2003-05-14 Assigned to INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION reassignment INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: LISANKE, MICHAEL G.
The present invention, according to a preferred embodiment, provides an efficient and easy-to-implement method to use existing DRM (Digital Rights Management) systems with existing media players. The present invention separates the enforcement of digital rights independent of the content-rendering software. Unlike many of the prior art systems, the present invention works with any non-DRM player. In one embodiment, the present invention enforces behavior restrictions on an application on an information processing system, which includes loading a dynamic instrumentation (DI) codemonitor. An entry point for an application is retrieved by inserting an instrumentation point thereinto. The instrumentation point is inserted in accordance with the entry point, wherein the instrumentation point causes a branch into the DI code monitor when executed. Depending on the application with the instrumentation point therein, the DI code monitor blocks a request made by the application code. In one embodiment the blocking of a request is made in accordance with a DRM system running.
In yet another embodiment, the present invention uses the DI code monitor to safely handle data for a content authoring program. In this embodiment, the DI code monitor makes sure that all file handles and buffers to a given data file is closed, even if the authoring tools hangs or improperly closes the file. This ensures that the data is not lost due to application crashes.
FIG. 12 is a block diagram of the dynamic instrumentation code with instrumentation points and/or windows hooks for file monitoring, according to the present invention.
Turning now to FIG. 1; shown is a high-level block diagram of a multiple client server network. A plurality of client systems  102, 104 and 106 and connected through communication infrastructure 108 such as the Internet, word-wide web, WAN, LAN, wired, wireless, broadcast and other telecommunication infrastructures. Servers 110, 112, and 114 are a plurality. In one embodiment, the servers serve digital content, such as files, programs, videos, games, and music in any format, which is rendered by one or more client systems. The implementation of multiple client-server architecture is well understood to those of average skill in the art.
FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a client computer system of FIG. 1, useful for implementing the present invention. The present invention can be realized in hardware, software, or a combination of hardware and software in computer  102-106 of FIG. 1. A system according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention can be realized in a centralized fashion in one computer system, or in a distributed fashion where different elements are spread across several interconnected computer systems. Any kind of computer system —or other apparatus adapted for carrying out the methods described herein —is suited. A typical combination of hardware and software could be a general-purpose computer system with a computer program that, when being loaded and executed, controls the computer system such that it carries out the methods described herein.
An embodiment of the present invention can also be embedded in a computer program product (in computer  102 through 106), which comprises all the features enabling the implementation of the methods described herein, and which, when loaded in a computer system,—is able to carry out these methods. Computer program means or computer program as used in the present invention indicates any expression, in any language, code or notation, of a set of instructions intended to cause a system having an information processing capability to perform a particular function either directly or after either or both of the following a) conversion to another language, code or, notation; and b) reproduction in a different material form. A computer system may include, inter alia, one or more computers and at least a computer readable medium, allowing a computer system to read data, instructions, messages or message packets, and other computer readable information from the computer readable medium. The computer readable medium may include non-volatile memory, such as ROM, Flash memory, Disk drive memory, CD-ROM, and other permanent storage. Additionally, a computer readable medium may include, for example, volatile storage such as RAM, buffers, cache memory, and network circuits. Furthermore, the computer readable medium may comprise computer readable information in a transitory state medium, such as a network link and/or a network interface, including a wired network or a wireless network, that allow a computer system to read such computer readable information.
FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a computer system useful for implementing an embodiment of the present invention. The computer system of FIG. 2 is a more detailed representation of the computer  104 or the computer system of database 106. The computer system of FIG. 2 includes one or more processors, such as processor 204. The processor 204 is connected to a communication infrastructure 202 (e.g., a communications bus, cross-over bar, or network). Various software embodiments are described in terms of this exemplary computer system. After reading this description, it will become apparent to a person of ordinary skill in the relevant art(s) how to implement the invention using other computer systems and/or computer architectures.
The computer system can include a display interface  208 that forwards graphics, text, and other data from the communication infrastructure 202 (or from a frame buffer not shown) for display on the display unit 210. The computer system also includes a main memory 206, preferably random access memory (RAM), and may also include a secondary memory 212. The secondary memory 212 may include, for example, a hard disk drive 214 and/or a removable storage drive 216, representing a floppy disk drive, a magnetic tape drive, an optical disk drive, etc. The removable storage drive 216 reads from and/or writes to a removable storage unit 218 in a manner well known to those having ordinary skill in the art. Removable storage unit 218 represents, for example, a floppy disk, magnetic tape, optical disk, etc. which is read by and written to by removable storage drive 216. As will be appreciated, the removable storage unit 218 includes a computer usable storage medium having stored therein computer software and/or data.
In alternative embodiments, the secondary memory  212 may include other similar means for allowing computer programs or other instructions to be loaded into the computer system. Such means may include, for example, a removable storage unit 222 and an interface 220. Examples of such may include a program cartridge and cartridge interface (such as that found in video game devices), a removable memory chip (such as an EPROM, or PROM) and associated socket, and other removable storage units 222 and interfaces 220 which allow software and data to be transferred from the removable storage unit 222 to the computer system.
The computer system may also include a communications interface  224. Communications interface 224 allows software and data to be transferred between the computer system and external devices. Examples of communications interface 224 may include a modem, a network interface (such as an Ethernet card), a communications port, a PCMCIA slot and card, etc. Software and data transferred via communications interface 224 are in the form of signals which may be, for example, electronic, electromagnetic, optical, or other signals capable of being received by communications interface 224. These signals are provided to communications interface 224 via a communications path (i.e., channel 226). This channel 226 carries signals, and may be implemented using wire or cable, fiber optics, a phone line, a cellular phone link, an RF link, and/or other communications channels.
In this document, the terms "computer program medium," "computer usable medium," and "computer readable medium" are generally used to refer to media such as the main memory  206 and the secondary memory 212, removable storage drive 216, a hard disk installed in the hard disk drive 214, and signals. These computer program products are means for providing software to the computer system. The computer readable medium allows the computer system to read data, instructions, messages or message packets, and other computer readable information from the computer readable medium. The computer readable medium, for example, may include non-volatile memory, such as Floppy, ROM, Flash memory, Disk drive memory, CD-ROM, and other permanent storage. For example, it is useful for transporting information, such as data and computer instructions, between computer systems. Furthermore, the computer readable medium may comprise computer readable information in a transitory state medium such as a network link and/or a network interface, including a wired network or a wireless network, that allow a computer to read such computer readable information.
Computer programs (also called computer control logic) are stored in main memory  206 and/or secondary memory 212. Computer programs may also be received via communications interface 224. Such computer programs, when executed, enable the computer system to perform the features of the present invention as discussed herein. In particular, the computer programs, when executed, enable the processor 204 to perform the features of the computer system. Accordingly, such computer programs represent controllers of the computer system.
FIG. 3 is a block diagram of dynamic instrumentation as used in the present invention. A section of application code, such as a DLL (dynamic link library)  302, has an instrumentation point 304. The address of the instrumentation point 304 is derived in a variety of ways as known by those of average skill in the dynamic instrumentation art, depending on such things as the type of OS being used and the type of application (e.g. DLL or exe) being instrumented. One way the instrumentation point 302 is derived is by getting the starting point or header of the application 302. A second way to derive the instrumentation point 304 is to use what is known as an Import Address Table (IAT), which is built by the OS when the module gets loaded. A third way to derive the instrumentation point 304 is to use windows hooking to tell if the application has a message queue from the OS to the OS message. Once the instrumentation point 304 is inserted into the target application code, a branch to a code patch 306 occurs. The instrumentation of OS API that provide access to kernel objects (files, sockets, and other inter-process communication (IPC) mechanisms), or through cooperation with kernel drivers, which monitor this action.
In another embodiment, once the instrumentation point  304 is a call to another process, DLL or application such as through an API (application programming interface). During the instrumentation in this embodiment, the application being called just returns to the application code 302. Alternatively, the called application blocks the call by not returning properly or through stack manipulation in aborting the process being called. Both of these examples in this instrumentation example are used to control what happens when the application code 302 calls another program or process or DLL and the called application is handled differently.
Once the code patch executes, the process continues in the original application. It is important to note that the use of dynamic instrumentation makes it possible to intercept actions in the target application  302 without the use of source code or API's (application programming interface) provided by the application code owner.
The code patch in this present invention is called the dynamic instrumentation monitor code, or DI code monitor  406. The DI Code Monitor 406 is inserted in the application code 302 at instrumentation point 304. The DI Code Monitor 406 overwrites or executes in lieu of the application code 302. When the DI Code Monitor 406 completes, it will typically return to the application code 302 after the instrumentation point 304.
The DI Code Monitor  406 as is discussed in further detail below performs a variety of functions, such as intercepting messages, affecting the application code 302 by dismissing menus such as "Copy", "Save As" and "Print", changing the destination of messages from the application code 302 and more.
Turning now to FIG. 4, shown is a block diagram of applications with instrumentation points and/or window hooks back to the dynamic instrumentation (DI) code monitor, according to the present invention. Shown is an OS  450 with a plurality of application code 404, 454, and 464 each running under the OS 450. The application code 404, 454, and 464 represents any application code typically used to render or view digital content, such as a web browser, including Microsoft Internet Explorer, Netscape Navigator, Mozilla, and others, a portable document viewer such as Adobe Acrobat reader, a media player such as Apple Quicktime, Real Networks Real Player and Microsoft Media Player, office productivity packages such as those available from Apple, IBM, Microsoft, Sun and Corel, and any other application for rendering content that may be available as part of an OS or shipped separately. As described above in FIG. 3, inserted in the application code 404 is an instrumentation point 402 for branching to the DI Code Monitor 406.
It is important to note that although the DI Code Monitor  406 is shown as one monolithic piece, it is within the true scope and spirit of the present invention to have more than one DI Code Monitor module where each separate DI Code Monitor is configured to handle a specific task.
The DI Code Monitor  406 is coupled to a DRM system interface 410 through a share memory interface. It is important to note that other types of communications method to the DRM system interface 410 is within the true scope and spirit of the invention including messages queues, APIs, semaphores, pipes and other inter-process communication techniques.
The DI Code Monitor  406 is instantiated on this client information processing system 102. In an embodiment where the OS 450 is a Windows OS and the DI Code Monitor 406 enables Windows message hooks to inject a DI Code Monitor 406 instrumentation point 404 into all currently running Windows programs (and into any applications start subsequently).
Once the DI Code Monitor  406 is injected into one or more applications 404, 454, and 464 running on the end-user machine, any messaging from the application to the OS messaging and other API calls are intercepted and monitored. The DRM system interface 410 is associated with a script of behavioral modifications preventing a user from tampering with the content via the rendering application, such as a media player or web browser. The use of OS inter-process data access mechanisms block other applications running on the client information processing system 102 that reference content data from applications rendering DRM digital content. The DI Code Monitor is quiesced while DRM content is not rendered on a client information processing system. Moreover, DRM content is only rendered to an application that has been DI Code Monitor 406 enabled.
One method to associate content with a DRM system, as "DRM content" is to use a file filter to intercept file  10 requests to files with a particular sub string in the file path, name, or extension. Any file 10 requests related to files that contain "the substring" in the filespec will be intercepted by the DRM monitor 406 that is associated with the DRM system. The file filter notifies the DRM monitor 406 when an attempt is made to open a file, with a certain "substring", and waits for a deny or approve response. Approval occurs if the license is valid, not expired, and the application indicated by the process ID is included in a white-list. The presence in the white-list indicates that the proper configuration of the DI Code Monitor 406 is accomplished to control the set of rights supported.
In order to support applications, which do not obtain content from the file system, such as streamed videos, the combination of DI Code Monitor  406, Loader Launcher, and Application interface (such as Plug-in, or DirectX component), should provide complete DRM functionality in the absence of the file filter. An IPC (inter-process communications) mechanism provides the necessary interfaces for a plug-in to DI Code Monitor 406 enable applications.
In another embodiment, FIG. 5 is a block diagram of the dynamic instrumentation code with instrumentation points and/or window hooks in a windows graphics display interface (GDI) application, according to the present invention. In this embodiment, each of the applications  504, 554, and 564 have one or more calls to a graphical subsystem such as the GDI 570. The GDI 570 is an instrumented 574 with a branch to the DI Code Monitor 406. In this embodiment, the GDI is only instrumented since it is common one or more of the applications 504, 554 and 564. It is important to note that a mix of applications which are directly instrumented (as shown in FIG. 4, or instrumented through GDI 570 as shown in FIG. 5) are within the true scope and spirit of the present invention. Moreover, a combination of instrumentation points and/or window hooks between GDI 570 and in an application 404, 454 and 464 is also contemplated in the present invention.
