text:
K-12 Education Legal Racial issues
Parents group files federal complaint against school district over race-exclusive event
College Fix Staff •May 22, 2021
A parents group has filed a civil rights complaint with the U.S. Department of Education alleging a Massachusetts school district held a racially exclusive student event.
Parents Defending Education claims the Wellesley Public Schools excluded white students from a Zoom meeting about anti-Asian hate crimes, WGBH reports.
Invitation to the event was sent shortly after the March shootings of six Asian women in Atlanta.
According to the complaint, the invitation stated "*Note: This is a safe space for our Asian/Asian-American and Students of Color, *not* for students who identify only as White."
The invite continued: "If you identify as White, and need help to process recent events, please know I'm here for you as well as your guidance counselors. If you need to know why this is not for White students, please ask me!"
The basis for Parents Defending Education's complaint is the Civil Rights Act of 1964 which prohibits discrimination "on the ground of race, color, or national origin" by entities receiving federal monies. PDE has filed a similar complaints against districts in Ohio and Missouri.
MORE: No whites welcome at university's 'Racial Trauma Yoga' session
From the story:
Days after the invitation was sent out, Wellesley school officials sent another email defending the use of "affinity spaces."
"The goal was to provide a safe space in which students and staff could reflect, share, and be supported as members of our school district," the email said. "At the same time, we can also understand the discomfort that some members of our community have shared when learning of a practice that they perceive to be discriminatory. It's important to note that affinity spaces are not discriminatory."
The email said such spaces are "long-term, evidence-based district strategy that amplifies student and faculty voices on various issues."
[Parents Defending Education's Asra] Nomani said the term "affinity groups" has become a new "buzzword" and what she called an excuse for segregation.
Nomani, PDE's vice president for strategy and investigations, added "It is so unacceptable in today's society. You can't use excuses like healing spaces and affinity circles to cover up something that is ultimately illegal, unjust and immoral."
MORE: Univ. hosts racially segregated workshop on 'colonial spaces'
IMAGE: Nowhitesblacksonly / Shutterstock.com


As part of the department of Neurosciences within the University of Cambridge, we have a 1-year fully-funded MPhil position available.
The project will use computational models already developed (e.g. by Prof Ian Bruce, 1: Zeyl TJ, Bruce IC. Ear Hear. 2014;35(2):246-55 or Zilany MS, Bruce IC J Acoust Soc Am. 2006, 120(3):1446-66) to develop further the models of expected test results by measuring electrophysiology such as electrocochleography, at a group neural level. Primarily this position will involve developing new tests that might distinguish between different sites of lesion in the inner ear.
The successful candidate will work the Cambridge Ear Institute, working with psychoacousticians, electrophysiologists, and genetic hearing loss researchers.
The student will be expected to be proficient in computational modelling, a background in Matlab/Python and C is needed, and the student would develop an understanding of auditory physiology and testing. Understanding input/output functions, spectral analysis, signals, and some understanding of neurophysiology would be an asset, as would any background in auditory science.
A fee waiver equivalent to the Home/EU rates. Overseas students may apply but will need to fund the difference between the Home and Overseas fee from another source.
A stipend at £16,777 per annum.
To be enrolled on the MPhil course, applicants should have (or expect to obtain) at least 2:1 honours degree or equivalent.
Applications should be made via the standard admissions procedure on the University's Graduate Admissions website http://www.graduate.study.cam.ac.uk/how-do-i-apply) please select Easter Term 2019 as the start term.
Please include Professor Manohar Bance as the Supervisor's name on application and the reference number. There is no need for a research proposal but a brief summary of what you want to work on will be sufficient.
Applicants should also include their expression of interest letter in the application; this can be added to the section "Additional Information to Support Application".
Deadline for applications for this studentship is 12 noon on Monday 4th January 2019. There is a fee of £60.00 to apply which is not refundable.
Interviews are likely during week commencing 21st January 2019.
Please quote reference ZE17493 on your application and in any correspondence about this vacancy.


Note from Ryan: Use the table below to find the correct Flowmaster Super 40 configuration for your car or truck. Not sure which to choose? Follow links to check vehicle fit on Amazon.
If you're shopping around for some quality exhaust upgrades, why not go with a legend in the aftermarket world? With thirty years in the business Flowmaster is definitely a company that's done their homework.
One of their hottest products, the Super 40 series muffler, offers a great balance between performance and great sound quality. If you're not quite ready to plunge into full exhaust work a muffler is a great way to start turning some heads.
Constructed from aluminized steel this muffler weighs in at a mere 13.6 pounds and when we're talking weight reduction, every little bit counts. The dimensions themselves measure roughly 20 by 10.5 inches with a thickness of 5.5 inches which is nothing out of the ordinary. The unique delta flow baffle setup produces a low, rich and throaty tone.
If you're a proud owner of some old school muscle, this is something you'll appreciate every time you fire her up. The Super 40 is designed for trucks and domestic vehicles but Flowmaster makes sure to cater to most vehicles with both vehicle specific and universal kits. Head over to their main site, they will more than likely have a muffler for whatever you're driving.
What about performance? Flowmaster's delta design takes advantage of what is known to the auto world as the scavenging effect. Take a look inside the muffler and you would see baffles arranged in a triangular fashion much like the Greek symbol. This design allows the usual noise reduction while at the same time creating areas of low pressure thus making the air travel faster throughout the entire system.
And don't worry about blowing any packing materials out the tailpipe, it is non-existent in the Super 40 series.
So what do we get when we speed up the airflow and reduce air resistance? You guessed it, horsepower! And if that wasn't enough all aluminized mufflers are backed by a 3 year warranty against any defect in the workmanship.
The Flowmaster 953047 has many satisfied customers, the majority of them breathing new life into their trucks. Enthusiasts are able to utilize track performance on the streets with great value and at under a hundred bucks, you can't argue with that.


