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Ottawa's LRT: Sifting Commercials for Info
The City has decided some time ago not to engage transit users for feedback on the design and use of its new LRT vehicles and stations. Instead, users are stuck until they can "try out" a PR model of the new trains, or watch PR Videos cheerleading the project.
At Lansdowne Park, a mock-up LRT vehicle reveals numerous shortcomings, from entanglement points, very hard seats, to the lack of footroom at some seats that will make winter riding uncomfortable and exiting the window seats acrobatic enough to challenge cirque de soleil performers. It's a shame these details are coming out so late in the game.
Similarly, the City had only a small public / users focus group for the early design of the "wish list" stations, and none at all for the actual RTG-proposed stations. Is the City really so confident that users cannot contribute anything worthwhile to making the stations better value for the dollar?
The City has a promo video for its chosen vehicles. The background scenery is somewhat recognizable (the VIA Train Station, Ottawa U) and offers close-ups of one station: Pimisi.
On the assumption that the station layout information shown in the 26 Feb 2015 video is correct (a big assumption, but we haven't much info to go by), here are some screen grabs, and some comparisons with similar pic released earlier by the city:
This is Pimisi Station, at the middle (track) level. The train in the background is going westbound; the track we are looking along is headed east toward the downtown tunnel portal just a few metres east of the station. Booth street is barely visible crossing over at right angles, in the top right corner.
There is a single escalator to this end of the platform, plus stairs. I'm glad to see stairs, it may be the only exercise some people get. Our sedentary society needs more mindless exercise. The escalators might be reversible to operate in the direction of maximum flow, or maybe just "up".
The escalator area is protected from rain and (some) snow by a dramatic sloping roof and full height glass wall. I do hope we etch the glass with nice patterns before the screwdriver set get at it to tag it with gang initials. The underside of the roof over the platform areas appears to be wood; beyond the platform area, it is metal.
All these elements – cone elevators, wood undersides, metal overhangs … are commonly seen in Ottawa at other buildings, for example the credit union at Bank-Isabella, a school on Bank just south of Sunnyside, Lansdowne Park, the Mackenzie King Bridge, etc. The stations will have a familiar at-home-in-Ottawa feel.
The escalator is in an unheated area, and to be shut down during non-operating night time hours * for maintenance and energy savings. When its -40C overnight, will a wet and gritty mechanism start up in the morning?
On the south side, there are struts sticking out over the passenger platform from the red line of Station Identification signs. I hope these are for glass roofs so people on the platform will have some rain and snow shelter, as the station roof is very high up and may not extend over the tracks on the south side. To the north, the roof and side walls will protect the westbound platform area.
The track bed on the right is shown as smooth concrete, not rails – ties – gravel ballast, which should keep it all neater and cleaner. Although in the screen grab, over on the left, on the platform, the image of Dzhokhar Tsarnaev leaving a bag is an unpleasant "where's waldo" moment.
Here's an earlier but similar still shot released by the city:
Moving a bit further along the platform (see pic below) the maybe-glass-roof-over-the-platform is a bit more visible. The large metal cone in the centre is an elevator going down to the underground passageway that takes users down and out to the aqueduct pathways. From there, people can cross the parallel aqueduct over the historic stone bridges at Booth (sheltered from the rain by the road bridge waaaay up overhead) or at (unsheltered) Broad Street.
The lower level exit is designed to handle surge crowds from events like Canada Day and Bluesfest. As yet, crossing the Broad Bridge won't get you anywhere, and even if you make your way out to Bluesfest it's unlikely there will be an entrance there.
There appear to be horizontal louvres on each outside edge of the track right of way, in lieu of chain link fences, to prevent people from stepping off the curb and crossing the tracks, and possibly to serve as windbreaks. I wonder if these will be recycled Ash wood?
Here's the still shot:
This screen grab (below) is taken pigeon's eye view from a point over the aqueduct and a bit west of Booth Street, which is just visible in the top left corner of the pic. The roof starts out as a V at Booth street and flattens as it descends. The chain link fence is not shown extending along the trackside where the decorative slatted fence ends, but will surely be there.
I do hope the runoff from that very large roof will be landing in a water garden and not just being directed into a downpipe into the sewers.
In early design considerations, the architects and planners decided that the south sides of stations should be mostly glazed or open to let in light and warmth; and the north and west sides glazed or solid walls, to block the northwest winds.
While that makes sense as a general rule, at Pimisi all the view is to the north, towards the aqueduct, the pathways, the ceremonial Algonquin welcoming area. Alas, the north wall is still mostly solid, reducing the pleasant views and restricting sightlines that would enhance subjective safety on the paths and underpass approaches.
The pic above more clearly shows the lowest level underpass. It goes at least as far as the centre platform; I don't know if goes all the way under the tracks to the south side of the station. The cone structure to the far left is the elevator pair to the Booth Street level. The video creators kindly pre-graphittied the underpass wall by advertising themselves.
In these two colour stills from the City, the three level design is more apparent: aqueduct and pathway level; track level; Booth Street level. The walking areas shown in these pic are where the transitway is now at LeBreton Station; the new Pimisi Station is actually located a bit further south and higher, more cut into the hill.
The pic below shows the canal-side pathway with people who walk but no people who cycle. Note that the lower level walkout is actually several feet lower than the current transitway and canal edge, ie it's in a dip.
When the camera angle shifts to up above Booth Street (see pic below) , you can see the four lanes of Booth plus a bus-bay and car-drop-off-and-pick-up zone along the edge. It is unclear how much roof shelter there is for pedestrians on this level. I previously saw plans that showed ordinary bus shelters parked along the eastern road edge, which suggests not much overhang.
Because of the traffic pulling in and out of the laybys, the City has decided the road is too dangerous for people who cycle, as they might get squashed by the busy bus movements, so there are no bike lanes, neither curbside nor floating somewhere out in the middle between traffic lanes. Behind-the-curb cycle tracks were also ruled out by OC Transpo who felt high speed cyclists would bowl over transit users like so many skittles. Instead, cyclists will be directed to walk their bikes on the sidewalks (from Albert to Wellington out by the Museum?) or use alternate routes (not yet provided?).
Nonetheless, the City trumpets the station as friendly for cyclists, as evidenced by four parked bicycles at a world's worst designed bike rack:
The video-pic above also shows a centre boulevard. Orginally designed as a skylight to the platforms below, it has been added and subtracted from the plans at each iteration. The whole station is to have a Algonquin culture theme.
Construction is now underway.
You can watch the video from which I took the screen grabs here:
http://www.ligneconfederationline.ca/category/lrtv/ The Pimisi Station shots come right at the end.
* Note that the Confederation Line will close at night. Late night travellers will be on buses on a roughly parallel route. Sort of like the Bus 107, but forever. A single incident on a train at any station (for eg a heart attack, or other series medical issue, or central electronic fault) will bring the entire system to a halt, both directions, within 20 minutes or so. Will we have the buses available?
March 17, 2015 March 16, 2015 Westsideaction
9 thoughts on "Ottawa's LRT: Sifting Commercials for Info"
Scott Shorkey says:
Temperature is not a concern. In Edmonton, where it is even colder than Ottawa, they have unheated LRT stations and the technology works for them if a bit uncomfortable obviously.
Nitpick with temperature: -40C never actually happens. The coldest temperature ever recorded in Ottawa is -36.1C. Even -30C is rare. In most winters, the temperature never hits that point. In fact, even in the bitter cold of this winter and last, it didn't happen. Last time -30C was recorded in Ottawa was in January 2011. The average winter night is -14C. This may seem surprising to some who think it's colder, but that's because weather forecasters usually speak of windchill, which is an arbitrary calculation that has zero effect on mechanical operations… solely on human comfort.
The line "A single incident on a train at any station (for eg a heart attack, or other series medical issue, or central electronic fault) will bring the entire system to a halt, both directions, within 20 minutes or so." is not true. If an incident happens at specific station, that station will be closed but the line will operate unaffected and the trains will skip the station by driving right through it. That's what happens in Toronto when these things hpapen.
If an incident happens on the line itself, it will lead to partial closures of certain areas. There's crossovers implemented that allow trains to cross over and switch directions mid-line to allow this.
Westsideaction says:
Scott: if there is an incident on a train (medical, mental, militant) then that train does not move. I gather there are no crossovers (allowing a train to be shifted to the other track) between Tunney's and Belfast. So stopping one train stops one direction of travel, and within a half hour or so, there will be no more trains to come back in the other direction either, so both directions will grind to a halt, unless we choose to run two or three trains west for while, then once they have finished, run two or three trains east, on the same track. Maybe there are more crossovers? Maybe we do have contingency plans? Maybe our operation of the OTrain is extra-ordinarily once in a million years bad luck? I'd love to know if we can operate the system on one track, and what those operating terms would look like. Just asking.
Erinn says:
With crossovers at the right places, it should be possible to operate service under the scenario you mentioned. BUT, the train of course, has to have the good sense to break down, or halt due to an emergency in the right place! Another factor to consider would be whether or not the stations have centre platforms, as they may not give the comfort zone necessary for evacuating a train, undertaking a medical procedure, etc. That being said, I'm sure Uncle Jim only took enough pennies out of the jar to put crossovers in for movements at the ends of the line, and to get to the Yard. Anything else would be an extravagance that we just can't afford.
As for night service, the city has confirmed that the service hours on the Confederation Line will be:
-Monday to Thursday: 6AM to 1AM
-Friday-Saturday: 6AM to 2AM
-Sunday: 7AM or 8AM (can't remember) to 11PM
Friday/Saturday service will likely be timed to have last trains leaving Rideau at about 2:30 or so to capture the bar close rush.
All renders at this point are conceptual. RTG has probably drawn blueprints for most by now, although they aren't public as far as I know. You might be able to get blueprints by filing a freedom of information request.
One of the most interesting things I learned is that most of the seats in the mockup are unpadded, while only the two closest to the cab are padded like the real thing, as a cost-cutting measure.
MA says:
What I wonder is, with all the emphasis on doing things as cheaply as possible, why have escalators at all? We have elevators for people with disabilities (as well as, presumably, people with strollers, the elderly, etc), but why are we spending money just to make it easier for regular Ottawans to be lazy? People should be expected to take the stairs, it's good for them!
margythomson says:
Your point is a reasonable one, but if we are to take into consideration all age groups for example, then I can point out that people who are getting into their senior years can spend years in a "grey" area where disabilities appear and are temporary although long-term. I can easily see where constantly taking an elevator is not necessary for some joint injuries for example, but using stairways constantly is too difficult. It is not a matter of getting enough exercise. Let's think about other age groups than the most active. Once on flat ground seniors can be very active, but stairs present a problem (maybe long term but temporary but maybe long term). I prefer escalators over elevators at all times for very good practical reasons, and want to keep as active as I am now. Of course I always presumed I would be just great on stairs everyday since I hike, swim, bike, and use stairs intermittently too). Escalators are not where I would like to see cost cuts, if it means pain or great hardship for a growing number of people in the future. Elevators alone used constantly for a large number of people? I must say I hope not. My experience with that concept so far: elevators sometimes are alright but cannot even compare to escalators.
Chris Miller says:
"the image of Dzhokhar Tsarnaev leaving a bag is an unpleasant "where's waldo" moment."
With this one comment my respect for your opinion has flatlined.
Tammi Nh (@NhTammi) says:
Actually, there is ONE padded seat that I can find. It's at the end near the conductor's cabin on the left against the wall. Just one padded seat. That's it.
The train is a LOT less spacious then I would have imagined for an LRT. Surprisingly tight spaces. :/
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Eric Darwin is a community activist involved in planning, transportation, streetscaping, and cycling issues in Ottawa, Canada.
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It's been 10 years since the financial crisis. Sometimes it feels like a lifetime ago. There were some rocky moments since, but overall things turned much better than almost everyone predicted. That said, nothing's ever perfect or permanent.
The advantage of history is the ability to revisit past experiences and keep the lessons fresh in our minds. Being a decade removed, now seems like as good a time as any to do that.
In his 2010 annual letter, Seth Klarman wrote about the 20 lessons he took away from the '08 crisis. The best part is the lessons don't require another crisis to be useful.
When excesses such as las lending standards become widespread and persist for some time, people are lulled into a false sense of security, creating an even more dangerous situation… Correlation between asset classes may be surprisingly high when leverage rapidly unwinds.
Nowhere does it say investors should strive to make every last dollar of potential profit; consideration of risk must never take a backseat to return. Conservative positioning entering a crisis is crucial: it enables one to maintain long-term oriented, clear thinking, and to focus on new opportunities while others are distracted or even forced to sell.
Risk is not inherent in an investment; it is always relative to the price paid. Uncertainty is not the same as risk.
Do not trust financial market risk models. Reality is always too complex to be accurately modeled… Despite the predilection of some analysts to model the financial markets using sophisticated mathematics, the markets are governed by behavioral science, not physical science.
Do not accept principal risk while investing short-term cash: the greedy effort to earn a few extra basis points of yield inevitably leads to the incurrence of greater risk, which increases the likelihood of losses and severe illiquidity at precisely the moment when cash is needed to cover expenses, meet commitments, or to make compelling long-term investments.
The latest trade of a security creates a dangerous illusion that its market price approximates its true value.
A broad and flexible investment approach is essential during a crisis. Opportunities can be vast, ephemeral, and dispersed through various sectors and markets.
At equal returns, public investments are generally superior to private investments…because amidst distress, public markets are more likely than private ones to offer attractive opportunities to average down.
Beware leverage in all its forms… Even if you are unleveraged, the leverage employed by others can drive dramatic price and valuation swings; sudden unavailability of leverage in the economy may trigger an economic downturn.
Many LBOs are man-made disasters. When the price paid is excessive, the equity portion of an LBO is really an out-of-the-money call option.
Financial stocks are particularly risky. Banking…is a highly leveraged, extremely competitive, and challenging business.
The government — the ultimate short-term-oriented player — cannot withstand much pain in the economy or the financial markets. Bailouts and rescues are likely to occur, though not with sufficient predictability for investors to comfortably take advantage.


