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Iowa / Randolph / Randolph Divorce & Family Law
Randolph Divorce & Family Law Lawyer, Iowa
Helen M. Savage
Family Law, Divorce & Family Law, Criminal
229 South Main Street, Council Bluffs, IA 51503
Chuck R. Hannan
Family Law, Wills & Probate, Civil Rights, Wills
Mark R Bosworth
Juvenile Law, Other, Divorce & Family Law, Consumer Rights
520 Chestnut St, Atlantic, IA 50022
David Louis Wiederstein
Traffic, Employee Rights, Family Law, Criminal
520 Chestnut Street, Atlantic, IA 50022
Mark Russell Bosworth
Juvenile Law, Public Interest Law, Family Law, Divorce & Family Law
Robert James Engler
Government, Employment, Divorce & Family Law, Criminal
707 Poplar Street, Atlantic, IA 50022
Jennifer Lynn Plumb
Estate, Divorce & Family Law, Business, Accident & Injury
Theodore R. Wonio
Child Custody, Divorce & Family Law
Joni Marie Visek
Divorce & Family Law, Criminal
790 Key Cir, Carter Lake, IA 51510
Alan David Martin
Divorce & Family Law, Criminal, Personal Injury, Car Accident
227 S 6th St, Council Bluffs, IA 51501
Lawyer.com can help you easily and quickly find Randolph Divorce & Family Law Lawyers and Randolph Divorce & Family Law Firms. Refine your search by specific Divorce & Family Law practice areas such as Adoption, Child Custody, Child Support, Divorce and Family Law matters.
LAWFUL ISSUE
Formerly, statutes governing wills used this phrase to specify children born to married parents, and to exclude those born out of wedlock. Now, the phrase means... (more...)
Formerly, statutes governing wills used this phrase to specify children born to married parents, and to exclude those born out of wedlock. Now, the phrase means the same as issue and 'lineal descendant.'
INTERLOCUTORY DECREE
A court judgment that is not final until the judge decides other matters in the case or until enough time has passed to see if the interim decision is working. ... (more...)
A court judgment that is not final until the judge decides other matters in the case or until enough time has passed to see if the interim decision is working. In the past, interlocutory decrees were most often used in divorces. The terms of the divorce were set out in an interlocutory decree, which would become final only after a waiting period. The purpose of the waiting period was to allow the couple time to reconcile. They rarely did, however, so most states no longer use interlocutory decrees of divorce.
A separate court, or more likely a separate division of the regular state trial court, that considers only cases involving divorce (dissolution of marriage), ch... (more...)
A separate court, or more likely a separate division of the regular state trial court, that considers only cases involving divorce (dissolution of marriage), child custody and support, guardianship, adoption, and other cases having to do with family-related issues, including the issuance of restraining orders in domestic violence cases.
A method for defining the ownership of property acquired during marriage, in which all earnings during marriage and all property acquired with those earnings ar... (more...)
A method for defining the ownership of property acquired during marriage, in which all earnings during marriage and all property acquired with those earnings are considered community property and all debts incurred during marriage are community property debts. Community property laws exist in Arizona, California, Idaho, Nevada, New Mexico, Texas, Washington, and Wisconsin. Compare equitable distribution and separate property.
A federal law that requires employers to provide an employee with 12 weeks of unpaid leave during a year's time for the birth or adoption of a child, family hea... (more...)
A federal law that requires employers to provide an employee with 12 weeks of unpaid leave during a year's time for the birth or adoption of a child, family health needs or personal illness. The employer must allow the employee to return to the same position or a position similar to that held before taking the leave. There are exceptions to the FMLA: the most notable is that only employers with 50 or more employees are covered--about half the workforce.
The voluntary abandonment of one spouse by the other, without the abandoned spouse's consent. Commonly, desertion occurs when a spouse leaves the marital home f... (more...)
The voluntary abandonment of one spouse by the other, without the abandoned spouse's consent. Commonly, desertion occurs when a spouse leaves the marital home for a specified length of time. Desertion is a grounds for divorce in states with fault divorce.
ABANDONMENT (OF A CHILD)
A parent's failure to provide any financial assistance to or communicate with his or her child over a period of time. When this happens, a court may deem the ch... (more...)
A parent's failure to provide any financial assistance to or communicate with his or her child over a period of time. When this happens, a court may deem the child abandoned by that parent and order that person's parental rights terminated. Abandonment also describes situations in which a child is physically abandoned -- for example, left on a doorstep, delivered to a hospital or put in a trash can. Physically abandoned children are usually placed in orphanages and made available for adoption.
A term used by the Uniform Transfers to Minors Act for the person named to manage property left to a child under the terms of that Act. The custodian will manag... (more...)
A term used by the Uniform Transfers to Minors Act for the person named to manage property left to a child under the terms of that Act. The custodian will manage the property if the gift giver dies before the child has reached the age specified by state law -- usually 21. When the child reaches the specified age, he will receive the property and the custodian will have no further role in its management.
MEDIAN FAMILY INCOME
An annual income figure for which there are as many families with incomes below that level as there are above that level. The Census Bureau publishes median fam... (more...)
An annual income figure for which there are as many families with incomes below that level as there are above that level. The Census Bureau publishes median family income figures for each state and for different family sizes. A debtor whose current monthly income is higher than the median family income in his or her state must pass the means test in order to file for Chapter 7 bankruptcy, and must commit all disposable income to a five-year repayment plan if filing for Chapter 13 bankruptcy.
-Adoption
-Child Custody
-Guardianships & Conservatorships
-Custody & Visitation
-Child Support
-Divorce
-Alimony & Spousal Support
-Family Law
-Collaborative Law
-Domestic Violence & Neglect
-Paternity
-Prenuptial Agreements


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Playmint to develop Web3 MMOC debut game with $4M fund
Playmint, a Web3 gaming studio, recently raised $4 million in funding for its upcoming MMOC (Massively Multiplayer On-Chain) game, The Crypt. The funds will be used for the development of the game. It will be the first player vs environment (PvE) game to run completely on-chain.
The Brighton, United Kingdom-based studio has a team of developers that includes former Electronic Arts, Epic Games, and Disney employees. Bitkraft Ventures, a leading gaming investment platform, led the round with participation from 1KX, Cherry Ventures, Ethereal Ventures, and Play Ventures' Play Future Fund.
Playmint will use the funding to scale its team of artists, game designers, and engineers so that new chapters of The Crypt can be released each month.
Innovation in web3 games
Playmint's debut game, The Crypt, is a loot-based dungeon game constructed entirely on blockchain technology. As the world's first PvE on-chain game, The Crypt allows players to create their own clients, bots, and even their own games, using the primitives that Playmint created.
Playmint developers said they planned to use what they've learned from building The Crypt chapters in its second game in the future. Politics, subterfuge, and innovative tokenomics will be part of the complex on-chain trading game. The game is an experimental project that lets the team explore possibilities for web3 gaming.
"We are committed to creating real, web3 games, not web2.5, by leveraging blockchain technology to build games the industry has never experienced before," said Playmint CEO David Amor. "We may not know how they'll work, what they'll look like, or how players will interact with them, but one thing we do know is making a fun game is a necessity."
BITKRAFT Ventures is a venture capital company specializing in gaming and web3 technology. It manages six funds, roughly $730 million in assets under management, and invests in over 90 businesses. RSTLSS, a metaverse fashion platform, is one of its recent investments.
"We believe that putting game logic on-chain will usher in a new era of innovation in game design, marked by rapid experimentation through interoperability and composability," said Bitkraft Ventures investor Nicolas Vereecke in a statement.
"There are few teams in the industry that combine the proven ability to create fun games with a deep sense of curiosity and a willingness to do new, hard things. The games coming out of this new era will be nothing like the games that exist today and we are confident that Playmint will continue to experiment with new technologies and push boundaries to create the most engaging, immersive, and fun games web3 has to offer."
About Playmint
Playmint said they aimed to create category-defining games for web3. Among its top titles are Dungeon Keeper 2, Lego Star Wars Battles, and Fall Guys.
Playmint is a growing game development studio that focuses on building category-defining web3 games.
The studio is based in Brighton. It was founded by a team of industry experts that committed themselves to discover the fun in cutting-edge blockchain technology and web3 primitives like composability.
Their deep sense of curiosity, desire to do novel, challenging things, and dedication to shipping early and often, led to the release of their world's first on-chain co-op PvE game, The Crypt.
Playmint is also developing its second game, an on-chain trading game that features asymmetric gameplay, designed to be a benchmark for experiences in the metaverse.
Ubisoft turns off multiplayer online services for over 90 games
IKONIC to launch world's first esports dedicated NFT marketplace this year

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


While in Mitchell, experience the rich historical and cultural attractions including the World's Only Corn Palace, Cabela's Wildlife Exhibits, Carnegie Resource Center, Dakota Discovery Museum, McGovern Legacy Museum, and the Prehistoric Indian Village.
The Mitchell Area Chamber of Commerce is committed to creating possibilities for a prosperous business environment. When businesses are successful, the whole community is successful.
Mitchell is best known as the home of the World's Only Corn Palace, yet many don't realize the Palace truly stands for innovation, enterprise, pride, and community.
For over 120 years, the World's Only Corn Palace has attracted the unusual, the notable, and the road-weary. And this past year, it has only gotten better!
Located just minutes from downtown, Lake Mitchell is a man-made reservoir that was built in 1928 to serve as a drinking water supply and recreation center for the City of Mitchell and surrounding area.
Mitchell Main Street and Beyond is an economic development program specifically targeted to provide technical assistance to Mitchell's historic commercial district.