text:
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Best Bikes and Cars of 2019
Check out the 10 best bikes and 10 best cars for 2019's moto roundup
Inked Mag Staff
For this year's moto roundup, Charlie Connell has gathered the top 10 motorcycles and top 10 cars.
Choice Cars
Later this year Ford will release the latest iteration of the iconic muscle car — the Ford Shelby GT500. Details about the car are still a little vague, but what we do know is enough to leave us giddy with anticipation. Ford is promising that the supercharged 5.2 liter V8 engine will be capable of more than 700 horsepower, making it their most powerful Mustang ever.
Lexus RC F
If the Lexus RC F was merely a sleek luxury ride it would be enough to raise eyebrows, but there is so much more under the hood. Make no mistake, with a powerful V8 engine and the new Launch Control system, the RC F absolutely flies off the line. Let's be honest, who can resist this combination of speed and looks?
Cadillac CT6-V
Cadillac has been synonymous with class for as long as any of us can remember. Honestly, how many times have you described something as being the Cadillac of its sphere? The CT6-V Cadillac wants to show you that class can also go pretty damn fast. The Blackwing Twin Turbo V8 is a beast that provides all the power you could possibly need. The interior is sleek and luxurious, as one has come to expect from Cadillac. The CT6-V takes the beloved brand into the future.
People tend to get too excited about the "brand new thing," often at the expense of recognizing sustained excellence. This Audi deserves all the hype with the A8. The four-door luxury sedan has been available since 1994, but each year, Audi finds a subtle way to make the model even better. The Audi Virtual Cockpit — a customizable all-digital dashboard — gives the latest A8 a futuristic feel.
If you're one of those folks that loves nothing more than jumping into a two-seater; rolling the top down; and stomping on the pedal, the BMW Z4 Roadster is for you. Inspired by race cars, the Z4 is more than just eye candy. With a wider stance for perfect handling, the Z4 is practically begging to be taken out on the road.
Lincoln Continental 80th Anniversary Edition with Coach Doors
Are the coach doors on the 80th anniversary Lincoln Continental a bit of a gimmick? Most definitely. Does that make them any less badass? Of course not! This model is the perfect homage to the car that brought the idea of driving luxury to the streets of America. While the doors may be a throwback to times gone past, the interior design is state-of-the-art. Most notably, for the personalized rear suite console with wireless charging. This might be the only car where you'll be fighting friends to sit in back, not shotgun.
McLaren 720S Coupe
McLaren refers to their 720S as a "supercar," the kind of braggadocios statement that would normally get a person laughed out of the room. Remarkably, the 720S actually lives up to the buildup. Instantly recognizable, thanks to the twin-hinged doors and sleek body, it is the stuff you can't see that makes this car a true stand-out. All the power in the world doesn't matter if you can't control it, and the Proactive Chassis Control II system makes sure that the 720S handles like a dream, no matter if it's on a mountain pass or city street.
Tesla's mercurial owner, Elon Musk, spends so much time making headlines for smoking pot with Joe Rogan and dropping unlistenable rap songs about Harambe. But his brand's automobiles are almost flying under the radar. The Model Y is Tesla's impressive take on the SUV. There are a slew of eyebrow-raising features in the Model Y: a range of 300 miles, seating capacity for seven, two independent motors that control torque to the front and rear wheels, and a 15-inch touchscreen display, designed to improve over time.
Mercedes-Benz is fully embracing the electric revolution with this jaw-droppingly gorgeous SUV. With an interior that looks more like a shuttlecraft from Star Trek than an automobile, the EQC is truly cutting edge. The all-new MBUX media system responds to voice commands, and learns over time. Yes, you heard that right. This is basically KIT from Knight Rider. Beyond all the futuristic bells and whistles, the electric engine delivers 400+ horsepower, making sure that the EQC still does everything you've come to expect from a Mercedes SUV.
If we ever get a new James Bond movie, the 2019 Aston Martin Vantage will likely be his car of choice. We can easily imagine the world's most famous spy tearing down the streets of Monaco in this sleek machine. Inspired by jungle cats just as much as race cars, the Vantage is incredibly light, and has a near perfect 50:50 weight distribution, which means that it will handle perfectly, no matter the conditions. The interior looks as much like a fighter jet as a car, and it will definitely inspire you to do your best driving. This is a car you'll want to be seen in. That is, if they can catch up fast enough to get a glimpse.
Ducati Panigale V4 R
If you are looking for a bike to take on a nice leisurely cruise around the countryside, do yourself a favor and skip this part. The Ducati Panigale V4 R was born to do one thing—go fast. This is an approved for road-use version of the Ducati Superbikes that will be competing in 2019. The Panigale is the unique bike that will allow expert riders to really push the limits while also being easy to use for even novice riders.
Ural Gear Up
This may be a hot take but I'll gladly take it with me to my grave: Sidecars are fucking awesome. That's why we instantly fell in love with the Ural Gear Up. The look is completely retro, but all of the components are thoroughly modern. There's the LED fog lights, the sidecar power outlet, a luggage rack and a folding utility shovel. There's also a universal spare wheel that fits any of the three positions. The Gear Up is the ultimate motorcycle for your next adventure, and it won't have to be a solo affair thanks to that rad sidecar.
Kawasaki Ninja ZX-10RR
This bike isn't designed to race—it's designed to win. It's the bike that Jonathan Rea rode to a fourth straight FIM Superbike world championship last year. We could gush on and on about the technical specs that make the Ninja ZX-10RR a must-ride (like the powerful 998cc engine), but what really struck us was the bold color choice. It is only available in neon lime green. That's a hell of a statement if you ask us. But I guess if people are only going to be able to see the blur speeding by them you want to make it a memorable blur.
Harley-Davidson LiveWire
The very concept of this bike is hard to fathom—a Harley-Davidson with a near silent motor. The LiveWire is Harley's foray into an electric bike, so the engine will sound more like a Prius than what you've come to expect from a motorcycle. But don't let all that silence fool you into thinking it won't be powerful. The LiveWire will be capable of going 0 to 60 in three seconds. With a range of 140 city miles, the LiveWire's battery can charge fully in an hour. This is a look at the possible future of motorcycles.
Triumph Thruxton TFC
If you are one of the lucky few to actually get a chance to ride the Triumph Thruxton TFC—only 750 will be made—you are going to be blown away. In this iteration Triumph has increased the peak performance power while decreasing the weight from previous Thruxton models. Not only does the TFC look stunning, but it makes a beautiful sound as well thanks to the one-of-a-kind exhaust system including Vance & Hines titanium mufflers.
This is one of the most popular street bikes out there. At Inked we usually encourage you to stand out from the crowd, but this is one time where we make an exception as the Honda CBR500R is popular because it is a phenomenal motorcycle. Some of the new innovations in this year's model include the slipper/assist clutch, digital instrumentation and a reprofiled transmission. This is the Goldilocks of motorcycles—a perfect blend of performance, versatility, affordability and style. Everything is just right.
Indian FTR 1200S
If you are looking for the perfect blend of retro look and modern technology, look no further than the Indian FTR 1200S. In addition to the iconic style we've come to expect, the FTR 1200S is packed with state-of-the-art features, starting with a 4.3" customizable Ride Command touch screen. The gas tank is located underneath the seat to give the rider even more control, which is always nice. Sport, Standard and Rain modes help you adapt to whatever conditions are thrown your way. Indian has perfectly tailored their race-inspired design to suit all of your riding needs.
Fuell Flow
A bike has to be pretty damn impressive to be included in this article months before it technically exists, but Erik Buell's new company has the entire industry buzzing with anticipation. Buell spent decades as a designer for Harley-Davidson and as the head of Buell Motorcycles before it was eventually bought, so you know he knows his stuff. With Fuell he is launching an electric motorcycle and bicycle in what is a sneak peek of what the future may look like. We'll know a whole lot more about the bike when it is fully revealed on April 23rd, but honestly, we already know enough to be giddy about the eventual release.
Chances are that you'll never be able to pronounce the name of this bad boy, but we won't judge you. This Swedish company has been making motorcycles since 1903 and it's time that we got acquainted with them here in the US. The Svartpilen is a prime example of minimalism at its finest. The bike has been stripped of all unnecessary parts, giving it a sleek and simple look. Offroad style handlebars keep the rider in an upright position, helping to give control over the ride. If you haven't yet heard of Husqvarna, one look at the Svartpilen 701 will change that in a hurry.
Royal Enfield Interceptor (INT) 650
Hopping on a Royal Enfield Interceptor is like taking a time machine back to California in the 1960s, at least when it comes to style. On the other hand, the 648cc engine and precise Bosch fuel injection system use the latest technology available. This is the first bike made by Royal Enfield that includes a six-speed gearbox, a development created to ensure a perfect ride in any conditions. Novices and expert riders will all enjoy the INT650.
Moto RoundupBest Motorcycles2019 Bikes2019 CarsBest CarsMoto Issue 2019
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50 Best Tattoos on Women of 2019
20 Best Micro Tattoos of 2019
Lexus Teams With an Artist to Create a Tattooed Car
20 Best Face and Head Tattoos of 2019
20 Best and Worst Celebrity Tattoos of 2019
23 Best Sleeves of 2019
25 Best Back Pieces of 2019

