text:
\section{Introduction}

In online (digital) advertising, ``third-party'' data vendors provide
streams of anonymized unique user identifiers (UUID) along with their
alleged attributes for use in deciding which users to buy
advertisements for.

The primary assumption here is that one UUID (in a population) being
associated with a feature is persistent and independent of other
UUIDs being associated with the feature.  This makes it a stationary
Bernoulli process (coin-toss) of $N$ trials, with expected value
$N\cdot P$, where $P$ is the probability that a UUID has a particular
attribute.

It is natural to ask what is the size of a pool of users, those with a
particular attribute or combination of attributes, and also the total
population.  But the counts of such pools depend on the time span over
which the unique identifiers are counted.

Popular web browsers offer ``incognito'' modes whose UUIDs (in the
form of cookies) are forgotten at the end of the session.  Despite the
efforts of third-party vendors to filter out ephemeral UUIDs,
short-lived UUIDs comprise the majority of the UUIDs seen
week-to-week.

Digital advertisers want to evaluate the effectiveness of targeting
any of the hundreds or thousands of third-party attributes in driving
sales.  With typical success rates of only 0.1\%, hundreds of
advertisements must be bought per sale.  In order to achieve
statistically significant measurements, the UUID counts for attributes
and combinations of attributes must span weeks.

Counting unique cookies over a 6 month span can be expensive in
computing and storage costs.  This investigation began as a study of
the relationship between weekly counts and counts over multiple weeks.

\section{The $L^p$-norm}

Consider the population counts for two consecutive weeks and a
two-week count for the same time period.  Every individual counted in
the weekly counts must also appear in the two-week count and every
individual counted in the two-week count must appear in at least one
of the weekly counts.  So these three counts must obey the triangle
inequality.

The triangle inequality suggests that the weekly counts might be
treated as dimensions, and the two-week count as the result of a norm
applied to their vector sum.  If the population is very long-lived,
then few individuals get replaced, and the population count will be
nearly constant with time.  If the individuals in a stable population
are short-lived, then the population count will grow nearly linearly
with the duration of the count.  Experimentation with the graphs
quickly converged to the distinct $p$ exponents in \ref{Digital
Advertising Data}, which worked so well that it prompted this
exploration of the mathematics.

The $L^p$-norm is:

$$\left\|C_1,\dots,C_n\right\|_p=\left(|C_1|^p+\dots+|C_n|^p\right)^{1/p}
=\left(\sum_{j=1}^n|C_j|^p\right)^{1/p}$$

All population counts $C_j$ are non-negative, so the absolute values
are superfluous to this application.

With $p=1$ the weekly counts add linearly.  As $p$ approaches
$\infty$, the $L^\infty$-norm returns the maximum of its inputs.
These limits satisfy the earlier reasoning.

The $L^p$-norm is idempotent; input $C$ values can be combined without
changing the resulting value:

$$\eqalign{\left\|\left\|C_1,C_2\right\|_p,C_3,\dots,C_n\right\|_p
 &=\left(\left(\left(|C_1|^p+|C_2|^p\right)^{1/p}\right)^p+|C_3|^p+\cdots+|C_n|^p\right)^{1/p}\cr
 &=\left(\left(|C_1|^p+|C_2|^p\right)+|C_3|^p+\cdots+|C_n|^p\right)^{1/p}\cr
 &=\left\|C_1,C_2,C_3,\dots,C_n\right\|_p
}$$

With the assumption that $p$ remains constant over time, the graphs
in \ref{Digital Advertising Data} show that we can estimate the population over a span
of $n$ weeks from population counts of each of the constituent weeks
using the $L^p$-norm.

The $L^p$-norm definition implies a scaling law.  If all the $C_j$
have the same value $C$, then:

$$\left\|C_1,\dots,C_n\right\|_p=\left(\sum_1^n\left|C\right|^p\right)^{1/p}
         =\left(n\cdot|C|^p\right)^{1/p}=C\cdot n^{1/p}
\eqdef{power-derivation}$$

The norm for the analogous $L^p$ space is:

$$\left\|C\right\|_p\equiv\left(\int_{0}^t|C(t)|^p\,dt\right)^{1/p}
 \eqdef{continuous}$$

When $C$ is constant, norm \eqref{continuous} obeys the same scaling
law as the $L^p$-norm \eqref{power-derivation}.

\section{Fractal Dimension}

On viewing scaling law \eqref{power-derivation}, the authors realized
that $r=1/p$ is a fractal dimension (as described by
Mandelbrot\cite{Mandelbrot:1977:FFC}).  Similarly to the length of a
coastline growing as the measurement resolution is increased, the
count of a population increases as the time span of counting
increases.

This implied scaling law \eqref{power-derivation} is plotted along
with the true and $L^p$-estimated counts in the graphs
in \ref{Digital Advertising Data}.  It is in rough agreement with the multiple-week
counts and $L^p$-estimates, even though there is some variation in the
weekly counts.

\section{Digital Advertising Data}

The figures show the UUIDs per week, the $L^p$-norm of $n$ weekly
counts, the UUIDs counted over a span of $n$ weeks, and the scaling
law with its coefficient being the geometric mean of the weekly
counts.

 \figref{ogrowth} shows a 7-week span starting in March 2016 of all
 UUIDs seen by a large third-party vendor.  The variation in the
 number of UUIDs per week is tracked well by the $L^{1.65}$-norm; less
 so by the scaling law with its assumption of identical weekly counts.

\vbox{\settabs 1\columns
\+\hfill\figscale{ogrowth}{300pt}\hfill&\cr
\+\hfill\figdef{ogrowth}\hfill&\cr
}

 \figref{growth} shows a 14-week span starting 2017-11-20 of all UUIDs
 seen by another third-party vendor.  This vendor provides some
 attributes which depend on how many times a UUID clicks, which
 violates the assumption of a stationary Bernoulli process.

\vbox{\settabs 1\columns
\+\hfill\figscale{growth}{300pt}\hfill&\cr
\+\hfill\figdef{growth}\hfill&\cr
}

\vfill\eject

 \figref{pgrowth} shows a 14-week span starting 2017-11-20 of all
 UUIDs seen by Digilant advertisers' pixels\numberedfootnote{In
 digital advertising a pixel is a tiny image used to learn the UUIDs
 of visitors to a web-page containing that pixel.}.  Being unfiltered,
 this data-set has a fractal dimension larger than 0.92.

\vbox{\settabs 1\columns
\+\hfill\figscale{pgrowth}{300pt}\hfill&\cr
\+\hfill\figdef{pgrowth}\hfill&\cr
}

 \figref{pixdy} shows a 31-day span starting 2017-11-20 of the same
 pixels hits.  The cumulative counts are in close agreement with
 $L^{1.085}$-norm counts.

\vbox{\settabs 1\columns
\+\hfill\figscale{pixdy}{300pt}\hfill&\cr
\+\hfill\figdef{pixdy}\hfill&\cr
}

\section{Asymptotics}

Assume a stable population of size $n$ and time $t\ll n$.

In order to uniquely count the population over time $t$, the storage
required is $O(t^r\,n\,\log n)$; and the running time is $O(t\,n\,\log
n)$.  If cumulative counts are to be computed every time period, then
the storage is $O(t\,n)$ and running time is $O(t^2\,n\,\log n)$

If instead, counts are made every time unit (to be combined with the
$L^p$-norm), then the running time is $O(t\,n\,\log n)$, the
short-term storage is $O(n)$ and the long-term storage is $O(t)$

\section{Pareto Distribution}

Is there a probability distribution for lifetimes which produces
$L^p$-norm and fractal scaling of population counts?  Going through
McLaughlin's {\it ``A compendium of common probability
distributions''}\cite{mclaughlin:dist}, it was found that the Pareto
probability distribution, which is used for modeling income and
longevity distributions, has the fractal scaling properties.

Let $X$ be a Pareto random variable for UUID lifetime with positive
scale factor $A\le X$ and positive shape factor $B<1$.

$$p_X(x)=P(X=x)={BA^B\over x^{B+1}}\qquad P(X<x)
        =1-\left({A\over x}\right)^B$$

With a stable population, each individual is replaced when its
lifetime $X$ expires.  The count of replacements over time $t$ is:

$$R(t)={N\,t\over X}$$

For $t\ge1$ let $A=1/t$.  Ignoring cohorts with average lifetimes
shorter than the unit time interval, the expected replacement count
is:

$$E[R(t)]=\int_{1}^{\infty} {N\,t\cdot p_X(x)\over x} dx
  =Nt \int_{1}^{\infty} {B\,A^{B}\over x^{B+2}} dx
  =N{B\over B+1}\,t^{1-B} \eqdef{E[R(t)]} $$

With $r=1-B$, the expected count \eqref{E[R(t)]} comes into the same
fractal scaling form as equation \eqref{power-derivation}:

$$E[R(t)]=N{B\over B+1}\,t^{1-B}=N{1-r\over 2-r}\,t^r=E[R(1)]\,t^r$$

The expected population count $E[C(t)]=N\,t^r$ is proportional to the
expected replacement count:

$$E[C(t)]={2-r\over 1-r}\,E[R(t)]\qquad E[C(t)]=E[C(1)]\,t^r\eqdef{t^r}$$

Given the fractal scaling of expected count \eqref{t^r}, what can be
inferred about splitting $E[C(t)]$ into $t$ equal size counts
$C=C(1)$?  From equation \eqref{t^r} the unknown function
$f(C,\dots,C)=C\cdot t^r$.  Raising both sides to the $1/r$ power:

$$f(C,\dots,C)^{1/r}=t\cdot C^{1/r}=C^{1/r}+\cdots+C^{1/r}$$

  Raising both sides to the $r$ power:

$$f(C,\dots,C)=\left(C^{1/r}+\cdots+C^{1/r}\right)^r\eqdef{raise}$$

The right side of equation \eqref{raise} is the formula for the
$L^p$-norm $\left\|C_1,\dots,C_t\right\|_{1/r}$ for non-negative
$C_j$.  Thus the Pareto lifetime distribution implies a scaling law,
which in turn implies the $L^p$-norm with $p=1/r$ for successive
non-overlapping counts.

