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In both types sociated with paraesthesia purchase levitra extra dosage with american express erectile dysfunction treatment in singapore, numbness discount levitra extra dosage 40mg with mastercard erectile dysfunction red 7, cramps and motion buy generic levitra extra dosage 40mg erectile dysfunction treatment drugs, particularly of the head, can exacerbate the sen- tetany. With a chronic lesion such as a tumour, adaptive Hysteria may lead to non-epileptic attacks (pseudo- mechanisms reduce the sensation of dizziness over a pe- seizures) with or without feigned loss of consciousness. The patient will drop to the ground in front of witnesses, withoutsustaininganyinjuryandhaveafluctuatinglevel Labyrinth disorders (peripheral lesions) of consciousness for some time with unusual seizure- Peripherallesionstendtocauseaunidirectionalhorizon- like movements such as pelvic thrusting and forced eye tal nystagmus enhanced by asking the patient to look in closure. This is a diagnosis they tend to veer to one side, but walking is generally of exclusion and should be made with caution. Symptoms last days to weeks and can be is the sensation experienced when getting off a round- reduced with vestibular sedatives (useful only in the about and as part of alcohol intoxication. Positional testing with the Hallpike appears after a few seconds (latency), lasts less than manoeuvre is diagnostic. It tient'seyesarecloselyobservedfornystagmusforupto responds poorly to vestibular sedatives. This test can Central lesions provoke intense nausea, vertigo and even vomiting, Acentral lesion due to disease of the brainstem, cere- particularly in peripheral lesions. For ex- ample, risk factors for cerebrovascular disease, previous history of migraine, demyelination, or the presence of any other neurology. Altered sensation or weakness in the limbs Altered sensation in the limbs is often described as numbness, pins and needles ('paraesthesiae'), cold or hot sensations. Painful or unpleasant sensations may be felt, such as shooting pains, burning pain, or increased sensitivity to touch (dysaesthesia). There may be a pre- cipitating cause, such as after trauma, or exacerbating features. The distribution of the sensory symptoms, and any associated pain (such as radicular pain, back pain or neck pain) can help to determine the cause. Depending on the level of the lesion the weak- r Can you get up from a chair easily? Signs to use your arms to help you get up from a include: chair or to climb up stairs? Glove and stocking sensory loss in all modalities (pain, temperature, vibration and joint position sense) occurs in peripheral neuropathies. They may have peripheral muscle weakness, which is also bilateral, symmetrical and distal. Bilateral symmetrical loss of all modalities of sensation occurs with a transverse section of the cord. These lesions are characteristically associated with lower motor neurone signs at the level of transection and upper motor neurone signs below the level. There are also ipsilateral upper motor neurone signs below the level of the lesion and lower motor neurone signs at the level of the lesion. Depending on the severity, the weakness may be de- r Anterior horn cell lesions occur as part of motor neu- scribed as a 'plegia' = total paralysis, or a 'paresis' = rone disease, polio or other viral infections, and can partial paralysis, but these terms are often used inter- affect multiple levels. Common causes are st- will cause weakness and wasting of the small muscles rokes(vascularocclusionorhaemorrhage)andtumours. Ask the patient to say r Decreased power in the distribution of the affected 'British Constitution' or 'West Register Street'. Usually due to a cervical spinal cord lesion, occasionally bilateral cerebral lesions. Hemiplegia Weakness of one half of the body (sometimes including the face) caused be a contralateral cerebral hemisphere lesion, a brainstem lesion or ipsilateral spinal cord lesion (unusual). Paraplegia Affecting both lower limbs, and usually caused by a thoracic or lumbar spinal cord lesion e. Bilateral hemisphere (anterior cerebral artery) lesions can cause this but are rare. Monoplegia Contralateral hemisphere lesion in the motor cortex causing weakness of one limb, usually the arm. Test the abil- r Bradykinesia (slowness in movements) is noticeable ity of the patient to sit on the edge of the bed with their when doing alternate hand tapping movements, or arms crossed. Micro- r Gait:Wide-basedgait,withatendencytodrifttowards graphia (small, spidery handwriting). Even a mild cerebellar problem makes tiation of movement is impaired (hesitancy) with the this very difficult. A festinating gait is Causes include the following: r when the patient looks as though they are shuffling in Multiple sclerosis r order to keep up with their centre of gravity, and then Trauma r has difficulty in stopping and turning round. The three groups of tremor are distinguished by obser- r Metabolic: Alcohol (acute, reversible or chronic de- vation (see Table 7. If unilateral, the leg is swung out to the side to move it forwards (circumduction). If bilateral, the Extrapyramidal signs (Parkinsonism) pelvis has to alternately tilt and the gait often becomes r Appearance: Expressionless face. Thepatientcanstandontip-toe,butoften Resting tremor which is slow and classically pill- not on their heels. Even if mildly affected the patient is unable to strating whether seizure activity is suppressed by walk heel-toe in a straight line. In or encephalitis, as well as occurring in focal status Parkinson's disease, this pattern tends to be asym- epilepticus. They are useful in the di- agnosis of muscle disease, diseases of the neuromuscular Electroencephalography junction, peripheral neuropathies and anterior horn cell disease. It is obtained by placing electrodes on the scalp, using a jelly to reduce electrical Electromyography resistance. A recording of at least half an hour is usually Aneedleelectrodeisplacedintomusclesandinsertional, needed, to maximise the chances of picking up tran- resting and voluntary electrical activity is studied, using sient abnormalities. Its main use is for the classification of epilepsy, but is r Peripheral neuropathies and anterior horn cell disease it may also be useful in the diagnosis of other brain dis- lead to a reduced number of motor units, which fire orders such as encephalitis. Surface electrodes or occasionally needles are used both r Suspected spinal cord compression. The knees are drawn up as far as possible and uation of brachial and lumbosacral plexus and nerve the neck flexed, to open up the spinous processes of the roots. The lumbar puncture needle is inserted in the midline Lumbar puncture with its stylet in place aiming slightly towards the um- bilicus. If the needle encounters firm resistance, it Indications should be withdrawn and another approach tried. When any of the following are suspected: Sometimes the patient will feel a pain radiating into r Infection (meningitis, encephalitis, fungal infections the leg or back – this is due to the needle touching a or neurosyphilis). A simultaneous blood diagnosis of idiopathic (benign) intracranial hyperten- sample for glucose should be sent. Chapter 7: Cerebrovascular disease 295 Bleeding, infection, arachnoiditis, exacerbation of spinal various processing which may be performed on the data. Thereisadiffer- in the case of sick patients, is relatively unaccessible – ence in healthy tissue and infarcted, infected or oedema- although some units have facilities for ventilation in the tous tissue. Cerebrovascular disease Faster scans are now possible – particularly helpful for patients unwilling or unable to lie flat for long, although in some cases general anaesthetic may be necessary for Stroke unco-operative patients.
Increased osteoclast activity Increased excretion resorbing bone of phosphate Raised Serum Calcium Figure 11 buy generic levitra extra dosage on line erectile dysfunction at age of 20. The parathyroids Complications Fractures order discount levitra extra dosage online erectile dysfunction protocol scam or real, complications of urinary stones purchase levitra extra dosage no prescription erectile dysfunction latest medicine, seizures, are exposed by a transverse neck incision. Dehydration of the thyroid is mobilised and the parathyroids iden- occurs secondary to hypercalcaemia, which can cause a tified. Bisphosphonates may also be used, although periosteal erosions, 'brown tumours' which are areas they can take some time to act. For renal patients alfacalcidol and calcitriol are suitable forms of Secondary hyperparathyroidism vitamin D, as they do not require hydroxylation by the Definition kidney to become active. Tertiary hyperparathyroidism Incidence/prevalence Definition Increasing because of survival of renal patients on dial- Development of parathyroid hyperplasia or adenomas ysis. Aetiology Common causes of chronic hypocalcaemia are chronic Aetiology renal failure and vitamin D deficiency. Any cause of chronic secondary hyperparathyroidism, in particular chronic renal failure. Clinical features This condition is usually asymptomatic and chronic, Complications although hyperparathyroidism may cause vague bone Acuteseverehypercalcaemiamaycauseseizures,abdom- pains. Complications Tertiary hyperparathyroidism (hypercalcaemia due to Investigations autonomous parathyroids). Chapter 11: Disorders of the parathyroids 449 Management Clinical features Total parathyroidectomy possibly with autotransplanta- Hypocalcaemiaandalkalosiscauseincreasedneuromus- tion of parathyroid tissue equivalent to a normal gland cularexcitability:paraesthesiasofthefingertipsandtoes, into the arm, where it can be readily accessed for further tetany (spasms of muscles of extremities and face) treatment. Aetiology Most commonly occurs following surgery with removal of abnormal parathyroid glands or removal of neck ma- Management lignancies. Serum and urinary calcium must Idiopathic hypoparathyroidism: be measured, as hypercalcaemia and hypercalciuria can r Genetic abnormalities are usually autosomal recessive occur. Thiazide diuretics which increase renal tubular tibodies specific for parathyroid and adrenal tissue. Prognosis r Late onset idiopathic hypoparathyroidism occurs Lifelong treatment and follow-up. Other features are the same 450 Chapter 11: Endocrine system as those of hypoparathyroidism. Definition Multiple endocrine neoplasia is a group of inherited syn- Incidence/prevalence dromes characterised by multiple tumours of endocrine Rare in infancy but rises to 2 per 1000 at age 16. Most present aged less than 20 years (peaks at suggested that susceptible individuals inherit a gene 3–4 years and around puberty). HighinNorthernEu- r Tumours occur within the parathyroids in 90% (re- rope, low in Japan. Type Chroniccomplicationscanbeconsideredasmicrovas- 1 diabetes presents most commonly in autumn and cular or macrovascular. Type 1 diabetes is the culmination of an diabetic retinopathy, diabetic nephropathy and the occult process of β-cell destruction. In type 1 diabetes, there is hyperglycaemia due to fail- Investigations ure of glucose uptake and uncontrolled gluconeogenesis, Diagnosis is made on finding symptoms of diabetes (i. If there are no symptoms diagnosis should not be based r Patients should be regularly assessed for the develop- onasingleglucosedetermination. Immunosuppression itself may prevent quire an oral glucose tolerance test to exclude diabetes. This is a risk factor for the Definition development of diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a chronic disorder of carbohy- Other investigations that may be of value include C- drate, fat and protein metabolism with hyperglycaemia peptide measurement (the cleavage product when pro- as its principal feature. It is characterised by impaired insulin is converted to insulin) and detection of autoan- insulin secretion and insulin resistance. These tests are useful in distinguishing patients r Type 2 diabetes used to be called non-insulin depen- with type 1 from type 2 diabetes. Diabetes requires a combination of education, dietary advice, insulin regimens and careful monitoring and Incidence/prevalence follow-up. Normally the liver immediately takes up 50% of Sex insulin output of the pancreas. Most patients are man- M = F aged on a twice-daily regimen