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
'use strict';

const Code = require('@hapi/code');
const Hapi = require('@hapi/hapi');
const Lab = require('@hapi/lab');
const Path = require('path');
const Proxyquire = require('proxyquire');

const lab = exports.lab = Lab.script();
const config = {
    mongodb: {
        connection: {
            uri: process.env.MONGODB_URI || 'mongodb://localhost:27017/',
            db: 'hapi-mongo-models-test'
        },
        options: {}
    },
    models: [
        Path.resolve(__dirname, 'fixtures/dummy-model'),
        Path.resolve(__dirname, 'fixtures/noindex-model')
    ]
};
const stub = {
    MongoModels: {}
};
const HapiMongoModels = Proxyquire('..', {
    'mongo-models': stub.MongoModels
});

lab.experiment('Plugin', () => {

    lab.test('it throws an error when the db connection fails', async () => {

        const realConnect = stub.MongoModels.connect;

        stub.MongoModels.connect = function (connection, options) {

            throw Error('connect failed');
        };

        const server = Hapi.Server();
        const plugin = {
            plugin: HapiMongoModels,
            options: config
        };
        const throws = async function () {

            await server.register(plugin);
        };

        await Code.expect(throws()).to.reject();

        stub.MongoModels.connect = realConnect;
    });

    lab.test('it successfuly connects and exposes the plugin (default autoIndex value)', async () => {

        const server = Hapi.Server();
        const plugin = {
            plugin: HapiMongoModels,
            options: config
        };

        await server.register(plugin);
        await server.start();

        Code.expect(server.plugins['hapi-mongo-models']).to.be.an.object();

        server.plugins['hapi-mongo-models']['mongo-models'].disconnect();

        await server.stop();
    });

    lab.test('it connects to the db and creates indexes during pre-start (autoIndex set manually)', async () => {

        const configClone = JSON.parse(JSON.stringify(config));

        configClone.autoIndex = true;

        const server = Hapi.Server();
        const plugin = {
            plugin: HapiMongoModels,
            options: configClone
        };

        await server.register(plugin);
        await server.start();

        Code.expect(server.plugins['hapi-mongo-models']).to.be.an.object();

        server.plugins['hapi-mongo-models']['mongo-models'].disconnect();

        await server.stop();
    });

    lab.test('it connects to the db and skips creating indexes during pre-start (autoIndex set manually)', async () => {

        const configClone = JSON.parse(JSON.stringify(config));

        configClone.autoIndex = false;

        const server = Hapi.Server();
        const plugin = {
            plugin: HapiMongoModels,
            options: configClone
        };

        await server.register(plugin);
        await server.start();

        Code.expect(server.plugins['hapi-mongo-models']).to.be.an.object();

        server.plugins['hapi-mongo-models']['mongo-models'].disconnect();

        await server.stop();
    });
});