Having seen Agathon and various others using an airbrush I began to develop a bit of a keen interest in getting meself one too. I just got my hands on FW's modelling masterclass book and I see they too recommend I get one, but funny enough they don't recommend the GW one. I figured if you're gunna do something, do it proppa, and maybe a can of propellent ain't really all that proppa? So I got to looking online for a reasonably decent one, trouble is I've never bought one before and feel like a blonde in a tool shop searching for spirit level bubbles I did find this site but as I said, I dont really know what I'm looking at Can anybody suggest a good type, make, model or anything at all really?
It all depends on what you want to spend. I purchased a double action air brush. Typical single action are less expensive, but then you also get less control.
double action - when you push the button you just get air, then you pull back on the trigger as well and that releases the paint.
The double action trigger is a little tricky getting used to, but if you buy a good airbrush for this hobby, it will last you for years.
The Forgeworld Book says to buy the best one you can afford... and they're right. I did a hell of a lot of reading on these things before I committed to mine.
First up when doing an airbrush, you're not just getting the airbrush, but you're also getting a compressor if you want to make it work. The compressor will make up about 2/3's or more of the cost of your airbrush purchase. In my case, I already had the GW spraygun, which is effectively a single-action syphon-feed airbrush shaped like a flamer. The cans are really unreliable as an air source... and I found that out very quickly. Even so, the GW spraygun was enough of a taste for airbrushes that I decided to forgego models in favour of a new and very powerful painting tool.
There are 2 general types of airbrush on the market: Single action, and dual action. Within each type there are syphon-feed (from the bottom), and gravity-feed (from the top) as to how paint actually gets into the airstream.
In my case, I purchased a dual-action gravity feed airbrush, with a cup on the top of it large enough to hold about 7mL of paint. The brand I chose is a less well known one from a company called "Grex" -specifically the Genesis XG, as well as the compressor designed to go with that airbrush.
Of the page you linked to, the brand I am most familiar with is the Iwata. They are considered to be the best and most available of all the airbrushes. My Grex airbrush and compressor is actually compatible with the Iwata ones... but Grex is harder to find.
And the third item down on the list, AB-AS-18 Airbrushing kit with the Iwata Eclipse CS is pretty good, and is similar to what I have. It's a dual-action gravity feed. The cost on that kit is roughly similar to what I paid for my stuff on sale.
From what I understand, Iwata brushes are in many ways the industry standard for quality. Badger is more common a brand, but most of their stuff is entry level.
The one thing I've learned very quickly... cleaning your airbrush will be something you will become VERY familiar with. You will likely spend as much time cleaning the brush as you will be painting with it, but since it cuts your painting time down incredibly, especially with vehicles, that's a fair trade. It's really not that onerous.
Once you have the airbrush, then it's about learning techniques. I can give you some references for that later, because until you put the brush in your hand it won't make a lot of sense.
thanks for this thread, I have been mulling this same thing around in my mind for a good bit now and I thinkI am ging to start doing the research.
Gizzus me Shoota, we iz off to bust sum 'oomies!
there's some great responses here I agree it's definately a good idea to buy the best you can, although that should be clarified by saying there's no point buying a very expensive brush if all you are just planning to use it for very basic stuff! (ie. dont get an extremely expensive brush if you are just looking to basecoat vehicles) another important thing, is to buy an airbrush that you can easily get replacement parts for (especially needles, as they are very fragile and any bends will make them unusable) I would suggest getting a gravity feed airbrush, as it is far less likely to waste paint (as with a suction feed you need to have the paint filled up to a certain line in order to get paint flow (a lot like handwash dispensers, once they start to run low its very hard to get much handwash out) It's very important to get a good compressor, as even the best airbrush with an unreliable air source will produce crap results. as britain is a damp country, I would say that it's very important that you get some kind of moisture trap. extra water coming in through your air can mess up your paint mix. I recently purchased an Iwata brush from airbrushes.com I would definately suggest them as they have a great range of products and replacement parts, good speed of delivery, and when you get membership you get 10% off your first order (which considering your first order will generally be your airbrush and compressor, that can be a considerable amount off) hope this helps!
How loud are the compressors? I do most of my work at night after everyone's asleep. I don't want to wake up the whole house while I paint my tanks.
I can't speak for the Iwata compressors, but the Grex 1810-A is very quiet, and only runs when it needs to. The 220V version is called the 1810-B... There is some wisdom in getting a brush that you can easily get parts for. I'm on my second needle already for my Genesis XG, and I suspect that even being careful with it I may need to get a third before the year is out. Even so, be careful with the needle... I sometimes airbrush with the nozzle cover off to get in very close.
Compressors are LOUD. You may want to look into a compressor and tank, or a refillable tank. I've had the same airbrush for 17 years. Over the years, I've probably painted 12 40K and WFB armies (could not afford to do half that nowadays), and various other stuff like titans. I've probably used the airbrush 8 or 9 times, ever. I like it, it's fun to use, but… Unless you are vehicle happy, you will probably find that the time you save base-coating figs with the airbrush doesn't really justify the process of setup, getting the paint right, spraying, and clean up. It's just easier to pick up a brush. Yes, I can prime a unit of ten beakies, and then I can base coat them with the airbrush, all very quickly. I did that a few months ago. Nice, consistent coat. Looks good. I don't know, maybe I saved some time. I do know I would not buy an airbrush just to do that. Now, vehicles are another story. For any kind of cammo patterns, airbrushes are great. That's why they are popular, they can paint up Tiger Tanks and F-14 Tomcats much better than most anyone can do by hand. Ironically, I gather that Flames of War types don't use airbrushes much; because their vehicles are small, and they can get the results they want by hand. Again, if you are going to basecoat a couple of Rhinos and a Land Raider Ultramarine Blue, the airbrush is OK. Then it goes in the closet for years. What I am getting at is airbrushes are fun, and can do some very cool things. I used one to paint up 3 panzee Falcons with a beautiful light to dark blue fade pattern, and then the airbrush went into the closet for years. I last used it to wash my Stompa with water-based Minwax wood stain (too big to dip). Not sure I would recommend that, the wash is too consistent. But, the latest thing I painted was 10 Meganobs. I primed'em, then base coated them Gunmetal. I just didn't bother with the airbrush, slapping on the paint was easier. Bottom line, cheap airbrushes and propellant cans are a pain and can be frustrating. You can do some cool stuff with a good airbrush and a reliable air source. But, if you really only need to basecoat figs and few vehicles, you are not going to find an expensive airbrush is a life changing purchase. I would never tell someone NOT to buy and airbrush, it might become their favorite tool. But, for this hobby, I would never tell someone they really NEED an airbrush, either.
I can understand why a number of members are suggesting single actions, or even not getting a brush, but in the case of phatty, he's mentioned the forgeworld modelling book, which to me means he would like to try one out on the basis of giving the techniques in the book a try. For that and for any real mucking about you would want to do for the scale/results you want, a double action is the only recommendation I can truthfully make. Yes, no one ever NEEDS anything really, but it definately is a tool that will add all sorts of efficient, possibly weird and, fun techniques. Sorta like graduating from running, to getting onto a bike. It cannot replace a bristle brush with what it can do, but there are some things you can't easily achieve with bristles that are par for the course with an airbrush. Keep in mind that not all compressors are loud. I've a few friends who airbrush in HK(Actually, I think I know more modellers here who airbrush than brush brush, but then HK has quite the number of "garage kit" and gundam modellers for whom the airbrush is the only real alternative(the size of the models and the typically large smooth surfaces involved makes hand brushing rather less effective. My older testor's compressor reminds me of a small boat motor, or maybe a scooter on idle. The thing rumbles and makes enough noise that I don't use it at night to make sure I don't bug the neighbours. While it doesn't make so much noise that you'll bother someone a room and a half down(honestly, you don't really notice it outside of the room, but better safe than sorry). The newer pumps I've seen tend not to be as noisy, with some silent as an electric fan(albeit a noisy electric fan...). If noise is a big issue, and you can get a hold of one, you could try to use a scuba tank for your air source. They don't cost much to fill, and the air you get will be dry(eliminating the need for moisture traps. They're not cheap, but not particularly pricy either, and a tank will last you pretty long. Just keep in mind that you'll be lugging one of these back to the shop every so often, and they are fairly heavy. On the bright side, they're dead silent, so no one can ever complain about the noise(unless they're complaining about the noise your airbrush makes while spraying...). The big problem is I'm not too sure if you can find decent support for a tank run airbrush, as it isn't exactly common. But if you absolutely need silent operation, then this is a good bet. I'd still recommend a quiet compressor over a tank due to the maintenance/etc.
I'm surprised in terms of the comments around compressor noise. I know that some can be quite loud, but the unit I have is an artist's compressor, and is very quiet. My wife and I have hobby stations next to each other, and my compressor doesn't bother her at all. She can hear it, but it runs quietly. I've heard of some compressors that can wake the neighbours. The artists compressors that are out there these days are intended for "discreet" use. I think that's part of the technology improvements, but the Grex 1810-A and B models are quite quiet. They also come with the pressure gauge and water trap. I use that a lot... I believe the Iwata artist compressor is also pretty quiet as well... I'll go do some research. edit: I did a quick check in terms of decebels (dB) of my compressor is about 60-65... which is about the same loudness as a conversation, but quieter than a coffee grinder.
Iwata makes excellent airbrushes for a decent price(excellent quality for the price). Properly maintained you'll not likely need another unless you get really serious about airbrushing all kinds of things (or get in the habit of using different types of paints). Many people have separate airbrushes for clear coats(so that they never become "tainted" by stray metallic flake in particular), one for metallics, one for enamels or lacquers, etc.
The Iwata HP-BCS has a huge 2 oz. paint reservoir (cup), but you will notice that it will spray anywhere from as fine as a human hair to 2" round spray patterns. Very versatile.
There is also the Revolution series, which is also good. You will note that it is very similar to the Eclipse series. The Revolution CR is the less expensive model of the Eclipse HP-CS, but the quality is not cheap at all. The spray pattern simply doesn't go quite as fine or as large as the Eclipse series equivalent, though the pattern is still very good, having a range from 1/16" /1.75mm at its finest to 1.5"/ 38mm at its broadest.
There is also the Revolution BCR, which is kind of a less costly version of the Eclipse HP-BCS.
One important thing to note about all four of these airbrushes is that they are dual-action airbrushes. The dual-action refers to being able to control both air flow AND paint flow. This is particularly useful for blending. You want a fine misting of paint, then increase the air flow and keep the paint flow low. It takes some practice to do this well, but you can get some great results.
Iwata also makes a great compressor that is near silent for you apartment dwellers or those who have a spouse not keen on the usual noisy(and large) garage style air compressors. The Smart Jet is a great compressor, with some great features. It is small yet still more than powerful enough for airbrushing little army men and their tanks, or bugs and their bigger bug friends. The Sprint Jet costs a bit less and is still a good, quiet compressor. The Silver Jet model is the entry level model. It is not quite a powerful as the others, but is more than adequate for hobby applications. That is what it is made for after all.
Also, most paints require thinning to be used in an airbrush, and never just pour the paint into the airbrush reservoir (cup) straight from the paint bottle. Premix and then fill. The paint should be about as thick/transparent as 2% milk. That might seem kind of thin, but trust me, it is just right. Regardless of what brand of airbrush you settle on, make sure you look over the airbrush's features before buying one so that you know it will do what you want it to. And make sure you clean your airbrush THOUROUGHLY after using it, EVERY TIME. Trust me when I say that using weird cleaners to get dried paint out of your airbrush so that it doesn't spit and splatter paint like a feral cat is no fun at all.
Always test your paint flow for spattering and spitting before you point your airbrush at a model. Just spray it on a piece of white paper you have handy. If it spits and splatters rather than sprays finely then either your airbrush is dirty(clogged with dried paint, a hair, etc.) or the paint you are using has not been thinned enough and is itself clogging the airbrush. Clean the airbrush or thin the paint as needed to fix the problem. Sometimes an o-ring inside of the airbrush assembly can be improperly installed after cleaning and re-assembly which can cause problems. Make sure the parts go together smoothly when reassembling your airbrush after cleaning. I think that covers most of the bases.
Shabbadoo speaks much wisdom. His words are wise. His airbrush-fu is strong.
My perspective is still very much in the "gee whiz I have an airbrush" stage... I had some spraying issues with mine last night, thinking that I'd have to replace the needle... instead I discovered that a tiny particle had lodged itself in an area that I had neglected to clean, throwing the aim and distribution of the paint. Once I cleared it, it sprayed perfectly... To be honest, I couldn't even see the particle that was there, but it was enough to throw things off.
I'll throw my $0.02 into this discussion... mostly to second points already made (lots of good info here already).
I have an Iwata Eclipse (forget which one, just the regular bottom feed one, pictured below). It goes for about $150 cdn these days. I've had it for almost 11 years now, and have only replaced two parts in that time. As mentioned, having access to replacement parts is a great thing... I can get whatever I need at Curry's art store (a great source for anybody in the greater Toronto (Ontario) area).
After purchasing it I got a couple little cups (also pictured below). When I bought it I thought the large bottles would be better, but for models this isn't the case. When I was in university I did some set painting for stage productions, and the big bottles came in handy there. As mentioned, you typically use very little paint when doing models, so mixing up enough for a bottle is a waste. If I were to do it again I'd get the type with the cup built in and above (as in Agatheron's pic).
I have a badger compressor. Its small and portable, but if I have the option I prefer to use a normal compressor (with a tank and pressure regulator). A couple reasons for this... 1) my small compressor only runs at one pressure (I like to be able to adjust this for different thicknesses of paint). 2) I get condensation problems with my small compressor. I have an inline condensation trap, but it doesn't work. I find I get less condensation when using a larger compressor. 3) My little compressor goes on and off every time I spray, and this gets a little annoying. A larger compressor, while loud, cycles less frequently because it builds a lot of pressure at once and I'm only drawing it off at 15-20 psi. I also find that I get a lot less condensation when using a compressor. I think this is because the air will cool while under pressure and this helps with the thermodynamic phase changes. I've never used the propellant cans, but I hear they are expensive and unreliable.
As mentioned, cleaning your airbrush is #1. This cannot be stressed enough. Because of this I usually discourage people from the airbrush purchase. Unless you have tried one out and seen this first hand I don't think people understand how much of a job this can be. Over the years I've had lots of issues with cleaning it out, and know it inside out. I've used harsh cleaners (Acetone) and ruined the o-ring, had it gum up, spatter paint and everything else. I know I'm a bit lazy in this department, but there aren't really any short cuts here. Currently I find rubbing alcohol works well as a cleaner... and its cheap. I have it in an old contact lens fluid bottle because it has a nice nozzle (its the bottle in the background below).
Using proper paints will help a lot with cleaning. I have a bunch of airbrush specific paints and these thinned down with airbrush medium (I use liquitex stuff, but most brands have their own). Tamiya paints are fantastic, and thin down great with isopropyl Alcohol but I don't like pouring them from those bottles. I'm hoping to give reaper paints a shot soon. They would be the preferred option (for me) because of the eyedropper bottles.
All that said, its a great tool, and you can get some amazing results, but it takes practice and patience. It will be one of your more expensive hobby tool purchases, so do it wisely. If you can, find someone to show you one and how it works. Take lessons if you can. I was fortunate enough to have access to one at high school, and knew what I was getting into with that experience.
Here's a better picture of the cup that fits in bottom feed. These are decent, but a little bit of a pain to clean.
Due to having no GW store where I live, asking people and seeing how airbrushes are used/maintained is nigh on impossible. Even though it'd probably be the best way for someone like myself (a self confessed novice) to understand.
It seems to me that none of you have the GW airbrush, and all have like "pro" ones and loads of experience with using airbrushes.
Is it because the GW one is rubish? or is it just that, whilst basing and washing models the GW (or similar cheap 'n' cheerfull ones) will do you, for finer details and different coat thickness' you need a slightly better one?
I just ask because like Phatty I'm interested in getting one (due to having 100+ 'umies and 60 ork boys left to paint...) to base/wash models quickly before doing finer details by brush. I also have no clue when it comes to airbrushes, so the talk of thinning down, compressors and having to spend ages cleaning them is kinda confusing!
So, for simple basing/washing of a load of models, will a cheap/the GW airbush do? and do you need to thin paints down, get a compressor e.t.c. if you're just basing/washing models to save time?
Oh, and does it save time when doing tanks and horde mobs? because I've heard different opinions on this.
you all sure know your stuff on here!


