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Home > Journals > Earth & Environmental Sciences > GEP
GEP> Vol.7 No.11, November 2019
Characterization of Pyroclastic Deposit from Three Different Areas within Foumbot Region (West-Cameroon): Comparative Studies of Their Effects as Pozzolanic Materials in Mortars and Cement Manufacture
DOI: 10.4236/gep.2019.711014 51 Downloads 100 Views Citations
Mahomed Aziz Mounjouohou1*, Amidou Moundi2, Benjamin Ntieche3, Daouda Dawai1, Frédéric Michel4
1Department of Earth Sciences, University of Maroua, Maroua, Cameroon.
2Department of Earth Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Yaounde, Cameroon.
3Higher Teacher Training College, Geology laboratory, University of Yaoundé I, Yaounde, Cameroon.
4Department of Architecture, Geology, Environment and Construction, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium.
Pyroclastics which are known natural pozzolanic materials due to amorphous contents, are present in several areas of the Mbepit Massif in West Cameroon. In this work natural pozzolan from three zones namely Pouoloum, Njimbouot and Nkouonja were characterized. A comparative study was then developed to attest the effect of these pyroclastics as partial substitution in portland cement. The mixtures were made at different pozzolanic proportions (00%, 10%, 15%, 25% and 35%) of substitution of the cement. The compressive and flexibility strength was carried out at 7, 28 and 90 days on mortar specimens (4 × 4 × 16 cm3). The results revealed apozzolanicactivity index of 81.99 %, 83.47% and 74.54% respectively for rock sample from Pouoloum (PCB), sample from Njimbouot (PCC) and sample from Nkouonja (PCN). After 90 days, for a substitution rate of 25% compressive strength are respectively 55.69 MPa, 60.4 MPa, 53.34 MPa for PCB, PCC and PCN. According to the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) C618 classification, the pyroclastics are in accordance with all the criteria to be classified as pozzolan. Independent of the substitution rate, the mechanical performance increases with age in PCB, PCC and PCN. However PCC is most reactive than PCB and PCN. This may be due to the amorphous reactive content in this material and can be linked to the eruptive dynamisms which were more explosive in some areas than in others. The amorphous content is 32.01%, 36.99%, 24.84% for PCB, PCC and PCN respectively. These results also prove that Natural Pozzolan is interesting in the manufacture of composite cement CEM II, CEM IV in accordance with EN197-1 or can be added in mortar for buildings and sustainable environmental management.
Pyroclastics, Pozzolanic Activity, Compressive Strength, Composite Cement, Natural Pozzolan, Mbepit Massif
Pozzolans are a broad class of siliceous or siliceous and aluminous materials which, in themselves, possess little or no cementitious value but which will, in finely divided form and in the presence of water, react chemically with calcium hydroxide at ordinary temperature to form compounds possessing cementitious properties (Mehta, 1987). The quantification of the capacity of a pozzolan to react with calcium hydroxide and water is given by measuring its pozzolanic activity (Snellings et al., 2012). Pyroclastic rocks are blocks of solidified lava ejected during the eruption of a volcano and are classified as ashes, lapilli, bombs and blocks depending on their diameter (Heiken & Wohletz, 1985). The samples were collected in the three different areas because pozzolan coming from different areas may not necessarily react in the same manner. Also, there are some variations in grain size in the different pozzolans in these three areas.
The Mbepit massif in the Noun Division (Figure 1) contains huge volcanic deposits of ash (diameter < 2 mm) and lapilli (2 mm > diameter > 64 mm), exploitable as pozzolanic materials, for mixtures in mortars and manufactures of cements. The pozzolan of Foumbot area comes from the volcanic activities. Those activities have resulted in materials with different textures and structures according to the specific condition of the emission of lava and eruptive styles. Studies reveal that pozzolanic activity of materials from different areas may not
Figure 1. Geological map (a) showing the location of Cameroon (b); the location of Noun Division (c) and location of the study area (d).
be the same and some parameters influencing the pozzolanic reactions include the nature of the active phases and their proportions in SiO2 content. The pozzolan of Foumbot area in the Noun Division comes from several episodic volcanic activities and dynamisms (effusive and explosive). These phenomenons prevent the total crystallization of minerals and promote the formation of amorphous and glasses, responsible for pozzolanic activity when they are combined with calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2).
The natural pozzolans used as binder helps to protect the environment by reducing the consumption of portland cements. This also aids in reducing environmental pollution due to the manufacture of portland cement by partial substitution of clinker in portland cement with pozzolanic materials such as natural pozzolan (Mokhtaria et al., 2009), metakaolin, industrial waste such as silica fume, fly ash (Ayrinhac, 2005; Hosseini et al., 2011), blast furnace slag (Elke, 2012) and coal bottom ash (Cheriaf et al., 1999; Haldun & Mine, 2007). The pozzolanic materials will contribute to the improvement of the mechanical properties of concretes due to the development of pozzolanic activity and the formation of second-generation calcium silicate hydrates CSH II (Cheriaf et al., 1999; Haldun & Mine, 2007). The manufacture of portland cement produces very large quantities of CO2 during the decarbonation of CaCO3. The cement industry emits 5% to 7% of the global CO2 rate emitted into the atmosphere, with 0.9 tons of CO2 emitted during the manufacture of one ton of cement (Emad et al., 2013). The responsiveness of a pozzolanic material depends on several parameters and its reactivity varies from one pozzolan to another. This work will help 1) appreciate the mechanical resistance of mortars containing natural pozzolan from the Foumbot area and 2) to compare the pozzolanicity of pyroclastic material from three different sites (Figure 1) and 3) to appreciate their use in cement manufacture.
In this area, the basement of recent volcanic lavas is made up of gneiss and granite. The volcanic rocks are made up of basalts, rhyolites and colossal quantities of pyroclastic materials deposited in different areas (Tchokona, 2010).
2.1. Materials
Natural pozzolans were collected in three different areas, namely Pouoloum, Njimbouot and Nkouonja and the samples pseudo named as PCB, PCC and PCN respectively (Figure 2). The pozzolanic effect depends on the fineness of the particles (Isaia et al., 2003) suggesting grinding as the most appropriate treatment method in the study of natural pozzolan. The duration of grinding and different sieving aided approximatively the same granulometry in the three pozzolans after grinding. Moreover, the parameters influencing the pozzolanic reactions are the nature of the active phases and their proportions, the SiO2 content, the lime/pozzolan ratio in the mixture, the duration of the cure, the fineness of the
Figure 2. Natural pozzolan deposit in (a) Pouoloum site, (b) Njimbouot site and (c) Nkouonja site sampled for analysis.
pozzolan, the ratio W/C of the mixture, the temperature, and the optimization of pozzolanicity (Shi, 2001). The mechanical performances are obtained due to the development of the pozzolanic activity. The sieving granulometry and the laser granulometry permitted to know the particle size distribution of the pozzolan particles both in the natural state and after grinding. The density measurement of pozzolan was made using the Pycnometer MultiVolume 1305 with gas, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) and the specific surface area using Micromeritics Instrument Corp. X-ray fluorescence reveals the composition of the major element composition of the pozzolan. Mineralogical phases content was done using X rays diffraction (XRD) method. The Keyser test permitted the estimation of the vitreous phase by the chemical method. This method consists in observing the dissolution kinetics of the amorphous sillico-aluminates in a 1% hydrofluoric acid solution in order to estimate the amorphous rate.
According to the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) C618 (Standard ASTM standard, C618, 2008), a material is pozzolanic if:
· its chemical composition verified that SiO2 + Al2O3 + Fe2O3 > 70%;
· its glass content is such that (SiO2 – CaO) > 34;
· its activity index for a substitution rate of 25%, I25 at 28 days of cure verified that 67% < I25 < 100%.
Ip = (Rp/R0) × 100
R0 = compressive strength of the control mortar with 100% cement;
p = 25% of pozzolanic material;
I = pozzolanic activity index;
Rp = compressive strength of mortar with p% of pozzolan replacement by weight in cement.
2.2. Methods
2.2.1. Mixtures and Tests
Mixtures were made using water, sand, portland cement 52.5 with different mass substitution rate of cement by natural pozzolans. The mortars were molded into bars (4 × 4 × 16 cm3). They were demolded after 24 hours and then kept under water in favourable laboratory conditions. The compressive and flexural strength tests were carried out at 7, 28, and 90 days according to the European Standard methods of testing cement determination of strength (EN 196-1) (Standard EN 196-1, 2006).
2.2.2. Estimation of the Vitreous Phase by the Keyser Method
The standard Keyser method was done using 1% hydrofluoric acid solution for the dissolution of the amorphous silico-aluminates. 1g of pozzolanic material was introduced into 200 ml of 1% hydrofluoric acid solution and the solution was kept for 40 minutes and then filtered on an ashless filter paper. The residue was oven-dried at 105˚C for 24 hours. The amorphous phase of the material was given by the formula below:
% amorphous = (m1 − m2)/m1
m1 = mass of material before dissolution;
m2 = mass of the material after dissolution.
3. Results and Discussions
According to Table 1, the pozzolans of Foumbot area are basic in nature with SiO2 concentrations less than 50.88%. These natural pozzolan contains iron, oxide, and aluminum oxide with a calcium oxide content less than 8.37%. The loss on ignition (LOI) of the different samples is below 3 testifying the freshness of the pozzolanic materials. The K2O/Na2O is below 1 showing that the pozolanic materials are mostly sodic. PCC sample has less content of CaO. The XRD results (Figures 3(a)-(c)) show that all those pozzolans contain an amorphous phase. Pozzolan of our study area contains plagioclases, feldspars and pyroxenes and very low quartz content. This may testify the basic nature of the pyroclastics. The cement used is rich in CaO and SiO2 (Table 2).
Table 1. XRF analysis of PCB, PCC, PCN.
Table 2. Chemical composition of cement.
Figure 3. (a) X-ray fluorescence (XRD) of sample PCB; (b) XRD of sample PCN; (c) XRD of sample PCC.
3.1. Granulometric Results
The granulometric results show that the natural pyroclastics are mostly made up of volcanic ashes i.e. less than 2 mm (Figure 4) and after grinding the average sizes were dominated by 10 µm (Figure 5).
3.2. Specific Surface Area
The specific surface area of the pozolans is about 2.5 m2/g for the three samples after grinding.
3.3. Keyser Results
The obtained results show that the amorphous phase is higher in PCC with 36.99% than PCB and PCN (Table 3(a)). These amorphous phases are responsible for the pozzolanic activities.
3.4. Mixtures
The table summarizes the various proportion of pozzolan that were successively utilized in the mixtures (Tables 3(b)-(d)).
Figure 4. Particle size distribution of natural pozzolan.
Figure 5. Particle size distribution of grinding pozzolan.
(a) (b) (c) (d)
Table 3. (a) Results from Keyser test; (b) Mixture proportion for PCB; (c) Mixture Proportion for PCC; (d) Mixture proportion for PCN.
Table 4. Compressive strengh results.
Table 5. Flexural strength development results.
The results in Figures 6(a)-(d) and Figures 7(a)-(d) show that the compressive and flexural strength decrease with the increase of the substitution rate of pozzolan. The compressive and the flexural strength are low at 7 and 28 days in mortar containing pozzolan. But at old age (90 days) the mortar having 10% of pozzolan has greater compressive values 62.94 Mpa, 66.03 Mpa, 59.8 Mpa respectively for PCB, PCC and PCN, closer to the reference mortar which has a value of 67.02 MPa at the same age. This is because at a young age (before 28 days) many pozzolan ash particles remained unattacked by calcium hydroxides as it is the case in coal bottom ash particle and in rice husk ash (Hwang et al., 2011). Mortars made from pozzolan, despite their poor performance at a young age tend to catch up with time the reference mortar at 90 days (Table 4 and Table 5).
3.5. Pozzolanic Index Activity
The results reveal that for the three study pyroclastics, the pozzolanic activity index is greater or equal to 74.54% (Table 6).
According to Figure 8, the activity index values decrease with the increase of pozzolan content. The 03 pozzolans PCB, PCC and PCN activity indexes are 82%, 83.47% and 74.54% respectively. This shows that PCC is the most reactive pozzolan followed by PCB and PCN.
According to ASTM Standard C 618 standard the pyroclastic materials (volcanic ashes and lapilli) of the study area are pozzolans. The results show that at a young age (28 days), the compressive strength decreases with the increase of the pozzolan substitution rate. This would be due to the low power consumption of lime Ca(OH)2 by pozzolan at this age. At 10% of substitution rate, PCC sample compressive strength is 66.03 MPa closer to the reference moctar value of 67.02 MPa at 90 days compared to PCB (62.94 MPa) and PCN (59.8 MPa) (Table 7). Up to 35% of pozzolan substitution rate, the value of PCC (52.3 MPa) is greater than those of PCB (50.15) and PCN (46.31) at 90 days. No matter the substitution rates, the compressive strength of PCC, PCB, PCN increase with age. This is due to the pozzolanic activity of those pyroclastic materials which allow them to consume lime Ca(OH)2 and CH and densify voids and pores in the mortar. This justifies the increase of compressive strength with age of the mortars. The hydration products fill the capillary pores and increase the resistance by refining these capillary pores and by transforming the large crystals of CH into CSH.
Figure 6. (a) Compressive strength development at 10% substitution rate; (b) compressive strength development at 15% substitution rate; (c) compressive strength development at 25% substitution rate; (d) compressive strength development at 35% substitution rate.
Figure 7. (a) Effect of pozzolan on flexural strength at 10% substitution rate; (b) effect of pozzolan on flexural strength at 15% substitution rate; (c) effect of pozzolan on flexural strength at 25% substitution rate; (d) effect of pozzolan on flexural strength at 35% substitution rate.
Table 6. Activity index development.
Figure 8. Activity index of pozzolan.
Table 7. ASTM parameters of pozzolan samples.
SiO2 + CH + H20 → Cx'SHy' + (2 − x) CH
The results also show that the pozzolans of the area are interesting to manufacture composite cement CEM II and CEM IV A in accordance with EN197-1 (Standard NF EN 197-1, 2001) or to add it in mortar for buildings and sustainable environmental management. Using a CEM I 52.5 with 10% substitution by pozzolans, the compressive strength values are 59.03 MPa, 63.2 MPa, 57.06 MPa for PCB, PCC and PCN respectively at 28 days. This result shows that it is possible to manufacture composite cement CEMII using PCB, PCC and PCN pyroclastites as natural pozzolan. At 15% substitution, PCB (56.94 MPa) and PCC (58.5 MPa) fulfill the criteria to manufacture a composite cement CEM II but not PCN (52.43 MPa). At 25% substitution rate, it is possible to use PCB and PCC to manufacture pozzolanic cement CEM IV A with regard to the values of 53.34 MPa and 54.3 MPa repectectively obtained for PCB and PCC at 28 days. At this age, PCN has a value of 48.49 which is under 52.5 MPa. However, it may be possible to use PCN in order to manufacture a cement CEM IV 42.5 or 32.5 from a CEM I 52.5.
The results of the study reveal that the three pyroclastic materials are pozzolans according to the American ASTM C 618 classification, with the sum of major elements Al2O3 + SiO2 + Fe2O3 > 70%, the activity index at 28 days I25 > 67% and the difference of major elements (SiO2 – CaO) > 34. At 90 days, mortars having 10% of pozzolan have better compressive and flexural strengths closer to the reference mortar. The results reveal that it is possible to manufacture composite cements CEMII and CEMIV using the Foumbot pyroclastics as natural pozzolan and that mortar mixtures with pozzolan will portray good mechanical properties at 90 days. Pozzolan PCC from Njimbouot is more reactive than the others and is expected to be best suited for cement manufacture. Composite cements manufactured from these rocks are environmentally sustainable as they will emit low CO2 and is highly economically viable as the process requires less energy compare to Portland cement. The low production cost and the environment-friendly nature of the composite cement provide an affordable option for the construction industry.
We thank the "Académie de Recherche et d'Enseignement Supérieur (ARES)" grants program that financed my travel, tests and analyses at the construction and building materials laboratory of the University of Liège, Belgium.
Mounjouohou, M. , Moundi, A. , Ntieche, B. , Dawai, D. and Michel, F. (2019) Characterization of Pyroclastic Deposit from Three Different Areas within Foumbot Region (West-Cameroon): Comparative Studies of Their Effects as Pozzolanic Materials in Mortars and Cement Manufacture. Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection, 7, 195-209. doi: 10.4236/gep.2019.711014.
[1] Ayrinhac, F. (2005). Valorisation des cendres volantes de chaudière à lit fluidisé circulant dans la filière du génie civil. PhD Thesis, INSA deToulouse, 180.
[2] Cheriaf, M., Cavalcante, J., & Pera, R. J. (1999). Pozzolanic Properties of Pulverized Coal Combustion Bottom Ash. Cement and Concrete Research, 29, 1387-1391.
[3] Elke, G. (2012). Investigation of the Influence of Blast-Furnace Slag on the Resistance of Concrete against Organic Acid or Sulphate Attack by Means of Accelerated Degradation Tests. Cement and Concrete Research, 42, 173-185.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2011.09.009
[4] Emad, B., Gholamreza, Z., Ezzatollah, S., & Alireza, B. (2013). Global Strategies and Potentials to Curb CO2 Emissions in Cement Industry. Journal of Cleaner Production, 51, 142-161.
[5] Haldun, K., & Mine, K. (2007). Usage of Coal Combustion Bottom Ash in Concrete Mixture. Construction and Building Materials, 22, 1922-1928.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2007.07.008
[6] Heiken, G., & Wohletz, K., (1985). Volcanic Ash (pp. 246). Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
[7] Hosseini, M. M., Shao, Y., & Whalen, J. K. (2011). Biocement Production from Silicon-Rich Plant Residues: Perspectives and Future Potential in Canada. Biosystems Engineering, 110, 351-362.
[8] Hwang, C., Bui Le, A., & Chenchun, T. (2011). Effect of Rice Husk Ash on the Strength and Durability Characteristics of Concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 25, 3768-3772.
[9] Isaia, G., Gastaldini, A., & Moraes, R. (2003). Physical and Pouzzolanic Action of Mineral Additions on the Mechanical Strength of High Performance Concrete. Cement and Concrete Composites, 25, 69-76.
[10] Mehta, P. K. (1987). Natural Pozzolans: Supplementary Cementing Materials in Concrete. CANMET Special Publication, 86, 1-33.
[11] Mokhtaria, B., Fatiha, K. A., & Abdelaziz, S. (2009). Durabilité des mortiers à base de pouzzolane naturelle et de pouzzolane artificielle. Revue Nature et Technologie, No. 1, 163-173.
[12] Shi, C. (2001). An Overview on the Activation of Reactivity of Natural Pozzolans. Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, 28, 778-786.
https://doi.org/10.1139/l01-041
[13] Snellings, R., Mertens, G., & Elsen J. (2012). Supplementary Cementitious Materials. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, 74, 211-278.
https://doi.org/10.2138/rmg.2012.74.6
[14] Standard ASTM standard, C618 (2008). Standard Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or Calcined Natural Pozzolan for Use of a Natural Admixture in Concontre. Annual Book of ASTM Standards.
[15] Standard EN 196-1 (2006). Méthode d'essais des ciments partie 1: Détermination des resistances mécaniques.
[16] Standard NF EN 197-1 (2001). Ciment, spécifications et critères de conformité-partie1: Ciments courants.
[17] Tchokona, S. D. (2010). Volcanisme Paléogène à Récent du secteur du massif de Mbepit (Plaine du Noun): Pétrologie, minéralogie, géochimie isotopique, géochronologie et approche environnementale. PhD Thesis, University of Yaoundé I, 156.
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Der Iheringameisenschlüpfer (Myrmotherula iheringi) zählt innerhalb der Familie der Ameisenvögel (Thamnophilidae) zur Gattung Myrmotherula.

