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Destinations • Europe • Czech Republic • Prague Jewish Quarter
Prague Jewish Quarter
Czech Republic Overview
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Vltava River
Between the Vltava River and the Old Town Square in Old Town Prague lies the Prague Jewish Quarter. The first Jewish people streamed into Prague as early as the tenth century from surrounding countries. Also called "Josefov," the area's history begins in the thirteenth century when the Jewish population was forcefully isolated into a single community and barred from living in any other area of the city. Throughout the following centuries, many more were cramped into the Jewish Quarter in Prague, creating extremely congested living situations. During this time all trade and movement was extremely restricted making life even more difficult. These restrictions were constantly changed and reorganized, creating an unsteady existence for all with little hope in what the future held.
The Jewish Quarter in Prague underwent a barrage of structural amendments, the most recent happening in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. Many of the buildings throughout Josefov date back to this specific time period though many of the greatest buildings from previous periods were salvage. These buildings stand as a living testament to the rich past of the Jewish community in Prague. Some of the most significant historical buildings within the Prague Jewish Quarter were built during the fifteenth century, utilizing aid from Mordecai Maisel, a successful businessman who eventually took the seat of Finance Minister. It's from this seat that Maisel began pumping funds into the area, building the High Synagogue, the Maisel Synagogue, and the Jewish Town Hall, among many other buildings, which saw the area flourish for a period.
There are many things to do and see throughout Josefov. There is an admission cost for anyone wishing to visit and explore. Tickets to enter the Jewish Quarter in Prague include passes to the six remaining synagogues and other historical buildings within the quarter. These buildings form the most comprehensive compound of Historical Jewish monuments in Europe today. Visitors can take tours of Josefov, enjoy upscale shopping, and find many dining establishments offering traditional Jewish food.
Czech Republic Map
One of the most famous attractions in the area is the Jewish Cemetery in Prague. The cemetery was first established in the fifteenth century as a place for Jews to bury their dead as they were forbidden to do so anywhere outside of the designated area. With incredibly limited space for graves, bodies were buried one on top of the other and rumored to contain about twelve layers in total. Renowned author Franz Kafka, who was born in the Jewish Quarter, often sat inside the Jewish Cemetery, enjoying moments of solitude and reflection. Today visitors can find Kafka's grave site in the New Jewish Cemetery. Inside the Old Josefov Cemetery, tombs are evidently lopsided, fallen into each other and mostly illegible.
In the Prague Jewish Quarter, the remaining synagogues include Pinkas, Klausen, Maisel, the High Synagogue, and the esteemed Spanish Synagogue. The Old-New Synagogue is also on the sacred list, and is the oldest working Jewish chapel in Europe as well as one of the city's oldest Gothic structures. Other noteworthy buildings to include in Jewish tours are St Agnes's Convent, the fourteenth-century Church of the Holy Ghost and The Rudolfinum, which exemplifies Czech Neo-Renaissance architecture. It is also home to the Rudolfinum Art Gallery and the Czech Philharmonic Orchestra.
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The commanding St Vitus Cathedral towers have looked down on the illustrious ...
Not only the capital of the Czech Republic, Prague is also its largest c...
Sedlec Ossuary Czech Republic is in the Kutna Hora suburbs just an hour from ...
Christmas in Prague
The central square in Prague comes alive each year with festive lights, colors, costumes, toys, m...
Castle gardens Czech republic
From all the castle gardens in Czech republic, the most beautiful ones are the Gardens and Castle...
Things to See in the Czech Republic
Prague will most likely be the place where you'll start your vacation in Czech Republic and ...
Return to Prague Jewish Quarter


St. Francis Wood is a family-friendly area with a much more low-key vibe than the rest of San Francisco.
St. Francis Wood is a family-friendly area with a much more low-key vibe than the rest of San Francisco. As of 2013, the neighborhood had a population of 1,228, though this has likely grown in the past few years. There are plenty of beautiful parks to visit, and the weather is highly enjoyed.
St. Francis Wood has consistently been voted one of the neighborhoods with the most satisfied residents. Families opt to live here for the safety and elegant environment, and many retirees also enjoy the laid-back living and cleanliness of the area. Contrary to other neighborhoods, most residents own their homes as opposed to renting.
St. Francis Wood is not known for its shopping, nightlife, or dining. Instead, it is known for its friendly yet private neighbors, pristine arrangement of well-designed homes, and beautiful architecture. Public schools are highly rated, as are outdoor activities and the scenery.


If you truly want to be able to pack on slabs of ripped lean muscle onto your body, you have to follow a proven and trusted system that is able to help you to achieve those types of results. There are many different muscle building solutions available today and they all claim that they help you to get the type of body that you want. In order for you to be able to pick the solution that is best for you, you need to have an idea as to what really works and what doesn't.
Well, according to Kyle Leon, Certified Nutrition Specialist and Fitness Trainer, there are three big mistakes that most bodybuilders are making, and his free video will reveal to you exactly why you need to use his Somanabolic Muscle Maximizer system to build muscle and create the body that you have always wanted.
kyle-leonKyle created the Somanabolic Muscle Maximizer system to teach people the exact system that he uses to build lean muscle and keep yourself looking fit and in shape. In a nutshell, the SMM system is that takes a unique and customized anabolic approach to your overall nutrition. It uses a specialized nutritional software that when combined with the correct body building workouts, will cause you to pack on loads slabs of lean and ripped muscle in an extremely quick amount of time..
Not only will you be able to overcome any muscle building plateaus that you may have already hit, but you will be able to increase your overall mass without adding any fat whatsoever.
How Does the SMM System Work?
The Somanabolic Muscle Maximizer system uses a tailored anabolic nutrition plan to give your body exactly what it needs to build solid lean muscle without putting on any fat. The system uses a combination of four different formulas that were tested and tweaked for several years. They were created with the assistance of many world renowned nutritionists, bodybuilders, and fitness models. What eventually came out of it is what is now known as the SMM system.
What makes it so unique is that the nutrition plan that you will be using takes into consideration several different factors including your age, height, weight, and metabolism. However, the most important factors that it takes into the consideration are your weight training program and your somatotype. Kyle will help you to determine what you somatotype is once you start the program.
The SMM system works by specifically allocating to your body all of the macronutrients and nutrients that it needs at specific times of the day. This is dependent on when you will be performing your workout routine. This is very important process because it will enable you to give your body exactly what it needs when it needs it in order to pack on lean strips of muscle without adding any fat.
Each day depending on when you work out, there are two anabolic windows that open. The SMM system has been fully designed to take advantage of this and this is what will enable you to build muscle mass very fast. On the days that you are not working out, you will be provided with a nutrition plan that is aimed at increasing the effectiveness of your muscles recovery. The SMM system will repair and rebuild the broken down muscle tissues in a very fast and effective manner. Thanks to SMM's unique macronutrient and nutrient shifting process, not only will you be able to recover much faster than you normally would, but you also won't be as sore as you would after a normal workout either.
When it comes to the overall nutrition plan, you will be able to choose from 3 customized meal plans that you will be able to choose from every single day. All of these meals will meet the nutritional requirements that you need for your body to get the optimum results. You also have the option of building your own meal as well as making substitutions to the existing meal plans.
By following the Muscle Maximizer system, you should expect to put on lean layers of muscle without adding any additional fat. Depending on how often you workout and how long you are on the program, you will be able to gain 10 pounds of muscle or more in just a short period of time. You should also expect to get permanent results as well.
Is the SMM System Safe?
The Somanabolic Muscle Maximizer system is a safe and proven system to use. You won't have to use any kinds of dangerous supplements or any other processes that could cause harm to your body.
Are There Any Disadvantages to Using This System?
As with any muscle building system, you will have to be disciplined and stick to the process of that you are told to do. The SMM system does utilize a specific nutrition plan so you will probably have to give up certain foods while you are on the program. You will also have to work very hard with this system. This means that you will have to be working out for quite a few days each week. This is not one of those sit back and exercise when you feel like it programs. You will have to be fully committed to the workout process and follow the system all the way through.
When you order the system, you will get access to the Somanabolic Muscle Maximizer guide and software and several other bonuses that come with the system. All of the information will be fully available via download and you will be able to get instant access to it right after you complete your purchase.
Is the SMM System Right For You?
If you are truly ready to change your body's appearance and build the lean muscular body that you have always wanted, then this system is probably going to be the ideal system for you. Kyle is even offering a 60 day money back guarantee which will give you plenty of time to try this system out so you can see if it will work for you.


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Bedlenki – osada w Polsce położona w województwie kujawsko-pomorskim, w powiecie świeckim, w gminie Drzycim nad Wdą. Wieś wchodzi w skład sołectwa Dólsk.

W latach 1975–1998 miejscowość administracyjnie należała do województwa bydgoskiego.