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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Preaching to the Choir? A Request for Inclusion in the Call for Equity among Law School Faculty
Posted on March 13, 2017 by ETarloski
On Tuesday I received an event email from a bar association I was once a member of. The event was to serve as a forum for the deans from six local law schools. The next day, on International Women's Day, I received an email from SALT seeking support for the 'Full Citizenship Project for Law Faculty' launched by the Legal Writing Institute (LWI) and the Association of Legal Writing Directors (ALWD). Both emails caught my attention, for similar reasons. The first pictured a set of six male law school deans, and I was keenly aware, on many different levels, of the differences between me and them. The second email was a call to action directed at a group that I am a part of. As a woman, I didn't see myself reflected in the bar association dean email. As a visiting clinical professor, I also do not belong to the predominantly male group of tenure track faculty.
Although the Full Citizenship Statement that is seeking signatures does not exclusively affect women, it could bridge one of the many disparities that exist among primarily tenured doctrinal faculty and legal writing, clinical and academic support faculty. The statement states that full citizenship is "…necessary to ensure that law students and the legal profession benefit from the myriad perspectives and expertise that all faculty bring to the mission of legal education."
How law students benefit from different perspectives may seem obvious to some and debatable to others. When a law school does distinguish between faculty, it communicates to students who, and what, the law school values as important. Titles, voting rights and salaries (which public institutions often make public information) make the hierarchy even more obvious. First and foremost, as a full time teacher at a law school, our mission is (or should be) to teach students how to be the people and lawyers we want to see out in the world post-graduation. Whether that mission is accomplished through legal writing, clinical experience or doctrinal classes, shouldn't make a difference.
But I wonder if, because I am a woman and in a visiting position, does my opinion count as much as those the petition is seeking parity with? How much should we be actively seeking out those already in tenured positions versus preaching to, and seeking support from, the choir?
My own imposter syndrome voice sneaking up on me tells me I have no place writing this blog, and I try to silence her. I have been teaching for less than two years and I admittedly know less than many of my colleagues about this issue. But I believe my voice, as well as others who are new to the field, and those who have been in the trenches and already received tenure, are all important voices in the conversation.
I hope that conversations surrounding this Full Citizenship Statement take place in law school faculty meetings around the country where the very people this petition impacts, may very well be absent. I wonder if the conversations that may take place will reflect an instinctual resistance to adopt a structure that seemingly threatens to decrease one's own power, pay or voice, or if there will be support. Just as it is vital for men and boys to be an active part of the conversation on gender and gender disparities, so too must those who are already in the privileged position of tenured faculty be an active part of the conversation around this petition.
We may struggle as teachers in how to address privilege in the clinical classroom. It is not an easy topic, notably when we have to take it out of the context of the classroom and apply it to our own lives and careers. It forces us to accept that we may have benefited from the advantage that race, sexual orientation, academic pedigree or economic upbringing may have offered. But privilege also offers the advantage of a platform and a voice, and in a movement like this, that is important. The call for equity can lessen the gap by knocking down boundaries created by arbitrary distinctions between those that meet the current qualifications for tenure track positions and those that do not. Talking about hierarchy, politics, power and pay can be incredibly uncomfortable when dissecting it within the institutional hierarchies we exist in. But now, it is necessary.
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Mary-Beth Moylan, on March 13, 2017 at 11:10 am said:
Thank you for adding your voice to the conversation. It takes courage to speak up and your perspective is much appreciated.
Kristen Tiscione, on March 13, 2017 at 1:09 pm said:
I echo Professor Moylan in thanking you, Professor Tarloski. Because of the perspective and expertise you bring to your teaching, your opinion is very important. One of the benefits of this project is to name that nagging "imposter syndrome voice" in all of us as the result of an unfair status hierarchy, not a deficiency.
RARobbins, on March 14, 2017 at 12:38 pm said:
Thank you for writing about this. Sadly, we have already seen comments on other law school blogs by tenure-stream professors, claiming that it is fine to treat clinical and legal writing faculty this way because the market allows it. That type of thinking is what lead to the enactment of anti-discrimination statutory and regulatory schemes, most relevantly Title VII and Title IX. At There are also claims that these people are not hired through national searches (demonstrably false); that they do not have the same analytical chops (also demonstrably false–surveys have been administered for just this type of argument); that they do not engage in scholarship (also demonstrably false). The critics do not research their positions, but offer opinions or anecdotes as facts. That is precisely what legal writing and clinical professors teach our future lawyers to deconstruct and to avoid doing themselves.
The several bibliographies of clinical and legal writing scholarship show more that each sub-discipline has a body of meaningful scholarship that spans two or three decades. Clinical programs have a head start over professionalized legal writing programs, but people who teach legal writing courses typically like to write, so there ends up being a hefty amount of work no matter which course set these professors teach. Scholarship by these professors and in these fields have been reprinted in other journals, have been positively reviewed by member of the judicial and executive branches at state and federal levels, and in some cases have prompted legislatures to act. Legal writing scholarship by one such professor was invited to appear on a Circuit Court website, where it remained for many years. Conferences organized by CLEA and LWI have included presentations by judges and practitioners, some of whom were willing to travel considerable distances just to attend. I know because, as an editor of one of the peer-reviewed journals, and as a sometimes conference-organizer, it is my job to pay attention to these types of milestones. The work of professors who teach and write in these areas thus is demonstrated as having impact. These professors bring glory to their law school institutions.
The ABA has recognized the importance of the classes to future lawyers by requiring all law schools to provide 1) 1L legal research and legal writing courses; 2) advanced writing opportunities that are intensive, meaning there must be individualized feedback and an opportunity for rewrite–obviously this model is based on the signature pedagogy of 1L legal writing; 3) Six credits of experiential learning delivered in a course where the acquisition of skills is the major learning outcome, and where professor feedback is individualized and frequent; 4) a course in professional responsibility; 5) access to pro bono opportunities. The ABA sets no other specific curricular requirements, thus demonstrating its commitment to the legal writing/clinical education model. It is oxymoronic that the lowest status in the law school building is accorded–and defended–to those teaching the very courses that the ABA details. Moreover, as Professor Tarloski explains, this disparate impact on status very likely is seen by the students and can easily be felt as a slap in the face of anyone who values educating students towards the practice of law.
Professor Mary Lynch, Editor
Jessica Haller, Assistant
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text:
David Hume (disambiguation)
David Hume of Godscroft
David Hume (/ˈhjuːm/; 7 May 1711 NS (26 April 1711 OS) – 25 August 1776) or David Home (birth name) was a Scottish philosopher, historian, economist, and essayist, who is best known today for his highly influential system of radical philosophical empiricism, skepticism, and naturalism.
Hume's empiricist approach to philosophy places him with John Locke, George Berkeley, Francis Bacon, and Thomas Hobbes as a British Empiricist. Beginning with his A Treatise of Human Nature (1739), Hume strove to create a total naturalistic science of man that examined the psychological basis of human nature. Against rationalists, Hume held that passion rather than reason governs human behaviour. He argued against the existence of innate ideas, postulating that humans can have knowledge only of the objects of experience, and the relations of ideas, calling the rest "nothing but sophistry and illusion", a dichotomy later given the name Hume's fork. He also argued that inductive reasoning, and therefore causality, cannot, ultimately, be justified rationally: our belief in causality and induction instead results from custom, habit, and experience of "constant conjunction" rather than logic. He denied that humans have an actual conception of the self, positing that we experience only a bundle of sensations, and that the self is nothing more than this bundle of causally-connected perceptions. Hume's compatibilist theory of free will takes causal determinism as fully compatible with human freedom, and has proved extremely influential on subsequent moral philosophy.
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia -	https://wn.com/David_Hume
David Hume (1711–1776) was a Scottish philosopher, economist, and historian.
David Hume may also refer to:
David Hume of Godscroft (1558–1629), Scottish historian and political theorist
David Hume (advocate) (1757–1838), Scottish jurist
David Hume (explorer) (1796–1864), South African explorer and big-game hunter
David M. Hume (1917-1973), American doctor and pioneer in kidney disease research and treatment
David Hume Kennerly (born 1947), American Pulitzer Prize–winning photographer
David Hume (footballer) (1898-1964), Australian footballer
In the arts
David Hume, a character in the science-fiction TV series Total Recall 2070
David Hulme (disambiguation)
David Home (disambiguation)
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia -	https://wn.com/David_Hume_(disambiguation)
David Hume (or Home; 1558–1629) was a Scottish historian and political theorist, poet and controversialist, a major intellectual figure in Jacobean Scotland. It has been said that "Hume marks the culmination of the Scottish humanist tradition."
Confusion is possible with David Hume or Home, Scottish minister at Duras in France, a contemporary: they had quite different views on the union with England.
He was the second son of Sir David Hume or Home, seventh baron of Wedderburn, a Roman Catholic traditionalist of the Merse (now Berwickshire), who had married an active Calvinist wife in Mary Johnston of Elphinstone. He studied at Dunbar grammar school, under Andrew Simson. He then entered the University of St Andrews in 1578, and after a course of study there travelled on the continent. From France he went on to Geneva, intending to travel to Italy.
Hume was recalled to Scotland by the serious illness of his elder brother George, returning about 1581. Both brothers supported the Ruthven raid of 1582. In 1583 he was residing as private secretary with his relative Archibald Douglas, 8th Earl of Angus, who was ordered, after James VI withdrew his confidence from the Ruthven lords, to remain in the north of Scotland.
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia -	https://wn.com/David_Hume_of_Godscroft
'David Hume' is featured as a movie character in the following productions:
To Be First (2007)
Actors: Andrew Brent (actor), Andrew Brent (actor), John Cartwright (actor), Darrell D'Silva (actor), Roger Dwyer (actor), Rob Fruithof (actor), Rupert Graves (actor), Warwick Grier (actor), Wayne Harrison (actor), Stephen Jennings (actor), Danny Keogh (actor), Patrick Lyster (actor), Pierre Malherbe (actor), Albert Maritz (actor), Fred Abrahamse (actor),
Plot: The year is 1967 and the race is on to make medical history. Dr Christiaan Barnard (Rupert Graves), a brilliant and ambitious South African surgeon and three surgeons in America are attempting the impossible: the world's first human heart transplant. The Americans have trained and prepared together for this day for years, and Dr Barnaard is driven by a fierce determination to succeed. And succeed he does, giving Mr Washkowski an unbelievable extension of life, never before done, never before thought possible. This breakthrough in medical history, paved the way forward and made Dr Barnaard a legend.
Age of Genius (2006)
Actors: Richard Conlon (actor), Andrew Marr (actor), Brian Pettifer (actor), Alan Steele (actor), Neil McDonald (producer), Andrew Hutton (writer), Andrew Hutton (director), Clyde Wallbanks (editor),
Genres: Biography,
Total Recall 2070 (1999)
Actors: Damir Andrei (actor), John Bekavac (actor), Matthew Bennett (actor), Kim Coates (actor), Vince Corazza (actor), Damon D'Oliveira (actor), James Downing (actor), Michael Easton (actor), Alex House (actor), Jason Knight (actor), Thomas Kretschmann (actor), Bill MacDonald (actor), Nick Mancuso (actor), Angelo Pedari (actor), Hrant Alianak (actor),
Plot: In the year 2070, police detective David Hume and his partner Ian Farve attempt to track down a group of murderous androids with ties to a corrupt corporation, named Recall, which are based on the planet Mars in this pilot for the sci-fi TV series.
Keywords: 2070s, based-on-adaptation, episode-starts-with-sex, female-frontal-nudity, female-nudity, film-starts-with-sex, nipple-slip, tv-series-pilot
Genres: Sci-Fi, Thriller,
James Calley: The instinct to avenge a partner's death is something you don't see anymore.::David Hume: Yeah, I can see how that would get lost when you live your life under a surveillance camera.::James Calley: You're not suggesting the attempts to make this a safer and more perfect world have actually resulted in a loss of individual freedom, are you?
James Calley: Before you go.::[pauses]::James Calley: The 12mm that killed the android?::David Hume: The out-of-policy 12mm?::James Calley: You have no knowledge of what happened to it?::David Hume: I have no knowledge.::[turns and leaves]::Martin Ehrenthal: [seeing gun on thermal scan] We can stop him before he leaves the building if you want.::James Calley: No. Let him hang onto the gun for the moment. I'm almost more interested in what he plans on doing with it than where it came from.
Descanse en piezas (1987)
Actors: Scott Thompson Baker (actor), Fernando Bilbao (actor), Robert Case (actor), Tony Isbert (actor), Daniel Katz (actor), David Rose (actor), Antonio Ross (actor), Jeffrey Segal (actor), Jack Taylor (actor), Carole James (actress), Dorothy Malone (actress), Patty Shepard (actress), Lorin Jean Vail (actress), José Frade (producer), Santiago Moncada (writer),
Plot: A newlywed couple move into the mansion of the bride's recently dead aunt. Soon strange things begin to happen when the various tenants and servants of the mansion don't want to leave and the bride and groom are in a deadly predicament.
Keywords: murder, zombie
Genres: Horror,
Taglines: Their dream house brought them together...Their neighbors are tearing them apart! Don't close your eyes... the neighbours are restless.
Les chemins de l'exil ou Les dernières années de Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1978)
Actors: Michel Berto (actor), Gabriel Cattand (actor), Jean-Henri Chambois (actor), Sylvain Clément (actor), Pierre Devilder (actor), Vernon Dobtcheff (actor), Jean-Pierre Dougnac (actor), William Fox (actor), Jacques Gheusi (actor), Gabriel Gobin (actor), Didier Haudepin (actor), Maurice Jacquemont (actor), Pierre Londiche (actor), David Markham (actor), Roland Bertin (actor),
Genres: Biography, Drama,
The Menace of the Mute (1915)
Actors: Arnold Daly (actor), William Hartigan (actor), Charles Laite (actor), Sheldon Lewis (actor), George D. Melville (actor), Martin Sabine (actor), Louise Rutter (actress), Arnold Daly (producer), John Thomas McIntyre (writer), Ashley Miller (director),
Hume, David Filmography
The Patient Vanishes
1941, role: writer
Too Dangerous to Live
Crime Unlimited
Conversations with Strangers
The History of England in Three Volumes, Vol.I., Part C.
Fighting the Traffic in Young Girls; Or, War on the White Slave Trade
The History of England in Three Volumes, Vol.I., Part D.
The History of England, Volume I
The History of England in Three Volumes, Vol.I., Part A.
Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion
The History of England in Three Volumes, Vol.I., Part F.
The History of England in Three Volumes, Vol.I., Part B.
Wilson's Tales of the Borders and of Scotland, Volume 06
An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals
The History of England in Three Volumes, Vol.I., Part E.
A Treatise of Human Nature
Famous quotes by David Hume:
"Beauty is no quality in things themselves: it exists merely in the mind which contemplates them"
"Generally speaking, the errors in religion are dangerous; those in philosophy only ridiculous"
"A wise man proportions his belief to the evidence"
"When men are most sure and arrogant they are commonly most mistaken, giving views to passion without that proper deliberation which alone can secure them from the grossest absurdities"
"Be a philosopher but, amid all your philosophy be still a man"
"The Christian religion not only was at first attended with miracles, but even at this day cannot be believed by any reasonable person without one"
"Nothing is more surprising than the easiness with which the many are governed by the few."
"I have written on all sorts of subjects . . . yet I have no enemies; except indeed all the Whigs, all the Tories, and all the Christians."
"He is happy whose circumstances suit his temper but he is more excellent who can suit his temper to any circumstances"
"What a peculiar privilege has this little agitation of the brain which we call 'thought'"
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Home Tags 2015 Indian Scout
Tag: 2015 Indian Scout
2015 Indian Scout Review
Something's wrong with the new Scout.
LOS ANGELES, California — It's an exciting concept, an all-new 2015 Indian Scout. This nameplate has been dead and buried for some 66 years, and yet now I'm riding one down the coast of Southern California just before sunrise. But something about this Scout, a nearly flawless middleweight cruiser dipped in thick blood-red paint, isn't sitting right with me.
When you unearth a beloved name with a strong heritage, whatever follows must be worthy. The Indian Scout came about in the early 1920s, and it made its mark on the American motorcycle scene as an innovative, lightweight bike that could take a beating.
The "Wrecking Crew" of Ernie Beckman, Bobby Hill, and Bill Tuman won a ton of flat-track races at county fairs on the original Indian Scout in the 1920s. Stunt riders were fond of the 101 Scout for "Wall of Death" stunt riding inside iron cages at carnivals during the 1930s. Burt Munro broke records at the Bonneville Salt Flat in the 1960s on his 1920 Scout. By the time the Scout nameplate disappeared in 1949, it had built a seriously badass reputation that still percolates in the consciousness of motorcycle riders today.
The whole Indian Motorcycle Company folded in 1953, leaving Harley-Davidson as the only remnant of the dozens of motorcycle brands from the early years of the 20th century. Afterwards, the nameplate fell into the hands of a succession of people with big ideas but too little expertise, and assorted English, Italian, Taiwanese, and American bikes were introduced as the rebirth of Indian. Finally, Polaris bought the Indian brand in 2011 and brought to bear its resources as a maker of snowmobiles and ATVs.
"The Indian Scout is a good value, has great sex appeal and, most importantly, it's easy to ride."
Once the new Indian Chief hit the street in 2013, Polaris decided that this second-chance brand needed an entry-level cruiser, so Indian got the green light to do a clean-sheet build on a brand-new bike. The 2015 Indian Scout was revealed this past summer at the popular motorcycle gathering in Sturgis, South Dakota. Since then, every motorcycle enthusiast (myself included) has been scheming about a way to free up $11,000 to buy one.
A tough kind of beauty that everyone understands
Over the last few months, I've heard the same thing again and again and again: "I don't really like cruisers, but, man, that Scout. …" The 2015 Indian Scout is a knockout beauty, but not in that perfect, Charlize Theron way. It's the Uma Thurman kind of beauty, where "elegant" is too soft of a term and "butch" too hard. The 2015 Indian Scout's smooth curves are finished with hard edges that beautifully envelope the triangular cast-aluminum frame. The full fenders, the prominent lion-tooth fuel tank, and the brown leather-upholstered seat play well together.
This brawny bike is surprisingly approachable, even to civilians. I found myself in conversation with a man driving a Honda CR-V with two little girls in the back seat (their heads bobbing to the music of Taylor Swift, no doubt), a woman in a Mini Cooper with an iPhone in a sparkly pink case pasted to her ear, and a guy on a mountain bike tugging along his 4-year-old son in a TrailGator.
Each of these dialogues ends the same way, as I make a quick salute of goodbye followed by a lot (too much) throttle and a quick release of the clutch. The Scout is a 550-lb bike with fat tires, but it also has a brand-new, 100-hp V-twin with 72 lb-ft of torque — an engine that's happy to help you lift the front wheel should you be an overzealous showoff. This is not a recommended practice, as it takes a good bit of muscle to keep the Scout running straight and rubber-side down once you finish your stunt. This is a cruiser, so it's best to build speed slowly and naturally, the way an avalanche comes down a mountainside.
More Indian than you might want
The 2015 Indian Scout is a good value, has great sex appeal, and, most important, it's easy to ride. The bike's weight is effortlessly managed in both tight and wide-open corners, the ratios of the six-speed transmission's gears deliver a broad, easily managed spread of performance, and the big engine is a predictable pussycat that won't bite unless you taunt it.
Really, there's little wrong with this comfortable and chic motorcycle. This is why, for the last three days, I've been waking up each morning before dawn to cruise along the coast. I've come looking for that itch, that thing that isn't sitting right with me about the Scout. And it isn't until now, a new sun burning the sky orange and red, that I figure it out.
I'm not on an all-new Scout; I'm on an all-new Indian with a Scout badge. This is not the nimble Scout that went around dirt tracks, spun inside iron cages, or sped across the salt flats. This is simply a slightly downsized version of a big cruiser bike — an Indian Chief-tini.
Cool cruiser with character
Of course, my romantic thoughts about the value of tradition don't really fit in a world where even motorcycle people see heritage as trendy, not hallowed. And, truth be told, I loathe people who look up the road for some imaginary ghost when they already have something wonderful and real at their feet.
The 2015 Indian Scout is a very well-engineered, very cool cruiser with a lot of character, and it will bring new and experienced riders alike to a historic brand.
The sun is well above the horizon to the east, the sky is a pale shade of blue, and morning traffic is starting to thicken around me. As I swing the Scout away from the coast, I notice I can't see the Scout badges on the bike's fuel tank from where I sit. This makes me think about two good things. First, the Indian Scout of my imagination is still waiting to be resurrected. And second, I get to ride this Indian while I wait.
2015 Indian Scout Specifications
Base price: $10,999
Price as tested: $11,549
Engine: 1.1-L DOHC 8-valve V-2
Power: 100 hp @ 8,100 rpm
Torque: 72.2 lb-ft @ 5,900 rpm
Drive: Rear-wheel
EPA Mileage: 33 mpg combined (est)
Source: 2015 Indian Scout Review