\section{Changing Population Size}

So far we have assumed that population sizes did not experience much
increase or decrease during the measurement interval.  While the
triangle inequality holds when the constituent counts are very
different in magnitude, a population cannot drop to zero in one time
period without invalidating the longer lifetimes in the probability
distribution of the previous period.

However, the $L^p$-norm estimates of sample B (\figref{ogrowth}) and
pixel (\figrefs{pgrowth} and \figrefn{pixdy}) populations track the
cumulative counts well through variations in the weekly and daily
counts (over 3.5:1 in the daily pixel case).

\section{Measuring the Fractal Dimension}

Given positive daily population counts $C_m,\dots,C_n$ and
corresponding (monotonically increasing) cumulative counts
$Q_m,\dots,Q_n$, for $0<m\le j\le n$ we would like to find the optimal
$p$ to minimize the difference between
$\left\|C_1,\dots,C_j\right\|_p$ and $Q_j$.  Equivalently, we wish to
minimize the difference between $Q_j^p-Q_{j-1}^p$ and $C_j^p$ (where
$Q_0=0$).

Suppose we have an initial value for $p$ which does not extinguish the
difference between $Q_j^p-Q_{j-1}^p$ and $C_j^p$.  Let $\delta$ be the
change in exponent $p$ which makes them equal:

$$Q_j^{p+\delta}-Q_{j-1}^{p+\delta}=C_j^{p+\delta}$$
$$Q_j^{\delta}Q_j^{p}-Q_{j-1}^{\delta}Q_{j-1}^{p}=C_j^{\delta}C_j^{p}$$

If $\delta$ is near zero and $Q_j^{\delta}$ and $Q_{j-1}^{\delta}$ are
close in value, then they can be approximated by their average
$Q_{j'}={(Q_{j}+Q_{j-1})/2}$.

$$Q_{j'}^{\delta}\left(Q_j^{p}-Q_{j-1}^{p}\right)\approx C_j^{\delta}C_j^{p}$$
$${Q_j^{p}-Q_{j-1}^{p}\over C_j^{p}}\approx {C_j^{\delta}\over Q_{j'}^{\delta}}$$
$$\log\left({Q_j^{p}-Q_{j-1}^{p}\over C_j^{p}}\right)\approx \delta_j\log\left({C_j\over Q_{j'}}\right)$$
$$\delta_j\approx
 {\log\left(\left[Q_j^{p}-Q_{j-1}^{p}\right]/C_j^{p}\right)\over
 \log\left({2\,C_j/\left[Q_j+Q_{j-1}\right]}\right)}$$

By averaging $\delta$ over $j$, $p$ can be improved for the dataset as
a whole:

$$\delta=
 {1\over n-m+1}
 \sum_{j=m}^n
 {\log\left(\left[Q_j^{p}-Q_{j-1}^{p}\right]/C_j^{p}\right)\over
 \log\left({2\,C_j/\left[Q_j+Q_{j-1}\right]}\right)}
 \qquad p\gets\delta+p$$

Overshoot from $p\gets\delta+p$ leads to slow oscillatory convergence.
$p\gets0.632\,\delta+p$ converges about one decimal digit per
iteration.  Once $p$ has settled, its standard-deviation can be
calculated:

$$\sigma=\sqrt{
 {1\over n-m+1}
 \sum_{j=m}^n
 \left[{\log\left(\left[Q_j^{p}-Q_{j-1}^{p}\right]/C_j^{p}\right)\over
 \log\left({2\,C_j/\left[Q_j+Q_{j-1}\right]}\right)}\right]^2}$$

In practice, the contribution from step $j$ should only be included
when $0<1.6\,C_j<\left(Q_j+Q_{j-1}\right)/2$; the count $n-m+1$ is
reduced by the number of excluded steps.

\section{Reach and Saturation}

Reach is the total number of individuals who received or viewed an
advertisement during the campaign; reach goals are often part of
advertising contracts.  Fractal scaling provides good early estimates
of large reaches, as can be seen from the graphs in \ref{Digital
Advertising Data}.

The $p$ for daily reach from more than fifty Digilant managed
campaigns in the month of June 2018 were between 1.002 and 1.24 with a
mean of 1.074; the weekly $p$ for the same time period were between
1.007 and 1.20 with a mean of 1.077.\numberedfootnote{The only
campaign which was purely retargeting (repeatedly showing
advertisements to the same users) during June had a $p$ of 1.79 and
was not included in the averages.}  That these averages (1.074 and
1.077) are so close to the $p$ for pixel hits (1.085 and 1.08), is
evidence that the fractal dimension is an intrinsic property of the
user population.

Saturation is the ratio of the reach to the number of UUIDs with the
targeted attributes.  For UUID populations with long lifetimes, this
ratio can approach 1.  The ratio is small for populations with short
lifetimes because the UUIDs tend not to be online long enough to see
many advertisements.

Looking at 6 months of Digilant advertising campaigns which targeted
attributes from samples B and M, the largest saturation achieved (for
sample B and for sample M) was roughly $1-r$.

\section{Conclusion}

For populations having a Pareto distribution of lifetimes with shape
factor $0<B<1$, counts made over successive time intervals can be
combined using the $L^p$-norm to closely approximate the count which
would result from counting over the combined time span.  The norm's
exponent $p=1/r$ where $r=1-B$ is the fractal dimension of the
population counts over time.  Fractal scaling allows counts collected
over very different time spans to be effectively compared.

Digital advertising UUIDs are an example of such a population.
Collecting daily or weekly counts, then aggregating using the
$L^p$-norm, allows longer term studies with better confidence to be
conducted without straining resources.

Fractal scaling laws imply aggregation using the $L^p$-norm.  Regions
where the norm doesn't scale with the expected exponent might be used
to locate anomalies in large temporal or spacial data-sets.

\section{References}

\bibliographystyle{unsrt}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


January cold has kept the powder in great shape this week.
We've only had an inch or two of new snow since Monday's winter storm and our last Bolton Valley outing, but as is typical of January, it's been consistently cold so the powder has just been sitting there. Heading out for some backcountry turns today was certainly a reasonable option, but I also suspected there would be plenty of lift-served powder available at Bolton Valley; with only a few midweek days since the storm, skier traffic should have been relatively low. Dylan's very much on the mend from his recent bout of Strep, but he's certainly not to the stage where he should be heading out on the slopes, so E decided to take him to BJAMS to get some work done. That left me and Ty in the mix for some skiing, and it made the choice easy – I know Ty would lean toward some lift served turns, and I was happy to hedge that way as well knowing that we'd be able to get into a lot of powder.
We grabbed some fairly fat boards and headed up to the mountain in the late morning. My plan was to start us down at Timberline, which turned out to be an appropriate choice because the resort already had signs up indicating that the parking areas at the main mountain were full. There was ample parking in the Timberline lot though, and the attendant directed us to one of the spots in the circle right below the Timberline Quad. Temperatures were right around 30 F and skies were partly cloudy, so it was a choice day to be out there.
We headed right to the Timberline Summit to get us on our way to the main mountain, and on our way down we made a quick visit to the Lower Villager Trees to sample some of the powder lines – there was 12″+ of soft snow above the base, topped off with a coating of the most recent bout of champagne snow that we received yesterday. Ty chose a neat line under what looked like a beech tree that had been bent into an arc. His biggest issue with the line was the photographer getting in the way.
The line that Ty chose in the Lower Villager Trees went under an arching tree.
Arriving at the main base we could see that there really wasn't much in the way of lift queues; with all the lifts running, even a full parking lot doesn't seem to do much to back things up. There was an event going on atop the main deck at the base lodge; I'm not sure what it was, but the deck was full of people. Ty and I headed right over to Wilderness, and my plan was to take him to Stanton's, or at least that general area to get some steep powder turns. I told Ty how I was taking him to a line that he'd said was too steep for him several years ago – it was January 6th, 2008, so he would have been four years old at the time. I guess we can cut him some slack for feeling it was over head at the time. When I told him about that story today, he sort of laughed and said that he doesn't run into much that fazes him now because of steepness. Even way back on that day when he did find it too steep, we suspected where things would eventually end up. Sliding into position atop Stanton's, we could tell that, not surprisingly, it had been hit by plenty of traffic, so we headed a few yards back to one of the lines that was still untracked. I dropped in to set up for some photos and found that there was plenty of powder, even for those steep shots. Ty skied a nice line, but we didn't really pull any keepers out of that photo session.
The remainder of that run was one of the most enjoyably adventurous parts of the afternoon. We just continued on down below the chutes and let our noses guide us toward fresh tracks. We were in a bunch of seldom used terrain areas, working our way through the trees among Lower Crossover, Coyote, and Work Road. I laughed at one point and said to Ty, "I have no idea where we are!" Actually, I knew we were in the Fanny Hill Woods, but we were following a streambed that I'd never skied before, so we never knew quite what was going to come around the next bend. We eventually wound up at the junction of Fanny Hill and Abenaki Trail, and of course Ty said he knew we'd end up in that area all along. I wasn't convinced. In any event, that area sees very little skier traffic, so we saw hardly a track. Our first run of powder exploration was a rousing success.
We headed to Vista next, and found Cobrass in really good form, especially off to the right side where the soft snow usually collects. We came screaming around the big bend below the headwall, where the snow was beautiful and you could just sink in those edges and let it rip. Next it was off to sample the Villager Trees, where Ty skied Heaven for the first time this season. The snow was fantastic – I stuck my poles in the snow to hold my gloves while I ran the camera, and the poles sunk up to the handles. We headed to the Sixth Corner area and then to some lines in Gump's on our way back to the Timberline Base.
It was mid afternoon at that point and we'd discovered that in sun-exposed areas there was just the slightest of melt layers atop the powder in the last few hundred feet of vertical above the Timberline Base. That wasn't surprising with the temperature so close to freezing down there, but it hadn't reached the stage of making the snow sticky, and it still skied like dry powder, so we decided to do a little more Timberline skiing. We visited more of Gump's, the KP Glades, and the Corner Pocket Glades with the usual powdery results. We rode up with an older couple from South Burlington that saw our skis and inquired about rocker in skis and whether it was worth it. I told them that most of the skis still have camber in the middle of the ski, so they're very versatile, and indeed the rocker is great for powder. For us the choice was a no brainer since we spend so much of our time off piste in the powder, with today being a perfect example. We talked about width as well – I was using my Rossignol Sin 7 skis, which are close to 100 mm at the waist, but said that if they spent a lot more time on piste, something with a width somewhere in the 80-90 mm range would be a good fit.
All told, Ty and I had a great day of exploring some new lines, visiting some old favorites, and generally catching a lot of powder. For today's action photography it was definitely the Ty show, but that's often how it goes when he's the only one along for the ride. I didn't get a chance to give him the camera since I was usually tracking down lines for him to ski, but perhaps we'll get one of the boys behind the camera next time.