These Shrimp Rolls are loaded with fresh shrimp, shredded Romaine and slathered with a veggie mayo--all on top of hearty baguettes.
Combine first 7 ingredients in a large bowl. Stir in shrimp. Season with salt and freshly ground pepper to taste.
Place lettuce in baguettes; top with shrimp mixture. Serve with lemon wedges.
The goodness of this sandwich will depend on the quality and taste of your shrimp. We were lucky enough to get some excellent shrimp. Rather than shred the lettuce, I put the shrimp salad on whole leaves of romaine. I rolled the lettuce around the shrimp and placed it on a sour dough baguette that was sliced in half and toasted first.


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Inequalities between men and women in the Netherlands Note: For all figures, countries are ranked from left (most unequal) to right (least unequal). 0. The Netherlands informally Holland, is a country primarily located in Western Europe and partly On more than one occasion men were seen hanging their own brothers, who had been taken prisoners in the enemy's ranks. As the fighting restarted, the Dutch began to look for help from the Queen of England, but she. People in the southern part of the country are said to have a more relaxed outlook than their countrymen in the north. The Dutch are on average the tallest.
Researchers led by Gert Stulp, a specialist in population health at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, combed a Dark purple and individual amateurs swingerss database for clues.
Called LifeLines, the record contains exhaustive detail about the lives and health of more than 94, people who lived in the northern the Netherlands from to In this three-decade snapshot, the people who had the most children were tall men, and women of average height, the team.
For example, the most fertile men were seven centimetres above the average height. Statistically, they had 0.
Compared to counterparts in other countries where they often tended to have fewer children, taller women also reproduced more in the Netherlands. Many postponed having children until after their studies, but once they forged a successful relationship, often had a large family.
The study did not involve genetic testing, but concluded from the observations that natural selection must have played a part: with time, more and more Dutch started sporting tall genes.
Stulp pointed to figures showing that, in the United States, shorter women and men of average height have the most reproductive success.
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Hey BJP, INC, JDS, field more women candidates this time!
February 7, 2018 Manasi Paresh Kumar
It was the year 1957 that Bangalore elected three women to the erstwhile Mysore Legislative Assembly. It remains the most number of women that the city has elected. Ours is a city that prides itself to be bustling cosmopolitan, representing modern times and yet how do we explain why there are not too many women who represented this city's people politically?
It is truly awesome and terrifying being a woman in these times. The last few months have been rather difficult for the collective patriarchy that has defined our world order so far. This month, the United Kingdom celebrates hundred years of its female citizens being given their right to vote. The women's march that began in the United States of America has now caught the imagination around the world. Hashtags on social media have defined and steered public conversations about their basic right to dignity.
More of us are steadfastly refusing to stand on the sidelines being silent witnesses as history is made. Yet, even as collective conversations are making space for women's voices, women continue to be denied a place at the high table of politics – where policies are decided.
Political parties avoid fielding women
In less than three months, Karnataka goes to polls. A total of 225 Assembly seats will be fought for. The two national parties, Indian National Congress (INC) and the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), have held meetings with women from various walks of life as a lead up to preparing their party manifestos. But how does it really translate on the floor of the Assembly? Let's look at the numbers beginning with the current lot.
Of the 225 seats in the 14th Karnataka Legislative Assembly, there are just six elected women and one nominated. That is a less than 3% of the total strength. Let us put that in the context of the total number of women who voted in those elections – I,50,57,361 with a voter turn out of 70%. You do the math!
Let's take Bengaluru. Vinisha Elizabeth Nero is the lone MLA based in the city, but is nominated, not elected. Umashree, who is a first time MLA from Terdal, is the only woman in the Siddaramaiah Cabinet.
Let us see how many women contested in these elections. There were a total of 175 female candidates of the 2945 candidates. The Congress gave tickets to 8; the BJP had 7 contestants and JD(S) scored high among the parties with 12 candidates in the fray. Sixty seven of women were independents. Why is there such a dismal record with the political parties, as far as giving tickets to women is concerned?
Cause for Womens' Reservation
Sushmita Dev, the National President of Mahila Congress who was recently in town to meet women achievers, said it all came down to winnability. "It doesn't matter if you are woman or a man. The criteria to get an election ticket is your ability to win. However if we want to ensure adequate representation of women, we need to push for the Women's Reservation Bill," she said.
The Women's Reservation Bill which promised 33% for women lapsed in 2014 with the dissolution of the 15th Lok Sabha.
On the contrary the Karnataka Panchayat Raj (Amendment) Bill, 2010 reserves 50% of the seats at the local governance levels for women. In Bengaluru, the Municipal Council has 50% reservation, because of which the number of women corporators has been more than half this time.
However a common complaint about these reservations is that woman is often the front for her husband or a man in the family who makes the decisions.Women Councillors in the BBMP are often accused of being guilty of this. In assembly, we don't even see the token presence of women – it's all mostly men.
Women MLAs – where are they?
But what was it like before the word reservation was discussed in the context of electoral politics? The Election Commission of India's reports on the Assembly Elections in Karnataka throws up a surprising picture.
While the first Assembly elected to the Mysore Legislative Assembly (as it was then called) was in 1952, the EC's reports begin from 1957.
Total number of women contestants
Total number of women elected
Number elected from Bangalore
*Source Election Commission of India
Grace Tucker, Nagarathnamma and Lakshmi Ramanna were the three women who won in Bangalore from Ulsoor, Gandhinagar and Chamarajpet respectively in 1957. This, as mentioned before, remains the highest number of women elected from Bengaluru. Grace beat her closest rival K Kannan with a margin of 3930 votes. Nagarathnamma beat her closest rival J Lingaiaha with a margin of 8048 votes pulling in 40% of the voters. Lakshmi Devi Ramanna beat her closest rival Rangaiaha Naidu by 2137 votes.
One more woman MLA, K S Nagarathnamma, who was the first woman to become Speaker of the House, was a seven-time MLA from Gundlupet starting from 1957. In the current Assembly, only R V Deshpande from INC and B S Yeddyurappa hold this distinction.
Clearly, we need a more diverse elected body for better governance as under-representation of women at any level will lead to a democratic deficit. The current Karnataka polls will be an effective indicator of the commitment by political parties for making space for women at the electoral levels. It will also test us as an electorate, and our commitment to electing women, should the parties provide us with a choice. The buck certainly doesn't stop with just one of us.
About Manasi Paresh Kumar	66 Articles
Manasi Paresh Kumar is Engagement Editor for Bengaluru Citizen Matters.
What we need the most: empowered women corporators in Bengaluru
April 26, 2017 Shree D N
51% of BBMP corporators are women. But something is seriously wrong. What's that? What can be done about it?
Women MLAs – where are they? | Gender, Media and Election Watch


