text:
extern void             RealTimeFunction( unsigned long, void * );
extern void				SetTimeCompressionFromRemote( int );
extern void             SetTimeCompression( int );
extern void             SetTemporaryCompression( int );
extern void             SetTime( unsigned long );

extern ulong            gCompressTillTime;
extern unsigned long    vuxRealTime;
extern unsigned long    vuxGameTime;
extern unsigned long    vuxTargetGameTime;
extern unsigned long    vuxLastTargetGameTime;
extern unsigned long    vuxDeadReconTime;
extern unsigned long	lastTimingMessage;
extern unsigned long    lastStartTime;
extern int              gameCompressionRatio;
extern int				targetGameCompressionRatio;
extern int              targetCompressionRatio;
extern int				remoteCompressionRequests;

#ifndef NO_TIMER_THREAD
#define                 THREAD_TIME_SLICE       20

extern void             beginTimer( void );
extern void             endTimer( void );
#endif		// NO_TIMER_THREAD

extern void SetTimeCompression( int newComp );
extern void SetOnlineTimeCompression( int newComp );
extern void SetTemporaryCompression( int newComp );
extern void SetTime( unsigned long currentTime );

#endif      // _TIMER_THREAD_H_


text:
Print Article Pdf
WilliamL. Winters Jr, M.D.
Selma DeBakey, 12/3/1915 – 3/6/2013
Lois DeBakey, Ph.D., 7/6/1920 – 6/15/2016
"Nothing hinders communication as much as words, when they are used poorly or incorrectly."1 Those observations were the incentive for Selma and Lois DeBakey when they began their careers at Tulane University School of Medicine. Petite, demure Southern ladies, the DeBakey sisters were to pioneer the field of biomedical communications with the same energy and authority as their esteemed brother, Dr. Michael E. DeBakey, when he ushered in the era of cardiovascular surgery.
Natives of Lake Charles, Louisiana, Selma and Lois forged highly successful professional careers, giving full credit to their parents for instilling in them the highest societal principles of integrity, altruism, and dedication while showering them with love, guidance, a fruitful education, and life's comforts. They learned early that the honor of their name was more valuable than wealth or fame. The DeBakey family remained very close throughout their long lives, perhaps best reflected in a letter from Michael to his sisters on Christmas 2005: "I love you both dearly, and I thank God He blessed me with two angel sisters." In interviews, he observed, "Deep down, you really depend on your siblings…. You share your thoughts with them, even though you may not be able to share them with others. You don't feel alone."2
Selma led her class academically throughout her education. Her career began shortly after graduation from Sophie Newcomb College, when she began abstracting, translating, and editing medical manuscripts for her brother Michael, a member of the Tulane Medical School surgery faculty. Her college education in English and postgraduate studies in languages and philosophy provided the foundation for her to assist Michael and other physician-authors in their preparation and drafting of manuscripts. Critical reasoning and analysis, logical organization, narrative style, literary ethics, graphics, and use of other supporting data were among the armamentarium she brought to her teaching.
Selma excelled and in 1941 was chosen to head the editorial department at the Alton Ochsner Foundation. She soon launched the Ochsner Clinic Reports as its foundation editor. In 1944, she became director of the Department of Medical Communication at the Ochsner Clinic Foundation and designed original courses meant to "solve the communication problem."3 In August 1954, the editor of JAMA solicited from Selma an article entitled "Suggestions on Preparation of Medical Papers." As the first paper on the subject, it became the benchmark for scientific writers, thereby launching the field of biomedical communication.4 Lois extolled Selma's foresight for this endeavor and for mentoring Lois in her early career, and she proudly lauded Selma as her preceptor and alter ego. Committed to her profession, Selma was the founding editor of the Cardiovascular Center Bulletin, editor for professional medical writing organizations, and guest editor of special issues of several medical journals. She also was a member of advisory committees of the Friends of the Texas Medical Center Library and with Lois served on the editorial board of the Methodist DeBakey Cardiovascular Journal.
From left to right: Lois DeBakey, William L. Winters, Jr., Selma DeBakey
Lois DeBakey graduated from Tulane University as a Phi Beta Kappa with a B.A. in mathematics. She went on to earn a master's and Ph.D. degree that included courses in biostatistics at the Tulane University School of Medicine, where she later served as professor of scientific communications. In 1962, at Tulane, Lois and Selma introduced the first curriculum-approved communication courses ever offered in a medical school.
Lois also served on the faculty of Tulane's English Department and on the editorial board of Tulane University Studies in English. Her many honors included, among others, membership in the Golden Key National Honor Society, the Harold Swanberg Distinguished Service Award of the American Medical Writer's Association, and the first John P. McGovern Award of the Medical Library Association. She served on many prestigious editorial boards including the Journal of the American Medical Association, as regent and consultant to the National Library of Medicine (NLM), and as chair of many of their committees, including chairman for Index Medicus and MEDLINE databases and chairman of the Medical Media Center of Excellence committee of the Friends of the NLM. She has also served on the advisory panel of the American Heritage Dictionary and as team leader of Encyclopedia Britannica medical database. Her authorship includes editing and publishing numerous books and articles. One in particular, The Scientific Journal: Editorial Policies and Procedures, has been considered the definitive word for medical journal editors.
In 1968, Selma and Lois were recruited by Baylor College of Medicine in Houston to become tenured professors of scientific communication and to support the vision and global activities of their brother, who was chairman of Baylor's Department of Surgery. They became critical factors in his success, providing him invaluable support every step of the way. They continued their work as editors, consultants, and course directors, and their courses for the American College of Surgeons were "wildly popular."5
The DeBakey sisters were the first to carve out a niche teaching doctors to think, read, and write critically and to express themselves in lucid language. They maintained that "literacy is the nation's pedigree" and that "English is alive, well, potent, and malleable, not dull and lifeless" as portrayed by too many medical authors.6 Dr. Robert Moser characterized them as the "conscience of American Medical Letters."7 When asked what they taught, the sisters answered, "the logic and language of medicine."
Throughout their 60-year professional careers, Selma and Lois together defined the profession of biomedical communication through their writings, lectures, courses, and conferences. They produced a voluminous number of publications on topics that included the responsibilities of authors, editors, and reviewers; logical organization; literary ethics and etiquette; plagiarism; grammatical integrity and style; jargon and other inscrutable usage; and fuzzy thinking, among others. Their didactic signature was the clever use of humor and cartoons to encourage clear, concise, coherent prose. "Let thy words be few," they implored, and let them be well chosen.8 They began holding 2-day seminars at medical conventions around the world, and today their body of work is acknowledged to be the gold standard in medical communications.
Recognition of their contributions came from near and far. The City of Houston named a day in honor of Selma and Lois. Selma was named one of the 50 outstanding women in Houston in 1990 and was nominated for the Texas Women's Hall of Fame in 2008. In 2009, the Selma and Lois DeBakey Lectureship in Biomedical Communication was established at Houston Methodist Hospital to honor their literary excellence and contributions. Baylor University in Waco established the Michael E. DeBakey, Selma DeBakey, and Lois DeBakey Scholarship in the Medical Humanities to honor their advocacy of this subject as a means of better understanding the human condition. The two sisters were also nominated for the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2011. Their names are to be found in nearly every honorary directory and Who's Who list of the United States and the world.
Dr. George Noon, the longstanding associate of their brother Michael, knew Selma and Lois well. In his words, "Selma DeBakey was a quiet, unassuming genius. She developed and promoted the field of biomedical communications for which she was recognized nationally and internationally. Her collaboration with her brother, Dr. Michael E. DeBakey, and her sister, Dr. Lois DeBakey, set the stage for modern biomedical communications. Selma always had a beautiful, warm, and winning smile. What a wonderful woman and friend she was. She was a giant among giants."
Selma and Lois DeBakey grew up together, went to school and college together, and worked together. They could be seen walking arm in arm to Houston Methodist Hospital, where their offices were adjacent to their iconic brother's. Throughout their lives, their love for their parents, siblings, and profession remained foremost and unabridged. They had legions of friends and admirers who proved to be a true life support for Lois when Selma passed away in March 2013.
I remember with fondness our weekly Tuesday morning tea and cookie sessions, when we discussed issues regarding the Methodist DeBakey Cardiovascular Journal and our profession in general. Conversing with two such profound, articulate intellectuals was, in itself, a rare experience. Their memory will live long in the annals and hearts of the biomedical communication world and especially in the lives of those, like me, who were their closest colleagues. Blessed are those who basked in their sphere of influence. Although petite in stature, both were giants in the field of biomedical communication.
DeBakey L DeBakey S. Medicant. Forum on Medicine. 1978 Apr; 1( 1): 38– 43.
DeBakey , Michael E. (Houston Methodist DeBakey Heart & Vascular Center, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX). Letter to: Selma and Lois DeBakey (Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX). 2005 Dec 25.
DeBakey S DeBakey L. Solving the communication problem. J Am Med Assoc. 1965 Feb. 8; 191( 6): 25– 8.
DeBakey S. Suggestions on preparation of medical papers. J Am Med Assoc. 1954 Aug 28; 155( 18): 1573– 7.
Hanlon, C. Rollins (President, American College of Surgeons, Chicago, IL). Conversation with: Lois DeBakey (Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX). c1970.
DeBakey L DeBakey S. Literacy: the nation's pedigree. Tulanian. 1981 summer; 52( 3): 36– 44.
Moser RH. The "keeping up" problem. Int Med News; review and opinion. 1988 Sep: 15– 30.
DeBakey S DeBakey L. Medical writing. Let they words be few. Int J Cardiol. 1982; 2( 1): 127– 32.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Early reaction shows the president has a long way to go to win congressional approval for a military strike.
Facing the prospect of waging war against Syria unilaterally, President Obama belatedly gambled that Congress could give him some political cover for a risky decision. He's not likely to get it, based on the initial reaction from House members from both parties.
Despite the show of support from House Speaker John Boehner and House Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi on Tuesday afternoon, that's not going to move many votes. Neither is putting any pressure on their members to vote for a military strike against Syria despite their personal support. Both are calling it a vote of conscience and aren't urging members to join them.
That means members will be freer to take the politically safe route of opposing a war that a fresh round of polling shows a majority of Americans oppose. In a survey released Tuesday, Pew found a near-majority (48 percent) opposed conducting military airstrikes against Syria, with just 29 percent supporting. More ominous for the president, Democrats were more opposed than Republicans to any mission in Syria — by a robust 19-point margin. Likewise, a new Washington Post/ABC survey found 59 percent opposing military strikes, with independents opposing intervention by 66 percent to 30 percent. In a sign of the president's weak public case for intervention, nearly two-thirds supported the (hypothetical) case for intervention last December.
That degree of public hesitance is being reflected in members' reactions. The Washington Post found 105 representatives in the House opposed or leaning toward opposition, with just 16 publicly supporting.
For vote-counting purposes, the most important divide isn't between hawks and doves. It's between members in tough districts and safe seats. With military intervention unpopular, few at-risk members are sticking their necks out to support the president, even those from his own party. These members are acutely sensitive to public opinion, and self-survival is often more important than taking one for the team.
Indeed, opposition already is widespread among members in swing districts. Among Democrats, Rep. Rick Nolan of Minnesota accused Secretary of State John Kerry of suffering historical amnesia. Rep. Tammy Duckworth of Illinois, who lost several limbs fighting in the Iraq war, was one of the first Democrats to come out against intervention. Rep. Scott Peters of California, one of the most vulnerable Democrats up in 2014, hinted at opposition, citing his constituents' war weariness. Rep. John Garamendi of California has "deep, deep concern." Combine that with already strong antiwar sentiment in the Democratic Caucus — about 40 percent opposed the Iraq war resolution in 2002, with a more hawkish caucus and political environment — and it's a formula for mass defections.
Don't expect much support from Republicans, either, despite Boehner's support and the party's tradition of hawkishness during the Bush administration. Factor in the incentives to oppose Obama at all costs and a rising tide of libertarianism within the caucus, and it's hard to see a majority of Republicans supporting the president. When Sen. Marco Rubio of Florida, who generally supports an active American presence overseas, is on the fence, it's a clear sign Republicans won't be running to Obama's aid. Other examples abound: Representing a bellwether seat, Iraq war vet Chris Gibson of New York was an early Syria dove. Rep. Scott Rigell of Virginia, in a military-heavy swing Tidewater district, has also been an outspoken skeptic.
As publicly confident as the administration has been over winning a vote, the math for passage was always going to be exceedingly difficult. Surely the administration conducted its own polling that confirmed the degree of public hesitance, if not outright opposition, to an intervention. And it's hard to believe the Obama administration expected congressional acquiescence, given his dismissive approach to dealing with House Republicans. Building a strong relationship with Congress is not this administration's forte.
While several pundits generously interpreted Obama's action as a precedent to rein in his own war-waging executive powers, the reality was that his punting to Congress was an exercise in responsibility-avoidance. As Politico's John Harris and Jonathan Allen put it, "The delay is being interpreted in both parties, not as evidence of a principled belief in constitutional authority, but as Obama's attempt to share ownership if his Syria decisions go awry." Former White House adviser David Axelrod confirmed as much, excitedly tweeting that Congress was now "the dog that caught the car" after the president's Saturday address.
But by going to Congress for authorization, Obama has a lot to lose. After doing little to make the case for military action, he now has to personally lobby his own party's wavering members and persuadable hawks, with little leverage at his disposal. If Congress turns him down, he could blame House Republicans for political cover. This time, however, it would come at the expense of his administration's crumbling credibility on foreign policy.


Summary: "For Talore also there had been a bow that he could not draw." After the cattle raid that maims him, Talore the Hunter must begin again.
Just to write again how much I enjoyed this story, opalmatrix. Thank you!
Ah, just got it -- I don't log into my firerose account very often! If you'd like to friend then the best account is espresso_addict, mirrored between LJ & DW.


Black drop earring jackets, front and back earrings made of 8 jet black swaroski crystals dropping of a gold plated ear jacket with black pearl post attached to the earlobe.The pearl can be interchange with mostly any earring stud. Approx. 4-6 mm from hole to edge of cuff.
* The Bblack drop earring jackets, is a single gold ear jacket with pearl or flower post pair earrings. If you want to buy the ear jacket pair please choose in the product specifications: Ear jacket pair.


Eric Sophiea founded Climbers Association of Southern Arizona in 2015 to build an empowered group of rock climbers who give back to the community. As president, Sophiea dedicates thousands of personal volunteer hours, managing all levels of the registered 501(c)(3) organization. He has forged collaborations with nonprofits and conservation agencies, including the Arizona Wilderness Coalition, Arizona Conservation Corps and the U.S. Forest Service. His nonprofit of choice is the Climbing Association of Southern Arizona.


text:
Streak On: Cole Swindell Earns 7th Consecutive No. 1 Single With "Flatliner"
by Jim Casey | @TheJimCasey | August 14, 2017
Cole Swindell has done it again.
Cole's current single, "Flatliner," is No. 1 on the Mediabase chart this week, making it his seventh consecutive single to reach No. 1 on a Billboard or Mediabase chart after "Middle of a Memory," "Chillin' It," "Hope You Get Lonely Tonight," "Ain't Worth the Whiskey," "Let Me See Ya Girl" and "You Should Be Here."
"Flatliner," which features vocals from Dierks Bentley, was co-penned by Cole, Matt Brownleewe and Jaron Boyer, and is the third single from his sophomore album, You Should Be Here. The tune is also Cole's 10th No. 1 as a songwriter, following "This Is How We Roll" (Florida Georgia Line), "Get Me Some of That" (Thomas Rhett) and "Roller Coaster" (Luke Bryan).
"Every No 1 is special for so many reasons," said Cole. "This one is really special because it's a song I wrote with my mentor in mind. Never dreaming it would turn out like this for me! Dierks is not only my mentor but my friend, and now I have a No. 1 song I was blessed to get to record with him. He has been so gracious and supportive of me from the beginning. This feels amazing."
written by Jim Casey | @TheJimCasey | published August 14, 2017 11:14 AM
category: NCD News | related posts: Cole Swindell, Flatliner
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I suffered through so many bad Rams seasons, I started to think that's just how you played the game, one excruciating drive at a time. Now, they're consistently the most fun team to watch. I don't even really care about the crappy way they left St. Louis. Hell, we're all probably better off for having them in Los Angeles anyway. Had they never moved, Jeff Fisher would probably still be the coach, sullying the NFL one pathetic 7-9 season at a time.
We're No. 1 in: Pass-block win rate. Give it up for the big guys up front, where it all starts for the 11-1 Rams and their explosive offense. The offensive line ranks No. 1 in pass-block win rate, defined as when a pass-blocker sustains his block for 2.5 seconds following the snap. The Rams have won 63 percent of their pass blocks, allowing Jared Goff plenty of time to distribute the ball to a host of playmakers.
The Rams let the Lions hang around far too long on Sunday. Such is life on the road for even the premier teams — just ask the Chiefs. The key to L.A.'s win was the disruptive play of Aaron Donald, a few intermediate dimes from Jared Goff and heady play from Todd Gurley. Loved his decision to run parallel to the goal line late to burn clock, doing his best impersonation of DeSean Jackson in the Miracle at the Meadowlands 2.0. Sean McVay's group needed no such miracles at Ford Field, although Detroit was more than game for most of the afternoon. One front on which the Rams keep beating teams: special teams. Johnny Hekker was able to pin the Lions, and Legatron was money again. The Lions didn't return a single punt or kick Sunday. The third phase of the game, which is often overmentioned in the football conversation, might be the difference for this team come mid-January. No, really.
They continue to win games putting up big numbers on offense. But now they get the ultimate challenge facing a good Bears defense on the road.
It stinks that defensive players practically can't win the MVP. Because I think Aaron Donald might deserve it. I don't think there has been a better player in the NFL this season, and he plays for the only 11-1 team. The best player in the league on the best team in the league should get more MVP consideration than he's going to get.
There's a good chance they'll keep this spot through the balance of the season.
Only team with 11 wins. Only team to clinch playoff berth so far. Only team with two bona fide MVP candidates (Todd Gurley and Aaron Donald).


text:
<?php

namespace FastFoodBundle\Command;

use Symfony\Bundle\FrameworkBundle\Command\ContainerAwareCommand;
use Symfony\Component\Console\Input\InputArgument;
use Symfony\Component\Console\Input\InputInterface;
use Symfony\Component\Console\Input\InputOption;
use Symfony\Component\Console\Output\OutputInterface;

class EditProductCommand extends ContainerAwareCommand
{

    protected function configure()
    {
        $this
            ->setName('fastfood:edit-product')
            ->setDescription('Edit Product')
            ->addArgument(
                'id',
                InputArgument::REQUIRED,
                'id'
            )
            ->addArgument(
                'description',
                InputArgument::REQUIRED,
                'Description'
            )
            ->addArgument(
                'price',
                InputArgument::REQUIRED,
                'Price'
            )
        ;
    }
    public function execute(InputInterface $input, OutputInterface $output)
    {
        $editProduct = $this->getContainer()->get('productUpdater');

        $id = $input->getArgument('id');
        $description = $input->getArgument('description');
        $price = $input->getArgument('price');
        $editProduct->execute($id,$description,$price);

        $output->writeln('Producto mofidicado');
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Dissociations
The phenomenon of dissociations appears more complex than it seems at first. It is very simple to attribute the dissociations to psychiatric pathologies, however, in certain cases it has been seen that the brain organization works in a very different way from what could be expected.
These two studies bring us closer to a strange reality.
NEUROIMAGEN DURING THE STATE OF TRANCE: A CONTRIBUTION TO THE DISSOCIATION STUDY
Julio Fernando Peres, Alexander Moreira-Almeida, Leonardo Caixeta, Frederico Leao, Andrew Newberg. Published: November 16, 2012
Despite the growing interest in pathological and non-pathological dissociation, few researchers have focused on spiritual experiences involving dissociative states such as mediumship, in which an individual (the medium) claims to be in communication or under the control of the mind of a deceased person Our preliminary study investigated psychography, in which supposedly «the spirit writes through the hand of the medium», in search of possible associations with specific alterations in brain activity.
We examined ten healthy psychologists: five less experienced mediums and five with substantial experience, ranging from 15 to 47 years of automatic writing and from 2 to 18 psychographs per month, using computed tomography to emit individual photons to scan the activity while the subjects wrote , both in dissociation states of trance and non-trance. The complexity of the original written content they produced was analyzed for each individual and for the sample as a whole. Experienced psychologists showed lower levels of activity in the left culm, left hippocampus, left lower occipital gyrus, left anterior cingulate, right superior temporal gyrus, and right precentral gyrus during psychography compared to their normal (non-trance) writing.
The mean scores of complexity for the psychographed content were superior to those of the control writing, both for the complete sample and for the experienced mediums.
The fact that the subjects produced complex content in a state of trance dissociation suggests that they were not simply relaxed, and relaxation seems an unlikely explanation for the activation of brain areas specifically related to the cognitive processing that takes place.
Dissociation is typically defined as the lack of normal integration of thoughts, feelings and experiences in consciousness and memory. The idea that traumatic experiences cause dissociative symptoms is a recurrent theme in the clinical and neuroimaging literature, and some of the cognitive phenomena associated with dissociation seem to depend on the emotional context or attention. Although non-pathological dissociation is quite common in the general population, dissociative experiences are mainly studied as a risk factor for dissociative pathology.
It has been shown that spirituality and religiosity are highly prevalent in patients with schizophrenia and dissociative symptoms. However, the various methodological issues and discrepancies between the studies developed so far make it difficult to articulate a comprehensive framework for brain activity and cognitive mechanisms in pathological and nonpathological dissociation.
Although the nature of the mind and its relation to the brain remains one of the most challenging topics for science, the assumptions made in this regard are the cornerstones that guide therapeutic interventions. This study addresses important theories that support creativity and includes religious and spiritual experiences.The American Psychiatric Association noted the need to conduct more research in this field by recognizing the non-diagnostic (non-pathological) category of «spiritual and religious problems» in the DSM-IV, therefore, healthy forms of dissociation can be distinguished from those pathological
The medium, a spiritual phenomenon that has often been reported throughout the history of mankind, is defined as an experience in which an individual (the medium) claims to be in communication or under the control of a person's mind. deceased or another non-material being. The mediumistic experiences are usually dissociative, such as motor, sensory or cognitive automatisms (for example, hearing spirits or reports of bodily movements or thoughts caused by spirits) and an identity or alternative possession. Therefore, it is not surprising that the study of mediumistic experiences was crucial for the development of ideas concerning unconscious and dissociative processes.
Pierre Janet's classic dissociation study of 1889 examined several mediums; Carl Jung's doctoral thesis was a case study, and William James conducted a meticulous research on the medium Leonore Piper. There has been a tendency to divide dissociation into two broad categories: detachment (a sense of separation from self or world) and compartmentalisation (inability to deliberately control actions or cognitive processes that would normally be susceptible to such control). Although sometimes also involves detachment, mediumship is generally related to the subtype of compartmentalization.
Psychography is one of the many possible dissociative forms of mediumistic expression. The «mediums of writing» or the psicógrafos affirm that they write under the influence of the spirits, and some psychographed writings have had a great impact in different communities around the world. The most important and prolific psychographic medium in Brazil, Chico Xavier, whose education ended in elementary school, produced more than 400 automatic writing books covering a wide range of styles and themes, selling several million copies, and all the profits of Copyright donated to charities.
A study on the mental health of 115 spiritual mediums found that the subjects had high socio-educational levels, showed a low prevalence of psychiatric disorders and were well adjusted socially compared to the general population.
His experience of mediumship was different from dissociative identity disorder.However, few studies have investigated the neural substrates underlying the dissociative states of consciousness related to religious experiences. In a previous study of glossolalia neuroimages, a trance-like state with vocalizations that sound like language but lacking a clear linguistic structure, the subjects were found to have reduced activity in the left caudate nucleus and the right prefrontal cortex, along with an increase in activity in the upper core. parietal lobes. Neurofunctional research on sensitive experiences, such as religious ones, requires specific methods that do not adversely affect the performance of volunteers.
As in the study of glossolalia, the present study used single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) to measure regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF), which is closely related to brain activity. We use the SPECT neuroimaging method for this study because it allows researchers to maintain an adequate environment without distracting / anxiogenic effects for subjects who perform complex tasks that require silence and concentration. As far as we know, there have been no previous studies on the association between the claimed dissociative media states and the specific alterations of BCF.
Based on previous research on related practices, such as meditation and prayer, we focus primarily on the prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate gyrus, since both are known to be involved in the brain's attention network. In addition, these areas are involved, together with Broca's area, in the production of speech. We also find evidence of changes in thalamic activity in limbic structures such as the hippocampus, and the upper temporal region is involved in several processes, including language reception. The precentral gyration may be involved in motor function related to writing. Therefore, our hypothesis-based analysis focused on these regions.
We study the neurophysiological nature of dissociative mediumship in psychography, as measured by changes in rCBF. During psychography, individuals write legible structured narratives, but often claim not to know the content or grammar of the written text. The present study aims to determine if this type of dissociative trance state is associated with specific alterations in brain activity that differ from those found when writing normally, that is, not in a state of dissociative trance. Given that the psychographed contents present complexity and planning, our a priori hypothesis was that the areas involved in the cognitive processes when writing consciously, such as the reasoning and the content of the planning, would show a similar activation during the medium trance.
We examined 10 Brazilian psychologists who had been writing automatically for 15 to 47 years, producing 2 to 18 psychographies per month, who we divided into 5 «less expert mediums» and 5 with «substantial experience». All were white, right-handed, with good mental health, and currently do not use psychiatric drugs. The criteria used to describe the mediums as 'experienced' consisted in having practiced mediumship for at least 20 years and produced at least 10 psychographs per month at the beginning of the study.
The 10 mediums adjusted well in terms of their family, social and professional life, and regularly helped people who had lost loved ones. None of them were paid for their mediumistic activity, which they consider part of their mission to help people. They all reported spiritual experiences in childhood or adolescence. Both groups had the same average age: experienced (48 + -9.8 years) and less experienced (48.6 + -6.7). The mediums 'experienced' had practiced mediumship for 37.4 + -8.8 years with an average of 15.6 + -2.2 experiences of psychography per month, against the records of 'less experts' of 22.4 + -14.8 years and 4.8 + -3.0 times respectively .
The number of participants needed to determine the statistical power of the study was based on previous research related to glossolalia. Several mental health inventories and qualitative assessments of subjective experience were administered. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), anxiety symptoms using the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), current and past mental disorders using the Appendices for Clinical Evaluation in Neuropsychiatry (SCAN) ). Borderline personality disorder and history of child abuse were based on data from the Dissociative Disorder Interview Program (DDIS) and psychiatric morbidities were evaluated using the Psychiatric Self-Reporting Questionnaire (SRQ).
The local Human Research Ethics Committee in Brazil and the Institutional Review Board of the University of Pennsylvania authorized the study, and all participants signed informed consent forms.
Neuroimaging procedures
RCBF was measured using SPECT during psychography (writing in a dissociative trance state) and the data were compared with those collected during normal conscious or non-trance writing (the control task). Both writing assignments were carried out in a quiet and low light environment. Volunteers were asked to do psychography in the same way as in their regular activity as mediums. They all followed the same procedure: they sat in the chair where they would perform their tasks, prayed, closed their eyes and concentrated. Usually, they were in a trance state a few minutes later, they took a pencil and began to write. The mediums reported entering into a trance state very easily and silently. For non-trance writing, in the same place,
After the task of psychography, all subjects were asked if they had reached the mediumistic state (contact with a deceased person), and they were also asked to rate their level of mediumistic experience from 1 «poorly achieved» to 4 «successfully. accomplished». The order of tasks was random among the subjects to avoid the sequence effect and the controlled interval between tasks ensured the distinction between trance and non-trance states for psychography and control writing, respectively.
The use of SPECT images for the purposes of this study allowed the evaluation of the trance state itself. The rCBF SPECT studies are performed in such a way that the scans reflect what is happening at the time of the radioactive marker injection, which was during control writing tasks or psychography instead of after. The subjects are scanned afterwards, but the distribution of the marker is not reversible once it is injected and collected in the brain. This allows you to obtain images of your own trance state.
The subjects began writing in the room and wrote for 10 minutes, at which time they were injected through the IV cannulas (inserted in their left arms) with 7 mCi of 99m Tc-ECD. After writing for another 15 minutes, an investigator instructed him to stop writing and they were taken to the SPECT scanner for a 40-minute scan.
The images were acquired in a triple-head scanner (Trionix Research Laboratory) using high-resolution fan beam collimators. The projection images were obtained at three-degree angle intervals in a 128 × 128 matrix (3.56 mm × 3.56 mm pixel size) at 360 °. The SPECT images were reconstructed using the filtered back projection, followed by a low pass filter and a 1st order Chang attenuation correction.
After the first exploration of the writing task, the subjects returned to the room to perform the second task (psychography or control). After observing that they performed the second task for 10 minutes, they were injected in the same way with 25 mCi of 99m Tc-ECD, without disturbing them. Then, the subjects continued to perform the second task for 15 minutes, and the session ended. Each subject was scanned (second scan of writing tasks) for 40 minutes using the same image parameters as above. The phenomenological experience of the mediums during the task of control and psychography was evaluated through a semi-structured interview just after the acquisitions of image scanning.
Analysis of complexity of written content.
After writing for 25 minutes without interruption, the written content was evaluated by a PhD in Brazilian Language and Literature with extensive experience in the qualification of essays sent for the entrance exams to the university using the Analytical Evaluation, which weighs several characteristics or components. of effective writing to provide a deep quality rating and writing skills. The writing evaluated involved approximately 350 words related to the period in which the brain was impregnated with a marker. This analysis was masked (blind) so that the analyst did not know to which group each volunteer belonged. The following criteria were used to analyze the written content: (i) punctuation, (ii) selection of lexical elements and spelling, (iii) concordance of verbs and names, and placement of pronouns, (iv) development of the subject, (v) structure of prayer and articulation between parties, and (vi) consistency. Scores varied from 1 to 4 for each criterion as follows: (1) poor, (2) regular, (3) good, and (4) very good. The content scores for the two groups were compared using the Wilcoxon Signal Classification Test.
Although the subjects studied reported apparent delusions, auditory hallucinations, personality changes and other dissociative behaviors, they did not present mental disorders and were able to use their mediumistic experiences to help others. The structured clinical interviews exclude the current psychiatric illness.
None of the subjects, except one with previous signs of borderline personality disorders, showed clear signs of current mental disorders of Axis I or II. All the subjects stated that they felt very comfortable during the study and that they had successfully reached their usual trance state during the psychographic task (4 'successfully achieved'), and this evaluation was made shortly after the task of psychography. All reported being in their regular / wakefulness state during the control task. Seven found that writing for the control task was easy, and the three who mentioned some difficulty reported that, in general, it was difficult for them to write written texts in their daily lives.
During psychography, all mediums reported altered states of consciousness, but to different degrees. Experienced mediums spoke of a deeper trance, with a clouded consciousness, often reporting that they were outside the body and that they had little or no awareness of the content of what they were writing.
The groups were assigned randomly, so there were no significant differences in the mean time between the scans. When using a t test analysis of the regions according to the voxel counts, there were no significant differences when the whole group was analyzed. However, subjects experienced during the control condition showed significantly greater activity in these regions (p <0.001 for all regions) than less experienced mediums. Significantly higher rCBF (p <0.01 for all regions) was shown in several areas of the brain by less experienced psychologists, particularly in the left culm, left hippocampus, left inferior occipital gyrus, left anterior cingulate, right superior temporal gyrus and right precentral gyrus during psychography compared to normal writing (without trance). The precentral gyro approach actually covers the precentral gyrus and the medial frontal gyrus, but we report the region as a function of the MNI coordinates. Experienced mediums of writing in a trance state showed rCBF consistently lower in these regions than when writing in the control condition.
The difference was significant in comparison with the less experienced (p <0.05).
The written content produced by the subjects during both types of tasks, with or without medium trance, had never been written before. The level of complexity of both types of written content (psychographed and control-task) was analyzed individually for each topic. The content produced during media writing and control usually involved ethical principles, the importance of spirituality and the union of science and spirituality. The mean scores of complexity for the psychographed content were higher than those of the control writing, both for the complete sample [16.8 (SD 3.33) vs 14.4 (SD 2.95) – p = 0.007] and for the experienced mediums [18.4 ( SD 2.30) 3.36) – p = 0.041]. For less experienced mediums, the difference was almost significant [15.2 (SD 3.63) versus 13.4 (SD 2.41) – p = 0.066].
Finally, a linear correlation analysis was performed that compared the change in the global complexity score so that the written content changed in CBF in the six regions identified as being significantly associated with the state of psychography.In general, there was a trend towards an inverse correlation between the change in complexity and the change in the CBF in each region. The correlation coefficients varied from 0.59 to 0.74 for p values from 0.03 to 0.12. All correlations were reversed, so that the greatest increases in complexity were associated with a progressive decrease in HR in each region.
Our hypothesis was not confirmed for less expert psychologists, since the results showed significant changes in the rCBF in several areas of the brain during psychography compared to writing without trance. In addition, contrary to our hypothesis, experienced mediums who write dissociatively in a trance state showed a consistently lower rCBF in these regions than when writing in the control condition.
In relation to the hypnotic suggestion, some studies showed prefrontal activation, but not others, while our subjects showed lower levels of activity in the frontal care system. Although reduced frontal-parietal connectivity and frontal deactivations are observed after a hypnotic induction in highly suggestive individuals, hypnosis is phenomenologically distinct from mediumistic expressions, therefore, the two conditions are not directly comparable. In addition, the idea that hypnosis reflects dissociative states remains controversial.
Brain scanning studies of meditation have generally found an increase in frontal lobe activity and a related care network, unlike our findings for experienced mediums. Although meditative states do not necessarily involve dissociation and phenomenological expressions are very different from psychography, a recent study suggested that meditation improves the efficiency of brain functioning, so that experts' brain activation levels are lower than those of less experienced meditators, pattern similar to that reported in the present study.
Previous research in neuroimaging has shown that writing is a complex process that requires synchronized cognitive, language and perceptual-motor skills. The complexity of the written content reflects the creativity of the author and the planning work that underlies the underlying activity in the precentral gyrus, the right superior temporal gyrus, the left anterior cingulate, the hippocampus, the culm and the occipital lobes. Damage or hypoperfusion in these regions has been correlated with severely damaged writing.
In particular, experienced mediums showed higher complexity scores, suggesting that planning for psychographed content was more sophisticated than for written content when it was not in a dissociative mediumistic trance. The greater complexity of the text that involves more creativity and planning work during psychography would presumably require more activity in the central precentral gyrus, the right superior temporal gyrus, the left anterior cingulate, the left hippocampus, the left culm, and the left inferior occipital gyrus that the task of control less complex, but this was not the case, especially for experienced mediums.
Findings about the lower activity levels of the left hemisphere and the higher activity of the right hemisphere have been reported in pathological expressions of dissociative and psychotic experiences. Unlike our volunteers, patients with schizophrenia had lower blood flow levels in the left hemisphere regions, while areas of higher flow may reflect the need to turn to the right hemisphere to compensate for deficits in the left hemisphere networks . In addition, BCS abnormalities in the anterior, precentral, temporal, and culminating cingulate could predict the development of psychosis in high-risk subjects with a subsequent transition to psychosis. The anterior cingulate is involved in the attention system along with emotional regulation, learning, memory, error detection, conflict monitoring, strategy planning and empathy. The decrease in the activity of the anterior cingulate, the precentral gyrus, the superior temporal gyrus and the hippocampus in experienced mediums may partly explain the absence of focus, self-consciousness and consciousness during the dissociative state observed in psychography. Despite several similarities with brain activation related to schizophrenic patients, the subjects who participated in the present study did not present schizophrenia or any other mental illness. This finding underscores the importance of further research on the differential diagnosis between pathological and nonpathological dissociation.
We try to maintain the greatest possible similarity between the groups in order to better compare their brain functions. The differences observed in CBF may be related to their different levels of experience, but may also reflect differences in anxiety, effort or efficiency. For example, studies have shown that anxiety is associated with increased uptake in the right ventral frontal cortex and the insula / left area. Therefore, some of the changes we observed may have reflected anxiety, although none of the subjects reported particularly high levels of anxiety or stress.
Studies of cognitive skills have revealed two general patterns of changes in brain activity. Several studies have found that experts and non-experts show greater activity in different regions. The level of activity in the area of the fusiform face (FFA) when experts identify objects such as cars or birds, predicts performance in a measure of behavior of the experience performed outside the scanner. However, studies have found that some regions of the brain show increases while others show decreases during the task performed by experts.
Observations of the calculations made by experts have reported an increase in activity in the medial frontal gyrus, the parahippocampal gyrus, the anterior cingulate gyrus and the right-middle occipito-temporal junction, as well as the left paracentral lobe
Other studies of arithmetic expertise have shown larger regions of greater activity.These results suggest that experts use different or more extensive brain pathways.However, other studies suggest that more skilled subjects make more efficient use of regions and brain activity. Under these circumstances, less brain activity is observed in cognitive tasks. On the other hand, those who struggle to perform cognitive tasks often have to recruit more areas of the brain as a compensatory mechanism.
The results of the present study suggest that the level of experience may have an important effect on brain function. There was a tendency towards an inverse correlation between the change in complexity and the alteration of the CBF in each region. Given that these correlations were reversed, the implication is that greater increases in complexity were associated with a progressive decrease in HR in each region. This interesting finding that takes into account the complexity of psychographed texts deserves future research and elucidative hypotheses. It could be speculated that these findings were related to improvisation musical performances, in which the activity decreased in some areas of attention has been involved in a change induced by training to the inhibition of attention driven by stimuli.
In addition, a recent study showed that alcohol consumption, which decreases frontal lobe activity, seems to improve creativity. However, the states of musical improvisation and alcohol consumption are quite peculiar and different from psychography. Future research is needed to thoroughly compare psychography with other similar states and to clarify more precisely the relationship between frontal lobe function and the depth, intensity and complexity of the written content produced in this interesting mediumistic state.
In general, the fact that experienced mediums had less rCBF than less experienced mediums may be due to having more years of practice and doing more psychographs per month. However, considering the high complexity scores of the experts for their psychographed content, it is not clear whether the decrease in brain activity is related to a more efficient brain function during the task, or the influence of other variables.
Although we know the problems to conceptualize the trance, for the purpose of this study we use a more consensual and phenomenological definition of the trance proposed by Cardeña: a temporary alteration of consciousness, identity and / or behavior evidenced by at least two of the following :
(1) marked alteration of consciousness;
(2) reduced knowledge of the immediate surroundings;
(3) Experienced movements that are beyond one's control.
In qualitative terms, given that there is not a single expression of mediumship, but rather important differences between people and occasions, our subjects reported on various types of «spiritual contact». The less experienced mediums were emotionally affected and reported that they felt inspired during the psychography, and that they were in a semi-conscious state (the sentences arrived as if they were dictated) in relation to the written content, while the experienced mediums said that they were «Out of their bodies» and had no control over the content «elaborated by the spirit».
The superior temporal gyrus, which contains the auditory cortex, was activated during psychography for the less experienced mediums, who listened to sentences as if they were dictated, but were deactivated in the experienced subjects, who had no conscious control over the psychographed content. The superior temporal gyrus is also involved in linguistic comprehension and is a key area related to auditory hallucination in psychotic patients.
The decrease in activity of the left prefrontal cortex, which is involved in the classification and classification of the experience may be related in part to the subjective description of the dissociative trance as reported by experienced mediums, and is consistent with the notion of writing automatic Instead of planning the written content. Language processing studies consistently show that the superior temporal cortex and the precentral gyrus are crucial for word processing and its hypoperfusion results in the selective deterioration of written work. Constant activation is expected in these areas during writing in healthy subjects. These regions were hypoactivated in the brain of the subjects experienced during psychography, and did not show the deteriorated written text that we would expect with the hypoactivation presented.
The lowest level of activity in the temporal cortex and the precentral gyrus, as well as the hippocampus and the anterior cingulate in experienced mediums, supports their subjective reports of ignorance of the written content during psychography. It should be noted that no changes were observed in the CBF in the caudate nuclei described above in the glossolalia. The subjects also showed a reduced CBF in the right prefrontal cortex, and these discrepancies may be related to different tasks related to language processing during these trance-like states.
The subjects attributed their writing in trance to «spirits». Compared to normal writing, less experienced media showed greater activation in the same areas of cognitive processing during psychography, whereas experienced media showed a significantly lower level of activation.
The less experienced had to «work harder,» as evidenced by their relatively high levels of activation of the area of cognitive processing during psychography.Experienced media showed a significant reduction in rCBF changes during psychography, which is consistent with the notion of automatic (non-conscious) writing and their claims that an «external source» was planning written content.The brain regions that are known to be involved in writing planning were activated less, although the content was more elaborate than their writing without trance.
These findings are not consistent with falsification or role play, which have been offered as explanations for psychography. Neural circuits related to planning would probably be recruited to compose more elaborate texts if the subjects were faking trance states.
Conversely, studies of regions of cognitive processing involved in reasoning and written content planning showed a decrease in activity in experienced mediums, who reported that they were not aware of the psychographed content and that they had no control over it.
The subjects reported that their trance state implied a «relaxed state of mind». The state of relaxation could only explain the lower overall activity of the brain, but the fact that the subjects produced complex content in a state of trance dissociation suggests that they were not simply relaxed. In addition, relaxation seems an unlikely explanation for the activation of brain areas specifically related to the cognitive processing that takes place. As a first step toward understanding the neuronal mechanisms involved in non-pathological dissociation, we emphasize that this finding deserves further investigation in terms of both replication and explanatory hypotheses.
In non-pathological conditions, a person may benefit from these dissociative abilities, although such a disposition may become dissociative pathology after adverse / traumatic events. The absence of current mental disorders of Axis I or II in the groups is in line with current evidence that dissociative experiences are common in the general population and not necessarily related to mental disorders, especially in religious / spiritual groups. Alterations in medium blood flow differed between experienced and less experienced subjects, highlighting the diversity of the dissociative phenomenon in healthy subjects and suggest that additional research should address the criteria for distinguishing between healthy and pathological dissociative expressions in the field of mediumship.
A limitation of this study arises from the small sample size, which obviated the detailed analysis that a larger sample could support. We only use a threshold for the groups as a correction of importance, since the correction for multiple comparisons would be too conservative for this exploratory study. However, in a larger study, we could perform a more robust analysis to correct multiple comparisons, as well as correction of small volumes. Nor do we perform a single subject analysis since we consider this study as exploratory, and therefore we simplify the analysis to random effects in an attempt to determine the basic differences between the groups.
Different lines of research come together in a promising development that points to a deeper understanding of consciousness and dissociation. Although the study of spiritual experiences such as mediumship is fundamental to the development of our current understanding of the mind, researchers neglected its relevance in the last century. The present study provides useful preliminary data and points to the potential usefulness of deep, epistemologically informed studies of dissociative states of consciousness and spiritual experiences to improve our understanding of the mind and its relation to the brain.
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN TRANQUILIZATION OF TRANCE AND MULTIPLE PERSONALITY DISORDER IN STRUCTURED INTERVIEW
Dureen J. Hughes Los Angeles, California
Trance channeling and multiple personality disorder seem to be based on the basic mental process of dissociation. Dissociation has been defined, very simply, as the opposite of association. The elements of the psyche can be in a dynamic relationship with each other, in which case the thoughts, feelings, experiences, etc.they are integrated into consciousness and memory (association). Or these same elements of the psyche may be relatively isolated and separate, in which case they dissociate (Ross, 1989, p.87). This concept goes back to Janet (1977). While dissociation itself is a «normal human ability» (Richards, 1990), it is generally accepted that there is a continuum of dissociative phenomena (Bernstein and Putnam, 1986). Bernstein and Putnam have characterized this continuum as «from the minor dissociations of everyday life to the main forms of psychopathology such as multiple personality disorder» (1986, p.728), whereas Richards (1990) has characterized it as from automations . from routine behaviors in one extreme to «co-consciousness» in the other. While Prince defined «co-consciousness» as simply the simultaneous but separate presence of two streams of consciousness (1978), Richards uses the definition of Beahrs, Le, «the existence within a single human organism of more than one that experiences consciously a psychological entity, each with a certain sense of its own identity or sameness, relatively separate and discrete from other similar entities «(1982, p, 182). The phenomena in the far end of the dissociative continuum are the objective of this study.
Dissociation in the form of, or accompanied by, co-consciousness is currently found in at least two forms in our own culture: trance channeling and multiple personality disorder. Klimo (1987, p.2) has defined trance channeling as «the communication of information through a human being embodied physically from a source that is said to exist in some other level or dimension of reality than the physical as we know . that, and that's not from the normal mind (or me) of the channel. « While this activity could be classified as a type of «possession» according to Winkelman's definition, that is, «a trance state interpreted by culture as a condition during which the personality of the practitioner is temporarily displaced by the personality of another entity (1986, p.194), it should be noted that the trance channels that participated in this research prefer the term «mixture» to describe their trance state.
The term «mixture» connotes harmony and mutual cooperation between the channel and the entity rather than the dominance of the channel by the entity (Hughes, 1991). Finally, some authors have chosen to include classical «mediumship» within the scope of trance channeling (Hastings, 1991; Klima, 1987).D. Scott Raga has stated that «communication is the art of bringing through the spirits of the dead specifically to communicate with their relatives. The channeling that I define is to carry through some kind of intelligence, the indefinite nature, whose purpose is to promote spiritual teachings and philosophical discussions «(cited in Klima, 1987, pp. 5-6). It is this latter definition that describes in more detail the activities of the subjects who participated in this investigation.
The TPM (multiple personality disorder) and the trance channeling may seem very similar to those of a casual observer, since there are at least two different personalities that inhabit or control the same body in each case. In addition, it seems that the trance channels conform to the criteria OSM-III-R for MPO, that is: «the existence within the person of two or more personalities or different personality states (each with its own perception pattern). relatively durable, related to, and thinking about the environment and the self) «and» at least two of these personalities or personality states take full control of the person's behavior «(American Psychiatric Association [APA], 1987, p 272). Previous ethnographic and EEG investigations with trance channels (Hughes, 1991, Hughes and Melville, 1990) raised questions about whether «channeling» phenomena could be understood in terms of multiple personality disorder.
Consequently, structured interviews with ten trance channels were conducted using the Dissociative Disorder Interview Program (OOlS), developed by Ross and Heber (Ross, 1989, pp. 314-30) to determine the degree of overlap between the complex of symptoms that characterize the MPO. And the phenomenological experience of the trance channels. These results were compared with DDlS scores of twenty subjects with TPM as reported by Ross, Heber, Norton and Anderson in their 1989 article comparing patients diagnosed with MPD, schizophrenia, panic disorder and eating disorder. In his 1989 book on TPM. Ross further stated that these results (pp. 330-34 in that publication) are typical of TPM as it occurs throughout North America.
All subjects also completed the Dissociative Experiences Scale (EED), developed by Bernstein and Putnam (1986), to measure the frequency and number of different types of dissociative experiences among trance channels. The mean EED scores and the median of the supported items were compared for the group of trance channels and two groups of subjects whose scores were reported by Bernstein and Putnam (1986). These last two groups consisted of twenty subjects with TPM and thirty-four normal adults.
The programming of interviews of dissociative disorders
The DDIS is a structured 131-item interview that differentiates TPM from several other psychiatric disorders, as well as normal ones, using diagnostic criteria DSM-IIl (American Psychiatric Association [APA], 1980). It has a global reliability of 0.76, a sensitivity of 90% and a specificity of 100% for the diagnosis of MPR (Ross, et al., 1989). Instead of giving a total overall score, it provides a profile of scores in several areas that can then be compared with a typical profile for a patient with TPM (Ross, 1989).
The Scale of Dissociative Experiences.
The EED is a 28-item self-report instrument with a reliability of .84. Although the EED is a screening test, rather than a diagnostic instrument, it generally distinguishes between subjects who have a dissociative disorder and those who do not (Bernstein and Putnam, 1986, Ross, 1989).
The ten trance channels that participated in this study are the same subjects who participated in a study that measured the brainwave activity of trance channels, both in and out of trance (Hughes and Melville, 1990). All had been channeling for more than a year, two had been channeling up to seven years, and the modal experience was 3 years.
None of the subjects had currently active psychiatric diagnoses. Two subjects had previous diagnoses of anxiety disorder, one subject had a previous diagnosis of depression and one subject had previous diagnoses of depression and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Seven of the ten had no active physical diagnoses. Of the rest, a 74-year-old man had cardiac dysrhythmia, a 64-year-old man had high cholesterol and bladder problems, and a 35-year-old male had rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, autoimmune disease, and migraine headaches.
Ethical approval (in the form of an Exemption Statement) to interview the subjects was obtained from the Committee for the Protection of Human Subjects at the University of California, Los Angeles.
Interview management
Nine of the subjects were interviewed by the author. Each interview (DDIS and EED) lasted approximately forty-five minutes. A subject had moved out of the area and, therefore, a modified DDIS was mailed, that is, all subject headings and «notes» were deleted that may have biased the subject against positive responses (due to the implications of psychopathology). The real questions of the interview remained unchanged. The unmodified EED was also completed by the subject through the mails.
The data were analyzed by t tests for continuous data, Fisher's exact test for dichotomous data and comparison of EED medians.
Demographic characteristics of the subjects
The ten subjects were divided equally in terms of sex. Their age ranged between 31 and 74 years, with an average age of 47.6 (SD = 13.17). Four were married and, as a group, had an average of 0.6 children (SD = 1.07). All, except one of the subjects, had some post-secondary education; four had obtained baccalaureate degrees, two had master's degrees and two had doctorates, occupations varied widely, but all were employed and all could be classified as middle-to-upper-middle class. Eight had never been imprisoned; the other two each spent a few hours in jail for minor infractions.
Clinical characteristics of the subjects
The trance channels differed from the TPM subjects in all the DSM-III diagnoses performed by the DDIS. Although the differences between the trance channels and subjects with TPM were not significant at the .05 level with respect to the DSM-III diagnoses of psychogenic leakage and somatization disorder, it should be taken into account that this is due to the percentage (relatively) small of the subjects with positive TPM for these diagnoses, since none of the trance channels was positive for these diagnoses. The average number of somatic symptoms (used in the diagnosis of somatization disorder) for subjects with TPM in 13.5 (Ross, 1989, p.331), which is compared with an average number of somatic symptoms for trance channels of 1.8 (p <.0001). The average number of positive limit criteria for subjects with TPM is 5.3 (Ross, 1989, page 332), which is compared with an average number of positive limit criteria for trance channels of 0.3 (p <.0001).
The trance channels differed from the TPM subjects in four of the six historical elements that are known to be associated with TPM
The trance channels differed from the TPM subjects in sixteen secondary characteristics of TPM. These include objects that are missing or present where the person lives, changes in handwriting, strangers who know it, do or say things that can not be remembered, missing periods of time, «reach» in an unknown place, amnesia in much of childhood after five years, flashbacks, depersonalization, auditory hallucinations, speaking of oneself in the plural, and feeling that there is another person inside someone who has a name and takes control of the body. The trance channels also differed from the TPM subjects with respect to sixteen types of supernatural experiences that included things like mental telepathy, clairvoyance, telekinesis, clairvoyant dreams, deja vu, feeling possessed, having contact with ghosts, poltergeists or spirits, know something about past lives, and be involved in worship activities. Finally, the two groups differed with respect to eleven symptoms of Schneider's first-ranking schizophrenia.
While Ross, et al. do not provide data regarding the average number of previous psychiatric diagnoses for the twenty subjects with MPD, two large series of patients with MPD have shown averages of 3.6 and 2.74 (Putnam, et al., 1986, Ross, Norton and Wozney, 1989) . The average for the trance channels was 0.5, and when compared to 2.74 (the average of the large series of Ross, et al.), It is significant at the level of .0001.
EED scores of the subjects
The trance channels differed from subjects with TPM with respect to the frequency of dissociative experiences (average EDS score) and the number of different types of dissociative experiences (median number of endorsed EED items). There were no differences between trance channels and normal subjects with respect to these elements.
Although Bernstein and Putnam (1986) do not provide data regarding the average EED score of the twenty subjects with TPM, a separate study comparing TPM and complex partial seizures (Ross, Heber, Anderson, et al., 1989) does provide said data. for a separate group of twenty TPM subjects. The average EED score for those subjects with TPM is 38.3 (SD = 20.9) which is compared with an average EED score for trance channels of 6.28 (SD 4.78).
This is significan


text:
Q: bash Regular Expression in if Statement I am stumped  at the error I am getting from a script I'm trying to run to suspend my machine. I am trying to use a regex in an elif statement to suspend my machine after a specific time period.
#!/bin/bash
echo "When would you like to suspend the machine?"
read "sustime"
if [ "$sustime" = "now" ]
then
    sudo pm-suspend
elif [[ "$sustime" =~ [0-9]*[smhd] ]]
then
    time=`expr "$sustime" : '\([0-9]+)\)'`
    ttype=`expr "$sustime" : '.*\([smhd]\)'`
    sudo sleep $time$ttype ; sudo pm-suspend
else
    echo "Please enter either [now] or [#s|m|h|d]"
fi

The code doesn't work on the elif line, for example if I input 5s, the output of the script is:
$ sh dbussuspend.sh
When would you like to suspend the machine?
5s
dbussuspend.sh: 10: dbussuspend.sh: [[: not found
Please enter either [now] or [#s|m|h|d]

However, it should read that I've entered the string 5s run the code block under elif. I've actually tried any regex in place of [0-9]*[smhd], all with the same error.

A: this problem is not caused by your script, but by how you're invoking it:
sh dbussuspend.sh

should be:
bash dbussuspend.sh

bash know how to [[, but sh doesn't...
better still, do as Gordon Davisson suggests. do this once:
chmod +x dbussuspend.sh

and thenceforth, invoke like this:
./dbussuspend.sh

additionally, Etan Reisner and chepner question your use of expr, and laurel your bash regex. GNU coreutils sleep supports e.g. sleep 30s, sleep 2m, sleep 1h. check this on your system with man sleep. if so, then this will work:
elif [[ "$sustime" =~ ^[0-9]+[smhd]$ ]]
then
    sudo sleep $sustime ; sudo pm-suspend

(^ and $ in ^[0-9]+[smhd]$ to match the start and end of the string and prevent matching e.g. "uzeifue1sziufzr".)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Iloilo is a province in the Visayan region of the Philippines with a wide array of attractions and cultural heritage sites. With a tribal history fused with Spanish influences, Iloilo boasts a unique experience of the Philippines.
Check out our list of the best things to do, the best food to eat, and the best places to stay in Iloilo!
Gigantes Islands – "The Island of the Giants" is located in northern Iloilo, about a five hours' drive from Iloilo City. While there, take in the beautiful seascapes and the relaxed and laid-back atmosphere of the island.
Pintados de Passi – Held every third week of March, the Pintados de Passi festival celebrates the culture and heritage of the city of Passi. Check out this article to learn more!
Sicogon Island – If you're looking for blue seas and white sandy beaches, look no further than Sicogon Island. It's your quintessential Philippine beach where you can go swimming in the clear waters or soak up the summer sun. And be sure to check out the sunrise on Buaya Beach – we hear it's absolutely gorgeous.
Tatoy's Manokan and Seafoods – look no further for a delicious meal and a gorgeous view. Their menu boasts an array of Filipino classics that you can enjoy while staring at a beautiful beachfront view. Check out all the food that Garrett, Miristi and Mama Mel try at Tatoy's here.
Kusina Nanam – a quirky little restaurant complete with mismatched chairs and colorful décor. Not to mention a delicious menu of homey Filipino comfort food.
Table Matters – Located right by Molo Mansion, this small outdoor café provides a cozy atmosphere to enjoy some artisanal ice cream. A must-try is an ice cream made from the blue ternate flower, which is not only delicious, but also has several added health benefits. Ice cream that's healthy — two thumbs up from me!
Madge Café – Found in the La Paz Public Market, Madge Café stands out as a classic among locals. It exudes charm; from its wall of personalized mugs to its simple old world décor, it's like having coffee at your Lola's house. Be sure to try some of their traditionally-made and locally-grown coffee.
Sheridan Boutique Resort – a peaceful getaway in the bustling metropolis of Iloilo city. Try the food at the Ayanna Garden Restaurant or take a dip in the Azure infinity pool. With a rustic and cozy atmosphere, Sheridan Resort allows guests to find peace and relaxation.
Urban Sands Iloilo – Luxury and sophistication right in the heart of the city. Feel the serenity of the beach and countryside while being steps away from downtown.
Richmonde Hotel Iloilo – Located in Iloilo Business Park, you can expect nothing less than modernity and luxury from the Richmonde Hotel. Amenities and service are high quality yet affordable at the same time.


text:
Risks for your health
Shocking study finds that penicillin changes children's brains, causing them to grow up angry and violent
Antibiotic treatment during late pregnancy and early childhood spurred aggression and long-term behavioral changes in animal models, a recent study showed. A team of researchers at the McMaster University and St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton in Ontario, Canada examined the effects of low-dose penicillin treatment in pregnant mice and their offspring, and found that the antibiotic triggered neurochemical changes in the brain and spurred a gut bacteria imbalance in mice. These changes coincided with increased aggression and reduced anxiety in the animal models, researchers said. However, the study revealed that giving mice a lactobacillus strain of bacteria helped prevent the onset of these negative behaviors.
"In this paper, we report that low-dose penicillin taken late in pregnancy and in early life of mice offspring, changes behaviour [sic] and the balance of microbes in the gut. While these studies have been performed in mice, they point to popular increasing concerns about the long-term effects of antibiotics. Furthermore, our results suggest that a probiotic might be effective in preventing the detrimental effects of the penicillin" said lead author Dr. John Bienenstock in an article in ScienceDaily.com.
The findings were published in the journal Nature Communications.
Antibiotics' potential impact on children's behavior
The lead author also noted that children were exposed to antibiotics during infancy, and stressed on the potential effects of early antibiotic treatments on the children's future behavioral development. "There are almost no babies in North America that haven't received a course of antibiotics in their first year of life. Antibiotics aren't only prescribed, but they're also found in meat and dairy products. If mothers are passing along the effects of these drugs to their as yet unborn children or children after birth, this raises further questions about the long-term effects of our society's consumption of antibiotics" Dr. Bienenstock said.
Another study has demonstrated a similar effect on animal models. Canadian researchers examined healthy mice and used antibiotics to alter their gut bacteria. According to the study, mice that received antibiotics displayed increased eagerness and less apprehension compared with those in the control group. The researchers also found that antibiotics-treated mice had higher levels of a brain protein associated with depression and anxiety compared with the controls. The findings were published in the journal Gastroenterology.
A meta-analysis published in 2014 also confirmed that using antibiotics to treat inflammation leads to a chemical imbalance in intestinal bacteria. These effects spur changes in the gut function and behavior of hosts, the review noted. The results appeared in the journal Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology.
Modern society and the vicious cycle of aggression
A vast number of studies show that certain behavioral changes such as early aggression in children could manifest well into adolescence and adulthood. An analysis by the Frances McCleland Institute in Tucson, Arizona revealed that boys were more likely than girls to engage in aggressive acts such as hitting and punching others. However, the review also showed that girls were more likely than boys to use social aggression. The study also revealed that both genders tend to use these two forms of aggression simultaneously.
Aggressive behavior in adolescence was also associated with more violent behaviors – such as sexual abuse, child abuse, domestic violence, and homicide – in adulthood, a meta-analysis revealed. A report by the U.S. Department of Justice showed that young adults ages 18 to 24 years had the highest rates of homicide. Data also showed that 7.7% of all American women suffered sexual violence, while 22% were subject to domestic abuse. The results were published in the Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing.
A number of research, collectively known as "Bobo doll studies", by renowned psychologist Albert Bandura demonstrate a vicious cycle of aggression that can be transmitted between parents and their children. According to Bandura's studies, parents who exhibit aggression were more likely to have children displaying similar behaviors.
Uluitoarele asemănări dintre două monumente străvechi aflate pe continente diferite: Templul Marelui Jaguar și Templul Baksei Chamkrong!
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'The Peanut Butter Falcon' Film Review: A Feel-good Odyssey Through the American South
Posted by Jan Artiček | February 14, 2020 1:55 pm | Films
Score 90%Score 90%
The Peanut Butter Falcon, written and directed by Tyler Nilson and Michael Schwartz, is a story about Zack (Zack Gottsagen), a young man with Down Syndrome who lives in a retirement home in North Carolina but dreams of becoming a wrestler, like his idol, Saltwater Redneck (Thomas Haden Church), whose videotapes he watches religiously. We meet Zack when he breaks out of the facility, leaving behind the friendly social worker Eleanor (Dakota Johnson), and tries to make it to his hero's wrestling school down river.
The morning after the daring escape, Zack crosses paths with Tyler (Shia LaBeouf), a kid who finds himself in trouble with some unsavory local fishermen. Tyler is somewhat lost and reckless following the death of his older brother (Jon Bernthal), but since his aim is to follow the river down to Florida, he reluctantly agrees to help Zack get to his destination on the way. Meanwhile, Eleanor is tasked with finding Zack.
Genre-wise, the film is a dramedy, given its tendency to play on our heartstrings while maintaining a comedic tone throughout, and the hard-to-hit balance it strikes between the two poles makes it an early candidate for the title of feel-good movie of the year. It's a road movie, except that it avoids cars and, well, the road, its two protagonists instead choosing to sail the river or walk the beaches and corn fields. It's your run-of-the-mill buddy comedy, except that one of the buddies has Down Syndrome: this, however, is not some forcibly added twist to the trope, since Zack and Tyler simply have as much natural chemistry onscreen as any other cinematic pair of buddies you can think of.
Picture: Cinemanse Oy
Most importantly, this film works because it is not a story about a man with Down Syndrome, but a story about a man with the odds stacked against him, trying nonetheless to achieve his goal. This approach ends up humanizing people with Down Syndrome more than any pity-invoking public service announcement ever could. In fact, the film makes this clear at one point, when Tyler tells Eleanor to stop helping Zack with tasks that he, a grown man, can do himself.
Shia LaBeouf as Tyler puts his talent on display here. He uses his charisma and onscreen presence to take charge in certain scenes, but for the most part he plays it cool, letting Zack shine with his equally great comedic timing. In the end, it's the relationship the two actors developed in the course of the filming that is the true achievement. Add to this a well-written and not overly emphasized romantic element between LaBeouf's and Johnson's character, and this film ticks off all the boxes for getting under your skin.
An honorable mention should also go to the soundtrack, which leans into the setting-appropriate genres of bluegrass, folk and country, reducing the low-key indie-pop that usually accompanies these sorts of films to a minimum.
The Peanut Butter Falcon opens in cinemas on Valentine's Day, February 14.
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Jan Artiček
Jan Artiček lives in Helsinki and he writes about politics, culture and films. His hobbies include long epic novels, old Hollywood cinema and basketball.
Upper Secondary School Seniors Can Opt Between Distance and Contact Teaching; 'Penkkarit' Has Been Canceled


Current UCSF policy requires that all faculty and staff paid by UCSF for greater than 50% of their effort must have UCSF IRB approval before they begin research using human subjects. This requirement applies regardless of the source of funding and even when no funds are involved, regardless of the site of the study activities.
Children's Hospital & Research Center Oakland (CHRCO): CHRCO is a UCSF affiliate, but the relationship between the IRBs has not been formalized. It is our practice is to ask for anIRB Authorization Agreement until there is a written agreement regarding reliances. See below for more info.
Note: In general, UCSF cannot be considered the IRB of record for non-affiliated institutions or investigators. However, there are some limited exceptions when UCSF can serve as IRB of record.
When UCSF relies on another IRB, the UCSF PI must submit an abbreviated application in iRIS. See detailed instructions in the individual reliance descriptions below. If another site wishes to rely on the UCSF IRB, indicate this request in the IRB Application in iRIS.
The UCSF IRB is willing to consider accepting and reviewing consent forms not written in the UCSF format in certain circumstances in which the form has been or will be approved by another duly constituted IRB. Use the Consent Form Checklist for Using a Non-UCSF Consent Form when modifying the consent forms, assent forms, information sheets and recruitment materials. See the Consent Guidelines page for more info.
The Human Research Protection Programs at the University of California Campuses and UC Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory have instituted a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) for IRB review of multi-campus human subject research.
All IRB reliance requests must be registered online in the UCOP IRB Reliance Registry. This registry will help streamline the review process across the campuses, create a central repository for all reliances, and allow more transparency for investigators and IRBs at all sites.
Below is a summary on the steps you must take to register and add your study to the registry. Visit the UC IRB Reliance Registry Help page for additional assistance.
All first-time users must register with the UCOP IRB Reliance Registry before creating a new reliance request.
Go to http://irbreliance.ucop.edu, click "Register" and follow the registration steps.
If the study already has an active reliance in the registry, the Reviewing PI should submit a continuing review submission via iRIS as usual. Upon approval, the Reviewing IRB will update the study's expiration date in the Registry.
Submit any modifications to the Reviewing IRB, which will update any changes to the study in the Registry. The Relying PI is responsible for informing the Reviewing PI of any necessary modifications.
4. Upload a PDF of the UCOP IRB Reliance Registry page with the corresponding information in "Other Study Document" in iRIS; then attach this document to your submission.
The CIRB Initiative is sponsored by the NCI in consultation with the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) Office for Human Research Protections (OHRP). The CIRB provides an innovative approach to the IRB review of adult and pediatric national multi-center cancer treatment trials that significantly speeds up IRB approval and yet maintains a high level of protection for the human research participants. For full details about this initiative, please see the NCI CIRB Initiative website.
The CIRB provides expert IRB review at the national level before the Cooperative Group distributes the protocol to local investigators. UCSF has a formal agreement with the NCI CIRB, so investigators who wish to participate in the Cooperative Group Trials reviewed by the NCI CIRB may take advantage of these reviews.
For complete information, visit the How it Works page on the CIRB website.
3. After the protocol is activated by the Cooperative Group, all review documents are posted on the CTSU website for access by participating institutions.
Once the Cancer Center PRC approves the protocol, the investigator submits an abbreviated application to the UCSF IRB via iRIS. The UCSF IRB office reviews the submission and confirms CITI human subjects protection training and other applicable ancillary approvals (i.e. Radiation Safety Committee or Biosafety Committee).
1. Each UCSF participating cooperative group PI must register with the NCI CIRB through the UCSF IRB. Registration is needed in order to be able to access the full NCI CIRB website and to receive correspondence from the NCI CIRB. UCSF has already forwarded to the NCI CIRB many of the names of the Cooperative Group PIs, as well as several of the names of the study coordinators and any other individuals who work the PI and need to receive correspondence from the CIRB. If any additional PIs or contacts need to be registered, pleased complete the linked NCI Contact form..
2. PI reviews listing of CIRB approved protocols. These lists are available at the CTSU website. Investigators may choose a new study, or they may transfer a study to CIRB if they have a study active on the list.
Important Note: Notify the Cancer Center Protocol Review Committee and obtain its approval for the study to occur at UCSF before submitting the abbreviated application to the UCSF IRB.
Important Note: The abbreviated application form requests information about other related committee approvals that are needed. If Radiation Safety and/or Biosafety Approvals are needed, these must be in place before the UCSF IRB can agree to rely on the CIRB for the approval of the study. Also, Key Personnel must complete the online CITI human subjects protection training.
2. All continuing review and modification applications are submitted directly to the NCI CIRB. Please only submit a modification to the UCSF IRB for a change of PI. The UCSF IRB will acknowledge the submission in iRIS but will not issue an approval or acknowledgement letter. The UCSF PI will also be able to view the acknowledgement in iRIS. Also submit a Study Closeout Report to the UCSF IRB.
Additional responsibilities are available on the NCI CIRB website.
Assume ultimate responsibility for all aspects of the study. Please refer to the Responsibilities of PIs and CRCs page for full details of these responsibilities.
Notify CIRB and/or UCSF IRB if any parts of this process are unclear. In this way, improvements and revisions can be made to ensure that process will be both efficient and effective. For NCI CIRB questions, email CoopGroupRequests@cc.ucsf.edu. For UCSF IRB questions, email irb@ucsf.edu.
UCSF and CHRCO are able to rely on each other for IRB review. Either the UCSF or CHRCO IRB can be the reviewing IRB, depending on numerous factors. Typically, we recommend the IRB of record to be the main site for the research.
While CHRCO is a UCSF affiliate, the relationship between the IRBs has not been formalized. It is our practice is to ask for an IRB Authorization Agreement until there is a written agreement regarding reliances. See the When UCSF Can Serve as IRB of Record page and contact our office for more information.
When UCSF is the reviewing IRB for a study being conducted at both UCSF and CHRCO, the UCSF PI should complete a full IRB application in iRIS. Follow these instructions for submitting a new study.
3. Attach the CITI training completion certificates for the CHRCO investigators as Other Study Documents with your IRB submission.
Guidelines under development. Please contact CHRCO.
There is a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) between the Community Medical Center IRB in Fresno and the University of California that applies to all categories of human research (that is, full committee, expedited and exempt research). When applicable, the MOU allows research to be reviewed only by the Community Medical Centers IRB rather than having to also be reviewed by the UCSF IRB.
UCSF Fresno Faculty eligibility is based on the UCSF requirements found here.
Note that UCSF Fresno is a department of the UCSF School of Medicine. If you have any questions please contact Sharon Hutchinson.
***If you are doing transplant or neonate research and are interested in relying on a private IRB, contact Laurie Herraiz at 415-476-1814 or IRB@ucsf.edu to see if an exception can be made for your study.
Attachments: Attach the sponsor's protocol as an Other Study Document. Submit all other attachments – including the consent form(s) – directly to the private IRB. Note: Use the UCSF consent form templates (see Important Notes below).
3. Submit a Study Closeout Report to the UCSF IRB when the study is closed with the private IRB.
The consent forms submitted to the private IRB must follow the UCSF consent templates. You can also use the following checklist as a guide: Consent Form Checklist for Using a Non-UCSF Consent Form. The private IRB is responsible for ensuring consistency with that template.
Conflicts of Interest: HRPP will forward COIAC findings and management plans, if any, to the private IRB. The private IRB has final say on management plan for research they oversee. The management plan may require a modification to the study.
Radiation Safety Committee: Radiation Safety may require specific consent form wording. This may require a modification to the study.
The PI submits an application to WIRB through WIRB's online electronic system. Register for an account on the WIRB site. WIRB will train PIs and their staff on how to use this system.
1. The PI submits an application to Advarra IRB through Advarra IRB's online electronic system, CIRBI. The steps for login and starting a new submission are summarized below. Advarra IRB can train PIs and their staff on how to use this system.
Go to the CIRBI web site, click "sign up" and create a user profile. Then you will be issued credentials to access the system.
After you register, you will be directed to your home page whenever you log into CIRBI, and will be able to create and access your studies. NOTE: Any colleagues who want access to the study submission in CIRBI will need to register before you begin to create it, so that they are in your company directory and you can select them as contacts while creating your submission. The PI also needs register in advance.
Guidelines are under development. Please contact us with questions.


I've been using a useful book stand for years, which I bought at a 100 yen shop. The design is simple, so it never looks bad wherever I put it.
Look! The table is a mess with books. Let's make it tidy. It can be done in no time!
See? I could make room for food and drink. Now I can have a cake and coffee while enjoy reading. It's fun to choose a book from the book stand, too!
This book stand can be used for organizing a table like this, and moreover, it is really helpful when cooking. I don't want to touch a cookbook while handling food. With this book stand, it is easy to read a recipe without touching the page. Also, I sometimes use it when I play the electronic keyboard. It helps a lot!
Although this book stand is only 100 yen, the quality is OK and it is strong too. Actually, it's a little heavy, which I didn't like very much at first. After using it for a long time, however, I think it is better than light one because it doesn't move so much when my hand or finger accidentally hits it. I like it very much, so I will definitely keep using it.


JAKARTA (Reuters) - The Indonesian president will travel to the Natuna Islands for the first time on Thursday to assert Indonesia's sovereignty, a senior official said, after China said earlier this week it had an "overlapping claim" over nearby waters.
Beijing said on Monday that waters near the Natuna Islands were subject to overlapping claims on "maritime rights and interests" between China and Indonesia.
Indonesia's foreign minister on Wednesday rejected China's stance, saying the waters were in Indonesian territory.
Asked the reason for the trip, he told reporters, "Natuna is the territory of Indonesia, that is final. As head of the government and the state, the president wants to ensure that Natuna is part of Indonesia's sovereignty."
The remote island chain has a small civilian population. Jakarta objects to Beijing's inclusion of waters around the islands within China's "nine-dash line", a demarcation line used by Beijing to show its claim to the South China Sea.
Despite the objection, Indonesia is not part of a broader regional dispute over China's reclamation activities in the South China Sea and Beijing's claims on swathes of key waterways.
China's Foreign Ministry said over the weekend that an Indonesian naval vessel fired on a Chinese fishing boat near the chain of islands on Friday, wounding one person.
Indonesia's navy responded that it had fired warning shots at several boats with Chinese flags it accused of fishing illegally but that nobody had been wounded.


T-Bone is a broad strokes tone shaping dreamboat. Designed for quick tonal adjustments to any track or bus. T-Bone uses custom filters that do not have any of the wonky side effects to your high frequencies that most digital filters have.
Mongoose lets you solidify your low end by collapsing your bass frequencies to mono. Out of the box, you will get a tighter, more focused low end. The clear, simple layout makes it so it couldn't be easier to dial in the exact sound you need.
I finally bought the imperial delay on Thanksgiving special and have been having heaps of fun with that!