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What causes GBS?
The cause is unknown. We do know that about 50% of cases occur shortly after a microbial infection (viral or bacterial), some as simple and common as the flu or food poisoning. Some theories suggest an autoimmune trigger, in which the patient's defense system of antibodies and white blood cells are called into action against the body, damaging myelin (nerve covering or insulation), leading to numbness and weakness.
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GBS in its early stages is unpredictable, so except in very mild cases, most newly diagnosed patients are hospitalized. Usually, a new case of GBS is admitted to ICU (Intensive Care) to monitor breathing and other body functions until the disease is stabilized. Plasma exchange (a blood "cleansing" procedure) and high dose intravenous immune globulins are often helpful to shorten the course of GBS.The acute phase of GBS typically varies in length from a few days to months, with over 90% of patients moving into the rehabilitative phase within four weeks. Patient care involves the coordinated efforts of a team such as a neurologist, physiatrist (rehabilitation physician), internist, family physician, physical therapist, occupational therapist, social worker, nurse, and psychologist or psychiatrist. Some patients require speech therapy if speech muscles have been affected.
There are many variants of GBS, but they all share the characteristic of being 'rapid onset':
Acute Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy (AIDP) 75% – 80% of cases fall into this 'classic' category
Acute Motor Axonal Neuropathy (AMAN) Similar to AIDP, but without sensory symptoms
Acute Motor Sensory Axonal Neuropathy (AMSAN) Severe variant of GBS more prevalent in Asia, Central America, and South America
Miller Fisher Syndrome Characterized by double vision, loss of balance, and deep tendon reflexes
Living with GBS
Recovery may occur over six months to two years or longer. A particularly frustrating consequence of GBS is long-term recurrences of fatigue and/or exhaustion as well as abnormal sensations including pain and muscle aches. These can be aggravated by 'normal' activity and can be alleviated by pacing activity and rest.
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Nova has been the go-to app launcher for Android power users Which Android Launcher Should You Use? We Compare the Best! Which Android Launcher Should You Use? We Compare the Best! These awesome launchers will have your Android device feeling brand new. Read More for the past couple of years. When it first hit the scene, Nova was famous for the sheer amount of customization options it offered.
Even in the past few updates, Nova has consistently added new features to the launcher — and it offers a lot for free. But if you're looking for power user features like swipe gestures, custom drawer groups, hidden apps, and more, you'll want to upgrade to Nova Launcher Prime for $4.99.
Today we're talking about these powerful features that make Nova Prime the best overall launcher.
Android's on-device search is far from optimal. You can try switching to a different launcher like Evie You Need to Try This Lightning-Fast Android Launcher You Need to Try This Lightning-Fast Android Launcher Evie Launcher is the no-nonsense Android launcher you've been waiting for. Read More , but it might not be worth it for just one feature. Sesame shortcuts is a third-party app with native Nova Launcher integration. Once it's linked, you'll be able to access more than 100 different kinds of in-app shortcuts right from Nova's search feature.
This means that when you search a contact's name, you'll see their WhatsApp conversation 10 Best WhatsApp Features Everyone Must Know 10 Best WhatsApp Features Everyone Must Know Want to get the most out of WhatsApp? Some features -- hidden and obvious, new and old -- are essential to improving your experience. Here are some of the best. Read More as well. Searching for something in the Play Store also becomes easy.
Sesame Shortcuts has a 14-day trial, and after that you'll have to pay $2.99. Launch the Sesame Shortcuts app, turn on the Nova integration, and then go to Nova Settings > Integrations and turn on the search integration.
Download: Sesame Shortcuts (14-day trial, $2.99 in-app purchase).
Getting access to the Google Now page 4 Google Now on Tap Features You Didn't Know About 4 Google Now on Tap Features You Didn't Know About Google Assistant may be replacing Google Now on Tap, but Now on Tap still has some great features. Read More swipe gesture isn't easy if you're using a third-party app launcher (after the Google Assistant rollout, it's even more difficult). Nova launcher has a workaround to integrate the Pixel Launcher's feature where the Google Now page integrates into the left-most page of the launcher.
You'll need to sideload How to Sideload Any File onto Your Android Phone or Tablet How to Sideload Any File onto Your Android Phone or Tablet You may have come across the term "sideloading" before, but what does it mean? And how can you go about sideloading apps or files? Read More the official Nova Google Companion app first. Then go to Nova Settings > Google Now and enable the page.
Now go back to the home screen and swipe to the leftmost page. Google Now should be there.
As you'll learn in this article, gestures are Nova's forte. And they start right on the home screen. Like every other launcher, swiping down with one finger brings up Search, swiping up shows the App Drawer. But that's just the start. You can define double-tap gestures, two-finger swipe (up and down), pinch gestures, rotate gestures, and more.
To see all the options, go to Nova Settings and select Gestures & inputs.
You can use any gesture to open an app, a shortcut, or a Nova-specific action.
The steps for enabling this feature are a bit convoluted, but once you've got it setup, you'll have multiple tabs in the app drawer, each with a different selection of apps.
To create a new tab in the App drawer, go to Nova Settings > App & widget drawers and make sure Tab bar is enabled.
Then scroll down to the Drawer groups section and tap on the Drawer groups option. Tap on the + button here to create a new tab. Tap on the Edit button next to a tab name to add apps to the new drawer.
Nova Prime lets you hide folders behind app icons. You can swipe up on an app to reveal a folder hidden behind it. Once enabled, the first app in the folder becomes the app in the front. This can be a great way to have quick access to a pool of related apps, without messing up your meticulously crafted icon grid.
First, create the folder and add all the app icons. Tap and hold on the folder. From the Edit Folder screen, toggle the Swipe to open folder option. If you want the tap action to be something other than opening the first app in the folder, tap on the drop down below Tap action. You can select any app, shortcut, or a Nova action here.
You can enable a swipe gesture Quickly Access Apps and Shortcuts With Custom Gestures for Android Quickly Access Apps and Shortcuts With Custom Gestures for Android Gesture controls make it super easy to navigate quickly around your Android device. Read More for any app on the home screen. This way you can launch a related app by swiping up or enable an app-related shortcut. For instance, swiping up on the Phone app can launch the Contacts app, or swiping up on Messages app can put you in a direct message view for your significant other.
To assign a swipe gesture for an app, tap and hold on app and tap on the Swipe action section.
Android Oreo Android O Is Oreo and Rolling Out Soon Android O Is Oreo and Rolling Out Soon After months of speculation, Google has confirmed that Android 8.0 is Android Oreo. And for the lucky few who own the right devices, Android Oreo will be rolling out soon. Read More brings a new style of app badges, and Nova lets you get this feature without upgrading. From Nova Settings, go to Notification Badges. From here, select Dots.
Once you've enabled notification access for Nova, you'll see customization options for the dot. You can put it any corner of the app and you can choose the size.
Another thing Android Oreo tries to do is normalize app icons. Android has been a wild west when it comes to app icons. There has never really been a strict shape or style like with iOS. This new feature tries to bring a bit of order to app icons.
With adaptive icons setting, you can choose a background style for the icon and the app icon will adapt to it. You can choose between round, rounded square, and teardrop shapes.
From Nova Settings, select Look & Feel, and turn on Adaptive Icons. Then select Adaptive Icon style. From here, enable the reshape legacy icons section to make sure that all your icons look the same.
Go to Nova Settings > App and widget drawers, and from the Drawer groups section, select Hide apps.
Check off the apps you want to hide. Now when you go back to the App drawer, they'll be gone.
To view hidden apps, tap on the app drawer tab at the top and select Show Hidden Apps.
As I've said before, Nova is choke full of customization and productivity features. Here are some really awesome features that you should try.
When you're in the Home screen, tap on the Home button to quickly access the Search field.
Tap and hold app icons to reveal Nougat's app shortcuts feature. This lets you quickly jump into a particular part of an app. From Twitter app icon, you can start a new tweet. From Gmail's app icon, you can compose a new message.
What's Your Launcher Setup Like?
Thanks to Nova's support for icon packs 6 Gorgeous, Completely Free Icon Packs to Facelift Your Android 6 Gorgeous, Completely Free Icon Packs to Facelift Your Android Transforming the look of your Android device doesn't have to cost you anything. Read More and fluid layout, you have an empty canvas in the form of the Home screen. You can organize your apps and widgets just the way you like.
If you're looking for more options, there are plenty of reasons to give Smart Launcher on Android a try 11 Enticing Reasons to Try Smart Launcher on Android 11 Enticing Reasons to Try Smart Launcher on Android Looking for a new Android launcher? Here's why Smart Launcher is a great pick, whether you want something simple or special. Read More .
Have you customized your home screen? What does it look like? Share your home screen setups with us in the comments below.
Explore more about: Android, Android Launcher, .
1. Model no. AO 5510.
2. Running on Cyanogen Os version 11.0 - XNPHO5Q.
After on factory set I Downloaded the "UrbanClap Partner" app again.
"Unfortunately Trebuchet has stopped". And I can't run any app including "UrbanClap".
Why the app reacting like this?And what should I do to solve it?
Please help me and mail me.
I really don't care about gestures or hiding things. I use Nova Launcher to ensure consistency between Android Device UIs and icon arrangement; I'm mildly annoyed that different launchers can't even agree on simple stuff like whether or not the app drawer scrolls up and down or left to right.
"8. Get Android Oreo's Adaptive App Icons"
Its in the beta version, hasn't rolled out to the stable version yet.