Die Art kommt im westlichen Amazonasbecken in Brasilien, Peru und im äußersten Nordwesten Boliviens vor.

Das Verbreitungsgebiet umfasst tropischen oder subtropischen feuchten Tieflandwald, Terra Firme und Übergangszonen bis 400 m Höhe.

Das Artepitheton bezieht sich auf Hermann von Ihering.

Merkmale
Der  Vogel ist 8 bis 10 cm groß und wiegt zwischen 7 und 9 g. Der Schwanz ist mäßig kurz. Das Männchen ist auf der Oberseite dunkelgrau mit verstecktem weißen Interskapularfleck, schwarzen Flügeldecken mit weißen Spitzen. Kehle, oberer Brustbereich und Mitte des unteren Brustbereiches sind schwarz, die übrige Unterseite grau. Das Weibchen hat eine blass-blaugraue Oberseite, eine weißliche Kehle und  blass gelbbraune Unterseite. Jungvögel ähneln den Weibchen, allerdings mit fleckig schwarzer Kehle.

Geografische Variation
Es werden folgende Unterarten anerkannt:
 M. i. heteroptera , 1927 – Südostperu, Brasilien im südwestlichen Amazonasbecken und Nordwestbolivien
 M. i. iheringi , 1914, Nominatform – Amazonasbecken in Brasilien
 M. i. oreni , 2013 – Westbrasilien (Acre) und Nordwestbolivien (Departamento Pando)

Stimme
Der Gesang wird als Folge von intensiven, nach unten gerichteten Tönen in gleicher Länge mit gleichbleibender Geschwindigkeit und Tonhöhe beschrieben.

Lebensweise
Die Nahrung besteht aus Insekten, wohl auch Spinnen, die einzeln, paarweise oder in Familiengruppen, gern auch in gemischten Jagdgemeinschaften bevorzugt in 3 bis 10 m über dem Erdboden gejagt werden.

Die Brutzeit ist nicht bekannt.

Gefährdungssituation
Der Bestand gilt als nicht gefährdet (Least Concern).

Literatur
 E. Snethlage: Myrmotherula iheringi. In: Ornithologische Monatsberichte, Band 22, S. 41, 1914, Biodiversity Library.org.

Weblinks

 Xeno-canto
 Oiseaux.net
 Birds of the World (Videos, Fotos und Tonaufnahmen)

Einzelnachweise

Ameisenvögel

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White House criticizes Edmunds.com over Cash for Clunker analysis
October 30, 2009 May 20, 2012 Omar Rana Barack Obama, Obama
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Founded in 2015 Joan McElligott Architect is an RIAI Registered Practice based in Dublin 1. The practice is the accumulation of design skills and expertise gained over 15 years of working in award winning practices in Dublin, London, Sydney, Toronto & New York. We have selected projects which provide a snap-shot of our experience. If you are interested in finding out more or discussing your project please get in contact.
We have worked on a range of residential projects from Protected Structures, Beach Houses to Extensions & Refurbishment of Houses and Apartments in Ireland, London, Sydney, Toronto and New York.
We have a range of experience working with both Private and Public Clients.
Design to maximise the sense of space, light and storage. Design of built in furniture and advice on finishes and materials.
Over the past 15 years we have worked on a range of residential projects including work to Protected Structures, One off houses, Beaches Houses, Extensions, Refurbishments, House & Apartment Schemes.
Stoneybatter Project featured in The Irish Times in May 2017.
This project involved the full refurbishment of a '2 up & 2 down' house in Stoneybatter, Dublin 7. The work included the rebuilding of a single storey extension, re-roofing of the main house, full re-wiring & re-plumbing, insulation of floors, walls & roof, new kitchen, bathroom and new finishes throughout.
Work completed to date includes advising on Layouts & Finishes, Conservation & Accessibility for Offices, the conversion of Protected Structures to Retail & Apartment use and Concept Design & Technical Input for an Events Company for a Pop Up in Dublin.
Event Concept & Layout Design for House of Peroni Pop Up Dublin 2016 - done in collaboration with Antoin Doyle Architect.
We were invited to submit design proposals for the selection of a Concept Design Team for the House of Peroni Pop Up Dublin 2016. The brief included the design of a rooftop layout to accommodate an events space & bar terrace on the top of the Trinity Street carpark in Dublin 2 and a bar in a commercial unit with street level signage on Dame Lane.
The design of interiors, built in furniture and selection of finishes is key to maximising the sense of space, light & storage. Careful consideration is given to the selection of a palate of materials and colours to realise a unified design concept. Collaborating with skilled Contractors and Craftspeople the fit out elements are designed and executed to realise Client aspirations.