or basal bolus regimen (see page 454). Geography Good control of blood glucose reduces small ves- Wide geographic variation. Trial has shown that only 12% of intensively monitored and treated patients developed retinopathy after 9 years, compared to >50% of the conventionally treated pa- Aetiology tients. Acombination of genetic and environmental factors Monitoring: both in the development of insulin resistance and im- r Regular capillary blood glucose measurement often paired insulin secretion. The overall concordance in pre-meals, two hours post meals and during the night monozygotic twins is up to 90%. Once include diet both in relation to obesity, lack of exercise a patient is stabilised on a particular regimen moni- andtheepidemiologicalevidencethatonce'westernised' toring may be less frequent. Loss of weight by an obese patient can lead to normal- Pathophysiology isation of blood glucose levels and resolution of symp- r Insulin resistance in the liver, skeletal muscle and adi- toms. However,thereissufficient biguanides in patients with moderate renal or hepatic insulin to suppress lipolysis and ketogenesis, so that failure. These increase Clinical features levels of plasma insulin and may result in more weight Type 2 diabetes may be diagnosed on routine blood test- gain, insulin resistance and a higher risk of compli- ing (this may follow detection of glycosuria). Symp- cations, they are often avoided in the early treatment, tomatic patients have an insidious onset of polyuria, unless symptoms are severe. Diabetes causes an in- r Thiazolidinediones (glitazones) increase peripheral creased predisposition to infections, such as abscesses, insulin sensitivity. Complications r α−glucosidaseinhibitors(acarbose)whichreducethe r Acute complications: Hyperglycaemic coma which is activity of the enzyme responsible for digesting carbo- usually hyperosmolar non-ketotic coma and com- hydrates in the intestine, thus delaying and reducing plications of therapy such as hypoglycaemia due to postprandial blood glucose peaks. Macrovascular (large vessel) disease: Atherosclerosis which leads to complications such as myocardial Secondary diabetes mellitus infarction, strokes, gangrene of the legs and mesenteric artery occlusion. Definition Chronichyperglycaemiaandothermetabolicabnormal- Investigations ities seen in diabetes mellitus due to another identifiable The diagnostic criteria are as for type 1 diabetes. Causes include chronic pancreatitis, post- duced numbers of insulin receptors due to muta- pancreatectomy, pancreatic cancer, cystic fibrosis or tions in the allele for the receptor gene. Older patients with antibodies to insulin receptors Insulin counter-regulatory hormones inhibit insulin reducing their affinity for insulin. Various insulins have been r Glucagon (glucagonoma) 'designed' with different pharmacokinetic effects (see r Catecholamines (phaeochromocytoma) Table 11. Drugs may inhibit insulin secretion or cause damage to r Abolus of short or immediate acting insulin given the pancreatic islets. Instead, lower amounts Long acting should be used with careful monitoring, or the patient will need to be admitted for intravenous glucose and insulin to avoid either diabetic ketoacidosis or hyperos- molar non-ketotic coma. Complications of diabetes Diabetic microvascular disease Definition Microvascular diabetic complications includes diabetic retinopathy, nephropathy and the neuropathies. Aetiology It is thought that microvascular complications are sec- ondary to the metabolic derangements of diabetes, in particular hyperglycaemia.
The analysis confirmed that patients buy generic levitra extra dosage 60mg on line causes of erectile dysfunction young males, whether diabetic or not order 60mg levitra extra dosage overnight delivery erectile dysfunction suction pump, benefit from lipid-lowering in accordance with their absolute cardiovascular risk order levitra extra dosage 60 mg impotence trials france. The evidence for efficacy of other lipid-lowering agents in primary prevention is weak. This was a mixed primary and secondary prevention study, which randomly assigned 2131 patients with previ- 48 Prevention of cardiovascular disease ous cardiovascular disease and 7664 without to receive either fenofibrate or a placebo. At 5 years follow-up, fenofibrate did not significantly reduce the risk of coronary events. While statins and resins had a significant lipid-lowering effect, n-3 fatty acids did not significantly affect cholesterol levels. Although there is little reason to believe that the effects would be different in non-Europeans with similar baseline risks of cardiovascular disease and similar lipid profiles, research is needed to examine the effects of lipid-lowering treatment in other racial groups. Risks There is no evidence from the large studies that cholesterol-lowering therapy increases the risk of death from other causes (333, 337, 338). Meta-analysis of data from statin trials has not shown an excess of adverse symptoms, including muscle pain and various gastrointestinal symptoms, in the treated group. Rhabdomyolysis (indicated by serum creatine kinase ≥10 times the upper limit of normal) was reported in 55 treated patients (0. The incidence of rhabdomyolysis is estimated to be about one per million person–years of use. Hepatitis (indicated by alanine aminotransferase ≥3 times the upper limit of normal) was reported in 449 treated patients (1. Data from randomized trials of cholesterol reduction and disease events have not provided evi- dence that a low serum cholesterol concentration increases mortality from any cause, other than possibly haemorrhagic stroke. Too few haemorrhagic strokes were observed in the randomized trials to resolve the uncertainty related to this condition. Further, the risk of haemorrhagic stroke affected only people with a very low cholesterol concentration and, even in this group, the risk was outweighed by the benefits from the reduced risk of coronary heart disease. In the Cholesterol Treatment Trialists Collaboration meta-analysis, there was no evidence of an effect on cancer deaths. The reduction in major vascular events was as marked in these elderly patients as in those aged under 65 years. However, there was an apparent excess of non-melanoma skin cancer in the simvastatin-treated group, compared with the placebo group (2. In the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (342), 21 patients in the statin group developed non-melanoma skin cancer, compared with seven in the placebo group. Overall, there is no statistically significant evidence that statin therapy increases the incidence of cancer. Treatment of those most at risk will bring the most benefit; treatment of patients not at high risk of cardiovascular disease may expose them to adverse effects without much benefit. As the side-effects of liver and muscle damage are dose- dependent (340), the high-dose statin regimens evaluated in some of the trials (344) will have a worse side-effects profile when applied to patients treated in everyday clinical practice. Fibrates reduced the risk of major coronary events by 25% and niacin by 27% (349). However, recent studies have not found a cholesterol level below which there is no benefit, suggesting that taking a trial-validated dose of a statin is more important than aiming for a particular target cholesterol level (321). Thus, continued moni- toring of blood lipids may not be necessary in settings with limited resources. Primary prevention trials (320, 322, 323) have demonstrated that patients at highest total risk of cardiovascular events obtain the greatest benefit from statin therapy. Treatment should therefore be targeted at the group with highest total risk, rather than simply those with highest lipid levels. Cost-effectiveness, feasibility and resource implications of antihypertensive and statin therapy The cost-effectiveness of a treatment is determined by the relationship between the benefits obtained and the expenditure. The prevalence of a condition and the total cost of treating it in a specific setting, on the other hand, determine affordability. Because resources are limited, even a cost-effective treatment may not be affordable. The two main determinants of cost-effectiveness are the cost of drug therapy and the initial cardiovascular risk of the patient. In the case of antihypertensive treatment, the major classes of antihypertensive drugs are largely equivalent in terms of efficacy. However, diuretics and beta-blockers, singly or in combination, are associated with an increased incidence of diabetes; thus, in populations with an increasing burden of diabetes, other classes of antihypertensive therapies may be preferable. In most parts of the world, a diuretic is the cheapest option and is, therefore, generally most cost-effective. However, for certain compelling indications, other classes will provide additional benefits; even if they are more expensive, they may be more cost-effective. There is no evidence to support claims of superior performance of any particular drug within each of the major drug classes. As popula- tions age, increasing numbers of elderly people are being diagnosed as hypertensive and requiring treatment. For this group, diuretic-based therapy is the most cost-effective; therapy that includes either atenolol or low-dose reserpine has been shown to be a relatively inexpensive approach to prevention of cardiovascular events in older adults with isolated systolic hypertension (351). Although people over the age of 75 years get less benefit from statin therapy, such therapy is cost-effective for people in all age groups with a 10-year cardiovascular risk of 20% or more (352, 353 ). Thus, if the decision is made to initiate statin therapy, the least expensive statin should usually be chosen. Control of glycaemia Issue Does control of glycaemia reduce cardiovascular risk in patients with diabetes? Evidence Cardiovascular disease accounts for about 60% of all mortality in people with diabetes. The risk of cardiovascular events is 2–3 times higher in people with type 1 or type 2 diabetes (354, 355) and the risk is disproportionately higher in women (354, 356). Patients with diabetes also have a poorer prognosis after cardiovascular events compared with non-diabetics (357, 358). Epidemiological evidence also suggests that the association between blood glucose and cardiovas- cular disease begins before diabetes manifests itself (357–361). In a meta-analysis of non-diabetic subjects, those with the highest blood glucose levels had a relative risk for cardiovascular disease events of 1. This suggests that cardiovas- cular risk increases as glucose tolerance becomes impaired and then progresses to diabetes (362). However, the difference in the number of events in the two groups was not significant. Each 1% increase in HbA1c level was associated with a 14% increase in the incidence of fatal or nonfatal myocardial infarction (368). However, intensive treatment of patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes, with sulfonylureas or insulin, resulted in a 16% reduction (P = 0. There was no "threshold" of glycaemia at which there was a significant change in risk for any of the clinical outcomes examined.
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text:
Works Volume 1
EMERSON LAKE AND PALMER
Tags:	Works Volume 1 EMERSON LAKE AND PALMER
Label Review.
1977 album.
Our Overview.
Following their exhausting 1974 world tour, the popular trio took a break before starting work on their next album which wouldn't be released until March 1977. The concept was a double album with each band member having a side to write and arrange himself and then the final side would be the whole band coming together for an encore.
The album initially saw a dip in the bands commercial fortunes but a few months after the albums release, their label Atlantic issued their version of Aaron Copeland's 'Fanfare For The Common Man' as a single. It stormed up the charts, peaking at No.2 and it pushed the parent album back into charts for the summer. A second volume of tracks from the sessions became 'Volume 2' in the autumn whilst the band were mid-way through their 'Works World Tour'. It would be the band's final flush of success. Only a year later the group found themselves washed up on the 'Love Beach' and they disbanded.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