text:
Q: Icon set in Visual Studio 2015 for C# Console App ends up looking super aliased I am creating a console app in c# using VS 2015(Community Edition) and I decided to add an icon to the exe today and it looks perfect in the preview Preview in VS
But once I actually build the app it turns out looking like it was downscaled using nearest neighbor and looks Like this and it gets worse the smaller the icon gets scaled.
I've tried using icons of sizes ranging from 256x256 to 16x16 but not of them turn out favorably. Is there something I'm missing? I also have all the icons in the resources list.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Q: Cauchy transform I'm trying to solve the problem:
If $\phi \colon S_1(0)\to \Bbb C$ is a continuous function on the unit circle, its
Cauchy transform
$$C\phi(z) =\frac 1{2\pi i}\int_{S_1(0)}\frac{\phi(w)}{w-z}dw$$
is analytic on $\Bbb C \setminus S_1(0)$.
If $\phi$ is holomorphic on closure of $B_1(0)$ then it follows from Cauchy's formula that
$$C\phi(z) = \begin{cases}\phi(z)& \mbox{if }z \in B_1(0);\\0&\mbox{if }z \in C\setminus B_1(0).\end{cases}$$
What happens if $\phi(z) =\bar z$?
Hint: On the unit circle $\bar z = 1/z$. I tried to substitute in the integral by $\phi(w)=1/w$ and solve the integral by writing it as $(-1/zw + 1/z(w-z))$. I got the integral is $\log$, but I'm not sure at all of my solution. Can anyone please help me?
Also, I'm trying to read more in Cauchy transform but I couldn't find any resource with the same definition. The books that I found have other definition, can anyone please give me more information about this transformation to read with the same definition that I have here?
Thank you in advance.

A: So far so good, $\int\displaystyle\frac1wdw=\log w$, but what is $\log$? It is the 'inverse' of $\exp$, though $\exp$ is not at all a bijection, it is a $\mathbb Z$-fold cover to $\mathbb C\setminus\{0\}$, periodic with $2\pi i$ period, as $e^{2\pi i}=1$. So, the $\log$ is unique only up to $2\pi ki$ for some $k\in\mathbb Z$.
If you calculate the integral only on the upper semicircle, from angle $0$ to $\pi$, you will get $\pi i$. Similarly, for the other semicircle, so
$$\int_{S_1(o)}\frac1wdw = 2\pi i$$
However, if you calculate the integral of $\log$ on a circle that doesn't surround the pole (the denominator, now zero), then the result is $0$.


text:
Select a City All Cities Antwerp Atlanta Auckland Beacon, NY Beijing Birmingham, UK Buenos Aires Cairo Chicago Glasgow Liège, Belgium London Los Angeles Marfa Mexico City Milan Milwaukee Montreal Moscow Munich New York Nîmes, France Vitry-sur-Seine, France Philadelphia Pittsburgh Prague Santa Fe Seoul Turin, Italy Waltham, MA Washington, DC Zurich
Liège, Belgium
Nîmes, France
Vitry-sur-Seine, France
Leigh Ledare
Andrew Roth
A typewritten note describing the artist's mother air-drying naked on a bed, postshower; a napkin on which his mother has scribbled things she would like to be ("a writer like Marguerite Duras and Anaïs Nin"); a grid of thirty-six photos of his mother playing with her labia; a page from a 1966 Seventeen magazine profile of his mother as a young ballerina; classified ads his mother placed in the Seattle Weekly seeking "a generous wealthy husband (not someone else's) who wants his own private dancer." In all, twenty-three works (images, texts, ephemera) made up "Pretend You're Actually Alive," Leigh Ledare's first New York solo exhibition, which coincided with the publication of an artist's book of the same name featuring even more mementos and cathartic ejecta.
Not since, respectively, the Families of Nan and Mann redefined the stakes for documenting one's own tribe has an artist carved such
— David Velasco
Order the PRINT EDITION of the September 2008 issue for $17 or the ONLINE EDITION for $5.99.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
1050 Meta è un asteroide della fascia principale. Scoperto nel 1925, presenta un'orbita caratterizzata da un semiasse maggiore pari a 2,6250174 UA e da un'eccentricità di 0,1771394, inclinata di 12,52147° rispetto all'eclittica.

L'origine del suo nome è sconosciuta.

Bibliografia

Collegamenti esterni

Corpi celesti scoperti nel 1925
Meta

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
S. Korean gov't decides to raise social distancing to level two amid continuous surge in new cases Updated: 2020-11-23 05:55:13 KST
On Sunday, South Korea reported 3-hundred-30 new cases of COVID-19, and for the first time, the number was over 3-hundred for a fifth straight day.
Most were in the greater capital area with 219 in Seoul, Gyeonggi-do Province and Incheon.
The surge is due to small cluster infections across the country at schools, hospitals and small gatherings which are especially hard for the health authorities to monitor.
New cases are averaging 175 per day in the capital area and 15 in Gangwon-do Province.
Both regions are on social distancing level 1.5, but the average is getting closer to 200, which would trigger level two.
The average of new cases nationwide for the past week is 2-hundred-73, which is getting closer to the level-two threshold of 3-hundred.
Therefore, the South Korean government has decided to take preemptive measures and raise the social distancing to level two starting Tuesday the 24th for the capital region and level 1.5 for both Jeollanamdo and Jeollabuk-do Provinces.
"Considering this trend, the capital area will reach the threshold for level 2 an average of two-hundred new cases per day by Tuesday and 1.5 for both Jeollanamdo and Jeollabuk-do Provinces. Given the seriousness of the situation and the time we need for preparation, we don't have to wait until the criteria are met."
Other areas, such as Suncheon City in Jeollanam-do Province and Hadong-gun in Gyeongsangnam-do Province, have already raised their levels to two, but the spread is not slowing down.
Jeollabuk-do Province has also announced that it's going to level 1.5 starting Monday due to cluster infections linked to Wonkang University Hospital.
With social distancing raised to level two, some high-risk facilities including clubs and bars will be closed.
Cafes will only offer take out and delivery, and the same for restaurants after 9 PM.
Kim Bo-kyoung, Arirang News.
Reporter : reina5467@gmail.com
Kim Jong-un attends mass art performance staged to celebrate rare congress


text:
De Hervormde kerk van Aurich is een kerkgebouw in Aurich in Duitsland. Het is de enige neoklassieke centraalbouw in Oost-Friesland.

Aurich was in Oost-Friesland een luthers bastion. Vanaf 1685 vestigden zich hugenoten in de stad, maar pas in de Franse tijd kregen de calvinisten een eigen kerkgebouw. De bouw werd mede mogelijk gemaakt door een subsidie van Napoleon. De architect, Conrad Bernhard Meyer (1755-1830), kwam zelf uit Aurich.

Het kerkorgel uit 1838 is van de hand van Gerd Sieben Janssen. Het werd in 2003 gerenoveerd door de Nederlandse orgelbouwer Winald van der Putten uit Winschoten.

