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J-Z40052 Late Bronze Age Migration from the Balkans to Sweden
December 11, 2019 admin 1 Comment
J-Z40052 is a lineage within the European major branch of J-M241 known as J-L283. It is a lineage that formed during a period of rapid diversification when the two child lineages of J-Z2507, called J-Y15058 and J-Z638 sired many successive lineages and sublineages between 2400-1800 BC.
We are fortunate that, in determining the birth place of Y15058, we have an ancient sample that lived close to its MRCA and that also matches the modern diversity in the Balkans. I4331 was a 5-7 year old boy who died about 3591 years ago and was discovered in a burial mound in Vrgorac in Split-Dalmatia County, in southern Croatia.
So because he lived only about 300 years after the common ancestor of J-Y15058 there is a good chance that the origin of J-Y15058 itself is not far away. Especially because this boy was also negative for Z40053 and J-Z38241 which appear to have ranged far within a short time.
J-Z40052, had two children, J-Z40054 and J-Z4133. Based on the evidence described above and given that J-Z40054 has modern descendants who trace descent to Albania, Romania and Rome, it makes the most sense that both J-Z40052 and J-Z40054, like their ancestors, were born in the Balkans. Then it gets interesting...
Both sibling branches below J-Z40052, whose most recent common ancestor lived 1900 BC have modern descendants in Sweden, living only 56km walk distant from one another.
Because of the circumstantial evidence linking this lineage to a Balkan origin, I see the Swedish presence of both branches as the result of a migrating kin group undertaken by either of these simplified interpretations (for there could be several generations between successive SNPs):
Father (J-Z40052) and son (J-Z40054), whereby 2nd son J-Z4133 was sired in Scandinavia
Older and younger brothers (J-Z40054 and J-Z4133) - the latter being a younger brother could explain why he didn't sire lineages in the Balkans (or they just haven't been found or died out)
The latest date such a migration would have taken place would have had to have been 1100 BC because this is when the MRCA of J-Z4133, which seems to have a Swedish origin, lived. If a Swedish origin seems like a stretch, now look at the distribution of the Scottish cluster of J-Z4133*.
I'm not a sailor or artist, take these paths as very approximate. Really just consider the start and end points. Note the striking proximity between Z40054 and Z4133 samples in Sweden who descend from a common ancestor from the Middle Bronze Age. I think the most plausible and simple explanation is that they migrated there together long before the Viking Age, given Scandinavian/Viking links to other Z4133.
I propose a Scandinavian Viking link to the Scottish Z4133* cluster given that Swedes are found in both Z4133 and Z40054 and given that the areas of Scotland where these men live were part of the were conquered by Viking Kingdom of the Isles. The more remote of these areas, the Hebrides, has one of the highest concentrations of Scots Gaelic speakers with over 50% conversant. This is a remote place and this makes it more likely that a possible Viking link, if the dates match, is a more plausible theory than another.
Only one man has done NGS so we don't yet have a YFull estimate for this cluster's TRMCA. While Z4133 itself has MRCA who lived 1100 BC, the absolute genetic distance between the men in the Scottish cluster range from 9-15/67, making a Viking era MRCA possible. Additionally, another man sharing some of these cluster's STRs traces descent to Sweden in general.
Viking Expansion in Europe. Created by Max Naylor.
I leave it to historians to discuss the likelihood of Swedish Vikings rather than Norwegians as having undertaken such a migration to the Hebrides. Vikings frequently entered military alliances with rulers from different areas. I think given the rest of the circumstantial evidence it's not much of a stretch to assume either this, or that our ancestral Swede became a Norwegian by the Viking Age.
Another link to Sweden is manifested by a Polish Z4133>BY75735. He traces descent to Szczytno, which is a 140km walk to the medieval port city of Truso, an important stop along the Amber Road connecting the Baltic coast of Poland to Gotland, Sweden.
The second confirmed BY75735 traces descent to Cormont, France, an area raided by Vikings and not far from their colony of Normandy.
The TMRCA of BY75735 is estimated at 400 BC, well before the Viking Age. So these men's ancestors may have migrated to these areas before the Viking Age, as part of the Migration Period movements of Germanic tribes believed to have originated in Scandinavia.
How does such a 1900-1100 BC migration to Scandinavia fit the archaeological record?
Unfortunately it doesn't exactly fit with a known major migration. The Corded Ware horizon which is a good candidate for bringing an Indo-European lineage from the Balkans to Scandinavia is considered to have lasted from 2900 - 2350 BC.
The Bell Beakers are attributed with having established long range trade networks but most maps I find don't consider Scandinavia as within this phenomenon. I do remember reading about wrist guards and flint arrow heads being found in Denmark, however, which are hallmarks of Bell Beaker culture.
The Nordic Bronze Age begins, according to Wikipedia, 1700 BC so this fits.
So I think we can look at this migration as economic, perhaps related to the Amber Road possibly coinciding with the beginning of a period of greater stability and wealth in the Nordic Bronze Age.
There are many in forums who reject out of hand that a J2 subclade may have migrated to NW Europe before the Romans. It is true that no pre-Roman ancient samples north of the Alps have been found.
One should consider what they think the likelihood is that, given the small number of J-L283 ancient samples that have been found whatsoever, that none have yet been found in a region when they would have constituted an even smaller minority of the population.
The men who brought J-L283 to Sweden may have been as few as 4 men. Two men brought J-Z40052, one/two may have brought J-Y23094, one may have brought J-Y82184.
"The climate [Scandinavia] was comparable to that of present-day central Germany and northern France and permitted a fairly dense population and good opportunities for farming" - Nordic Bronze Age, Wikipedia
This warm climate persisted until around 850 BC and would have likely supported a higher population than during the Viking Age. So we're really looking for needles in haystacks to find an ancient J-M241 sample in the Nordic Bronze Age, even if they were really there.
It should also be noted that there is a precedent for mass migrations of Southern Europeans to Northern Europe in the Late Bronze Age 1200 BC in the Tollense River Battle. To my knowledge Y haplogroup information has not yet been released from this study but it will be interesting.
An interesting possibility, that can be better considered once we have better resolution on the origin of J-Y23094, is whether it is possible that Y23094* and Y23094>Y36192 comigrated to Sweden with their J-Z40054 and J-Z4133 distant cousins. The MRCA of Y23094 lived 1600 BC and was likely also living in Southern Europe. So if this was a single comigration it would have had to have occurred between 1600-1100 BC. I'll revisit this theory after J-Y23094 resolves further and after having added comigration discovery to PhyloGeographer.
These posts are the opinion of Hunter Provyn, a haplogroup researcher in J-M241 and J-M102.
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1 thought on "J-Z40052 Late Bronze Age Migration from the Balkans to Sweden"
rory thomas says:
As previosly stated a lot of this goes over my head but in general a facinating study.My Personal DNA test via ancestry indicates only about 3% Scandinavian please keep up theis interesting project.Thanks
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Dana Gas, the Middle East's largest regional natural gas company, today reported full-year 2017 gross revenue and a net profit of $450 million and $83 million, respectively, compared to $392 million and a net loss of $88 million in 2016.
The turnaround was led by higher realised liquid prices, higher production in Egypt and tight management of operational expenses.
Higher profit was also supported by the successful settlement agreement with the Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG).
However, Q4 net profit was impacted by an impairment charge of $34 million against the UAE Zora asset following the year-end reserve report.
The group average production in 2017 increased to 67,600 barrels of oil equivalent per day (boepd), up 1 per cent from 67,050 boepd in 2016. Annual production in Egypt was 5 per cent higher at 39,500 boepd. KRI production was flat at 25,750 boepd vis-à-vis 2016 and the UAE's Zora Gas field produced 1,650 boepd in 2017 as compared to 2,700 boepd in 2016.
The average realised liquid price was $40 per barrel of oil equivalent (boe), compared to $33 boe in 2016, a 21 per cent increase in 2017. The group average production in Q4 2017 was lower at 67,350 boepd, compared to 69,450 boepd in 2016.
The year-end cash balance stood at $608 million, double that of $302 million reported at the end of 2016. This cash balance is largely a consequence of the $210 million dividend received from Pearl Petroleum Company as part of the KRG settlement, a $110 million industry payment in Egypt and $22 million of condensate export in Egypt.
The cash balance does not include the $140 million held by Pearl for the developmental of the Kurdistan Region of Iraq (KRI) assets.
The company kept costs and expenses to a minimum which resulted in a G&A spend of $15 million and operational expenses of $52 million, totalling $67 million, it said. This is in line with 2016's $65 million and is the fourth consecutive year of targeted cost reductions.
The company will carry-on focussing on cash conservation in 2018 as payments from Egypt remain uncertain and geopolitical risks in the region persist. Capital expenditure was $47 million in 2017 and the projected spend in 2018 is $50 million which includes completing the Egypt drilling programme and the KRI expansion plans.
Dr Patrick Allman-Ward, CEO of Dana Gas, said: "Our settlement agreement with the Kurdistan Regional Government was a major milestone for the company. This has allowed us to start to fully develop the Khor Mor and Chemchemal fields, two truly world-class gas fields, with in-place volumes of approximately 75 trillion cu ft of wet gas and 7 billion barrels of oil, to the benefit of the people of the Kurdistan Region and all of Iraq. Our targeted production increases in the KRI are 20 per cent this year and 170 per cent in the next two to three years. The strength of our portfolio lies in organic growth and this will be our principal focus for 2018 and onwards. If all goes according to plan we will be producing, together with our partners in Pearl Petroleum just under 900 million standard cubic feet per day from our expanded facilities by 2021. We are also pleased to have qualified with the Iraq Oil Ministry for their upcoming bidding round as we seek to rejuvenate the company's opportunity portfolio.
The company said advice received from independent legal advisers at the end of May 2017 stated that the terms of the company's Sukuk Al Mudarabah were not compliant with Shari'a principles and are unlawful under the laws of the UAE and therefore were void and unenforceable. The outcome of the ongoing litigation finally in UAE courts could result in a significant liability for the Sukukholders to repay the company excess 'on account profit payments' based on a lawful reconciliation of the transaction, it said.


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YOU ARE AT: Business MK > News > Culture change goes under the marketing spotlight
Senior lecturer in marketing Dr Andrew Lindridge will discuss how organisations should respond to the challenges of the evolving demographics of western societies and developing nations and consider how to deal with the cultural changes this brings.
He will share his insights into how to negotiate the issues of culture and identity in business from a marketing perspective.
Dr Lindridge said: "Consumers often unintentionally purchase products not for what they offer but for what they culturally represent. By recognising this relationship, marketers have a commercial opportunity to enhance the cultural appeal of their product to prospective consumers.
"For example, the emergence of China as a key market for many prestigious European brands reflects wider global socio-economic, cultural and political changes.
"Indeed, your next Audi, BMW, Jaguar or Mercedes car is more likely to be designed to please Chinese cultural tastes than those of British or German consumers."
Recognising cultural differences, however, is not only applicable to developing countries. The past 50 years have witnessed unprecedented levels of global migration. One outcome has been changing demographics of many western countries.
Dr Lindridge said: "As the demographics of western societies change, to what extent are the tastes of minority groups reflected, or instead, do they represent a global group that shares a common culture that transcends national boundaries?"
How marketers should negotiate the relationship between their products, cultural meanings and how consumers interpret these meanings will be explored in the presentation.
Dr Lindridge will be joined by Dr Terry O'Sullivan, senior lecturer in management, who will be facilitating the event.
The OUBS Business Network Breakfast Briefing takes place on July 7. A hot breakfast buffet will be served at 8am and the presentation will start at 8.30. From 9.30am, there will be an opportunity for networking. The event is free to attend but booking is essential.
For further information, or to register for a place, email OU-Business-Network@open.ac.uk or call 01908 332007.
www.open.ac.uk/business-school

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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MICHAEL Jackson's daughter, Paris has checked into a facility for mental health treatment in an effort to realign her physical and emotional health.
A source close to the 20-year-old confirmed to People magazine that Paris had checked into an undisclosed location after a "busy" 2018.
"After a busy year of work engagements that took her all over the globe, Paris decided that she needed to take some time off to reboot, realign and prioritise her physical and emotional health," the source said.


Illinois Law Blog | Baker Sterchi Cowden & Rice L.L.C.
Not all employment-related claims are subject to an employment agreement's mandatory arbitration clause, according to the Illinois Appellate Court for the First District.
In Liu v. Four Seasons Hotel, LTD., 2019 IL App (1st) 182645 (April 9, 2019), the plaintiffs, all employees of the defendant hotels, filed a class action alleging their employer violated the Biometric Information Privacy Act (740 ILCS 14/1 et seq. (West 2016)) in their method of collecting, using, storing, and disclosing employees' biometric data, namely fingerprints taken for timekeeping purposes. Defendants filed a motion to compel arbitration, arguing that each employee signed an employment agreement requiring "wage and hour violation" claims, as well as the initial question of arbitrability, be submitted to and decided by an arbitrator.
Illinois enacted the Biometric Information Privacy Act in 2008 to help regulate the collection, use, safeguarding, handling, storage, retention, and destruction of biometric identifiers and information. These identifiers include things like retina or iris scans, fingerprints, voiceprints, hand scans, or face geometry scans. The Act provides a private right of action that permits a prevailing party to recover damages of $1000 or actual damages (if greater) for negligent violation of the Act and $5000 or actual damages (if greater) for intentional or reckless violations, in addition to attorney's fees and costs.
The plaintiffs, on behalf of themselves and all those similarly situated, claimed defendants scanned their fingerprints, placed and maintained that biometric data in a database, and then used it for timekeeping purposes. They alleged violations of the Act in defendants' failure (1) to inform employees that it discloses fingerprint data to an out-of-state third party vendor; (2) to inform employees in writing of the specific purpose and length of time for which their fingerprints were being collected, stored, and used; (3) to provide a retention schedule and guidelines for permanent deletion of biometric information; and (4) to acquire written releases from employees to collect biometric information.
The trial court denied the defendant's Motion to Compel Arbitration, and the Appellate Court affirmed. The Appellate Court held the claims did not fit within the "wage or hour violation" category of disputes subject to mandatory arbitration under the employment agreements. The defendants argued the sole purpose for requiring employees to scan their fingerprints was to monitor the hours worked, which necessarily makes it a "wage or hour violation" claim. The Court, however, looked to how this phrase has been used in other contexts, such as under Illinois' Wage Payment Act or Minimum Wage Law or the federal Fair Labor Standards Act. In all those enactments, wage and hour violation claims involve allegations of an employer wrongfully withholding compensation or failing to pay employees overtime rates. Plaintiffs here, in contrast, alleged nothing beyond violations of the Biometric Information Privacy Act. They made no claims of improperly withheld compensation or hours violations.
This opinion, as we noted in an earlier blog post addressing Rosenbach, creates a strong incentive for employers to conform to the Act to prevent problems before they occur and subject them to potential civil litigation, as mandatory arbitration clauses may not cover the claims.
In a case of first impression, the Illinois Appellate Court, First District, applying federal law principles, held that a party who discloses a testifying expert may later redesignate that witness as a consultant whose opinions and work product are privileged and protected from discovery absent a showing of exceptional circumstances.
In Dameron v. Mercy Hospital and Medical Center, plaintiff Alexis Dameron disclosed Dr. David Preston in her interrogatory answers as a testifying expert witness on May 30, 2017. She further disclosed, pursuant to the applicable rules, that Dr. Preston would provide testimony regarding the results of testing he was to perform on Ms. Dameron on June 1, 2017. Dr. Preston did perform tests of the Plaintiff and later prepared a report in which he discussed his findings and opinions, but the report was never disclosed, despite Illinois Supreme Court Rule 213(f)(3) requiring disclosure of "any" reports prepared by a controlled expert about the case.
Almost two months later, on July 27, 2017, Ms. Dameron notified opposing counsel that she had "inadvertently" disclosed Dr. Preston as a testifying expert and amended her discovery answers excluding Dr. Preston as a testifying expert.
A consultant is a person who has been retained or specially employed in anticipation of litigation or preparation for trial but who is not to be called at trial. The identity, opinions, and work product of a consultant are discoverable only upon a showing of exceptional circumstances under which it is impracticable for the party seeking discovery to obtain facts or opinions on the same subject matter by other means.
The circuit court denied Ms. Dameron's motion to redesignate Dr. Preston and ordered Plaintiff to produce Dr. Preston's records and report regarding the testing he performed. Plaintiff refused, and the trial court found her in contempt, imposing a $100 fine. Plaintiff filed a motion to reconsider, which was likewise denied by the trial court, but reduced the fine to $1. Plaintiff then appealed the matter to the Appellate Court for the First Circuit.
The Appellate Court ultimately reversed the circuit court's decision and held, as a matter of first impression, that where a previously disclosed testifying expert is timely withdrawn prior to disclosing his or her report in discovery, the expert may be redesignated as a Rule 201(b)(3) consultant and entitled to the consultant's privilege against disclosure, absent exceptional circumstances.
Given it was a matter of first impression, the Appellate Court found sufficient similarities between Illinois and federal discovery rules and rendered federal case law on this issue persuasive. Federal case law supported the contention that both the disclosure of the expert as well as the expert's required report is necessary to fully disclose a testifying expert under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 26. In this case, Ms. Dameron had only disclosed Dr. Preston's identity, but had not disclosed or identified his report because at the time she filed her answers to interrogatories, Dr. Preston had not yet conducted his testing.
Defendants made several arguments in an attempt to gain access to Dr. Preston's examination results. They argued that Dr. Preston was a treating physician and, consequently, Plaintiff waived any right to withhold the results. The Appellate Court disagreed and found Dr. Preston was hired to testify, not to treat. They also argued that Ms. Dameron's disclosure of Dr. Preston was a judicial admission, but the court disagreed arguing Plaintiff was permitted to withdraw Dr. Preston as a witness and/or supplement her discovery answers.
Defendants further argued that because Dr. Preston was initially disclosed as a testifying expert, Plaintiff waived any privilege to Dr. Preston's report. However, the court stated that the rules only required Plaintiff to turn over a report if Dr. Preston was going to testify at trial. Defendants also argued that they were entitled to the report because it contained relevant facts, but the court disagreed and found that Dr. Preston's report was protected by the consultant's work product privilege only subject to discovery upon showing of exceptional circumstances.
Finally, Defendants argued that Plaintiff was attempting to subvert the legal process. The timeline of these events does appear to be highly suspicious in that the motion to redesignate Dr. Preston was filed after he presumably drafted his report and almost two months after disclosure. One may assume that Dr. Preston's report was unfavorable to Plaintiff and, consequently, prompted her to withdraw Dr. Preston as an expert. Nevertheless, the court found that Defendants failed to identify any evidence to support their claim of Plaintiff's subversion of the legal process.
The Appellate Court ultimately held that where a previously disclosed testifying expert witness has been timely withdrawn prior to disclosing his or her report in discovery, the expert may be redesignated a Rule 201(b)(3) consultant and entitled to the consultant's privilege against disclosure, absent exceptional circumstances. The court found no exceptional circumstances in this case.
The implications of this case are significant, and this is probably not the end of the story, as this issue will likely be relitigated in the future should parties employ this as a tactical litigation strategy.
In this age of face recognition, digital fingerprints, and iris scans, what allegations and proof of damages is sufficient to state a claim for the mishandling of biometric identifiers? Must the aggrieved party have suffered any actual damages beyond the improper collection, retention or disclosure of his biometric identifiers themselves?
In Stacy Rosenbach, as Mother and Next Friend of Alexander Rosenbach v. Six Flags Entertainment Corporation, 2019 IL 123186, the plaintiff alleged violations under Illinois' Biometric Information Privacy Act (740 ILCS 14/1 et seq. (2016)). The Act imposes restrictions on how private entities collect, retain, disclose, and destroy biometric identifiers, such as retina or iris scans, fingerprints, voiceprints, scans of hand or face geometry, or other biometric information. Under the Act, any person "aggrieved" by a violation of its provisions "shall have a right of action… against an offending party" and "may recover for such violation" the greater of liquidated or actual damages, reasonable attorney fees and costs, and any other relief, including an injunction, that the court deems appropriate. The issue in this particular case was whether a person qualifies as an "aggrieved" person and may seek liquidated damages and injunctive relief pursuant to the Act if he has not alleged some actual injury or adverse effect, beyond violation of his rights under the statute. The First District Court of Appeals answered this question in the negative, holding a plaintiff who alleges only a technical violation of the statute without alleging some injury or adverse effect is not an aggrieved person under the Act.
Since at least 2014 defendant Six Flags has used a fingerprinting process when issuing season passes to its Great America theme park. Plaintiff alleged the system scans pass holders' fingerprints; collects, records and stores biometric identifiers and information gleaned from the fingerprints; and then stores that data in order to quickly verify customer identities upon subsequent visits to the park.
Plaintiff's 14 year old son was to visit the park on a school field trip in May or June 2014, and plaintiff purchased a season pass for him online. When he arrived at the park with his class, he had to complete the season pass sign-up process, which included scanning his thumb into defendant's biometric data capture system. The complaint alleged that plaintiff was not informed in advance that the minor's fingerprints were to be used as part of defendant's season pass system and that neither the minor son nor his mother were informed in writing of the purpose or length of term for which his fingerprint had been collected. Neither of them signed any release or written consent for the collection, storage, use, dissemination, disclosure, or trade of the fingerprint or the associated biometric information. The complaint also alleged that, although the minor child has not visited the park since that school field trip, defendant has retained his biometric identifiers and information and has not disclosed what was done with the information or how long it will be kept.
Plaintiff's complaint sought redress for the minor child, individually and on behalf of all other similarly situated persons under the Act. The defendant moved to dismiss on the basis that the plaintiff had suffered no actual or threatened injury and something more than just a violation of the Act must be alleged to state a claim. The Appellate Court for the First District agreed with defendant and held that while the injury or adverse effect alleged need not be pecuniary, it must be something more than a technical violation of the Act. 2017 IL App (2d) 170317.
This opinion creates a strong incentive for private entities, which might include not only theme parks but financial institutions, recreational facilities or health clubs, employers, etc., to conform to the law and prevent problems before they occur and cannot be undone.


Since WFFS is an autosomal recessive trait, a foal can only be affected if it inherits the disorder from both parents. Horses with just one copy of the defective gene are considered "carriers" and do not have any symptoms associated with WFFS, but have the ability to pass on the gene to offspring. If a carrier is mated to another carrier, it is possible for the foal to inherit two copies of the defective gene and, if born, exhibit signs of WFFS. While it is currently believed that the vast majority of Warmblood horses do not carry this defective gene, it is important to be aware that this disorder does exist.
The KWPN-NA is aware of our members' increasing concerns regarding this genetic disorder, and as a registry we are now researching and discussing the best policies to enact in order to keep the health and welfare of our horses at the forefront while also assisting breeders in making good breeding choices to produce the best and healthiest sport horses possible. Our office also remains in close communication with the KWPN headquarters in The Netherlands as they also continue to study the situation, and we will share any knowledge gained with our members via our website, e-newsletters, and social media.


"I would like to thank Pinnacle Dog Sports for an awesome weekend of agility at the Westie trial this weekend. It is a truly a world class organization. The trial secretaries, worker herder, the workers, the competitors and of course the fur babies are super great. Most of all Helen Kurz you are a first class act, your patience and support to help pull this all together was unsurpassed. The venue is awesome. Super turf to run on, top of the line equipment and the lighting is spectacular. So if anyone is looking for a super awesome trial site, try out Pinnacle Dog Sports in Westlake, Ohio."
Dot nailed her weaves on the first attempt today and finished them confidently!! I think last weekend's seminar at Pinnacle 2x2s really turned on a light bulb for her in regard to the weave poles. On her previous two JWW runs last month, we had to make two attempts at the weaves before successfully completing them.
I thought we were going to finish her Novice JWW title today. We were clean heading to the final jump, and she winged off and took an off course jump. I should have managed the ending more carefully. I ran her like I would have run the more experienced dogs and just assumed she would come with me. Totally my fault. We'll try again tomorrow. :) I'd love to get her JWW title on the list of Pinnacle titles for 2015.
Dot didn't set any land speed records today, but she ran much faster than she did at her first trial. I think the work we did at the Loretta Mueller seminar helped a lot with that too. The people pressure exercise we did at the seminar seemed to make her realize that she could still function when people are in the ring with her.
I can't say enough good things about what you've done for me and my dogs this year. I appreciate you more than you know!!
1. As I told Rick last night Im loving class since you guys took over. I feel like I have learned a ton and Mackenzie has improved soo much and is gaining more confidence!!
4. I love constantly being on the floor. We never used to do that because we would take turns. So now I feel like Im really working on keeping her focused the entire class and it seems to really be helping.
5. No suggestions from me. YOU GUYS ROCK and know your stuff and its pretty clear with how much Kenzie has changed in such a short period of time. Loving this class!!!!!!


text:
package org.lockss.plugin.massachusettsmedicalsociety;

import org.lockss.plugin.UrlNormalizer;
import org.lockss.test.LockssTestCase;
/*
 * UrlNormalizer removes ?cookieSet=1 suffix
 */
public class TestMassachusettsMedicalSocietyUrlNormalizer extends LockssTestCase {

  public void testUrlNormalizer() throws Exception {
    UrlNormalizer normalizer = new MassachusettsMedicalSocietyUrlNormalizer();
    assertEquals("http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM191103091641004",
    			 normalizer.normalizeUrl("http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM191103091641004", null));
    assertEquals("http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM191103091641004",
    			 normalizer.normalizeUrl("http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM191103091641004?cookieSet=1", null));
  }

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Q: Compile Latex files from Python using a string within a loop I am creating a large set of math tests with question that have random numbers generated and I want to be able to save multiple copies, push them to latex and get them saved all within one python code. I understand the python os.system command and the subprocess.run command can do this, but I am not able to figure out how to get the file into the command because it iterates. I currently am trying to use a string to accomplish this task.
for i in range(1, 11):
    f = open("test_" + str(i).zfill(2) + ".tex", 'w+')
    ##### run test building code here ######
    f.close()
    #subprocess.run("pdflatex f.name")  #<--- How do I get this to run for each of the 10 files

I can run this with the actual file name, so I know it's not hard, but I can't seem to figure out how to pass in the string file name.

A: Build the name beforehand, use an f-string to pass it in (assuming you're using Python 3.6+, otherwise see here). Note that the f in front of the string has nothing to do with the file f.
for i in range(1, 11):
    file_path = "test_" + str(i).zfill(2) + ".tex"
    f = open(file_path , 'w+')
    #####
    f.close()
    subprocess.run(f"pdflatex {file_path}")

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
package storm.trident.testing;

import backtype.storm.tuple.Values;
import storm.trident.operation.BaseFunction;
import storm.trident.operation.TridentCollector;
import storm.trident.tuple.TridentTuple;

public class StringLength extends BaseFunction {

    @Override
    public void execute(TridentTuple tuple, TridentCollector collector) {
        collector.emit(new Values(tuple.getString(0).length()));
    }

}


text:
Tuan Andrew Nguyen
A Lotus in a Sea of Fire
Gallery Exhibition at 291 Grand St
FEB 28 - JUL 2, 2020
Installation ViewsSelected WorksThumbnailsVideos
Installation view, Tuan Andrew Nguyen, A Lotus in a Sea of Fire, 291 Grand Street, February 28 - May 3, 2020
James Cohan is pleased to present A Lotus in a Sea of Fire, an exhibition of new work by Tuan Andrew Nguyen, on view from February 28 through July 2 at 291 Grand Street. This is the artist's first solo exhibition with James Cohan. The gallery will host an opening reception with the artist on Friday, February 28 from 6-8 PM. Nguyen will be in conversation with Christopher Myers at the gallery on Sunday, March 1 at 3 PM.
To explore the exhibition in our online Viewing Room, please click here.
Tuan Andrew Nguyen's work explores the power of storytelling through video and sculpture. His projects are based on extensive research and community engagement, tapping into inherited histories and counter-memory. Nguyen extracts and re-works dominant, oftentimes colonial histories and supernaturalisms into imaginative vignettes. Fact and fiction are interwoven in poetic narratives that span time and place.
The centerpiece of the exhibition is The Boat People, a single channel video installation displayed alongside hand-carved wooden sculptural objects. Set in an unspecified post-apocalyptic future at the precarious edge of humanity's possible extinction, the film follows a band of children led by a strong-willed and resourceful little girl. Calling themselves The Boat People, they travel the seas and collect the stories of a world they never knew through objects that survived over time.
Tuan Andrew Nguyen in conversation with Christopher Myers
291 Grand Street Sunday, March 1, 3 PM
"Reimagining Futurity: An Online Exhibition of Tuan Andrew Nguyen" by Amy Lam May 6, 2020
Ocula
"Tuan Andrew Nguyen: The Limits of Narrative" by Vivian Chui April 17, 2020
"Tuan Andrew Nguyen's Mystical Art Brings People in Touch with Lost Ancestors" by Harley Wong April 8, 2020


Colour of Maroc: It's finally here!
It's true, we actually did produce a food and travel book. Our endless excuse of "working on the book" wasn't just an excuse to get out of all the other things we didn't want to do, look here it is, the first copy that has just landed in our hands!
Thank you everyone for all your support! Next time you're in your local book store have a look at our creation- Colour of Maroc.
From Morocco to Bondi Beach.
Sophia dapping the love from above.
The local boys share their doughnut recipe with us.


text:
Other Star Galleries: Allu Arjun
Allu Arjun-Sneha Reddy Wedding Reception
Stylish star Allu Arjun organised a grand reception for his fans at Shilpa Kala Vedika in Hyderabad today. Along with the new wedded couple, Allu Aravind, Chiranjeevi, Ram Charan Tej and Nagababu graced the function.
Addressing the fans at the reception function Chiranjeevi said, "Your blessings will always remain for this young couple. Everyone is aware that our fans will top the list of our priorities in life. We simply cannot imagine ourselves without you all. Your participation is a must in our family functions. But your enthusiasm in Bunny's wedding has made me a bit uneasy on the day of groom ceremony. Affection is required but everything at its limit. I always tell people that my fans are much disciplined. One cannot have affection without discipline. You are my weakness. It's only because of you that the Congress high command treated me with due respects. All members of Prajarajyam Party have unanimously agreed to my decision. All this has happened only because of your support."
Allu Aravind said, "We heard that the fans had to face discomfort on the wedding day. I thank all of you for attending the wedding and blessing the couple. We are very happy to perform our Arjun's wedding amidst the fans. Initially our plan was to do wedding in a different state and organize the reception here. But due the objection raised by Bunny's father-in-law we have changed our plan. He wanted to perform the wedding here only in a very grand manner. Bunny wanted his wedding to be performed for 5 days like in the film 'Varudu'. But we celebrated it for 7 days. We are very happy that the wedding took place amidst the huge fanfare."
Ram Charan Tej commented, "Every function in our family will occur only with your presence. You all make us very happy and in return we give you happiness through silver screen. My father keeps all of us in the same platform be it fans, Bunny, me or my uncles. Hence I request you all to understand what he says and do not take it wrong sense for any reasons. He always means love and affection when he utters a word."
Allu Arjun while speaking, "I thank all my fans who have graced my wedding not only from state wide but also who came from the neighbourhood states as well. I'm very happy to get married amidst my fans. I wanted to get my wedding performed for 5 days like in 'Varudu', but fortunately my wedding was celebrated for 7 days."
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Class Hex

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org.apache.cassandra.utils.Hex

public class Hex
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Create a String from a char array with zero-copy (if available), using reflection to access a package-protected constructor of String.

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Create a String from a char array with zero-copy (if available), using reflection to access a package-protected constructor of String.

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text:
Ozzie Guillen Said Something Crazy About Fidel Castro
Sean Newell
Filed to: Embargo abandonmentFiled to: Embargo abandonment
Embargo abandonment
Embargoing long
Ozzie Guillén said he loved Fidel Castro. Can you believe it? Guillén said he respects Fidel Castro. Are you hearing this? In Miami, with a large demographic of people who have fled Cuba to get away from Castro, people are losing their shit. Or, at least, we are being told that people are losing their shit. I have no way of confirming that real people, with real problems give one flying fuck about what notorious gasbag Ozzie Guillén has to say about Fidel Castro because no one seems to have asked any Miami residents. Nonetheless, here we are, talking about a "considerable controversy."
Do you know why Guillén respects Castro? From the tone of these articles it must be because he supports a socialist dictator who has deprived his own countrymen of the most basic of human rights—causing those countrymen to flee to places like Miami for a better shake. Right?
"I respect Fidel Castro," Guillén is quoted as saying in the online article. "You know why? Many people have tried to kill Fidel Castro in the last 60 years, yet that [SOB] is still there."
Oh, wait a second, that's got nothing to do with politics. That's just a new spin on Guillén's typical macho, tough guy bullshit. That didn't stop the Miami Marlins from absolutely freaking out and throwing gasoline on this tiny flame, in case it was in danger of becoming a non-issue.
"We are aware of the article. There is nothing to respect about Fidel Castro. He is a brutal dictator who has caused unimaginable pain for more than 50 years. We live in a community full of victims of that dictatorship and people in Cuba are still suffering."
Thanks to this ridiculous, ridiculous scandal, Ozzie Guillén was forced to apologize and, ironically, address politics for the first time in the whole mess.
"I'm against the way he [Castro] treats people and the way [he has treated] his country for a long time. I'm against that 100 percent," he said. "…The way this man [has been] treating people for the last 60 years."
There you have it. Ozzie Guillén is "100 percent" against Castro. Happy? I'm not Cuban, nor have I ever been to Miami so I don't know how this played out among that population, but I would just say this: forgive your manager, he knows not what he says. Look at the rest of the quote in Time (subscription required). Scattered along with the "I love Castro" is more of Guillén being a doofus. Whether it's expressing his love for bullfighting, downplaying sports psychology or telling your wife she smells bad, it's Ozzie Guillén at his worst: dumb and unfiltered.
We can all agree Guillén says some pretty stupid things. This whole episode is nothing more than "Exhibit Z" in the case of Ozzie Guillén against smart things said and if you are taking this guy seriously, you deserve whatever stress he causes.
Miami Marlins Manager Ozzie Guillen stumbles into fuss over Fidel Castro [Miami Herald]
Ozzie Guillen apologizes for Fidel Castro comments [Chicago Tribune]
Recent from Sean Newell
Yankees Catcher Gets Hit In The Dick, YES Thinks It Was His Collarbone
Centerplate Will Make Dog-Abusing CEO Volunteer At Dog Shelter
UNC Suspends Four Players After Report Of Alleged Hazing Investigation


Henry informs Florian, Josh, and Clay why they are on the planet minutes before thousands of tiny winged creatures emerge from the vortex to destroy the Piper. They are surprised the spaceship they call theirs was stolen from the aliens. They want it back. The ship has one last surprise. The trio has a surprise up their sleeve of their own that will hopefully see the aliens defeated again.


text:
Der Langschnabelweih (Chondrohierax uncinatus) ist ein mittelgroßer Greifvogel aus der Familie der Habichtartigen, der sich auf die Jagd nach baumbewohnenden Schnecken spezialisiert hat. Die vor allem in Süd- und Mittelamerika sowie der Karibik verbreitete Art wurde erstmals im Jahr 1822 durch den niederländischen Zoologen Coenraad Jacob Temminck wissenschaftlich beschrieben. Der deutlich ausgeprägte Polymorphismus des Langschnabelweihs führte in der Vergangenheit zu Verwirrung bezüglich der taxonomischen Einordnung der Art und kann die Identifizierung und Zuordnung einzelner Individuen erheblich erschweren.

Merkmale
Beim Langschnabelweih handelt es sich mit einer durchschnittlichen Größe im Bereich von 41 bis 46 cm bei einem Gewicht von 250 bis 300 g um einen mittelgroßen Vertreter der Habichtartigen. Wie bei vielen Greifvögeln sind die weiblichen Vertreter der Art grundsätzlich etwas größer und schwerer als ihre männlichen Artgenossen, die Unterschiede sind allerdings geringer ausgeprägt als bei den meisten anderen Arten. Neben den Größenunterschieden zeigt der Langschnabelweih auch bei der Färbung des Gefieders einen deutlichen Sexualdimorphismus, darüber hinaus existieren unabhängig vom Geschlecht ungewöhnlich viele weitere morphologische Unterschiede, von denen die Größe des scharfen, gebogenen Schnabels die auffälligste ist. Bei ausgewachsenen Vögeln kommen hier Größenunterschiede von mehr als 40 % vor, ein Zusammenhang zwischen Schnabelgröße und geographischer Verbreitung oder Geschlecht besteht hierbei offenbar nicht. Diese variable Physiologie führte in der Vergangenheit zur Postulierung diverser Arten und Unterarten, die heute nicht mehr als gültig angesehen werden. Neben dem Schnabel, dessen Form den Vögeln gemeinsam mit der Kopfform besonders in sitzender Haltung ein fast papageiartiges Aussehen verleiht, sind die Größe und Form der Flügel das hervorstechendste Merkmal des Langschnabelweihs. Diese wirken kürzer und breiter als bei verwandten Arten, was sehr wahrscheinlich eine Anpassung an den bewaldeten Lebensraum der Vögel darstellt. Um den hierdurch erhöhten Luftwiderstand auszugleichen, stehen die Handschwingen an den Flügelspitzen weit auseinander, was für eine verbesserte Manövrierfähigkeit in beengten Räumen und erhöhte Steiggeschwindigkeit sorgt. Im Flug werden die Flügel leicht nach vorn zum Kopf hin gestreckt, was für ein leicht zu erkennendes Flugmuster sorgt. Des Weiteren ist beim Langschnabelweih das Laufbein deutlich verkürzt.

Beschreibung der unterschiedlichen Morphen

Ein typisches Männchen der Art ist an Rücken und Hinterhaupt bleigrau bis schwarzgrau gefärbt, am Kopf können zusätzlich einige weiße Stellen sichtbar sein, zum Gesicht hin wird das Bleigraue zunehmend dunkler. An Brust und Bauch wird die bleigraue Färbung der Oberseite zunehmend heller und wechselt sich mit unterschiedlich breiten, weißen bis zimtfarbenen Bändern ab, die dunkelbraun bis schwarz gerändert sein können. Die Deckfedern des charakteristisch langen Schwanzes zeigen Weiß- bis Ockertöne, bei einigen Individuen ist eine bleigraue Bänderung erkennbar. Die übrigen Schwanzfedern zeigen eine schwärzliche Grundfärbung mit weißen bis mausgrauen Spitzen und eine doppelte Bänderung in Weiß-, Ocker- oder Zimttönen. Die überwiegend gräulichen Schwungfedern besitzen eine ähnliche Bänderung, die an der Unterseite jedoch auch schwärzlich statt Ocker- oder Zimtfarben ausfallen kann. Die Nebenfedern sind meist einheitlich bleigrau, nur gelegentlich zeigen sich hier noch Andeutungen einer Bänderung. Der kräftige Schnabel ist schwarz gefärbt, mit olivgrünen Akzenten an der Unterseite. Die Iris des Auges ist grünlich-weiß. Die Beine und Füße sind orange-gelb und enden in schwarzen Krallen.

Das Gefieder der Weibchen der sogenannten "braunen Morphe" kann an der Stirn und im Bereich der Ohröffnungen verschiedene Grautöne annehmen, die Haube ist zumeist etwas dunkler. Über den Nacken zieht sich ein gelb- bis ockerbraunes Band. Rücken und Schultern sind zumeist einheitlich dunkel- bis graubraun gefärbt, zu den Federspitzen hin wirken die Farben in diesem Bereich zumeist etwas blasser. An der Brust, dem Bauch und der Unterseite der Flügel besitzen die Konturfedern eine weißliche Grundfärbung, die von einer Reihe breiter Streifen durchzogen wird, deren Färbung und Ausprägung von Individuum zu Individuum stark unterschiedlich ausfallen kann. Das Spektrum reicht hierbei von Zimt- über Braun- bis hin zu blassen Rottönen. Gelegentlich sind diese Streifen von schwärzlichen Rändern umgeben. Die Schwungfedern sind zumeist haselnuss- oder rostbraun gefärbt, mit nur wenig ausgeprägter, schwärzlicher Bänderung. Die Nebenfedern sind an der Oberseite schwärzlich, an der Unterseite geht die Färbung eher in Grau-, Weiß- und Cremetöne über. Die Steuerfedern sind an der Basis noch weiß, wechseln zur Spitze hin jedoch zu teils recht dunklen Schwarz- und Grautönen. Der Schnabel entspricht dem des Männchens, die Zügel und Wachshaut sind orange bis gelblich und durchzogen von olivgrünen Flecken, das nach vorn zunehmend in ein kräftiges Grasgrün übergeht. Über dem Auge befindet sich außerdem ein orangefarbener Fleck, die Iris ist beim Weibchen immer weiß gefärbt. Die Beine und Füße zeigen ein rötliches gelb. Darüber hinaus existiert bei den Weibchen eine sogenannte "Graurücken-Morphe", deren namensgebende graue Färbung am Rücken deutlich kräftiger ausfällt. Das gelblich-braune Band entlang des Nackens ist erheblicher weniger ausgeprägt oder fehlt ganz. Weibchen dieser Farbvariante können leicht mit Männchen mit besonders ausgeprägter Bänderung verwechselt werden.

Zusätzlich zu den bereits erwähnten Varianten existieren bei beiden Geschlechtern melanistische Morphe, deren Gefieder fast vollständig schwarz gefärbt ist und einen gut erkennbaren, bronzenen, grünlichen oder lila Glanzeffekt aufweist. An den Schwanzfedern zeigt sich ein einzelnes weißes Band. Bei dieser Form sind außerdem Wachshaut und Augenlider gelblich grün gefärbt, während die Haut vor dem Auge einen bläulich-grünen Ton aufweist. Augenfleck, Beine und Iris entsprechen in der Färbung der eines Weibchens der braunen Morphe.

Jungvögel
Anders als bei den adulten Vögeln liegen bei Jungvögeln nur zwei dezidierte Farbvarianten – eine helle und eine melanistische Morphe – unabhängig vom Geschlecht vor. Melanistische Exemplare unterscheiden sich bereits kurz nach dem Ablegen der Nestlings-Daunen optisch kaum noch von ihren oben beschriebenen adulten Artgenossen. Bei der hellen Variante sind die Federn an Kopf, Schultern, Flügeln und Rücken je nach Individuum einheitlich in dunklen Braun- bis schwachen Grautönen gehalten. An der Brust dominieren Weißtöne, die von bräunlichen Streifen durchzogen sind. Dieses Muster setzt sich in Form eines breiten Bandes entlang des Nackens fort. Die Grundfarbe der Steuerfedern ist ebenfalls weiß bis schwach gräulich. Sie wechselt sich mit einer Reihe breiter Bänder in einem bräunlichen Grau ab.

Verhalten
Außerhalb der Brutzeit können Langschnabelweihe vor allem in den Morgenstunden bei relativ kurzen Gleitflügen beobachtet werden, die die Vögel jedoch selten in große Höhen führen. Ruhephasen verbringen sie bevorzugt an eher wenig exponierten Plätzen unterhalb des Blätterdachs. Ihre Lebensweise ist in der Regel weniger solitär als die vieler anderer Greifvögel, besonders an ergiebigen Futterplätzen können Langschnabelweihe gelegentlich in kleinen Gruppen angetroffen werden. Eine Verteidigung des eigenen Territoriums gegenüber anderen Arten findet nur während der Brutzeit statt, wenn sich andere Vögel dem Nest zu sehr nähern. Galt die Art lange Zeit als Standvogel, ist seit Anfang der 2000er-Jahre bekannt, dass zumindest ein gewisser Teil der Population saisonale Migrationen unternimmt. An der Küste von Belize konnte beobachtet werden, dass Langschnabelweihe dabei Schwärme von bis zu 120 Individuen bilden. Die am häufigsten gehörten Lautäußerungen der Art sollen dem Gesang eines Trupials ähneln und hauptsächlich von einem Ast aus vorgetragen werden. Des Weiteren existiert ein Alarm- und Verteidigungsruf, der als laut rasselnd oder keckernd beschrieben wird und in etwa wie wi-i-i-i-i-i-i-i-uh oder weh keh-eh-eh-eh-eh-eh klingen soll.

Ernährung

Der Langschnabelweih hat sich auf die Jagd nach baumbewohnenden Schnecken spezialisiert, die mehr als 90 % der Ernährung ausmachen. Besonders häufig werden die Arten Orthalicus princeps, Helicina rostrata sowie verschiedene Drymaeus-Arten verzehrt. Des Weiteren werden selten auch Land- oder Wasserschnecken erbeutet. Ältere Beschreibungen führen häufig noch Frösche, Kröten, Salamander, Vögel, Insekten oder Raupen als Beutetiere auf, aktuellere Beobachtungen über längere Zeiträume konnten jedoch lediglich die gelegentliche Aufnahme von Salamandern und – in einem einzelnen Fall – Fröschen oder Kröten bestätigen. Whitacre und Vásquez (2012) spekulieren, dass es sich bei den übrigen Beutetieren um eine fehlerhafte Beobachtung handelt, die anschließend von Forscher zu Forscher übernommen wurde. Um an das Fleisch der gefangenen Schnecken zu gelangen, nutzt der Langschnabelweih eine ungewöhnliche Technik, die von keinem anderen schneckenfressenden Greifvogel bekannt ist. Die Schnecke wird – fast immer mit dem linken Fuß – mit der Öffnung nach oben auf einem Ast fixiert, woraufhin der Vogel zunächst mit der Spitze des stark gebogenen Schnabels die feste, schließende Membran aus der Öffnung entfernt. Anschließend verbreitert er die Öffnung, indem er Teile aus dem Rand der Schale herausbricht. Ist die Öffnung groß genug, steckt der Vogel die obere Mandibel des Schnabels hinein und beginnt damit, die einzelnen Abschnitte des Spindelinneren nacheinander aufzubrechen. Dieser Vorgang hinterlässt am Panzer der Schnecke einen unverwechselbaren Schaden und wird solange fortgesetzt, bis die Schnecke herausgezogen oder -gehebelt werden kann. Die variable Größe und Krümmung des Schnabels des Langschnabelweihs hängen offenbar direkt mit der maximalen Größe der in einer Region verfügbaren Schneckenpopulationen zusammen. Kommen in einem Gebiet sowohl kleinere als auch größere Schneckenarten vor, sind in diesem auch Langschnabelweihe mit großen und kleinen Schnäbeln sympatrisch anzutreffen. Bemerkenswert ist hierbei, dass es in diesen Fällen offenbar keine Zwischenformen, also Vögel mit "mittelgroßen" Schnäbeln zu geben scheint. Ein Forschungsbericht aus dem Jahr 1950 beschreibt das Verhalten einer Gruppe von fünf Fischertukanen in Panama, die einem Langschnabelweih über längere Zeit bei der Nahrungssuche folgten und offenbar mit dessen Hilfe ergiebige Futterstellen ausfindig machen wollten. Ob es sich hierbei um einen Einzelfall handelt, oder Langschnabelweihe regelmäßig von anderen Arten als Futterindikatoren genutzt werden, ist unbekannt.

Fortpflanzung
Die Brutzeit beginnt üblicherweise im März und kann sich bis in den Juli hinein erstrecken. Als Nest dient eine flache Plattform aus Ästen mit einem Durchmesser von etwa 30 cm, die typischerweise in einem Baum etwa einen bis zwei Meter unterhalb der Spitze errichtet wird. Beide Geschlechter beteiligen sich gleichermaßen am Bau der Konstruktion. Nach der Kopulation legt das Weibchen typischerweise zwei, sehr selten auch drei Eier, mit einer durchschnittlichen Größe von 45,0 × 36,5 mm. Ihr Gewicht liegt bei etwa 32 bis 35 g. Auch die Bebrütung der Eier sowie die anschließende Versorgung der Jungvögel erfolgt durch beide Elterntiere gleichermaßen. Bei männlichen Langschnabelweihen konnte die Ausbildung eines Brutflecks nachgewiesen werden. Die Inkubationsdauer der Eier variiert von Nest zu Nest, Beobachtungen reichen von 24 bis 33 Tagen. Wie lange die Nachkommen nach dem Schlüpfen von den Altvögeln abhängig bleiben ist unbekannt, zumindest für eine gewisse Zeit scheinen die Jungvögel den Eltern allerdings noch zu folgen. Es existieren Berichte von Familiengruppen aus Texas, die noch in den Wintermonaten gemeinsam gesichtet wurden.

Verbreitung und Gefährdung

Der Langschnabelweih bewohnt bewaldete Regionen in Süd- und Mittelamerika, wobei tropische und subtropische Wälder bis auf eine Höhe von etwa 1000 m bevorzugt werden. Lokal gelangen jedoch auch Nachweise in temperierten Gebieten auf bis zu 2700 m, in Extremfällen sogar bis auf 3100 m, Höhe. Sein Verbreitungsgebiet erstreckt sich von den südlichsten Ausläufern des US-Bundesstaats Texas über Mexiko und Mittelamerika bis in den Süden Brasiliens und den äußersten Norden Argentiniens, weist dabei jedoch große Lücken auf. Die Art gilt in ihrem Fortbestand als insgesamt nicht gefährdet und wird von der IUCN unter dem Status least concern geführt. Die Organisation geht mit Stand 2016 von etwa 200.000 adulten Individuen aus, die Bestandsentwicklung ist jedoch allgemein rückläufig. Als stark vom Aussterben bedroht gilt die auf der Karibikinsel Grenada endemische Unterart C. u. mirus, die in den 1980er-Jahren bereits als ausgestorben galt. Eine Studie in den Jahren 2000 bis 2006 konnte jedoch noch einige wenige Vertreter des Grenada-Langschnabelweihs nachweisen, die auch noch erfolgreiche Brutvorgänge durchführten. Die Forscher gehen noch von einer Restpopulation in der Größenordnung von 15 bis 30 ausgewachsenen Vögeln aus.

Systematik
Coenraad Jacob Temminck beschrieb den Langschnabelweih ursprünglich unter dem wissenschaftlichen Namen Falco uncinatus und stellte ihn damit zunächst zu den Echten Falken. Während in der Vergangenheit die großen morphologischen Unterschiede innerhalb der Art (insbesondere die erheblich variierende Größe des Schnabels) zur Einführung und Verwerfung diverser Unterarten des Langschnabelweihs geführt haben, werden heute nur noch zwei Unterarten als gültig betrachtet. Neben der Nominatform C. u. uncinatus, die das amerikanische Festland bewohnt, gibt es noch die stark gefährdete Unterart C. u. mirus auf Grenada. Vertreter dieser Unterart sind erheblich kleiner als ihre zur Nominatform gehörenden Artgenossen. Des Weiteren tendieren die Männchen in ihrer Färbung stark zu der der Weibchen, stark ausgeprägte graue Formen kommen auf Grenada nicht mehr vor. Noch recht neu ist die Einstufung des ebenso gefährdeten Kuba-Langschnabelweihs (C. wilsonii) als eigenständige Art, der lange als Unterart des Langschnabelweihs geführt wurde. Neben dem Kuba-Langschnabelweih gelten die Arten der Gattungen Leptodon und Aviceda als engste Verwandte des Langschnabelweihs.

 C. u. uncinatus (, 1822)
 C. u. mirus , 1934

Literatur

Weblinks

 Aufnahmen von Lautäußerungen bei xeno-canto.org

Einzelnachweise

Habichtartige

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Hamburg, Germany | Oxford, UK | München, Germany - Evotec OAI AG (Frankfurt Stock Exchange: EVT, TecDAX 30), a leading partner for integrated, high-value-added drug discovery and development solutions, today announced that Morphochem AG has selected Evotec OAI as a preferred partner for the chemical and pharmaceutical development of one of its dual-action antibiotics. Evotec OAI will support Morphochem with the development of its clinical candidate through pre-clinical development and into Phase I trials using its integrated chemical and pharmaceutical development platform, EVOdevelop(TM).
Dr Mario Polywka, President, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Development Division at Evotec OAI, said: "Through its evolutionary-based chemistry platform, Morphochem is emerging as one of Europe's premiere biotechnology companies. We are delighted to support the development of Oxaquin through to the clinic, through our own EVOdevelopTM platform, and to build on the strong relationship between the two companies. This partnership further defines the value of offering our partners an integrated package covering all aspects of chemical and pharmaceutical development from pre-clinical through to launch."
Dr Lutz Weber, Chief Scientific Officer at Morphochem, said: "Evotec OAI has built up significant expertise and excellence in chemical process research, upscaling, manufacturing of API's and beyond. Through this collaboration with Evotec OAI, Morphochem has now combined its drug discovery and development expertise with a strong partner to ensure the successful development of its pipeline of small molecules into and through clinical development."
Evotec OAI, through its integrated platform, EVOdevelop(TM), is ideally positioned to address its partners' needs for chemical and pharmaceutical development resources and expertise in order to allow them to move development candidates time and cost effectively through pre-clinical testing into clinical trials and ultimately to market.
Morphochem was founded in 1998 and currently employs 45 staff in Munich, Germany and Basel, Switzerland. It has developed a unique and highly integrated chemical genomics drug discovery platform that it is applying to the development of a pipeline of drugs for unmet medical needs in major areas of indications such as thrombosis and infectious diseases as well as partnering its technology with others.
Morphochem has raised €84.7 million from a world class syndicate of investors including Techno Venture Management (TVM), Alta Berkeley, Alta California, Life Science Partners, Merlin Biosciences, Nomura International, West LB Panmure, 3i Bioscience Investment Trust, 3i Group, Domain Associates, Mayfield Fund, Viscardi, IKB Venture Capital, Süd VC, KB Lux, Bank Julius Bär, Bionex Investments, and others including federal and state government sources.