This lecture presentation analyses a problem question on agreement in contract. In addition to discussing the relevant law the lecturer explains how to structure the answer so as to apply the law effectively.
Issues covered include: definition of consideration; past consideration; Williams v Roffey; economic duress; promissory estoppel.
Lecturer – Anne Street: Experienced lecturer and examiner of Law of Contract, Law of Property and Law of Trusts on LLB and GDL/CPE courses. Former Senior Lecturer at BPP, she currently teaches at SOAS, University of London and the University of Law. In addition, as visiting lecturer for the University of London International Programmes she has delivered regional revision seminars in London, Malaysia, Bangladesh and Ghana.


text:
\section{Task Descriptions}\label{append}

\begin{table*}[h]
\begin{tabular}{|c|l|}
\hline
Task Number & \multicolumn{1}{c|}{Task Description} \\ \hline
1 & \begin{tabular}[c]{@{}l@{}}In order to design a wind energy conversion system in Kansas,  a company needs the monthly wind\\ speeds in Kansas between 2003-2004. As an employee of the company, you are asked to write a query\\ to find such datasets. Relevant results should include monthly wind speed in Kansas between\\ 2003-2004. Datasets that contain the wind speed of areas within Kansas are also relevant.\end{tabular} \\ \hline
2 & \begin{tabular}[c]{@{}l@{}}To review the effectiveness of the National School Lunch Program (NSLP), a team wants to find out\\ how many and which schools have participated in the program, and how many meals have been served\\ in each of these schools. As one of the team members, you are asked to write a query to find \\ datasets that could help the review process.\end{tabular} \\ \hline
3 & \begin{tabular}[c]{@{}l@{}}A researcher is planning to study the economic development of Peru. Specifically, the researcher\\ requires the population of in Peru from 1986-94 for analysis. Please write a query to help the\\ researcher find datasets containing such information.\end{tabular} \\ \hline
4 & \begin{tabular}[c]{@{}l@{}}A journalist needs background on how the finance industry has changed in Texas in recent years.\\ The reporter wants to find banks that have failed in Texas in the past ten years.  Write a query\\ to help the journalist find such datasets.\end{tabular} \\ \hline
5 & \begin{tabular}[c]{@{}l@{}}A veterans advocacy group wants to collect data on federal spending in order to determine which\\ issues they need to focus their efforts on. They have not yet found how much is spent on medical\\ care in the state of Mississippi by the Department of Veterans Affairs. Write a query to help them\\ datasets containing the information needed.\end{tabular} \\ \hline
6 & \begin{tabular}[c]{@{}l@{}}A public policy expert is interested in trends in electricity pricing. The expert needs to know how\\ the price of electricity has changed in the Western region of the U.S. over time. Write a query to\\ help the expert find datasets that will contain useful information.\end{tabular} \\ \hline
\end{tabular}
\caption{Task descriptions used in the creation of the Federal Datasets Corpus.}
\end{table*}
\section{Conclusion}

In this paper, we have proposed a schema label enhanced ranking framework for dataset retrieval. The framework has two stages: in the first stage, a schema label generator is trained to generate additional schema labels for each dataset column; in the second stage, given a user query, datasets are ranked by their original fields together with generated schema labels.
Schema label generation is treated as a multi-label classification task in which each column of a dataset is associated with multiple schema labels. Instead of using hand-curated features, we learn the latent feature representations of schema labels by a CoFactor model in which the dataset-schema label interactions and schema label-schema label interactions are captured.  With the schema label mixed ranking model, the traditional ranking scores for text fields (title, description, data rows) and word embedding-based scores for generated schema labels can be used to rank the datasets.

We created a new benchmark to evaluate the performance of dataset retrieval.
The experimental results demonstrate our proposed framework can effectively improve the performance on the dataset retrieval task. It achieved the highest NDCG on all the rank cut-offs compared with all baseline methods.
We also apply our method to the web table retrieval task which is similar to dataset search and find that the features generated from schema labels can help in supervised ranking as well.

\section{Data Collection}
Here we describe how we construct the new benchmark for dataset retrieval in detail. We collected 2417 resources published by the U.S.\ federal government from Data.gov which cover a variety of topics. Each resource includes one or more CSV format data tables and corresponding metadata. Each CSV table is treated as a single dataset and we use the resource-level metadata to annotate each dataset.

\subsection{Task Creation and Query Collection}

We created six tasks in which each describes a separate information need to find one or more datasets. For each, we have a statement about the information need which describes what datasets are considered as relevant. We additionally verified for each task
the existence of at least one relevant dataset.
The dataset is public available\footnote{Available from \url{https://github.com/Zhiyu-Chen/ECIR2020-dataset-search} }.

\iffalse
\begin{table}[]
\centering
\caption{An example task description}
\label{task}
\begin{tabular}{|l|}
\hline
\multicolumn{1}{|c|}{\textless{}Task Description\textgreater{}} \\ \hline
\begin{tabular}[c]{@{}l@{}}A researcher is planning to study the economic \\ development of Peru. Specifically, the researcher \\ requires the population of in Peru from 1986-94 \\ for analysis. Please write a query to help the \\ researcher find datasets containing such information.\end{tabular} \\ \hline
\end{tabular}
\end{table}
\fi

We used Amazon Mechanical Turk\footnote{\url{https://www.mturk.com/}} to obtain diverse queries for these tasks from real users.
Every annotator was presented with the task descriptions and asked to provide a query for each created task. To avoid the impact of task order on the quality of annotations, we randomly shuffled the order of tasks for each annotator.
We paid one dollar for each completed annotation job and 20 queries were collected for each task.
Every collected query was manually examined and obviously unrelated queries were excluded from the collection.

\subsection{Relevance Assessments}

For each task and each suggested query, we used traditional ranking functions to score single field representations of each dataset and collect the top 100 results. The following ranking models were used: BM25, TF-IDF, Language model based on Jelinek-Mercer smoothing, and Language Model with Dirichlet smoothing.
We also used each model with two different representations:
the concatenation of all fields of the dataset and the concatenation of title and description.
This leads to eight baselines for the pooled results.

Then, the collected task-dataset pairs were annotated for relevance using the crowdsourcing service provided by Figure Eight\footnote{\url{https://www.figure-eight.com/}}.
We did not annotate the {\em query}-dataset pairs because the goal of dataset retrieval is to find relevant datasets with respect to a {\em task} which represents the real information need.

Annotators were presented with the task title, description and link to the data table.
Each task-dataset pair was judged on a four point scale: 0 (off topic), 1 (poor), 2 (good), and 3 (excellent).\footnote{The following labeling guidance was provided to annotators: {\em a dataset is off topic if the information does not satisfy the information need, and should not be listed in the search results from a search engine; a dataset is poor if a search engine were to include this in the search results, but it should not be listed at the top; a dataset is good if you would expect this dataset to be included in the search results from a search engine; a dataset is excellent if you would expect this dataset ranked near the top of the search results from a search engine.}}  Every annotator was paid 10 cents per task-dataset judgement.

Every single task-dataset pair was judged by three annotators and we take the majority vote as the relevance label. If no majority agreement is achieved, we take the average of the scores as the final label. The statistics of annotation results is shown in Table \ref{annotate}.

\begin{table}[tb]\footnotesize
\centering
\caption{For each task, the number of pairs assigned to each relevance label. }
\small
\label{annotate}
\begin{tabular}{@{}ccccc@{}}
\toprule
Task \# & off topic & poor & good & excellent \\ \midrule
1 & 1006 & 34 & 37 & 64 \\
2 & 164 & 248 & 585 & 308 \\
3 & 300 & 270 & 456 & 153 \\
4 & 246 & 324 & 660 & 289 \\
5 & 162 & 246 & 355 & 198 \\
6 & 181 & 303 & 614 & 367 \\ \bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\end{table}
\section{Evaluation}

\subsection{Evaluation Metrics }

We evaluate dataset retrieval performance over a range of metrics: Precision at $k$ and Normalized Discounted Cumulative Gain (NDCG) at $k$ \cite{jarvelin2002cumulated}.
To test the significance of differences between model performances, we use paired t-tests with significance at the $p=0.01$ level.

\subsection{Baselines}

We first present the baseline retrieval methods.

\textbf{Single-field document ranking (SDR).} A dataset is considered as a single document. We use BM25 to score the concatenation of title and description, the text of the data table and the concatenation of all of them. By comparing the three results, we can learn about field level importance for dataset retrieval. Parameters are chosen by grid search.

\textbf{Multifield document ranking (MDR).} By setting $w_l =0$, Eq.~\eqref{mix} degenerates to the Mixture of Language Models~\cite{ogilvie2003combining}. BM25 is also used here as $score_{text}()$ in order to have a fair comparison with other methods. To optimize field weights, we use coordinate ascent. Finally, smoothing parameters are optimized in the same manner as single-field document ranking.