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Effects of Urbanization on Great-tailed Grackle Habitat Use and Nest Success in Sherman, Texas
Jason D. Luscier*
*Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Le Moyne College, Syracuse, NY 13214.
Throughout the 1900s, Quiscalus mexicanus (Great-tailed Grackle) expanded its range northward from South America, Central America, and Mexico up to the south- central United States. High densities in cities present nuisance problems in commercial and residential areas. Urban activities compound the problem by providing more nesting sites and food for these birds; however, little is known about their specific habitat requirements. I evaluated reproductive patterns in the city core, suburban residential neighborhoods, managed city parks, and commercial areas of Sherman, TX, USA, so as to formulate recommendations for managing populations. The Great-tailed Grackle daily nest survival rate (95% confidence interval) based on 659 nests was 98.1% (97.4–98.6%), translating to an overall seasonal nest success rate of 47.1% (34.8–58.4%). Nests were more commonly found in exotic vegetation in commercial areas than in any other urban habitat type. In order to reduce the nuisance presented by dense aggregations of this species and to remove competition to native wildlife, future management should focus on removing non-native vegetation and supporting landscaping dominated by native vegetation.
Urban Naturalist 1 J.D. Luscier 22001188 URBAN NATURALIST No. 15N:1o–. 1145 Effects of Urbanization on Great-tailed Grackle Habitat Use and Nest Success in Sherman, Texas Jason D. Luscier* Abstract - Throughout the 1900s, Quiscalus mexicanus (Great-tailed Grackle) expanded its range northward from South America, Central America, and Mexico up to the southcentral United States. High densities in cities present nuisance problems in commercial and residential areas. Urban activities compound the problem by providing more nesting sites and food for these birds; however, little is known about their specific habitat requirements. I evaluated reproductive patterns in the city core, suburban residential neighborhoods, managed city parks, and commercial areas of Sherman, TX, USA, so as to formulate recommendations for managing populations. The Great-tailed Grackle daily nest survival rate (95% confidence interval) based on 659 nests was 98.1% (97.4–98.6%), translating to an overall seasonal nest success rate of 47.1% (34.8–58.4%). Nests were more commonly found in exotic vegetation in commercial areas than in any other urban habitat type. In order to reduce the nuisance presented by dense aggregations of this species and to remove competition to native wildlife, future management should focus on removing non-native vegetation and supporting landscaping dominated by native vegetation. Introduction Quiscalus mexicanus Gmelin (Great-tailed Grackle, hereafter GTGR) is a large colonial blackbird native to northern South America, Central America, and Mexico (Wehtje 2003). Throughout the 1900s, this species expanded its range northward following irrigation and tree planting associated with agriculture and urbanization (Arnold and Folse1977, Christensen 2000, Dinsmore and Dinsmore 1993). Wehtje (2003) reported that this increase in area occupied the species may have been as high as 5530% between 1880 and 2000. Now GTGR is quite common and abundant in many urban areas in the south central and southwestern United States (Johnson and Peer 2001, King 2010). Current reports from birdwatchers show the GTGR distribution extending west to California and as far north as Canada (eBird 2012). GTGR is a habitat generalist in that it is primarily an omnivorous scavenger (Johnson and Peer 2001). Davis and Arnold (1972) reported that GTGR diet varied within a population by the birds' sex, age, and size, relating to varying abilities to search for and catch prey or scavenge for seeds and fruit. This high degree of omnivory and its ability to avoid intraspecific competition allow the GTGR to exploit highly disturbed areas like urban habitats (Wehtje 2003). Urban activities can provide increased access to novel foods that may help to avoid competition with other *Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Le Moyne College, Syracuse, NY 13214; lusciejd@lemoyne.edu. Manuscript Editor: Madhusudan Katti Urban Naturalist J.D. Luscier 2018 No. 15 2 species or conspecifics (Ryder et al. 2010). These conditions have allowed GTGR populations to rapidly increase and spread throughout urban areas of the southcentral United States (Wehtje 2003). GTGRs are quite reproductively active across the urban landscape, nesting in large colonies in urban parking lots, city parks, and residential areas (Wehtje 2003). They have 1–2 broods between mid-March and mid-July each year (Johnson and Peer 2001). In more natural locations (i.e., outside of urban areas), GTGRs nest primarily in marshes consisting of Typha latifolia L. (Cattail) and Schoenoplectus spp. (Rchb.) Palla (Bulrush) (Johnson and Peer 2001). Under such natural conditions, Guillory et al. (1981) reported hatching success rates of 55–89% and fledging rates of 36–93%. Few studies have examined how breeding success varies across urban characteristics (Wehtje 2003); however, breeding within a city may enhance reproductive success due to fewer native nest predators as well as access to high quantities of food (Adams et al. 2006, Wehtje 2003). High densities with urban populations of GTGR result in a number of nuisance problems throughout commercial areas (e.g., parking lots of grocery stores, shopping malls, restaurants, etc.) and residential and green-space areas (e.g., backyards, city parks, etc.) (Johnson and Peer 2001). Birds in densely aggregated urban roosts result in bird excreta accumulating in public places potentially causing issues with urban sanitation and disease transmission. Furthermore, they are very vocal at night and thus keep people awake, and even instill a fear (i.e., ornithophobia) in many people (Adams et al. 2006, Johnson and Peer 2001). Urban activities such as landscape planning, waste management and littering, and irrigation compound the problem by providing more nesting sites and access to food and water (Adams et al. 2006). There have been many nuisance-management practices implemented in response to increased GTGR populations in urban areas of Texas. For example, firearms, trapping, and pesticides have been used for lethal eradication (Johnson and Peer 2001). Pyrotechnics, sonic booms, bright objects (e.g., reflective tape), and predator decoys have been used as scare tactics (Adams et al. 2006, Tipton et al. 1989). City managers have even tried simply trimming branches from trees to discourage GTGRs from roosting in particular areas (Johnson and Peer 2001). While these management activities temporarily affect distributions of birds, they do not directly address the factors supporting high densities of GTGRs in a city. Ultimately, little is known about specific GTGR habitat use in urban areas (Johnson and Peer 2001). The main objective of my study was to evaluate the habitat characteristics associated with GTGR breeding success in the city of Sherman, TX, USA, in order to inform urban planning regimes for managing this species. I evaluated nest-survival patterns in the core of the city (i.e., city center), commercial areas, residential areas, and managed green spaces. Specifically I evaluated nest survival in relation to specific habitat variables within each of these 4 major urban habitat types. Urban Naturalist 3 J.D. Luscier 2018 No. 15 Field-site Description During the breeding season of 2011, I estimated daily nest survival and overall seasonal nest success of GTGRs in the City of Sherman in Grayson County (Zone 14 S 721778 East 3724324 North). Sherman is ~100 km north of the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex and has a population of 38,521 people (US Census Bureau 2010). Grayson County is within the Blackland Prairie and Cross Timbers ecoregions (Gould et al. 1960). Historically the Blackland Prairie was dominated by native tallgrass species such as Andropogon gerardii Vitman (Big Bluestem), Schizachyrium scoparium (Michx.) Nash (Little Bluestem), Sorghastrum nutans (L.) Nash (Indiangrass), and Panicum virgatum L. (Switchgrass), and the eastern region of the Cross Timbers included savannah and woodland habitat types that contained Quercus stellata Wangenh. (Post Oak), Q. marilandica Münchh. (Blackjack Oak), Juniperus virginiana L. var. virginiana (Eastern Redcedar), Prosopis spp. L. (mesquite), and other species (Texas Parks and Wildlife Department 2014). However, these patterns have been greatly altered in the urban landscape. Dominant vegetation throughout Sherman includes non-native species such as Pyrus calleryana Decne. (Bradford Pear), Photinia ×fraseri Dress (Fraser's Photinia, commonly referred to as Red-tip Photinia), Ulmus parvifolia Jacq. (Chinese Elm), Pinus spp. (pine), and Lagerstroemia indica L. (Crapemyrtle), and native species such as Ulmus americana L. (American Elm), Q. shumardii Buckley var. shumardii (Shumard Oak), other Quercus spp. (live oaks), Sapindus saponaria L. var. drummondii (Hook. & Arn.) L.D. Benson (Western Soapberry), Eastern Redcedar, and Cattail. Throughout the city of Sherman, I evaluated breeding distributions of GTGRs in 4 major urban habitat types (as defined by Adams et al. 2006): (1) the highly urbanized city center, (2) commercial areas, (3) residential areas, and (4) managed habitat patches (Fig. 1). The highly urbanized city center (hereafter, city center) included the main downtown square, county courthouse, and multiple banks, shops, and restaurants. Commercial areas were regions throughout the city with high levels of human activity, including the major shopping district along Highway 75. Residential areas included neighborhoods with single-family homes and apartment complexes with varying degrees of landscaping (i.e., some locations were heavily landscaped, others were very sparsely vegetated and heavily mowed). Lastly, managed habitat patches included green spaces that were actively maintained (e.g., grass mowed, trees trimmed, etc.) like city parks, cemeteries, and the Austin College campus; this urban habitat type had the greatest vegetational heterogeneity including grasses, shrubs, and trees. Methods Nest searching and nest survival estimation I evaluated the reproductive success of GTGRs in Sherman by evaluating both daily nest survival (hereafter, nest survival) and overall seasonal nest success (hereafter, nest success). Three observers systematically searched for nests within the 4 habitat types throughout Sherman. In order to identify GTGR nesting areas, all 3 Urban Naturalist J.D. Luscier 2018 No. 15 4 observers drove together in 1 car on all primary and secondary roads throughout the entire city. We noted areas of GTGR activity and then spent time in all of these regions on foot observing specific nesting behavior and locating nests. Thus, the main nest-searching efforts occurred in regions where GTGRs were initially observed from roads. At initial nest detection, we recorded the number of eggs, hatchlings, or fledglings present. We monitored the nests every 2–6 days (Martin and Geupel 1993) in order to estimate the success of each nest. The overall monitoring period Figure 1. Map showing distributions of the 4 major urban habitat types throughout the city of Sherman, Grayson County, TX, USA. The black square outline marks the region of the city within which Great-tailed Grackle nests were located. Urban Naturalist 5 J.D. Luscier 2018 No. 15 included 40 days from 16 May 2011 through 24 June 2011. To reduce our disturbance of nesting activity, we started each monitoring occasion by observing the behavior of nesting birds from a distance (~5–10 m) for 20 min. After this initial observation period, we approached each nest or colony of nests to directly observe the numbers of eggs or chicks present. Direct observation at nests did not exceed 10 min (and was typically less than 5 min) in order to minimize disturbance. Consequently, each monitoring occasion lasted ≤30 minutes. A nest was determined successful when at least 1 juvenile successfully fledged the nest. A nest was considered failed if there was no activity due to circumstances other than fledging (e.g., the nest was destroyed by a storm, or eggs/nestlings were predated). I used program MARK (White and Burnham 1999) to estimate nest survival and nest success by ranking a candidate set of models that might explain GTGR nest survival, including various combinations of the habitat variables measured at each nest site (Table 1). I used Akaike's information criterion corrected for small sample size (AICc) to rank the candidate models for nest survival. Models with less than 2 ΔAICc from each other were considered equally plausible. AICc weights (wi ) are considered the weight of evidence that supports the likelihood of the model. Evidence ratios can determine the relative likelihood of a model fitting the data (Burnham and Anderson 2002). Model-averaged estimates were considered among models that were equally plausible given the data. Nest success for the entire monitoring period was computed by multiplying the nest survival rates for each day of the 40-day period (Dinsmore et al. 2002). For example, if nest survival did not change Table 1. Candidate models for evaluating Great-tailed Grackle nest survival (Ŝ) during 2011 in highly urbanized, commercial, residential, and managed habitats throughout the city of Sherman, TX, USA. Model notation Model description Ŝ(.) Nest survival was constant (single estimate) across all variables Ŝ(Colony) Nest survival varied by colony size Ŝ(DistNet) Nest survival varied by distance (m) to nearest neighboring nest Ŝ(Species) Nest survival varied by the species of vegetation Ŝ(VegHght) Nest survival varied by the height (m) of the vegetation Ŝ(NestHght) Nest survival varied by nest height (m) ŜParking.) Nest survival varied by parking lot area (km2) within a 1-km radius Ŝ(DistTrash) Nest survival varied by distance (m) to nearest small trash receptacle (e.g., sidewalk garbage can) Ŝ(DistDump) Nest survival varied by distance (m) to large trash receptacle (e.g., dumpster) Ŝ(DistWater) Nest survival varied by distance (m) to nearest water source Ŝ(T) Nest survival varied over time during the 40-day survey period Ŝ(TT) Nest survival followed a quadratic trend through the 40-day survey period Ŝ(Species + Colony) Nest survival varied by the species of vegetation and the size of the colony Ŝ(DistDump + DistTrash) Nest survival varied by proximity to both small trash receptacles and large dumpsters Ŝ(Global) Nest survival varied by additive combination of all above mentioned variables Urban Naturalist J.D. Luscier 2018 No. 15 6 across the period and was estimated to be 0.95, then nest success would be 0.13 (0.95 multiplied 40 times for the 40 days in the period). Habitat characteristics At each nest location, we measured 10 habitat variables as potential explanatory variables for nest survival: species of nest vegetation, nest vegetation diameter at breast height (dbh, in cm), nest vegetation height (m), nest height (m), colony size (number of nests), parking lot area (km2) within a 1-km radius, as well as distance (m) to nearest nest, nearest small trash receptacle (e.g., a sidewalk garbage can), nearest large trash receptacle (e.g., dumpster), and nearest water source. These variables were chosen based on a careful examination of the literature regarding factors affecting GTGR breeding distributions (Johnson and Peer 2001, Selander and Giller 1961, Wehtje 2003). A colony was defined as a grouping of nests within the same individual plant or contiguous grouping of plants (e.g., a grouping of trees with overlapping crowns was considered a contiguous grouping of plants). Water sources were defined as any permanent body of water (e.g., retention pond, stream, roadside ditch, etc.). For each colony location, we also measured these same 10 habitat characteristics at randomly selected locations within a 1-km radius. We used ArcGIS to generate a random point within a 1-km radius of each colony, and we measured these habitat variables for the nearest suitable vegetation without nests. Comparisons among estimates For comparing among nest survival and nest success estimates, and mean habitat variables, I evaluated confidence intervals around differences between estimates by calculating the variance of differences using the formula Var( x̅ 1 - x̅ 2 ) = Var( x̅ 1 ) + Var( x̅ 2 ) - 2Cov( x̅ 1, x̅ 2 ), which simply summed the variances of and subtractied the covariance between the parameter estimates being compared; Gerard et al. 1998). I used this variance estimate to compute 85%, 90%, and 95% confidence intervals around differences. Following an approach used by Skagen et al. 2005, I computed these variable-width confidence intervals to indicate the strength of comparisons among estimates. A comparison was considered to have no difference if the 85% confidence interval included zero, weak difference when the 85% confidence interval did not include zero but higher confidence intervals did, moderate difference when the 90% confidence interval did not include zero but the 95% confidence interval did, and strong difference when the 95% confidence interval did not include zero. Results We located and monitored a total of 659 nests representing 36 colonies: 560 nests in commercial regions and 99 nests in managed areas (Fig. 2). We did not locate any GTGR nests in the city center or in residential areas of Sherman. Most of the detected nests were located in Bradford Pear trees and Fraser's Photinia shrubs (Table 2). Only 99 were located in native vegetation. The largest colony size was Urban Naturalist 7 J.D. Luscier 2018 No. 15 220 nests in a large cluster of Fraser's Photinia that stretched ~185 m across the back of a Lowe's® Home Improvement store. We found multiple colonies of only 2 nests in American Elm and Bradford