In another embodiment, the use of a "window-hooks" is executed by the Window operating system. The hook in an application (or process or DLL), in a similar fashion as the code patch embodiment described above, intercepts messages for a patched code in FIG. 5 above. For example in this embodiment, the instrumentation point  304 is a call to another process, DLL or application such as through an API (application programming interface). FIG. 6 is a block diagram of this alternate embodiment of the dynamic instrumentation code for windows messaging interception of an application, according to the present invention. Shown are a plurality of applications 604, 654, 664 running with an operating system 654. Each application has an associated message queue 602, 652, 662, which has been hooked to communicate with DI Code Monitor 606. The hook in the application, executes to intercept messages that are normally received directly by the application 604, 654, 664 through message queues 602, 652, 662. The messages are blocked or altered to change the behavior of the application. In addition, key strokes or other inter-process-communication (IPC) messages are sent to change the behavior of the application such as dismissing dialog boxes automatically to stop a user from carrying out an action such as "copying" and "pasting" from a clipboard. The DI Monitor Code Monitor 606 would control the states of the behavior for each message according to the DRM system 610.
FIG. 7 is a flow diagram of an embodiment for initializing the dynamic instrumentation (DI) code monitor according to the present invention. The process begins in step  702 and immediately proceeds to step 704. In step 704 the OS initializes and boots up as usual; typically during a power-on sequence, a logon of a new user or a restart event. Once loaded, the DI Code Monitor 406 attaches itself to all processes in the current user session that posses a windows message queue. The DI Code Monitor 406 is coupled with the OS startup (e.g., registry entry). Next the DI Code Monitor 406 is loaded in step 706. For each application, 404, 454, and 464, an entry point for a branch point is determined using one of a variety of techniques described in the section entitled "IV. Dynamic Instrumentation" above. Next is step 710, based on the insertion point discerned in step 708, an instrumentation point 404, or 504 (or a plurality of instrumentation points and/or window hooks) is inserted in for each application and the initialization process completes in step 712.
In another embodiment, steps  702, 704 and 706 are already completed and when a new application is started an instrumentation point or windows hooks are added (not shown). Other hooking methods include child process debugging and registry specification injection.
It is important to note that while no digital content associated with DRM restrictions is actively being rendered on the client information processing system  102, the DI Code Monitor 406 is quiescent (providing null intervention between applications and the OS except for monitoring).
FIGS. 8 and 9 is a flow of an embodiment of the dynamic instrumentation (DI) code monitor for handling branches from an application being dynamically instrumented in FIGS. 4 and 5. The process begins with step  802 and proceeds immediately to step 804 to determine if a DI branch is received. If a DI branch is not received, the process loops in a quiescent state. Once a branch is received in step 804 from an application 404, 454, and 464, the process continues to step 806 where the DI Code Monitor 406 handles the branch. In one embodiment, the branch simply stops the request from the application 404, 454, and 464. In another embodiment, the DI Code Monitor 406, in step 806 examines one or more of an API, an API parameter, mouse, and a keyboard input. Next a check of the DRM system state, in step 808, is made with the DRM system interface 410. In one embodiment, all the DRM settings for a particular associated player and its content is already loaded in shared memory 408 when the digital content is given to an application. In another embodiment a query is made to the DRM system interface 410. The mechanisms for associating DRM rights with digital content is not important to the present invention. A variety of methods are possible, such as the methods explained in detail in co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/938,401 filed Aug. 23, 2001 now [pending], for "Method and System of Preventing Unauthorized Rerecording of Multimedia Content" with inventors Michael G. Liskanke et al, which is commonly assigned herewith to International Business Machines. The above aforementioned patent application is incorporated hereinto in its entirety by reference. Other mechanisms for associating content with DRM systems are available from AT&T, Liquid Audio Pro Corp., Audio Soft, InterTrust, ContentGuard, EMediator, from MediaDNA, Vyou.com and many others. One distinct advantage of the present invention is that it is not tied to a specific DRM system.
If the process is not a windows application, then the DI Code Monitor  406 will indicate the process is not authorized for the content, and any file open attempt will be denied. The DI Code Monitor 406 modifies the applications menu and hot key selections based on the particular content access rights. The DI Code Monitor 406 only modifies the menu of those processes accessing DRM content, although it will appear in the address space of all loaded processes. The DI Code Monitor 406 also signals the loader launcher when the user attempts a previously specified action. This signal results in an audit record being sent to the servers (if enabled) and a notification dialog being presented to the user if the action was blocked. The following dialogs are examples.
Next in step  810, depending on the authorization for the DRM system interface 410, a decision is made whether or not permission has been granted to proceed. If permission has been granted or licensed, then in the simplest case the flow returns to application being instrumented in step 812, and the DI code monitor 406 returns to a quiescent state. In the event in step 810, the DRM system interface 410 instructs the DI Code Monitor 406 that it is not authorized to proceed, the process continues on step 914.
In step  916, an optional message is signaled to be posted, such as through IPC (as shown in FIG. 10) and the process returns to the quiescent state in step 804. FIG. 10 is a dialog box notifying a user that their attempted action or behavior exceeds the rights in the content, according to the present invention. FIG. 11 is a dialog box showing an optional property of a DRM content file according to the present invention.
In step  914, when the DI Code Monitor 406 detects applications branch to access DRM content, the digital rights of content will be read and assessed, and from this the behavioral modifications required to enforce the contents rights will be scripted. In another embodiment, a white-list of behavioral modifications is preconstructed for the required rights. The behavioral modifications required to enforce the digital rights of the content will be made at the point where the DI Code Monitor 406 detects the use (by the computer user), and the client "player" application DRM proscribed functions (we call this process DI Code Monitor 406) is enabled.
In the embodiment of FIG. 5 where the GDI is instruments, such as GDI API (application programming interface) e.g. BitBit( ), is monitored and their operation is selectively failed if an access to a DI Code Monitor  406 enabled applications' data is referenced. After the DRM content has been closed (no longer rendered "in-the-clear"), the DI Code Monitor 406 will again quiescence.
A systematic example illustrates the above invention embodiment mechanisms. For this example, we assume that a user intends to violate the digital rights assigned to the content they have licensed and have loaded on their end-user computer. Also we assume this content is an Adobe portable document format (pdf file) to be rendered by the Adobe Acrobat Reader application. The user, in order to license the content, must have installed the DI Code Monitor  406 on their end-user computer. In addition, a DRM client enabler does not render content "in-the-clear" without the active presence of the DI Code Monitor 406 on the end-user computer. In this example, the user launches Acrobat Reader, and prepares to use its menu functions to "Save", "Print", "Cut/Copy/Select", etc, the content that has been rendered. Because this application has been DI Code Monitor 406 enabled, these menu functions (and their associated accelerator keys) are disabled. Assuming a sophisticated user, we assume that they will start (or have running) an application that can request the OS to copy data that was rendered to the Acrobat application's GDI objects (including all of its visually rendered data). Since all applications on the DI Code Monitor 406 enabled system are monitored for access to API that can access inter-process data, which API calls "refer to DRM rendering applications' data", these accesses are blocked. Short of directly engineering an attack on the DRM client software (including the DI Code Monitor 406 function), all client software attempts to access the DRM content in violation of its digital rights are thwarted. For completeness and not important to the understanding of the present invention, typically additional software tamper resistance (S-TR) is included with the DRM client to prevent this attack.
In another embodiment, the process of watching behavior between processes for DRM monitoring is performed. For example, if a user has an audio port already open for DRM content, such as writing a copy to a computer readable medium, and the user attempts to open a second audio port, the DI Code Monitor  406 puts up a message that states the user is not licensed to have two audio ports open simultaneously.
In addition to installing this DRM Code Monitor  406 functionality as described above, the optional following are also accomplished.
The DRM System Interface  410 is used to provide applications with conditional access to controlled files. These files are encrypted and can only be decrypted if the access criteria are met. This DRM system, in one embodiment, provides a file filter such that granted access to the encrypted files appears to behave as though the files are unencrypted. The content is further protected, once unencrypted, by surreptitiously configuring the application menu selections to deny behavior contrary to the restrictions applied to the secured files. These functions are achieved through means provided by the OS and do not require build time modifications to the rendering applications.
In this embodiment, the DI Code Monitor  406, instead of watching DRM content, watches certain files that are opened for data handling, such as documents used in word processing or spreadsheets, or any other authoring tool environment where the loss of intermediate data is possible. In the event of a authoring program hanging or not responding, the DI Code Monitor 406 puts up a message to a user asking if they wish to close all file handles & close buffers. This keeps data from being lost, even though the operating system and/or the authoring application program has failed to close certain buffers and handles.
It is important to note that a mix of applications which are directly instrumented (as shown in FIG. 4, or instrumented through GDI  570 as shown in FIG. 5, or instrumented through Kernel32.dll 1270 as shown in FIG. 12) are within the true scope and spirit of the present invention. Moreover, a combination of instrumentation points and/or window hooks between Kernel32.dll 1270 and in an application 1204, 1254 and 1264 is also contemplated in the present invention. The DI code monitor 1206 in this embodiment watches to determine if a file is accessed by one or more of the applications 1204, 1254, and 1264 are not closed properly. If the file is not closed properly, the user is prompted to ask whether the file handles and buffers left open by the applications 1204, 1254, and 1264 should be closed and closes them accordingly.
In this embodiment, the DI Code Monitor  406, instead of watching DRM content, watches certain files that are prone to virus attacks, such as the Microsoft Outlook Address Book. In this embodiment, each message that was sent using the Outlook Address Book must be given permission to access the address book. This keeps popular variants of viruses such as "Lisa" or the "I Love You" viruses from surreptitiously gaining access to certain files that are being tracked by the DI code monitor 406 without explicit permission. Unlike traditional virus blockers, this method does not have to rely on constant updates to "virus signature files" to be very effective in minimizing the destructive nature of mass mailing viruses.
In this embodiment as described above for "Embodiment for Safe Data Handling", each of the applications  1204, 1254, and 1264 have one or more calls to a low level address book process (not shown). The address book process is only instrumented since it is one or more of the applications 1204, 1254 and 1264. Moreover, a combination of instrumentation points and/or window hooks between Kernel32.dll 1270 and in an application 1204, 1254 and 1264 is also contemplated in the present invention. The DI code monitor 1206 in this embodiment watches to determine if a request made to the address book has been previously authorized. This authorization may be in the form of a "white list" of authorized applications or other methods described above for associating the DI Code Monitor with an application. If the application, in this exemplary a virus, is not authorized to use the address book, the request is blocked accordingly.
Although specific embodiments of the invention have been disclosed, those having ordinary skill in the art will understand that changes are made to the specific embodiments without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. The scope of the invention is not to be restricted, therefore, to the specific embodiments. Furthermore, it is intended that the appended claims cover any and all such applications, modifications, and embodiments within the scope of the present invention.
wherein depending on the application with the instrumentation point therein, the DI code monitor modifies a request made by the application code.
wherein if the DRM system indicates permission to execute the request, the DI code monitor returns control back to the application.
3. The method according to claim 1, wherein if the DRM system denies permission to execute the request, the DI code monitor blocks the application from carrying out the request.
5. The method according to claim 2, wherein the request by the application is examined by performing at least one of.
6. The method according to claim 1, wherein the application is an application without available DRM support.
7. The method according to claim 6, wherein the provider of the application and the provider of the DRM system are different business entities.
8. The method according to claim 1, wherein the application is an application with available DRM support.
9. The method according to claim 1, wherein the inserting at least one instrumentation point includes hooking a message queue associated with the application.
11. The method according to claim 10, wherein the application is a operating system process associated with an e-mail program address book.
12. The method according to claim 10, wherein the application is a Kernel32.dll being accessed an authoring program and the modifying a request made by the application code is blocking request to close files until closing files handles and buffers associated with the files opened are written.
13. The method according to claim 11, wherein the user of the application is prompted to determine if the file handles and buffers associated with the application are closed.
16. The computer readable program medium according to claim 14, wherein if the DRM system denies permission to execute the request, the DI code monitor blocks the application from carrying out the request.
18. The computer readable program medium according to claim 15, wherein the request by the application is examined by performing at least one of.
19. The computer readable program medium according to claim 14, wherein the application is an application without available DRM support.
20. The computer readable program medium according to claim 19, wherein the provider of the application and the provider of the DRM system are different business entities.
21. The computer readable program medium according to claim 14, wherein the application is an application with available DRM support.
22. The computer readable program medium according to claim 14, wherein the inserting at least one instrumentation point includes hooking a message queue associated with the application.
25. The client information processing system according to claim 24, wherein if the DRM system denies permission to execute the request, the DI code monitor blocks the application from carrying out the request.


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The bishop of a Pentecostal church in eastern Kenya was hurt on Saturday (Nov. 23) in a clash with elders from a local tribe after a member of his church was abducted.
Three members of the bishop's congregation were also injured during the clash in Meru, a region on the northeastern slopes of Mt. Kenya.
Bishop Daniel Laichena, head of the Full Gospel Church in Tigania East, was attacked by more than 40 elders of the Njuri Ncheke council at the local shrine where he had gone in an attempt to free the abducted man, Justus Kamai.
Kamai was kidnapped while tilling his farm and said the council had attempted to force his initiation into their group.
Bishop Laichena described how he and members of his congregation had visited the council to demand Kamai's release, but were refused and hit over the head with clubs.
The Njuri Ncheke council of elders has been a powerful authority among the Meru people of eastern Kenya for several decades, making laws and settling disputes.
Its elders have also acted as the custodians of the traditional Meru culture. Since the 1990s, the council has also played a key role in the region's politics.
But its role as a cultural and religious authority has diminished in recent years, as Christianity grows in the region, and the people adopt more modern lifestyles, according to church leaders.
Although it had co-existed with churches for decades, the bishop told World Watch Monitor that now the council had forcibly recruited some of its members, which had strained its relationship with Pentecostal and Evangelical churches.
Rev. Moses Mati, leader of the nearby Ruiri Full Gospel Church, told World Watch Monitor in a telephone interview that Kamai had been taken by the council because his father was a respected elder and the elders wanted him to follow in his father's footsteps.
Mati said many of the churches don't agree with the Njuri Ncheke on many of their practices and beliefs.
"They encourage drinking of alcohol. They also have some strange traditional oaths and rituals which we think are demonic," he said.
Kamai was eventually freed, but he claimed that the elders had forced him to undergo a spiritual ritual inside the shrine.
Rev. Mati said the group's current membership was mainly unemployed and idle youth.
As Bishop Laichena explained to World Watch Monitor: "Long ago, Njuri Ncheke used to be a council of elders, where men who have attained a certain age and respect were admitted into the council," he said. "Now they are collecting everyone and making them elders. You will find young men as young as 18. The group had been weakened recently by the work of churches, such that it was almost ending, but now they are doing all they can to keep it alive. There are a few old men in it now after others have died, but most of the elders are now in fact young men.
Another point of conflict, according to Bishop Laichena, has been the council's wide support for female circumcision (Female Genital Mutilation, or FGM).


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The capital city of Corsica and the proud birthplace of Napoleon Bonaparte, Ajaccio adds an impressive city vibe to the island's melting pot of dense forests, incredible beaches and towering mountains. Ajaccio is the natural choice for visitors who want to experience the very best of Corsica and the locals have made every effort to ensure that it doesn't disappoint. Within a few minutes, you can get between the shopping district, beach and nearby forested area – making the city a tourist's paradise.
There's plenty for history buffs to sink their teeth into as well, with several historic sites dedicated to the island's history and the life of its most famous inhabitant, Napoleon Bonaparte. If history isn't your cup of tea, you can also hit the beach at pretty much any time of year, although don't expect to dive into the water during the winter months as the weather is comparable with that of southern England. With so much to offer, it's easy to see why Ajaccio makes the perfect alternative to many other destinations in Europe.
As the capital of Corsica, Ajaccio has the best offering of accommodation on the island, ranging from high-class resorts to cheaper hotels. However, it's worth checking if the hotel you're booking with has an English speaker as the city caters more to European tourists. Those looking to indulge in luxury should book into Hotel Les Mouettes, which boasts superb sea views, or the more traditional Hotel Dolce Vita. If you're hoping to keep costs to an absolute minimum, it may be worth staying outside of the city or looking for a deal at one of the smaller hotels.
Although you're unlikely to find many of your favourite high street brands on the streets of Ajaccio, or anywhere in Corsica for that matter, there's still plenty of shopping to be done in the city. Local produce and souvenirs are everywhere in Ajaccio so keep an eye out for the best deals and unique craftsmanship to be sure you're bringing something truly special home. If you feel the sudden urge to go on a shopping spree, you can take a boat to Sardinia where you'll be able to find several shopping centres.
While Corsica is part of France, you're just as likely to enjoy mouth-watering Italian food as you are to find classic French fine-dining. So, while you should sample the island's many French-style cheeses and meats, you should also be on the lookout for pasta dishes and authentic Italian pizza. If you'd rather try something unique to Corsica there's zuppa corsa, which is a vegetable minestrone soup brewed in a thick meaty stock. It's also well worth tasting the island's chestnuts as the natives of Corsica are extremely proud of them and use them in many dishes.
The annual celebration of Napoleon across France takes on a particular significance on the island of Corsica. As Ajaccio is the birthplace of the famed military leader, Napoleon admirers and fanatics gather here for several days of celebration. If you're planning to visit in mid-August, this is a brilliant event to build your holiday around.
Like Independence Day in America, the 14th of July marks the storming of the Bastille and the success of the French revolution against the monarchy. Bastille Day is celebrated with fireworks, food, parades and parties, so if you're on the hunt for a truly French experience in Ajaccio then it should be your first choice.


By the troupe "Les Folies Champêtres", libretto by Laurent FLEURIGEON, musical direction of Hélène SALIES, directed by Pierre ESPIAUT.
A show based on "The Beautiful Helen" by Jacques Offenbach, of course, but with a new booklet. A show in which come to integrate much more contemporary musical pieces which give to the whole a side "offset", mark of manufacture of the troupe for more than ten years.


This affordable show jacket is suitable for boys or girls and features a classically cut shape with stylish velvet collar.
The Shires Children's Aston Show Jacket offers a classical cut at a superb price.
Featuring velvet inset collar and pocket trims, with a back vent and double buttons meaning that it is suitable for boys and girls who will just love this jacket. The double fasten design means the side of the buttons can be changed.


text:
Telosma cordata es una especie de planta nativa de China. Se cultiva en otros lugares y puede aparecer silvestre como una especie introducida. Los nombres comunes incluyen violeta china, enredadera de prímula, vid de Pakalana, jazmín de Tonkin y enredadera tonkinense. La planta tiene racimos de flores de color amarillo dorado a lo largo de los tallos de la enredadera durante los meses de verano. Las flores individuales emergen sucesivamente durante un período de semanas y emiten una fragancia fuerte durante el día y la noche.

Características
Telosma cordata se clasifica como una enredadera que puede escalar hasta 2-5 metros. El tallo es pequeño, redondo y muy resistente. A medida que la planta se hace más vieja, el tallo cambia de verde a marrón. La parte superior está cubierta con densa vegetación blanca que puede cubrir otros árboles por completo. Se reproduce por cortes o semillas. Puede crecer en suelo aireado y con brillante luz solar. Se puede encontrar en bosques de coníferas, bosques deciduos mixtos y en bosques secos de dipterocarpáceas en toda Tailandia.

Hojas
Las hojas tienen forma de corazón y crecen en pares. La hoja mide aproximadamente de 4 a 7,5 cm de ancho y aproximadamente de 6 a 11 cm de largo con la parte inferior lisa. El grosor de la hoja es muy pequeño, las venas se pueden ver claramente. El pecíolo mide aproximadamente de 1,2 a 2 cm de largo.

Flores

Las flores crecen como un ramo de 10-20 flores. La flor de color amarillo verdoso tiene una fragancia fuerte, especialmente en la noche. Tiene un diámetro de aproximadamente 1,5 cm con 5 pétalos y 5 estambres que están conectados entre sí. La temporada de floración es de marzo a mayo, aunque a veces también florecen de julio a octubre.

Frutas
La fruta es lisa, verde y redonda con extremos puntiagudos. El interior contiene una gran cantidad de semillas planas con pelusa blanca unida al extremo. La temporada de producción es alrededor de junio a agosto.

Usos

La parte superior, las frutas y las flores se pueden consumir como verduras. Se cree que la parte superior es la más nutritiva. La flor se usa en postres y para fines ornamentales en ramos de flores y coronas. Los tallos son fuertes y se pueden usar como cuerdas. La madera puede usarse para la construcción en algunos casos. La planta también se ha utilizado con fines medicinales tradicionales, como un antipirético, un antídoto contra venenos, como tranquilizante y para el alivio del dolor de la columna vertebral.

Valor nutricional por 100 gramos

Referencias

Enlaces externos
Glass-noodles with Shrimps and Pakalana Flowers

Marsdenieae
Gastronomía de Vietnam
Flora de China
Plantas descritas en 1768

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Epidemiology studies in critical care
Greg Martin1
Epidemiology studies are an essential part of clinical research, often forming the foundation for studies ranked more highly in the hierarchy of evidence-based medicine. Studies of sepsis to date have been conducted on local, regional, national and international scales, with the majority conducted in the past 5 years. Longitudinal epidemiology studies convey an important additional aspect of the healthcare burden from disease, and may additionally serve to compare the effectiveness and efficiency of healthcare systems, to examine specific patient care strategies and to perform quality control analyses.
Value of epidemiology studies in critical care
Epidemiology studies are often overlooked in the current world of evidence-based medicine. The studies do not rank in the hierarchy of clinical trial data, they are not often considered to influence clinical care and they may be considered merely 'descriptive' of a medical problem. Despite the limitations of epidemiology studies, they remain a critical component of biomedical research without which the remaining 'higher order' studies, such as cohort studies and controlled trials, could not be effectively conducted.
Critical care epidemiology studies, of which the current study from the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Center database is a good example [1], serve a variety of purposes that advance the mission of both practicing intensive care unit (ICU) physicians and scientific researchers. At the most basic level, epidemiology studies convey important information about disease characteristics, the type of patients affected, and the frequency and outcomes of the disease. Importantly, these studies keep medical events in perspective. Epidemiology studies report and reinforce the frequency of deaths related to atherosclerotic disease, cancer and sepsis in developed countries, and of deaths from a variety of infectious diseases and sepsis in developing countries. These reminders are essential in an era of increasing media attention on diseases such as severe acute respiratory syndrome and avian influenza that are less immediate public health concerns.
Descriptive epidemiology studies also inform intensivists about the type of conditions they should expect to encounter in their ICU (i.e. the frequency of disease) and they guide clinicians in treating patients by reporting information on relative causality (such as Streptococcus pneumoniae being the most common cause of community-acquired pneumonia). Local and regional epidemiology data have long been disseminated to tailor therapy for infectious diseases based on local organism resistance patterns. In contrast, larger epidemiology studies are invaluable for determining healthcare resource allocation and for the design and conduct of both observational and interventional clinical trials.
Value of longitudinal epidemiology studies
Longitudinal studies add a vitally important characteristic to point-prevalence or time-limited epidemiology studies. They permit characterization of temporal changes in affected patients and in disease characteristics, such as in the frequency, complications and outcomes of a disease. Longitudinal studies also permit more detailed planning for healthcare resource allocation, in particular by matching temporal changes in disease or disease-specific outcomes with known changes in underlying patient populations (e.g. HIV-positive) or according to rendered treatments (e.g. antibiotics, chemotherapeutics). Longitudinal epidemiology studies on a local level can be utilized for quality control purposes, to assess the impact of changes in healthcare delivery. In general, longitudinal studies are invaluable for understanding how a disease is changing and how it affects patients in the studied healthcare system.
Institutional, regional, national and international epidemiology studies
Epidemiology studies that cross physical and geopolitical borders permit broader comparisons than would be possible for observations that are geographically constrained. Most simply, they allow comparisons to be drawn for diseases according to different pressures, such as differing underlying patient populations and different risk factors for disease. More broadly, when epidemiology studies are conducted they longitudinally create the ability to examine healthcare quality and effectiveness of resource utilization on a regional scale or a national scale in relation to scientific advances. Data of this kind are essential for determining the optimal ICU utilization for a given condition, tracking the effectiveness and efficiency of healthcare systems according to changes in disease incidence or outcome, and for planning research studies according to the characteristics of the disease.
Large-scale longitudinal studies in sepsis
In the present issue of Critical Care, investigators from the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Center report the results of a longitudinal study of severe sepsis encompassing England, Wales and Northern Ireland in the past 10 years [1]. These data are indispensable as a baseline assessment for a common and lethal condition in the respective countries, where severe sepsis occupies more than one-quarter of ICU beds and carries fatality rates approaching 50%. The data confirm previous secular trends in the incidence and mortality of sepsis [2–4] and define the severity of disease and heterogeneity of case-mix typical of sepsis. With these data in hand, scientists and healthcare administrators may assess the impact of community interventions designed to reduce the incidence of sepsis or medical therapies that may improve outcomes with sepsis.
The value of these data is even more apparent in a system of national healthcare insurance, where tracking of health-related outcomes related to resource allocation is necessary to ensure appropriate healthcare delivery. Other large-scale epidemiology studies exist for sepsis, either by sampling locally, [5] regionally [3, 6–9], nationally [4, 10–15] or internationally [16, 17]. Few available studies cross systems of care or permit direct comparisons of healthcare delivery strategies. Those studies that include longitudinal data provide important additional insights into sepsis epidemiology while minimizing seasonal influences. Continued investigation is necessary to optimize healthcare quality and to compare the effectiveness and efficiency of different ICU utilization and care strategies, both nationally and internationally.
= intensive care unit.
Harrison DA, Welch CA, Eddleston JM: The epidemiology of severe sepsis in England, Wales and Northern Ireland, 1996 to 2004: secondary analysis of a high quality clinical database, the ICNARC Case Mix Programme Database. Crit Care 2006, 10: R42. 10.1186/cc4854
Brun-Buisson C, Meshaka P, Pinton P, Vallet B, EPISEPSIS Study Group: EPISEPSIS: a reappraisal of the epidemiology and outcome of severe sepsis in French intensive care units. Intensive Care Med 2004, 30: 580-588. 10.1007/s00134-003-2121-4
Dombrovskiy VY, Martin AA, Sunderram J, Paz HL: Facing the challenge: decreasing case fatality rates in severe sepsis despite increasing hospitalizations. Crit Care Med 2005, 33: 2555-2562. 10.1097/01.CCM.0000186748.64438.7B
Martin GS, Mannino DM, Eaton S, Moss M: The epidemiology of sepsis in the United States from 1979 through 2000. N Engl J Med 2003, 348: 1546-1554. 10.1056/NEJMoa022139
Rangel-Frausto MS, Pittet D, Costigan M, Hwang T, Davis CS, Wenzel RP: The natural history of the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). A prospective study. JAMA 1995, 273: 117-123. 10.1001/jama.273.2.117
Sands KE, Bates DW, Lanken PN, Graman PS, Hibberd PL, Kahn KL, Parsonnet J, Panzer R, Orav EJ, Snydman DR, Academic Medical Center Consortium Sepsis Project Working Group, et al.: Epidemiology of sepsis syndrome in 8 academic medical centers. JAMA 1997, 278: 234-240. 10.1001/jama.278.3.234
Finfer S, Bellomo R, Lipman J, French C, Dobb G, Myburgh J: Adult-population incidence of severe sepsis in Australian and New Zealand intensive care units. Intensive Care Med 2004, 30: 589-596. 10.1007/s00134-004-2157-0
Angus DC, Linde-Zwirble WT, Lidicker J, Clermont G, Carcillo J, Pinsky MR: Epidemiology of severe sepsis in the United States: analysis of incidence, outcome, and associated costs of care. Crit Care Med 2001, 29: 1303-1310. 10.1097/00003246-200107000-00002
Zahorec R, Firment J, Strakova J, Mikula J, Malik P, Novak I, Zeman J, Chlebo P: Epidemiology of severe sepsis in intensive care units in the Slovak Republic. Infection 2005, 33: 122-128. 10.1007/s15010-005-4019-2
Brun-Buisson C, Doyon F, Carlet J, Dellamonica P, Gouin F, Lepoutre A, Mercier JC, Offenstadt G, Regnier B: Incidence, risk factors, and outcome of severe sepsis and septic shock in adults. A multicenter prospective study in intensive care units. French ICU Group for Severe Sepsis. JAMA 1995, 274: 968-974. 10.1001/jama.274.12.968
Sundararajan V, Macisaac CM, Presneill JJ, Cade JF, Visvanathan K: Epidemiology of sepsis in Victoria, Australia. Crit Care Med 2005, 33: 71-80. 10.1097/01.CCM.0000150027.98160.80
Padkin A, Goldfrad C, Brady AR, Young D, Black N, Rowan K: Epidemiology of severe sepsis occurring in the first 24 hrs in intensive care units in England, Wales, and Northern Ireland. Crit Care Med 2003, 31: 2332-2338. 10.1097/01.CCM.0000085141.75513.2B
Silva E, Pedro Mde A, Sogayar AC, Mohovic T, Silva CL, Janiszewski M, Cal RG, de Sousa EF, Abe TP, de Andrade J, Brazilian Sepsis Epidemiological Study Group, et al.: Brazilian Sepsis Epidemiological Study (BASES study). Crit Care 2004, 8: R251-R260. 10.1186/cc2892
van Gestel A, Bakker J, Veraart CP, van Hout BA: Prevalence and incidence of severe sepsis in Dutch intensive care units. Crit Care 2004, 8: R153-R162. 10.1186/cc2858
Flaatten H: Epidemiology of sepsis in Norway in 1999. Crit Care 2004, 8: R180-R184. 10.1186/cc2867
Vincent JL, Bihari DJ, Suter PM, Bruining HA, White J, Nicolas-Chanoin MH, Wolff M, Spencer RC, Hemmer M: The prevalence of nosocomial infection in intensive care units in Europe. Results of the European Prevalence of Infection in Intensive Care (EPIC) Study. EPIC International Advisory Committee. JAMA 1995, 274: 639-644. 10.1001/jama.274.8.639
Vincent JL, Sakr Y, Sprung CL, Ranieri VM, Reinhart K, Gerlach H, Moreno R, Carlet J, Le Gall JR, Payen D, Sepsis Occurrence Acutely Ill Patients Investigators: Sepsis in European intensive care units: results of the SOAP study. Crit Care Med 2006, 34: 344-353. 10.1097/01.CCM.0000194725.48928.3A
Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care,Emory University School of Medicine,Medical and Coronary Intensive Care, Grady Memorial Hospital, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
Correspondence to Greg Martin.
The authors declares that they have no competing interests.
Martin, G. Epidemiology studies in critical care. Crit Care 10, 136 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1186/cc4897
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
Longitudinal Epidemiology Study
Perform Quality Control
Interventional Clinical Trial

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The Southeast Rügen Biosphere Reserve covers the southeastern part of Rügen, the largest island of Germany. Here at the Baltic Sea all the classic landscape and coastal features of the Mecklenburg-Vorpommern littoral are found within one small area. The land is deeply indented here by the sea. One the one hand, peninsulas and coastal headlands are linked by narrow strips of land, on the other side they are separated by lagoons known as boddens and open bays. There are fine-sanded beaches and rugged cliffed coastlines, at the foot of which are impressive rocky beaches. Broad belts of reed girdle the shores. Beech woods or poor grasslands are found on the sites of terminal moraines and meadows and pastures in the depressions formed after the Ice Ages.


text:
Shoaib Akhtar shares a video of a kid who runs with him in park
By Sheheryar Amir
Pakistan's former fast bowler Shoaib Akhtar shared a video on Twitter about a kid who is used to run with him in the park every day. Shoaib, who has been currently very active on social media, conveyed a beautiful message about charity through his video.
Shoaib introduced his fans with a kid who is his training partner and joins the fast bowler for running in the park near Shoaib's hometown. The Rawalpindi express also asked his fans to promote the sense of hard work among the kids so they don't beg for money.
Shoaib Akhtar has always intimidated the batsmen with his fierce pace on the field. But off the field, he has been one of the most egalitarian and kind-hearted persons. His affection towards the kid was also admired by his fans on Twitter.


text:
Induced labour is the cause of Autism… Its true a tell thee. I read it in the Daily Mail.
The Daily Mail/Spivey
According to the government propaganda rag AKA the Daily Mail, Autism is linked to babies that have been induced.
Quite why people have not sued this poor man's toilet roll for misinformation is beyond me, but if you believe this latest old bollocks, then fuck me, you will believe anything… Then again, most people do, don't they?
The fucking idiots.
Autism is linked to the MMR jab. The government won't admit it, the pharmaceutical industry won't admit it and the MSM won't admit it.
The government are a bunch of evil paedophiles who care not one iota for those who elected them. They are bought and paid for by huge corporations.
The pharmaceutical industry obviously have a financial, vested interest in suppressing the truth.
And, the MSM are all corporate owned and only print what they are told.
The truth is though, there has been an astonishing rise in Autism in this country over the past 25 years.
In fact according to Wikipedia:
A 2004 study found that the reported incidence of pervasive developmental disorders in a general practice research database in England and Wales grew steadily during 1988–2001 from 0.11 to 2.98 per 10,000 person-years, and concluded that much of this increase may be due to changes in diagnostic practice.
Ohhhh… Diagnostic practice is it. Okay.
And, then there is this from the science website, singularityhub.com:
In 2002 the Center for Disease Control estimated that autism affected about 1 in 150 children. By 2012 the CDC estimate had increased to 1 in 88. Now, according to the latest revision of the estimate recently released, autism affects 1 in 50 children. That's a phenomenal 300 percent increase in 11 years.
Now consider this. The MMR vaccine was first introduced in the UK in 1989.
No coincidence then that Wikipedia, while not pointing the finger at the MMR vaccine states:
The number of reported cases of autism increased dramatically in the 1990s and early 2000s, prompting investigations into several potential reasons.
Course, there have been whistle-blowers such as Dr Andrew Wakefield who tried telling the world the truth… But telling the truth is not a good career move. Again, according to Wikipedia:
Andrew Wakefield, the doctor whose study linked Autism with childhood vaccines, has since had his licence revoked in the United Kingdom for medical fraud.
I think that would just about be enough to convince other doctors to keep their mouth shut, don't you?
And lets not forget the financial incentives that doctors are paid to push the vaccine on young mothers who, through ignorance and fear of condemnation, blindly allow their young child to be poisoned.
Moreover, in May of this year an Italian court paid out £140,000 to the Bocca family after the Italian Health Ministry conceded that the MMR vaccine had caused autism in their nine-year-old son Valentino. Source
If that isn't enough proof for you, then you ought to know that just four days ago (aug 9th) the Medical Daily ran an article that stated:
Scientific evidence has suggested a strong association between autism and the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine, following nearly a generation of contentious debate on the vaccine's safety. Source
Never the less, if the MSM says that Autism is linked to birth induction, it must be right, mustn't it?
Just disregard the fact that babies have been routinely induced since the 1930's in this country, and you will even be able to believe the shit the Daily Mail tells you in the article below.
Meanwhile, I will believe what I want to believe and my Clayton will be going without the MMR vaccine… Just like the children of the elite.
Babies whose births are induced or sped up by drugs 'have higher risk of developing autism'
Boys third more at risk following a 'difficult' birth, according to US study
But British experts said 'risk small' – accounting for 1/500 in assisted births
Currently, around one in 100 children develops autism
By JENNY HOPE
Babies whose births are assisted by induction or speeded up by drugs have a higher risk of developing autism, claim researchers.
Boys are a third more at risk following a 'difficult' birth, according to a US study of 625,000 deliveries.
However, British experts said the extra risk was small – accounting for perhaps one affected child in every 500 assisted births – and complications arising from not intervening may be fatal.
Babies whose births are assisted by induction or speeded up by drugs have a higher risk of developing autism, claim researchers
Around one in five births in the UK is induced, where drugs such as oxytocin are used to start labour off. Drugs may also be used to strengthen or speed up contractions where the birthing process has stalled.
Researchers in North Carolina analysed 625,042 live births linked with school records, including 5,500 children classified with autism, over an eight-year period.
Currently, around one in 100 children develops autism but symptoms do not usually become apparent until the second year of life.
The unhealthy generation who could die before their parents: Millions of British children risk heart disease by shunning vegetables and watching too much television, campaigners warn
A fifth of Scottish people think that jam is one of their five a day despite containing two thirds sugar
Autism, or autistic spectrum disorder (ASD), including Asperger's syndrome, is an umbrella term for a range of developmental disorders that have a lifelong effect on someone's ability to interact socially and communicate.
An estimated 600,000 children and adults in the UK are affected by ASD and genetic factors play a role in its development.
The study found induction or the use of drugs to affect the rate or strength of contractions (known as augmented) were linked with a higher risk of autism being diagnosed in childhood.
Researchers led by Simon Gregory of Duke University Medical Center, Durham, found the risk 'particularly pronounced' in male children.
Researchers in North Carolina analysed 625,042 live births linked with school records, including 5,500 children classified with autism, over an eight-year period (stock picture)
The risk of autism in boy babies who had an induced or augmented labour is between 15 per cent and 35 per cent higher than for those who do not, the exact amount depending on whether the labour was induced, augmented or both.
In the case of boys, both raised the risk of autism whether used together or individually.
Only augmentation alone was associated with an increased risk among girls.
The study allowed for factors such as socioeconomic status, maternal health, pregnancy-related events and conditions, and birth year, says a report in the journal JAMA Pediatrics.
But the actual chances of a child developing autism after assisted birth remain very low, said the researchers.
Researchers from Duke University, Durham, North Carolina found the risk 'particularly pronounced' in male children
Two in 1,000 autism cases among boys whose mothers experienced induced or augmented labour could have been prevented if their births were unassisted.
Further work is needed to investigate the reasons for the link, they said, but it does not justify changes in clinical practice.
Co-author Dr Chad Grotegut, also from Duke University, said 'The findings of this study must be balanced with the fact that there are clear benefits associated with induction and augmentation of labour.
'Labour induction, especially for women with post-date pregnancies or medical conditions such as diabetes and high blood pressure, has remarkably decreased the chance of stillbirth.' Prof Kevin McConway, Professor of Applied Statistics at The Open University, said there was evidence autism is linked with risk factors associated with 'a difficult birth'.
'We can't just stop doing inductions or augmentations. As the researchers very clearly point out, there are very large benefits to the mother and to the baby in appropriate cases'
Prof Kevin McConway, Professor of Applied Statistics at The Open University
But the effect of these risk factors is quite small – about 13 in 1000 boys in the study were recorded as having autism – and it is far from clear what is causing what, he added.
'If, magically somehow, all the mothers of boys who had induction or augmentation could have not had it, while everything else remained the same, then the number of their children with autism diagnoses would reduce by only 2 in 1000. The association in girls is even weaker, too small to be of statistical significance' he said.
Prof McConway said 'Maybe something else – some genetic factor, or something that occurred earlier in pregnancy or during the birth that the researchers could not take into account – is causing some babies to be more likely to have an induction of labour and separately making it more likely that they have autism.
'We can't just stop doing inductions or augmentations. As the researchers very clearly point out, there are very large benefits to the mother and to the baby in appropriate cases.
'Even if it turns out that we could save a few children from autism by inducing many fewer labours, that would come at a major cost in other complications, including deaths to mothers and babies.
'There's certainly nothing here that pregnant women or new mothers should be particularly concerned about, in my view. The researchers make it explicit their work gives no reason to change medical practice, and I absolutely agree with them on that.'
Read more: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2390559/Babies-births-induced-sped-drugs-higher-risk-developing-autism.html#ixzz2bne9o1MI
By Needlz • World News •
Let me be clear.	Who's up for a row?
"In 2002 the Center for Disease Control estimated that autism affected about 1 in 150 children. By 2012 the CDC estimate had increased to 1 in 88. Now, according to the latest revision of the estimate recently released, autism affects 1 in 50 children. That's a phenomenal 300 percent increase in 11 years". Compare this to the Amish in USA, where autism and vaccines are virtually unknown. http://www.southmilwaukeenow.com/blogs/communityblogs/211735051.html
Stuff Rubbish Newspapers Boycott Them
The thing is I had measles as a kid as did many others, my bro had German measles. A kid in my class had mumps, not pleasant but no one got brain damaged (except for me quite possibly!). The Amish lack of autism plus the way whenever Andrew Wakefields name is mentioned it is always, without failure almost like a sir or Dame preceded by 'the discredited' makes me scratch my chin a la Jimmy Hill. Personally I think you and your daughter are making the right choice in not getting the little one vaccinated.
Mark Peter Hunt
I just come across this amazing link last night. It's a book done by someone in Australia and it's all about vaccines. The website is
http://nocompulsoryvaccination.com/2013/06/07/vaccination-roulette-free-download/
Talk about coincidences!
Also if anyone wants further reading, http://www.drcarley.com/ is also a good website with an amazing article which describes all the mechanisms of how damage is caused by the vaccines.
Also, Dr Russell Blaylock as wrote some great stuff as well. He comes from a slightly different perspective from Dr Carley, (he's a retired neurosurgeon) but all great reading if you want to understand what's happening with these things.
Oh as well there's this site http://www.vaccinesuncensored.org/index.php , which has some great sources as well. There's plenty of stuff from these sources to put the MMR in it's proper light, a nasty horrible dangerous injection.
Brigitte Mehr
What a load of twaddle the MSM prints – the Daily Wail is the funniest fantasy paper around. Everyone with even a single functioning brain cell knows vaccinations are the biggest cause of autism in children and NO amount of highly financed big pharma studies will ever change this.
One of these links is to a pre-vaccination form that you can ask your doctor to sign.
http://www.activistpost.com/2013/07/courts-rule-vaccines-containing-mmr-and.html
http://www.chttp://www.chrisspivey.co.uk/forum/viewtopic.php?f=8&t=451hrisspivey.co.uk/forum/viewtopic.php?f=8&t=667
The elite filth are looking to cut the world's population by about three quarters; they feel that the rest of us are surplus to requirement. There is something in these vaccines that not only causes retardation but also releases a ticking time bomb; basically the receiver of these vaccines invariably die young. Of course that isn't the only way that our 'rulers' are getting rid of us; they are poisoning our water, food, toiletries, cleaning products. The list is endless. And of course there is the continual wars that kill hundreds of thousands of people around the world. Cancer is another way that they get rid of us. Cancer is merely a fungus and it is curable. But the pharmaceutical industries (all owned by the elites) earn a fortune from 'cancer treatment' and millions of people have died from this curable illness, so they are killing us and earning billions in the process.
As of this time there are no recorded cases of autism in the Amish community .
And the latest revenue boost for big pharma is…. allowing HIV+ surgeons and dentists to operate on people. Because the incurable, fatal disease is "manageable" with modern drugs, so it really isn't a big deal if loads of people are infected by their doctors and dentists.
It's manageable as long as the NHS keeps dishing out the drugs on prescription. Not so manageable for millions of people in Africa. Even if you can get your hands on a reliable source of these drugs you're still enslaved to taking the right tablets at the right time of the day, every day for the rest of your life.
But that's OK, because it's manageable, so you have no right to expect that the guy cutting you open isn't infected with HIV.
You do have a right to expect that the pharmaceutical companies will make extra millions from all the new retro-viral prescriptions that are going to be needed, and you do have a right to expect that our evil, satanic, fascist overlords will use this as another weapon to force infected people to submit to their tyranny or be cut off from the life-saving drug supply.
Star Trek: TNG, Season 1, Episode 22 predicted this situation quite clearly in 1988. Funny how the Satanists love to use sci-fi to announce their plans.