\subsection{Experimental Results}

In this section, we examine the following research questions:

\begin{itemize}
    \item[\textbf{Q1}] Does data table content help in dataset retrieval?
    \item[\textbf{Q2}] Do generated schema labels help in dataset retrieval?
    \item[\textbf{Q3}]
    Which fields are most important for the dataset retrieval task?
\end{itemize}

We first obtain features of schema labels as described in Section \ref{slg} and the number of latent factors is set to 40. Then we train a Random Forest with the learned schema label features. The scikit-learn implementation of Random Forest\footnote{\url{http://scikit-learn.org/stable/modules/generated/sklearn.ensemble.RandomForestClassifer.html}} is used with default parameters except the number of trees is set to 25.
In practice, we could choose any multi-label classifier. For each column, we select the top 10 generated schema labels and filter those with probability lower than 0.5.
For each dataset, we index the generated schema labels as an additional field.
Table \ref{ndcg} summarizes the NDCG at $k$ and Precision at $k$ of different models.
Note that, for Schema Label Mixed Ranking (SLMR), we trained three different models and the weights of used fields were forced to be non-zero in order to study the proposed research questions. The weights of used fields for multifield document representation are also set non-zero when optimizing the parameters.

From the results of single-field document ranking, we can see that only utilizing the data table for ranking leads to the worst performance. Scoring on the concatenation of title and description achieved the best results, which indicates that title and description are more important than the data table for ranking a dataset (\textbf{Q3}). Treating all fields of a dataset as a single-field document provides  performance between the previous two models. This result is expected since the length of data tables are usually much larger than titles and descriptions, and therefore dominate the table representation.

By comparing the results of single-field and multifield document ranking, we observe that the combination of the scores of data table, title and description could improve NDCG@k. Though NDCG@k decreases when k increases, the relative improvement against single-field document ranking are more significant. In contrast, for Precision@5, Precision@10, single-field document ranking performs better than multifield document ranking, though the differences are small.  So for \textbf{Q1}, under the setting of multifield document ranking, the content of the data table could help NDCG, but not help Precision of dataset retrieval results.

Without scoring data tables, our proposed schema label mixed ranking approach achieves the highest NDCG on all the rank cut-offs, which indicates that the generated schema labels can be useful to improve the NDCG of dataset retrieval results (\textbf{Q2}).  Though Precision@20 of multifield document ranking are higher than our proposed model, the difference is no more than 0.4\% ($p\_value > 0.9$).
Significantly, our model outperforms by 21.3\% for Precision@5 ($\frac{0.5-0.4122}{0.4122}$) and by 20.1\% for Precision@10 ($\frac{0.4388-0.3652}{0.3652}$) than the best baseline methods ($p\_value < 0.01$).  Whether data tables are scored or not, Precision@k is not significantly different for schema label mixed ranking. Therefore, under the setting of schema label mixed ranking, data tables make little contribution in this scenario (\textbf{Q1}). One possible reason could be that data tables collected from data.gov contain large quantities of numerical values and will rarely be used to match user queries.

If a schema label mixed ranking model scores only on titles and descriptions ($w_l=0$), it is equivalent to single-field ranking model scoring on titles and descriptions. Therefore, we can compare the results in first and fifth rows in Table \ref{ndcg}. With generated schema labels, the ranking model can have a higher performance on dataset retrieval task (\textbf{Q2}).

\subsection{Schema Label Generation Enhanced Search for Web Tables}

The task of dataset search is similar to Web table search since both tasks use table structure to represent data. The difference is that a large amount of Web tables are entity focused and contain many named entities that can be linked to a knowledge base. However, our datasets collected from the data.gov data portal contain few useful entities in the table. Therefore, a lot of methods designed for Web table ranking cannot be applied to dataset search. The semantic table
retrieval (STR) method proposed by Zhang and Balog \cite{Zhang:2017:ESA} relies on features from knowledge bases (bag of entities)  which are not generally available for the scenario of dataset search. However, the schema label generation based method can be applied to table search. Thus, we performed additional experiments to show the performance of our method for the table search scenario.

We first generate schema labels for the table corpus shared by Zhang and Balog \cite{Zhang:2017:ESA} using the method proposed in Section \ref{slg}.
Then we append five additional features to their proposed features\footnote{\url{https://github.com/iai-group/www2018-table/tree/master/feature}} based on schema labels. Each feature is one type of semantic similarity between query and schema labels. Four features are calculated using the measurement proposed by Zhang and Balog (one early fusion feature, three late fusion features) and the last feature is the negative of Word Mover's Distance.
Finally, like Zhang and Balog, we use Random Forest to perform pointwise regression and the final reported results are averaged over five runs of 5-fold cross-validation and shown in Table \ref{tab:table_rs}.

\begin{table}[t]
\small
\centering
\caption{Supervised ranking results on table retrieval.}
\label{tab:table_rs}
\begin{tabular}{@{}lllll@{}}
\toprule
Method & NDCG@5 & @10 & @15 & @20 \\ \midrule
STR \cite{Zhang:2017:ESA} & 0.6366 & 0.6571 & 0.663 & 0.6632 \\
Schema Label Features & 0.4489 & 0.5201 & 0.534 & 0.5347 \\
STR + Schema Label Feat. & \bf 0.6530 &\bf 0.6728 &\bf 0.6789 & \bf 0.6761 \\ \bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\end{table}

We can see that schema label features along cannot outperform STR. But combining them results in improvement.
However, by calculating the normalized feature importance measured in terms of Gini score, we find that for STR with schema label features, WMD based measurement contributes the most among all the semantic features. Thus it demonstrates that the schema labels can be valuable for the table retrieval task as well.

Notably, in this table corpus, many tables lack much table content but contain rich text descriptions, which could be unfair for schema label generation-based methods. While for dataset search, each table has values but may lack high quality dataset descriptions. We believe that our schema label generation method can outperform STR in the scenario where text descriptions provide less useful information than the table itself.

\begin{table}[t]
\small
\centering
\caption{Unsupervised ranking results on table retrieval.}
\label{tab:table_rs_unsup}
\begin{tabular}{@{}lllll@{}}
\toprule
Used Fields                                & NDCG@5          & @10             & @15             & @20             \\ \midrule
text                                 & 0.3724          & 0.3891          & 0.4009          & 0.4178          \\
text + data table                    & 0.3901          & 0.4042          & 0.4422          & 0.4686          \\
\begin{tabular}{@{}c@{}}text + data table +   generated labels\end{tabular}
 & \textbf{0.4006} & \textbf{0.4118} & \textbf{0.4495} & \textbf{0.4766} \\
\begin{tabular}{@{}c@{}}text + data table +   original labels\end{tabular}
  & 0.3930          & 0.4055          & 0.4457          & 0.4709          \\
text + original labels               & 0.3785          & 0.3934          & 0.4110           & 0.4283          \\
text + generated labels              & 0.3808          & 0.3955          & 0.4064          & 0.4197          \\ \bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\end{table}

We also show unsupervised ranking results with Equation \ref{mix} in Table \ref{tab:table_rs_unsup}. Unlike Zhang and Balog \cite{Zhang:2017:ESA}, we consider page title, section title and caption as a single text field, in order to reduce the number of hyperparameters (field weights). The results show that generated labels are more effective than original labels for table ranking. It is unsurprising because generated labels often include not only original labels but also additional labels that can benefit the ranking model. We also notice that including the data table field achieves better results than not scoring it, which is contrary to the results of dataset ranking. It is also expected since WikiTables are entity-focused and include a lot of text information while data tables from data.gov include more numeric values.

\section{Introduction}

Dataset retrieval is receiving more attention as people from different fields and domains start to rely on datasets for their work.
There are many data portals with the purpose of effective and efficient data management and data sharing, such as data.gov\footnote{\label{data.gov}\url{https://www.data.gov/}},
 datahub\footnote{\url{http://datahub.io/}} and data.world\footnote{\url{https://data.world/}}.

 Most of those data portals use  CKAN\footnote{\url{https://docs.ckan.org/}} as their backend.
 However, there are two problems of dataset search engines using such infrastructure: First, ranking performance relies on the quality of metadata of datasets, while many datasets lack high quality metadata; second, the information in the metadata may not satisfy the user's information need or help them solve their task \cite{chapman2019dataset}. A user may not know the organization of a potentially relevant dataset, or the tags data publishers provide with a dataset. Such information can hardly be used for dataset ranking.

In this paper, we focus on the problem of dataset retrieval where dataset content is in tabular form, since tabular data
is widely-used and easy to read and write.
As illustrated in Fig.~\ref{dataset}, a dataset consists of a data table (dataset content) and metadata. A data table usually has one header row, followed by one or more data rows. The header row consists of a list of \textbf{schema labels} (attribute names) whose actual values are stored in data rows. Metadata usually includes title and description of the dataset.

\begin{figure}[t]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.95\textwidth]{dataset.jpg}
\small
\caption{The structure of a dataset.  Metadata includes the title and any description. A trained schema label generator is used to generate additional schema labels (green part) from similar data tables.}
\label{dataset}
\end{figure}

Schema labels, which represent high-level concepts, are underutilized if we directly score them with a user query.
Consider the example in Fig.~\ref{dataset}; the  vocabulary of schema labels could be very different from other fields and user queries. ``LocationAbbr'', standing for ``Location Abbreviation'', is unlikely to appear in a user query so this dataset is less likely to be recalled.
However, we can enhance this dataset by generating schema labels such as ``place'' and ``city'' appearing in other, similar datasets, which could provide a better soft-matching signal with respect to a user query, and therefore increase the chance that it can be recalled.

In this work, we first propose a new method for schema label generation. We learn latent feature representations of schema labels automatically by jointly decomposing the dataset-schema label interaction matrix and schema label-schema label interaction matrix.
Then we propose a framework for enhancing dataset retrieval by schema label generation to address the problem that schema labels are not effectively used by existing dataset search engines.
We create a new public benchmark\footnote{Available via  \url{https://github.com/Zhiyu-Chen/ECIR2020-dataset-search} } based on federal (U.S.) datasets
and use it to demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed framework for dataset retrieval.
We additionally consider a web table retrieval task and demonstrate that the features generated from schema labels can be effective for supervised ranking.