Pear. We found 1 colony of 32 nests in a small Cattail marsh (area = 522 m2). Otherwise, all other nests were found in more urban settings (e.g., trees or shrubs lining parking lots, strip malls, major roads, etc.). Overall, the average (SE; min–max) colony size found in native vegetation was 8 (3; 1–32) nests and in non-native vegetation was 21 (10; 1–220) nests. Nests varied in height from 1 m in Cattails to as high as 13 m at the top of a Shumard Oak. There were strong differences in habitat variables between nest and no nest locations: vegetation at nests was taller with thicker dbh, was closer to trash, and was in regions with less parking lot area (Table 3). Overall, other nest habitat variables differed minimally from the characteristics of available habitat. Figure 2. Expanded map of the region within Sherman, TX, in which Great-tailed Grackle (GTGR) nests were located, showing distributions of GTGR colonies by size throughout the city. Urban Naturalist J.D. Luscier 2018 No. 15 8 Nest survival model-selection results revealed 2 candidate models as having equally strong support from the data (Table 4). The first model included effects from colony size on nest survival but the magnitude of this effect was biologically trivial (β̑colony = 0.003, SE = 0.001), and the second model included effects from parking lot area (β̑parking = 1.677, SE = 0.898; Fig. 3) on nest survival and nest success. The difference (95% confidence interval) in nest success at minimum versus maximum parking lot area was 0.201 (0.010–0.393). This lower 95% confidence Table 2. Numbers of Great-tailed Grackle nests (n = 659) and colonies by vegetation type throughout Sherman, Texas during the 2011 breeding season. Number of Number of Average colony size nests colonies (min–max) Native vegetation: Cattail 32 1 32 Shumard Oak 17 2 9 (1–16) Live oak (Quercus sp.) 16 4 4 (4–4) Western Soapberry 13 2 7 (4–9) American Elm 12 4 3 (2–6) Eastern Redcedar 9 4 2 (1–6) Non-native vegetation: Bradford Pear 280 13 12 (1–25) Fraser's Photinia 255 3 78 (1–220) Chinese Elm 19 1 19 Pinus spp. 5 1 5 Crapemyrtle 1 1 1 Figure 3. Variation in nest success rates of Great-tailed Grackles with increasing parking lot area within a 1-km radius of nest location. The dashed lines indicate 95% confidence intervals around nest success estimates. Urban Naturalist 9 J.D. Luscier 2018 No. 15 Table 3. Average habitat variables at nests and at random locations without nests in highly urbanized, commercial, residential, and managed habitats combined. * indicates confidence intervals with lower limits greater than 0.0, demonstrating strong differences in habitat variables at nests versus locations without nests. Means (SE; range) Confidence intervals Variable Nests No nests Difference (SE) 85% 90% 95% DBH (cm) 40.1 (1.8; 9.9–75.7) 32.0 (2.8; 12.2–68.8) 8.1 (3.4) 3.3–13.0 2.6–13.6 1.5–14.7* Tree height (m) 7.3 (0.3; 1.5–15.6) 5.0 (0.2; 1.6–8.7) 2.4 (0.4) 1.9–2.9 1.8–3.0 1.7–3.1* Dist to nearest dumpster (m) 100.8 (7.7; 4.4–230.4) 90.1 (7.5; 5.9–213.3) 10.7 (10.8) -4.8–26.3 -7.0–28.5 -10.4–31.9 Dist. to nearest trash (m) 92.8 (7.0; 1.0–179.7) 173.0 (16.1; 5.1–392.2) 80.2 (17.6) 54.9–105.5 51.2–109.1 45.7–114.7* Dist. to nearest water (m) 855.1 (76.3; 0.0–1950.0) 895.7 (72.1; 20.0–1620.0) 40.6 (104.9) -110.5–191.7 -132.0–213.2 –165.0–246.3 Parking lot area (km2) 0.14 (0.01; 0.01–0.35) 0.28 (0.02; 0.04–0.35) 0.14 (0.02) 0.11–0.17 0.10–0.18 0.10–0.18* Urban Naturalist J.D. Luscier 2018 No. 15 10 limit indicated that nest success was only at least 3% greater at maximum versus minimum parking lot area. While differences between the minimum versus maximum estimates were strong, the magnitude of the lower 95% confidence limit did not indicate strong evidence towards biological significance. While these top 2 models suggested effects from colony size and parking lot area on nest survival, the constant model also had strong support with an AICc value less than 2.0 different from the model including effects from parking lot area. Overall nest success was relatively high and consistent across all variables included in the candidate models. Models incorporating effects from other habitat variables had ΔAICc values >2.50, indicating that these models were less plausible than the top 2 models. There was little evidence for temporal effects on nest survival. Also, models that included variation in nest survival by plant species were the least plausible (i.e., evidence ratios ≥ 22.00), indicating little variation in nest survival b y vegetation type. Overall, nest survival estimates were quite high and were relatively consistent across variables. The model-averaged estimate (95% confidence interval) for nest survival was 0.981 (0.974–0.986). The overall nest success for our 40-day period was 0.471 (0.348–0.584). The lower limit of this 95% confidence interval indicates that at least 229 GTGR nests (34.8% of 659 total nests) were successful during the 2011 breeding season. The typical GTGR clutch size is 4 eggs (Johnson and Peer 2001), so 229 nests likely translates to ~916 fledglings Discussion GTGR populations have grown and expanded with increased urbanization across the landscape in the south-central US. In the city of Sherman, TX, my results Table 4. Nest survival model selection results for GTGRs during the 2011 breeding season in Sherman, TX, USA. wi = AICc weights. ΔAICc = difference between the AICc of the model and the lowest AICc value of any of the models (468.83). k = number of parameters. Evidence ratio = the weight of the model with the lowest ΔAIC c value divided by wi. Model -2Log (L) k ΔAICc wi Evidence ratio Ŝ(Colony) 464.83 2 0.00 0.30 1.00 Ŝ(Parking) 465.80 2 0.97 0.19 1.63 Ŝ(.) 469.31 1 2.48 0.09 3.45 Ŝ(Global) 453.29 9 2.51 0.09 3.51 Ŝ(DistTrash) 468.22 2 3.39 0.06 5.45 Ŝ(DistWater) 468.23 2 3.41 0.05 6.04 Ŝ(DistDump) 468.51 2 3.68 0.05 6.30 Ŝ(NestHght) 468.80 2 3.97 0.04 7.28 Ŝ(VegHght) 468.85 2 4.02 0.04 7.47 Ŝ(T) 469.11 2 4.28 0.04 8.49 Ŝ(DistNet) 469.30 2 4.47 0.03 9.36 Ŝ(DistDump + DistTrash) 467.98 3 5.15 0.02 13.15 Ŝ(TT) 468.91 3 6.08 0.01 20.93 Ŝ(Species + Colony) 458.97 8 6.18 0.01 22.00 Ŝ(Species) 462.87 7 8.07 0.01 56.68 Urban Naturalist 11 J.D. Luscier 2018 No. 15 indicate that these birds appear to nest in primarily urban habitats with high human activity (i.e., commercial areas). This finding is consistent with data from other cities throughout Texas (Johnson and Peer 2001). The lack of nests detected in residential areas and the city center supports this hypothesis because both of these regions of Sherman have less daily human activity than the commercial regions and the heavily used city parks. The city center was historically the commercial hub for Sherman, but businesses moved to the Highway 75 commercial corridor to the north. The most significant finding of this research was the overall high estimated nest survival rate that remained relatively constant across a suite of urban habitat variables. Although there was little variation in estimated nest survival across habitat variables, the ubiquitously high rates are in agreement with the hypothesis that the success of birds in urban habitats may be enhanced due to decreased predation and increased access to food (Adams et al. 2006, Wehtje 2003). GTGRs nested primarily in non-native vegetation, principally in Bradford Pear and Fraser's Photinia. Selander and Giller (1961) reported that GTGRs often nested in live oak and Ulmus crassifolia Nutt. (Cedar Elm) in central Texas; however, over 5 decades after the publication of this information, I found only 3 nests occurring in these 2 plant species in Sherman during 2011. The greater frequency of nesting in non-native vegetation may indicate a shift in nest-site selection in urban areas associated with city landscape planning. City planners and landscapers in Sherman have planted exotic vegetation for aesthetic reasons (e.g., colorful blossoms during spring, thick foliage during summer, etc.). For example, Bradford Pear trees are commonly planted in city parks, shopping center parking lots, and residential areas because these trees grow quickly and produce thick foliage. Consequently, this species has become invasive outside urban and suburban areas throughout much of the country (Vincent 2005). Exotic vegetation tends to dominate commercial areas of urban habitats. GTGRs likely select nest sites in vegetation with thick foliage for adequate cover, making these exotic plant species more desirable. However, exotic vegetation has been reported to negatively affect native bird populations. Borgmann and Rodewald (2004) reported that exotic shrubs have a negative effect on reproductive success of native birds in urban landscapes in central Ohio, USA. To reduce the numbers of GTGRs breeding in urban areas and to support increased breeding success of native avifauna, urban planners could focus on native vegetation in city landscaping (adding to the litany of support for the use of native vegetation in landscaping; Borgmann and Rodewald 2004, Mills et al. 1989). Also, future research regarding GTGR breeding biology should specifically measure and evaluate the thickness of the foliage in nest vegetation on success. Based on model-selection results, the 2 variables that showed positive effects on nest survival were parking lot area and colony size. Overall, nest survival was relatively consistent across habitat variables, and thus the magnitude of these effects on nest survival was biologically trivial. Any positive effects of parking lots on nest survival may be due to a decrease in nest predators. Parking lots are open tracts of land with few (if any) places for predator concealment. Also, a large parking lot functions the same as an open field in that both environments allow birds Urban Naturalist J.D. Luscier 2018 No. 15 12 to easily identify predators from a far distance away from a nest. Parking lots also provide the advantage of offering more anthropogenic food due to high human traffic. However, in this study there was less parking lot area in proximity to GTGR nests compared with regions with no nests (as indicated by the comparisons between habitat variables). This finding might be due to the fact that regions of greater parking lot area have less vegetation for nesting; consequently, GTGR nest distribution may reflect the interplay of the benefits offered by parking lot area and those by increased vegetational cover. Also, nest distributions and success may be enhanced by colony size. Colony size is known to be related to increased breeding success due to safety in numbers (Lack 1968, Wittenberger and Hunt 1985); however, the trivial magnitude of this effect in this study is likely due to the overall high and ubiquitous nest survival across all variables. A major limitation of this study is a lack in understanding about the dynamics of urban nest predators in the city of Sherman. While I found high nest success in commercial areas and managed green spaces in the city of Sherman, nest predation is typically the most important driver of nest success (Martin 1992, Ricklefs 1969), especially in urban areas (Ryder et al. 2010). In general, many of our native predators tend to avoid the urban core of a city (Adams et al. 2006, Wehtje 2003); however, urban areas typically have anthropogenically enhanced alien predator populations (e.g., cats and dogs) that may have deleterious effects on bird populations (Marzluff et al. 2001). While I did not directly measure nest predation of GTGRs in Sherman, I found very few nests with evidence of predation. Also, I did not detect a single nest predator during our population surveys or our nest monitoring periods. Regardless, this is a critical consideration, especially in the ever-changing urban landscape. Future research should evaluate the nestpredator dynamics of urban GTGRs by using colony or nest cameras to directly observe activity. GTGRs are successful in urban habitats of Sherman, TX, and thus they represent a pest species for the city. It seems clear that these birds heavily utilize the nonnative vegetation planted in the city. In order to reduce the numbers of GTGRs nesting and congregating in urban habitats, city planners could focus their landscape plans on planting native vegetation and eliminating non-native vegetation. GTGRs still nest in native vegetation and thus this will not completely eliminate nesting habitat, but this will likely support smaller colony sizes and thus reduced population densities in urban areas of Sherman. Acknowledgments I thank the Austin College Biology Department, a Cullen Foundation grant, and the Howard McCarley Biology Student Research Award for help with funding this project. I am grateful to A.W. Handoyo and C.S. Herrera for their help in the field and with reviewing earlier drafts of this manuscript. I thank P. Goldman, L. Goran, R. Dierking, J. Cullity, and J. D'Agastino for their comments on earlier versions of this manuscript. Urban Naturalist 13 J.D. Luscier 2018 No. 15 Literature Cited Adams, C.E., K.J. Lindsey, and S.J. Ash. 2006. Urban Wildlife Management. Taylor and Francis Group, Boca Raton, FL, USA. Arnold, K.A., and L.J. Folse Jr. 1977. Movements of the Great-tailed Grackle in Texas. The Wilson Bulletin 89:602–608. Borgemann, K.L., and A.D. Rodewald. 2004. Nest predation in an urbanizing landscape: The role of exotic shrubs. Ecological Applications 14:1757–1765. Burnham, K.P., and D.R. Anderson. 2002. Model Selection and Multimodel Inference: A Practical Information-Theoretic Approach. Springer-Verlag, New York, NY, USA. Christensen, A.F. 2000. The fifteenth- and twentieth-century colonization of the Basin of Mexico by the Great-tailed Grackle (Quiscalus mexicanus). Global Ecology and Biogeography 9:415–420. Davis, W.R., II, and K.A. Arnold. 1972. Food habits of the Great-tailed Grackle in Brazos County, Texas. The Condor 74:439–446. Dinsmore, J.J., and S.J. Dinsmore. 1993. Range expansion of the Great-tailed Grackle in the 1900s. Journal of the Iowa Academy of Science 100:54–59. Dinsmore, S.J., G.C. White, and F.L. Knopf. 2002. Advanced techniques for modeling avian nest survival. Ecology 83:3476–3488. eBird. 2012. eBird: An online database of bird distribution and abundance. Ithaca, NY, USA. Available online at http://www.ebird.org. Accessed 10 August 2016. Gerard, P.D., D.R. Smith, and G. Weerakkody. 1998. Limits of retrospective power analysis. Journal of Wildlife Management 62:801–807. Gould, F.W., G.O. Hoffman, and C.A. Rechenthin. 1960. Vegetational areas of Texas. Leaflet No. 492. Texas A & M University, Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, College Station, TX, USA. Guillory, H.D., J.H. Dishtowels, and C. Guillory. 1981. Great-tailed Grackle reproduction in south-central Louisiana. Journal of Field Ornithology 52(4):325–331. Johnson, K., and B.D. Peer. 2001. Great-tailed Grackle (Quiscalus mexicanus). No. 576, In A.Poole (Ed.) The Birds of North America Online. Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. Available online at http://bna.birds.cornell.edu/bna/species/576. Accessed 10 August 2016. King, C.M. 2010. Habitat use and behavior of Great-tailed Grackles (Quiscalus mexicanus) in urban and peri-urban habitats of San Marcos, Hays County, Texas. M.Sc. Thesis. Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, USA. Lack, D. 1968. Ecological Adaptations for Breeding in Birds. Methuen, London, UK, Martin, T.E. 1992. Interaction of nest predation and food limitation in reproductive strategies. Current Ornithology 9:163–197. Martin, T.E., and G. R. Geupel. 1993. Nest-monitoring plots: Methods for locating nests and monitoring success. Journal of Field Ornithology 64:507–519 . Marzluff, J.M., R. Bowman, and R. Donnelly. 2001. Avian Ecology and Conservation in an Urbanizing World. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Norwell, MA, USA. Mills, S.G., J.B. Dunning Jr., and J.M. Bates. 1989. Effects of urbanization on breeding bird community structure in southwestern desert habitats. The Condor 91:416–428. Ricklefs, R.E. 1969. An analysis of nesting mortality in birds. Smithsonian Contributions to Biology, No. 9. Washington, DC, USA. Ryder, T.B., R. Reitsma, B. Evans, and P.P. Marra. 2010. Quantifying avian nest survival along an urbanization gradient using citizen- and scientist-generated data. Ecological Applications 20:419–426. Urban Naturalist J.D. Luscier 2018 No. 15 14 Selander, R.K., and D.R. Giller. 1961. Anlysis of sympatry of Great-tailed and Boat-tailed Grackles. The Condor 63:29–86. Skagen, S.K., J.F. Kelly, C. van Riper III, R.L. Hutto, D.M. Finch, D.J. Krueper, and C.P. Melcher. 2005. Geography of spring landbird migration through riparian habitats in southwestern North America. Condor 107:212–227. Texas Parks and Wildlife Department. 2014. Cross Timbers and Prairies ecological region. Available online at http://www.tpwd.state.tx.us/landwater/land/habitats/cross_timbers/ ecoregions/cross_timbers.phtml. Accessed 2 July 2014. Tipton, A.R., J.H. Rappole, A.H. Kane, R.H. Flores, D. Johnson, J. Hobbs, P. Schulz, S. Beasom, and J. Palacios. 1989. Use of monofilament line, reflective tape, beach-balls, and pyrotechnics for controlling grackle damage to citrus. Great Plains Wildlife Damage Control Workshop Proceedings 413:126–128. Available online at http://digitalcommons. unl.edu/gpwdcwp/413. US Census Bureau. 2010. Sherman, Texas population: Census 2010 and 2000 interactive map, demographics, statistics, quick facts. Available online at http://censusviewer.com/ city/TX/Sherman. Accessed 2 July 2014. Vincent, M.A. 2005. On the spread and current distribution of Pyrus calleryana in the United States. Castanea 70:20–31. Wehtje, W. 2003. The Range Expansion of the Great-tailed Grackle (Quiscalus mexicanus Gmelin) in North America since 1880. Journal of Biogeography 30:1593–1607. White, G.C., and K.P. Burnham. 1999. Program MARK: Survival estimation from populations of marked animals. Bird Study 46 (Supplement 1):S120–S139 . Wittenberger, J.F., and G.L. Hunt. 1985. The adaptive significance of coloniality in birds. Avian Biology 8:1–78.