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text:
Koko B. Ware
American professional wrestler
Ware in 2011
(1957-06-20) June 20, 1957 (age 63)
Union City, Tennessee, United States[1]
Collierville, Tennessee, United States
Joyce Ware
(19??–2009; her death)
Pamela James
(m. 2020)
Professional wrestling career
Ring name(s)
Koko B. Ware[1]
Stagger Lee[1]
Sweet Brown Sugar[1]
Koko Ware[1]
Billed height
5 ft 7 in (170 cm)[2]
Billed weight
228 lb (103 kg)[2]
Billed from
Union City, Tennessee
James Ware[1] (born June 20, 1957), better known by his ring name Koko B. Ware is a retired American professional wrestler. He debuted in 1978 and became widely popular in 1986, in the World Wrestling Federation, where he went from strong mid-carder to jobber to the stars. "The Birdman" came to the ring with a blue-and-yellow macaw named Frankie,[3] both flapping and dancing before and after his matches. Before joining the WWF, he was in several tag teams, most notably with Bobby Eaton in Memphis and with Norvell Austin (The PYT Express) in several promotions. In 1993, he lost the first Monday Night Raw match to Yokozuna.
1 Professional wrestling career
1.1 Early years (1978 - 1986)
1.2 Stagger Lee
1.3 Pretty Young Things
1.4 World Wrestling Federation (1986 - 1994)
1.4.1 The Birdman (1986–1992)
1.4.2 High Energy (1992–1993)
1.4.3 Return to singles competition (1993–1994)
1.5 United States Wrestling Association (1991–1997)
1.6 Later career (1994-1999)
1.7 Special appearances (1999–present)
1.8 Return to Wrestling (2001–present)
3 Professional wrestling style and persona
4 Championships and accomplishments
Professional wrestling career[edit]
Early years (1978 - 1986)[edit]
Ware spent his early days in the sport in the Mid-South, Georgia and other NWA territories. Early in his career, "Koko Ware" (as he was then known) did not find great success, learning the ropes and paying his dues both in Jerry Jarrett's Continental Wrestling Association and Nick Gulas' territory in the south.[4]
It was not until late in 1980 that Ware's fortunes changed when he participated in a battle royal to crown the first ever Mid-American Television Champion. The crowd favorite was Jimmy Valiant, who Ware accidentally knocked into Danny Davis and eliminated. Moments later, Koko dumped Davis to the floor and won his first title.[5] After the match, Valiant returned to the ring and beat Ware down. Ware's feud with Valiant was quickly expanded to include the heel Tojo Yamamoto and Ware's ally, Tommy Rich. When Dutch Mantel returned to the CWA in early 1981 he quickly defeated Ware for the TV title making Ware's first run with the gold a short one.[5][6]
Ware floundered until September 1981, when he was chosen to referee a Southern Heavyweight Championship title match between Jerry Lawler and the "Dream Machine". Ware unfairly counted Lawler out to give the Dream Machine the victory, a decision that did not sit well with Lawler nor the fans in Memphis. Koko quickly aligned himself with manager Jimmy Hart and his First Family and changed his ring name to "Sweet Brown Sugar".[4] Sugar never got the best of Lawler but did taste tag-team success alongside Steve Keirn and then with Bobby Eaton. Eaton and Sugar won the AWA Southern Tag Team Championship.[5]
Stagger Lee[edit]
After successfully teaming for a while, Sugar and Eaton started to show signs of dissension, during their last run with the tag-team title Eaton beat Jacques Rougeau for the Mid-American Heavyweight title.[5] During an interview where Eaton and Hart bragged about the victory, Sugar complained that he was unable to win the Southern Title from Terry Taylor. After being fed up, Hart finally slapped Sugar and sent the sulking superstar back to the dressing room after which Eaton commented that Sugar had been "whining like a woman". Later that night the duo defended their title against Taylor and Bill Dundee, losing the title when Sugar "accidentally" kicked Eaton and then left the ring.[5][7] Eaton and Sugar contested a series of grudge matches centered around the Mid-America title and their issues with each other.[5] The feud got so out of control that it had to be settled with a "loser leaves town" match, a match that Eaton won, driving Sugar out of the arena. Later, a masked man calling himself "Stagger Lee" debuted; the fact that he looked and wrestled like a masked version of Sugar helped make him instantly popular. Eaton, along with the rest of the First Family, tried in vain to unmask Lee but could not manage to do so.[7][8]
Pretty Young Things[edit]
Ware against Lanny Poffo
Bobby Eaton later turned face, he teamed with "Stagger Lee" for a series of matches. During a tag-team tournament in 1983, the masked Stagger Lee teamed up with fellow face Norvell Austin to take on "Fargo's Fabulous Ones" (Tommy Rich and "Hot Stuff" Eddie Gilbert). During the course of the match Stagger Lee's mask was removed to reveal the man beneath it, prompting a heel turn for Ware. Austin and Ware became a regular tag team dubbed the Pretty Young Things or ("the PYT Express").[9] The two men soon began wearing red leather jackets, and each had a single white glove on, in an obvious imitation of Michael Jackson to further enhance their "pretty boy" image.[10]
The team defeated Elijah Akeem and Kareem Mohammad for the AWA Southern Tag Team Championship in February 1984; almost two weeks later, Akeem and Mohammad regained the title.[5] The PYT Express remained in Memphis for a period of time after this before moving on to other promotions such as Mid-South Wrestling, World Class Championship Wrestling in Texas and Championship Wrestling from Florida. On February 26, 1985 Austin and Ware defeated Jay and Mark Youngblood to win the NWA Florida United States Tag Team Championship. Two weeks later on March 5, 1985 the team re-lost the title to the Youngbloods.[5] After dropping the gold in Florida, the Pretty Young Things returned to the federation that first put them together, the Continental Wrestling Association. There, they won the AWA Southern Tag Team title twice, both times from The Fabulous Ones (Steve Keirn and Stan Lane) as they feuded with the top face team of the promotion.[5][11]
After the PYT's disbanded, Koko moved on to Bill Watts' Mid-South/UWF territory, where he started calling himself Koko B. Ware. Ware's persona was that of a face who entered the ring to the theme of Morris Day's "The Bird", doing an arm-flapping dance.
World Wrestling Federation (1986 - 1994)[edit]
The Birdman (1986–1992)[edit]
In 1986, Ware signed with the World Wrestling Federation, where he continued his fun-loving "Birdman" Koko B. Ware" persona, complete with a macaw named "Frankie". Ware made his debut as a fan favorite on the September 6, 1986, episode of Superstars, teaming with Paul Roma against Hart Foundation (Bret Hart and Jim Neidhart) in a losing effort. His first victory was on the September 7 episode of Wrestling Challenge against Bob Bradley. He made his entrances dancing to the ring to the tune of Morris Day and The Time's "The Bird", flapping his arms and carrying Frankie, who sat on a perch at ringside while Ware wrestled. Bright outfits, colorful sunglasses, a constant smile and his vibrato singing voice made Ware popular, especially with the younger crowd that the WWF mainly catered to during the 1980s.[12] Ware also sang the title track of the 1987 WWF album Piledriver, which then became his entrance music. The song's video featured top wrestlers of the day like Hulk Hogan and The Honky Tonk Man, as well as WWF owner Vince McMahon wearing a red "Hulkamania" shirt and hard hat.
Ware garnered his first big win of his initial WWF run when he upset Harley Race at a house show in East Rutherford, NJ, on October 13. On television, his first major showcase was at the November 29, 1986 Saturday Night's Main Event VIII where he defeated Nikolai Volkoff.[13] He was then granted an Intercontinental Title match against champion Randy Savage on the November 16 edition of WWF Superstars, a bout which went to a double countout. The same taping later saw Ware defeat Savage by countout in a dark match.
Ware, however, would often be on the losing end when he came up against other established stars, stars as Butch Reed, Hercules, Greg Valentine, and The Big Boss Man.[14][15][16] From 1987 to 1993, Ware appeared on several WWF PPVs (including WrestleMania III where he lost to Reed) and editions of Saturday Night's Main Event, being used mainly to make established or rising stars look good. Ware was the first wrestler on television to fall victim to the Perfect-plex of newcomer Mr. Perfect on the January 7, 1989, episode of Saturday Night's Main Event XIX, while at the 1990 Survivor Series, Ware became the first wrestler to fall victim to The Undertaker's Tombstone piledriver in the Undertaker's WWF debut match.
During a 1989 European tour, Ware was fired for his part in a physical altercation with WWF executive Jim Troy. Troy had used racial slurs during an argument after which the dispute turned physical. Ware was later rehired, a little over a month later, when Troy resigned.[17]
High Energy (1992–1993)[edit]
In 1992, Ware teamed up with Owen Hart to form the high flying team known as High Energy, well known in wrestling circles for their gigantic baggy brightly colored pants and checkered suspenders. High Energy feuded with (and generally lost to) The Nasty Boys, The Headshrinkers, and Money Inc..[18] They made only one PPV appearance as a team, a loss to the Headshrinkers at the 1992 Survivor Series.[19] Ware appeared in the first match on the very first episode of Monday Night Raw on January 11, 1993 where he was defeated in a squash match by Yokozuna. The team ended in March 1993 after Hart injured his knee. High Energy's final match came in a loss to The Headshrinkers at a live event on March 10.[20]
Return to singles competition (1993–1994)[edit]
With Owen Hart out of action Koko would return to singles competition and immediately entered a house show series with Skinner. At the same time, Ware made appearances in the USWA as part of a talent exchange program with WWF. He continued wrestling in the promotion through the remainder of the year.
Koko returned to WWF in 1994 when he appeared on the March 21 episode of Monday Night Raw and faced Jeff Jarrett.[21] He would then appear on the April 9 episode of Superstars in a loss to Irwin R. Schyster.[21] Koko picked up his first victory of his return by defeating Bastion Booger on the April 16, 1994 episode of WWF Mania.[21] Koko then embarked on a house show tour in England where he faced Jarrett and Kwang. On May 19, he defeated The Genius and followed it up a night later with three more wins over Poffo later that month.[22] Koko faced his former partner Owen Hart on the June 18 episode of Superstars. He ended his WWF run with three straight victories as he teamed with Bushwhacker Luke Williams in house show matches in Philippines, Hong Kong, and Singapore against Reno Riggins and Barry Horowitz.
United States Wrestling Association (1991–1997)[edit]
In 1991 Koko made his debut in the USWA. By 1992 the WWF and the United States Wrestling Association started a talent exchange agreement which saw Koko B. Ware return to Memphis. In the USWA Koko was more successful than in the WWF, winning the USWA World Title twice, once from Kamala "The Ugandan Giant" and once from USWA icon Jerry Lawler.[5] Koko also hooked up with Rex Hargrove and won the USWA Tag Team Championship once in 1993.[5] In 1996 he feuded with Brian Christopher and Jerry Lawler. He left in 1997 before the company shut down later that year.
Later career (1994-1999)[edit]
Ware made a few appearances for the American Wrestling Federation from 1994 to 1996 but did not become a regular before going into semi-retirement in 1997.[citation needed] Ware was interviewed briefly during the 1999 wrestling documentary Beyond the Mat.
After USWA, Ware did not wrestle as much. Started working for the independent circuit. In 1998 to 1999 he wrestled for Power Pro Wrestling in Memphis. In 1999, he retired from wrestling and took a couple of years off.