\subsection*{Acknowledgment}
This material is based upon work supported by the National
Science Foundation under Grant No.\ IIS-1816325.

\newpage

\bibliographystyle{splncs04}

\section{Schema Label Enhanced Ranking}

In this section, we introduce the framework of schema label enhanced dataset retrieval. As illustrated in Fig.~\ref{framework}, our framework has two stages: in the first stage, we first train a schema label generator with the method proposed in Section~\ref{slg} and use it to generate additional schema labels for all the datasets;
in the second stage, we use a mixed ranking model to combine the scores of schema labels and other fields for dataset ranking.
In the following subsections, we present a detailed illustration of the two stages.

\begin{figure*}[h]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.95\textwidth]{framework.png}
\caption{The proposed schema label enhanced dataset retrieval framework. The green blocks indicate generated schema labels for different datasets.}
\label{framework}
\end{figure*}

\subsection{Schema Label Generation}\label{slg}

We propose to improve dataset search by making use of generated schema labels, since these can be complementary to the original schema labels and especially valuable when they are otherwise absent from a dataset.

We treat schema label generation as a multi-label classification problem.  Let  $L = \{l_1,l_2,...,l_k\}$  denote the labels appearing in all datasets and $D = \{  (\mathbf{x}^i,\mathbf{y}^i) | 1 \leq i \leq n\}$  denote the training set. Here, for each training sample $(\mathbf{x}^i,\mathbf{y}^i)$, $\mathbf{x}^i$ is a d-dimensional feature vector of column $i$ which can be calculated from data rows~\cite{chen2018generating} or learned from matrix factorization proposed later in this section.  $\mathbf{y}^i$ is k-dimensional vector $[y_1^i, y_2^i,...,y_k^i]$  and $y_j^i = 1$ only if $x_i$ is relevant to label $l_j$, otherwise  $y_j^i = 0$.
Our objective is to learn a function that models $P(l|x_i)$, $(l\in L)$. To generate $m$ schema labels for column $i$, we can select the top $m$ labels $L_m $ by:
$$L_m = \operatorname*{arg\,max}_{ l\in L_m \subseteq  L} P(l|x_i)$$
We could also generate schema labels by selecting a probability threshold $\theta$:
$$L_m = \{l \in L | P(l|x_i) \geq \theta \}$$
In practice, we could first generate the top $m$ schema labels and filter out those results with a probability lower than the threshold.

Chen et al.~\cite{chen2018generating} proposed to predict schema labels based on curated features of data values.
Instead of designing curated features for schema labels, we consider learning their representations in an automated manner. Inspired by collaborative filtering methods in recommender systems, we model each dataset as a user and each schema label as an item. Then a dataset with a schema label can be considered as positive feedback between a user and an item.  By exploiting the user-item co-occurrences and item-item co-occurrences, we can learn the latent representations of schema labels. In the following, we show how to construct a preference matrix in the context of schema label generation and how to learn the schema label features.

\textbf{Preference Matrix Construction.}
With $m$ data tables and $n$ unique schema labels, we can construct a dataset-column preference matrix $M^{m \times n}$, where $M_{up}$ is 1 if dataset $u$ contains schema label $p$.

\textbf{Matrix Factorization.}
MF \cite{koren2009matrix} decomposes $M$ into the product of $U^{m \times k}$ and $P^{k \times n}$ where $k < min(m,n)$. $U^T$ can be denoted as $ (\alpha_1, ..., \alpha_u\, ..., \alpha_m)$ where $\alpha_u \in R^k $ represents the latent factor vector of dataset $u$. Similarly, $P^T$ can be denoted as $ (\beta_1, ..., \beta_p\, ..., \beta_n)$ where $\beta_p \in R^k$ represents the latent factor vector of schema label $p$.
Since the preference matrix actually models the implicit feedback, MF optimizes the following objective function:
\begin{equation}
\mathcal{L}_{mf} = \sum_{u,p}c_{up}(M_{up} - \alpha_u^{T} \beta_{p})^2 + \lambda_\alpha \sum_u \norm{\alpha_u}^2  + \lambda_\beta \sum_p \norm{\beta_p}^2
\end{equation}
where $c_{up}$ is a hyperparameter tuned to balance the non-zero and zero values  since $M$ is a sparse matrix. $\lambda_\alpha $ and $\lambda_\beta$ are regularization parameters that adjust the importance of regularization terms $ \sum_u \norm{\alpha_u}^2$ and $\sum_p \norm{\beta_p}^2$.

\textbf{Label Embedding.}
Recently, word embedding techniques (e.g., word2vec \cite{mikolov2013distributed}) have been valuable in natural language processing tasks. Given a sequence of words, a low-dimensional continuous representation called word embedding can be learned for each word.  Word2vec's skip-gram model with negative sampling (SGNS) is equivalent to implicitly factorizing a word-context matrix, whose cells are the pointwise mutual information (PMI) of the respective word and context pairs, shifted by a global constant \cite{levy2014neural}.
The PMI between word $i$ and its context word $j$ is defined as:
$$PMI(i,j) = log\frac{P(i,j)}{P(i) \times P(j)} = log \frac{\#(i,j) \times|D|}{\sum_j \#(i,j) \times \sum_i\#(i,j)}$$
where $\#(i,j)$ is the number of times word $j$ appears in the context window of word $i$ and $|D|$ is the total number of word-context pairs.
Then, a shifted positive PMI (SPPMI) of word $i$ and word $j$ is calculated as:
\begin{equation} \label{sspmi}
SSPMI(i,j) = max\{PMI(i,j) - log(k),0\}
\end{equation}
where $k$ is the number of negative samples of SGNS.  Given a corpus,  matrix $M^{SPPMI}$ can be constructed  based on equation  \eqref{sspmi} and factorizing it is equivalent to performing SGNS.

A schema label exists in the context of other schema labels.
Therefore, we
perform word embedding techniques to learn the latent representations of schema labels. However, we do not consider the order of schema labels. Therefore, given a schema label, all other schema labels which come from the same data table are considered as its context. With the constructed SSPMI matrix of co-occurring schema labels, we are able to decompose it to learn the latent representations of schema labels.

\textbf{Joint Learning of Schema Label Representations.}
Schema label representations learned from MF capture the interactive information between datasets and schema labels, while the word2vec style representations explain the co-occurrence relationships of schema labels. We
use the CoFactor model \cite{liang2016factorization} to jointly learn schema label representations from both dataset-label interaction and label-label interaction:
\begin{equation}
\label{loss}
\begin{aligned}
\mathcal{L} &=\overbrace{ \sum_{u,p}c_{up}(M_{up} - \alpha_u^{T} \beta_{p})^2 }^{MF} \\
&+ \overbrace{\sum_{M_{pi}^{SPPMI} \neq 0}(M_{pi}^{SPPMI} - \beta_p^T \gamma_i - b_p - c_i)^2}^\text{\em schema\ label\ embedding} \\
&+ \lambda_\alpha \sum_u \norm{\alpha_u}^2  + \lambda_\beta \sum_p \norm{\beta_p}^2 +\lambda_\gamma \sum_i \norm{\gamma_i}^2
\end{aligned}
\end{equation}
From the objective function we can see the schema label representation $\beta_p$ is shared  between MF and schema label embedding. $\gamma_i$ is the latent representation of context embedding. $b_p$ and $c_i$ are the schema label embedding bias and context embedding bias, respectively.  The last line of Equation \ref{loss} incorporates regularization terms with different $\lambda$ controlling their effects.
We use the vector-wise ALS algorithm \cite{yu2014parallel} to optimize the parameters.

\textbf{Schema label generation.}
After obtaining the jointly learned representations of schema labels, we can use them as features for schema label generation.
In this paper, we use the concatenation of schema label representations introduced here and the curated features proposed by Chen et al.~\cite{chen2018generating} to construct each $x^i$.  Any multi-label classification models can be used to train the schema label generator and in this paper we choose Random Forest.

\subsection{The Mixture Ranking Model}

Based on the schema label generation method proposed above, we index the generated schema labels for each dataset. Now, each dataset has the following fields: metadata, data rows, schema labels and generated schema labels.
A straightforward way to rank datasets is to use traditional ranking methods for documents.

Zhang and Balog \cite{zhang2018ad} represent tables as single field documents or multifield documents for table retrieval task.
For \textit{single field document representation}, a dataset is treated as a single document by concatenating the text from all the fields. Then traditional methods such as BM25 can be used to to score the dataset. For \textit{multifield document representation}, each field is scored independently against the query and a weighted sum is used for ranking.

In our \textbf{Schema Label Mixed Ranking (SLMR)} model, we score schema labels differently from other fields. The focus of our work is to learn how schema labels, data rows and other metadata may differently influence dataset retrieval performance. Note that, for simplicity, we consider the other metadata (title and description) as a single text field, since title and description are homogeneous compared with schema labels and data rows. Therefore, we have the following scoring function for a dataset $D$:
\begin{equation}
\label{mix}
score(q,D) =  \sum_{ i \in \{text,data\}}w_{i} \times score_{text}(q,F_{i})  + w_{l} \times score_{l}(q,F_{l})
\end{equation}
where $F_{text}$ denotes the concatenation of title and description, $F_{data}$ denotes the data table, and $F_{l}$ denotes the generated schema labels. Each field has a corresponding weights. $F_{text}$ and $F_{data}$  have the same scoring function $score_{text}$ while $F_{l}$ has a different scoring function $score_{l}$.  For $F_{text}$ and $F_{data}$, we can use a standard scoring function for normal documents. In the experiments, we use BM25 as $score_{text}$.

Due to the existence of a large number of non-dictionary words in schema labels \cite{chen2018generating} that would otherwise be outside of the vocabulary of a word-based embedding, we represent schema labels and query terms using fastText \cite{bojanowski2017enriching} in $score_{l}$, since such word embeddings are calculated from character n-grams instead of terms.
To score the schema labels with respect to a query, we use the negative Word Mover's Distance (WMD) \cite{kusner2015word}.
WMD measures the dissimilarity between two text documents as the minimum amount of distance that the word embeddings of one document need to ``travel'' to reach the word embeddings of another document. So $score_{l}(q,F_{l}) = - wmd(fasttext(q),fasttext(F_{l}))$ reflects the semantic similarity between a query and schema labels.