Przypisy

Drzycim (gmina)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Randy Sakamoto has published several books about Sawtelle, also known as West Los Angeles' Japantown, covering its history as well as recent events. But you won't find the books in stores.
There is a more comprehensive history, "Sawtelle: West Los Angeles' Japantown" by Jack Fujimoto (Arcadia Publishing, 2007), that is available to the general public. But Sakamoto's books focus on individual stories within that history and are aimed at a smaller audience.
The store still exists, but under different management and a different name.
The reunion was a great opportunity to get more information on old photos. One was from the dedication of the Sawtelle Japanese Language Institute on Aug. 18, 1929. Others included Japanese school students in 1936 (from the Jim Shimizu collection), Sawtelle residents interned at Manzanar, sixth-grade students at Nora Sterry School in 1957, and a judo dojo in July 1961.
For one book, Sakamoto collected and organized photos taken in the 1950s and '60s by Steve Yagi, a leader of the West Los Angeles JACL, using negatives and articles contributed by Yagi's wife, Aki. "His wife is a good friend of my mother, so I made a copy and gave it to her," Sakamoto said.
Another book is about trips to Manzanar organized by Rose Honda for members of WLAUMC in 2007, 2008 and 2009. "Going to Manzanar was a very arduous and difficult time for our parents and grandparents … The trips arranged by Rose were our opportunity to learn a little about the Japanese American relocation in 1942," Sakamoto wrote in the introduction. Honda was assisted by Mary Ishizuka, Fred and Sadie Hifumi, Otto and Eleanor Nakano, Stan and Stuart Shimotsu, Rev. Gail Nakamura Messner and Rev. Becky Hirata.
"These books are generally not for sale. It's just what I do and I give it to a friend or something like that," Sakamoto said while holding a copy of "Sawtelle: A Collection of Photographs and Articles." "Some people ask me for this book, so I just send them a link and they can order it themselves off the Internet … If I have the book all composed, I can upload it and offload it in 30 minutes, then it will be printed in five days, then it gets shipped to me, so within 14 days I have a book.
Corrected. Sorry, didn't mean to "age" you.
Thank you, great story and wonderful pictures. They are very current!
thank you for keeping the memories of our awesome neighbor hood alive. My family ran Russell's Service. At 2004 Sawtelle Blvd.


VIENTIANE (Vientiane Times/ANN) - Laos' total value of trade, including imports and exports, increased in August by US$35 million compared to the figure for July, according to the Ministry of Industry and Commerce.
The total value of trade in August was US$900 million while July recorded US$865 million.
The main exports included copper items and copper ore, bananas, drinking products, gold, coffee, sugar and clothing.
The main imports were petroleum products (aviation fuel, diesel and petrol), electrical appliances, vehicles and spare parts, mechanical equipment, steel and steel equipment.
Major markets for exports were Thailand, China, Vietnam, Japan, Germany and India, while a majority of imports by value were sourced from neighbouring Thailand, China and Vietnam as well as Japan, Republic of Korea, Indonesia, Singapore, Australia and Hong Kong.
In the second quarter of this year, total trade reached US$5.011 billion, up by 14.5 percent compared to the same period last year.
Exports clocked up US$2.262 million, up 4.5 percent compared to the same period of 2017.
Imports were US$2.212 billion, increasing 24.2 percent compared to the same period of last year.
Last year, Laos attained a trade surplus of US$261 million, after exports soared to US$4.803 billion, an increase of 13 percent compared to 2016.
Electricity remains the major export item generating revenue for the country.
Growth in the electric power generation and the recent expansion of the manufacturing of electronic parts and components is expected to continue, according to the World Bank.
After figures pointed to a fall last year, tourism numbers are gradually recovering as the number of international tourists, particularly those from non-Asean countries, rose in the first quarter of 2018.
Mining output is expected to remain flat this year, but higher metal prices compared to 2017 are likely to help raise the value of exports.
Laos expects to record another trade surplus this year, with the government promoting the production of export goods and services, including tourism for international markets, according to the Ministry of Industry and Commerce.
Total exports are expected to reach US$5.015 billion in 2018, with imports expected to touch US$4.978 billion.


Here is a list of reasons why gardening (or going to the farmer's market) is good for you, other people, and the environment.
Food eaten closer to the time it is picked is typically higher in nutritional value and it tastes better.
Eating food straight from the garden or freshly picked by a local farmer has these great benefits! When food is allowed to ripen fully on the plant it not only tastes better, but also has more nutrients. Yet, fully ripe produce is often hard to ship very far without damaging it, so many foods shipped from far away are picked before they are fully ripe. Fresh produce that is shipped from far away loses flavor and nutrients over time. However, frozen fruits and vegetables tend to keep their nutritional value, even when shipped, because they are picked at their peak ripeness and frozen right away.
You learn about the work put into growing food and tend to waste less of it.
Did you know that about 40% of the food that is grown in the United States is thrown away? That means nearly half of all the resources (water, land, human power, fuel, etc.) it takes to make our food are being wasted. Wasting food also means you're wasting money. Just imagine having $1.00 worth of change and throwing $0.40 in the trash. That's what we are doing when we waste food. When you grow your own food, or talk to a farmer, and see, or hear, about the amount of time/effort it takes to bring food from seed to table, it motivates you to make sure to eat it.
planted to the time you're eating it.
When you have your own garden or buy from a farmers' market it's easy to know, or ask about, what has happened to your food during its lifetime. Knowing things like what kind of methods were used to keep pests away, how long ago it was harvested, and who handled it are all ways to know how your food choices are impacting the environment and your fellow human beings. This helps you be a more active member of our food system.
The money you spend at a farmer's market goes directly to the farmer and helps you save money!
When you buy food at the farmers' market that farmer, and the people that work on their farm, get that money. They don't have to share that money with people that ship the produce or a grocery store. This helps keep the money in our local economy, which affects everyone who lives here. Produce at farmers' markets also tends to be less expensive than produce at the grocery store, saving you and your family money. Most farmers' markets also take EBT/Food Stamps! Some will even give you extra money for using your EBT/Food Stamps at the farmers' market.
The latest update to the government's Dietary Guidelines for Americans could be good news for kids' health! The new dietary guidelines say – more strongly than ever – to choose a diet that includes plenty of plant foods and one with far less added sugar than many Americans eat. Across the country this should mean children begin to have access to and eat healthier foods in schools, daycare, and other food programs. And as these kids become adults, that could mean fewer cancers associated with poor diet and obesity.
1. Limit added sugar to no more than 10 percent of your total calories daily. You may already work at doing this, but now you can put an amount on it. For example, an 8-year old child needs on average 1600 calories per day. Ten percent is 160 calories, equal to 40 grams of sugar. For that amount your child could have about one 6-ounce cup of low fat fruit yogurt (20 grams added sugar) and a 1.5 ounce chocolate bar (20 grams added sugar) per day.
It's a new year and that means people are making resolutions. Sometimes those resolutions are about exercise or maybe eating less sugar. But what really is sugar? Is it a bad or good thing? How does our body digest it? What things contain sugar? How can I know how much sugar a food contains?
Sugar is our body's main source of energy and found in many nutritious foods like fruits, vegetables and whole grains, but it's also found in less nutritious foods like desserts and candy. As you will find out later, our brain needs sugar for energy, but eating too much sugar can lead to things as serious as obesity and diabetes. Let's first learn what sugar is at its most basic level, a molecule.
Sugar is part of the family of carbohydrates. It is considered a simple carbohydrate, while fiber and starch are considered complex carbohydrates. Sugars are considered "simple" because they are easier for our body to break down and therefore provide quick energy. Sugars can be monosaccharides (mono=one, saccharide=sugar) which means they are just one molecule of sugar, so we'll refer to them as single sugars. Or they can be disaccharides (di=two, saccharide= sugar) which means they are two single sugars joined together, so we'll refer to them as double sugars.
The most common single sugars in food are glucose, fructose, and galactose. The really neat thing about them is that they are all the same parts (6 carbons, 12 hydrogens and 6 oxygens) arranged in different shapes. Their different shapes give them different amounts of sweetness. Fructose tastes the sweetest and is naturally in fruits and honey, but is also the common sweetener in soda and other processed foods. Glucose, the sugar we refer to when talking about blood sugar, is a medium sweetness and is our body's necessary energy source. Finally, galactose tastes the least sweet of the single sugars and is present in very small amounts in some vegetables, fruits, nuts, whole grains and milk.
Double sugars are basically two single sugars holding hands. The most common double sugars we eat are maltose (glucose holding hands with another glucose), sucrose (glucose holding hands with fructose) and lactose (glucose holding hands with galactose). Maltose isn't common in very many foods, but is found in barley and gives the "malty" flavor to some foods. Sucrose is table sugar (that glittery white stuff used in desserts), but is also naturally occurring in grains, vegetables and fruits. Lactose is the sugar in milk.
Sugars are just one of the two types of carbohydrates. The other are complex carbohydrates.
Sugars are the simplest carbs and are easily broken down by our body. This makes them very quick energy.
Single sugars are just one sugar molecule and include glucose, fructose, and galactose. Each of these sugars have different levels of sweetness. Fructose is the sweetest followed by glucose and then galactose.
Double sugars are pairs of single sugars. The most common double sugars we eat are sucrose, maltose and lactose. Sucrose is table sugar and lactose is the sugar in milk.
Rolfes, S.R., Pinna, K., Whitney, E. (2009). Understanding Normal and Clinical Nutrition. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning.