Special appearances (1999–present)[edit]
On the January 25, 1999 edition of WWF Raw is War, Ware made a short-lived return to the World Wrestling Federation where he put on the "Blue Blazer" mask during the Owen Hart angle and Jeff Jarrett in their victory for the tag team championship.[23] When Hart died, the angle was dropped and Ware's services were no longer needed.
He also appeared at "WWE Homecoming", Raw's return to the USA Network, on October 3, 2005.[24] He fought (and was defeated by) Rob Conway on the October 28, 2005 edition of WWE Heat.[24]
On June 8, 2008, Ware made a special appearance at TNA's Slammiversary as a groomsman in the kayfabe wedding for "Black Machismo" Jay Lethal and SoCal Val, along with George "The Animal" Steele, Kamala the Ugandan Giant, and Jake "The Snake" Roberts.
On April 4, 2009, Ware was inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame by The Honky Tonk Man.
On February 15, 2011 Ware made an appearance on Tosh.0.
On May 31, 2014, Ware appeared in the main event at Valour Wrestling's special event to raise money for Lou Gehrig disease.[25]
Return to Wrestling (2001–present)[edit]
On May 18, 2001, Ware returned to wrestling and defeated Brickhouse Brown at Galaxy Championship Wrestling in Little Rock, Arkansas.
By 2003 Ware began to wrestle full time again. He defeated Billy Maverick for the SCW Supreme Title for Supreme Championship Wrestling on August 22.
Also in 2003, Ware began competing once again in the Memphis area for the Memphis Wrestling promotion from 2003 to 2007. He also competed at the "World Wrestling Legends" PPV on March 5, 2006 where he defeated Disco Inferno.
In April 2007, he wrestled in a tag match (while managed by special guest Slick)) and lost to Bill Dundee and Dutch Mantel (managed by Jimmy Valiant) at Ultimate Clash of the Legends '07 headlined by Hulk Hogan vs. Paul Wight (Big Show).
On August 23, 2007 he defeated his former nemesis Greg Valentine for Great North Wrestling at the Ottawa SuperEX in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
Ware appeared at the 2010 edition of "Night of Legends", a card promoted by the International Wrestling Cartel (IWC), where he defeated "The Genius" Lanny Poffo.
On July 14, 2017, Ware appeared in Big Time Wrestling in Newark, CA, and teamed with Shane Kody to defeat the Ballard Brothers.
On July 28, 2018, Ware appeared in Eastern Wrestling Federation and teamed with Blackcat Johnson in a winning effort.
In September 2009, Ware's wife died after a battle with cancer.[26]
Ware was named as a defendant in a 2015 lawsuit filed by WWE after they received a letter from him indicating that he intended to sue them for concussion-based injuries sustained during his tenure with them. He was represented by attorney Konstantine Kyros, who was involved in several other lawsuits involving former WWE wrestlers.[27] US District Judge Vanessa Lynne Bryant dismissed Ware's lawsuit in September 2018.[28]
Professional wrestling style and persona[edit]
Ware's character featured him carrying a parrot called Frankie, which earned him the nicknames "The Birdman".[2] He performed a Brainbuster as his finishing manoeuver, usually called Birdbuster when it was a delayed brainbuster (named after his nickname) or Ghostbuster.[29][2][1] He used a wide range of signature moves including the Missile dropkick, bulldog.[30] dropkick, headbutt or monkey flip.[29]
After being inducteed in the WWE Hall of Fame in 2009, Ware has been point of controversy because, working as a carpenter, he was inducteed before world champions Ivan Koloff,[31] Randy Savage or Bruno Sammartino.[32][33][34][35][36] In 2020, 411Mania writers Steve Cook and Kevin Pantoja discussed Ware's induction. While Cook defended his Hall of Fame status since he was very over and some of his losses were historic, Pantoja described him as "the floor for inductees".[37]
Championships and accomplishments[edit]
Ware in Hall of Fame 2009
Badger State Pro Wrestling
BSPW Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
BSPW Tag Team Championship (2) - with Juicy Johnny[5]
Championship Wrestling from Florida
NWA United States Tag Team Championship (Florida version) (1 time) - with Norvell Austin
Continental Wrestling Association
AWA Southern Tag Team Championship (7 times) - with Norvell Austin (3), Bobby Eaton (2), Stan Lane (1), and Dutch Mantel (1)[38][39]
NWA Mid-America Heavyweight Championship (6 times)[40]
NWA Mid-America Television Championship (1 time)
International World Class Championship Wrestling
IWCCW Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
International Wrestling Alliance
IWA Heavyweight Championship (1 time)[5]
PWI ranked him #406 of the 500 best singles wrestlers during the "PWI Years" in 2003.
Real Wrestling Federation
RWF Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
Supreme Championship Wrestling
SCW Supreme Championship (1 time)[41]
United States Wrestling Association
USWA Unified World Heavyweight Championship (2 times)
USWA World Tag Team Championship (1 time) - with Rex Hargrove
World Wrestling Entertainment
WWE Hall of Fame (Class of 2009)
^ a b c d e f g h "Koko B. Ware Profile". Online World Of Wrestling. Retrieved November 22, 2010.
^ a b c d "Koko B. Ware - WWE Profile". WWE. Retrieved December 5, 2018.
^ "Frankie (Unknown-2002) - Find A Grave Memorial". www.findagrave.com.
^ a b Tim Dills. "Kayfabe Memories: Memphis/CWA (8-2)". Retrieved April 3, 2007.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Royal Duncan & Gary Will (2006). Wrestling Title Histories (4th ed.). Archeus Communications. ISBN 0-9698161-5-4.
^ Tim Dills. "Kayfabe Memories: Memphis/CWA (7-2)". Retrieved April 3, 2007.
^ a b Tim Dills. "Kayfabe Memories: Bobby Eaton profile (part 2)". Retrieved April 3, 2007.
^ Tim Dills. "Kayfabe Memories: Memphis/CWA (10-2)". Retrieved April 3, 2007.
^ Greg Oliver and Steve Johnson (2005). "Imitation is the sinceres form of flattery". The Pro Wrestling Hall of Fame: The Tag Teams. ECW Press. pp. 261–264. ISBN 978-1-55022-683-6.
^ Greg Oliver and Steve Johnson (2005). The Pro Wrestling Hall of Fame: The Tag Teams. ECW Press. ISBN 978-1-55022-683-6.
^ Brian Shields (2006). Main event – WWE in the raging 80s (4th ed.). Pocket Books. ISBN 978-1-4165-3257-6.
^ prowrestlinghistory.com. "WWF Saturday Night's Main Event Results (#8)". Retrieved April 3, 2007.
^ prowrestlinghistory.com. "WWF WrestleMania Results (III)". Retrieved April 3, 2007.
^ prowrestlinghistory.com. "WWF Saturday Night's Main Event Results (#14)". Retrieved April 3, 2007.
^ prowrestlinghistory.com. "WWF SummerSlam Results (1988)". Archived from the original on October 23, 2013. Retrieved April 3, 2007.
^ Hart, Bret (2008). Hitman: My Real Life in the Cartoon World of Wrestling. Grand Central Publishing.
^ Graham Cawthon. "the History of the WWE: WWF Match Results 1992". Retrieved April 3, 2007.
^ prowrestlinghistory.com. "WWF Survivor Series Results (1992)". Retrieved April 3, 2007.
^ "WWF 93". The History of WWE. Retrieved September 8, 2019.
^ a b c Cawthon, Graham (2013). The History of Professional Wrestling: The Results WWF 1990–1999. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. p. 314. ISBN 978-1-4935-6689-1.
^ a b Graham Cawthon. "the History of the WWE: WWF Match Results 2005". Retrieved April 3, 2007.
^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on June 5, 2014. Retrieved June 5, 2014. CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) Retrieved June 5, 2014
^ Martin, Adam (September 6, 2009). "Hall of Famer's wife passes away". WrestleView. Retrieved January 3, 2013.
^ "WWE seeking to block concussion-related lawsuits". FoxSports.com. Fox Entertainment Group (21st Century Fox). July 1, 2015. Retrieved November 27, 2015.
^ Gorman, Jeff D. (September 18, 2018). "WWE Knocks Out Consolidated Concussion Case". Courthouse News Service. Retrieved September 2, 2019.
^ a b "Wrestlingdata.com - The World's Largest Wrestling Database". www.wrestlingdata.com.
^ "Ware profile at Cagematch net".
^ Smith, Caleb. "Mat Matters: WWE Hall of Fame's unforgiveable shunning of Ivan Koloff". SLAM! Wrestling. Canadian Online Explorer. Retrieved March 4, 2017.
^ "PWTorch.com - UNDER THE MICROSCOPE - 3/9 WWE Raw: Undertaker owns Evolution, Koko B. Ware's resume, JBL title history, Edge & Show vs. Hogan & Warrior". pwtorch.com.
^ Nemer, Paul (March 17, 2009). "The Shoot #6".
^ Namako, Jason (January 20, 2014). "Jake Roberts on WWE return, Ultimate Warrior HOF induction".
^ "411MANIA". The 411 on Wrestling Podcast: Breaking Down The Latest WWE Releases & Hall of Fame Inductees, Previewing ROH Final Battle & NWA Into The Fire 2019.
^ "NO BRET HART IN CANADA, HOGAN'S ROLE IN TNA, THE KONG-BUBBA FIGHT, WWE HALL OF FAME AND MORE | PWInsider.com". www.pwinsider.com.
^ "411MANIA". 411 Wrestling Fact or Fiction: Will Cody vs. MJF Steal the Show at AEW Revolution?.
^ Duncan, Royal; Will, Gary (2006) [2000.]. "(Memphis, Nashville) Tennessee: Southern Tag Team Title [Roy Welsch & Nick Gulas, Jerry Jarrett from 1977]". Wrestling title histories: professional wrestling champions around the world from the 19th century to the present. Waterloo, Ontario: Archeus Communications. pp. 185–189. ISBN 0-9698161-5-4.
^ "Southern Tag Team Title". Wrestling-Titles. Retrieved January 19, 2020.
^ Hoops, Brian (March 7, 2020). "Daily Pro Wrestling history (03/07): Bruno Sammartino vs. Giant Baba". Wrestling Observer Newsletter. Retrieved March 8, 2020.
^ "Independent Wrestling Results - August 2003". onlineworldofwrestling.com. Retrieved July 5, 2008.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Koko B. Ware.
Memphis Wrestling History
Koko B Ware at Cagematch.net
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Koko_B._Ware&oldid=994993944"
African-American male professional wrestlers
American male professional wrestlers
People from Collierville, Tennessee
People from Union City, Tennessee
Professional wrestlers from Tennessee
Professional wrestling jobbers to the stars
The First Family (professional wrestling) members
USWA Unified World Heavyweight Champions
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text:
Galantis & Throttle "Tell Me You Love Me" Music Video
Galantis has joined forces with Throttle for the release of their latest collaborative single, "Tell Me You Love Me."
Included on their full-length sophomore album, The Aviary, production and DJ duo Galantis is joined by Australian breakout EDM sensation Throttle for their latest single, "Tell Me You Love Me." The track has been officially released through Big Beat Records with an accompanying music video.
According to the guys of Galantis, Christian Karlsson and Linus Eklöw, reveal, "'Tell Me You Love Me' is continuing what we started with 'Peanut Butter Jelly' and 'Love On Me'…the trilogy ends with 'Tell Me You Love Me.' Its a full-on, Motown-sprinkled, Jackson 5 banger."
"Tell Me You Love Me" is an upbeat production that showcases the happy-go-lucky and bouncy sound Galantis has made famous. Coupled with Throttle's melodic vibes, the conglomerate makes for a successful intertwining of forces. The music video: A fun-filled, outdoor story that isn't meant to be taken too seriously. The main characters are seen dancing and effortlessly gliding throughout various parts of the city, all soundtracked to "Tell Me You Love Me."
Watch Galantis. & Throttle "Tell Me You Love Me":
Galantis is no stranger to releasing captivating music videos. The duo has previously released official music videos for their singles "Girls On Boys" with ROZES, "Love On Me" with Hook N Sling, and "Peanut Butter Jelly."
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Here are the details for this year's cleanup. Everyone is welcome to come and help get our park ready for summer!
ANNUAL SPRING PARK CLEAN UP AT KENWICK ON THE LAKE PARK, OLD LAKESHORE ROAD, BRIGHTS GROVE.
PLEASE BRING A RAKE, A SHOVEL AND A WHEEL BARROW IF AT ALL POSSIBLE.
THIS BEING MOTHER'S DAY WEEKEND…YOUR MOTHER WOULD LOVE KNOWING YOU VOLUNTEERED FOR THIS MORNING ACTIVITY!