Leona Lewis' new single, a cover of Snow Patrol's 'Run', has become the fastest-selling digital-only track in the UK.
The song has been downloaded around 70,000 times since it was made available as a digital single on Sunday (November 30), reports BBC News.
The tune has surpassed the previous record-holder, Estelle's 'American Boy', which was downloaded 51,857 time in its first week of sales.
As previously reported, Lewis' cover of 'Run' was not initially intended to be released as a single, with the singer's record label, Sony, then accused of attempting to cash in by tagging it on to a reissue of her 2007 debut album, 'Spirit'.
'Run' reached Number 5 in 2003 when first released by Snow Patrol, and their version has also recently returned to the UK singles chart on downloads alone.
The song is likely to be Number One in the UK singles chart on Sunday (December 7). Check NME.COM at around 7pm (GMT) to find out if Lewis makes the top spot.


text:
The BSP Started Consultations on Party Subsidies
Domestic | June 18, 2019, Tuesday // 09:22| views
It is expected to make calculations during the talks and at a later stage the left to come up with her proposal, reported NOVA TV.
The party's subsidy is again on the agenda for the deputies. The Bulgarian Socialist Party - BSP started political consultations with the Movement for Rights and Freedoms and the United Patriots in parliament.
Expectations are at a later stage the left to come up with her proposal - how much the party subsidy will be reduced.
We remind you that last week, at first reading, the deputies accepted the proposal of GERB, the party subsidy to be reduced from BGN 11 to BGN 1 for a won vote.
At the same time, the MRF went out with a counter-proposal - zero leva of state money, using the American model, with the possibility of financing parties outside. From legal and natural persons.
Tags: MRF, GERB, BSP, subsidies, party, money, Bulgaria
BNR: Turkish Stream has Delivered 460 Million Cubic Meters of Gas to Turkish-Bulgarian Border
6.4% More Foreigners' Visits to Bulgaria in December 2019
Eurostat: Bulgaria on the Last Place in the EU in Terms of Internet Usage
Minister Nikolina Angelkova: Bulgarian Tourism is Becoming Increasingly More Competitive
1292 Schools throughout Bulgaria are Empty due to the Flu
Kristalina Georgieva: Bulgaria's Entry into the Eurozone, Planned for 2023, is "Entirely Foreseeable"