text:
require 'spec_helper'
describe Person do

	before(:all) { run_generator }

  after(:all) { run_destroy }

	it "should have a sql_searchable class method" do
		Person.should respond_to(:sql_searchable)
	end

	it "should have a sql_sortable class method" do
		Person.should respond_to(:sql_sortable)
	end

	describe "scopes" do

		describe "search" do
			before {(1..50).each { create(:person) }}
			describe "returns only the records that match the search text in the fields specified" do
				describe "string/varchar fields" do
					it "returns records with a first_name that matches 'John'" do
						Person.sql_search("John").count.should == 50
					end
		  		it "returns records with a first_name that matches 'Non-existent person'" do
		  			Person.sql_search("Non-existent person").count.should == 0
		  		end
		  		it "returns records with a first_name that matches 'John_1'" do
		  			Person.sql_search("John_1").count.should == 11
		  		end
		  		it "returns records with a last_name that matches 'Doe_2'" do
		  			Person.sql_search("Doe_20").count.should == 1
		  		end
		  		it "returns records with an email that matches 'johndoe_3'" do
		  			#There is an email matching the string, but Person doesn't specify that column as searchable
		  			Person.sql_search("johndoesemail_36").count.should == 0
		  		end
				end
				describe "text fields" do
				  it "returns records with a bio that containing 'new jersey devils'" do
				  	Person.all[0].update_attribute :bio, "I am a big fan of
				  			the New Jersey Devils hockey team"
				  	Person.all[1].update_attribute :bio, "I once went to a New Jersey Devils game."
				  	Person.sql_search("new jersey devils").count.should == 2
				  end
				end
				# describe "Date fields" do
				#   it "returns records with an updated at containing '2001'" do
				#   	pending "removed sort by date functionality"
				#   	Person.all[0].update_attribute :dob, "2001-07-25"
				#   	Person.all[1].update_attribute :dob, "2001-12-25"
				#   	Person.all[2].update_attribute :dob, "2001-11-11"
				#   	Person.sql_search("2001").count.should == 3
				#   end
				# end
				# describe "Integer fields" do
				# 	it "returns records with a grade containing '26255'" do
				# 		pending "removed sort by integer functionality"
				#   	Person.all[0].update_attribute :grade, 2526255
				#   	Person.all[1].update_attribute :grade, 12625525
				#   	Person.all[2].update_attribute :grade, 125262550
				#   	Person.sql_search("26255").count.should == 3
				#   end
				# end
	  	end

		end

		describe "sort" do

			before do
				@people = []
				(1..50).each do
					@people << create(:person, first_name: "John_#{Random.rand(1..99)}",
											last_name: "Doe_#{Random.rand(1..99)}")
				end
			end
			it "uses default scope ordering of last_name" do
				Person.all.map { |e| e.send(:last_name) }.uniq ==
      	@people.sort_by{ |p| p.send(:last_name) }.map { |e| e.send(:last_name) }.uniq
			end
			it "sorts by first_name ascending" do
				expect(same_order?(Person, :first_name, @people)).to be true
			end
			it "sorts by first_name descending" do
				expect(same_order?(Person, :first_name, @people, false)).to be true
			end
			it "sorts by last_name ascending" do
				expect(same_order?(Person, :last_name, @people)).to be true
			end
			it "sorts by last_name descending" do
				expect(same_order?(Person, :last_name, @people, false)).to be true
			end
			it "does not sort by age because it is not specified as searchable in the model" do
				expect(same_order?(Person, :age, @people)).to be false
			end
			it "quietly uses default sort column (last name) when passing an invalid column name " do
				Person.sql_sort(:invalid_column_name, :asc).map { |e| e.send(:last_name) }.uniq
					.should eq Person.order(:last_name).map { |e| e.send(:last_name) }.uniq
			end

			describe "sortable options" do
				describe "sort helpers" do
				  it "returns an array of arrays to populate the sort dropdown" do
				  	Person.sort_cols_for_dropdown
				  	.should eq [["First name", "first_name"],
											 ["First name [desc]", "first_name desc"],
											 ["Last name", "last_name"],
											 ["Last name [desc]", "last_name desc"],
											 ["Email", "email"],
											 ["Email [desc]", "email desc"],
											 ["Date last changed [desc]", "updated_at desc"]]
				  end
				end
			end

		end

		describe "search and sort together" do
			before do
				@people = []
				(1..50).each do
					@people << create(:person,
											last_name: "Doe_#{Random.rand(1..99)}")
				end
			end
		  it "returns records with a first_name that matches 'John_1' sorted by first_name" do
  			results = Person.sql_sort(:first_name).sql_search("John_1")
  			results.count.should == 11
  			results.map { |e| e.first_name }.uniq
      		.should eq results.sort_by{ |p| p.first_name }.map { |e| e.first_name }.uniq
  		end

		  it "returns consistent results when sql_sort is called after sql_search" do
		  	Person.sql_sort(:first_name).sql_search("John_1")
		  		.should eq Person.sql_search("John_1").sql_sort(:first_name)
		  end

		  describe "-able attributes" do
		  	it "has a sortable? method" do
		  		Person.should respond_to :sortable?
		  		Person.sortable?.should be true
		  	end

      end

		end

	end

end


text:
Bonnie Kreitler
Land development is a double-edged sword. Creeping urbanization brings more customers closer to your location. Business may actually flourish for awhile as more and more people discover the joys of riding, the open spaces around your farm, and the rural ambiance.
At some point, however, it begins to cut the other way. Continued development brings more and more people who fantasize about living in the country but whose vision of bucolic bliss does not include any smells, manure, flies, dust, or noise. They build on or close off riding trails you may have used for years. They complain to local officials if a horse manures along the edge of a road or (horrors!) at the end of their driveway. They agitate in the local media about property rights and promote restrictive zoning ordinances that can put you out of business.
Ultimately, you are left with two choices. One is to give in and sell out. Sell your land, your horses, your tack, your farm equipment. Go somewhere else and start over, find a new line of work, or retire. Take the money and run.
The other option is to partner with others in your community whose philosophies about growth align with your own and figure out a way to embrace change rather than fight it. The benefit is that you can continue enjoying the business you have built, stay on land that may have been in your family for generations and pass the land or the business on to a son or daughter, all while getting along with your new neighbors.
Local land trusts are among the potential partners a commercial equestrian operation can turn to in order to stay in business as residential housing creeps up to its fences.
Equestrians tend to view a horse property pragmatically. They assess its barns, sheds, pastures, paddocks, rings and trails. They see their business as a recreational option within their community.
Suburban neighbors tend to focus on the nuisances of traffic, ring lights or dust, unsightly or smelly manure piles and noisy children or animals. They are sure that any insect on their property came from the horse's side of the fence. Whose view prevails often depends on which side is more successful in convincing local politicians that their viewpoint is the correct one.
Land trusts can often help all parties concerned find a common ground. These nonprofit groups are dedicated to preserving open space. While national organizations like the Nature Conservancy or the American Farmland Trust may come to most people's minds whenever land trusts are mentioned, the reality is that most land trusts are much smaller and very local. And their numbers are growing.
According to a National Land Trust Census conducted by the Land Trust Alliance in 2000, there were 1,263 local and regional land trusts working to preserve open space in 2000. This represented a 42 percent increase over the number of trusts (887) tallied in 1990. Collectively, they had protected a whopping 6.2 million acres, a 226 percent increase over the 1.9 million acres protected as of 1990.
A land trust sees a horse property differently than either the owner or the neighbors. Land trusts typically see the farm as a riparian buffer, wildlife habitat, a scenic asset within the community, or even as an historic site. By finding a common ground in aesthetics, public recreation or other typical land trust concerns, land trusts and horse business owners can become valuable allies.
Staying on the Land
Many people believe wrongly that working with a land trust always means giving up their land or allowing public access to it. True, among the actions they take to protect open space, trusts do sometimes use their funds to purchase key parcels outright. And landowners interested in leaving a conservation legacy may donate their property to a trust or agree to sell the land to the trust at a price below its fair market value. But there are other, less restrictive options.
Conservation easements are the land trust tool most likely to be used by horse business owners who want to stay on their land. A conservation easement is basically a contract between the landowner and another party, such as a land trust, that spells out specific actions that will be taken to limit development and manage the land. Public access may or may not be part of the contract. Like land itself, a conservation easement can be sold or donated to the trust. The landowner continues to own, use and control the land. The development restrictions that protect the land as open space effectively lower the land's market value. The net result is that a conservation easement can:
reduce real estate property taxes
reduce federal income taxes (for a limited period—see below)
reduce estate taxes, making it easier to pass a business on to a son or daughter
guarantee future equestrian access to a property
ensure continued use of the property for a commercial equestrian enterprise even as residential development creeps up to the fences.
Running the Numbers
Using conservation easements or selling agricultural development rights to protect your right to continue commercial equestrian use of your land inevitably means giving up some of the land's potential future value. In exchange, the landowner gets certain tax benefits. Whether the foregone land value and the tax benefits are a wash depends on the individual landowner's financial situation and on the decisions of Congressional lawmakers.
When an easement lowers the value of a property, the landowner will realize property tax relief. This lowers the business's annual operating costs and immediately makes the business more profitable.
How much tax relief accrues to the landowner? The difference between the land's development value and its value with easement restrictions is considered a charitable donation to the land trust holding the easement. Current law allows the landowner to deduct a portion of that donation equal to 30 percent of his or her adjusted gross income for up to 6 years. Pending legislation would extend that tax benefit to 40 percent of adjusted gross income for up to 14 years.
Another benefit: Because the land's value will be lower at the time it goes into the landowner's estate, it becomes more likely that a son or daughter who wants to continue the family horse business will be able to pay the estate taxes and keep the business in the same location. While Congress has recently voted considerable estate tax relief, financial advisors point out that the changes are not permanent, and that states may step into the void to impose new taxes.
There are other considerations, too. The economics of donating or selling a conservation easement depends on a large number of variables, says Denny Caneff, director of the Upper Midwest regional office of the American Farmland Trust. They include the landowners' ages, other tax deductions available to them, their income expectations in coming years, the value of the property they are foregoing, its potential development value, when they anticipate retiring, and when they anticipate leaving the property because of retirement or other reasons. "They need to sit down with their tax advisor and get some sense of where their income will be in the coming years," says Caneff.
"The landowner can come out ahead if planning is done carefully and far enough in advance," says Marsha Kenny, director of communications with the Peconic Land Trust on the eastern tip of Long Island. Win-win conservation projects can be very complicated to put together, she points out. Estate planners and financial advisors often go for simple solutions they already understand, rather than carefully considering the landowner's wishes.
The bottom line is that any landowner considering placing a conservation easement on their land in order to perpetuate their business must be clear about their long-term goal and understand how their decision will impact their financial situation. "It becomes a bigger thing for many people than just the money they can realize," says Kenny. Preserving the land that they love and have worked on, seeing it continue, is as important a goal for them as getting equity out of the land. "Planners and attorneys don't understand that," she says. "Land trusts do."
Working With a Land Trust
Land trusts often have the experience and talent to help equestrian business owners find and understand all of their options for coping with creeping development. They not only know their own capabilities, but also those of other land trusts in their region and of state and federal programs that might be sources of funding. A land trust might help a landowner put together a package that includes the sale of development rights on a portion of a property to a county or state agency, a conservation easement on another part that is sold or donated to a land trust, and outright donation of yet another piece of land to a different group.
For example, there are 60 counties around the country that have Purchase of Agricultural Conservation Easement, or PACE, programs for buying agricultural development rights (see fact sheets on PACE and other agricultural conservation programs at www.farmlandinfo.org). A landowner realizes a large capital gain when he or she sells the agricultural development rights through one of these programs, points out Anson W.H. Taylor, Jr., president and chairman of the board of the Equestrian Land Conservation Resource. A conservation easement sold or donated to a local land trust can provide tax benefits to offset the gain.
Taylor also notes that placing a conservation easement on a property's marginally useful land, such as marshes or steep slopes, can move the purchase of development rights on the property's prime lands up in priority with the public agencies that purchase those rights.
"Land trusts around the country have an incredible tool box to work with," says Kenny. "You want to use the best tools for the best outcome, but there is no silver bullet. We want to find the outcome everyone is comfortable with and that is good for the landowner, the community, and the environment."
Another way land trusts can be of special benefit to commercial horse business owners is through their management expertise. Many public agencies are uncomfortable accepting donations of conservation easements or land when the deal includes continued operation of a commercial enterprise such as a riding stable. When a land trust is willing to help develop and monitor a management plan for the easement, that can be an important factor in selling a conservation deal to local authorities leery of horse operations.
Caneff points out that when you start talking to a land trust about a conservation easement, it's the beginning of a long conversation. "Conservation easements are not simple things," he points out. "They cannot be put in place in a few months."
Helen Alexander, chairman of the board of Kentucky's Bluegrass Conservancy, agrees. She points out that easements can be complicated documents and emphasizes the importance of taking time to make sure they reflect what you want. Keep in mind, she says, that the contract will encumber the land for as long as you own it and for decades after that.
When Alexander decided to place a conservation easement on her Middlebrook Farm in Lexington, Ky., she got a sample easement document from the Bluegrass Conservancy. It contained a provision that mature trees would not be removed. As she thought to the future, she decided that she wanted more leeway to make appropriate management decisions. She points out that tent caterpillars and the wild cherry trees they feed on were implicated in the wave of aborted foals that crippled the Thoroughbred industry two years ago. If her property had been encumbered by that restriction, she would not have been able to act to protect her livestock.
Alexander also wanted to take the time to ensure that her easement would be part of a critical mass of open space before she moved forward. When Alexander first began considering an easement, she contacted her neighbors and urged them to think about protecting their properties from development as well. The neighbors sold their development rights to Fayette County, Alexander gave the Bluegrass Conservancy a conservation easement, and the collective result is a swath of over 800 acres of open space preserved from development.
That sort of joint effort can be crucial in dealing with suburban encroachment. When horse property owners band together in a critical mass, they can form a hard edge against suburban sprawl, says John Strassburger, president of the Land Trust of Virginia and editor of "The Chronicle of the Horse." "At Land Trust of Virginia, we are encouraging landowners adjacent to small cities and towns to put easements on their land in order to make that hard edge," he says.
"Anyone who values agriculture, wildlife habitat, open space, clean air, clean water, should support land trusts either financially or in volunteer time," Strassburger continues. "It's really a responsibility for everyone and one of the primary ways to save our countryside."
Equestrian Land Conservation Resource: www.elcr.org
Land Trust Alliance: www.lta.org
American Farmland Trust: www.farmlandinfo.org
There are now downsides to being an active member of your community—from goodwill and networking to tax relief and safer homes
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Five Reasons Why You Need a Business Plan
Whether just starting up or after years in the business, pulling together a business plan is not only smart business, it can keep you out of tax trouble.
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Thirteen Ways to Improve Your Cash Flow
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Mo' Money
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Creating Your Own Crystal Ball
Every industry is affected by trends and the horse world is no different. Keeping track of them can mean better business.
Can Your Prices Produce Profits?
Sometimes a profitable business is based on how you charge and now how much. Here are some innovative ways to improve your bottom line.
Finding That Niche
Instead of being all things to all people, many horse professionals have found success in specializing in what they are truly good at.