Mouser offers inventory pricing & datasheets for mrc STMicroelectronics 511- BTA08- 600C Triacs. BTB08- 400C 8A Triacs. BTA08- 600B 8A TRIAC, 600V Gate Trigger 1. BTA10- 400C TRIAC 400V 10A TO- 220AB INS STMicroelectronics datasheet pdf data sheet FREE from datasheetz. Mrc bta08 datasheet.
They can be used as an ON/ OFF function in applications mrc such as static relays, heating. TM BTA08- 600C HPM Description Glass passivated triacs in a plastic envelope intended for use in applications bta08 requiring high bidirectional transient , blocking voltage capability bta08 high thermal cycling performance. mrc BTA12- 600B datasheet alldatasheet, integrated circuits, , Datasheet search site for Electronic Components , BTA12- bta08 600B mrc data sheet : STMICROELECTRONICS - 12A TRIACS, datasheet, triacs, diodes, BTA12- 600B circuit, Semiconductors other semiconductors. No thanks Try it free. Datasheet pdf search engine - www. BTA08- 400B datasheet BTA08- 400B circuit, BTA08- 400B data sheet : STMICROELECTRONICS - TRIACS, alldatasheet, mrc , integrated circuits, Datasheet search site for Electronic Components , triacs, Semiconductors, bta08 bta08 datasheet, diodes other bta08 semiconductors.
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text:
module dijit{
export class _DialogBase extends dijit._Templated {
state : String;
_descendants : Object;
_childConnections : any[];
_childWatches : any[];
reset () : any;
validate () : any;
setValues (val:any) : any;
_setValueAttr (obj:Object) : any;
getValues () : any;
_getValueAttr () : any;
isValid () : any;
onValidStateChange (isValid:any) : any;
_getState () : any;
disconnectChildren () : any;
connectChildren (inStartup:bool) : any;
destroy () : any;
attributeMap : any;
_firstFocusItem : Object;
_lastFocusItem : Object;
execute (formContents:Object) : any;
onCancel () : any;
onExecute () : any;
_onSubmit () : any;
_getFocusItems () : any;
cssStateNodes : Object;
hovering : bool;
active : bool;
_mouseDown : Object;
_stateClasses : any;
_applyAttributes () : any;
_cssMouseEvent (event:any) : any;
_setStateClass () : any;
_trackMouseState (node:HTMLElement,clazz:String) : any;
baseClass : String;
open : bool;
duration : number;
refocus : bool;
autofocus : bool;
doLayout : bool;
draggable : bool;
_modalconnects : any[];
_relativePosition : Object;
_moveable : any;
_dndListener : Object;
underlayAttrs : Object;
_singleChildOriginalStyle : any;
_alreadyInitialized : Object;
_fadeInDeferred : Object;
_fadeOutDeferred : Object;
_scrollConnected : bool;
postMixInProperties () : any;
postCreate () : any;
onLoad () : any;
_endDrag (e:any) : any;
_setup () : any;
_size () : any;
_position () : any;
_onKey (evt:any) : any;
show () : any;
hide () : any;
layout () : any;
}
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


