. Its architecture is marked by transparent façades and by the use of identical materials for both the interiors and the exteriors. With its 2,745 acoustically consistent seats, its unique stage facilities, its integrated scenery, costume and accessory workshops, as well as its numerous work areas and rehearsal rooms, the Opera Bastille is a great modern theatre.
Reviews of: Opéra National de Paris
Paris, France | Opéra Bastille
This work sums up the magic of the opera; the way in which a dense and complex libretto abounding in dramatic twists can be transcended by the vertiginous beauty of a vocal line...
TICKETS from € 141.50
TRISTAN UND ISOLDE (September 11th, 2018)
Motivated by the love that bound him to Mathilda Wesendonck, Richard Wagner's composition of Tristan und Isolde goes far beyond any simple operatic gesture.
5h 20 min. with 2 breaks
TRISTAN ET ISOLDE (September 16th, 2018)
TRISTAN ET ISOLDE (September 22nd, 2018)
LES HUGUENOTS (September 28th, 2018)
Les Huguenots is a monumental fresco featuring various impossible loves in the context of the Saint Bartholomew Massacre.


Turkish Ayla is a family heirloom originally from Adiyaman province. This variety was introduced to the heirloom growers in 2012 by a summer camp teacher, Jennifer Ibarra, of Connecticut. Jennifer got the seeds from one of her students whose parents brought the seeds from Turkey. Turkish Ayla has been with the family for at least three generations and is named after the student, Ayla, by Dr Carolyn Male. Plants are indeterminate, have regular leaf and produce mid-size fruits. Flavor is very good and more on the acidic side.


Centre Court Bed & Breakfast is situated in the up-market suburb of Durban North, across the Althlone Bridge, north of the Umgeni River, a mere 5km from Central Durban. Centre Court Bed & Breakfast accommodation is so named- because our guest house is centrally situated, you have easy access to the major highways- M4, N2, & N3 making it convenient for both the business and holiday visitor seeking accommodation in Durban or Umhlanga.
Our Bed & Breakfast accommodation was selected semi finalist in the category B&B, guest house style-large for offering accommodation, facilities and service of the highest standard in South Africa.
Graded by the Tourism Grading Council – Centre Court B&B offers you 4 star guest house accommodation in 7 comfortable air conditioned twin/double rooms. All rooms have private en-suite facilities, tea coffee making facilities, hairdryers, electronic safes, bar fridge, flat screen TV, euro-outlets for charging cellphones / computers and comes complete with guest amenities to make your stay with us as comfortable as possible.
A Full scrumptious South African and Health breakfast is served in the dining room or Veranda, overlooking the colourful garden and koi pond. Hal-al or Hindu breakfasts are served on request. Centre Court Bed & breakfast also has wireless internet access in all communal areas.
Centrally situated, Centre Court Bed & Breakfast, guest house style, is close to Durban CBD, La Lucia and Umhlanga CBD. Facilities and Attractions in Durban - "Africa's Sporting & Events Capital"