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The RS125 is a race motorcycle built by the Honda Racing Corporation for the  Grand Prix motorcycle racing's 125 cc class. The motorcycle debuted in the 1980 season.

World Champions with the Honda RS125
The following riders won the World Championship on a Honda RS125:
 Loris Capirossi (1990 & 1991)
 Dirk Raudies (1993)
 Haruchika Aoki (1995 & 1996)
 Emilio Alzamora (1999)
 Dani Pedrosa (2003)
 Andrea Dovizioso (2004)
 Thomas Lüthi (2005)

References

RS125
Sport bikes


Ofcom is seeking views on the potential uses of newly available spectrum in the VHF frequency band.
Around 6 MHz of spectrum between 143 MHz and 156 MHz is becoming available for civil use. Spectrum in this band is used mainly by Private Mobile Radio, however Ofcom will consider all potential uses and users that can be accommodated.
In much of the world the amateur radio 2m band extends from 144-148 MHz instead of the 144-146 MHz allocated in the UK.
This spectrum release could open the way for a great many more civil users to operate close to the amateur radio 2m band.
The consultation closes 5 p.m, Friday 12 October 2012.


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Q: Do and While Loop In this program, I am suppose to let the user input data, and the program will calculate what they need and show it. I am suppose to use a while,for, and do loop for this program.

*

*So far I have been successful with the For loop, but I am having a problem with how to use a While and Do loop for this program.

*Can someone give me some advice?
Here are my codes :
#define _CRT_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS
#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>

float load()
{
    float sal = 0.0;
    printf("Enter Salary\n");
    scanf("%f", &sal);
    return sal;
}

float calcRate(float s)
{
    if (s > 40000)
        return 4.0;
    if (s >= 30000 && s <= 40000)
        return 5.5;
    if (s < 30000)
        return 7.0;

}
void calcRaise(float sal, float rate, float *raise, float *totraise)
{
    *raise = (sal*rate) / (float)100;
    *totraise = *totraise + *raise;

}
void calcNewSal(float sal, float raise, float *newsal, float *totnewsal)
{
    *newsal = sal + raise;
    *totnewsal = *totnewsal + *newsal;

}
void calcTotSal(float *sal, float *totsal)
{
    *totsal = *totsal + *sal;
}

void print(float sal, float rate, float raise, float newsal, float totnewsal, float totraise, float totsal)
{

    printf("     %0.2f  %0.2f  %0.2f  %0.2f\n", sal,rate,raise,newsal);

}

void main()
{
    float sal = 0.0;
    float rate, raise, newsal;
    float totraise = 0;
    float totnewsal = 0;
    float totsal = 0;
    printf("     Salary  Rate %%  Raise  New Salary\n");

        for (int i=1;i<=7;i++)
        {
        sal = load();
        rate = calcRate(sal);
        calcRaise(sal, rate, &raise, &totraise);
        calcNewSal(sal, raise, &newsal, &totnewsal);
        calcTotSal(&sal, &totsal);

        print(sal, rate, raise, newsal, totsal, totraise, totnewsal);
        fflush(stdin);

        }
    printf("Total: %0.2f %0.2f %0.2f  \n", totsal, totraise, totnewsal);
    system("pause");

}

A: You can use the while loop as follows:
int i=1;
while(i<=7)  {
    sal = load();
        rate = calcRate(sal);
        calcRaise(sal, rate, &raise, &totraise);
        calcNewSal(sal, raise, &newsal, &totnewsal);
        calcTotSal(&sal, &totsal);

        print(sal, rate, raise, newsal, totsal, totraise, totnewsal);
        fflush(stdin);
        i++;
}

And the do-while as follows:
int i=1;
do  {
        sal = load();
        rate = calcRate(sal);
        calcRaise(sal, rate, &raise, &totraise);
        calcNewSal(sal, raise, &newsal, &totnewsal);
        calcTotSal(&sal, &totsal);

        print(sal, rate, raise, newsal, totsal, totraise, totnewsal);
        fflush(stdin);
        i++;
} while(i<=7);

Both of the above will have the same effect as the for loop you've written. The number of iterations is hardcoded here so there shouldn't be any apparent difference between while & do-while. However, if you initialize i to 8 instead of 1 you will notice that while loop block does not execute at all but the do-while executes once.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Throughout California, incidents are on the rise involving butane honey oil (BHO) extraction from marijuana. On April 8, the Health Hazardous Materials Division (HHMD) received three separate calls involving BHO operations. The first one took place in Malibu, the second in Glendale and the third in Huntington Park. These incidents involved two explosions and fires with a total of three people injured and transported to burn centers.
The process of extracting the active component from the marijuana plant (known as tetrahydrocannabinol or THC) to create the hash oil otherwise known as honey, wax or oil is on the rise. The lead police agency in our area, the Los Angeles Interagency Metropolitan Police Apprehension Crime Team, also known as LA IMPACT, reports that honey oil is selling for $50 per gram on the street. It is believed with the increase of vaporizing or vaping, the demand for the marijuana honey oil is on the rise. Individuals can now smoke a concentrated dose of THC and avoid the traditional marijuana odor.
Unfortunately, many people are not taking appropriate precautions in dealing with the highly flammable butane. The gas is added to tubes filled with marijuana where the butane acts as a solvent to extract the THC from the marijuana. The gas is heavier than air and accumulates in the surrounding area until it finds an ignition source such as the pilot light, static electricity or a light switch. The results can be a severe explosion and fire. Individuals involved in these recent explosions sustained second and third-degree burns throughout their bodies.
For the first time, a new extraction process was identified at the Malibu incident. An elaborate design utilizing Freon as the solvent to extract the THC was observed (see photo at left). The setup was so sophisticated it included a vacuum with a recovery system to capture and reuse the Freon similar to a vehicle's air-conditioning system that circulates Freon. This method appeared to create a clean product and eliminated the fire hazard from the process.
HHMD is responsible for monitoring the atmosphere for hazardous conditions, identifying and quantifying all hazardous substances associated with the drug manufacturing process, determining the scope of the clean-up, and overseeing the removal of all hazardous materials onsite. HHMD will access State Clandestine Drug Lab funds to activate a clean-up contractor for the transport and disposal of all hazardous materials and lab equipment onsite. As the Health Officer on scene, once the lab has been disassembled and the clean-up completed, the site is declared safe for re-occupancy.
It will be a very busy summer with many more of these types of incidents with the popularization of vaporized smoke applications and the allure of quick, easy profits.


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Tag: Savannah Stopover
Savannah Stopover announces 2014 lineup (well, a lot of it)
by bill • November 21, 2013
The full 2014 Savannah Stopover lineup, including a few headliners and participating local bands, won't be released till January, but many of the acts were announced on Thursday night at The Jinx during a show headlined by Futurebirds. This would…
Savannah Stopover discounted early bird passes on sale
by bill • November 8, 2013
Savannah Stopover has early bird 3-day general admission passes on sale here for $60. The regular price for the 3-day general admission pass will be $75. VIP passes ($125) and single day passes ($30) will also go on sale on…
Tix now on sale for Futurebirds at The Jinx for Stopover announcement party
by bill • October 25, 2013
If you want to go to this show, you'd better buy tickets in advance. I'll be shocked if it doesn't sell out. Futurebirds, New Madrid, and Triathalon will be playing the Savannah Stopover 2014 announcement party on 11/21 at The…
Futurebirds playing announcement party for 2014 Savannah Stopover on 11/21
In a special show at The Jinx on 11/21, Futurebirds from Athens will play the announcement party for the lineup of the 2014 Savannah Stopover, which is scheduled for March 6th-8th. Futurebirds' last Savannah gig was at the 2012 Savannah…