text:
Resonans (tidligere under navnet Mosaik) er et semi-professionelt kor fra Aarhus, der blev dannet i 1991 af Anders Grinderslev.

Repertoiret bestod først af salmejazz og anden rytmisk korsang, også under korets anden leder, Steen Søvndal. I 1995 udgav koret cd'en "Mosaik" på selskabet Refleks Musik. CD'en består af salmer med nye melodier, hvoraf en del er skrevet af Anders Grinderslev.

I 1995 blev Maria Kofod Herbst dirigent for koret, og med hende tog repertoiret en drejning mod gospelmusikken. I 2000 udgav koret cd'en "Perfect Love" på selskabet Refleks Musik. Den består af gospelinspireret musik.

Fra 2001 til 2010 blev koret ledt af Anders Østerby, som i særlig grad fokuserede på den amerikanske gospelmusik gennem egne og andres kompositioner. I 2004 udgav koret ep'en "I Need You" på selskabet Vigsø Musik. Den består af amerikansk inspireret gospelmusik.

Christian Michael Villadsen var fra september 2010 til december 2019 dirigent for koret, som udgav deres fjerde CD i 2014.

I Efteråret 2020 overtog Jakob Gunnertoft ledelsen for koret, der på samme tid ændrede navn til Resonans. Koret var i forårssemesteret 2020 under midlertidig ledelse af Frederik Kjeldsen og Miriam Randi Larsen.

Diskografi
 Mosaik (1995)
 Perfect Love (2000)
 I Need You (2004)
 Mosaik (EP) (2014)

Eksterne henvisninger
 Officiel hjemmeside

Kor fra Danmark
Musikgrupper fra 1991
Kultur i Aarhus

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Community Interactive
The Count to Infinity
By Xanodus, May 24, 2011 in Forum Games
DarkRavie 534
56 in Roman Number is LVI
Bork 1
The square root of 58 is: 7.6157731059
dum_dum 7
Gone in 60 Seconds is a movie starring Nicolas Cage.
TheOneWhoSees 687
Knight of the Round
Edited November 15, 2018 by TheOneWhoSees
On 10/2/2018 at 10:18 PM, TheOneWhoSees said:
I think you meant 61.
The numerology number 62 is a business number with a strong inclination to benefit family and other relationships. 62 is a balanced number.
(Kirito) 228
The number of chromosomes found in the offspring of a donkey and a horse.
It features in the title "When I'm Sixty-Four" song by the Beatles.
65 is commonly used in names of many dishes of South India cuisine, for instance Chicken 65.
The few 600 giant statues on Easter Island measure on average 66 feet each one.
67, a 1992 song by Love Battery from the album Between the Eyes.
The planet Jupiter has 68 moons.
Sex Position .
Cheetahs are the world's fastest mammals. They can run at 70 miles per hour, but only for distances of about 400 yards.
The number of different characters that can be used with a standard English keyboard, excluding uppercase letters.
Jill Clayburgh and LeVar Burton starred in: Firestorm: 72 Hours in Oakland (1993)
73 Best regards, a popular Morse code abbreviation.
A Hurricane or a typhoon is a system with sustained winds of at least 74 MPH.
Edited February 1, 2019 by DarkRavie
The age limit for Canadian senators.
Go To Topic Listing Forum Games
† Retired


text:
\section{Introduction}

The Standard Model [${\cal SM}$] has been tested to a very high precision in
recent years. However, the Higgs boson, one of the elementary particles of this
model, has not been discovered until now.
Higgs boson hunting remains one of the most important problems
in contemporary high energy physics.
Recently the two--photon decay mode of the Higgs boson attracted much
attention by both theorists and experimentalists
based on two different reasons:
\begin{enumerate}
\item This decay channel provides an opportunity to discover and
study the Higgs boson in the lower part of the intermediate mass region
at hadron colliders such as the LHC \cite{Kunz}.

\item Two--photon production of a heavy Higgs boson via
$\gamma \gamma \to H\to ZZ, b\bar b, t\bar t$ is quite interesting
and promising for future high energy $\gamma\gamma$ colliders \cite{Zerw}.
Scalar Higgs production via photon fusion exhibits a possibility to distinguish
between the Higgs boson of the ${\cal SM}$ and the
light scalar one of the minimal supersymmetric extension of the
Standard Model [${\cal MSSM}$] in the case of the pseudoscalar
being very heavy and to measure the Higgs parity \cite{Kraem}.
\end{enumerate}

In this paper we consider the coupling of scalar as well as pseudoscalar
Higgs bosons to two photons. The existence of
pseudoscalar Higgs bosons is predicted by
e.g.~the ${\cal MSSM}$. This model contains
three neutral Higgs particles: two $\cal CP$--even scalars $h,H$
and one $\cal CP$--odd pseudoscalar $A$.
The $\gamma \gamma$ couplings to these particles
are mediated by charged heavy particle
loops ($W$--boson, $b$-- and $t$--quark) as shown in fig.1.
 The top quark and $W$ amplitudes read in lowest order \@ifnextchar [{\@tempswatrue\@citexr}{\@tempswafalse\@citexr[]}{Elli,Gun}
\begin{eqnarray}
F_t^H & = & 2 \tau [1+(1-\tau) f(\tau)] \nonumber \\ \nonumber \\
F_W^H & = & - [3\tau+2 -3\tau (\tau-2) f(\tau)] \nonumber \\ \nonumber \\
F_t^A & = & \tau f(\tau) \label{eq:ff}
\end{eqnarray}
The scaling variable is defined as $\tau =4m_i^2/m_\phi^2$,
where $m_i$ denotes the loop--particle mass and
$m_\phi$ the corresponding Higgs mass, and
\begin{equation}
f(\tau) = \left\{ \begin{array}{ll}
\displaystyle
\arcsin^2 \frac{1}{\sqrt{\tau}} & \tau\geq 1 \\ \\
\displaystyle
-\frac{1}{4} \left( \log\frac{1+\sqrt{1-\tau}}
{1-\sqrt{1-\tau}} -i\pi \right)^2 & \tau < 1
\end{array} \right.
\end{equation}
The two--loop QCD radiative corrections to the quark amplitudes have been
calculated for the scalar Higgs decays \@ifnextchar [{\@tempswatrue\@citexr}{\@tempswafalse\@citexr[]}{Zhen,MeYa} and the pseudoscalar
one \cite{DSZ}.
Near the $t\bar t$--threshold [$\tau\sim 1$] the perturbative result of these
corrections to the pseudoscalar top--loop is not valid due to
the appearance of a Coulomb singularity originating from possible
$(t\bar t)$--bound state formation in an $S$--wave. In this mass region the
narrow width approximation is not applicable.
Due to the quantum numbers of the Higgs particles the intermediate
$t\bar t$--pairs produced in the scalar Higgs decays $h,H \rightarrow t\bar t
\rightarrow \gamma\gamma$ belong to a $P$--wave amplitude, which is strongly
suppressed at threshold leading to negligible effects of the top decay width
and Coulomb interactions of the $t\bar t$--pair. Therefore we only consider
effects of the $W$ decay width in the scalar decays to photons.
The perturbative results for the lowest order amplitudes
(\ref{eq:ff})
and the two--loop QCD corrections at threshold are significantly modified
due to the following effects:
\begin{description}
\item[(i)]  strong Coulomb interaction of the loop--particles,
\item[(ii)] the large width of the $t$--quark and $W$--boson.
\item[(iii)] mixing of the Higgs bosons with the $t\bar t$--bound states
\cite{DreHi}.
\end{description}

Calculating the form factor of the process $A\to \gamma\gamma$ for
$|m_A-2m_t|\ll m_A$ we have to take into account Coulomb interactions
between $t$ and $\bar t$.
The physical picture is obvious: above threshold, the Coulomb interaction
leads to a non--zero probability of $t\bar t$ production at $\tau \to 1$,
i.e.~the imaginary part of $F^A_t$ takes the form \cite{Somm,Sakh}
\begin{eqnarray}
\Im m F_t^A & = & \Im m F_t^{A (LO)} C_{Coul} \nonumber \\ \nonumber \\
C_{Coul} & = & \frac{C_F \frac{2\pi\alpha_s}{v}}
{1-\exp\left(-C_F \frac{2\pi\alpha_s}{v}\right) }
\end{eqnarray}
The parameter
$v=\sqrt{1-\tau}$ is the relative velocity of the $t\bar t$ pair and
$C_F=4/3$ denotes the usual SU(3)--color factor.
The process $A\to t\bar t \rightarrow \gamma\gamma$ proceeds via an
$S$--wave resulting in an
imaginary part of
$F^{A}_t$ in lowest order proportional to $v$ at threshold.
After including the perturbative QCD corrections in the narrow width
approximation the imaginary part of $F_t^A$ develops a finite step at the
$t\bar t$--threshold, whereas the real part acquires the corresponding
logarithmic singularity for $m_A = 2m_t$. This singular behaviour of
the form factor is removed by including the finite decay width of
the top quark and Coulomb interactions leading to resonance formation
of bound states with quantum numbers $J^{\cal PC} = 0^{-+}$ below threshold.
 We should note that non--perturbative QCD effects are very important
for the bound--state formation, but due to the large width of
the top quark they are suppressed in the production
of a $t\bar t$ system [the relative correction being less than 1\%]
\@ifnextchar [{\@tempswatrue\@citexr}{\@tempswafalse\@citexr[]}{FaKh,Pesk}.
In this paper we take into account the finite width $\Gamma_t$
of the top quark and Coulomb interaction effects in the threshold region.
Qualitatively this analysis leads to the appearance of a finite tail
in the imaginary part of $F^A_t$
below threshold and resonance formation of
bound states with a finite width $2\Gamma_t$.
We present the results for the amplitudes $H\to \gamma\gamma$
and $A\to \gamma\gamma$ in leading and next--to--leading order in $\alpha_s$.

In order to use those amplitudes for the prediction of the Higgs production
cross-section in the vicinity of the loop-particle threshold, one has to
include mixing of the Higgs field with $t\bar t$--bound states, resulting
in important contributions to the decay width in the threshold region. An
extensive study of these effects has been performed in Ref.\cite{DreHi},
where reader can find all relevant formulas. In the following we will neglect
these mixing effects, so that our results correspond to the decays of unmixed
Higgs bosons.

\section{Coulomb Interactions}

The general formula for the amplitudes $F^A_t$ and $F^H_W$
for vanishing decay widths of the top quark and $W$--boson in the threshold
region reads as [see Appendix]:
\begin{equation}
F = A + B~G(0,0;E) \label{eq:green}
\end{equation}
$A$ and $B$ are real constants, determined by a non--relativistic expansion
around the threshold of the lowest order form factors (\ref{eq:ff}).
$G(0,0;E)$ denotes the $S$--wave Green's function of the non--relativistic
Schr\"odinger equation with a potential $V(r)$:
\begin{equation}
\left[ -\frac{\nabla^2}{m} + V(r) - E \right] G(\vec{r},\vec{r}\,';E) =
\delta (\vec{r} -\vec{r}\,') \label{eq:schr}
\end{equation}
First we consider the pseudoscalar amplitude $F_t^A$. To determine the
Green's function $G_t(0,0;E)$ we have to solve the Schr\"odinger equation
(\ref{eq:schr}) with $m=m_t$ and the Coulomb potential $V(r)$:
\begin{equation}
V(r) = - \frac{4}{3} \frac{\alpha_s}{r}
\end{equation}
In this section we choose the strong coupling $\alpha_s$ to be constant,
whereas effects of a running coupling $\alpha_s(r)$ will be discussed in
the next section. Non--perturbative effects of the potential $V(r)$ leading
to confinement at large distances are suppressed by the large top decay
width and will be neglected in our analysis.

Equation (\ref{eq:green}) has a clear physical meaning for this amplitude:
the process $A \to t\bar t \to \gamma \gamma $ is mediated by a
quark loop, which quarks contain a large virtuality, or by
the formation of $(t\bar t)$--bound states. These are produced near the origin
$r=0+{\cal O}(m_t^{-1})$, evolve during a time
$\tau \sim |E|^{-1}$ and annihilate to two photons at
the same point $r=0+{\cal O}(m_t^{-1})$.  So the first term in
eq.(\ref{eq:green}) has a relativistic origin from virtual quark
contributions, but the second
one is connected with the non--relativistic dynamics of the $t\bar t$ system.
Due to bound state formation the form factor $F(E)$ develops poles
at $E=E_n$. The constants $A$, $B$ as well as the position of these poles
and their residues can be expressed as expansions in $\alpha_s/\pi$:
\begin{equation}
A = \sum_n A_n \left(\frac{\alpha_s}{\pi}\right)^n \hspace{2cm}
B = \sum_n B_n \left(\frac{\alpha_s}{\pi}\right)^n \label{eq:anbn}
\end{equation}
Our main goal is the calculation of the short distance coefficients
$A, B$ in leading and next--to--leading order in $\alpha_s$, i.e.~the
determination of $A_0$, $B_0$, $A_1$ and $B_1$.
In case of a fixed value of $\alpha_s$ these can be obtained from the
well--known expression of the
Green's function calculated in Ref.\cite{Volo,FaKh,Meix}:
\begin{equation}
G_t(0,0;E) = -\frac{m_t p}{4\pi} + \frac{m_t p_0}{2\pi} \log\left(
\frac{m_t}{p} D \right) + \frac{m_t p_0^2}{2\pi} \sum_{n=1}^\infty
\frac{1}{n(np-p_0)} \label{eq:meix}
\end{equation}
with $p_0=\frac{2}{3}m_t\alpha_s$ and $p=\sqrt{m_t(-E-i\epsilon)}$.
$D$ is a real constant depending on the renormalization of the Green's
function.
The first term in eq.(\ref{eq:meix}) corresponds to the lowest order diagram,
the second to the
contribution of one coulombic gluon exchange, whereas the
third one describes the sum over all bound states with level number $n$
corresponding to diagrams with exchanges of $n$ Coulomb gluons.
We note that the uncertaincy from choosing $D$ in (\ref{eq:meix}) is of
next--to--leading order in $\alpha_s$, so that
we have to calculate the amplitude $F$
in the two--loop approximation in order to define this constant.
These QCD radiative corrections will be discussed in the next section.
We choose $D=1$ in this section for the numerical analysis.

The Green's function of the $W$--loop contributing to the scalar decays
$h,H \to \gamma\gamma$ is given by the first term of eq.(\ref{eq:meix})
being related to the solution of the Schr\"odinger equation (\ref{eq:schr})
without the potential $V(r)$, because $W$--bosons do not interact strongly
in ${\cal O}(\alpha_s)$:
\begin{equation}
G_W(0,0;E) = -\frac{m_W p}{4\pi}
\end{equation}
with $p=\sqrt{m_W(-E-i\epsilon)}$.

In order to fix the constants $A$ and $B$ we start with the
form factors $F$ in one--loop approximation (\ref{eq:ff}).
We obtain from a non--relativistic expansion at the threshold:
\begin{equation}
\begin{array}{llllll}
A_W^H & = & \displaystyle 5+\frac{3}{4} \pi^2 \hspace{2cm}
& B_W^H & = & \displaystyle - \frac{12 \pi^2}{m_W^2} \\ \\
A_t^A & = & \displaystyle \frac{\pi^2}{4}
& B_t^A & = & \displaystyle \frac{4 \pi^2}{m_t^2}
\end{array}
\end{equation}
These constants correspond to the lowest order coefficients of the expansions
(\ref{eq:anbn}) in $\alpha_s$.
As noted above the large value of the $t$--quark ($W$--boson) width
$\Gamma_t$ ($\Gamma_W$) modifies the properties of the processes
$A\to \gamma\gamma$ and $H\to \gamma\gamma$ in the threshold region.
In the non--relativistic approximation the denominators of the quark (boson)
propogators with momentum $p=(m+\epsilon ,\vec p)$ take the form
$2m(\epsilon -\frac{\vec p^2}{2m}+i\frac{\Gamma}{2})$ (see \cite{FaKh}).
The calculation of the amplitude $F$ is analogous to the case of zero
width (see Appendix) leading to the simple replacement
\begin{equation}
E \rightarrow E+i \Gamma ,
\end{equation}
in particular
$p\to p=\sqrt{m(-E-i\Gamma)}=p_- +i p_+$
with $p_\pm = \sqrt{\frac{m}{2} ( \sqrt{E^2 + \Gamma^2} \pm E ) }$.
 From eq.(\ref{eq:meix}) we obtain for the pseudoscalar case \cite{FaKh}:
\begin{eqnarray}
\Re e~G_t(0,0;E+i\Gamma_t) & = &
-\frac{m_t p_-}{4\pi} + \frac{m_t p_0}{4\pi} \log\left(
\frac{p_0^2}{p_+^2 + p_-^2} D^2 \right) \nonumber \\ \nonumber \\
& & + \frac{m_t p_0^2}{2\pi}
\sum_{n=1}^\infty \frac{p_- - p_n}{n^2 ((p_- - p_n)^2 + p_+^2 )}
\nonumber \\ \nonumber \\
\Im m~G_t(0,0;E+i\Gamma_t) & = &
\frac{m_t p_+}{4\pi} + \frac{m_t p_0}{2\pi} \arctan \frac{p_+}{p_-}
\nonumber \\ \nonumber \\
& & + \frac{m_t p_0^2}{2\pi} \sum_{n=1}^\infty
\frac{p_+}{n^2 ((p_- - p_n)^2 + p_+^2 )} \label{eq:reim}
\end{eqnarray}
\begin{displaymath}
\mbox{with~} \hspace{0.5cm} p_n = \frac{p_0}{n} \hspace{1cm}
\mbox{and~} \hspace{0.5cm} p_0 = \frac{2}{3} m_t \alpha_s
\end{displaymath}
For our numerical calculation we have used the Standard Model
$t$ quark width \cite{bizer}:
\begin{equation}
\Gamma_t = \frac{G_F m_t^3}{8\pi \sqrt{2}} \left(\frac{2k}{m_t} \right)
\left[ (1-x^2)^2 + (1+x^2)y^2 -2y^4 \right]
\end{equation}
where $x=m_b/m_t$, $y=m_W/m_t$ and $k$ is the 3--momentum of the
decay products in the $t$ rest frame: $k=\frac{1}{2}\sqrt{[1-(x+y)^2]
[1-(x-y)^2]}$. Further we choose
$m_t=140$ Ge$\!$V, $m_b=5$ Ge$\!$V, $m_W=80.14$ Ge$\!$V,
$\alpha_s=0.15$ and $\Gamma_W =2.15$ Ge$\!$V.

The results for $\Re e F^H_W$, $\Im m F_W^H$ and $\Re e F_t^A$, $\Im m F^A_t$
are plotted in figs.2 and 3 respectively.
The effect of the $W$ decay width (fig.2) to the scalar decays
$h,H\to \gamma\gamma$
amounts to about 15\% at the $W^+W^-$--threshold rapidly decreasing apart from
the threshold region.

We observe from fig.3 that $\Im m F^A_t$ contains a peak at the energy of
the lowest $(t \bar t)$--bound state,
but $\Re e F_t^A$ shows a maximum on the left--hand side of this energy level
and a minimum on the right--hand side.
This behaviour can easily be understood in the narrow--width
approximation ($\Gamma_t \ll |E|$) leading to a qualitative
picture of the result. Consider $F^A_t$ at $E\to E_n$, where $E_n$
is the bound state energy of level $n$. The Green's function contains a pole at
$E=E_n-i\Gamma_t$. Keeping the leading term of $G(0,0;E)$ only
we obtain
\begin{equation}
F_t^A(E) = A_0 + B_0 \frac{|\Psi_0 (0)|^2}{E_0-E-i\Gamma_t} \label{eq:fapsi}
\end{equation}
$\Psi_0(0)$ denotes the lowest level wave function of the Coulomb potential
at the origin, for
arbitrary $n$ given by $|\Psi_n(0)|^2=k_n^3/\pi$ with
$k_n=\frac{2}{3}m_t\alpha_s/(n+1)$.
The first term in (\ref{eq:fapsi}) is a real constant, the imaginary part of
the second develops
a maximum at $E=E_0$, but the real part vanishes there showing a maximum
for $E<E_0$ and a minimum at $E>E_0$.

\section{QCD Corrections}

In this section the QCD corrections to the $A\gamma\gamma$ amplitude
at the threshold $m_A=2m_t$ are calculated.
First we consider the exact result for the two--loop QCD corrections
to the $A\gamma \gamma$ vertex \cite{DSZ}. In order to obtain the radiative
corrections to the coefficient $A$ of eq.(\ref{eq:green}) we must extract
the contribution of one Coulomb gluon exchange from the exact two--loop result
[$B\frac{m_tp_0}{2\pi}\log(\frac{m_tD}{p})$], which is already absorbed in the
Green's function (\ref{eq:meix}). After this subtraction we obtain
\begin{eqnarray}
A & = & A_0 \left(1 + a \frac{\alpha_s}{\pi} \right) \nonumber \\ \nonumber \\
a & \approx & -4.86 \hspace{1cm} \mbox{~for~} \hspace{0.1cm} D=1
\end{eqnarray}
We should note that the constant $a$ depends on the parameter $D$,
but the total result for the form factor $F_t^A$ does not depend on $D$.
There are three sources of radiative corrections to the second term in
eq.(\ref{eq:green}):
\begin{enumerate}
\item QCD radiative corrections to the static heavy quark--antiquark potential
$V(r)$ \cite{Fisc,Bill},
\item QCD radiative corrections to the Born width of the top quark \cite{Jeza},
\item hard QCD radiative corrections to the $H\to t\bar t$ and
$t\bar t\to \gamma \gamma$ amplitudes \cite{Feyn,Braa}.
\end{enumerate}
In the following we analyze these aspects in detail.
The QCD radiative corrections to the quark--antiquark potential are the
dominant contributions. First we note that the non--relativistic
potential is of perturbative nature, because non--perturbative effects
are suppressed by the large top decay width in the $t\bar t$ system
\cite{FaYa,Pesk}.
In leading order of $\alpha_s$ the potential is given by the Coulomb form
\begin{equation}
V(r)= -\frac{4}{3}\frac{\alpha_s}{r},
\end{equation}
In next--to--leading order $V(r)$ depends on the renormalization scale
and obeys the corresponding renormalization group equation.
We use the QCD potential with
running coupling $\alpha_s$:
\begin{equation}
\alpha_s(r)=\frac{4\pi}{b_0\log((\Lambda r)^{-2})+b_1/b_0
\log\log\left((\Lambda r)^{-2}\right)}
\end{equation}
where $b_0=11-\frac{2}{3}n_f$, $b_1= 102-\frac{38}{3}n_f$ are the first
coefficients in the perturbative expansion of the QCD $\beta$--function.
The QCD scale is given by \cite{Pesk}
\begin{eqnarray}
\Lambda & = & \Lambda_{\overline{MS}}\exp\left(\frac{C}{2}\right)
\approx 2.43~\Lambda_{\overline{MS}} \hspace{0.5cm} (n_f=5) \nonumber \\ \nonumber \\
\mbox{with~} \hspace{1cm} C & = & \frac{1}{b_0}\left(\frac{31}{3}-
\frac{10}{9} n_f\right)+2\gamma_E \nonumber \\ \nonumber \\
\mbox{and~}\hspace{1cm} \Lambda_{\overline{MS}} & \approx &
\left(\frac{4\pi}{b_0\alpha_s(M_Z)}\right)^{[b_1/(2b_0^2)]}
M_Z \exp\left[-\frac{2\pi}{b_0\alpha_s(M_Z)}\right]
\end{eqnarray}
Following Ref.\cite{Pesk} we perform a simple
regularization of the pole at $\Lambda r\approx 0.785$ by replacing
$\Lambda r\to a \tanh (\Lambda r/a)$ with $a=0.3$.
The final form of the QCD--potential can be expressed as
\begin{equation}
V(r)= -\frac{4}{3}\frac{\alpha_s(r)}{r},
\end{equation}
The Green's function $G_t(\vec r,\vec r\,';E)$ was calculated numerically
with an accuracy
of $10^{-5}$, where we checked the results for the real and imaginary parts
using a Coulomb potential with constant $\alpha_s$ against the analytical
results
(\ref{eq:reim}). As a further check
we compared our result for $\Im m G_t(0,0;E)$ using a potential with
running $\alpha_s$ with the results of \cite{Pesk,Jeza1,Sumi}
and found full agreement.
Only the energy dependent part of $\Re e G_t(0,0;E)$ can be determined by
our numerical program, whereas the unknown constant not depending on $E$ can be
fixed by comparing our numerical result with the analytical expressions
(\ref{eq:reim})
at large energy $E$, because both results must match in ${\cal O}(\alpha_s)$.
The numerical results for $\Re e F^A_t$ and $\Im m F^A_t$ are plotted in fig.4
choosing $\alpha_s(m_Z)=0.12$.

The QCD radiative corrections to the Born width of the top quark were
calculated in Ref.\cite{Jeza} and are negligible in our analysis.
The third contribution leads to a correction to the constant $B$ in
eq.(\ref{eq:green})
\begin{equation}
B = B_0 \left(1+b\frac{\alpha_s}{\pi}\right)
\end{equation}
The coefficient b can be obtained analytically from the well--known results
of Refs.\cite{Feyn} and \cite{Braa}, because the real corrections to their
results belong to a $P$--wave contribution and therefore vanish at threshold.
The hard corrections at threshold to the process $t\bar t\to \gamma \gamma$
are given by
\cite{Feyn}
\begin{equation}
 1-\frac{\alpha_s(2m_t)}{\pi}\left[\frac{C_F}{2}\left(5-\frac{\pi^2}{4}\right)
\right]
\end{equation}
and the corresponding ones to $A\to t\bar t$ by \cite{Braa}
\begin{equation}
 1-\frac{\alpha_s(2m_t)}{\pi}\left(3~\frac{C_F}{2}\right)
\end{equation}
The coefficient $b$ is determined by the sum of both contributions:
\begin{equation}
 b= -\frac{C_F}{2}\left(8-\frac{\pi^2}{4}\right)
\end{equation}
and has been compared to the result of the exact two--loop calculation
\cite{Djou} finding agreement of the two.

\section{Conclusions}

We have analyzed threshold effects to the photonic decay modes $\phi\to
\gamma\gamma$ of the scalar and pseudoscalar Higgs particles in the Standard
Model [$\cal SM$] and the minimal supersymmetric extension [$\cal MSSM$].
These contributions are generated by the finite decay widths of the top
quark and $W$ boson as well as strong Coulomb interactions among $t\bar t$
pairs giving rise to bound state formation in the threshold region.
[Effects due to the mixing between the Higgs fields and the bound states are
important \cite{DreHi}, but have not been considered in our analysis.] The
top--loop does not contribute significantly in a $P$--wave to the scalar
Higgs decays, resulting
in negligible threshold effects. $W^+W^-$ pair production in the scalar case
proceeds via an $S$--wave, so that the inclusion of the $W$ decay width leads
to threshold effects of ${\cal O}(10\%)$ near the $W^+W^-$--threshold.

The pseudoscalar decay $A\to\gamma\gamma$ is generated by a virtual $t\bar t$
pair in an $S$--wave. Therefore the inclusion of the top decay width and strong
Coulomb interactions leads to large and important contributions to the
amplitude. We have presented the full form factor performing a
non--ralativistic approximation in the threshold region. The calculated effects
are large and cannot be neglected, if the pseudoscalar mass $m_A$ is close to
twice the top quark mass $m_t$ [$|m_A-2m_t| \ll m_A$]. This analysis
completes previous calculations of perturbative QCD corrections to the
photonic Higgs decays at the two--loop level \@ifnextchar [{\@tempswatrue\@citexr}{\@tempswafalse\@citexr[]}{Zhen,DSZ}.

\section{Appendix}

In this appendix we present the method for our calculation of the amplitudes
for $H \to \gamma \gamma$ and $A \to \gamma \gamma$ near the $W^+W^-$ or
$t\bar t$ threshold.
First we consider the process $A \to \gamma \gamma$ near threshold
[$m_A=2m_t+E$ with $|E| \ll m_A$].
$F^A_t(E)$ will be calculated in the Coulomb gauge, which is the most
convenient one for non--relativistic problems.
The general point of our approach is the division of all Feynman diagrams
into two different classes [fig.5]:
\begin{description}
\item[(i)] Class A contains all diagrams without Coulomb gluon exchanges.
\item[(ii)] Class B contains only those which are built--up by
at least one Coulomb gluon exchange.
\end{description}
For the calculation of diagrams in class A we may use usual perturbative
techniques and expand the result in the small ratio $x=E/m_t$, because it is
a regular function of $x$ at the origin $x=0$.
It is well--known that diagrams in class B develop singularities at $x=0$,
which correspond to bound states below threshold
and strong interaction effects above threshold, resulting in a
logarithmic divergence at $x=0$.
In order to calculate diagrams of Class B we divide the integration over
the top momentum $p_t$ into two regions:
\begin{description}
\item[(B1)] $|p_t| \gg Q$
\item[(B2)] $|p_t| \ll Q$
\end{description}
$Q$ is an arbitrary scale obeying the condition
$p_{non-rel}\ll Q\ll p_{rel}$ with $p_{rel}\sim m_t$ [$p_{non-rel}\sim
\sqrt{Em_t}$] determining the characteristic scale of relativistic
[non--relativistic] phenomena. Region B1 generates no singularity in $E$ and
we can neglect all its non--relativistic effects.
In region B2 we may use the non--relativistic approximation
for the $p_t$--integration, in the following analyzed in detail.
The form factor $F_t^A$ can be written as [fig.6]:
\begin{equation}
F_t^{A}=b\int \frac{d^4p_t}{(2\pi)^4}Tr \left\{S_t(p_t)\Gamma_{At\bar t}
S_t(p_{\bar t})\Gamma_{t\bar t \gamma \gamma}\right\} \label{eq:form}
\end{equation}
where $S_t(p)$ is the fermion propagator and $\Gamma_{At\bar t}$
($\Gamma_{t\bar t \gamma \gamma}$) the vertex operator of the corresponding
transition. We choose the fermion propagator in its non--relativistic
form
\begin{equation}
S_t(p)=\frac{1+\gamma_0}{2}\frac{i}{\varepsilon-\frac{\vec p^2}{m_t}+
i\frac{\Gamma_t}{2}} \hspace{1cm} \mbox{with} \hspace{1cm}
p=(m_t+\varepsilon,\vec p) \label{eq:prop}
\end{equation}
We may adopt $\Gamma_{At\bar t}$ in the Born approximation, but must
take into account all Coulomb gluon exchanges in the
$\Gamma_{t\bar t \gamma \gamma}$--vertex.
One obtains the followig result from this procedure:
\begin{equation}
\Gamma_{t\bar t\gamma\gamma}(\vec p,E)=\Gamma^0_{t\bar t \gamma\gamma}~
\left\{ \frac{\vec p^2}{m_t}-E-i\Gamma_t\right\}~G_t(\vec p ;E) \label{eq:vert}
\end{equation}
where $\Gamma^0_{t\bar t \gamma\gamma}$ is the lowest order coupling of two
photons to a $t\bar t$ pair at threshold, being independent of $\vec p$ and
$E$, and $G_t(\vec p;E)$ the Fourier transform of the
$S$--wave Green's function of the non--relativistic
Schr\"odinger equation with the Coulomb potential
\begin{eqnarray}
(\hat H - E -i\Gamma_t ) G_t(\vec r,\vec r\,';E) & = & \delta (\vec r-\vec
r\,')
\nonumber \\ \nonumber \\
\mbox{with} \hspace{0.5cm} \hat H & = & -\frac{\nabla^2}{m_t} + V(r)
\nonumber \\ \nonumber \\
V(r) & = & -\frac{4}{3}\frac{\alpha_s}{r}
\nonumber \\ \nonumber \\
G_t(\vec p;E) & = & \int d^3\vec r~G_t(\vec r,\vec r\,'=0;E)~
e^{-i\vec p \vec r}
\end{eqnarray}
After substituting eqs.(\ref{eq:prop}) and (\ref{eq:vert}) into
eq.(\ref{eq:form}) the
$p_t^0$--integration can be performed explicitly by taking the residue
of the pole at $p_t^0=m_t+\frac{\vec p^2}{m_t}-i\frac{\Gamma_t}{2}$.
Adding the contributions of class B and those of the class A diagrams
we obtain as the final result
\begin{equation}
F^A_t(E) = A + B~G_t(0,0;E),
\end{equation}
where $A$ and $B$ are real constants, which can be expanded in a
perturbative series:
\begin{equation}
A=\sum_{n=0}^\infty A_n \left(\frac{\alpha_s}{\pi}\right)^n \hspace{2cm}
B=\sum_{n=0}^\infty B_n \left(\frac{\alpha_s}{\pi}\right)^n
\end{equation}
The coefficients $A_n$ and $B_n$ can be determined from the comparison
with the usual perturbative QCD corrections.
The calculation of the amplitude $F_W^H$ is performed in an analogous way
without the contribution of the Coulomb potential $V(r)$
by taking into account the $W$ decay width $\Gamma_W$ only.

\noindent
{\@setsize\Large{22pt}\xviipt\@xviipt \sc Acknowledgements}

\noindent
The authors are grateful to P.M.Zerwas for fruitful discussions and careful
reading of the manuscript. K.M.~and O.Y.~would like to thank P.M.Zerwas for
the warm hospitality at DESY, Hamburg.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
From the Muddy Banks of the Wishkah è un album dei Nirvana contenente materiale registrato dal vivo tra il 1989 e il 1994. Si tratta del secondo album pubblicato dopo la morte del cantante e chitarrista Kurt Cobain avvenuta nell'aprile 1994.

Il disco
From the Muddy Banks of the Wishkah fu il secondo album dei Nirvana ad essere pubblicato dopo la morte di Cobain e venne principalmente compilato dal bassista dei Nirvana Krist Novoselic, che si occupò anche di scrivere le note interne dell'album. Originariamente, Novoselic e Dave Grohl (batterista del gruppo) avevano pensato di far uscire il disco nel 1994 insieme a MTV Unplugged in New York come album doppio intitolato  Verse Chorus Verse, che avrebbe contenuto le due "anime" dei Nirvana, quella acustica e quella più propriamente rock, ma dato lo sconcerto causato dall'inaspettata morte di Cobain, accantonarono il progetto.

Il nome "Wishkah", cui fa riferimento il titolo dell'album, è in realtà un fiume dello Stato di Washington, USA, che passa attraverso i luoghi in cui Cobain ha trascorso parte della sua vita ed è dove è stato sparso un terzo delle sue ceneri in seguito alla cremazione del suo corpo.

Dall'album non venne estratto nessun singolo, ma a scopo promozionale per le radio furono prodotti singoli con alcuni brani, inclusi Aneurysm (US & UK), Drain You (USA), Lithium (Paesi Bassi) e Smells Like Teen Spirit (Spagna e Francia). Inoltre, in Australia fu anche distribuito un cofanetto box set in edizione limitata contenente tre singoli promozionali con le canzoni Aneurysm,  Heart-Shaped Box, e Polly.

Tracce
Intro (Cobain) - 0:56
School (Cobain) - 2:40 (VPRO-TV in Amsterdam, Paesi Bassi, al Paradiso, 25 novembre 1991)
Drain You (Cobain) - 3:34 (Westwood One al Del Mar Fairgrounds, California, 28 novembre 1991)
Aneurysm (Nirvana) - 4:31 (Westwood One al Del Mar Fairgrounds, California, 28 novembre 1991)
Smells Like Teen Spirit (Nirvana) - 4:47 (Westwood One al Del Mar Fairgrounds, California, 28 novembre 1991)
Been a Son (Cobain) - 2:07 (VPRO-TV in Amsterdam, Paesi Bassi, al Paradiso, 25 novembre 1991)
Lithium (Cobain) - 4:10 (VPRO-TV in Amsterdam, Paesi Bassi, al Paradiso, 25 novembre 1991)
Sliver (Cobain) - 1:55 (Civic Center, Springfield, 10 novembre 1993)
Spank Thru (Cobain) - 3:10 (Castello Vi de Porta, Castello 41 Roma, 19 novembre 1991)
Scentless Apprentice (Nirvana) - 3:31 (MTV Live and Loud al Pier 48, Seattle, Washington, 13 dicembre 1993)
Heart-Shaped Box (Cobain) - 4:41 (Great Western Forum, Los Angeles, California, 30 dicembre 1993)
Milk It (Cobain) - 3:45 (Mercer Arena di Seattle, 7 gennaio 1994)
Negative Creep (Cobain) - 2:43 (Paramount Theatre, Seattle, Washington, 31 ottobre 1991)
Polly (Cobain) - 2:30  (London Astoria, 5 dicembre 1989)
Breed (Cobain) - 3:28 (London Astoria, 5 dicembre 1989)
tourette's (Cobain) - 1:55 (Reading, Inghilterra al Festival di Reading, 30 agosto 1992)
Blew  (Cobain) - 3:36 (VPRO-TV in Amsterdam, Paesi Bassi, al Paradiso, 25 novembre 1991)

Formazione
Nirvana
 Kurt Cobain - chitarra, voce
 Krist Novoselic - basso, liner notes
 Dave Grohl - batteria, cori
 Chad Channing - batteria
 Pat Smear - chitarra, cori

Collaboratori tecnici
 Robert Fisher - design
 Lisa Johnson - fotografia
 Mark Kates - fotografia
 Scott Litt - tecnico del suono
 Bob Ludwig - mastering
 Kevin Mazur - fotografia
 Craig Montgomery - tecnico del suono
 Charles Peterson - fotografia
 Shauna O'Brien - produttore, coordinatore della produzione
 Craig Overbay - tecnico del suono
 Diane Stata - produttore, coordinatore della produzione
 Andy Wallace - tecnico del suono, missaggio

Classifiche

Vendite
 Stati Uniti: 1 milione di copie (Platino)
 Canada:  copie (Doppio Platino)
 Giappone: (2 ottobre 1996), 5 settimane,  copie

Note

Collegamenti esterni


The proliferation of digital technologies already has led to fundamental changes in how people work, innovate, engage and produce. Increasingly, we live in an era where more and more roles are becoming automated, not only routine menial tasks but—thanks to digital versions of human intelligence—traditional white-collar jobs. As a result, the jobs of the future will be defined by qualities and skills that technology cannot replicate.
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text:
Revenge of the Tinola
TABLE PROTOCOL AND SOUP IN RIZAL'S NOLI ME TANGERE
The Noli Me Tangere written by Jose Rizal and first published in 1887, is indisputably the greatest Filipino novel to date. Even as it was written in Spanish and therefore addressed to only a few, it changed the consciousness of the Filipino and eventually led to the founding of a nation. It continues to provide Filipinos with insights into who we are as a people. Rizal took every opportunity his novel provided to reveal the colonial situation—including a formal dinner.
In Chapter Three of the Noli, titled "The Dinner", Ibarra has just arrived from Spain and Capitan Tiago has honored him with a dinner at his home. The guest list includes the Franciscan priest Padre Damaso and the Dominican Padre Sibyla, Dr. de Espadaña, Doña Victorina, the Teniente, Señor Laruja, and a blond young man who is never named. Maria Clara, Capitan Tiago's daughter and Ibarra's beloved, and the new parish priest have also been invited to the dinner but have not yet arrived. Dinner is about to be served so the guests proceed to seat themselves at a long rectangular table for ten people. Capitan Tiago may have invited more guests than there are seats but how have his guests managed to exclude him from his own table? Unlike the round table, the rectangular table is not a democratic space. Protocol suggests that the cabecera or head of the table be reserved for the male host at one end and the most important guest at the other. Padres Damaso and Sibyla argue over who should sit at the head of the table. They are, after all, members of the church hierarchy. Padre Damaso grudgingly gives way to Padre Sibyla who, after all, is the parish priest of the district. The Teniente, as the highest government official, seats himself at the other end and, to quote from Rizal himself, "to escape the ordeal of sitting between the two friars". The guest of honor, Ibarra, sits to the right of the host, Capitan Tiago, whose seat has been usurped by Padre Sibyla, clearly a reference to the power of the clergy over the civilian government. The seat in front of Ibarra is reserved for his dinner partner Maria Clara who has yet to arrive and who also, as her father's hostess, sits to his left. It would be proper for Padre Damaso to sit beside Ibarra, but the two are at odds, so he will probably sit as far away as possible from Ibarra, probably beside Doña Victorina, with whom he finds some affinity. Being the only other woman at the table, Doña Victorina sits to the Teniente's right and her dinner partner, Dr. De Españada, to his left. The new parish priest would have sat beside Maria Clara and beside him the blond young man. Señor Laruja would be seated beside Ibarra, being of the same age and stature. The host, who simply looks on as the guests freely take their places, is left without a place to sit. "But all the seats were already taken: Lucullus was not dining at home with Lucullus". The irony of this whole situation is not lost on the reader. Rizal has created an allegory of the Philippine situation with the Spanish clergy and militia taking over the country and leaving its rightful ruler(s) out of the equation. Rizal does not stop here and extends the allegory.
Ibarra takes his leave of the dinner after he is insulted by Padre Damaso but not before tinola, the main course, is served. Tinola is a simple, everyday Filipino dish and most inappropriate for a formal dinner. Best for this soup are free-range chickens, the meat of which tends to be hard, sili or malunggay leaves and sayote or young papaya picked fresh from the backyard garden, and only ginger to give it flavor. But this soup is Ibarra's (and Rizal's) favourite and one he missed while abroad. "Don't move! Don't get up!" said Capitan Tiago, placing his hand on Ibarra's shoulder. "This feast is in thanksgiving to the Virgin for your arrival. Oh let them bring in the tinola. I had it made for you because you have not tasted it for a long time." The tinola is served in a huge tureen, giving it much importance. Padre Sibyla, because he sits in the host's chair, has the honor of serving the guests. Ibarra, as guest of honor, gets the choice bits while Padre Damaso is left with the neck and a hard wing, a grave insult to the arrogant Franciscan friar. Rizal makes quite a pointed statement in this scene. The very simple Filipino tinola is favored over the rich Spanish food and points to a desire for self-rule. It makes up for the usurpation of Capitan Tiago's place at his own table and is a clear indictment of the much-despised Spanish clergy.
The chapter ends with Maria Clara a no-show and the blond young man returning to his room and "writing, among other things, the next chapter of his "Colonial Studies:" 'On how a chicken wing and neck in a friar's dish of tinola can disturb the joy of a feast.'" Among his observations were these: "In the Philippines the most useless person in a supper or feast is the one giving it: to begin with, the master of the house can be thrown out into the street and everything will proceed as usual. In the actual state of things it is almost for the good of the Filipinos not to be allowed to leave the country or to be taught to read..."
Written by Carla M. Pacis
Illustration By Nonie Cruzado
The Lucky Food Diet
The Non-Chopsticks User's Guide to Eating with Chopsticks By MELISSA SALVA


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Launched by American Express in 2010, Small Business Saturday is designed to showcase the nation's small business owners and drive more customers their way.
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