An hour after an opposition ultimatum for Georgian President Mikhail Saakashvili to resign went unheeded, reports indicate that thousands of people continue to protest in the country's capital, Tbilisi. Radiobedniereba's Blog, a GIPA Journalism School blogger, has more on the latest developments.
The Opposition parties, raised an ultimatum to President Mikheil Saakashvili to resign in 24 hours. The ultimatum time expires on 3 p.m. today. If Saakashvili will not resign, permanent demonstrations will start in all of Georgia, the opposition leaders say.
Protestors are waiting for Saakashvili's decision and the opposition parties' plans that are going to be announced today, at 4 p.m.
However, the number of people taking to the streets is believed to be much lower than yesterday, a national holiday, and expat blogger Wu Wei isn't expecting them to succeed.
At the end of the day, the Opposition gave Saakashvili 24 hours to resign. It doesn't seem very likely that he would do so.
The police were only bystanding or inside important buildings and had instructions only to take action if the demonstrators tried to enter the buildings and take them over, which didn't happen.
It seems it was a fun day, but the Opposition did not impress anyone with a coherent plan to take over. Nor did Saakashvili impress people with his offer to the Opposition to discuss and improve the Election Code. It's not enough to improve transparency and debate over policies, which is really needed. There needs to be more debate in the press and TV and Parliament.
According to Alanaga's Blog, one of many set up by the GIPA Journalism School especially for the protests, the Georgian president had made that quite clear earlier in the day.
President of Georgia Mikheil Saakashvili answered the second day of demands for his resignation with a call for dialogue, Friday.
Saakashvili expressed his satisfaction that violence didn't take place during the demonstrations from none of the sides: neither from the demonstrators nor from the Police. He also pointed out that his plans for dealing with protesters was transparent, as he briefed partner governments and the press on his plans to maintain order during the demonstrations.
In fact, one tweet from a veteran Georgian blogger seems to imply that the embattled leader appears remarkably calm.
Indeed, so far free from the clashes which led to a state of emergency being declared, the GIPA Natalie5n Blog confirms that the atmosphere is far from tense.
Both sides took credit for the peaceful first day protests. According to opposition leaders the peace lasted during the day because the protestors were "well organized and in a nonviolent mood," said Zviad Dzidziguri, a prominent member of the Conservative Party. Government officials maintained the fact that the police was restrained and instructed not to obstruct any peaceful protests.
Some Georgian experts are saying that much depends on how long each side can maintain the goodwill.
Late last night, fieldreports posted a mobile video interview with the head of the Young Georgian Lawyers Association whose organization is monitoring the protests.
However, the GIPA Journalism School Blog says that there has been at least one case of violence and intimidation.
Three activists of the Why? Public Movement were beaten yesterday at 11.30 pm Thursday when driving home from protests in front of Parliament.
Natia Kobalia, one of the leaders of "Why?" said that men in black masks, driving three jeeps, stopped the activists' car, pulled out the six activists, and began beating the three boys with cudgels. The girls weren't harmed.
One boy was treated for a concussion at Saint Michael's Hospital in Tbilisi, and other two had more minor injuries.
And as Arevik's Blog explains on why many Georgians from all walks of life are discontent with the situation in the country, the GIPA Journalism School Blog says the opposition plans to hold daily rallies until their demands are met.
In response to President Mikheil Saakashvili's refusal to resign Friday, opposition leaders urged people to protest daily at 3 p.m. in front of Parliament, Georgia Public Broadcasting, and the president's administration building in Avlabari.
More updates will be posted on Global Voices Online if and when any new events occur. In the meantime, it's worth keeping an eye on the GIPA Journalism School Blog as well as Twitter at #tbilisi.
perspectivelute: #tbilisi is this a divergence in tactics? Gachechiladze wanting civil disobedience, Burjanadze wanting a public debate with Saakashvili?
There are are also updates from the mobile phone of Frontline Club blogger Guy Degen on Twitter (text) and Utter (audio) as well as Qik (video) and 12 seconds (video).