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


An employee places marijuana for sale into glass containers at The Station, a retail and medical cannabis dispensary, in Boulder, Colo., Thursday, Aug. 11, 2016. The DEA announced Thursday, Aug. 11, 2016, that the Obama administration will keep marijuana on the list of the most dangerous drugs, despite growing popular support for legalization, but will allow more research into its possible medical benefits.
MACON, Ga. — Medical marijuana supporters in Georgia were hoping for something different from the federal government, not its recent ruling that cannabis should remain off-limits.
Georgians like Janea Cox of Monroe County want to be able to get medical cannabis just like other prescriptions instead of breaking the law to seek therapies for themselves or their loved ones, The Telegraph reported.
It was difficult to hear news of Thursday's ruling from the federal Drug Enforcement Administration, Cox told the Macon newspaper. The agency decided that marijuana will remain on the list of most dangerous drugs, which includes heroin and LSD, The Associated Press reported.
Cox's daughter Haleigh, 7, takes a liquid made in part from cannabis to treat the symptoms of a severe seizure disorder that can stop the little girl's breathing. She said her daughter now sometimes goes days without a seizure, is learning things and can sit up on her own.
"Get past the stigma," Cox told the Macon newspaper. "Our kids are not smoking this. It's an oil and it's saving our kids."
Blaine Cloud, a father from Smyrna, and his wife Shannon Cloud are among the most vocal medical cannabis activists in Georgia. Their 11-year-old daughter Alaina has used medical cannabis for a seizure disorder.
"They say it has no medical benefit, but there is proof all over the world that it does," Blaine Cloud told The Telegraph.
The Drug Enforcement Administration said its decision came after a lengthy review and consultation with the Health and Human Services Department, which said marijuana "has a high potential for abuse" and "no acceptedmedical use." The decision means that pot will remain illegal for any purpose under federal law, despite laws in 25 states and District of Columbia that have legalized pot for either medicinal or recreational use.
The author of Georgia's medical cannabis law, state Rep. Allen Peake, R-Macon, said it's time for the state to make sure residents can get safe, regulated medical cannabis under the oversight of doctors.
"To me it's pure insanity to continue to say that there is no medicinal value in a product that has been recognized by at least 25 states. to have some medicinal value," said Peake, referring to states that allow medical cultivation.
Cultivation has been a hard sell in Georgia. In hearings over the years at the state Capitol, some of the state's top law enforcement officers have argued that they cannot endorse breaking the law and if cannabis has medicalvalue, then it needs to be proven through trials just like any other drug. Some also say medical grows would be used to cover illegal recreational grows, and medical cannabis could be a slippery slope to the recreational kind.
Republican Gov. Nathan Deal has been an opponent and has said he's not convinced Georgia could control in-state cannabis cultivation.
Nationally, the Obama administration's position on marijuana started to ease in 2013, when the Justice Department notified Colorado and Washington that it would not interfere with state laws so long as the drug was kept out of the hands of children, off the black market and away from federal property, the AP reported. Colorado and Washington were the first two states to legalize pot for recreational use and sales.
Advocates saw that policy statement as the first step to an end of the federal prohibition of marijuana. But that hope was quickly diminished as administration officials, including the head of the White House-run Office of National Drug Control Policy, repeatedly said publicly that they still considered marijuana a dangerous drug that had no place in the legal market, the AP reported.
Thursday's announcement was seen as another blow to those hoping the federal government would change pot laws.