St. Charles counties, including five Urgent Care Centers, four St. Luke's Centers for Diagnostic Imaging and a Vascular Access Center, in addition to the Desloge Outpatient Center located directly across from the hospital on the west side of Highway 141.
St. Luke's works to fulfill its mission of improving the health of our community in many ways, including through our Pediatric Care Center in North County. The Center treats over 4,000 uninsured and underinsured patients in a private practice setting each year. In addition, in 2010, St. Luke's provided more than $22 million in charity care to our community.
St. Luke's is a member of Spirit of Women, an elite coalition of American hospitals that ascribes to high standards of excellence in women's health, education and community outreach. Spirit of Women hospitals are committed to making good health easier and to helping women and their families take action resulting in better health. St. Luke's is proud to be the only Spirit of Women hospital in our region.


It's pretty difficult to explain how excited I am about this opportunity. I know I don't have the job yet, but what a amazing chance for me to even to go and interview! This will be my first trip overseas in three years, which for me, is way too long!
This entry was posted in Announcements on October 29, 2007 by Justin.
This is the blog I'll use for travel stories and pics. It'll be a blast!
This entry was posted in Announcements on October 23, 2007 by Justin.


A Kimono dress is definitely the prettiest thing to wear this summer. The historic and traditional kimono comes from Japan and has a long list of different traditions and styles. But, one needs to be careful with this trend, as it can be easily mistaken for a loungewear robe. South African fashion designer, Vanya Mangaliso, says that when choosing this look, it's important to choose the one that you're most comfortable with and a perfect fit. Kimonos come in various lengths. Mangaliso says to try and avoid ankle-length versions and rather choose calf-length designs instead.
There are many different types of kimonos; they range from cotton to silk, satin and embroidered. They also come in every pattern under the sun from florals to stripes. There are a ton of different ways to style a Kimono, and the best part about it is that it instantly transforms your outfit and you can dress it up or down depending on the occasion. Some have rocked this trend with jeans, shorts, or even a simple dress. Another cool thing about a Kimono is that you can also wear it as a dress on its own – just add a belt and you're ready to go. Many celebrities around the globe have been spotted rocking this trend. South African actress, Pearl Thusi, and Nigerian musician, Tiwa Savage, have found modern ways to show off the historical trend.


An event entertainment company with a difference, Soprano Bella provides an experience like no other. Known for their 'singers in disguise', Soprano Bella provide waiting staff and other covert entertainers who surprise guests by revealing their true talents; amazing singing and entertainment. Capturing guest reactions to this unexpected twist is always a pleasure. We bristle with excitement knowing that Soprano Bella is providing entertainment at events we cover. From The Surprise Sopranos to singing policeman and beyond, for a unique entertainment experience that is truly unforgettable for all involved, choose Soprano Bella.


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You Bet Your Ass Rihanna's Designing Her Own Wedding Dress
Rihanna Reveals Her Dream Wedding Dress to Anna Wintour
11 October, 2019 by Victoria Messina
Rihanna may not even be engaged or have any plans of getting married yet, but we're already having wild (wild, wild) thoughts about what her wedding dress may look like — and she just gave us a major clue. The 31-year-old multihyphenate is Vogue's November 2019 cover star, and the fashion publication's editor in chief, Anna Wintour, couldn't resist asking her for the scoop on her dream wedding dress. "It would probably be a collaboration between myself and (John) Galliano," Rihanna told Anna, matter-of-factly adding, "Of course."
If you're not familiar with Galliano, he's a British fashion designer who's been the head designer for big names like Givenchy and Christian Dior, and he's currently the creative director of fashion house Maison Margiela. Rihanna has worn pieces by the 58-year-old creative plenty of times through the years, perhaps most notably at the 2018 Met Gala, when she wore jewel-encrusted, pope-inspired outfit that instantly went down in Met Gala history.
Ahead, watch footage of Rihanna discussing her future nuptials and upcoming album with Anna, then keep reading to refresh your memory on a handful of times she rocked Galliano designs in the past.
WeddingCelebrity StyleCelebrity WeddingsVogueWedding DressesAnna WintourRihanna
Jennifer Lopez Does the Award Show Bow in a Totally Different Way at the SAG Awards
Julia Butters Looked Like an Actual Star in This Sequin Suit at the SAG Awards
Mother of Pearl! Lili Reinhart Looks Radiant Wearing a Miu Miu Gown to the SAG Awards
Stranger Things' Noah Schnapp Is Straight Up Wearing My LEWK to the SAG Awards
Elle Fanning on Cultivating Her Retro 1950s Style: "It's Kind of Like My Soul Coming Out"
by Chanel Vargas 1 day ago


Note that these requirements are in addition to the federal HIPAA requirements. The Texas Attorney General is authorized to enforce the federal and state requirements. The Optometry Board has the authority to enforce, through disciplinary action, the law.
Doctors should also be aware that their office, as with any other business in Texas, has additional responsibilities to protect other sensitive information, including social security numbers and driver's license numbers (Business and Commerce Code). State law also requires a business to give notice to all customers if there has been a breach of computer security. (Business and Commerce Code). Substantial penalties are possible if the requirements of the law are not met.
The Texas Health & Safety Code Section 181.154(d) requires the Attorney General to develop a form that may be used to authorize the release of protected health information.


There's a great fare going around right now which may appeal to Skyteam flyers. Amsterdam to Cancún in Mexico on AeroMexico's Boeing 787 Business Class, selling for €1290.
There is a 7 day advanced purchase and minimum of a Saturday night layover requirement. Maximum stay is 3 months, although I guess there is only so much time you can lie on a beach. Check wheretocredit.com to see the earning levels of I class fares on Aeromexico.
Below you can see a video review of this route by Sieto from Never Not Flying.
If instead you would prefer to go in a Boeing 747 for the transatlantic sector or prefer other routes destinations around Mexico you can book via KLM which comes to €1470.
If booking by KLM these are Z class fares. If crediting to Flying Blue this has the disadvantage that the earnings are linked to the ticket price, so unless you really want to fly in the top deck of a Boeing 747, the AeroMexico codeshared fare would probably work out better for you, though this also comes out to be the same €1470 price.