NASA's Orion crew module will be available to media at two NASA locations Jan. 26th and in early February, as engineers continue to prepare the spacecraft to send astronauts deeper into space than ever before, including to an asteroid placed in lunar orbit and on the journey to Mars.
Orion's pressure vessel was completed Jan. 13, 2016 at NASA's Michoud Assembly Facility in New Orleans. The pressure vessel is the spacecraft's underlying structure on which all of the spacecraft's systems and subsystems are built and integrated.
At 10:30 a.m. EST on Tuesday, Jan. 26, the agency's Michoud Assembly Facility in New Orleans will host a media viewing and facility tour of the spacecraft's recently completed pressure vessel, the underlying structure of the crew module, before it ships to NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida.
To attend the event at Michoud, reporters must contact Chip Howat at 504-257-0478 or carl.j.howat@nasa.gov by 3 p.m. Monday, Jan. 25. International media accreditation for this event is closed.
The Orion pressure vessel provides a sealed environment for astronaut life support in future human-rated crew modules. Technicians at Michoud began welding together the seven large aluminum pieces of Orion's primary structure in precise detail last September. At Kennedy, Orion will be outfitted with the spacecraft's systems and subsystems, processed and integrated with NASA's Space Launch System (SLS) ahead of their first joint exploration mission, or EM-1.
Michoud also is where the massive core stage of SLS is being manufactured. Reporters will be able to view tooling and newly manufactured hardware for SLS, and hear about mission progress from personnel across NASA.
Orion will depart Michoud on or about Feb. 1 and travel to Kennedy aboard NASA's Super Guppy airplane. Additional details for Orion's arrival at Kennedy, including media accreditation, are forthcoming.