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A guide to the Roman army, plus 10 facts about life in the legions
The beat of Roman soldiers' boots echoed throughout every corner of the empire – but what was it like to serve in the legions? Guy de la Bédoyère delves into the vast archive these soldiers left behind and presents 10 snapshots of life in the ancient world's most powerful military force
Published: January 29, 2021 at 6:07 am
Today, the Roman army is remembered as the mightiest fighting machine that the ancient world had ever seen. And with good reason. But it took centuries to grow into the ferocious force that would strike fear into peoples spread across a sprawling empire.
In its earliest days, Rome's army was raised on an as-need basis from the citizenry based on property qualifications. At the top came men who could provide a horse, right down to the ordinary soldiers, or legionaries, who could afford only a sword. It required Rome's first two Punic Wars against Carthage in the third century BC for the Roman army to develop into the military behemoth that dominated the ancient world.
As the army's power grew, the number of men who served in it ballooned. In the Republic, numbers had varied according to requirements. They were mainly in the tens of thousands until the Late Republic (c104–
31 BC), when Rome's warring generals raised vast forces to pursue their political ambitions. Under the emperors (27 BC–AD 337), the numbers rocketed from around 250,000 to 450,000, made up of citizen legionaries in the 5,000-strong legions and provincial auxiliaries in roughly equal numbers.
But the Roman army was about much more than war. It was almost the only means by which the Roman state exercised its power. Soldiers erected forts, built aqueducts, acted as bodyguards, policed civilians, managed quarries and prisons, and collected taxes. They also had families, petitioned the emperor, marched on campaign, committed acts of great valour and atrocities, and worshipped their gods. Some died from disease, enemy action, or accidents. Others lived to sign on again as veterans, or retired to find their way in civilian life.
The Roman army was about much more than war. It was almost the only means by which the Roman state exercised its power
Yet despite its many roles in Roman society, the army is still best remembered for its military might. So how did the force manage to be so successful? It wasn't immune to defeat – far from it. But the Romans had a staggering ability to cope with adversity. Coming back from the disasters of Lake Trasimene (217 BC) and Cannae (216 BC) during the Second Punic War (when the Romans were heavily defeated twice by the Carthaginian general Hannibal who was roaming at will in Italy) was a turning point.
The Roman army was based on organisation and flexibility, always adapting to circumstances. Its soldiers were also exceptionally well-equipped, most notably with the gladius Hispaniensis, the 'Spanish sword'. It was a vicious weapon that reflected the harsh reality of brutal face-to-face fighting. But in the imperial age the soldiers became all too prone to toppling one emperor after another in search of ever bigger handouts and pay rises, destabilising the empire.
Stories of the army endured long after the last soldiers died – chiefly because the Romans left so much information about it. Historians such as Livy, Josephus and Tacitus loved military history and provide us with a huge amount of detail about campaigns and battles. And the soldiers themselves were also more literate than the general population and were more likely to leave records of their lives, be it in tombstones, religious offerings or letters. This has left a vast archive, and there is no parallel for any other ancient or medieval army.
Some soldiers took new Roman names…
In the second century AD a young Egyptian called Apion fulfilled the exacting criteria for eligibility for the Roman military – he was between the ages of 17 and 46, freeborn, and passed a rigorous medical examination – and signed up to join the fleet. He then embarked on a dangerous journey from his village in Egypt to Italy, coming close to being shipwrecked en route. Happily, Apion safely reached the Roman fleet base at Misenum on the northern side of the bay of Naples, where he joined the company of a ship called the Athenonica and promptly set about writing home to his father.
His letter, which has survived, is in Greek, the everyday language in the eastern Roman empire. "I thank the lord Serapis that when I was in danger at sea he immediately saved me," wrote Apion. He was also delighted on arrival to have "received from Caesar three gold coins for travelling expenses". This was a considerable sum of money, equivalent to around half a year's pay for a member of the fleet. Apion had something else to tell his father, Epimachus: "My name is Antonius Maximus" – this was his brand-new Roman name. Although not every auxiliary soldier took a Roman moniker, some did – and it was a common practice in Apion's fleet. His new name was typically Roman, and for Apion a matter of pride.
There were rivalries for the best jobs
During Julius Caesar's Gallic campaign (fought in modern-day France), two centurions (commanders of 80 men) called Titus Pullo and Lucius Vorenus earned undying fame in the heat of a vicious battle. Caesar was so impressed that he even made a special point of telling their story.
The pair were bitter rivals for the best jobs. One day in 54 BC the legion was under attack from the Nervii tribe (a warlike people who lived in the north of Gaul). Pullo goaded Vorenus, accusing him of waiting for a better opportunity to prove his bravery. Pullo then dived into the fight, leaving Vorenus no alternative but to follow him in case he was thought a coward.
Pullo threw his spear and struck one of the Nervii. But other Nervii flung their spears at Pullo, who had no chance of escaping. He had one spear stuck in his shield, another in his belt, and his scabbard had been pushed out of place. Vorenus dashed up to help, diverting the tribesmen's attention on to him because they thought Pullo was dead. Vorenus killed one and chased off the others, and during the melee Pullo had been able to get away and bring up reinforcements. They escaped back behind the Roman defences, lucky to have their lives.
Caesar said: "It was impossible to decide which should be considered the better man in valour."
What does it mean to 'cross the Rubicon'?
Sleeves had a secret meaning
An early third-century AD tombstone from South Shields fort reads: "Victor, a Moorish tribesman, aged 20, freedman of Numerianus… who most devotedly conducted him to the tomb." In the tombstone's engraving, Victor wears a long-sleeved tunic (men who wore this item of clothing were assumed to have a preference for male partners) and robe while he lounges on a couch. Whether he and Numerianus shared a sexual relationship can only be conjecture, but the unusually affectionate nature of the piece suggests that possibility.
Scipio Africanus, the famous general of the Second Punic War over 400 years earlier, disapproved of such relationships. He once described "a young man who with a lover has reclined (at meals) in a long-sleeved tunic on the inside of a couch, and is not only partial to wine, but also to men. Does anyone doubt that he does what sodomites are accustomed to doing?"
Victor's tombstone amounts to a visual realisation of Scipio's words, but replacing condemnation with veneration. It suggests that, by Victor's time and in this frontier fort, his relationship with Numerianus was most likely conducted openly and in safety.
Bullying centurions
Centurions played a key part in the everyday disciplining of soldiers, and it could backfire. During the mutiny among the Pannonian legions in AD 14, one harsh disciplinarian of a centurion called Lucilius was killed. He had earned himself the nickname Cedo Alteram ('bring me another!') in reference to his habit of breaking his vine rod symbol of office over the back of one ordinary soldier after another and calling for a fresh stick to be brought. The VIII and XV legions were on the point of coming to blows over another centurion called Sirpicus, as he also bullied common soldiers. Only the intervention of Legio VIIII saved him.
In that same year, a mutiny was stirred up among the Rhine legions over the way pay and conditions had been ignored. The men's first target was the centurions "who had fuelled the soldiers' hatred for the longest". The soldiers all bore the scars of beatings they had endured. They struck each centurion with 60 blows to match the number of centurions in a legion, killing some and severely injuring the rest, and threw them into the rampart or into the Rhine. Only the general Germanicus was able to calm the men down.
In pursuit of pleasure
Some officers spent their spare time composing poetry or writing, but others had less refined hobbies – and for these men, hunting was often top of the list. In around the third century AD, Gaius Tetius Veturius Micianus, the commanding officer of the Gaulish Ala Sebosiana in northern Britain, triumphantly hunted down a boar that had apparently fought off all other attempts to capture it.
The officer commemorated his kill on an altar that he set up on Bollihope Common. Its text brags: "Gaius Tetius Veturius Micianus, prefect commanding the cavalry wing of Sebosians, willingly set this up to the Divinities of the Emperors and Unconquerable Silvanus [in return] for taking a wild boar of remarkable fineness which many of his predecessors had been unable to turn into booty."
This fourth-century Roman floor mosaic shows a boar hunt, a popular pastime among officers. (Photo by CM Dixon/Print Collector/Getty Images)
A civil war tragedy
In AD 69 Rome descended into a vicious civil war that involved four rival emperors who battled it out in turn: Galba, Otho, Vitellius and the eventual victor, Vespasian. As violence raged across the empire, one particularly tragic event occurred.
Legio XXI Rapax supported Vitellius. One of its soldiers was a Spaniard called Julius Mansuetus who had left a son behind at home. Not long after this, the boy reached adulthood and joined Legio VII Gemina, formed by Galba, one of the four rival emperors, in AD 68. But by the time of the second battle of Bedriacum, VII Gemina was on Vespasian's side.
During the fierce fighting, the young soldier unknowingly fatally wounded his own father. Only when he was searching Mansuetus' barely conscious body did he realise what he had done. Profusely apologising to his father before he died, he then picked up the body and buried it. Other soldiers noticed what was going on, and they all ruminated on the pointless destruction the war had brought. The historian Tacitus, however, told his readers that it made no difference. Nothing stopped the soldiers carrying on "killing and robbing their relatives, kin and brothers". Calling it a crime, "in the same breath they did it themselves".
Who were the gladiators of ancient Rome? Spartacus, Crixus and 8 more fighters you should know
Laying down the law
The job of centurion carried with it great responsibility – not only were they in charge of soldiers, but some were tasked with civilian administration, too. The centurion Gaius Severius Emeritus oversaw the region around the spa at Bath in Britain. He was disgusted to find that one of the sacred places had been wrecked "by insolent hands", as Emeritus called them. Frustrated by gratuitous vandalism and the oafs responsible, he had the place restored, and set up an altar to commemorate the fact.
It seems to have been a good idea to keep these powerful men on side, and many tried to bribe them. During the reign of Hadrian, Julius Clemens, a centurion of Legio XXII Deiotariana, wrote to Sokration, an Egyptian civilian who had sent Clemens a bribe of olive oil, and implored: "And do you write to me about what you may need, knowing that I gladly do everything for you."
The potential for centurions in charge of civilian administration to abuse their positions is obvious. But they weren't alone. The poet Juvenal, who had himself once commanded an auxiliary unit, was deeply critical of how Roman soldiers threw their weight about, beat up members of the public and flouted justice.
Soldiers came from diverse homelands
Although most legionaries came from Italy, Gaul and Spain, the auxiliary forces were raised from all over the Roman empire. Let's take, for instance, an auxiliary soldier called Sextus Valerius Genialis. He was one of the Frisiavone people and hailed from Gallia Belgica (a region covering modern-day north-eastern France, Belgium and Luxembourg), but he served with a Thracian cavalry unit in Britain and had a completely Roman name.
The ethnic titles the auxiliary units sported – such as Ala I Britannica – are often taken surprisingly literally by military historians and archaeologists, who assume the men in these units must have been of the same ethnicity. However, the records of individual soldiers show that unless very specialised fighting skills were involved (like those of the Syrian archers), the reality was often different. From AD 240–50 the cavalry wing Ala I Britannica had around six Thracian men recruited to its ranks, and these men served with others of Pannonian origin (men from central Europe) – despite the fact that the cavalry wing was supposedly made up of Britons. Similar stories can be found in the fleet, too. A Briton named Veluotigernus joined the Classis Germanica fleet and was honourably discharged on 19 November AD 150 along with veterans from the auxiliary cavalry and infantry units in Germania Inferior.
Forbidden family
Although Roman soldiers were not supposed to marry (the law that prohibited them from taking a wife was only relaxed at the end of the second century AD) the evidence from tombstones and documents is that plenty did. In the late first century – around 100 years before the law was eased – the poet Martial knew a centurion called Aulus Pudens who was married to a woman called Claudia Peregrina ('Claudia the Provincial'). Martial tells us Claudia was very fertile and that she had "sprung from the woad-stained Britons". In Egypt, meanwhile, a soldier called Julius Terentianus placed his children and his other private affairs in the hands of his sister, Apollonous, in Karanis. As he refers to the care of his children in letters to her, it is quite possible that this was a case of brother-sister marriage, which was well-known in Egypt. In AD 99 Apollonous wrote to him to say: "Do not worry about the children. They are in good health and are kept busy by a teacher." More often we know about soldiers' children only because they died tragically young. For instance, Simplicia Florentina, a child "of the most innocent spirit", had lived for a scant 10 months before she passed away. Her father, Felicius Simplex, a centurion of Legio VI Victrix, buried her at York. Likewise, Septimius Licinius, who served with Legio II Parthica at Castra Albana in Italy, buried his "dear son Septimius Licinianus" when the boy was only aged three years, four months and 24 days.
Leaving their mark
Just before the battle of Pharsalus in 48 BC Julius Caesar asked Crassinius, one of his centurions, how he thought the battle would go. Crassinius replied: "We shall conquer, O Caesar, and you will thank me, living or dead." Crassinius was true to his word and covered himself in glory that day, but he lost his life. Caesar gave the centurion's body full military honours and had a tomb built specially for Crassinius alone, close to the mass burial mound for the rest. Unlike Crassinius, the vast majority of Roman soldiers have no known resting place. However, the tombstones that have survived tell us a great deal about fighters' individual lives and their mindsets. This is quite unlike other ancient and medieval conflicts, such as the Wars of the Roses, for which there is no equivalent record. For instance, from examining the tombstone of Titus Flaminius, who served with Legio XIIII in the earliest days of the Roman conquest of Britain and died at the legion's base at Wroxeter aged 45 after 22 years' service, we can see that he seems to have had no regrets. His tombstone has a poignant message for us: "I served as a soldier, and now here I am. Read this, and be happy – more or less – in your lifetime. [May] the gods keep you from the wine-grape, and water, when you enter Tartarus [the mythical pit beneath the Earth]. Live honourably while your star gives you life."
Guy de la Bédoyère is a historian and broadcaster. His new book, Gladius: Living, Fighting and Dying in the Roman Army (Little, Brown Book Group, 2020) is available now
This article was first published in the Christmas 2020 edition of BBC History Magazine
The Roman Empire
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Mervin Smucker
Mervin R. Smucker, Ph.D., is an expert in trauma
Mervin R. Smucker
Psychologist and cognitive behavioral therapy expert Mervin Smucker serves as a lecturer, consultant, and researcher on psychological treatments for patients suffering from traumatic stress disorders. Mervin Smucker has taught and led workshops for working psychiatrists, psychology residents, and researchers throughout Europe and the United States. In 2010, he presented a lecture about the use of imagery in CBT clinical practices at the 33rd Australian Association for Cognitive Behavioral Therapy National Conference in Melbourne, Australia. Often a consultant to universities and psychiatric hospitals.
Mervin R. Smucker and PTSB
Mervin Smucker offers a wide array of therapy services. Although his specialty has been in posttraumatic stress disorders (PTSD), he also has nearly 30 years of experience in working with depression, panic and anxiety, personality disorders, adjustment disorders, and interpersonal relationship difficulties. Internationally recognized for his expertise, Mervin Smucker possesses an extensive background in clinical psychology and imagery rescripting and reprocessing therapy. A leader in his field, Mervin Smucker has contributed to numerous scholarly articles regarding imagery rescripting, PTSD, and CBT. His work has been published in The American Psychologist, Journal of Psychosomatic Research, Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, Encyclopedia of Cognitive Behavior Therapy, and more.
Mervin Smucker and MILWAUKEE MAGAZINE August 24, 2018
Mervin Smucker. The Phenomenology of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). April 26, 2018
Mervin Smucker. The basic assumptions of cognitive therapy. April 18, 2018
Mervin Smucker. The combination of exposure and cognitive restructuring interventions when the predominant posttraumatic stress (PTSD) emotions are other than fear. March 23, 2018
Mervin Smucker, Suppression of Undesireable, Unwanted Thoughts. December 1, 2017
Mervin Smucker and MILWAUKEE MAGAZINE
In 1994 and 2001, Mervin R. Smucker gained recognition as one of the top psychologists, according to a peer review in Milwaukee Magazine. Headquartered in the Historic Third Ward district of downtown Milwaukee, the magazine boasts a readership of more than 200,000 and refers to itself as "Southeastern Wisconsin's most authoritative source for events and dining." Printed once a month by Quad/Graphics, Milwaukee Magazine belongs to the City and Regional Magazine Association. The dining section of Milwaukee Magazine offers comprehensive reviews of restaurants in the Milwaukee area and tip on where to find the best daily discounts. Visitors to the website enjoy access to the Milwaukee Magazine restaurant finder, which sorts restaurants by cuisine, location, or other keywords. Milwaukee Magazine also publishes an Events section, which provides detailed calendars and descriptions of events occurring in the area. The Events section contains a wide variety of entertainment destinations, including theater, music, and art.