Zie ook
 Lijst van historische kerken in Oost-Friesland

Kerkgebouw in Aurich
Protestants kerkgebouw in Duitsland


text:
Start Over Archival Description Level Item Remove constraint Archival Description Level: Item Subjects Emigration Remove constraint Subjects: Emigration
A Archives596
Textual596
Item[remove]598
Published Samizdat Sound Recordings, Radio Liberty (Radio Svoboda)2
Moscow Helsinki Group5
Freedom of Emigration for Everyone4
"Right for Emigration"3
Barnaul community of Evangelical Christians-Baptists (ECB)1
Christian Committee for the Defense of Believers' Rights in the USSR1
Committee of Ethnic Germans Association1
Council of Prisoners' Relatives of Evangelical Christians-Baptists (ECB)1
Initiative Group for Popular Democracy1
Latvian2
Raw material2
Nashpits, M.1
Ruzina, Tat'iana1
Russia (Federation)381
Moscow (Russia)229
Ukraine61
Saint Petersburg (Russia)32
Latvia31
Riga (Latvia)27
Georgia (Republic)24
Tbilisi (Georgia)22
Kiev (Ukraine)20
Kazakhstan15
more Added Geographical Term »
Kazakhstan1
Emigration[remove]598
Jews238
Germans46
Pentecostals42
Baptists22
Moscow Helsinki Group19
Aircraft Affair17
Psychiatry14
Ukrainians13
Georgians12
300-85-9:1/24
1. [Letter to U Than] [1968]
HU OSA 300-85-9 Published Samizdat
Textual Description Level: Item Container: Archival Box
300-85-9:4/6
2. [Petition to the Head of the USSR Supreme Soviet Presidium N.V. Podgorny] [1968-04-18]
3. Letter of M.A. Naritsa to Khrushchev [1960-09-02]
4. Letter of 18 Georgian Jews to Israeli UN Ambassador Yosef Tekoah [1969]
6. Statement of 10 Moscow Jews Addressed to World Jewish Opinion [1969]
7. Letter of T.A. Brodetskaya to the Chairman of the USSR Central Committee A.N. Kosygin and to the Chairman of the Presidium of the USSR Supreme Soviet N.V. Podgorny [1969]
8. Second Letter of T.А. Brodetskaya to the Chairman of the Presidium of the USSR Supreme Soviet A.N. Kosygin [1969]
9. Letter of S.IA. and I.IA. Kazakov to Prime Minister of Israel Golda Meir [1969-12-09]
10. Protest Statement of IU.V. Mal'tsev to the Chief of Moscow Militia's 95th Division [1968-05-26]
11. Letter of IU.V. Mal'tsev to the Presidium of the USSR Supreme Soviet and the Chief of Moscow Militia Administration [1968-05-28]
12. Letter of IU.V. Mal'tsev to the UN Human Rights Commission and to the International Labour Organization [1968-05-29]
13. [Letter of 25 Moscow Jews to the UN Secretary-General U Thant and President of the 24th Session of United Nations General Assembly Angie Brook] [1969]
14. [Open Letter of 3 Moscow Jews to the Head of the USSR Council of Ministers A. N. Kosygin] [1969]
15. [Open Letter of 27 Latvian Jews to the Head of the USSR Council of Ministers A. N. Kosygin] [1970]
16. To You, Woman! [1970-03-08]
17. [Letter of 9 Leningrad Jews to the U. N. Human Rights Commission] [1970-02-01]
18. [M. G. Gordin's Letter from Latvia to the UN Secretary-General U Thant] [ca. 1970]
19. [M. G. Gordin's Open Letter from Latvia to the Secretary General of the British CP, J. Gollan] [ca. 1970]
20. [M. G. Gordin's Open Letter from Latvia to the Head of the World Health Organization M. Candau] [1970]
21. [M. G. Gordin's Telegram from Latvia to the Head of USSR Council of Ministers A. N. Kosygin] [1969-12-24]
22. [Letter from 25 Jewish Families living in Georgia to the Head of the UN General Assembly] [1970-02]
23. Memorandum [1966-05]
24. [Letter of Seven Lithuanian Jews to the UN Secretary-General U Thant, Prime Minister of Israel Golda Meir and the U. N. Human Rights Commission.] [ca. 1970]
25. [Appeal of 28 Jewish Scientists to Delegates of an International Symposium of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry Held in Riga, Latvia on 22-27 June, 1970] [1970-06]
300-85-9:10/14
26. [Letter to the Secretary-General U Thant and the Representatives of Great Nations on the Quadripartite Negotiations on the No. s of Middle East] [1970-05-11]
27. Chronicle of Current Events, No. 15. [1970-08-31]
28. [Appeal of 15 Minsk Jews to the Prime Minister of Israel Golda Meir] [1970]
29. Iskhod [Exodus], No. 1 [1970]
300-85-9:11/2
30. [Letter of 40 Moscow Jews to the USSR Foreign Ministry Press Department] [1970-03-08]
31. [Letter to the International Committee for Defense of Human Rights in Paris] [1970-10-03]
32. Iskhod [Exodus], No. 2 [1970-08-31]
33. [Letter of 75 Moscow Jews to the UN Secretary-General U Thant] [1970-06-10]
34. [Letter of 37 Leningrad Jews to the UN Secretary-General U Thant] [1970-06-14]
35. [B. L. Kochubievskii's Letter to L. I. Brezhnev and the First Secretary of CC/CP of the Ukrainian SSR P. E. Shelest] [1968-11-28]
36. [Letter of Two Leningraders to the Presidium of the USSR Supreme Soviet and to the USSR Prosecutor-General] [1970-06-28]
37. [Appeal of 8 Riga Jews from Latvia to the Presidium of the USSR Supreme Soviet] [1970-07-30]
38. [Letter of 10 Moscow Jews to USSR Supreme Soviet Deputies] [1970-07-09]
39. [Letter of 32 Young Jewish People from Riga, Latvia to the World Federation of Democratic Youth, World Assembly of Youth and Junior Chamber International] [ca. 1970]
40. [Letter of 84 Jews from Riga, Latvia to United Nations' 25th Session, the General Assembly President E. I. Hambro and the Human Rights Commission] [ca. 1970]
41. Letter of 14 Moscow Jews to the UN Secretary General U Thant [ca. 1970-02]
42. [Letter of A. A. Shpilberg to the Secretary General of the CPSU Central Committee L.I. Brezhnev] [ca. 1970]
43. Telegram to the Chairman of the Presidium of the USSR Supreme Soviet N. V. Podgorny [1970-12-27]
44. Trial on Attempted Plane Hijacking at the Smol'noe Airport [1970]
45. [Open Appeal of A. D. Sakharov to the US President R. Nixon and to the Chairman of the Presidim of the USSR Supreme Soviet N. V. Podgorny] [1970-12-28]
46. Chronicle of Current Events, No. 17 [1970-12-31]
47. Letter to the Chairman of the Presidium of the USSR Supreme Soviet N.V. Podgorny [1971-02-24]
48. Letter to the Organizing Committee of the 24th CSPU Congress [1971-03-10]
49. Appeal of 13 Vilnius Jews [ca. 1970]
50. Letter to the Secretary General of the Israeli Communist Party S. Mikunis [1970-07-25]


If you want to make appetizers, just use the baby portabellos instead of the big guys.
Preheat oven to 400°F. Drain beats, reserving liquid. Coarsely chop 1/2 cup beets; set remaining whole beets aside with beet liquid to use in Vegetable Platter With Balsamic-Beet Vinaigrette (recipe follows).
This entry was posted in Appetizers, Eat your vegetables, Vegetarian and tagged goat cheese, Mushrooms, pickled beet, portabello, walnuts. Bookmark the permalink.


Minxing, W., "Discussion on the Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques for Liver Diseases." 2004 China Symposium Reflexology Report, pages 17-18.
The study suggests that for liver diseases, modern medicine is superior in its test and examination technology, but that hand-work therapy can take advantage of various organic characters of the human vital energy flows, including the network of the meridian system in the human body, or the reflection character of the nervous system of the body surface. For a certain period in the clinical study of liver cancer, some subtle sensitive areas at the body surface and the feet were discovered. Then stimulation was applied to these areas with an overall satisfactory therapeutic effect.
Stimulation of reflexes of the liver have an overall therapeutic effect on the body.


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text:
Anne Brontë's First Girl, Agnes
In December 1847 (possibly the 13th), a triple-book set of novels was published. Emily Brontë's Wuthering Heights made up the first two volumes and Anne Brontë's Agnes Grey, the third.
It was appropriate that Anne and Emily, who were so close to each other in affection and understanding, should have their novels make their first public appearance together. Although accepted for publication by Thomas Newby before Jane Eyre was by Smith, Elder & Co, Charlotte's novel beat her sisters' to the presses by a couple of months.
First edition Wuthering Heights and Agnes Grey
Anne had made many corrections in her proofing of Agnes Grey, but Newby neglected to follow through on them.
After months of being upset by Newby's negligence, Anne could finally smile a little at all the red marks in her personal copy of Agnes Grey.
The long delay in the release of her and Emily's novels had been exasperating. Then Newby rushed them into print and, although Anne carefully labored over final corrections, overdue Agnes was born with defects that couldn't be hidden. The results of Emily's expectancy weren't much better.
~ from Without the Veil Between
A review in the Atlas, January 22, 1848, must have been disappointing to Anne:
It leaves no painful impression on the mind – some may think it leaves no impression at all. There is a want of distinctness in the character of Agnes, which prevents the reader from taking much interest in her fate.
Much later, long after Anne was gone, the Irish novelist George Moore (1852 – 1933) couldn't have disagreed more, praising Agnes Grey as the most perfect prose narrative in English letters.
An article by Samantha Ellis, author of Take Courage: Anne Bronte and the Art of Life, reflects on Agnes Grey from the present, but, surely, touches upon how Anne set out to maintain her life, integrity, and purpose in the world of her time.
Agnes is a quieter heroine than Jane Eyre or Wuthering Heights's Cathy Earnshaw, but she burns with her own anger. Agnes Grey is often a furious novel, and a feminist novel. Its main concern is how a woman can do what Agnes wants to do at the start: "to go out into the world; to act for myself; to exercise my unused faculties; to try my own unknown powers".
~ from Anne Brontë: the sister who got there first
The beginning of summer ended the pursuit of a publisher for Wuthering Heights and Agnes Grey, if less than satisfactorily with Thomas Cautley Newby's request for fifty pounds to produce them.
"We resolved not to pay to see our novels in print. And here we are about to do so."
"Sometimes resolve must be adjusted, Anne."
How could Anne not think of her first "girl" and wonder whether she would be clothed more elegantly than Jane or as plain in cloth-backed gray-boards with little trim. As the months since proofing dragged on without a sign from Newby other than him giving his word to break it, would Agnes make a public appearance at all?
Anne continued to have faith, although she was more prepared for betrayal than before she knew its look, how it spoke and maneuvered. She had written Agnes Grey as a reaction to her inaugural governess experience with the Ingrams, but, also, as an instructional reflection. She had meant to bring less naiveté to Thorpe Green and the writing she did in the limited free time allowed her there. She had soon discovered—or rediscovered—it was easier to live with wit and wisdom, to maintain a pensive cheerfulness or, at least, a philosophical viewpoint, through imaginary encounters rather than actual ones.
The passages of Agnes had brought Anne through insecurity, loneliness, worry, wavering, weariness, and grief. Agnes' story had helped Anne navigate a life that wasn't hers but needed to be traveled with enough involvement for learning and growing towards the best purpose of the one that was. The challenge was not to lose sight of the destination she hoped was ahead of her: to do the most good she could in the world before she left it.
The journey of someone who never existed was at times more real than Anne's own, its importance to her not diminished by how few knew of it. Even if the book never made it to the presses and fifty pounds was lost or required legal action to retrieve, nothing would change Anne having conceived it and carried it full term. No matter if Agnes was stillborn, lived for a few years or many, she was the offspring of Anne's desire to write with more purpose than being clever with words and entertaining. Instead, to produce a calm, undistracted, useful, and benevolent child who, if anyone did encounter her, would whisper a few wholesome truths to make them wiser and kinder, and open their minds and hearts.
Miniature edition of Agnes Grey that my mom found in a secondhand bookstore in Oxford in the 1980s.
The human heart is like india-rubber; a little swells it, but a great deal will not burst it. If "little more than nothing will disturb it, little less than all things will suffice" to break it. As in the outer members of our frame, there is a vital power inherent in itself that strengthens it against external violence. Every blow that shakes it will serve to harden it against a future stroke; as constant labour thickens the skin of the hand, and strengthens its muscles instead of wasting them away: so that a day of arduous toil, that might excoriate a lady's palm, would make no sensible impression on that of a hardy ploughman.
This entry was posted in Biographical Fiction, Books, Classic Writers, Excerpt, Fiction, Historical Fiction, Novel, Publishing, Women Writers and tagged Agnes Grey, Anne Bronte, BookBirthday, Charlotte Bronte, DM Denton author-artist, Emily Bronte, Jane Eyre, Without the Veil Between Anne Bronte A Fine and Subtle Spirit, Wuthering Heights. Bookmark the permalink.
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Farewell to thee! but not farewell →


Is your marriage date set for December? Are you planning a Christmas honeymoon? Are you confused, which place to consider for the honeymoon? Then you must read on!
December is one of the romantic months for a wedding, so much of the thoughts must go on the honeymoon as well. But after arranging the entire wedding, trying to pin down the perfect honeymoon destination can be a bit daunting. But don't dismay. We have narrowed down ten of the best destinations where you can enjoy your honeymoon while celebrating Christmas.
Hawaii is blessed with a perfect weather all year round, but Christmas is extra special in this region. The Christmas celebrations in Hawaii far surpass any other state of the Caribbean. The wonderfully decorated streets, the illuminated buildings and the crowd at the beach, everything, looks inviting here. The winter here is unique for various other reasons as well. Whales visit from November to May. The surfing season begins from October and runs through March. The favorite viewing spots here include the Auau Channel and the shallow waters of the Maui's west coast. So if you are a beach lover and are looking for places with tropical weather, then Hawaii is the place to be.
Christmas honeymoon in Argentina means summertime. The place has something to offer to every visitor, right from the street performers and the monument-studded venues to the painted house. You are sure to enjoy your honeymoon here. The must visit activities here include doing the tango with your partner at one of the dance shows and shopping in Palermo. The market is known for its leather goods, but the prices may be sky high during the Christmas. Argentinian cuisine here is truly delectable, especially during Christmas. The grilled sausages, chicken, and steak, are to die for. You can also head to the Mendoza wine country for a day or two. There you can ride horses, stay in a ranch and sample the varietals like Torrontes and Malbec.
The tourism season in India kicks off in the early December and goes on until New Year. Christmas in India is unique in the truest sense. Yes, you won't experience the typical European or American Christmas here. Christmas here is very traditional. The Indian Catholic or Anglo-Indian, as they are called, begins their day by visiting churches and then feasting in the evening and night. If you want to experience the hip and happening Christmas, then Goa should be your pick, and if you want a calm and serene Christmas, then Kerala should be your ideal spot. And the weather in most of the country is fresh and wet, perfect for a honeymoon. But do not forget to tour the rest of India, especially Jaipur, Delhi and Agra. You wouldn't want to miss on the Indian history for sure.
Australia is for the happening couples out there. Christmas is seriously mind blowing. The pleasant weather combined with hundreds of attractions and fine dining makes it one of the best places to spend with your partner. And you have fantastic selections of things. First, you have miles of coastline to discover, which will be a bit crowded during the Christmas. Do not miss one the Aussie-style romance in the city of Sydney. You can take surfing lessons on the Bondi Beach or witness the excellent entertainment at the Opera House. Or go for scuba diving in the Great Barrier Reef. Yes, you can indulge these activities during Christmas as well. Just make your Christmas and honeymoon memorable.
The picture perfect natural beauty of Iceland will astound you for a moment. Reykjavik is the perfect honeymoon destination in Iceland. Christmas in Iceland will be more of an adventure tour. It is also the perfect place to explore more of countries like the Blue Lagoon, a spa and the Thingvellir National Park, a UNESCO Heritage Site. You can also visit the Northern Lights here. Hotel Borg is the best place to stay in Reykjavik. It combines the Art Deco design with contemporary style. And since you are a honeymoon couple, you can upgrade to a suite where you can get enhanced amenities.
The Caribbean Island is another great place to spend time with your beloved during Christmas. Caribbean Island is a place where you can head to if you detest white Christmas. The cheerful ambiance, fuss-free sightseeing, 9 hours sunshine, average temperature and the gentle breeze create perfect tourist conditions. Barbados and Cayman Islands are the best places to visit here. There are hundreds of beautiful Caribbean resorts, which also organize Christmas party. So you are sure to have fun here.
Maldives, a small island nation is an idyllic place to spend a Christmas+ honeymoon with your partner. It has a string of a thousand islands, all skimming the Indian Ocean surface. Yes, we all know that the Maldives is luxurious and romantic, but it is fun too during Christmas. Being a secular country, Maldives celebrates Christmas with as much fervor as any other Catholic country. And the fireworks on the beaches are not something to miss. If you want to be in seclusion, then you can stay in the water villa. And if you wish to enjoy the festivities, then we would advise you to remain in the main city, Male.
Lapland is a winter wonderland during Christmas. Staying with your lover within the Arctic city will be unusually romantic. Here, you will go for husky rides through the snow, reindeer sledding, stay in ice hotels and snowmobiling. Lapland covers four different countries, but Finland and Sweden are the best choices for Christmas honeymoon. The beautifully decorated buildings and monuments are remarkable sights. The sight of the snow-kissed mountains will surely astound you. And even the cuisine of these countries is delectable.
If you want to enjoy skiing with your partner during the season of Christmas, then Austria is the place to be. Head to the Tirol region of Austria or the lovely Innsbruck for a snowy mountain skiing. If you want to experience traditional Austrian Christmas, then you must visit Kitzbühel resort. And do not forget to take some amazing photographs.
Switzerland is the place for fairytale romance. The frozen lakes surrounded by mountains, the mountain chapels, and the ice igloos, everything about Switzerland is amazing during Christmas. If you want to experience incessant snow, then you can visit the ski resort of Zermatt. The place is also renowned for its Matterhorn towering about the resort and delicious food.
A country of flamenco dancers and delicious spicy food, there's no reason why Spain shouldn't be on your wish list of Christmas honeymoon destinations. Madrid is hands down the best place to check out in Spain. The landscape of this beautiful place looks absolutely dreamy with its cotton like clouds and bright blue sky. The royal architecture of this building speaks volume about the inspiring culture of this country. But if you're a water baby, Canary Island would be your best bet. The temperature of this place is just perfect to soak the sun while marveling the sands of the beaches kissing the magnanimous waves of the ocean. Apart from these two, Barcelona should also be visited by those who're going on a trip of Spain during the Christmas. The best part about this place is that it's less crowded during the winter, making it a perfect escape for the newlyweds.
Christmas and honeymoon cannot get better if you're in Norway, fondly known as the "Land of the Midnight Sun". Oslo, Norway's capital is actually a cosmopolitan city, yet it manages to maintain a balance between the urban gem and countryside life. This city is best explored on foot as it's quite walkable. But if you hate walking, you can get a public transport easily. And if you're looking for a place with cinematic landscape, which can kindle ultimate romance, look no further than the Stavanger Region. With dramatic cliffs, mountains and fjords, the Stavanger Region is romantic in every sense of word. You can even aboard the fjord cruise to explore the beauty of Stavanger.
Another stupendous Christmas honeymoon destination is Croatia. And we're not saying this just for its magnificence and beauty, but also for the fact that it's a lot less crowded during the winter months. Dubrovnik, a paradise with gorgeous ocean views is the most popular city to visit in this country. Its orange roofs make a striking contrast with the blue oceans lining the city. Apart from this, the solemn churches, stunning palaces and cobblestone streets make Dubrovnik even more beautiful.
Split, the oldest and second largest city of Croatia is a perfect example of how a place can maintain the balance between history and modernity. While the bars, restaurants and markets bustle with footfalls, the coastal mountains of Split give utmost calmness and privacy. We'd strongly suggest you to take a ferry tour to explore its vibrant blue sea.
New Zealand is blessed with the most unique, stunning and diverse landscapes in the world, so there's no reason why you should visit it for your honeymoon. This lovely place delivers a perfect balance between mind blowing scenery, relaxed beaches and luxurious accommodations. Furthermore, the weather is also pleasant during the Christmas season, making it a perfect destination for couples who're not a huge fan of white Christmas. We'd strongly suggest you to take road trips across the North and South Islands and indulge in all the exhilarating activities like hiking, kayaking, diving and swimming.
Thailand is another classic Christmas honeymoon destination. After all, what could be better than spending Christmas with your loved one on an island beach or a plush hotel, surrounded by the Andaman Sea and cliffs. Sounds dreamy, isn't it? Thailand offers a wide range of itinerary options like Phi Phi, Krabi, Phuket, Bangkok, Ko Lanta and more. There are endless stretches of white sand beaches, scrumptious food, happening nightlife and more. If you want some peace and quietness, you can spend some time in any of the famous Thai spa. The graciousness and warmth offered by these spas can make any traveler want to stay.
The United States is rarely considered as a honeymoon destination option by couples, but this country turns into a winter wonderland, hence we couldn't help including it in our list. New York City is the best place to visit in the United States. You can ice skate in Central Park or enjoy s'mores over a fire pit at DTUT bar. Don't forget to take a spin on the vintage Jane's Carousal on the Brooklyn Bridge.
Charleston is another wonderful place to visit in the United States during Christmas. We'd suggest you go for a horse-drawn carriage with your beloved in this charming place. Or go for a picnic in White Point Garden or Waterfront Park.
If you're looking for absolute seclusion, visit Sedona in Arizona. This desert oasis looks absolutely stunning in winter, with the red mountaintops dusted white. Even the crowds thin during the winters, which is another plus for newly wed couples.
Fondly referred to as the "City of a Hundred Spires" Prague, the capital of the Czech Republic is the ultimate honeymoon destination, especially during Christmas. It looks absolutely gorgeous when the snow starts falling, signaling the arrival of the holiday season. Explore the cobblestoned streets of the Old Town, which houses the renowned 600 year old Astronomical Clock and of course, the Christmas market, which boasts hundreds of stalls, selling mulled wine, handcrafted decorations and trdelnik, the rolled dough pastries. So halt your diet before visiting Prague for our honeymoon.
If Paris is where you want to go for Christmas, but can't because of budget constraint, Budapest would make a lovely alternative. The scenic candlelit cruise along the Danube won't even make you miss Seine in Paris. It's as beautiful and scenic, if not more. You'll absolutely love fine dining and feasting your ears to rhythmic music while staring across glowing landmarks of the city like Chain Bridge, Royal Palace and the Parliament. What more! Budapest has several thermal baths and hot wells, which will help you keep warm and cozy in the harsh weather of winter.
This beautiful Greek destination, known for its scenic sunsets, is made for every couple. Sitting proudly on the southern Aegean Sea and bearing the same name as the volcano which gave it its existence, Santorini Island will stun you with its gorgeous beauty and blue waters. The mild temperature will allow you and your partner to visit the wineries of the island, lounge on the sand beaches and indulge in the best seafood in the world.
Nice is not just any ordinary Southern France where people flock to during the holidays to escape the harsh winter. There are plenty of other reasons why people, including honeymoon couples prefer Nice as their ideal honeymoon hideaway. First and foremost, it boasts of some of the most luxurious villas perched over the water. Secondly, you can visit scenic villages from Nice in just a couple of hours, which happen to be even more beautiful than Nice. The Eze village, especially provides stunning views of the Mediterranean. Just imagine cozying up with your loved one over a glass of champagne by the fireplace.
Prices will be sky high if you want to visit any corner of the world during Christmas and New Year. And most of the hotels and resorts will give you houseful signs if you have not booked your accommodation in advance. And even flights can be very difficult to get this time. So make sure your book the tickets in advance.


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text:
Network For Landscape Conservation
It is well known that the federal government is heavily in bed with non governmental organizations (NGO), especially our resource agencies through the Department of Interior (DOI) and the U.S. Forest Service (USFS). What may not be understood is how big that bed is or why federal agencies continue to implement NGO objectives over the voice of citizens. The Network For Landscape Conservation (NLC) provides the explanation.
The NLC "mission" is advancing "...collaborative, cross border conservation as an essential approach to connect and protect nature, culture, and community". Note should be taken on that cross border statement. This means across states, counties, and countries, the primary country they are referring to is Canada. There is no recognition of jurisdictional boundaries. NLC is a "hub" of organizations and individuals who participate in the agenda to place as much land as possible into conservation. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Services (USFWS), Yellowstone to Yukon (Y2Y), Nature Conservancy, Land Trusts, Bureau of Land Mangement (BLM), conservation zealots, and others all serve on the coordinating committee. NLC membership includes "100-plus organizational partners and 2,000-plus involved practitioners."
While NLC claims to "bring people together", it is really about robbing citizen rights for representation through their elected officials, instead placing decisions with those who have no interest other than implementing their own ideology. By their own admission, they recognize this is a "shift in process" that "...crosses jurisdictional and topical boundaries, transcending traditional decision-making processes (meaning the foundation of our government as a Republic), and top-down hierarchies." It is government run amok with tyranny.
Recently, Landscape Conservation Cooperatives were "discontinued". However, efforts are now underway by USFWS and state agencies to fund the same objective through "public and private partners" and continue their conservation work. NLC is also pursuing funding for their objectives through a newly created Catalyst Fund, with money coming from foundations. This money will be used to help "build capacity", that is, it will bring in more partners to overpower us with their objectives and build up NGO activity. All of their initiatives in Idaho can be found on this map with the names of the groups that are executing their agenda upon us. Get to know those names so you know who you are dealing with, and their objectives. Since the cooperatives were eliminated, or at least diminished in their capacity, the governments and NGOs are now coalescing into organizations such as the NLC, there are many others. This is creating possibly a new, more powerful mass that will increase their threat towards us.
As seen here, NLC partners include the USFS, BLM, National Park Service, USFWS, NGOs, land trusts, foundations, policy centers, and universities. Nowhere to be found are citizens or local governments. It is these groups and individuals who are making decisions with the federal government on land use, if use is even allowed at all. In conjunction with these groups, federal agencies write policies, then, using the Delphi technique, parade around in front of us with a charade of phony collaborative meetings to placate us into believing we have input. Opposing science to theirs is ignored, violating the Data Quality Act, and impacts to local businesses are dissed which is in conflict with the Regulatory Flexibility Act. Included in these ignored laws is the mandate for Coordination, the requirement that a federal agency meet with local governments to ensure consistency in land use policies prior to any action being taken.
While the NLC claims local governments are aware of and support landscape conservation, when is the last time your elected official announced this support to constituents? Is it the intent for local governments, who hold the highest authority for governance closest to the people, to align "...with appropriate state, federal and non-governmental programs to support landscape conservation..."? Or is that support hidden through unelected associations such as the National Association of Counties? NLC admits to incorporating their objectives "...into existing state policies and programs—in traditional conservation programs like State Wildlife Action Plans...". There is no escaping the fact that the intent is to align government policies that support landscape conservation in all levels of government. To learn more about those objectives NLC has archived webinars which provide insight into how these individuals and groups think and their ideology.
The truth is, federal agencies are in partnership with the NLC and its members to develop policy, however the members of the "Policy Working Group" are not identified. A policy paper was written for President Trump shortly after he was elected, deciding for you that you believe in their brand of conservation, asking for continued use of your tax dollar to support them, and supporting the creation of partnerships with the private sector. Perhaps the groups listed in that paper identify those who are part of the working group. This is why citizens cannot get their voice heard, the NLC and all of their cronies have already made the decision with the federal government. In fact, the 1964 Wilderness Act was written by Howard Zahniser from the Wilderness Society. That is how long the NGOs have had control. Completely left out of the equation is local government and citizen involvement. The federal government works for these groups, not us.
For all of those who are experiencing these atrocities on local issues, your voice being ignored in decisions about public land, take this information to your next meeting with a federal agency, start asking questions about their partnerships with NGOs, and provide those NGO names. Make them aware that you know these partnerships exist and ask that documentation of their work with each other is made available to you. Demand answers, you have a right to know who is running the show with these agencies. Publicize your knowledge about this information, identify the groups and players and name them, identify their objectives and how it aligns with federal agency actions. Expose them, confront them, let others know so they can join you. Now is the time to disrupt their agenda and expose the truth.
Community Based Tourism
Technocrats, those who are driven to have scientific control over society, are working hard to ultimately design how we recreate, known as Community Based Tourism (CBT). In there quest for ultimate control, they are determined to design the area where we recreate, dictate how we mange our businesses and behave as tourists, and decide how we are allowed to enjoy ourselves.
In usual technocratic fashion, definitions of tourism are broken down into microscopic details of data. One shouldn't be allowed to just go someplace and enjoy themselves. Ecotourism is "responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment, sustains the well-being of the local people, and involves interpretation and education" of tourists. This is seen as different from other screwball tourism categories they have created such as responsible, sustainable, or even green tourism. All of these over analyzed definitions of people going somewhere to freely enjoy themselves will just be listed here as Sustainable Tourism (ST). ST has some set criteria that includes consideration for environmental, socio-economic, and cultural impacts, and sustainable management of the tourist destination, all of which are essentially the same as other definitions. These criteria determine how you are allowed to use land, where, and the way in which you should behave.
Yellowstone to Yukon (Y2Y) is part of this agenda and have been very secretive about this longer term plan for CBT, usually referring to it vaguely as a form of economic development or diversity. While working hard to place as much land as possible into protection between existing protected areas (PA) for their connectivity agenda, the end goal includes dictating how that land should be designed and used as a tourist. While this Y2Y link to a conference does not work, it does state the conference includes presentations on "ecosystem economics and tourism", and is appropriately named "Tracking the Human Footprint". This is CBT and there are now degrees that can be earned in this field.
As usual with technocrats, everything has to be broken down into precise categories for scientific measure. For PA tourism, CBT includes the ST concept but in true technocratic fashion, the criteria are even more precisely defined. Increasing the amount of PAs is essential for CBT implementation, and is a driving factor behind the urgency by Y2Y and their partner non-governmental organizations (NGO) to get as much land as possible into protection. Because the list of technocratic CBT requirements is so exhaustive, the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) provides the best guide for now. This particular document is also important because Y2Y is an IUCN member, just type their full name in the search box, and Y2Y founder, Harvey Locke, is also a member, working hard to implement IUCN objectives. The IUCN is an active partner of the United Nations (UN). It is a falsehood for any Y2Y member to say there is no connection to the UN as Jody Hilty, Y2Y President and Chief Scientist, stated while insulting Idaho rural residents at the 31:20 mark in this video. While claiming the population has doubled, Ms. Hilty doesn't believe anyone has the right to freedoms as she condescendingly mocks those who do at the 26:10 mark, and that OHV use should be removed at the 9:00 mark. Doubled in what time frame Ms. Hilty, and is it not rather pompous to presume that this alleged double population will descend on what you believe is land that should never be used? Folks, this is the technocratic arrogance we are dealing with. Ms. Hilty herself references the IUCN PA agenda in the video.
In a 2014 study, Ms. Hilty even scrutinized local land use ordinances for "conservation design" in protected areas, advocating for development that "requires a portion of a residential property to be set aside for conservation" with "smaller lots...clustered together, allowing for open space and biological resources to be permanently protected", having full intentions of targeting local governments for inclusion of these objectives into land use policies. There are Y2Y and other NGO members who carry out these tasks, targeting local governments.
In the IUCN Tourism and visitor management in protected areas Guidelines for sustainability document, all aspects of controlling tourism in PAs is covered. IUCN and others believe tourism has a negative impact on the environment and especially on PAs such as parks and wilderness areas. As more areas are placed into protective status, there will be more regulated use, at least that is the plan. Regulated use considers conservation of the area, economical and social factors, and cultural aspects with guidelines broken down into miniscule details. While this document may seem overwhelming and of not much interest, it should be at least scanned through to understand, and prepare for, the future of what Y2Y and others want to do. Being aware of this regulatory control agenda will assist Idahoans in recognizing it when attempts are made to integrate the objectives into local land use policies.
There are some basic elements to Protected Area Tourism. Some of those elements include programs that educate the the tourist on conservation practices and the importance of PA conservation. Guided tours, campfire talks, and friendly reminders located around the area are just a few traps for education. The intent is influencing both tourist businesses and visitor behavior. These ideologues believe CBT is an economic benefit with increased number of jobs while charging fees for visiting a PA. Also within this fatuous idea is the belief that living standards will increase, cultures will be appreciated more, and mental health will improve, but not without the dichotomy of concerns over "psychological" stress to wildlife and environmental damage from tourism.
As a result, there must be management objectives because of these impacts. Tourism must align with conservation objectives which leads to strict control over land use and the way in which one behaves and visits the area. There should also be a "commercialisation (sic) manual", dictating how businesses are managed, some of which includes adopting "an ecosystem-based approach in tourism development" and designing and adopting "nature-based solutions". For businesses that currently exist, the plan includes educating them on the proper way to conduct their business.
With their "Visitor Management Framework", recommendations include putting "hard limits (up to and including bans) on problematic visitor uses" through zoning, rationing, and enforcement. Other management methods involve increasing surveillance, limiting activity to bike only zones or hiker only days, prohibiting motor use, limiting campsite designation, length of stays, access points, and size of groups; restrictions on campfires, fishing, and hunting; requiring visitors to hire guides; and imposing fines. In the never ending endeavor for control, requiring tourist proof of ecological knowledge and recreational activity skills is even listed. The World Commission on Protected Areas (WCPA) prepared a report for IUCN which has a special tools section for visitor management which IUCN advocates. The U.S. Forest Service and other federal agencies have already adopted these visitor management tools, true technocratic dictatorship.
Certification as a tourist and especially as a business is seen as needed for "conformity to a set of standards, including specific sustainability targets", which they see as a possible "marketing tool" to attract tourists, a way in which to influence behavior, duping people to believe that all of this control over what we do and how we behave is good.
An ominous subject is "buffer zones". These are communities just outside of protected areas, often referred to as failures, in spite of the fact that communities which lie near PAs have been successfully managed by locals and families for generations. Another term for these buffer zones is gateway communities. Because of the erroneous belief that these communities don't know what they are doing, a summit was held in 2018 to discuss strategies on how to change the way in which these communities currently function with local control. This insulting 1999 article also expresses the idea that gateway communities don't know what they are doing and should look like Jackson. Currently, the Federal Highway Administration also has their hands in redesigning gateway communities for economic benefits and "livability", defining a gateway community as a "community directly adjacent to or near public lands managed by a federal agency which actively provides services to the public land visitors." A case is also made for expanding parks to manage the deluge of tourists, just sucking those gateway communities right into the fold of dictatorship. For every Idaho tourist community near public or protected land, you are a target for this agenda, starting with communities near Yellowstone.
The United Nations Environmental Program (UNEP) also has their fingers in the bowl for PA tourism, publishing this Ecotourism: Principles, Practices & Policies for Sustainability document in 2002. Y2Y is identified as an active "regional" participant in this 2012 document, Sustainable Mountain Development Green Economy and Institutions, which describes the true intention behind Y2Y activities, a "framework" for mountain development. With Agenda 21 as a key reference for future action for Governance, the focus is conservation and development, "green investment", policy partnerships with the private sector (P3), and green energy use. What this gibberish really means is the technocrats believe we are unable to control our growth with proper planning, harm the land and environment, and indeed we ourselves need to be micromanaged. This is one massive agenda for control, or more appropriately worded, dictatorship, and our government is right in line to implement it in their partnerships with the UN and NGOs such as Y2Y. The UN World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) is spreading this same agenda around the world, promoting "observation" of nature, specialized tour operators, managing areas for conservation, and promotion of education on conservation.
Both Agenda 21 (pg 33) and 2030 have specific sections on tourism. This objective has been planned for many years and as more land is placed into forms of protection, they are to the point where more dictatorial methods will incrementally be placed on us. The UN recently updated their sustainable mountain development objectives.
To guard your local land use policies from this assault, contact your local elected officials about creating a citizen advisory committee (CAC), there are multiple types of CACs, one of which could be specific to land use policies. The mission can be simple, to have citizen involvement over decisions made for land policies and prevent the inclusion of the ST agenda. It also ensures citizens would have prominent input into those policies as the CAC could hold public meetings, rather than NGOs controlling the discussion. This would also be a tremendous service to your commissioners and council members as understanding state land use laws can be complex. Recommendations can be made to the officials, this being especially critical for "gateway" communities. If you want to get involved in protecting your community from the larger Y2Y and UN agenda, give this some serious thought. Create a Resource Management Plan similar to this Custer County prooposal that ensures adherence to federal laws and maintains local control. Now is the time for you to leave behind the "I don't know what to do" slogan. Be the sheepdog before a sustainable tourism corporate developer comes knocking at your door to design the whole area as a master plan, or through the federal government.
Otherwise, you will be outweighed by this agenda, and the graphic below indicates your position in the decisions.
Heck NO, Rep. Simpson
The federal government has increasingly been engaging in public-private partnerships (P3) as a way in which to fund projects. A huge portion of these partnerships involves conservation and land use, but not to the advantage of Idahoans. Rep. Simpson was previously involved in the Boulder-White Clouds designation as a wilderness and actively engaged with the Idaho Conservation League to get that accomplished. Aside from his alliance with non-governmental organizations (NGO), who they themselves are heavily financed by foundations, he is now taking a direct turn to corporate troughs for their endless pit of money, money that is often used to suck up land for non-use, known as syndicated conservation easements.
Sen. Risch and Idaho Fish & Game have also turned to corporate money to fund conservation. It seems Rep. Simpson has adopted that approach. Along with Rep. Kilmer (D-WA), Rep. Simpson introduced the Land and National Park Deferred Maintenance (LAND) Act. Federal "investment" using corporate profits? Using energy revenues, this bill would "...permanently reauthorize LWCF and create new dedicated funding to address the maintenance backlog at National Parks and other public lands.". The Land and Water Conservation Fund (LWCF) was allowed to expire September 30, 2018, and for good reason. As Rep. Bishop points out, the original LWCF intent was to "preserve, develop and ensure access to outdoor recreation facilities" splitting money between state funding and federal land acquisition, with 60 percent going to states. Because of intense lobbying by environmental groups, the majority of that money now goes to the federal government for land acquisition, having added another 5 million acres of land under federal control.
Corporatism over our lands advanced after Bass Pro founder John L. Morris, with other corporate and NGO friends, created the Blue Ribbon Panel (BRP) in 2014 to fund State Wildlife Action Plans (SWAP), which targets species and habitats for conservation, for 1.3 billion. The same 1.3 billion dollars keeps popping up in other legislation. Restore Our Parks and Public Lands Act, introduced in 2018, also addresses the same maintenance backlog of parks, with the same 1.3 billion, in addition to Rep. Simpson's and Sen. Risch's bills. President Trump even previously budgeted Department of Interior money from sales of energy resources on public land for park maintenance backlog in 2018, and again this year. A full accounting of the Department of Interior 2019 budget can be found here. If corporate money is used for these activities, who has control over the land and how it is used? Will our national parks become corporate dens? Environmental groups are thrilled to potentially have their trough restored, regardless of which bill succeeds or where the money comes from.
It should be no surprise that P3 "investments" are increasing. Throughout Agenda 21 are references to creating P3's for Sustainable Development (SD) implementation. NGOs such as Yellowstone to Yukon are heavily funded by foundations and governments, admit to corporate funding, and are even allowed to accept foreign funding for SD. If energy revenues are used for maintenance backlog, what will be the payoff for the corporation in advertising and product distribution? Concern about corporate involvement from corporate donations has already been raised, just how much corporate control will there be through the influence of a P3? What concerns will there be with large sums of money that rebuild infrastructure? Who will get the sweetest deal? How much advertising will be allowed with slogans like, "This eco-restroom was proudly restored by Shell"? We have already seen our sports stadiums being renamed in the honor of some corporation, will this become the direction for our parks? National Parks have a permitting process for commercial activities with requirements on allowed activities. What constraints will be created for corporate financing though a P3?
Below is a short video on Agenda 21 P3. Or a slightly longer version is here.
Agenda 2030 is no exception for P3, if anything it is an advancement. Keeping in mind that the United Nations (UN) has partnerships with major corporations to implement SD, a.k.a. Agenda 21/2030, it is the natural course for them to use these partnerships as an avenue to integrate their agenda into governments with P3. Because of the SD goals for changing our infrastructure, corporate funding becomes necessary, at least according to the UN, even holding conferences on it. This is a natural way in which to fund and advance their agenda, the caveat for money acquisition is corporate SD requirements, and so very sadly, our elected officials fall for it. Or do they know about it and agree? With P3s, the UN is directing us into corporatism, where our country will be run by corporations through our government, and they have a plan just for that, Vision 2050, it is all laid out on what the world will look like with corporate governance.
Why, Why, Why do we continually fail to remove traitors of our Constitution from elected office? Why are we not able to come together enough for a force that will end this continued destruction of our sovereignty? We cannot continue to haplessly stand by and allow this to happen. President Trump says America will never be a socialist country, yet everything now continues to lead us that way, and in some cases we are already there. P3s are just another way in which it is being done.
Contact Rep. Simpson and let him know you vehemently oppose his bill that destroys our sovereignty, that we do not want corporations funding our public lands, that the LWCF should not be renewed due to its use as a government trough for accruing more land, and if he chooses to not listen to his constituents every effort will be made to remove him from office at the next election, or sooner by recall. Pass this on to everyone you know, have them pass it on. It doesn't just affect Idahoans, it will affect every citizen in America.


Governor David Umahi of Ebonyi on has declared Friday, February 15, a public holiday to enable citizens travel to places they registered for the elections and vote.
He said that the decision was to prevent such citizens from traveling on Saturday, February 16, because of transportation challenge that might be experienced on election day.
"I want you to come out in your numbers and give me a minimum of 1.2 million votes which Ebonyi is known for.
Meanwhile, Legit.ng previously reported that the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) says it will deploy a state-of-the-art "Parallel Voting Tabulation (PVT)'' system and four other strategies to prevent any form of rigging or manipulation in Saturday's presidential election.


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Jun 17, 2019 Posted by keeperchad on Jun 17, 2019 in General Updates, MU Podcast Episodes
MUP Episode 175 – How Adair You
This episode we've got Christopher Smith Adair in the guest chair to discuss sundry projects, including a newly released (to PDF) Pulp Cthulhu campaign, a scenario for Golden Goblin Press's An Inner Darkness, and much more. This episode was recorded on June 6, 2019.
Yog-Sothoth.com is "going deep." After 21 years, the site will now be available only by direct access to the 20,000+ members. In the announcement, founder Paul Maclean said the move would mean "we will have less of an issue with spammers and bots and more importantly it may also help foster a more "club-like" atmosphere (which remains open to all new members). We are far from the first to do this, but we're probably one of the largest in what we cover. A natural concern is that by becoming part of the "Deep Web" we may miss potential members, however it's become clear over the past year that this should not be the case. The most powerful form of promotion is word of mouth."
Our own Jon Hook has a new adventure available on the Miskatonic Repository. It's called "Spark of Life," and it's designed to be played with the Keeper and one player. He is coining a term for this style of game: "An Isolated Investigator Adventure."
Mark Morrison is releasing on Drivethru RPG his second-ever scenario for Call of Cthulhu, called "The Saltwater Inheritance," which was for a competition in White Dwarf Magazine around, and though it was a runner-up in the contest, the adventure never saw print.
We have wrapped up our first contest on the MUP Discord Server. The prize was a brand new copy of the Miskatonic University: Restricted Collection board game. Participants had to write a Lovecraftian or Cthulhueque haiku in the Contest_1 channel. There were a ton of great entries, so thank you to everyone who participated. The winner of the board game is… Tic! And his winning haiku goes like this…
The cold void yawns wide.
Breaking my feeble mind on,
Dread reality.
Jon was recently a guest on the amazing literary and gaming podcast, The Appendix N Book Club. This podcast is dedicated to reading all of the literature referenced by Gary Gygax in Appendix N of the Dungeon Master's Guide, (old school AD&D). Jon was invited to read and speak about The Lurker at the Threshold, by August Derleth and H. P. Lovecraft, on Episode 48.
Want to check out the Discord server? Here an invite link: https://discord.gg/vNjEv9D
Thank you to Max for editing this episode!
Episode 2 of "The Journals of Laura Logan."
By the way, the reader, Kerrie TC, is available for voice-over work if anyone has leads, please send them to kerrietcrpgs@gmail.com.
From Danial: I was thinking of this topic with regards to video games, which typically prevent you from killing NPCs, and in the ones that don't, you'll usually be killed in retaliation in pretty short order. The "You Died" scenario could be resolved in CoC with the flashback technique you guys mentioned, but perhaps we could take a page from the games that prevent you from doing bad things in the first place. Say the guy wants to shoot the kid in the street. You could have an NPC run out screaming at them to stop, and the distraction then adds a Penalty Die to their shot. It's not stopping them from doing it, but it's making it a lot harder.
Christopher runs down a number of projects he's embroiled with:
Cold Fire Within – the Pulp campaign is now in the wild.
Arkham Gazette #4 – a scenario in Kingsport based details from a WH Pugmire story. Adair visited Marblehead while writing it and used some real-world inspiration.
"Dreams of Silk" for GGP in the Inner Darkness book – covering labor rights.
And "A Dread Gift of Flame," a scenario set in Samoa that he is publishing with Stygian Fox for charity.
Also, a short-story collection that he is editing with a new small press, Stay Strange Publishing.
Check out the announcement for Too Many Eyes by Patrick Loveland.
Some other mentions during the discussion:
Marblehead Museum, home of the J.O.J. Frost Gallery.
Adair's tribute to Wilum H. Pugmire.
The announcement of the splitting of the Kingsport issue of the Arkham Gazette.


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Southwest Philadelphia Events
Upcoming Events at The Adrienne Theater
SANTA's SING-A-LONG Direct from New York comes to Philadelphia
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Home / USA / West Virginia state
West Virginia is a state located in the Appalachian region of the Southern United States. It is bordered by Virginia to the southeast, Kentucky to the southwest, Ohio to the northwest, Pennsylvania to the north (and, slightly, east), and Maryland to the northeast. West Virginia is the 10th smallest by area, is ranked 38th in population, and has the fourth-lowest household income of the United States. The capital and largest city is Charleston.
West Virginia became a state following the Wheeling Conventions of 1861, after the American Civil War had begun. Delegates from some Unionist counties of northwestern Virginia decided to break away from Virginia, although they included many secessionist counties in the new state. West Virginia was admitted to the Union on June 20, 1863, and was a key border state during the war. West Virginia was the only state to form by separating from a Confederate state, the first to separate from any state since Maine separated from Massachusetts, and was one of two states admitted to the Union during the American Civil War (the other being Nevada). While a portion of its residents held slaves, most of the residents were yeomen farmers, and the delegates provided for gradual abolition of slavery in the new state constitution.
The Census Bureau and the Association of American Geographers classify West Virginia as part of the Southern United States. The northern panhandle extends adjacent to Pennsylvania and Ohio, with the West Virginia cities of Wheeling and Weirton just across the border from the Pittsburgh metropolitan area, while Bluefield is less than 70 miles (110 km) from North Carolina. Huntington in the southwest is close to the states of Ohio and Kentucky, while Martinsburg and Harpers Ferry in the Eastern Panhandle region are considered part of the Washington metropolitan area, in between the states of Maryland and Virginia. The unique position of West Virginia means that it is often included in several geographical regions, including the Mid-Atlantic, the Upland South, and the Southeastern United States. It is the only state that is entirely within the area served by the Appalachian Regional Commission, the area is commonly defined as "Appalachia".
The state is noted for its mountains and rolling hills, its historically significant logging and coal mining industries, and its political and labor history. It is one of the most densely karstic areas in the world, making it a choice area for recreational caving and scientific research.The karst lands contribute to much of the state's cool trout waters. It is also known for a wide range of outdoor recreational opportunities, including skiing, whitewater rafting, fishing, hiking, backpacking, mountain biking, rock climbing, and hunting.
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Maps of West Virginia. Detailed map collection of West Virginia state. Other maps of West Virginia.
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