text:
CFC 2011/01
CFCs
Non-attributing active insurance CFC status (TOWER Insurance Limited)
CFC 2011/01 covers non-attributing active insurance CFC status for TOWER Insurance Limited.
This determination is made under section 91AAQ of the Tax Administration Act 1994.
This power has been delegated by the Commissioner of Inland Revenue to the position of Investigations Manager under section 7 of the Tax Administration Act 1994.
Explanation (which does not form part of the determination)
Under sections CQ 2(1)(h) and DN 2(1)(h) of the Income Tax Act 2007, subject to sections CQ 2(2B) and DN 2(2), no attributed CFC income or loss arises from a CFC that is a non-attributing active CFC under section EX 21B of the Income Tax Act 2007.
Section EX 21B(3) of the Income Tax Act 2007 provides that a CFC that is an insurer meeting the requirements of a determination made by the Commissioner under section 91AAQ of the Tax Administration Act 1994 is a non-attributing active CFC. In the absence of such a determination, a CFC carrying on an insurance business is unlikely to be a non-attributing active CFC, because insurance income is otherwise treated as passive income and an attributable CFC amount by section EX 20B(3) of the Income Tax Act 2007.
Section 91AAQ(1)(b) of the Tax Administration Act 1994 allows a person to apply to the Commissioner for such a determination in respect of the members of a group of CFCs, if the members satisfy subsection (3). TOWER Insurance Limited has made application in respect of the members of the group of CFCs set out below.
It has been determined, having regard to the matters set out in subsections (4) and (5) of section 91AAQ of the Tax Administration Act 1994, that the members of the group of CFCs satisfy the requirements set out in section 91AAQ(3) of the Tax Administration Act 1994 and are accordingly non-attributing active CFCs for the purposes of section EX 21B of the Income Tax Act 2007.
Scope of determination
The CFCs to which this determination applies are:
National Insurance Company (Holdings) Limited Fiji
TOWER Insurance (Fiji) Limited Fiji
Southern Pacific Insurance Company (Fiji) Limited Fiji
In this document, unless the context otherwise requires:
"Attributed CFC income or loss" means attributed CFC income under section CQ 2 or attributed CFC loss under section DN 2 of the Income Tax Act 2007.
"CFC" means a CFC as defined in section YA 1 of the Income Tax Act 2007.
"Non-attributing active CFC" means a non-attributing active CFC under section EX 21B of the Income Tax Act 2007.
Pursuant to section 91AAQ of the Tax Administration Act 1994 I hereby determine that the above CFCs are non-attributing active CFCs for the purposes of section EX 21B of the Income Tax Act 2007.
This determination applies for the 2009-10 and 2010-11 income years.
This determination is signed by me this 14th day of March 2011.
Jessica Griffin
Acting Investigations Manager


text:
Title Chases in High Gear with NCRA Sprint Cars Saturday at DCRP
May 29, 2015	0	By admin
Lonnie Wheatley, DODGE CITY, Kan. (May 29, 2015) – Things heat up Saturday night at Dodge City Raceway Park with all variety of championship implications on the line.
While the NCRA Sprint Cars headline the night's action, DCRP championship chase action continues in IMCA Modifieds, IMCA Sport Modifieds, IMCA Stock Cars and IMCA Hobby Stocks.
Racing action goes green at 7:30 p.m.
Although Saturday's tilt is the first NCRA card at Dodge City Raceway Park since C.J. Johnson topped last June's Steve King Memorial, it's not the first Sprint Car action atop the 3/8-mile clay oval this year.
A pair of Precise Racing Products DCRP Sprint Car events have developed an early theme of first-time DCRP winners with Ty Williams and Luke Cranston both posting their first career triumphs atop the Dodge City clay.
While it remains to be seen if a third first-time winner will be recognized in the Sprint Car ranks, this time NCRA, on Saturday night, four of the track's championship chase divisions will battle it out as well.
Leading the way into Saturday's action in the track's championship chase divisions are Clay Sellard, Kevin Tabor, Michael Pepper and Matt O'Hair.
After the April 11 season opening feature was pushed back to April 25, Clay Sellard swept to victory lane in both features with Austin Allen second in both main events. The defending champ, Allen raced from 24th to second in the latest feature.
Feature Winners: Clay Sellard 2.
Current Top Ten in Points: 1. Clay Sellard (Bucklin, KS) 300, 2. Austin Allen (Goddard, KS) 290, 3. Kevin Gray (Ulysses, KS) 273, 4. Jimmy Brozek 264, 5. William Nusser (Larned, KS) 258, 6. Joel Lane (Ulysses, KS) 253, 7. Brian Oelkers 249, 8. Danny Keller (Dodge City, KS) 236, 9. Chad Brown (Great Bend, KS) 235, 10. Beau Davis (Cheney, KS) 234.
Dodge City's very own Kevin Tabor is atop a tightly-bunched points race as only six points separate the top five through two events with Jeremy Sigler and Jeff Kaup each posting early wins.
Feature Winners: Jeff Kaup 1, Jeremy Sigler 1.
Current Top Ten in Points: 1. Kevin Tabor (Dodge City, KS) 274, 2. (tie) Mike Appel (Dodge City, KS), Bart Baker (Dodge City, KS) and Michael Pepper (Lakin, KS) 270, 5. Jeff Kaup (Woodward, OK) 268, 6. Jason Lunow (Dodge City, KS) 261, 7. Jeremy Sigler (Great Bend, KS) 260, 8. Josh Appel (Dodge City, KS) 251, 9. Kamren Gruber (Great Bend, KS) 249, 10. Tanner Brunson (Dodge City, KS) 243.
Pulling double duty as he also competes in the IMCA Sport Modified division for the first time, Michael Pepper is a perfect two-for-two in Stock Car action with a pair of dominant wins to open the season.
Feature Winners: Michael Pepper 2.
Current Top Ten in Points: 1. Michael Pepper (Lakin, KS) 300, 2. (tie) Dusty Witthuhn (Bazine, KS) and Ron Hartman (Ulysses, KS) 286, 4. Randy Dowell (Ulysses, KS) 276, 5. Brett Copeland (Fowler, KS) 261, 6. Chris Oliver (Garden City, KS) 258, 7. Kyle Tillery (Beaver, OK) 255, 8. Marlin Hogie (Ulysses, KS) 210, 9. Karson Love (Rosston, OK) 135, 10. Mel Halling 60.
Matt O'Hair is out to an early lead after winning last time out to take a six-point lead over Cody Davis with Reagan Sellard anther two points back.
Feature Winners: Cody Davis 1, Matt O'Hair 1.
Current Top Ten in Points: 1. Matt O'Hair (Laverne, OK) 291, 2. Cody Davis (Bucklin, KS) 285, 2. Reagan Sellard (Bucklin, KS) 283, 4. Tommy Fose (Salina, KS) 267, 5. (tie) Michael Penrod (Moscow, KS) and Zachary McLemore 255, 7. Tom Reed (Kalvesta, KS) 249, 8. Clint Long 244, 9. Tobby Schield (Sublette, KS) 220, 10. Travis McLemore 141.
General admission tickets to Saturday's action are just $20 for adults, with children 11 and under admitted free when accompanied by an adult. Pit admission is $30.
The 2015 slate of events at Dodge City Raceway Park includes 15 nights of competition with a number of special events along the way, highlighted by the World of Outlaws Sprint Cars Boothill Showdown on July 3-4.
The track's full slate of events is available at http://www.dodgecityraceway.com/schedule/.
Busy Stretch Begins Saturday at DCRP
Campbell Captures NCRA Sprint Car Honors as Sellard Stays Perfect in Mods


text:
// -----------------------------------------------------------------------
// <copyright file="BillingRatesController.cs" company="Nodine Legal, LLC">
// Licensed to Nodine Legal, LLC under one
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// distributed with this work for additional information
// regarding copyright ownership.  Nodine Legal, LLC licenses this file
// to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
// "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
// with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
//
//  http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
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namespace OpenLawOffice.WebClient.Controllers
{
    using System.Collections.Generic;
    using System.Web.Mvc;
    using AutoMapper;

    [HandleError(View = "Errors/Index", Order = 10)]
    public class BillingRatesController : BaseController
    {
        [Authorize(Roles = "Login, User")]
        public ActionResult Index()
        {
            List<ViewModels.Billing.BillingRateViewModel> rates = new List<ViewModels.Billing.BillingRateViewModel>();

            Data.Billing.BillingRate.List().ForEach(x =>
            {
                rates.Add(Mapper.Map<ViewModels.Billing.BillingRateViewModel>(x));
            });

            return View(rates);
        }

        [Authorize(Roles = "Login, User")]
        public ActionResult Create()
        {
            return View();
        }

        [Authorize(Roles = "Login, User")]
        [HttpPost]
        public ActionResult Create(ViewModels.Billing.BillingRateViewModel viewModel)
        {
            Common.Models.Account.Users currentUser;
            Common.Models.Billing.BillingRate model;

            model = Mapper.Map<Common.Models.Billing.BillingRate>(viewModel);
            currentUser = Data.Account.Users.Get(User.Identity.Name);

            Data.Billing.BillingRate.Create(model, currentUser);

            return RedirectToAction("Index");
        }

        [Authorize(Roles = "Login, User")]
        public ActionResult Edit(int id)
        {
            ViewModels.Billing.BillingRateViewModel vm;

            vm = Mapper.Map<ViewModels.Billing.BillingRateViewModel>(Data.Billing.BillingRate.Get(id));

            return View(vm);
        }

        [Authorize(Roles = "Login, User")]
        [HttpPost]
        public ActionResult Edit(int id, ViewModels.Billing.BillingRateViewModel viewModel)
        {
            Common.Models.Account.Users currentUser;
            Common.Models.Billing.BillingRate model;

            model = Mapper.Map<Common.Models.Billing.BillingRate>(viewModel);
            currentUser = Data.Account.Users.Get(User.Identity.Name);

            Data.Billing.BillingRate.Edit(model, currentUser);

            return RedirectToAction("Index");
        }
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub