text:
Bachelorette Jason Mesnick Married Life With Wife, Job, Net Worth, Now
Jason Mesnick is a reality star who garnered all the spotlight from his appearance in the acclaimed reality shows The Bachelorette and The Bachelor. He remained the runner-up in season 4 of The Bachelorette and a marvelous character in season 13 of The Bachelor. Jason married the runner-up and eventual winner of The Bachelor, Molly Mesnick on 27 February 2010 and even shares a beautiful daughter. They first met on Season 13 of The Bachelor and it was not a love at first sight as he chose another contestant Melissa Rycroft over Molly.
Jason Mesnick is a reality star, who garnered the limelight from his appearance in acclaimed reality shows like The Bachelorette and The Bachelor. He remained the runner-up in season 4 of The Bachelorette and a marvelous cast in season 13 of The Bachelor.
Aside from his TV career, Jason also works as the founding broker at Compass / Washington and at The Jason Mesnick Group.
Details On Jason's Married Life
Jason has been married to the runner-up and eventual winner of The Bachelor, Molly Mesnick, since 27 February 2010. The couple also shares a daughter named Riley Anne Mesnick, who was born on 14 March 2013. Further, Molly is also the step-mother to Jason's son from a former relationship, Tyler Mesnick.
Jason Mesnick with wife Molly Mesnick, son Tyler Mesnick, and daughter Riley Anne Mesnick at Beaches Turks & Caicos Resort Villages & Spa on 30 January 2018. (Photo: usmagazine.com)
The couple first met on season 13 of The Bachelor and it was not a love at first sight as Jason had initially chosen another contestant Melissa Rycroft over Molly.
Also A Reality Star: Shaniah Mauldin Wiki, Net Worth, Parents, Boyfriend
However, he shocked everyone when he proposed and got engaged to Molly at the finale on 20 October 2009. He even married her in less than a year. Their beautiful marriage ceremony was placed at the Terranea Resort in Rancho Palos Verdes, California. Later, the husband-wife duo moved to Seattle, Washington, where they still reside.
Past Relationship
Molly is not the only wife of Jason. Previously, he got married to Hilary Buckholz in 2003. From the relationship, the two have a son named Tyler Mesnick, born in 2005. However, even Tyler was not enough to save the marriage and the former pair got divorced in 2007. After the divorce, the custody of their son was granted to Jason.
Additionally, Jason was also engaged to Melissa Rycroft at the end episode of the Bachelor's season 13. But, in the end, he chose Molly over Melissa.
Net Worth And Job Related
Jason has a net worth of $1 million, which he obtained from his reality TV career and as a real estate investor.
He works as a broker at The Jason Mesnick Group, where he handles the real estate. Similarly, he has also been working as a real estate broker at Northwest Group Real Estate since September 2014.
Previously, he worked as a business development and marketing consultant at the Start-Up Consultant from April 2013 to September 2014 and also served the company Board Member Big Brother Big Sister of Puget Sound in 2014.
Do Not Miss: Anne-Marie Duff Boyfriend, Son, Husband
On the other side, his wife Molly also has a net worth of $1 million. She is a reality star and a winner of the 13th season of The Bachelors. Also, she is a former host of radio show Bender and Molly, which featured on 106.1 KISS FM until 2018.
Besides, the pair also owns a house in Seattle that they built-in 2016.
Jason was born as Jason Scott Mesnick on 5 July 1976 in Cleveland, Ohio. He graduated from the University of Washington majoring in psychology.
At present, Molly works as an influencer and has a fanbase of over 171K followers on Instagram.
On 20 November 2018, Jason and Molly claimed that they were suffering from back pain for years and that Temper-Pedic ProAdapt (matress) saved them.
Their wedding got aired in a two-hour special called The Bachelor: Jason and Molly's Wedding, on March 8, 2010.


Fun day yesterday in LA's fabric district with a couple of friends.
By the pound at Michael Levine.
And who doesn't need another 3 dozen zippers!
Some stores are more than others. Take note of the place where you got the great deals for next trip. Lesson learned. .20 was the deal of the day and there was only half of the amount of trim on the spool. It would have been .10! I'll take the .20.
These will turn into hair ponies for our Relief Society auction this week.
Fun day. Thanks gals for including me!
I've always wanted to go there! One day!!


Automotive Circuit Protection Components Market focuses on the World market, to divide the market based on manufacturers, Regions, types and applications. The report covers the present scenario and the growth predictions of the global Automotive Circuit Protection Components market for 2013-2023. To analyse the market scope, the report presents a comprehensive depiction of the market by method of examining, mixture, and summation of data from numerous sources.
Automotive Circuit Protection Components Market Research Report covers major countries like USA, EU, China, South East Asia, Japan and etc.


Firefighters face serious risks on the job. They face heat, flames, physical and mental stress, and high levels of carbon monoxide (CO) and other toxic risks in the areas around fires. Here are potential threats firefighters face on a daily basis. Ready Wristbands was created to raise awareness for these issues and provide firefighters with the best resources and support available.
Most people are aware of the physical demands that first response activities place on firefighters and EMS providers. But it is important to also realize the impact that fighting fires and responding to emergencies has on the mental well-being of emergency personnel. Firefighters and EMS providers face the risk of many behavioral health concerns such as anxiety, depression, burnout, post-traumatic stress disorder, and addiction among others.
Cancer is a significant threat to emergency responders. Numerous studies have shown that firefighters are at a great risk for getting several types of cancer as compared with the general population. As a first responder, it is critical that you educate yourself on your risks and what you can do to minimize those risks.
Early detection is key to combating cancer, so make sure you are getting regular screenings and tell your doctor that you are a firefighter. Also take steps to reduce your risks of exposure to cancer-causing carcinogens. This includes full and proper use of PPE throughout response and overhaul, washing PPE and hoods after response, never storing dirty PPE in your car or house, and washing your face and hands immediately after response and before touching food.
Many states have laws establishing a presumption that certain types of cancer contracted by firefighters are the result of duty-related exposure. These laws typically allow the families of firefighters who contract these types of cancer to receive compensation in various forms, including through enhanced retirement or pension benefits, workers compensation, and/or death and disability benefits.
Most state laws stipulate various conditions that must be met in order for the cancer presumption to be valid, including that the firefighter have served for a certain length of time, that the firefighter have refrained from using tobacco products, that the firefighter had a physical examination upon joining the department, etc. These conditions are intended to protect the state or department (depending on which entity is responsible for paying the benefit) from having to compensate families of firefighters whose cancer was not contracted as a result of duty-related exposure.
Not all state presumptive laws extend coverage to volunteer firefighters. In some cases, state laws explicitly extend coverage only to full-time paid firefighters. In other cases, state laws apply exclusively to benefits that only full-time paid firefighters receive. The International Association of Fire Fighters (IAFF) maintains a publicly-accessible web page listing cancer presumption laws in different states.
The Firefighter Cancer Support Network provides support and assistance to firefighters and their families in the event of a cancer diagnosis, as well as resources for firefighter cancer research and prevention.
The Fire Smoke Coalition has resources and training to help firefighters "Know Your Smoke" and prevent exposure to toxic environments.
The National Cancer Institute provides information on screenings, prevention, treatment, and more.
The National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) conducted a study of 30,000 firefighters from three large cities and found higher rates of several types of cancers, and of all cancers combined, than the U.S. population as a whole. Read a summary of the findings.
Heart attack is the leading cause of firefighter fatalities. There are many steps you can take to improve your health, reduce your risk factors, and enhance your abilities to perform first response duties. Support all personnel in making healthy lifestyle choices and create a culture in your department where fitness, good nutrition, no smoking, and other healthy behaviors are encouraged and expected.
Improving your health will help you be at your best as a first responder and ensure that you can be there for your department, your family, and your community.
Over 20 national fire and emergency service organizations, sponsor Safety and Health Week each June to raise awareness of critical health and safety issues in the emergency services and motivate first responders to take action.
The First Twenty is a nonprofit organization dedicated to improving the health of the American firefighter and decreasing line-of-duty deaths due to heart attack. Their program is a fitness and wellness system that reaches, educates, trains, and motivates firefighters. Focusing on physical fitness, mental fitness, and nutrition, the program is designed to be easily managed, maintained, and implemented by the average firefighter.
The International Association of Fire Chief's (IAFC) Safety, Health and Survival Section was established to provide a specific component within the IAFC to concentrate on policies and issues relating to the health and safety of firefighters.
Unfortunately department around the country tragically lose dozens of firefighters and EMTs each year to suicide. The Firefighter Behavioral Health Alliance is the nationally recognized reporting system for collecting data about firefighter suicide. The reporting system is confidential and the data is used to identify trends and prevent future instances of firefighter and EMT suicide. The reporting system is confidential and the data is used to identify trends and prevent future instances of firefighter and EMT suicide.
To report a suicide, use the Confidential Suicide Form.


text:
Q: Create an alias of the script by calling the script with an argument: ./myscript alias I would like to be able to create an alias of my script by calling it with an argument.
$ ./devbox alias
$ devbox <other command of my script>

Here is the code of my bash script:
#!/bin/bash

shopt -s expand_aliases

aliasDevbox()
{
  alias devbox="./devbox"
}

parseCli()
{
  command=$1

  case "$command" in
    "alias") aliasDevbox
    ;;
  esac
}

parseCli "$@"

It's actually not working: command not found
(I know that if my code alias devbox="./devbox" was at the beginning of my script, I would be able to call it this way source ./devbox and it would work.)
Thank you!

A: This won't and can't work because ./devbox is a child process of your shell, and child processes can't set aliases in parent shells. (Similarly, they can't change environment variables either.)
I can suggest workarounds, but taking a step back, is this really needed? Typically, users will set up aliases in a login script such as .bashrc so that the aliases are automatically available in any new shell they start. My suggestion is simply to write some documentation suggesting that users create an alias for your tool to make it easier to use.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


The Body of Christ is a traumatised body because it is constituted of traumatised bodies.
This monograph explores the nature of that trauma and examines the implications of identifying the trauma of this body. Constructing new ways of thinking about the narratives at the heart of the Christian faith, 'Broken Bodies' offers a fresh perspective on Christian theology, in particular the Eucharist, and presents a call to love the body in all its guises.
It offers new pathways for considering what it means to `be Christian' and explores the impact that the experience of trauma has on Christian doctrine.


text:
Irregular warfare
Warfare in which one or more combatants are irregular military rather than regular forces
Post-classical
Late modern
fourth-gen
Battlespace
Cold-region
Counter-insurgency
Defeat in detail
Swarming
Tactical objective
Target saturation
Deep operation
Maneuver
Operational manoeuvre group
Attrition
Counter-offensive
Technology and equipment
Military recruitment
Recruit training
Military specialism
Women in the military
Transgender people and military service
Sexual harassment in the military
Counter recruitment
Arms industry
Asymmetric warfare
Broken-Backed War Theory
Deterrence theory
Military campaign
Military operation
Network-centric warfare
Security dilemma
Tripwire force
War novel
Wartime sexual violence
Women in war
Colonial war
Endemic warfare
Military occupations
Irregular warfare is defined in United States joint doctrine as "a violent struggle among state and non-state actors for legitimacy and influence over the relevant populations."[1]
Irregular warfare favors indirect and asymmetric warfare approaches, though it may employ the full range of military and other capabilities, in order to erode the adversary's power, influence, and will, it is inherently a protracted struggle that will test the resolve of a state and its strategic partners.[2][3][4][5][6] Concepts associated with irregular warfare are older than the term itself.[7]
1.1 Origination of the term
1.2 Early use
1.3 US DoD use
1.4 US CIA use
2 Other definitions
5 Wargames and exercises
6 Modeling and simulation
Origination of the term[edit]
The distinction between regular and irregular forces is unrelated to the term "irregular warfare." The term, irregular warfare, was settled upon in distinction from "traditional warfare" and "unconventional warfare", and to differentiate it as such.
Early use[edit]
One of the earliest known uses of the term irregular warfare is in the 1986 English edition of "Modern Irregular Warfare in Defense Policy and as a Military Phenomenon" by Friedrich August Freiherr von der Heydte; the original 1972 German edition of the book is titled "Der Moderne Kleinkrieg als Wehrpolitisches und Militarisches Phänomen". The German word "Kleinkrieg" is literally translated as "Small War";[8] the word "Irregular", used in the title of the English translation of the book, seems to be a reference non "regular armed forces" as per the aforementioned Third Geneva Convention.
US DoD use[edit]
One of the earliest known uses of the term IW is in a 1996 Central Intelligence Agency document by Jeffrey B. White.[9] Major military doctrine developments related to IW were done between 2004 and 2007[10] as a result of the September 11 attacks on the United States.[11][12] A key proponent of IW within US DoD is Michael G. Vickers, a former paramilitary officer in the CIA.[13]
US CIA use[edit]
The CIA's Special Activities Division (SAD) is the premiere[clarification needed] unit for unconventional warfare, both for creating and for combating irregular warfare units.[14][15][16] For example, SAD paramilitary officers created and led successful irregular units from the Hmong tribe during the war in Laos in the 1960s[17] from the Northern Alliance against the Taliban during the war in Afghanistan in 2001[18] and from the Kurdish Peshmerga against Ansar al-Islam and the forces of Saddam Hussein during the war in Iraq in 2003.[19][20]
Other definitions[edit]
IW is a form of warfare that has as its objective the credibility and/or legitimacy of the relevant political authority with the goal of undermining or supporting that authority. IW favors indirect approaches, though it may employ the full range of military and other capabilities to seek asymmetric approaches, in order to erode an adversary's power, influence, and will.[21]
IW is defined as a violent struggle among state and non-state actors for legitimacy and influence over the relevant population(s)
IW involves conflicts in which enemy combatants are not regular military forces of nation-states.[22]
IW is "war among the people" as opposed to "industrial war" (i.e. regular war).[23]
Activities[edit]
Activities and types of conflict included in IW are:
Insurgency/Counter-insurgency (COIN)
Terrorism/Counter-terrorism
Stabilization, Security, Transition, and Reconstruction Operations (SSTRO)
Unconventional warfare (UW)
Guerrilla warfare (GW)
Foreign internal defense (FID)
Civil-military operations (CMO)
Military Intelligence and counter-intelligence activities
Transnational criminal activities that support or sustain IW:
narco-trafficking
Illicit arms trafficking
illegal financial transactions
Law enforcement activities focused on countering irregular adversaries
According to the DoD, there are five core activities of IW:[24]
Counter-insurgency (COIN)
Counter-terrorism (CT)
Stability Operations (SO)
Nearly all modern wars include at least some element of irregular warfare. Since the time of Napoleon, approximately 80% of conflict has been irregular in nature.[25] However, the following conflicts may be considered to have exemplified by irregular warfare:[25][7][9]
Afghan Civil War
Algerian War
American Indian Wars
American Revolutionary War[nb 1][26]
Cuban Revolution
First Chechen War
First Sudanese Civil War
Portuguese Colonial War
Rwanda Civil War
Second Boer War
Second Chechen War
Second Sudanese Civil War
Philippines War
Wargames and exercises[edit]
There have been several military wargames and military exercises associated with IW, including:
Unified Action [27]
Unified Quest [28]
January 2010 Tri-Service Maritime Workshop,[29]
Joint Irregular Warrior Series war games,[29]
Expeditionary Warrior war game series,[29] and
a December 2011 Naval War College Maritime Stability Operations Game focused specifically on stability operations in the maritime domain conducted by the Naval Service.[29]
Modeling and simulation[edit]
As a result of DoD Directive 3000.07,[4] United States armed forces are studying[when?] irregular warfare concepts using modeling and simulation.[30][31][32]
This "see also" section may contain an excessive number of suggestions. Please ensure that only the most relevant links are given, that they are not red links, and that any links are not already in this article. (September 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Arms trafficking
Center for Irregular Warfare and Armed Groups
Civil-military operations
Civilian casualty ratio
Foreign internal defense
Fourth generation warfare
Guerrilla warfare
Hague Conventions (1899 and 1907)
Illegal drug trade
Irregular military
Improvised fighting vehicle
Low intensity conflict
Military intelligence
Political Warfare
Stabilization, Security, Transition, and Reconstruction Operations
Third Geneva Convention
Unconventional warfare
Individuals:
Clarence Ransom Edwards
François Géré
John R. M. Taylor
Michael G. Vickers
Robert Rogers' 28 "Rules of Ranging"
^ According to the definition of "regular forces", which came much after the American Revolutionary War (ARW), the American forces did not meet the following criteria at all times during the ARW:
having a fixed distinctive emblem recognizable at a distance
carrying arms openly
conducting operations in accordance with the laws and customs of war
Notwithstanding, in terms of modern international humanitarian law which was also developed much later than the ARW, the American forces formed part of the armed forces of a party to an armed conflict but not belonging to that party's regular forces (since the United States of America did not exist and hence could not have had regular forces; the American forces were an insurgency at least until 1776) and operating in or outside of their own territory even if the territory is under occupation. American forces did become regular forces but cannot be considered regular forces during the entire period of the ARW. For example, the American flag got established (1777) 2 years after the ARW started (1775). Also, there were great disparities between the American and British forces, it was not until France started to assist American forces (1778) that the disparity started to be narrowed. Conflict during the disparity surely counts as Asymmetric warfare. Also, the Boston Tea Party (1773) can be viewed as guerrilla tactics. At the very least, a good portion of the ARW should be counted as IW although the entire ARW being counted as IW is controversial. However, since more than 1/2 of the ARW was fought as ARW then it is thought that it is safe to classify it as IW even though that the American forces acted in all respects as regular forces towards the end of the conflict.
^ The Irregular Warrior, 4 October 2015 [1]
^ "Irregular Warfare (IW) Joint Operating Concept (JOC)", Version 1.0, United States Department of Defense, 27 February 2009 [2]
^ "US Irregular Warfare (IW) Analysis Workshop", Military Operations Research Society (MORS), 11 September 2007 [3]
^ a b "Irregular Warfare (IW)", DoD Directive 3000.07, United States Department of Defense, 1 December 2008 [4]
^ "Quadrennial Roles & Missions (QRM) Review Report", United States Department of Defense, January 2009 [5]
^ "Irregular Warfare", Doctrine Document 2-3, United States Air Force, 1 August 2007 [6]
^ a b Gates, John M., "The U.S. Army and Irregular Warfare", The College of Wooster "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2009-06-23. Retrieved 2010-02-20. CS1 maint: Archived copy as title (link)
^ Moses, A. Dirk, "German intellectuals and the Nazi past," ISBN 978-0-521-86495-4, 2007 [7]
^ a b White, Jeffrey B., "A Different Kind of Threat, Some Thoughts on Irregular Warfare", CIA, 1996 [8]
^ "The National Military Strategy of the United States of America", United States Department of Defense, 2004 [9]
^ Miller, LTC Frank A., "Irregular Warfare – Perhaps Not So "Irregular"", U.S. Army War College, 15 March 2006 [10]
^ "The National Security Strategy of the United States of America", National Security Council, 2002 [11]
^ Grant, Greg, "The Man Behind Irregular Warfare Push: Mike Vickers", DoD BUZZ, 7 April 2009 [12]
^ Southworth, Samuel A., Tanner, Stephen, U.S. Special Forces: A Guide to America's Special Operations Units: the World's Most Elite Fighting Force, Da Capo Press, ISBN 0-306-81165-0, 2002
^ "Waller, Douglas, "The CIA Secret Army", Time Inc., 3 February 2003". time.com.
^ Stone, Kathryn & Williams, Anthony R., All Necessary Means: Employing CIA operatives in a Warfighting Role Alongside Special Operations Forces, United States Army War College (USAWC), 7 April 2003
^ Shooting at the Moon: The Story of America's Clandestine War in Laos, Steerforth Press, ISBN 978-1-883642-36-5, 1996
^ Woodward, Bob, Bush at War, Simon and Schuster, ISBN 0-7432-0473-5, 19 November 2002
^ Tucker, Mike & Faddis, Charles, Operation Hotel California: The Clandestine War inside Iraq, The Lyons Press, ISBN 978-1-59921-366-8, 2008
^ Woodward, Bob, Plan of Attack, Simon and Schuster, ISBN 978-0-7432-5547-9, 2004
^ "Irregular Warfare Special Study", United States Joint Forces Command Joint Warfighting Center, 4 August 2006 [13]
^ "Quadrennial Defense Review Report", United States Department of Defense, 6 February 2006 [14]
^ Benest, David, "British Leaders and Irregular Warfare," 29 August 2007
^ The Core Activities of Irregular Warfare, The Irregular Warrior, [15]
^ a b The Imperitive: Irregular Warfare and the Future of Security, The Irregular Warrior, [16]
^ Marston, Daniel (2002). The American Revolution 1774-1783. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84176-343-9.
^ http://www.citmo.net/library/Military%20Support%20to%20Unified%20Action%20-%20ROL%20Focus%20for%20Policing%20WS.ppt
^ https://unifiedquest.army.mil/
^ a b c d "Maritime Stability Operations - PDF". docplayer.net. Retrieved 2017-09-07.
^ "U. S. Army Enhancement of Irregular Warfare Modeling & Simulation", United States Army Modeling and Simulation Office, 24 February 2009 [17]
^ "MORS Workshop Irregular Warfare (IW) II Analysis Workshop", Military Operations Research Society, 3–6 February 2009 [18]
^ Cragg, Lt. Jennifer, "Behavior Studies May Improve Irregular Warfare Techniques", American Forces Press Service, 20 April 2009 [19]
Look up Irregular Warfare in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Military Art and Science Major - Irregular Warfare Specialty Track [20]
Pincus, Walter, "Irregular Warfare, Both Future and Present", The Washington Post, 7 April 2008 [21]
Phillips, Joan T., Fairchild, Muir S.,"Irregular Warfare", Maxwell Air Force Base, March 2007 [22]
Gustafson, Michael, "Modern Irregular Warfare & Counterinsurgency", Swedish National Defence College, 2009 [23]
Coons, Kenneth C. Jr., Harned, Glenn M., "Irregular Warfare is Warfare", Joint Force Quarterly, National Defense University, 2009 [24]
Naval Postgraduate School (NPS) Center on Terrorism and Irregular Warfare (CTIW) [25]
United States Joint Forces Command (USJFCOM) Joint Irregular Warfare Center (JIWC) [26]
Armed Groups and Irregular Warfare; Adapting Professional Military Education, Richard H. Shultz, Jr., Roy Godson, and Querine Hanlon (Washington, DC: National Strategy Information Center, 2009). [27]
Tomkins, Paul, Irregular Warfare: Annotated Bibliography. Fort Bragg, NC: United States Army Special Operations Command, 2011.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Irregular_warfare&oldid=893852256"
Warfare by type
Military doctrines
Guerrilla warfare tactics
Wikipedia articles needing clarification from April 2018
Vague or ambiguous time from August 2015
Articles with excessive see also sections from September 2016
A counter-insurgency or counterinsurgency is defined by the United States Department of State as "comprehensive civilian and military efforts taken to defeat and contain insurgency and address its root causes". An insurgency is a rebellion against a constituted authority when those taking part in the rebellion are not recognized as belligerents, it is "the organized use of subversion and violence to seize, nullify or challenge political control of a region. As such, it is a political struggle, in which both sides use armed force to create space for their political and influence activities to be effective." Counter-insurgency campaigns of duly-elected or politically recognized governments take place during war, occupation by a foreign military or police force, when internal conflicts that involve subversion and armed rebellion occur. The most effective counterinsurgency campaigns "integrate and synchronize political, security and informational components that reinforce governmental legitimacy and effectiveness while reducing insurgent influence over the population.
COIN strategies should be designed to protect the population from insurgent violence. According to scholars, it is crucial to know what this strategy was designed for to understand it comprehensively. COIN strategy aims to achieve the support of local population for the government created by host nation; the main point of the modern counterinsurgency campaign is not kill and capture insurgents, but to improve living conditions, support government in providing services for people and eliminate any support for insurgency. Counter-insurgency is conducted as a combination of conventional military operations and other means, such as demoralization in the form of propaganda, psy-ops, assassinations. Counter-insurgency operations include many different facets: military, political, economic and civic actions taken to defeat insurgency. To understand counter-insurgency, one must understand insurgency to comprehend the dynamics of revolutionary warfare. Insurgents capitalize on societal problems called gaps.
When the gaps are wide, they create a sea of discontent, creating the environment in which the insurgent can operate. In The Insurgent Archipelago John Mackinlay puts forward the concept of an evolution of insurgency from the Maoist paradigm of the golden age of insurgency to the global insurgency of the start of the 21st-century, he defines this distinction as'Maoist' and'post-Maoist' insurgency. William B. Caldwell wrote: The law of armed conflict requires that, to use force, "combatants" must distinguish individuals presenting a threat from innocent civilians; this basic principle is accepted by all disciplined militaries. In the counterinsurgency, disciplined application of force is more critical because our enemies camouflage themselves in the civilian population. Our success in Iraq depends on our ability to treat the civilian population with humanity and dignity as we remain ready to defend ourselves or Iraqi civilians when a threat is detected; the third Marques of Santa Cruz de Marcenado is the earliest author who dealt systematically in his writings with counter-insurgency.
In his Reflexiones Militares, published between 1726 and 1730, he discussed how to spot early signs of an incipient insurgency, prevent insurgencies, counter them, if they could not be warded off. Strikingly, Santa Cruz recognized that insurgencies are due to real grievances: "A state rises up without the fault of its governors." He advocated clemency towards the population and good governance, to seek the people's "heart and love". The majority of counter-insurgency efforts by major powers in the last century have been spectacularly unsuccessful; this may be attributed to a number of causes. First, as B. H. Liddell Hart pointed out in the Insurgency addendum to the second version of his book Strategy: The Indirect Approach, a popular insurgency has an inherent advantage over any occupying force, he showed as a prime example the French occupation of Spain during the Napoleonic wars. Whenever Spanish forces managed to constitute themselves into a regular fighting force, the superior French forces beat them every time.
However, once dispersed and decentralized, the irregular nature of the rebel campaigns proved a decisive counter to French superiority on the battlefield. Napoleon's army had no means of combatting the rebels, in the end their strength and morale were so sapped that when Wellington was able to challenge French forces in the field, the French had no choice but to abandon the situation. Counter-insurgency efforts may be successful when the insurgents are unpopular; the Philippine–American War, the Shining Path in Peru, the Malayan Emergency in Malaya have been the sites of failed insurgencies. Hart points to the experiences of T. E. Lawrence and the Arab Revolt during World War I as another example of the power of the rebel/insurgent. Though the Ottomans had advantages in manpower of more than 100 to 1, the Arabs' ability to materialize out of the desert and disappear again left the Turks reeling and paralyzed, creating an opportunity for regular British forces to sweep in and finish the Turkish forces off.
In both the preceding cases, the insurgents and rebel fighters were working in conjunction with or in a manner complementary to regular forces. Such was the case with the French Resistance during World War II and the National Liberation Front during the Vietna
Armoured warfare, mechanised warfare or tank warfare is the use of armoured fighting vehicles in modern warfare. It is a major component of modern methods of war; the premise of armoured warfare rests on the ability of troops to penetrate conventional defensive lines through use of manoeuvre by armoured units. Much of the application of armoured warfare depends on the use of tanks and related vehicles used by other supporting arms such as infantry fighting vehicles, self-propelled artillery, other combat vehicles, as well as mounted combat engineers and other support units; the doctrine of armoured warfare was developed to break the static nature of World War I trench warfare on the Western Front, return to the 19th century school of thought that advocated manoeuvre and "decisive battle" outcomes in military strategy. Modern armoured warfare began during the First World War with the need to break the tactical and strategic stalemates forced on commanders on the Western Front by the effectiveness of entrenched defensive infantry armed with machine guns—known as trench warfare.
Under these conditions, any sort of advance was very slow and caused massive casualties. The development of the tank was motivated by the need to return manoeuvre to warfare, the only practical way to do so was to provide caterpillar traction to guns allowing them to overcome trenches while at the same time offering them armour protection against small arms fire as they were moving. Tanks were first developed in Britain and France in 1915, as a way of navigating the barbed wire and other obstacles of no-man's land while remaining protected from machine-gun fire. British Mark I tanks first went to action at the Somme, on 15 September 1916, but did not manage to break the deadlock of trench warfare; the first French employment of tanks, on 16 April 1917, using the Schneider CA, was a failure. In the Battle of Cambrai British tanks were more successful, broke a German trenchline system, the Hindenburg Line. Despite the unpromising beginnings, the military and political leadership in both Britain and France during 1917 backed large investments into armoured vehicle production.
This led to a sharp increase in the number of available tanks for 1918. The German Empire to the contrary, produced only a few tanks, late in the war. Twenty German A7V tanks were produced during the entire conflict, compared to over 4,400 French and over 2,500 British tanks of various kinds. Nonetheless, World War I saw the first tank-versus-tank battle, during the Second Battle of Villers-Bretonneux in April 1918, when a group of three German A7V tanks engaged a group of three British Mark IV tanks they accidentally met. After the final German Spring Offensives of 1918, Entente tanks were used in mass at the Battle of Soissons and Battle of Amiens, which ended the stalemate imposed by trench warfare on the Western Front, thus ended the war. Tactically, the deployment of armour during the war was typified by a strong emphasis on direct infantry support; the tank's main tasks were seen as crushing barbed wire and destroying machine-gun nests, facilitating the advance of foot soldiers. Theoretical debate focused on the question whether a "swarm" of light tanks should be used for this or a limited number of potent heavy vehicles.
Though in the Battle of Cambrai a large concentration of British heavy tanks effected a breakthrough, it was not exploited by armour. The manoeuvrability of the tank should at least in theory regain armies the ability to flank enemy lines. In practice, tank warfare during most of World War I was hampered by the technical immaturity of the new weapon system causing mechanical failure, limited numbers, general underutilisation, a low speed and a short range. Strategic use of tanks was slow to develop during and after World War I due to these technical limitations but due to the prestige role traditionally accorded to horse-mounted cavalry. An exception, on paper, was the Plan 1919 of Colonel John Fuller, who envisaged using the expected vast increase in armour production during 1919 to execute deep strategic penetrations by mechanised forces consisting of tanks and infantry carried by lorries, supported by aeroplanes, to paralyse the enemy command structure. Following the First World War, the technical and doctrinal aspects of armoured warfare became more sophisticated and diverged into multiple schools of doctrinal thought.
During the 1920s, only few tanks were produced. There were however, important technical developments. Various British and French commanders who had contributed to the origin of the tank, such as Jean Baptiste Eugène Estienne, B. H. Liddell Hart and J. F. C. Fuller, theorised about a possible future use of independent armoured forces, containing a large concentration of tanks, to execute deep strategic penetrations. Liddell Hart wrote many books about the subject propagating Fuller's theories; such doctrines were faced with the reality that during the 1920s the armoured vehicles, as early road transport in general, were unreliable, could not be used in sustained operations. Mainstream thought on the subject was more conservative and tried to integrate armoured vehicles into the existing infantry and cavalry organisation and tactics. Technical development focussed on the improvement of the suspension system and engine, to create vehicles that were faster, more reliable and had a better range than their WW I predecessors.
To save weight, such designs had thin armour plating and this inspired fitting small-calibre high-velocity guns in turrets, giving tanks a good antitank capacity. Both France and Britain built specialised infantry tanks, more armoured to provide infantry
Infantry is the branch of an army that engages in military combat on foot, distinguished from cavalry and tank forces. Known as foot soldiers, infantry traditionally relies on moving by foot between combats as well, but may use mounts, military vehicles, or other transport. Infantry make up a large portion of all armed forces in most nations, bear the largest brunt in warfare, as measured by casualties, deprivation, or physical and psychological stress; the first military forces in history were infantry. In antiquity, infantry were armed with an early melee weapon such as a spear, axe or sword, or an early ranged weapon like a javelin, sling, or bow, with a few infantrymen having both a melee and a ranged weapon. With the development of gunpowder, infantry began converting to firearms. By the time of Napoleonic warfare, infantry and artillery formed a basic triad of ground forces, though infantry remained the most numerous. With armoured warfare, armoured fighting vehicles have replaced the horses of cavalry, airpower has added a new dimension to ground combat, but infantry remains pivotal to all modern combined arms operations.
Infantry have much greater local situational awareness than other military forces, due to their inherent intimate contact with the battlefield. Infantry can more recognise and respond to local conditions and changing enemy weapons or tactics, they can operate in a wide range of terrain inaccessible to military vehicles, can operate with a lower logistical burden. Infantry are the most delivered forces to ground combat areas, by simple and reliable marching, or by trucks, sea or air transport, they can be augmented with a variety of crew-served weapons, armoured personnel carriers, infantry fighting vehicles. In English, use of the term infantry began about the 1570s, describing soldiers who march and fight on foot; the word derives from Middle French infanterie, from older Italian infanteria, from Latin īnfāns, from which English gets infant. The individual-soldier term infantryman was not coined until 1837. In modern usage, foot soldiers of any era are now considered infantrymen. From the mid-18th century until 1881 the British Army named its infantry as numbered regiments "of Foot" to distinguish them from cavalry and dragoon regiments.
Infantry equipped with special weapons were named after that weapon, such as grenadiers for their grenades, or fusiliers for their fusils. These names can persist long after the weapon speciality. More in modern times, infantry with special tactics are named for their roles, such as commandos, snipers and militia. Dragoons were created. However, if light cavalry was lacking in an army, any available dragoons might be assigned their duties. Conversely, starting about the mid-19th century, regular cavalry have been forced to spend more of their time dismounted in combat due to the ever-increasing effectiveness of enemy infantry firearms, thus most cavalry transitioned to mounted infantry. As with grenadiers, the dragoon and cavalry designations can be retained long after their horses, such as in the Royal Dragoon Guards, Royal Lancers, King's Royal Hussars. Motorised infantry have trucks and other unarmed vehicles for non-combat movement, but are still infantry since they leave their vehicles for any combat.
Most modern infantry have vehicle transport, to the point where infantry being motorised is assumed, the few exceptions might be identified as modern light infantry, or "leg infantry" colloquially. Mechanised infantry go beyond motorised, having transport vehicles with combat abilities, armoured personnel carriers, providing at least some options for combat without leaving their vehicles. In modern infantry, some APCs have evolved to be infantry fighting vehicles, which are transport vehicles with more substantial combat abilities, approaching those of light tanks; some well-equipped mechanised infantry can be designated as armoured infantry. Given that infantry forces also have some tanks, given that most armoured forces have more mechanised infantry units than tank units in their organisation, the distinction between mechanised infantry and armour forces has blurred; the terms "infantry", "armour", "cavalry" used in the official names for military units like divisions, brigades, or regiments might be better understood as a description of their expected balance of defensive and mobility roles, rather than just use of vehicles.
Some modern mechanised infantry units are termed cavalry or armoured cavalry though they never had horses, to e
Prehistoric warfare
Prehistoric warfare refers to war that occurred between societies without recorded history. The existence — and the definition — of war in humanity's hypothetical state of nature has been a controversial topic in the history of ideas at least since Thomas Hobbes in Leviathan argued a "war of all against all", a view directly challenged by Jean-Jacques Rousseau in a Discourse on Inequality and The Social Contract; the debate over human nature continues, spanning contemporary anthropology, ethnography, political science, psychology and philosophy in such divergent books as Azar Gat's War in Human Civilization and Raymond C. Kelly's Warless Societies and the Origin of War. For the purposes of this article, "prehistoric war" will be broadly defined as a state of organized lethal aggression between autonomous preliterate communities. According to cultural anthropologist and ethnographer Raymond C. Kelly, the earliest hunter-gatherer societies of Homo erectus population density was low enough to avoid armed conflict.
The development of the throwing-spear, together with ambush hunting techniques, made potential violence between hunting parties costly, dictating cooperation and maintenance of low population densities to prevent competition for resources. This behavior may have accelerated the migration out of Africa of H. erectus some 1.8 million years ago as a natural consequence of conflict avoidance. Some scholars believe that this period of "Paleolithic warlessness" persisted until well after the appearance of Homo sapiens some 315,000 years ago, ending only at the occurrence of economic and social shifts associated with sedentism, when new conditions incentivized organized raiding of settlements. Of the many cave paintings of the Upper Paleolithic, none depicts people attacking other people explicitly, but there are depictions of human beings pierced with arrows both of the Aurignacian-Périgordian and the early Magdalenian representing "spontaneous confrontations over game resources" in which hostile trespassers were killed.
Skeletal and artifactual evidence of intergroup violence between Paleolithic nomadic foragers is absent as well. The most ancient archaeological record of what could have been a prehistoric massacre is at the site of Jebel Sahaba, committed by the Natufians against a population associated with the Qadan culture of far northern Sudan; the cemetery contains a large number of skeletons that are 13,000 to 14,000 years old half of them with arrowheads embedded in their skeletons, which indicates that they may have been the casualties of warfare. It has been noted that the violence, if dated likely occurred in the wake of a local ecological crisis. At the site of Nataruk in Turkana, numerous 10,000-year-old human remains were found with possible evidence of major traumatic injuries, including obsidian bladelets embedded in the skeletons, that should have been lethal. According to the original study, published in January 2016, the region was a "fertile lakeshore landscape sustaining a substantial population of hunter-gatherers" where pottery had been found, suggesting storage of food and sedentism.
The initial report concluded that the bodies at Nataruk were not interred, but were preserved in the positions the individuals had died at the edge of a lagoon. However, evidence of blunt-force cranial trauma and lack of interment have been called into question, casting doubt upon the assertion that the site represents early intragroup violence; the oldest rock art depicting acts of violence between hunter-gatherers in Northern Australia has been tentatively dated to 10,000 years ago. The earliest, limited evidence for war in Mesolithic Europe dates to ca. 10,000 years ago, episodes of warfare appear to remain "localized and temporarily restricted" during the Late Mesolithic to Early Neolithic period in Europe. Iberian cave art of the Mesolithic shows explicit scenes of battle scenes between groups of archers. A group of three archers encircled by a group of four is found in Cova del Roure, Morella la Vella, Castellón, Valencia. A depiction of a larger battle, in which eleven archers are attacked by seventeen running archers, is found in Les Dogue, Ares del Maestrat, Castellón, Valencia.
At Val del Charco del Agua Amarga, Alcañiz, seven archers with plumes on their heads are fleeing a group of eight archers running in pursuit. Early war was influenced by the development of bows and slings; the bow seems to have been the most important weapon in early warfare, in that it enabled attacks to be launched with far less risk to the attacker when compared to the risk involved in mêlée combat. While there are no cave paintings of battles between men armed with clubs, the development of the bow is concurrent with the first known depictions of organized warfare consisting of clear illustrations of two or more groups of men attacking each other; these figures are arrayed in columns with a distinctly garbed leader at the front. Some paintings portray still-recognizable tactics like flankings and envelopments. Systemic warfare appears to have been a direct consequence of the sedentism as it developed in the wake of the Neolithic Revolution. An important example is the massacre of Talheim Death Pit, dated right on the cusp of the beginning European Neolithic, at 5500 BC.
More a similar site was discovered at Schöneck-Kilianstädten, with the remains of the victims showing "a pattern of intentional mutilation". While the presence of such massacre sites in the context
Military history is a humanities discipline within the scope of general historical recording of armed conflict in the history of humanity, its impact on the societies and economies thereof, as well as the resulting changes to local and international relationships. Professional historians focus on military affairs that had a major impact on the societies involved as well as the aftermath of conflicts, while amateur historians and hobbyists take a larger interest in the details of battles and uniforms in use; the essential subjects of military history study are the causes of war, the social and cultural foundations, military doctrine on each side, the logistics, technology and tactics used, how these changed over time. On the other hand, Just War Theory explores the moral dimensions of warfare, to better limit the destructive reality caused by war, seeks to establish a doctrine of military ethics; as an applied field, military history has been studied at academies and service schools because the military command seeks to not repeat past mistakes, improve upon its current performance by instilling an ability in commanders to perceive historical parallels during a battle, so as to capitalize on the lessons learned from the past.
When certifying military history instructors the Combat Studies Institute deemphasizes rote detail memorization and focuses on themes and context in relation to current and future conflict, using the motto "Past is Prologue."The discipline of military history is dynamic, changing with development as much of the subject area as the societies and organisations that make use of it. The dynamic nature of the discipline of military history is related to the rapidity of change the military forces, the art and science of managing them, as well as the frenetic pace of technological development that had taken place during the period known as the Industrial Revolution, more in the nuclear and information ages. An important recent concept is the Revolution in Military Affairs which attempts to explain how warfare has been shaped by emerging technologies, such as gunpowder, it highlights the short outbursts of rapid change followed by periods of relative stability. In terms of the history profession in major countries, military history is an orphan, despite its enormous popularity with the general public.
William H. McNeill points out: This branch of our discipline flourishes in an intellectual ghetto; the 144 books in question fall into two distinct classes: works aimed at a popular readership, written by journalists and men of letters outside academic circles, professional work nearly always produced within the military establishment.... The study of military history in universities remains underdeveloped. Indeed, lack of interest in and disdain for military history constitute one of the strangest prejudices of the profession. Historiography is the study of the history and method of the discipline of history or the study of a specialised topic. In this case, military history with an eye to gaining an accurate assessment of conflicts using all available sources. For this reason military history is periodised, creating overlaying boundaries of study and analysis in which descriptions of battles by leaders may be unreliable due to the inclination to minimize mention of failure and exaggerate success.
Military historians use Historiographical analysis in an effort to allow an unbiased, contemporary view of records. One military historian, Jeremy Black, outlined problems 21st-century military historians face as an inheritance of their predecessors: Eurocentricity, a technological bias, a focus on leading military powers and dominant military systems, the separation of land from sea and air conflicts, the focus on state-to-state conflict, a lack of focus on political "tasking" in how forces are used. If these challenges were not sufficient for the military historians, the limits of method are complicated by the lack of records, either destroyed or never recorded for its value as a military secret that may prevent some salient facts from being reported at all. Researching Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom, for example, have presented unique challenges to historians due to records that were destroyed to protect classified military information, among other reasons. Historians utilize their knowledge of government regulation and military organization, employing a targeted and systematic research strategy to piece together war histories.
Despite these limits, wars are some of the most studied and detailed periods of human history. Military historians have compared organization and strategic ideas and national support of the militaries of different nations. In the early 1980s, historian Jeffrey Kimball studied the influence of a historian's political position on current events on interpretive disagreement regarding the causes of 20th century wars, he surveyed the ideological preferences of 109 active diplomatic historians in the United States as well as 54 active military historians. He finds that their current political views are moderately correlated with their historiographical interpretations. A clear position on the left-right continuum regarding capitalism was apparent in most cases. All groups agreed with the proposition, "historically, Americans have tended to view questions of their national security in terms of such extremes as good vs. evil." Though the Socialists were split, the other groups agreed that "miscalculation and/or misunderstanding of the situation" had caused U.
S. interventionism." Kimball reports that: Of historians in the field of diplomatic history, 7% are Socialist, 19% are O
Space warfare is combat that takes place in outer space. The scope of space warfare therefore includes ground-to-space warfare, such as attacking satellites from the Earth, as well as space-to-space warfare, such as satellites attacking satellites; as of 2019 no actual warfare has taken place in space, though a number of tests and demonstrations have been performed. International treaties are in place that regulate conflicts in space and limit the installation of space weapon systems nuclear weapons. From 1985 to 2002 there was a United States Space Command, which in 2002 merged with the United States Strategic Command, leaving Air Force Space Command as the primary American military space force; the Russian Space Force, established on August 10, 1992, which became an independent section of the Russian military on June 1, 2001, was replaced by the Russian Aerospace Defence Forces starting December 1, 2011, but was reestablished as a component of the Russian Aerospace Forces on August 1, 2015.
In 2019 India conducted a test of the ASAT missile making it the fourth country with that capability. Early efforts to conduct space warfare were directed at space-to-space warfare, as ground-to-space systems were considered to be too slow and too isolated by Earth's atmosphere and gravity to be effective at the time; the history of active space warfare development goes back to the 1960s when the Soviet Union began the Almaz project, a project designed to give them the ability to do on-orbit inspections of satellites and destroy them if needed. Similar planning in the United States took the form of the Blue Gemini project, which consisted of modified Gemini capsules that would be able to deploy weapons and perform surveillance. One early test of electronic space warfare, the so-called Starfish Prime test, took place in 1962, when the United States exploded a ground-launched nuclear weapon in space to test the effects of an electromagnetic pulse; the result was a deactivation of both American and Soviet.
The deleterious and unfocused effects of the EMP test led to the banning of nuclear weapons in space in the Outer Space Treaty of 1967. In the early 1960s the U. S. military produced a film called National Security which depicted space warfare. Through the 1970s, the Soviet Union continued their project and test-fired a cannon to test space station defense; this was considered too dangerous to do with a crew on board, however, so the test was conducted after the crew had returned to Earth. Space warfare influenced the final design of the United States Space Shuttle; the distinctive delta wing shape was needed if the shuttle were to launch a military payload towards the Soviet Union and perform an immediate de-orbit after one rotation to avoid being shot down. Both the Soviets and the United States developed anti-satellite weaponry designed to shoot down satellites. While early efforts paralleled other space-to-space warfare concepts, the United States was able in the 1980s to develop ground-to-space laser anti-satellite weapons.
None of these systems are known to be active today. In 1985 a USAF pilot in an F-15 shot down the P78-1, an American research satellite, in a 345-mile orbit; the People's Republic of China tested a ballistic missile-launched anti-satellite weapon on January 11, 2007. This resulted in harsh criticism from the United States of America and Japan; the U. S. developed an interceptor missile, the SM-3, testing it by hitting ballistic test targets while they were in space. On February 21, 2008, the U. S. used a SM-3 missile to destroy a spy satellite, USA-193, while it was 247 kilometers above the Pacific Ocean. Japan fields the U. S.-made SM-3 missile, there have been plans to base the land-based version in Romania and Vietnam. In March, 2019, India shot down a low orbit satellite making its way to the list of space warfare nations. In the late 1970s and through the 1980s the Soviet Union and the United States theorized, designed and in some cases tested a variety of weaponry designed for warfare in outer space.
Space warfare was seen as an extension of nuclear warfare, so many theoretical systems were based around the destruction or defense of ground and sea-based missiles. Space-based missiles were not attempted due to the Outer Space Treaty, which banned the use, testing or storage of nuclear weapons outside the Earth's atmosphere; when the U. S. gained "interest in utilizing space-based lasers for ballistic missile defense", two facts emerged. One being that the ballistic missiles are fragile and two, chemical lasers project missile killing energy; this meant. Systems proposed ranged from measures as simple as ground and space-based anti-missiles to railguns, space based lasers, orbital mines and similar weaponry. Deployment of these systems was considered in the mid-1980s under the banner of the Strategic Defense Initiative announced by Ronald Reagan in 1983, using the term "evil empire" to describe the Soviets. If the Cold War had continued, many of these systems could have seen deployment: the United States developed working railguns, a laser that could destroy missiles at range, though the power requirements and firing cycles of both were impractical.
Weapons like the space-based laser was rejected, not just by the government, but by Universities, moral thinkers, religious people because it would have increased the waging of the arms race
War [videos]
War is a state of armed conflict between states, governments, societies and informal paramilitary groups, such as mercenaries, insurgents and militias. It is generally characterized by extreme violence, aggression, destruction, and mortality, using regular or irregular military forces. Warfare …
Ancient Warfare: Stele of the Vultures, c 2500 BC
Medieval Warfare: Battle of Tewkesbury, 1471
Military history [videos]
Military history is a humanities discipline within the scope of general historical recording of armed conflict in the history of humanity, and its impact on the societies, cultures and economies thereof, as well as the resulting changes to local and international relationships. — Professional …
The Canadian War Museum.
Relief of Ramses II located in Abu Simbel fighting at the Battle of Kadesh on a chariot.
A Greek trireme
Japanese samurai boarding Mongol ships in 1281
Medieval warfare [videos]
Medieval warfare is the European warfare of the Middle Ages. Technological, cultural, and social developments had forced a dramatic transformation in the character of warfare from antiquity, changing military tactics and the role of cavalry and artillery. In terms of …
The Battle of Crécy (1346) between the English and French in the Hundred Years' War.
The Château de Falaise in France.
Celje Castle in Slovenia.
The Walls of Dubrovnik are a series of defensive stone walls, never breached by a hostile army, that have surrounded and protected the maritime city-state of Dubrovnik (Ragusa), situated in southern Croatia.
Early modern warfare [videos]
Early modern warfare is associated with the start of the widespread use of gunpowder and the development of suitable weapons to use the explosive, including artillery and firearms; for this reason the era is also referred to as the age of gunpowder warfare (a concept introduced by Michael Roberts …
"Attack of the Prussian infantry", 1913 historical painting by Carl Röchling depicting the battle of Hohenfriedeberg of 1745
A Mongol bomb thrown against a charging Japanese samurai during the Mongol invasions of Japan after founding the Yuan Dynasty, 1281.
An early depiction of artillery, in an illustration of the Siege of Orleans of 1429, by Martial d'Auvergne (1493).
Model of city with polygonal fortifications
Industrial warfare [videos]
Industrial warfare is a period in the history of warfare ranging roughly from the early 19th century and the start of the Industrial Revolution to the beginning of the Atomic Age, which saw the rise of nation-states, capable of creating and equipping large armies, navies, and air forces, through …
American B-24 Liberator bombers under construction during World War II.
Soldiers engaged in trench warfare during the American Civil War.
The advent of railroads (such as this one during the American Civil War) allowed armies to cover larger distances in shorter times while suffering minimal fatigue.
An American M4 Sherman in action during the Korean War.
Cold-weather warfare [videos]
Cold-weather warfare, also known as Arctic warfare or winter warfare, encompasses military operations affected by snow, ice, thawing conditions or cold, both on land and at sea. Cold-weather conditions occur year-round at high elevation or at high latitudes, and elsewhere materialise seasonally …
The March Across the Belts in the Second Northern War.
The Night Bivouac of Napoleon's Army during retreat from Russia in 1812.
Finnish ski troops during the Winter War.
US Army Sherman tank and infantrymen of the 82nd Airborne Division during the Battle of the Bulge.
Jungle warfare [videos]
Jungle warfare is a term used to cover the special techniques needed for military units to survive and fight in jungle terrain. — It has been the topic of extensive study by military strategists, and was an important part of the planning for both sides in many conflicts, including World War II and …
Australian anti-tank gunners firing on Japanese tanks at the Muar-Parit Sulong Road.
British troops in Burma, 1944
U.S. Marine Raiders gathered in front of a Japanese dugout on Cape Totkina on Bougainville, Solomon Islands.
Portuguese Army special caçadores advancing in the African jungle in the early 1960s, during the Angola War of Independence.
Mountain warfare [videos]
Mountain warfare refers to warfare in the mountains or similarly rough terrain. This type of warfare is also called Alpine warfare, after the Alps mountains. Mountain warfare is one of the most dangerous types of combat as it involves surviving not only combat with the enemy but also the extreme …
Italian Front in 1915–1917: eleven Battles of the Isonzo and Asiago offensive. In blue, initial Italian conquests.
Landscape of South Georgia
Afghanistan topography
Australians patrolling in the mountains of Oruzgan Province
Urban warfare [videos]
Urban warfare is combat conducted in urban areas such as towns and cities. Urban combat is very different from combat in the open at both the operational and tactical level. Complicating factors in urban warfare include the presence of civilians and the complexity of the urban terrain. Urban combat …
A US Army M113 in Panama in 1989
JGSDF soldiers practice MOUT tactics in the Ojojibara Maneuver Area of Sendai, Japan during an exercise in 2004.
Japanese troops in the ruins of Shanghai during Second Sino-Japanese War
Manila, the capital of the Philippines, devastated during the Battle of Manila in 1945.
Space warfare [videos]
Space warfare is combat that takes place in outer space. The scope of space warfare therefore includes ground-to-space warfare, such as attacking satellites from the Earth, as well as space-to-space warfare, such as satellites attacking satellites. — As of 2019 no actual warfare has ever taken place …
A USAF F-15 Eagle launching an ASM-135 ASAT (anti-satellite) missile in 1985.
A SM-3 missile is launched from a U.S. ship to intercept a failing spy satellite
A Trident missile launched from a Royal Navy Vanguard class ballistic missile submarine.
Ronald Reagan revealing his idea for the Strategic Defense Initiative on March 23, 1983.
Weapon [videos]
A weapon, arm or armament is any device that can be used with intent to inflict damage or harm. Weapons are used to increase the efficacy and efficiency of activities such as hunting, crime, law enforcement, self-defense, and warfare. In broader context, weapons may be construed to include anything …
An array of Neolithic artifacts, including bracelets, axe heads, chisels, and polishing tools.
Medieval Indian weapons
Ancient Chinese cannon displayed in the Tower of London.
The Vickers was the successor to the Maxim gun and remained in British military service for 79 consecutive years.
Armoured warfare [videos]
Armoured warfare, mechanised warfare or tank warfare is the use of armoured fighting vehicles in modern warfare. It is a major component of modern methods of war. — The premise of armoured warfare rests on the ability of troops to penetrate conventional defensive lines through use of manoeuvre by …
A shoot-off between Leopard 2A6 tanks during the Strong Europe Tank Challenge, 2018.
British heavy tank of World War I
Mikhail Tukhachevsky
Artillery [videos]
Artillery is a class of heavy military weapons built to fire munitions far beyond the range and power of infantry's small arms. Early artillery development focused on the ability to breach defensive walls, and fortifications during sieges, and led to heavy, fairly immobile siege engines. As …
French naval piece of the late 19th century
First Battle of Panipat
Bullocks dragging siege-guns up hill during Akbar's Siege of Ranthambore
The Austrian Pumhart von Steyr, the earliest extant supergun.
Cavalry [videos]
Cavalry or horsemen are soldiers or warriors who fight mounted on horseback. Cavalry were historically the most mobile of the combat arms. An individual soldier in the cavalry is known by a number of designations such as cavalryman, horseman, dragoon …
A trumpeter of the Representative Squadron of Cavalry of the Polish Army.
French 4th Hussars at the Battle of Friedland, 1807
African horseman of Baguirmi in full padded armour suit
Assyrian cavalry
Infantry [videos]
Infantry is the branch of an army that engages in military combat on foot, distinguished from cavalry, artillery, and tank forces. Also known as foot soldiers, infantry traditionally relies on moving by foot between combats as well, but may also use mounts, military vehicles, or other transport …
Infantrymen of the US 6th Marine Division search the ruins of Naha, Okinawa for Japanese snipers, Spring 1945
Infantry of the Royal Irish Rifles at the Battle of the Somme (July–November 1916) during the First World War
Various infantry of the 17th through 18th century (halberdier, arquebusier, pikeman, and mix of musketeers and grenadiers) of Duchy of Württemberg
Infantry of the US 3rd Armored Cavalry Regiment enter their M2 Bradley IFV during a combat patrol, Tall Afar, Iraq, 2006
Nuclear warfare [videos]
Nuclear warfare is a military conflict or political strategy in which nuclear weaponry is used to inflict damage on the enemy. Nuclear weapons are weapons of mass destruction; in contrast to conventional warfare, nuclear warfare can produce …
The Titan II Intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) carried a 9 Mt W53 warhead, one of the most powerful nuclear weapons fielded by the United States during the Cold War.
Convair B-36 bomber
The U.S. and USSR conducted hundreds of nuclear tests, including the Desert Rock exercises at the Nevada Test Site, USA, pictured above during the Korean War to familiarize their soldiers with conducting operations and counter-measures around nuclear detonations, as the Korean War threatened to expand.
RF-101 Voodoo reconnaissance photograph of the MRBM launch site in San Cristóbal, Cuba (1962)
Psychological warfare [videos]
Psychological warfare, or the basic aspects of modern psychological operations, have been known by many other names or terms, including MISO, Psy Ops, political warfare, "Hearts and Minds", and propaganda. The term is used "to denote any action which is practiced mainly by …
Mosaic of Alexander the Great on his campaign against the Persian Empire.
Lord Bryce led the commission of 1915 to document German atrocities committed against Belgian civilians.
A dummy Sherman tank, used to deceive the Germans.
An American PSYOP leaflet disseminated during the Iraq War. It shows a caricature of Al-Qaeda in Iraq leader Abu Musab al-Zarqawi caught in a rat trap. The caption reads "This is your future, Zarqawi".
Battle [videos]
A battle is a combat in warfare between two or more armed forces. A war usually consists of multiple battles. Battles generally are well defined in duration, area, and force commitment. A battle with only limited engagement between the forces and without decisive results is sometimes called a …
The Battle of Poltava between Russia and Sweden, by Denis Martens the Younger
Battle Scene-Detail from Deccan miniature painting. c. 19th century.
The Battle of Scheveningen of 1653: episode from the First Anglo-Dutch War.
Battle of Gibraltar of 1607 by Hendrick Cornelisz Vroom.
Cavalry tactics [videos]
For much of history, humans have used some form of cavalry for war and, as a result, cavalry tactics have evolved over time. Tactically, the main advantages of cavalry over infantry troops were greater mobility, a larger impact, and a higher position. — Predecessors — Chariot tactics had been the …
A 13th-century Mongol saddle cover
Battle of La Higueruela (1431) between John II of Castile and Muhammed IX, Nasrid Sultan of Granada
Polish hussar formation at the Battle of Klushino 1610 - painting by Szymon Boguszowicz 1620
The death of King Gustavus II Adolphus on 16 November 1632, at the Battle of Lützen
Charge (warfare) [videos]
A charge is a maneuver in battle in which combatants advance towards their enemy at their best speed in an attempt to engage in close combat. The charge is the dominant shock attack and has been the key tactic and decisive moment of many battles throughout history. Modern charges usually involve …
Greek infantry charge with the bayonet during the Greco-Turkish War of 1897
Depiction from the Bayeux Tapestry of Norman cavalry attacking Anglo-Saxons who are fighting on foot in a shield wall.
The Battle of Nagashino saw the use of firearms to defeat Takeda Katsuyori's cavalry tactics.
During the Battle of Somosierra, Spanish positions were overwhelmed in a combined arms attack, sending Polish uhlans at the Spanish guns, while French infantry advanced up the slopes..
Counter-insurgency [videos]
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Police question a civilian during the Malayan Emergency. Counter-insurgency involves action from both military and police authorities.
U.S. Marines and ANA soldiers on patrol during counter-insurgency operations in Marjah, Afghanistan, February 2010
A strategic hamlet in South Vietnam c.1964
A 7th SFG Special Forces medic gives a young boy a coloring book during a meeting with village religious leaders to gain their support and obtain information, Afghanistan 2008
Defensive fighting position [videos]
A defensive fighting position is a type of earthwork constructed in a military context, generally large enough to accommodate anything from one soldier to a fire team. — Terminology — Tobruk type positions are named after the system of defensive positions …
U.S. Marine in a fighting hole, July 1958, in Lebanon
An Indian Wehrmacht volunteer in a Tobruk DFP along the Atlantic Wall, 1944
Image: 3rd Battalion 4th Marines dig in near Iraqi border 2003 03 20
Image: US Navy 030209 N 5319A 005 Seabees of Naval Mobile Construction Battalion Seventy Four (NMCB 74) have only ten minutes to dig
Guerrilla warfare [videos]
Guerrilla warfare is a form of irregular warfare in which a small group of combatants, such as paramilitary personnel, armed civilians, or irregulars; use military tactics including ambushes, sabotage, raids, petty warfare, hit-and-run tactics, and mobility to fight a larger and less-mobile …
Spanish guerrilla resistance to the Napoleonic French invasion of Spain in 1808, where the term "guerrilla" was first used in warfare.
Boer guerrillas during the Second Boer War in South Africa
Soviet partisans operating under Sydir Kovpak in German-occupied Ukraine
Zhu De wrote the book "Guerrilla War" in November 1938
Siege [videos]
A siege is a military blockade of a city, or fortress, with the intent of conquering by attrition, or a well-prepared assault. This derives from Latin: sedere, lit.'to sit'. Siege warfare is a form of constant, low-intensity conflict characterized by one party holding a strong, static, defensive …
Picture of the siege of Rancagua during the Chilean War of Independence
The Egyptian siege of Dapur in the 13th century BC, from Ramesseum, Thebes
Depiction of various siege machines in the mid-16th century.
Cahir Castle in Ireland was besieged and captured three times: in 1599 by the Earl of Essex, in 1647 by Lord Inchiquin, and in 1650 by Oliver Cromwell.
Trench warfare [videos]
Trench warfare is a type of land warfare using occupied fighting lines consisting largely of military trenches, in which troops are well-protected from the enemy's small arms fire and are substantially sheltered from artillery. The most famous use of trench warfare is the Western Front in World War …
German soldiers of the 11th Reserve Hussar Regiment fighting from a trench, on the Western Front, 1916
Lines of Torres Vedras
Trenches at the Siege of Vicksburg 1863
The Boer trench at the Battle of Magersfontein contributed to the surprise defeat of the Highland Brigade on 11 December 1899 during the Second Boer War
Blitzkrieg [videos]
Blitzkrieg is a method of warfare whereby an attacking force, spearheaded by a dense concentration of armoured and motorised or mechanised infantry formations with close air support, breaks through the opponent's line of defence by short, fast, powerful attacks and …
The classic characteristic of what is commonly known as "blitzkrieg" is a highly mobile form of infantry and armour, working in combined arms. (German armed forces, June 1942)
Ju 87 Bs over Poland, September–October 1939
British armoured car and motorcycle at the Battle of Megiddo (1918).
Heinz Guderian
Naval warfare [videos]
Naval warfare is combat in and on the sea, the ocean, or any other battlespace involving a major body of water such as a large lake or wide river. — History — Mankind has fought battles on the sea for more than 3,000 years. Even in the interior of large landmasses, transportation before the …
Scene from an Egyptian temple wall shows Ramesses' combined land and sea victory in the Battle of the Delta.
The naval battle of Sluys, 1340, from Jean Froissart's Chronicles
A Song dynasty naval river ship with a Xuanfeng traction-trebuchet catapult on its top deck, from an illustration of the Wujing Zongyao (1044)
Biological warfare [videos]
Biological warfare —also known as germ warfare—is the use of biological toxins or infectious agents such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi with the intent to kill or incapacitate humans, animals or plants as an act of war. Biological weapons (often termed "bio-weapons", "biological threat …
Shiro Ishii, commander of Unit 731, which performed live human vivisections and other biological experimentation.
Researchers working in Class III cabinets at the U.S. Army Biological Warfare Laboratories, Camp Detrick, Maryland (1940s).
U.S. authorities granted Unit 731 officials immunity from prosecution in return for access to their research.
Prehistoric warfare [videos]
Prehistoric warfare refers to war that occurred between societies without recorded history. — The existence — and even the definition — of war in humanity's hypothetical state of nature has been a controversial topic in the history of ideas at least since Thomas Hobbes in Leviathan argued a …
Quartzite hand axe
Bronze swords from the Museum of Scotland.
Area denial weapon [videos]
An area denial weapon or Anti Access/Area Denial weapon system is a device or a strategy used to prevent an adversary from occupying or traversing an area of land, sea or air. The specific method used does not have to be totally effective in preventing passage as long …
Caltrop used in Vietnam.
Anti-personnel landmines.
Military tactics [videos]
Military tactics encompasses the art of organising and employing fighting forces on or near the battlefield. They involve the application of four battlefield functions which are closely related – kinetic or firepower, mobility, protection or security, and shock action. Tactics are a separate …
The Syrian Arab Army seeking to encircle rebels in Aleppo (30 August) to cut supply lines.
German World War I observation post disguised as a tree.
Air combat manoeuvring [videos]
Air combat manoeuvring is the tactical art of moving, turning and/or situating one's fighter aircraft in order to attain a position from which an attack can be made on another aircraft. Air combat manoeuvres rely on offensive and defensive basic fighter …
Indian Air Force's Sukhoi Su-30MKIs during a Thach Weave manoeuvre.
A flight envelope diagram showing VS (stall speed at 1G), VC (corner speed) and VD (dive speed)
Deep operation [videos]
Deep operation, also known as Soviet Deep Battle, was a military theory developed by the Soviet Union for its armed forces during the 1920s and 1930s. It was a tenet that emphasized destroying, suppressing or disorganizing enemy forces not only at …
Vladimir Triandafillov
Military deception [videos]
Military deception refers to attempts to mislead enemy forces during warfare. This is usually achieved by creating or amplifying an artificial fog of war via psychological operations, information warfare, visual deception and other methods. As a form of strategic use of information …
Dummy airbase and mock aircraft
Dummy Long Tom artillery position deployed during the Second Boer War
Containment [videos]
Containment is a geopolitical strategy to stop the expansion of an enemy. It is best known as a Cold War foreign policy of the United States and its allies to prevent the spread of communism. As a component of the Cold War, this policy was a response to a series of moves by the Soviet Union to …
United States Information Service poster distributed in Asia depicting Juan dela Cruz ready to defend the Philippines under the threat of communism, 1951.
A 1962 nuclear explosion as seen through the periscope of a U.S. Navy submarine. The goal of containment was to 'contain' communism without a nuclear war.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Lepidopa mearnsi is een tienpotigensoort uit de familie van de Albuneidae. De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort is voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 1903 door Benedict.

Albuneidae

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Q: How to draw a VAO made out of 5 triangles in OpenGL? I have recently written a program to draw a triangle with 3 different RGB values and I want to do the same with another separate VAO in the same program but I want this one composed of 5 triangles. Here is my main.cpp:
void framebuffer_size_callback(GFLWwindow* window, int width, int height);
void processInput(GLFWwindow *window);

// Shaders
const char *vertexShaderSource =
"#version 410\n"
"in vec3 vp;\n"
"void main()\n"
"{\n"
"gl_Position = vec4(aPos, 1.0);\n"
"}\0";

const char *fragmentShader1Source =
"#version 410\n"
"out vec4 FragColor;\n"
"in vec3 myColor;\n"
"void main()\n"
"{\n"
"FragColor = vec4(myColor, 1.0f);\n"
"}\n\0";

int main ()
{
// start GL context and O/S window using the GLFW helper library
if (!glfwInit ())
    {
    fprintf (stderr, "ERROR: could not start GLFW3\n");
    return 1;
    }
    // uncomment these lines if on Apple OS X
    glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CONTEXT_VERSION_MAJOR, 3);
    glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CONTEXT_VERSION_MINOR, 2);
    glfwWindowHint(GLFW_OPENGL_FORWARD_COMPAT, GL_TRUE);
    glfwWindowHint(GLFW_OPENGL_PROFILE, GLFW_OPENGL_CORE_PROFILE);

    GLFWwindow* window = glfwCreateWindow(640, 480, "LearnOpenGL", NULL, NULL);

    if (!window)
    {
        fprintf(stderr, "ERROR: could not open window with GLFW3\n");
        glfwTerminate();
        return 1;
    }
    glfwMakeContextCurrent(window);

    // start GLEW extension handler
    glewExperimental = GL_TRUE;
    glewInit();

    // get version info
    const GLubyte* renderer = glGetString(GL_RENDERER);
    const GLubyte* version = glGetString(GL_VERSION);

    printf("Renderer: %s\n", renderer);
    printf("OpenGL version supported %s\n", version);

    glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST); // enable depth-testing
    glDepthFunc(GL_LESS);

    /* OTHER STUFF GOES HERE */

    // Draw a single triangle VBO
    float points[] = {
    // positions       // colors
    0.0f, 0.5f, 0.0f,  1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f,
    0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f,
    -0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f 0.0f, 1.0f
    };

    GLuint VBO = 0;
    glGenBuffers(1, &VBO);
    glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, VBO);
    glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(points), points, GL_STATIC_DRAW);

    // Generate a VAO.
    GLuint VAO = 0;
    glGenVertexArrays(1, &VAO);
    glBindVertexArray(VAO);
    glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, VBO);
    glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(points), points, GL_STATIC_DRAW);
    glVertexAttribPointer(0, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 0, NULL);
    glEnableVertexAttribArray(0);

    // Compile a Vertex Shader
    int vertexShader = glCreateShader(GL_VERTEX_SHADER);
    glShaderSource(vertexShader, 1, &vertexShaderSource, NULL);
    glCompileShader(vertexShader);

    // Compile a fragment shader.
    int fragmentShader = glCreateShader(GL_FRAGMENT_SHADER);
    glShaderSource(fragmentShader, 1, &fragmentShaderSource, NULL);
    glCompileShader(fragmentShader);

    // Compile shaders into a executable shader program.
    int shaderProgram = glCreateProgram();
    glAttachShader(shaderProgram, fragmentShader);
    glAttachShader(shaderProgram, vertexShader);
    glLinkProgram(shaderProgram);

    // Drawing the triangles aka render loop
    while (!glfwWindowShouldClose(window))
    {
        processInput(window);
        // wipe the drawing surface clear
        glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);

        // Draw Triangle
        glUseProgram(shaderProgram);
        glBindVertexArray(VAO);
        glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, 3);

        // Draw Triangle Fan; unfinished

        // swap buffers and poll IO events
        glfwPollEvents();
        glfwSwapBuffers(window);
    }

    // close GL context and any other GLFW resources
    glfwTerminate();
    return 0;
}

Do I simply create another float "points" matrix like I did with my first VBO or something else? The tutorial Im following wasn't perfectly clear on this part.
Also, Im using Xcode on my Mac and I created separate .cpp files for my Fragment and Vertex shaders. Should I switch those to header files instead?

A: You have to specify an input attribute for the color (aColor) and to pass the color attribute from the vertex shader to the fragment shader (myColor). Use Layout Qualifiers to specify the attribute indices.
#version 330 core

layout(location = 0) in vec3 aPos;
layout(location = 1) in vec3 aColor;

out vec3 myColor;

void main()
{
    myColor = aColor;
    gl_Position = vec4(aPos, 1.0);
}

#version 330 core

out vec4 FragColor;
in vec3 myColor;

void main()
{
    FragColor = vec4(myColor, 1.0f);
}

Note your current vertex shader does not compile. Check if compiling of a shader succeeded checked by glGetShaderiv and the parameter GL_COMPILE_STATUS and if the linking of a program was successful can be checked by glGetProgramiv and the parameter GL_LINK_STATUS. See the answer to OpenGL ignores Quads and makes them Triangles for some code snippets.

Your vertices are tuples with 6 components (x, y, z, r, g, b):

float points[] = {
    // positions       // colors
    0.0f, 0.5f, 0.0f,  1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f,
    0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f,
   -0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f 0.0f, 1.0f
};

Use glVertexAttribPointer to specify 2 vertex attributes. The stride and the offset have to be specified in bytes. The stride is 6 * sizeof(float). The offset of the vertex coordinates is 0 and the offset of the color attributes is 3 * sizeof(float). e.g:
GLuint VBO = 0;
glGenBuffers(1, &VBO);
glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, VBO);
glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(points), points, GL_STATIC_DRAW);

// Generate a VAO.
GLuint VAO = 0;
glGenVertexArrays(1, &VAO);
glBindVertexArray(VAO);

glEnableVertexAttribArray(0);
glEnableVertexAttribArray(1);

glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, VBO);
glVertexAttribPointer(0, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 6 * sizeof(float), NULL);
glVertexAttribPointer(1, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 6 * sizeof(float), (void*)(3 * sizeof(float)));

If you want to draw more complex meshes, then you have to extend the vertes arrays. Just add another 3 vertices and colors to points array for the next triangle. Alternatively you can use a different primitive type like GL_TRIANGLE_STRIP or GL_TRIANGLE_FAN. See Triangle primitives
Example code:
#include <iostream>
#include <vector>

// Shaders
const char *vertexShaderSource = R"(#version 330 core

layout(location = 0) in vec3 aPos;
layout(location = 1) in vec3 aColor;

out vec3 myColor;

void main()
{
    myColor = aColor;
    gl_Position = vec4(aPos, 1.0);
}
)";

const char *fragmentShaderSource = R"(#version 330 core

out vec4 FragColor;
in vec3 myColor;

void main()
{
    FragColor = vec4(myColor, 1.0f);
}
)";

bool CompileStatus( GLuint shader );
bool LinkStatus( GLuint program );

float radians( float deg ) { return deg * 3.141529 / 180.0; }

int main ()
{
    // start GL context and O/S window using the GLFW helper library
    if (!glfwInit())
    {
        fprintf (stderr, "ERROR: could not start GLFW3\n");
        return 1;
    }
    // uncomment these lines if on Apple OS X
    glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CONTEXT_VERSION_MAJOR, 3);
    glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CONTEXT_VERSION_MINOR, 3);
    glfwWindowHint(GLFW_OPENGL_FORWARD_COMPAT, GL_TRUE);
    glfwWindowHint(GLFW_OPENGL_PROFILE, GLFW_OPENGL_CORE_PROFILE);

    GLFWwindow* window = glfwCreateWindow(640, 480, "LearnOpenGL", NULL, NULL);

    if (!window)
    {
        fprintf(stderr, "ERROR: could not open window with GLFW3\n");
        glfwTerminate();
        return 1;
    }
    glfwMakeContextCurrent(window);

    // start GLEW extension handler
    glewExperimental = GL_TRUE;
    glewInit();

    // get version info
    const GLubyte* renderer = glGetString(GL_RENDERER);
    const GLubyte* version = glGetString(GL_VERSION);

    printf("Renderer: %s\n", renderer);
    printf("OpenGL version supported %s\n", version);

    glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST); // enable depth-testing
    glDepthFunc(GL_LESS);

    /* OTHER STUFF GOES HERE */

    // Draw a single triangle VBO
    float points[] = {
        // positions                                         // colors
        0.0f,                     0.0f,                      0.0f,   1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f,
        0.5f,                     0.0f,                      0.0f,   0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f,
        0.5f * cos(radians(72)),  0.5f * sin(radians(72)),   0.0f,   0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f,
        0.5f * cos(radians(144)), 0.5f * sin(radians(144)),  0.0f,   1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f,
        0.5f * cos(radians(216)), 0.5f * sin(radians(216)),  0.0f,   0.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f,
        0.5f * cos(radians(288)), 0.5f * sin(radians(288)),  0.0f,   1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f,
        0.5,                      0.0f,                      0.0f,   1.0f, 0.5f, 0.0f
    };

    GLuint VBO = 0;
    glGenBuffers(1, &VBO);
    glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, VBO);
    glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(points), points, GL_STATIC_DRAW);

    // Generate a VAO.
    GLuint VAO = 0;
    glGenVertexArrays(1, &VAO);
    glBindVertexArray(VAO);

    glEnableVertexAttribArray(0);
    glEnableVertexAttribArray(1);

    glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, VBO);
    glVertexAttribPointer(0, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 6 * sizeof(float), NULL);
    glVertexAttribPointer(1, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 6 * sizeof(float), (void*)(3 * sizeof(float)));

    // Compile a Vertex Shader
    int vertexShader = glCreateShader(GL_VERTEX_SHADER);
    glShaderSource(vertexShader, 1, &vertexShaderSource, NULL);
    glCompileShader(vertexShader);
    CompileStatus( vertexShader );

    // Compile a fragment shader.
    int fragmentShader = glCreateShader(GL_FRAGMENT_SHADER);
    glShaderSource(fragmentShader, 1, &fragmentShaderSource, NULL);
    glCompileShader(fragmentShader);
    CompileStatus( fragmentShader );

    // Compile shaders into a executable shader program.
    int shaderProgram = glCreateProgram();
    glAttachShader(shaderProgram, fragmentShader);
    glAttachShader(shaderProgram, vertexShader);
    glLinkProgram(shaderProgram);
    LinkStatus( shaderProgram );

    // Drawing the triangles aka render loop
    while (!glfwWindowShouldClose(window))
    {
        //processInput(window);
        // wipe the drawing surface clear
        glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);

        // Draw Triangle
        glUseProgram(shaderProgram);
        glBindVertexArray(VAO);
        glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLE_FAN, 0, 7);

        // Draw Triangle Fan; unfinished

        // swap buffers and poll IO events
        glfwPollEvents();
        glfwSwapBuffers(window);
    }

    // close GL context and any other GLFW resources
    glfwTerminate();
    return 0;
}

bool CompileStatus( GLuint shader )
{
    GLint status = GL_TRUE;
    glGetShaderiv( shader, GL_COMPILE_STATUS, &status );
    if (status == GL_FALSE)
    {
        GLint logLen;
        glGetShaderiv( shader, GL_INFO_LOG_LENGTH, &logLen );
        std::vector< char >log( logLen );
        GLsizei written;
        glGetShaderInfoLog( shader, logLen, &written, log.data() );
        std::cout << "compile error:" << std::endl << log.data() << std::endl;
    }
    return status != GL_FALSE;
}

bool LinkStatus( GLuint program )
{
    GLint status = GL_TRUE;
    glGetProgramiv( program, GL_LINK_STATUS, &status );
    if (status == GL_FALSE)
    {
        GLint logLen;
        glGetProgramiv( program, GL_INFO_LOG_LENGTH, &logLen );
        std::vector< char >log( logLen );
        GLsizei written;
        glGetProgramInfoLog( program, logLen, &written, log.data() );
        std::cout << "link error:" << std::endl << log.data() << std::endl;
    }
    return status != GL_FALSE;
}

A: You would do this by adding creating another float array containing your new points, and creating another VAO and VBO. Since you want a triangle fan (based on the comment in your code), and not 5 individual triangles you would make it like this:
float points_5_triangles[] = {
    // positions       // colors
    // Original triangle
    x1, y1, z1, r1, g1, b1,    // point 1
    x2, y2, z2, r2, g2, b2,    // point 2
    x3, y3, z3, r3, g3, b3,    // point 3
    // Another triangle made from point 1, 3 and 4
    x4, y4, z4, r4, g4, b4,
    // Another triangle made from point 1, 4 and 5
    x5, y5, z5, r5, g5, b5,
    // Another triangle made from point 1, 5 and 6
    x6, y6, z6, r6, g6, b6,
    // Another triangle made from point 1, 6 and 7
    x7, y7, z7, r7, g7, b7,
};

GLuint VBO_5_triangles = 0;
glGenBuffers(1, &VBO_5_triangles);
glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, VBO_5_triangles);
glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(points_5_triangles), points_5_triangles, GL_STATIC_DRAW);

// Generate another VAO.
GLuint VAO_5_triangles = 0;
glGenVertexArrays(1, &VAO_5_triangles);
glBindVertexArray(VAO_5_triangles);
glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, VBO_5_triangles);
glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(points_5_triangles), points_5_triangles, GL_STATIC_DRAW);
glVertexAttribPointer(0, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 0, NULL);
glEnableVertexAttribArray(0);

Now when drawing your two objects you would first bind the target VAO, then render, then carry on to the next object:
glBindVertexArray(VAO);
glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, 3);

glBindVertexArray(VAO_5_triangles);
glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLE_FAN, 0, 7);

For more information on how a triangle fan is drawn see Triangle primitives


LJUBLJANA, Aug. 12 (Xinhua) -- A photo exhibition featuring the Great Wall of China has turned to be one of the attractions at the Bled Castle, one of Slovenia's most popular scenic spots, according to Bled municipal officials on Tuesday.
Slovenia's Bled Castle, like the Great Wall of China, is an ancient defense system that dates back to around 1,000 years ago.
It is of "special significance" when the oldest castle in Slovenia and the Great Wall of China are presented simultaneously to the public in one place, said Janez Fajfar, mayor of Bled, who visited the exhibition along with Chinese Ambassador to Slovenia Zhang Xianyi.
The photo exhibition, jointly sponsored by Xinhua News Agency of China and the Municipality of Bled, is "a great opportunity to promote the incredible Chinese culture and heritage," Fajfar said.
Perched atop a steep cliff rising 130 meters above the glacial Lake Bled, the Bled Castle has been visited by some 15,000 tourists from all over the world since Aug. 1, Matjaz Zavrsnik, director of Beld Culture Institute, told Xinhua.
Latest official statistics show that Bled attractions receive more than 260,000 tourists per year.


text:
An intimate look at Audrey Hepburn's life, with access to exclusive never-before-seen footage from her family's personal collection, providing an unprecedented and insightful view on Audrey, her life and her dreams, aspirations and her everlasting legacy.
Director: Helena Coan
Actors: Audrey Hepburn
Keywords:Audrey
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Genre: Documentary, Short
El olvido
Heddy Honigmann returns to her birthplace of Lima, Peru to reacquaint herself with a place and people dear to her heart. It is about a forgotten city, a forgotten history…
Life After: Chernobyl
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Follows a woman named Kathy who lives with 200 pet birds.
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Beginning with Space Invaders in 1978, arcade games began to appear everywhere. By 1982, there were 13,000 dedicated arcade locations across North America. It was the Golden Age of Arcade…
Theremin: An Electronic Odyssey
After escaping Russia's communist revolution, Leon Theremin travels to New York, where he pioneers the field of electronic music with his synthesizer. But at the height of his popularity, Soviet…
A compilation of interviews, rehearsals and backstage footage of Michael Jackson as he prepared for his series of sold-out shows in London.
Attenborough's Paradise Birds
David Attenborough tells the remarkable story of how these " birds of paradise " have captivated explorers , naturalists, artists, filmmakers and even royalty.
The Fog of War: Eleven Lessons from the Life of Robert S. McNamara
Using archival footage, United States Cabinet conversation recordings, and an interview of the 85-year-old Robert McNamara, THE FOG OF WAR depicts his life, from working as a WWII whiz kid…
Genre: Biography, Documentary, History, War
Dowsing: The Complete Survival Guide
Dowsing is the art of finding hidden things. In this fascinating documentary, you will see and hear expert dowsers demonstrate their skills and describe enlightening experiences. You too can learn…
The Bitter Buddha
The Documentary takes an unconventional journey through the life of one of America's most original comedic voices. Eddie Pepitone, "The Bitter Buddha", is looked at in this portrait of creativity,…
Trailer: Audrey


This option provides students with a strong background in dynamics, synoptic meteorology and weather forecasting, and provides the coursework required for entry into the National Weather Service, military forecasting careers and graduate school in the atmospheric sciences.
Courses listed below are required to complete a BS in Atmospheric Sciences in the Meteorology Track and are in addition to Atmos Sci core coursework and UW College of Environment general education requirements.
These courses (or their equivalent) should be completed as soon as possible as they are pre-requisites for upper-division ATM S coursework. All of these courses have their own pre-requisites.
NOTE: Students only need to complete one of the sequences listed below - the Dept. of Atmospheric Sciences recommends completion of the first sequence listed.
These courses must be completed in the order listed below - all courses have pre-requisites.
Below are two suggested degree plans for students interested in the Meteorology Track - the first is a four-year plan, designed for freshmen. The second is a two-year plan designed for transfer students and UW students who decide to major in Atmos Sci in their sophomore or junior year.
Plans do not include UW general education requirements and may vary, depending on the individual. Please note that non-ATM S courses are subject to the home departments' scheduling discretion and may not be offered as listed in degree plans. It may also be possible to complete some non-ATM S courses prior to the quarter(s) listed in the degree plans below, depending on pre-requisites and quarters offered. To discuss this plan, contact the Student Services Coordinator.