Mervin Smucker. The Phenomenology of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).
Obsessions are by definition unwanted and intrusive thoughts, images and impulses generally regarded by a person as unacceptable, embarrassing and difficult to dismiss. The more personally unacceptable an intrusive thought is, the more uncomfortable one will be with its continued occurrence. When an obsession is present, it is accompanied by strong feelings of discomfort or anxiety, and the urge to "neutralize" the obsessional thought, image, or impulse. Neutralizing behaviours can take the form of a compulsive behaviour (e.g., repetitive washing or "checking").
These behaviours tend to be carried out in a stereotyped way, or according to idiosyncratically defined "rules", such as engaging in a hand-washing ritual designed to neutralize a contamination obsession, and are associated with temporary anxiety relief. Neutralizing behaviours may also include changes in one's mental activity – e.g., deliberately thinking a different thought in response to an upsetting obsessional thought. Individuals with OCD may also develop avoidance behaviors in order to avoid situations that could trigger obsessions.
Dr. Mervin Smucker is an international trauma consultant and author of numerous articles and books on trauma and cognitive-behavioural therapy interventions.
Mervin Smucker. The basic assumptions of cognitive therapy.
The cognitive therapy model developed by Prof. Aaron T. Beck contains several core assumptions regarding how our thoughts are linked to our emotions:
Our emotions at any given point in time are largely determined by our active cognitions (thoughts and imagery);
The "lenses" through which we view ourselves, the world, and the future largely determine how we think, feel, and act;
Changing our perceptions (i.e., changing the way think) significantly changes the way we feel about ourselves as well as the way we act, interact, and react to the world around us.
Mervin Smucker. The combination of exposure and cognitive restructuring interventions when the predominant posttraumatic stress (PTSD) emotions are other than fear.
When an individual who is suffering from a posttraumatic reaction, reports non-fear emotions (e.g., guilt, shame, anger) as the predominant PTSD emotion(s), cognitive restructuring interventions that employ imagery rescripting can often be very useful. This involves identifiying challenging, and transforming the traumatic imagery into adaptive-coping imagery, and replacing related maladaptive trauma-related beliefs with adaptive beliefs. As such imaginal exposure interventions are used, not for habituation, but for enhancing cognitive restructuring via the activation of the traumatic images so that the trauma-related cognitions can be identified, challenged, and modified. Once the intrusive images have either ceased or have lost their emotional impact and the individual is able to create adaptive imagery at will (e.g., mastery imagery, self-calming imagery), one needs to assess whether or not malaptive trauma-related beliefs remain that will require further cognitive and emotional processing. Frequently, Type II trauma victims will continue to be plagued with maladaptive beliefs (e.g., faulty attributions, self-deprecating schemas) about their traumatization long after the disturbing, intrusive images of the traumatic event have abated.
Mervin Smucker, Suppression of Undesireable, Unwanted Thoughts.
Individuals who find themselves in intensive, negative emotional states (e.g., depression, anxiety, panic) desire to get rid of their emotional thoughts, but often have difficulty doing so. In particular, people will often try to suppress thoughts that are undesirable, unwanted or violate their philosophical or moral beliefs. Although it may seem counter-intuitive, thought-suppression is generally ineffective and even counter-productive, in that it serves to reinforce the strength of the unwanted thoughts in the following ways:
suppressing a thought during emotional states associates the thought with that particular emotion,
suppressing emotionally-laden thoughts increases their potential to elicit emotion when they return,
suppressing emotional thoughts during stress or mental overload increases their accessibility,
suppressing emotional thoughts increases the likelihood and frequency of the thought's reoccurrence (the more one tries to push away the undesireable thought, the more the thought pushes back and remains in the forefront of one's conscious level of awareness)
Mervin Smucker. Phenomenology of the borderline personality
A borderline personality may develop in response to multiple traumatic experiences to which an individual was subjected as a child in the form of emotional, sexual, or physical abuse. Experiencing childhood traumas impair one's ability to organize and synthesize information logically, impeding the development and maturation of cognitive functions involved in emotional self-regulation. Such individuals have difficulty symbolizing, fantasizing, and sublimating psychological skills necessary for coping with the small injuries of daily life. Instead, they develop a hyperarousal to emotional and sensory stimuli that interferes significantly with their ability to work through ordinary, day-to-day conflicts and prevents them from accumulating restitutive and gratifying experiences. They may experience intrusive recollections (e.g., flashbacks, nightmares), partial reenactments of situations reminiscent of early traumas, and an overwhelming sense of anxiety and vulnerability. As a result, they continue to live in the emotional environment of their childhood traumas, as if they were occuring today, and remain terrified of people, all of whom are perceived as potential aggressors.
Mervin Smucker. Specific Treatment Goals of Imagery Rescripting & Reprocessing Therapy (IRRT) in the Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD).
The general goal of IRRT with trauma victims suffering from PTSD is to facilitate successful emotional processing of their traumas. The specific IRRT treatment goals include:
decreasing physiological arousal;
eliminating intrusive traumatic recollections and distressing imagery;
replacing traumatic imagery with coping/mastery imagery;
transforming traumatic imagery into narrative language;
modifying traumagenic beliefs
replacing maladaptive schemas with adaptive schemas
developing an enhanced capacity to self-calm and self-soothe, especially during times of heightened emotional distress
developing more effective coping strategies for dealing with daily life stressors
Mervin Smucker Ph.D.
Mervin Smucker. Self-defeating Behaviours and Mood Disorders.
Self-defeating thoughts and behaviours are frequently targeted for identification and modification in psychotherapy, especially with individuals struggling with mood disorders. Below is a list of self-defeating behaviours commonly linked to depression and related mood disorders:
habitually putting the needs or wants of others ahead of your own
repeatedly entering into relationships with people who are cold, rejecting, or unavailable
being a perfectionist (intolerant of your own flaws or shortcomings)
habitually being either passive or aggressive in relationships rather than assertively expressing your needs
approaching problems as insurmountable obstacles rather than as opportunities for growth
allowing your mood to be determined by the emotional states of others
ignoring your basic physical needs (e.g., sleep, good nutrition, exercise)
being addicted to the approval of others
depending on alcohol, drugs, food, or other addictive substances or activities to elevate your mood
being a workaholic while not taking adequate time for yourself or to nurture important relationships
overreacting to the "minor bumps" of daily life (poor emotional shock absorbers)
Mervin Smucker Ph.D. is an international trauma consultant and author of numerous articles and books on trauma and cognitive-behavioural therapy interventions.
Mervin Smucker. A Cross-Cultural Comparison of Amish and non-Amish children's attitudes towards their families.
In a sample of over two-hundred rural school children in grades four through eight in southeastern Pennsylvania, Amish fourth graders viewed their families on a Semantic Differential Family Rating Scale more negatively than same-aged non-Amish fourth graders. By contrast, Amish seventh and eighth grade children viewed their families significantly more positive than non-Amish eighth grade children. These findings suggest that problems of familial and cultural adjustment may begin, and end, earlier in life for the Amish child than for the non-Amish child. It is conceivable that the young pre-pubescent Amish child is somewhat more critical and resentful of the work demands placed upon him by his family than the same-aged non-Amish child. However, by age fifteen when the Amish child is finished with his formal schooling – a time when many American adolescents feel overwhelmed by family, peer, and societal pressures – the Amish child may have already resolved his "crisis" vis-à-vis his social environment.
Mervin Smucker, Langkaas, Tomas, Nore, G. & Borge, F-M. When Change is not on Time – Troubleshooting Protocol-Based Treatment of PTSD.
Symposium presented at the 38th Annual Congress of the European Association for Behavioural & Cognitive Therapies, Dubrovnik, Croatia.
Recurring and distressing thoughts and images of a traumatic event are key characteristics of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The disorder leads to significant distress and loss of functioning for those who suffer from it. Developing effective treatment for PTSD has received increased interest in the CBT field in recent years, and several protocol-based CBT approaches now exist. However, employing a treatment protocol on a specific case does not always lead to the desired change and expected progress, and a significant proportion of PTSD clients in naturalistic settings fail to respond to our CBT treatments. The central theme for this symposium is "How to progress with protocol-based PTSD treatment when change does not happen as expected?"
The speakers of this symposium present case examples undergoing different protocol-based PTSD treatments that failed to progress as expected. Various attempts to troubleshoot these cases are discussed.
Mervin Smucker Ph.D
Smucker, Mervin. The creative application of imagery in cognitive therapy to enhance adaptive change.
The use of imagery interventions in cognitive therapy has been an emerging topic among theorists and clinicians in recent years. Clinicians are finding that intrusive, affect-laden images can contribute to significant distress in a variety of psychological disorders, and that using creative imagery interventions to confront and modify upsetting images can be a powerful approach that leads to alleviation of emotional distress. Research has found that emotional memory tends to be visual in nature, and conversely, mental imagery is generally more emotional than verbal processing of the same material. As such, directly challenging and modifying distressing images appears to be a powerful means of promoting emotional change. In recent years, a number of different cognitive-oriented treatments have emerged that use imagery to promote change with a range of anxiety disorders, depression, and personality disorders.
Mervin Smucker (2016). Meaning, Story and Psychotherapy-2.
Psychotherapists such as Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, and Aaron Beck classify and categorize the kinds of deep-level narratives we use to interpret events as archetypes, complexes, or core beliefs (schemas). Freud posited the "unconscious" as the realm where such stories reside. Jung posited the "collective unconscious," which he conceived of as broadly cultural and even cross-cultural, while Beck's pioneering work in cognitive therapy draws on the work of earlier psychoanalytic thinkers to posit "schemas" as a form of cognition. When these schemas are maladaptive, they often predispose people to interpret events through stories shaped by deep-seated fears relating to core beliefs of abandonment, mistrust, inherent unlovability, worthlessness, incompetence, and/or vulnerability. Psychotherapy helps people to uncover their narratives and confront underlying maladaptive schemas, with the goal of developing more adaptive schemas and healthier narratives.
Mervin Smucker (2016). Interface between psychobiology and imagery rescripting?
There is a growing body of empirical evidence that corroborate the efficacy of imagery rescripting therapy, especially in the treatment of posttraumatic stress. Increasingly, questions relating to the possible effects on the neural substrates compromised in persons with posttraumatic stress have emerged in the scientific community. Recent neuroscience research has reportedly found alterations in the neuro-humeral response, as well as in interregional brain activity (functional connectivity) and neurological development, among persons who have been exposed to significant trauma. These findings could enhance our understanding of how processing of traumatic experience may later directly impact neuroprocessing with respect to trauma memory storage and recall, affect regulation, and physiological response during trauma memory activation in individuals with posttraumatic stress.
It is conceivable that imagery rescripting, when successfully applied, redirects patterns of functional connectivity in persons with posttraumatic stress such that trauma processing, neurohumeral response and subsequent behavioral responses more closely resemble traumatized individuals who have not developed posttraumatic stress. It remains to be seen whether such phenomena can ultimately be demonstrated – such as by means of fMRI research – and whether imagery rescripting therapy can potentially lead to subsequent alterations in neural development.
Mervin Smucker (2015). The relationship between the self-transcendence of human existence and self-actualization.
Logotherapy emphasizes that human beings are themselves responsible for actualizing the potential meaning of their own lives, regardless of the external realities or circumstances. As such, the meaning of life can be discovered in one's direct interactions with the external world, rather than within the human psyche, a process that Viktor Frankl referred to as the "self-transcendence of human existence." As such, the more that an individuals' focus is directed to something or someone outside the self (e.g., a meaningful, heartfelt encounter with another person), the more one is able to transcend the limitations of individual human existence and, paradoxically, the more self-actualized they may become. In short, self-actualization is viewed as a side-effect of self-transcendence.
Mervin Smucker (2015). Panic Attacks and Breathing
An effective cognitive behavioral technique for those suffering from panic attacks makes intentional use of the breath. Persons who suffer from panic attacks tend to hyperventilate (shallow, rapid breathing) when stressed, which may trigger heart palpitations that they then misinterpret in a catastrophic manner (e.g., believing they are dying, are going to pass out, are losing their mind). Engaging in a "focused breathing" exercise – slowing inhaling and exhaling through the nose (with the mouth closed!) – can help to calm the person experiencing sensations of panic. As the hyperventilation is brought under control and the breathing returns to normal, the panic episode may dissipate within several minutes. In this way, individuals prone to panic attacks learn the effectiveness of breath control, and the association between the sensations of panic and breathing.
Mervin Smucker (2015). Logotherapy – an alternative to traditional psychotherapy.
Logotherapy was developed by Viktor Frankl, a holocaust survivor of Auschwitz and Dachau concentration camps. In contrast to psychoanalysis, which is heavily retrospective and introspective, logotherapy is a meaning-centered psychotherapy that is focused on the future and the meanings to be fulfilled by the individual in his or her future, regardless of what the past has encompassed. The term itself has its origins from the Greek word Logos, or meaning. Frankl's Logotherapy was part of The Third Viennese School of Psychotherapy with its focus on the meaning of human existence and the individual's search for meaning to his/her existence, and its de-emphasis on the the "vicious-circle formations and feedback mechanism which play such a great role in the development of neuroses." Striving to find meaning to one's existence is thought to be the primary motivational force in humans, which according to Frankl, can contribute significantly to breaking up the self-centeredness of the neurotic.
Mervin Smucker [Summarized from Frankl, Viktor (1984). Man's Search for Meaning: An Introduction to Logotherapy.]
Treating PTSD and Trauma with Prolonged Exposure plus Stress Inoculation Training (Mervin Smucker 2015)
A combination of prolonged exposure has sometimes been used in combination with stress inoculation training to treat adult trauma victims suffering from posttraumatic stress (Foa et. al., 1991). This combined approach involves an initial 2-hour evaluation followed by eight weekly sessions (1.5 – 2.0 hours each) that include: (1) education about the normal reactions to assault, (2) breathing training, (3) three types of relaxation training, (4) reliving the assault (imaginal exposure), (5) confronting current feared, but safe, situations (in vivo exposure), (6) cognitive restructuring regarding attributions and beliefs about the assault, (7) assertiveness training via role-play, (8) covert modeling and (9) guided self-dialogue. Following the end of each session, homework is assigned which involves instructing the patient to listen daily to the audio recording of the session and to record their subjective units of distress (SUDS) on a homework sheet, which is then brought to the next therapy for review.
Mervin Smucker, Ph.D., is an international trauma consultant and author of numerous articles and books on trauma and cognitive-behavioural therapy interventions.
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Envirocraft provide fully accredited cardboard and paper recycling services to a variety of customers. With our base in the rural surroundings of Cheshire, our numerous UK hubs allow us to operate on a nationwide basis, reducing the amount of material going to landfill one customer at a time.
At Envirocraft, we are committed to recycling 100% of the waste we receive. With a flexible transport fleet, our efficient collection services can be scheduled at a time that suits you, making the whole process of recycling your cardboard and paper quick and easy.
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For the collection and recycling of your cardboard and paper waste, choose Envirocraft and let us help the environment whilst helping you, making the whole process quick and hassle-free. With no-obligation quotes readily available to all our customers, we are always happy to help.


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BuzzFeed News Home Reporting To You
The Teen Who Filmed George Floyd's Murder Opened Up About Witnessing His Death
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"Everyone talks about the girl who recorded George Floyd's death, but to actually be her is a different story."
By Stephanie K. Baer
Stephanie K. Baer BuzzFeed News Reporter
Posted on May 25, 2021, at 6:22 p.m. ET
Minneapolis Police Department via AP
An image from a police body camera shows Darnella Frazier (second from the left) and other bystanders who witnessed George Floyd's death.
Darnella Frazier, the teen who recorded the viral video of George Floyd's murder, reflected on witnessing his final moments and the impact it has had on her life in a powerful post on the anniversary of his death Tuesday.
"I didn't know this man from a can of paint, but I knew his life mattered," Frazier, now 18, wrote on Facebook. "I knew that he was in pain. I knew that he was another black man in danger with no power."
Frazier gave emotional testimony during the murder trial for Derek Chauvin, the former Minneapolis police officer who pressed his knee on Floyd's neck until he died. Chauvin's conviction last month was due in part to the excruciating video the teenager recorded.
On May 25, 2020, Frazier was walking to Cup Foods with her 9-year-old cousin when she saw the 46-year-old Black man begging for air and saying, "I can't breathe." She wrote that it had been "just a normal day" for her and that she was "not even prepared for what [she] was about to see."
"It changed me," Frazier said in the post. "It changed how I viewed life. It made me realize how dangerous it is to be Black in America."
Jason Armond / Los Angeles Times via Getty Images
A makeshift memorial and mural outside Cup Foods in Minneapolis, where George Floyd was murdered by a police officer on May 31, 2020.
She said she still holds "the weight and trauma" of what she witnessed one year ago and that while it's gotten easier to carry, it has changed her forever.
"A part of my childhood was taken from me," she wrote.
Frazier said she has had panic attacks and anxiety attacks and had trouble sleeping for weeks after Floyd's death. She and her family had to leave their home because they no longer felt safe with reporters at their door all the time.
After the jury found Chauvin guilty of all murder and manslaughter charges in April, hundreds of people replied to Frazier's social media posts and called her a hero. But on Tuesday, the 18-year-old said she doesn't see herself that way.
"Behind this smile, behind these awards, behind the publicity, I'm a girl trying to heal from something I am reminded of every day," Frazier wrote. "Everyone talks about the girl who recorded George Floyd's death, but to actually be her is a different story."
Still, she said, she is proud of herself, writing that if it weren't for her, "the world wouldn't have known the truth."
"George Floyd, I can't express enough how I wish things could have went different, but I want you to know you will always be in my heart," she said. "I'll always remember this day because of you. May your soul rest in peace."
Read her full statement here.
Powerful Photos Show How George Floyd Is Being Remembered One Year After His Death Kate Bubacz · May 25, 2021
How America Is Remembering George Floyd One Year After He Was Killed Tasneem Nashrulla · May 25, 2021
"We Did It": The Bystanders Who Testified Against Derek Chauvin Reacted To His Guilty Verdict Tasneem Nashrulla · April 21, 2021
An 18-Year-Old Whose Viral Video Of Derek Chauvin Crushing George Floyd's Neck Gave Emotional Testimony About What She Saw Clarissa-Jan Lim · March 30, 2021
Stephanie Baer is a reporter with BuzzFeed News and is based in Los Angeles.
Contact Stephanie K. Baer at stephanie.baer@buzzfeed.com.
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Parks, Rosa 159
Nixon, Edgar Daniel 88
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People 50
Rustin, Bayard 46
Randolph, A. Philip (Asa Philip) 45
Holt Street Baptist Church 43
Cleveland, Ohio 8
Boston, Mass. 7
Marion, Ala. 5
Paris, France 5
San Francisco, Calif. 5
Martin Luther King, Jr. - Friends and Associates 175
Southern Christian Leadership Conference--publicity 136
Southern Christian Leadership Conference--strategic planning 104
Labor Movement 78
Program, ''Salute to Martin Luther King, Jr.''
Westchester Salute to Martin Luther King, Jr.
Westchester County, N.Y.
Lawford, Peter
Berner, Joan
Horton, John T.
Kunstler, Lotte
Banks, William A.
Treadwell, George
Henry, Pat
Patterson, Lawrence
F. & M. Schaefer Breweries, Inc.
The William Morris Agency
Alfred Duckett Associates
Rye, N.Y.
New Rochelle, N.Y.
Yonkers, N.Y.
Box 123A
WGAC-GAMK, William G. Anderson Collection, Martin Luther King, Jr., Center for Nonviolent Social Change, Inc., Atlanta, Ga.
Vault Box
Draft, Dedication and Preface, Strength to Love
[7/1962-3/1963]
Pilgrimage to Nonviolence
Stide Toward Freedom
Christian Century Press
Draft, ''Dedication and Preface,'' Strength to Love
Box 120, folder 18 (1 of 5)
MS5 #343
A Letter From the Birmingham Jail, Sermon delivered at Ebenezer Baptist Church
Muhammad, Elijah [Nation of Islam]
Scott, Bernice M.
Griffin, Marvin C.
Holmes, Alfred
Key, Francis Scott
Talladega College (Talladega, Ala.)
Jefferson County (Ala.). County Jail
University of Georgia (Athens, Ga.)
Rich's Department Store (Atlanta, Ga.)
West Hunter Baptist Church (Atlanta, Ga.)
Thessalonica, Greece
Acts 16:9
Moral Man and Immoral Society
ET-9, reels 5 through 7
Program, ''Chicago Freedom Fund festival''
Daley, Richard J. [Chicago (Ill.). Office of the Mayor]
Fuller, S. B. [Fuller Products Company]
Johnson, John H. [Johnson Publishing Company]
Daniels, W. N. [National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)]
Kitt, Eartha
Washington, Dinah
English, Lou
Hibbler, Al
Gregory, Dick
Jordan, Louis
McCoy, Sid
Kupcinet, Irv
Faye, Marty
Saunders, Red
Rosenbaum, Ruth
Flemons, Wade
Turkel, Studs
Barnett, Etta Moten
Franklin, C.L. (Clarence LaVaughn)
Columbia Records Company
Central High School (Little Rock, Ark.)
Chicago (Ill.). Office of the Mayor
Fuller Products Company
McCormick Place (Chicago, Ill.)
Johnson Publishing Company
Chad Mitchell Trio
Four Step Brothers
Ladies of Song
Englewood, N.J.
Deerfield, Ill.
Interview by Donald H. Smith
2//7/1957
Smith, Donald H.
Scott, Obie
Brownell, Herbert [United States. Dept. of Justice]
Maxwell, O. Clay
Maynard, Aubre de L. [Harlem Hospital Center (New York, N.Y.)]
Anderson, William G.
Lincoln High School (Marion, Ala.)
Antioch College (Yellow Springs, Ohio)
New England Conservatory of Music (Boston, Mass.)
Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom (1957 : Washington, D.C.)
Harlem Hospital Center (New York, N.Y.)
Youth March for Integrated Schools
Shaw University (Raleigh, N.C.)
Alabama State College (Montgomery, Ala.)
Tallahassee, Ala.
Coretta Scott King - Public speaking
State of Alabama vs. M. L. King, Jr., et. al.
Little Rock School Crisis, 1957
DHSTR-WHi
Donald H. Smith Tape Recordings, State Historical Society of Wisconsin, Madison, Wis.