\section{Related Work}

Dataset search has become a new research field with new challenges.  Chapman et al.~\cite{chapman2019dataset}  classify dataset search into {\em basic} and {\em constructive} dataset search. Basic dataset search returns a list of existing datasets based on a user's query, while constructive dataset search \cite{gentile2016extending} generates datasets on-the-fly based on a user's needs and query.
Google recently released a dataset search service\footnote{\url{https://toolbox.google.com/datasetsearch}}. Like many other data portals, their service relies on metadata of datasets, annotated on web pages using a standard defined by schema.org.

Other work on applications of Web tables is also related to our work.
Cafarella et al.~\cite{cafarella2008webtables} proposed WebTables system which extract Web tables from top ranked pages by keyword search.
Sekhavat et al.~\cite{sekhavat2014knowledge} proposed a probabilistic method that augments an existing knowledge base with facts from Web tables.
Zhang et al.~\cite{Zhang:2017:ESA} developed generative probabilistic models to equip spreadsheets with smart assistance capabilities. Specifically, given a table, they recommend additional rows and column headings by leveraging the information from the Web tables.   They also developed semantic matching features for table retrieval~\cite{zhang2018ad}.

The techniques designed for Web table analysis could potentially be applied to dataset search. In our work, each dataset is associated with data in tabular form. Extracting useful information from tables such as entities and attribute names could help with the retrieval task. Trabelsi et al.~\cite{mo2019bdt}  recently proposed custom embeddings for column headers based on multiple contexts for table retrieval, and found representing numerical cell values to be useful.
Zhang et al.~\cite{Zhang:2017:ESA} proposed to use semantic concepts to represent queries and tables for ranking entity-focused tables.  However, dataset search could be inherently more difficult since datasets do not need to be entity-focused.

\section*{Supplementary Material}

\begin{table*}[ht]
\small
\begin{tabular}{|c|l|}
\hline
Task Number & \multicolumn{1}{c|}{Task Description} \\ \hline
1 & \begin{tabular}[c]{@{}l@{}}In order to design a wind energy conversion system in Kansas,  a \\company needs the monthly wind speeds in Kansas between \\ 2003-2004. As an employee of the company, you are asked to \\write a query to find such datasets. Relevant results should include\\ monthly wind speed in Kansas between 2003-2004. Datasets that\\ contain the wind speed of areas within Kansas are also
relevant.
\end{tabular} \\ \hline
2 & \begin{tabular}[c]{@{}l@{}}To review the effectiveness of the National School Lunch Program\\ (NSLP), a team wants to find out  how many and which schools \\have participated in the program, and how many meals have been  \\served in each of these schools. As one of the team members, you\\ are asked to write a query to find datasets that could help the \\review process.\end{tabular} \\ \hline
3 & \begin{tabular}[c]{@{}l@{}}A researcher is planning to study the economic development of Peru.\\ Specifically, the researcher  requires the population of in Peru from \\1986-94 for analysis. Please write a query to help the  researcher find\\ datasets containing such
information.\end{tabular} \\ \hline
4 & \begin{tabular}[c]{@{}l@{}}A journalist needs background on how the finance industry has \\changed in Texas in recent years. The reporter wants to find banks \\that have failed in Texas in the past ten years.  Write a query to\\  help the journalist find such
datasets.\end{tabular} \\ \hline
5 & \begin{tabular}[c]{@{}l@{}}A veterans advocacy group wants to collect data on federal spending\\ in order to determine  which issues they need to focus their efforts on.\\ They have not yet found how much is spent on  medical care in the \\state of Mississippi by the Department of Veterans Affairs. Write a \\query to help them find datasets containing the information
needed.\end{tabular} \\ \hline
6 & \begin{tabular}[c]{@{}l@{}}A public policy expert is interested in trends in electricity pricing. \\The expert needs to know how the price of electricity has changed in \\the Western region of the U.S. over time. Write a query to help the \\expert find datasets that will contain useful information.\end{tabular} \\ \hline
\end{tabular}
\caption{Task descriptions used in the creation of the Federal Datasets Corpus.}
\label{alltasks}
\end{table*}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
Село — многозначное слово.

 Село — один из видов сельских населённых пунктов в Болгарии, Македонии, России, Сербии и  Украине. Также может являться именем собственным населённых пунктов:

Топоним

Белоруссия
 Село — деревня в Лиозненском районе Витебской области.

Россия

Архангельская область
 Село — деревня в Верхнетоемском районе.
 Село — деревня в Каргопольском районе.
 Село — деревня в Няндомском районе.

Вологодская область
 Село — деревня в Вожегодском районе.
 Село — деревня в Калининском сельском поселении Тотемского района.
 Село — деревня в Толшменском сельском поселении Тотемского района.

Костромская область
 Село — деревня в Чухломском районе.

Ленинградская область
 Село — деревня в Волосовском районе.

Новгородская область
 Село — деревня в Мошенском районе.

Орловская область
 Село — посёлок в Троснянском районе.

Смоленская область
 Село — деревня в Духовщинском районе.

Другие значения

 Село — единица измерения площади земли, 2 плуга.

См. также
 Сельцо (значения)
 Селы
 Села

Примечания

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Samsung to extend Tizen device ecosystem with Tizen 4.0
Deidre Richardson
In 2015, Samsung launched its Tizen-powered Z1 in India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, and Nepal. The Z3 launched the same year in Russia (Moscow), China, Sri Lanka, and Malaysia, signalling the success of the Z1. In 2016, Samsung launched the somewhat-out-of-numerical-order Z2, making it the first 4G-capable, Tizen-powered smartphone in world history. And yet, the secret to growth is to expand one's selling base Samsung must push hardware sales and expand app store services into ignored areas in order to encourage greater market expansion and profitability of the fledgeling platform.
Samsung's Hokyu Choi took to the stage at the Tizen Developer Conference (TDC) this week to inform attendees about the progress of the New Tizen Smartphone and Tizen Incentive Program, but he also had some hardware news along with it. Samsung already said the Z4 would come to the TDC and, as expected, it has appeared "in the flesh" at the TDC.
The Samsung Z4 provides some great features of its own, such as 4G LTE, VoLTE, and VoWiFi support as well as its 2.5D glass design and pre-installed Tizen 3.0. Samsung looks to capitalize on the new selfie trend with bright and clear selfies in the Z4. Other features such as Quick Talk, Quick Camera Switch, and Switchable Video Recording make the Z4 more functional than say, the previous-generation Z3. The Samsung Z4 comes pre-loaded with Tizen 3.0, bringing minimalistic icons, new themes, modern-designed widgets, Dual Profile apps, Quick Talk voice command capabilities, and Quick Reads.
The best news of the TDC, apart from the Samsung Z4, pertains to the spread of Tizen smartphones such as the Z4 into other countries and continents. This year (2017), the Tizen-powered Z4 and other Tizen smartphones (yes, the word smartphones implies others to come) will arrive in the Middle East Asia and Latin American countries of Iran, Egypt, Pakistan, Bolivia, Peru, and the entire African continent (where the manufacturer has been selling Smart TVs since 2015).
Samsung will extend the Tizen ecosystem with Tizen 4.0, which is expected to roll out to the market later this year – bringing all sorts of new functionalities to the platform, including AI, Augmented/Virtual/Mixed Reality, IoT, and more.
Previous articleSamsung Z4 Hands On: The first look at the Tizen 3.0 mobile
Next articleBest Photo Collage added to Tizen Store
Deidre Richardson has a strong background as a tech journalist, covering a little of everything before her love for Samsung blossomed. Having owned 9 Samsung smartphones (GS3, GS4 Active, GS5, Note 3, Galaxy S6 Active, Galaxy Note 5, Galaxy S7 edge, Galaxy S7 Active, Galaxy Note 7) and 3 Samsung smartwatches (Galaxy Gear, Gear S, Gear S2) since 2012, she sees her love for Samsung and tech as two paths that are merging into one with each passing day. When she's not covering Samsung news, reviews, and how-tos, she's talking to family and friends on her Gear S2.
Apple AirPods Pro Performance Becomes WORSE After Update!


How Can Psychological Assesssment Improve Your Business?
Psychological testing and interviewing by a clinical psychologist helps businesses hire the right people. Dr. Bargreen's method to candidate assessment identifies whether the person is a good fit for your company and determines if the candidate has sufficient ability to elevate your organization. Psychological evaluations can be used in employee screening, succession planning, managerial selection, pre-employment decisions, and employee counseling situations. Financially, psychological testing can aid your company from hiring the incorrect person, which may save the organization thousands of dollars. Psychological assessment can protect your organization by eliminating candidates that are not a good fit for your organization. Dr. Bargreen wrote his doctoral dissertation on the number one personality assessment tool, the MMPI-2 and can improve your business by helping you hire the right person for the job.
Do I have a bright candidate? How do I choose the right person for my company? Will the candidate conflict with others at work? Will the person have the ability to grow and adapt to the needs of my company? How will my candidate connect with co-workers and supervisors? Does the person have adequate managerial skills? Does the person have problem behaviors that can or cannot be corrected?
For more than 50 years psychologists have been helping executives and managers answer such questions about people that they want to hire. Psychological assessment is the key to gaining a deeper understandingabout the people you want to hire, promote, coach, or counsel. Psychological assessment will give you insight into the person's personality and cognitive ability that you cannot find elsewhere.
How can psychological assessment help my business or corporaton? Every business owner or executive wants to hire the best people possible and it is no wonder why many psychologists are hired by companies to assess whether they are the right fit for the job.
A business usually hires a psychologist to help hire or promote people, based on the client's psychological testing results. Many companies have the psychologist evaluate all final candidates for a position above a specific salary level or grade. This judicious selection allows quality control in the employment and promotion process in the business. There is a great advantage to having an objective psychologist as the evaluator, due to high variability and inconsistent validity in interviewing skill level amongst managers.
Once the evaluation process has been completed, psychological evaluations are confidentially submitted to the senior HR manager or directly to the CEO to protect the confidentiality of the information. Individual feedback sessions are available to every successful candidates as part of their development. Feedback sessions to the managers can also be helpful in having the candidate better adapt to the new position.
Managers will recognize the importance of psychological evaluation. The organization can also gain from the person's psychological testing results, as they can can monitor the individual's growth over time.
How does a psychological evaluation assess a person?
Psychological evaluations can guide the organization how the candidate can develop or improve their skills, as some candidates may need additional training or education.
What does my company need to do before the psychological evaluation?
It is helpful for the psychologist to visit the company and learn about the culture of the company. The psychologist may need to meet with managers and gain a better understanding of what is needed for the job position -- which helps the psychologist gain a better understanding of specific issues in the company.
How does Dr. Bargreen conduct the psychological evlauation?
Psychological evaluations involve aone to two hour clinical interview, a general intelligence test, and several personality questionnaires, for a total of roughly 5-10 hours of one on one time with the individual. The hours spent with the psychologist is dependent on what the organization wants the psychologist to test for. The clinical interview combined with valid, standardized testing provides a thorough and objective assessment of an individual's capabilities and personality characteristics.
What does psychological testing cost?
Dr. Bargreen charges $205.00 per hour. Evaluations cost anywhere from $2000 for sales and supervisor candidates up to $3000 for executive candidates and developmental planning profiles of senior-level managers/executives.
Successful companies have the right people working for them. Your employee development is critical to creating a successful organization. Psychological tests give you important insights about your people and the people you may hire. They help you make better decisions. From a purely financial view, if psychological tests can prevent you from making one bad hire, it probably saves you tens of thousands of dollars. (And a bad hire can cost your company thousands of dollars in recruiting and hiring expenses, training, lost opportunity, salary and benefits, and termination costs!) From a development perspective, psychological evaluation helps focus your training and development dollars where they can be most effective. From an organizational perspective, there is no better growth strategy than using every tool available to hire and develop the best people. Have Dr. Bargreen improve your company by providing psychological assessment services for your business or organization needs.


"The Flu" refers to any illness caused by influenza viruses. These illnesses typically circulate through Utah during the winter months every year. Each year we will see a slightly different influenza virus. We call these illnesses "Seasonal Influenza". Every so often, influenza viruses can change dramatically, causing new versions of influenza virus to circulate. This year, one of these new viruses called H1N1 Influenza is circulating as well.
Typical influenza symptoms include fever, dry cough, muscle aches, headache, and sore throat. Sometimes runny nose, upset stomach, and diarrhea may occur. The "stomach flu" is actually not influenza at all, and is more accurately called gastroenteritis. The severity of influenza symptoms is variable. Most children and healthy adults will experience mild to moderate symptoms with the main symptoms of fever, muscle pains, and sore throat lasting 3-7 days. Cough and fatigue will often last for 2 weeks. Patients at high risk for more serious symptoms and complications include those with underlying lung disease (such as asthma), infants under 6 months old, and individuals with immunological disorders. Influenza symptoms are very similar to those of the common cold. The current cold viruses that are circulating tend to cause more mild symptoms, more runny nose and sore throat, and lower fever of shorter duration.
Symptoms that you should let us know about include persistent fever over 103, breathing difficulty, decreased urination, persistent vomiting, fever that returns after it has been gone for more than a day, chest pain, ear pain, or fever lasting more than 7 days. If your child has any underlying medical issues, or is under 6 months of age and has influenza symptoms, you should contact us for more information.
The majority of children with mild to moderate influenza only require symptomatic care. Symptomatic care includes the use of acetaminophen for children over the age of 2 months and/or ibuprofen for those 6 months and over to help control fever, body aches, and headache. Sore throat can be treated with these medications as well. Throat lozenges for those over 4 years old may help. Cold drinks and popsicles help with sore throat and help to keep the child well-hydrated. It's also very important to push a lot of clear fluids and make sure the child is getting enough rest. If your child is having more severe symptoms, or has underlying medical issues, you should have them seen by one of our providers for further advice.
For certain patients, a medication called an antiviral may be used to help fight influenza infection. The main antivirals in use currently include Tamiflu, Relenza, Flumadine, and Amantadine. Most influenza viruses will only be sensitive to some of these medications. The H1N1 virus that is presently circulating is sensitive only to Tamiflu and Relenza. These medications are effective at reducing the severity and duration of influenza infection, but tend to only work well if started in the first 24-48 hours of symptoms. These medications also have some serious potential side effects including nausea, vomiting, stomach pain, agitation, insomnia, worsening of asthma, and potential psychiatric side effects such as hallucinations and anxiety. These side effects make it so that the medications may actually be more harmful than the influenza itself for many children. Children with mild to moderate symptoms and no underlying health issues are not recommended to take these medications. For some influenza outbreaks, these medications are used to prevent transmission of the virus through a family. This "prophylactic" use is not recommended for the H1N1 virus.
The best method for prevention of influenza is vaccination. We recommend influenza vaccination for all children over the age of 6 months old, and all family members of children of any age. The current "flu shot" has been in use for over 15 years and has one of the best safety records of any intervention in medicine today. Since the influenza virus changes each year, the vaccination is also modified each year to match the circulating strains of virus. For 2009, we will have both seasonal influenza and H1N1 influenza circulating. The H1N1 virus was not identified early enough to include in the regular influenza vaccine, so this year there are two influenza vaccinations. Influenza vaccine can be given as a shot to kids over the age of 6 months, or as a nasal mist to kids over the age of 2 years. The shot should not be given to kids who are allergic to it. The mist should not be given to kids with chronic health problems such as asthma, diabetes, or immunological disorders. The mist vaccine is a live-virus vaccine and should not be given within 30 days of any other live-virus vaccine (MMR, Varivax, or other Flumist).
Hand-washing is also important to prevent all respiratory viruses, including influenza. Teaching your kids to wash their hands for 30 seconds, use hand sanitizer frequently, cough into their elbow, and keep their fingers/hands out of their noses, mouths, and eyes makes a HUGE difference.
If your child is sick, keep them home and away from other kids. If your child has influenza, they should stay home from school/daycare/church until their fever has been gone (and they aren't needing any ibuprofen or Tylenol) for at least 24-48 hours. With influenza, this is likely to take up to a week, so plan childcare ahead. If your child has influenza and must go into public (like to our office), have them wear a mask. Masks work best to keep the infected person from spreading the virus, however, masks aren't the most effective at preventing healthy people from getting the virus.


A stay at Ithaca of South Beach Hotel places you in the heart of Miami Beach, a 2-minute drive from Lummus Park Beach and 8 minutes from Lincoln Road Mall. This boutique hotel is 4.3 mi (6.9 km) from Phillip and Patricia Frost Museum of Science and 8.4 mi (13.5 km) from Vizcaya Museum and Gardens.
Make yourself at home in one of the 11 individually decorated guestrooms, featuring refrigerators and iPod docking stations. Your pillowtop bed comes with down comforters and premium bedding, and all rooms are furnished with sofa beds. 47-inch plasma televisions with cable programming provide entertainment, while complimentary wireless Internet access keeps you connected. Private bathrooms with showers feature designer toiletries and hair dryers.
Mingle with other guests at the complimentary reception, held daily. Continental breakfasts are served on weekdays from 8 AM to 10 AM and on weekends from 8 AM to 10 AM for a fee.


Whether you are beginning a new coffee business or just dreaming of one, Safehouse has the know-how to get you where you are going.
Safehouse Coffee Roasters has been roasting and brewing Specialty Coffee in our own retail environments since 2004. In that time we have learned what to do, and what not to do in small hometown coffee communities as well as busy high volume programs. We'd like to give you access to this experience to start your new coffee business.
Derek and Susan of Chris Cross Coffee in the foyer of Atlanta Dream Center Church chose a Safehouse designed espresso program and batch brew system to accommodate the volume we anticipated before Sunday morning service.
In 2014 we felt the calling to open a coffee shop at the Atlanta Dream Center. The mission was clear... allow God to harness the pain we had endured through the loss of our son to his addictions towards building something that would bring community to our church, bring sustainable resources to the Atlanta Dream Center's urban missions and to ultimately develop a jobs program. While the mission was clear, how to make all of that happen was absolutely not! We knew nothing about building and running a coffee shop. It all seemed very overwhelming!
Enter Safehouse Coffee Roasters! These guys held our hands from the idea phase, through launch and beyond. At no time did we ever feel like they were trying to sell us anything. It has always felt like they simply want to support us so we can reach our dream. All the things we didn't know about the coffee business, they did!! In fact, I sometimes refer to them as our coffee scientists!
They helped select the best location within our facility, completed the design of the bar down to the last detail, sourced/installed/tested all our equipment, provided detailed information regarding every item of small-ware that would be needed to run the shop, trained us on how to run all of the gear, helped define our menu and became our source for some of the finest roasted coffee available. Hunt Slade and Jacob Orr are true professionals, who share our vision and have always been readily available for anything we've needed.... and we've needed a lot!! I am thankful for the fact that Safehouse Coffee Roasters helped make Chris Cross Coffee a reality!!!


text:
#ifndef __itkMetaTubeConverter_h
#define __itkMetaTubeConverter_h

#include "metaTube.h"
#include "itkSpatialObject.h"
#include "itkTubeSpatialObject.h"

namespace itk
{
template< unsigned int NDimensions = 3 >
class ITK_EXPORT MetaTubeConverter
{
public:

  MetaTubeConverter();
  ~MetaTubeConverter() {}

  typedef itk::TubeSpatialObject< NDimensions > SpatialObjectType;

  typedef typename SpatialObjectType::TransformType TransformType;

  typedef typename SpatialObjectType::Pointer SpatialObjectPointer;

  //typedef typename itk::NDimensionalSpatialObject NDimSpatialObject;

  SpatialObjectPointer ReadMeta(const char *name);

  bool WriteMeta(SpatialObjectType *spatialObject, const char *name);