text:
es un anime shōnen con un pequeño toque de Yuri producido por los estudios Gonzo en el año 2004, cuyo nombre traducido literalmente del japonés sería "ángel explosivo". Está dirigida por Koichi Ohata y el diseño de los personajes es obra de Ugetsu Hakua. La serie consta de 24 episodios. En España la serie ha sido licenciada y emitida por el canal Buzz, en Latinoamérica fue transmitida por Animax, y en Estados Unidos por FUNimation Channel.

Más tarde se realizó una OVA de 1 episodio, llamada "Tenshi Sairin" o "Burst Angel Infinity", que fue publicada en marzo de 2007 en Japón.

Argumento
La acción se desarrolla en la ciudad de Tokio en un futuro no muy lejano (algún momento después de 2020). Tras un aumento del número de delitos en las calles, el gobierno aprueba una ley que permite a los ciudadanos llevar armas para protegerse. Esto, lejos de reducir la delincuencia, sume a la ciudad en una situación caótica y peligrosa, hasta tal punto que la policía, conocida como R.A.P.T.(Recent Armed Police of Tokyo) prefiere eliminar a los delincuentes antes que apresarlos.

Personajes

La protagonista de la serie. De cabello gris, ojos rojos, lleva dos Desert Eagles y posee un tatuaje con forma de ala que empieza a brillar cuando Jo utiliza todo su potencial. Es llamada "El Ángel de la Muerte", y trabaja para una empresa multinacional llamada "Bai Lan" con su mejor amiga, Meg. Jo es de carácter serio y un tanto fría, en parte es por su pasado que no conoce, también posee una mente un tanto simple y despreocupada, como no preocuparse de cosas como el dinero. Ella solo vive para el trabajo y para matar por lo que cualquier tipo de diversión le parece absurda y para entretenerse ve películas de terror. Jo defiende a Meg y la protege con su vida ya que cuando eran pequeñas, Meg cuidó de ella por lo que le tiene mucho cariño.

Tiene el cabello rojo (su verdadero color de pelo es negro), se viste como una vaquera. Disfruta de comer y le encanta los bufets. Ella es la mejor amiga de Jo y es la que siempre ha estado con ella. Al parecer los sentimientos de Meg hacia Jo son románticos ya que le tiene mucho cariño y afecto. Ella conoció a Jo en la ciudad de Nueva York, siendo una huérfana, un año antes del comienzo de la serie. Desde entonces, Meg y Jo se convirtieron en cazarrecompensas hasta que Sei las contratara. Al principio a Meg no le agradaba Jo por su capacidad destructiva, pero después de algún tiempo aprendió a apreciar y confiar en Jo.

Adaptaciones

Anime

Burst Angel es un anime original de los estudios Gonzo. Dirigido por 	Koichi Ohata y diseño de personajes por Ugetsu Hakua. Fue transmitida originalmente por el canal TV Asahi desde el día 6 de abril al día 14 de septiembre de 2004. La serie está licenciada y emitida en los Estados Unidos por FUNimation Channel, en Latinoamérica por Animax y en España por el Canal Buzz.

Banda sonora
 Opening: Loosey de THE STRiPES

 Ending: Under the Sky de Cloudica

Manga
El manga se titula Burst Angel: Angel's Adolescence. Creado por Minoru Murao y publicado por Media Work. Empezó a editarse el 27 de julio del 2004 y consta de 3 volúmenes. Únicamente está licenciada fuera de Japón, en los Estados Unidos por la editorial Tokyopop.

El argumento trata de acontecimientos que ocurren antes de que Jo y Meg se unieran al equipo de Sei. Se centra principalmente en Jo y Meg, y la relación que comparten. Sei y Amy aparecen con el objetivo de conseguir que las dos chicas se unan a su equipo, aunque al principio desprecia a Meg al ver que no sería muy útil e intenta separarla.

OVA
Burst Angel Infinity fue lanzado en Japón el 23 de marzo de 2007. A diferencia de Angel's Adolescence, la OVA es una historia paralela que gira en torno Jo y Meg en la ciudad de Nueva York, explicando las consecuencias del episodio 14 del anime. La OVA también incluye un pequeño segmento de los personajes, cinco años en el futuro, mostrando que habrá una segunda serie en el futuro. La OVA fue lanzado por FUNimation el 13 de noviembre de 2007.

Curiosidades
 En el episodio 19 minuto 5:18 aparecen como cameos Amelia Will Tasla Sailune (Slayers), Honey Kisaragi (Cutey Honey) con el cabello rojo, Raven (DC Comics) y Orihime Inoue (Bleach)

Referencias

Anime con guion original
Anime de 2004
Anime de 2007
Crunchyroll
Manga de 2004
Manga publicado en Dengeki Comic Gao!
Series de televisión de TV Asahi
Publicaciones de manga


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text:
/ C.B. McGrath fired: Burke to serve as Interim Coach
C.B. McGrath fired: Burke to serve as Interim Coach
RE: C.B. McGrath fired: Burke to serve as Interim Coach
(01-14-2020 10:41 AM)sctvman Wrote: Adam Gold does not like the move.
http://twitter.com/AGoldFan/status/1217107986029731841
Who is Adam Gold and why should I care what he thinks?
Oh. Raleigh sports guy. We embarassed a Carolina guy. Now I get it.
(01-14-2020 10:49 AM)82hawk Wrote:
You shouldn't care what he thinks, and he was calling a true Carolina guy (R.L. Bynum) a dope for hinting that the move may have been correct. He's just an idiot without any real insight into sports. Well, maybe he knows hockey, but he's not worth listening to regarding basketball or football.
(01-14-2020 09:25 AM)bricksnivy Wrote: Based on the names that have been mentioned on this thread, I like Shaver and Moton the most. There seem to be a lot of advantages to Shaver; I wonder how our current pieces fit in his system? I absolutely love Moton and I was really interested in him when we went through this exercise three years ago. Soderberg and Sutton also fit the description of what we seem to need. Just from reading bio's, I like Soderberg. I don't really have a strong opinion on Byington. Would be cool to see an alumnus succeed, but that is secondary.
I like Shaver the most from that short list, and that's probably because I'm familiar with him. Moton wouldn't be a bad deal. I'm not sold on Byington. Reason being... Gary Shipman. He's already out on social media going all in on Byington and how that's the best choice. Those of you that have been around a while and familiar with the '06 Brownell debacle should be aware of Shipman and his affect on the program.
He has no influence.
CG would get to have his cake and eat it too. He could be a co-fan of UNCW and William and Mary under one roof....
oasispirate
I Root For: East Carolina
(01-14-2020 10:49 AM)Gary Miller Wrote:
Joe Ovies seemed to disagree with the move too. I don't care one bit what the talking heads in Raleigh say, especially when they mock the fact that it's UNCW making the move midseason.
I would say there knowledge is limited outside of the ACC.
(01-14-2020 08:58 AM)Seahawkhoops Wrote: If you think CB's Defense drove you nuts......................
I don't think CB ever really had a plan on defense. At least Shaver had a scheme and stuck to it. He mixes in a lot of Zone D to his scheme and emphasizes defensive intensity in his practices. His guys were always getting a lot of steals and turnovers.
I also think at least some of the issues with their defensive #'s were personnel-driven. Without the incredibly high academic standards at W&M, he'd be able to bring in a little better brand of athlete to play good D coupled with his 4 Out Motion Offense that works so well.
Not saying Shaver should be our # 1 choice necessarily, only that it would be good if he's in the mix. He has a high floor for what he can do here, even if his ceiling is a little more limited than other guys we might be able to hire.
Ya know... I figured these hits would be coming the more I come out in support for Shaver. I'd gladly sacrifice myself in that regard if he came in here and was successful. I always liked the style of players he recruited too. He brought in bigger guys that were tough and gritty and paired those players with some really athletic and talented guards. Plus, I'm old school and love the Princeton style offense.
(01-14-2020 10:36 AM)82hawk Wrote: "Gritty defense".....you drunk?
He's right. Shaver recruited finesse offensive guys but tried to teach them to play tough D simultaneously. Not easy to do and it doesn't always work out perfectly. But however they got there, the Tribe were always towards the top of the standings and that's what matters most.
In the post-VCU/GMU/ODU CAA, Shaver was at minimum the 2nd best coach in the league behind Coen for close to a decade.
The one thing I will say about Shaver is that he was the biggest thorn in our side when Keatts was here. William and Mary blew us out in Keatts last season, and we had to put up 100+ to beat them in the CAA tournament our last year in a pretty tight game. He also seemed to find really good talent
I'm coming around.....
Good to know! I trust ya.
The one thing I will say is I just looked at the Defensive Efficiency numbers for W&M under Shaver, according to Ken Pomeroy, and they weren't good. Their D was ranked outside of the 200 in Defensive Efficiency (adjusted for schedule strength) pretty much every year that I looked at.
But again, I attribute a lot of that to the level of talent and not just scheme.
At the very least we would know Shaver has a tried and true offensive scheme he can lean on for a lot of wins. That's more than you could say about the likes of Benny Moss and C.B., whose teams lacked identity.
Cast a wide net and consider a lot of different candidates. But even if he doesn't end up a finalist I would be very happy to see Shaver's name somewhere on our list.
I do know that behind the scenes, a lot of people at UNCW (and the CAA in general) were thinking W&M was crazy for firing Shaver. He's a well-respected Coach in a lot of circles.
(01-14-2020 11:23 AM)oasispirate Wrote:
It's complete BS to say it never makes sense to fire a coach midseason. A lot of this hiring process is going to be done behind closed doors, not just the HC. We could have someone lined up and that person can already have their staff constructed by the time the hire is officially announced. We won't be behind the 8 ball this time.
(This post was last modified: 01-14-2020 11:54 AM by Gary Miller.)
TDenverFan
I Root For: William & Mary
Defensively, I think it was scheme/play style as much as the recruits. Knight has been much stronger on defense this year, and our PG Loewe has turned into a great lock down defender. It could take a few years for Shaver to get his system in place, but I think he'd do relatively well at UNCW.
(01-14-2020 01:36 PM)TDenverFan Wrote: Defensively, I think it was scheme/play style as much as the recruits. Knight has been much stronger on defense this year, and our PG Loewe has turned into a great lock down defender. It could take a few years for Shaver to get his system in place, but I think he'd do relatively well at UNCW.
If I do recall correctly just from general conversation with WM fans and reading through your forum post-firing of Shaver, the primary knocks on him were that he never won the CAAT and defense. However, he had some really solid defensive minded players, Terry Tarpey comes to mind immediately. That guy was just an absolute menace to watch players deal with.
TribePride91
I Root For: W&M Tribe
Shaver recruited very well(along with his assistants). Basically all of the talent of this season's team was brought to W&M by Shaver. All of the best players on this year's Tribe team played last year(or were transferring in(Van Vliet) In addition, we had Cameron Brown coming in(who transferred to St Joe's after the firing). So, he can recruit well. Last year, I maintain that the conference this year is even weaker than last year and that Shaver would be doing very well this year(with far more talent that we currently have), but we will never know.
Coach Fischer did a good job getting in some players quickly during the carnage between March and June. He has exceeded expectations I think so far. Next year could be much more difficult as the Tribe will lose basically everything inside along with any graduate transfers. At that point, 7 straight years in the top half of the league may end. But, Coach Fischer is representing W&M very well. I hope he is in Williamsburg for a long time. It certainly was not the plan of our administration, but it has worked out so far for them. Putting total focus on 3 games in March is a tough standard for any program. Being competitive and successful consistently is probably better. Under the former standard, W&M fans should want to be JMU. A title in 2013, and a total dumpster-fire since.
Shaver got W&M far closer that the Tribe had ever been. It will be bittersweet for some if Fischer gets the Tribe over the finish line this year. But, since we have never been to the tourney or won a tourney CAA title, it will still be a significant positive on the whole. Winning conference tourney games is not easy and he won a lot of them. But a bad 2nd half last March against the Hens was all it took to end it. Still not watching this season thanks in part to FloSports. All our battles with the Seahawks were very high quality basketball during the Keatts/Shaver years. Hope things get back to that level soon.
(This post was last modified: 01-14-2020 02:48 PM by TribePride91.)
CaliGlowin
Water Engineer
Nice. Just dump that Flo$port$ deal and we're in the right direction.
Interesting a few of the players, Simms, Bowen and Tolfree all tweeting support for CB.....
(01-14-2020 03:10 PM)Seahawkhoops Wrote: Interesting a few of the players, Simms, Bowen and Tolfree all tweeting support for CB.....
Saw that, not really surprised. If anything, I would've thought more than 3 players would've gone to social media.
(01-14-2020 11:24 AM)Seahawk Nation 08 Wrote:
Two sides to that coin. Most mid major players will never earn a living playing basketball, so the school and degree they can obtain becomes the most important factor. These players get a free education from an elite university, much like Davidson. They may have been able to go after players we could have never gotten based on that criteria.


Making it official. Tom Arnold filed for divorce from his estranged wife, Ashley Groussman, in Los Angeles on Wednesday, February 6, Us Weekly can confirm.
The 59-year-old actor cited irreconcilable differences as the reason for the split, but did not list an official date of separation.
Arnold and Groussman, who tied the knot in 2009, are parents of 5-year-old son, Jax, and 3-year-old daughter, Quinn. The Roseanne alum confirmed to Us earlier this month that he split from his wife of nearly 10 years.
Days later, the True Lies star revealed to Us that he and Groussman had been seeing a parenting counselor named Robin Berman for quite some time.
Arnold was perviously married to Roseanne Barr from 1990 to 1994, Julie Armstrong from 1995 to 1999 and Shelby Roos from 2002 to 2008.