Business travel is a rapidly expanding activity. With technological progress and the emerging ease of international communications it is essential that the modern business has company representatives all over the world. So these days, as more employees of affiliates are traveling in order to solve their companies' most significant problems, trips mixing business and leisure have quickly emerged as a lifestyle.
The term "Bleisure" is a mix of a corporate travel with a leisure vacation. Though it could seem strange and unusual, it is more and more often used by modern businesses. What better opportunity is there to combine work and pleasure than on a business trip? Of course, you should strictly differentiate between business activity and your leisure. Many companies have already instituted this type of business travel, in which employees can continue their trip as vacation after all their business issues were solved.
If an employee has a desire to extend a work trip for a few days to rest and relax, or in some cases even invite a significant other, all he or she needs is to pay for the extra days in a hotel and buy return tickets. In today's highly globalized and cosmopolitan world, it is not surprising that the division between work and rest is becoming much less noticeable.
What are the main things that every corporate traveler should know before going on a trip? First, adding a few extra leisure days to a business trip will make you feel happy. In addition, the entire business trip will seem more positive. Secondly, you don't need to pay for the whole trip, which will save time and money. Combining work and leisure seems reasonable for both business travelers and their employers: the former get some rest after a hard job and a chance to recover, and the latter have more positive employees.


Recipe bear pancakes You like. Select from the most delicious bear pancakes, next to the kitchen, it's time to start cooking according to recipe instructions.
Prepare dough. Sift the flour in a bowl, mix the flour, salt, sugar, egg yolk, butter. Stir, pour in the milk and whisk. The dough will posetite.
Heat a frying pan over medium-high heat. Pour a little vegetable oil. Rotate the pan so that the oil fully covers the bottom.
Stir the batter and pour into the pan one ladle. Rotate the pan so that the batter completely covers the bottom. Fry without touching the pancake, 1-2 minutes, until edges begin to brown. Pry the edge of the spatula and flip it over. Fry for another 1-2 minutes on the other side, then slide onto a dish. Keep warm before serving.
Cut out pancakes 2 oval, 2 round, nose and ears. Fold together the oval and the circle. Whisk the cream, sandwich the pancakes, attach the ears, cover the second piece. Cover with another layer of cream and sprinkle with grated chocolate. Put the nose. Make the eyes.
The remaining part cream if desired, with food coloring, paint, place cream in a pastry bag, make paws. Berries make a bouquet. Serve immediately.