  SpatialObjectPointer MetaTubeToTubeSpatialObject(MetaTube *Tube);

  MetaTube * TubeSpatialObjectToMetaTube(SpatialObjectType *spatialObject);
};
} // end namespace itk

#ifndef ITK_MANUAL_INSTANTIATION
  #include "itkMetaTubeConverter.txx"
#endif

#endif

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Archive for the wrath of Euphrates
Review: Adrestia
Posted in Reviews with tags adrestia, anti-cimex, crust, d-beat, Martyrdöd, punk, the wrath of Euphrates on December 8, 2019 by Magadh
Adrestia, The Wrath of Euphrates (Phobia Records) 2019
I meant to review Adrestia's supremely hard-rocking The Wrath of Euphrates months ago when it first came out. But at that point, I was absolutely up to my ears in other projects and it passed out of my sight for a time. What follows take a little while to get where it's going. If you want the Cliff's Notes version, this is a really shattering piece of metallic crust, that has the added benefit of having sound political consciousness and an important message. If this is enough for you, feel free to move on down the line. For the rest…
I can remember a lifetime ago standing around at the Mermaid in Birmingham seeing Napalm Death for the first time. In time this would get to be kind of old hat. They opened a lot of shows in Birmingham in those days and I ended up seeing them a bunch of times in the months that I lived in the U.K. in the spring and summer of 1986, but I recall the first time clearly. I recall it because I'd seen Mick Harris, a weedy little guy (not as weedy as myself of course) with the brim of his baseball cap flipped up and Lärm scrawled across it, hanging around the bar for an hour before the show. But this thing I most remember is that they must have done 30 songs in a fifteen minute set.
If I'm remembering correctly, they were a three-piece then and their bassist was singing. Before each of the manic blasts he would bark out whatever the subject of the song was: "This one's about…destruction of the environment!" But, for all I knew, it might have been about the scoreline of the Aston Villa versus Nottingham Forest football match. It was just completely impenetrable.
I don't know about those guys, but I do know that a lot of the punks that I met around Notts were pretty politically engaged: going to demos, playing benefits, doing a little light hunt saboteuring here and there. This was a big change for me from the U.S. (or at least my part of it). Politics for us were a bit more abstract. I think we mostly hated Ronald Reagan, but the general run of punks in the U.S. was pretty unpolitical (and sometimes kind of right-wing). I remember one of the Notts punks saying to me, "The only band from the U.S. that I take seriously is Crucifix."
As I got more toward adulthood (and moved to an actual city as opposed to the backwater town I grew up in), I found more punks being actively engaged, doing non-profit stuff, running Food Not Bombs, etc. But toward the end of the 1980s I felt like that fell off a bit. Punk in the U.S. always had a pretty strong element of personal rather than political focus, and the rise to prominence of the East Bay pop punk bands kind of validated this. Ok, I'm exaggerating a bit here, but only a bit. There were always overtly political bands (especially in Portland where the crust thing was almost cult-like), but as I got older a really began to miss the more political end of things.
The upshot of all of this is that nowadays I have an especially soft spot my heart for bands with serious political commitment. Having followed developments in Rojava for a few years, I was really gratified when Martyrdöd (which reads of this blog will who I have a real thing for) put out a release in support of the cause there.
The struggle of the Kurds for an autonomous homeland perhaps did not receive the support from the community of the left that it might because the fight against groups like ISIL attracts so many from the nutball right. People are justifiably hesitant to take positions that might line them up alongside a bunch of neofascists, and the opposition to ISIL from that end of the spectrum is, more often than not, freighted with a lot of racist and cultural chauvinist baggage.
As Mr. Trump's recent dealings with Recep Tayyip Erdoğan demonstrate, the right has a hard time not simply categorizing non-whites as terrorists to one degree or another (thus Mr. Trump and his supporters were pretty much ok with Erdoğan's project of ethnically cleansing northern Syria). Support for Rojava, and the YPJ and YPG units fighting to defend their autonomous zone and to root ISIL out of the region, is something decent people can unreservedly get behind.
Martyrdöd took an important step along this path with their video for "Harmageddon" in 2016. The use of actual footage of YPJ fighters in battle was intense and compelling. They then reprised this cut on the In Solidarity with Rojava split EP with Adrestia that came out the following year.
Adrestia's previous full length, The Art of Modern Warfare (2017) also had Rojava as an important theme. I remember listening to it at the time, but never really connecting to it, although it holds up well now in retrospect. It's got the kind of crusty aggression that you'd expect, plus the cover has actual colors other than black and white, which is a refreshing change.
The Wrath of Euphrates is a real step forward. This gets my vote for the best record to come out in 2019, and I really don't think there's been anything else even close (ok maybe Hellknife, Dusk of Doom which coincidentally is also out on Phobia Records). The Wrath of Euphrates comprises thirteen cuts of hyperaggressive d-beat crust. There is a very significant metal dimension to this disc, with a lot of single-string techniques, overlying melodies that would not have been out of place on an early Dimmu Borgir record. There are also more straight-ahead metal touches (a fair amount of heel damping, pick harmonics, and solos more complicated than the standard d-beat fare). But it all works together.
Their sound bounces around between early Wolfpack and a more Skit System-esque direction. Like a lot of crust bands, they tend to play a lot of melodies over underlying d-beat progressions. But unlike bands like Martyrdöd or Burning Bright, Adrestia's melodies are more depressing and uglier.
The result is a disc that absolutely blazes with anger and aggression. It's hard to single out particular cuts as excellent, but if you twist my arm I'd say my favorites are "See You in Hell" and "Afrin." The former fields a pretty complex lick that then resolves into a skull-crushing d-beat pounder. This one had me headbanging to the point that I nearly wrecked my (thanks guys). "Afrin" features an opening in a sort of eastern sounding progression that is very much outside the norm for this style of music and which helps it develop real atmosphere.
For added awesome, check out the video they did for "The Message" with vocals by former Anti-Cimex singer Tomas Jonsson. I will just sya that I had very good reason to believe that nothing like this would ever happen, so it was nice to hear Jonsson's voice gracing another record.
The Wrath of Euphrates is about as perfect of a synthesis of metal chops and hardcore aggro that you're ever going to find. They play their music like the world was coming down around their ears and they'd been invited to play the afterparty with Motörhead. I really can't imagine what they could do to top this, but I am eager to hear them try.
The Era of the Late Republic, Part 1
Review: For I Am
Review: Röntgen
Review: Henry Kane


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Home // Conventions // 12″ Marvel Legends Daredevil Is Ready To Rumble
12″ Marvel Legends Daredevil Is Ready To Rumble
August 31, 2017 Bill Sencio Reply
It's all about the accessories when it comes to Hasbro's 12″ Marvel Legends Daredevil.
For over a year now, the Marvel Legends toy line has featured a larger, 12″ scale offshoot, a sub-line Hasbro has been filling with some highly detailed, super poseable sculpts based on the heaviest hitters of the Marvel Universe. It's sort of a second coming of the classic Toy Biz line Marvel Icons, and true to those roots, Hasbro has employed a certain level of artistic liberty in terms of character design and costuming.
That aesthetic is very much on display with Daredevil, the 12″ San Diego Comic Con exclusive, but the end result is predominantly a win. Clad in a riff on his classic red jumpsuit, this all new sculpt taps into a real world style with the figure's helmet/ mask and armored gloves, and additional tones and glossy finishes help distinguish these parts from Daredevil's more basic bodysuit.
I really like the armored bits, which help to ground the design of this street level hero. I feel his lean body type was intended to do the same, but the sculpt seems a bit too skinny to properly represent Matt Murdock in my eyes. This body would work great for Spider-Man, but Matt needs a little more bulk… and lacking that, his gloves and boots seem too large, giving him an almost teenage silhouette.
While the figure isn't perfect, Hasbro really pulled out all the stops when it comes to Daredevil's accessories. He includes a total of four alternate pairs of hands– gripping hands and closed fists with gloves on, and another two sets of bloodied, bandaged hands– and even two alternate forearm pieces. This allows you two change Matt's forearms from gloves and gauntlets to bandages, which matches the all new Joe Quesada artwork on the figure's elaborate window box.
The hands and forearms swap out easily, and they have a unique sort of attachment I've never really seen before… the forearms are hollowed out, and the wrist pegs sync up with sockets stemming from the elbow down. Why he features this setup instead of simple pegs at the top of the forearm and at the wrist I do not know, but all the parts can interchange easily and hold in place securely, so I'm not complaining.
We also get an alternate unmasked Matt Murdock head, featuring a character appropriate cocky smirk despite the bruises and punishment our hero has clearly recently experienced. The head is packed with personality, and it's nice to see Matt get his own unique portrait instead of a repainted Hawkeye head or other shortcuts we've seen in the past. To match the unmasked look, Daredevil includes an empty mask, which he can hold in his hand.
Naturally, Daredevil comes packed his twin billy clubs, which he can hold or store in his leg holster. The weapons are nice, made of a firmer plastic than many smaller clubs, meaning they're less likely to bend or warp. However I'm a little disappointed there's no string to connect them, nor any way to snap them together to form Matt's cane. Little details like that would have been easy to include (especially considering how common they've been on figures half this size), making them the weakest link among Matt's accessory pool.
I mentioned the packaging earlier, but it's worth revisiting, because it really is gorgeous. The Quesada artwork is showcased against an eye catching metallic red backdrop, and finished off with a back-of-box description written in braille. The whole thing is so well thought out, and feels so perfect for the hero of Hell's Kitchen, it's honestly a challenge to even take the figure out of the box.
Marvel Legends' 12″ Daredevil was available exclusively at Comic Con, but you can pick him up while supplies last at HasbroToyShop.com.
Thanks to Hasbro for giving us the chance to shine the spotlight on this awesome addition to the Marvel Legends collection!
Posted in Conventions, San Diego Comic Con, Toy Korner, Toy Reviews and tagged as Comic Con, Daredevil, Exclusive, Hasbro, Marvel Legends, SDCC