text:
Coast Guard Compass - An April 2010 photograph of the Deepwater Horizon offshore drilling rig after the explosion.
Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill Continues to Impact Environment
Nine years ago—April 20, 2010—crude oil began leaking from the Deepwater Horizon drilling rig into the Gulf of Mexico in what turned out to be the largest marine oil spill in history. A long-term study suggests the oil is still affecting the salt marshes of the Gulf Coast, and reveals the key role that marsh grasses play in the overall recovery of these important coastal wetlands.
David Malmquist, Virginia Inst. of Marine Science
Conducting the study was a multi-institutional research team funded in part by the Gulf of Mexico Research Initiative, a 10-year independent program established through a $500 million financial commitment from BP. The team began sampling soon after the spill was finally contained, and continue their work today. Their most-recent article—in Estuaries and Coasts—reports on the first six and a half years of sampling post-spill.
Lead author on the study is John Fleeger, an emeritus professor at LSU. Co-authors are Rita Riggio, Irving Mendelssohn, Qianxin Lin, and Aixin Hou of LSU; David Johnson of William & Mary's Virginia Institute of Marine Science; Donald Deis of Atkins North America; Kevin Carman of the University of Nevada-Reno; Sean Graham of Nicholls State University; and Scott Zengel of Research Planning, Inc.
Johnson, an assistant professor at VIMS and expert in salt-marsh invertebrates, says "Our study highlights the crucial role that plants play in the recovery of important links in the Gulf of Mexico's coastal food web." Those links ultimately connect to the fish and shellfish that support the region's economy and culture.
Two plants dominate healthy Gulf Coast salt marshes—the smooth cordgrass Spartina alterniflora and the black needlerush Juncus roemerianus. Also abundant on the marsh surface are single-celled, plant-like organisms that scientists collectively refer to as benthic microalgae, while a suite of small invertebrates—amphipods, copepods, nematodes, snails, worms, and others—swim, hop, and crawl among the grass blades or burrow in the underlying root zone.
The team studied these organisms by measuring their abundance and biomass in heavily oiled, moderately oiled, and oil-free areas of Louisiana's Barataria Bay, using both surface plots and shallow cores. Sampling took place at roughly 6-month intervals between 2011 and 2016.
The researchers' early sampling showed that nearly all the plants in heavily oiled areas died, while benthic microalgae and burrowing invertebrates suffered significant reductions. Their later sampling showed that marsh recovery was led by benthic microalgae and Spartina—which began to show significant above-ground growth within two to three years.
Importantly, it was only after Spartina started its comeback that recovery of the invertebrate community began in earnest. "Plants are the foundation of salt marshes," explains Johnson. "Marsh grasses facilitate colonization by burrowing invertebrates, fuel the food web, provide animal habitat, bind the soil, and slow water flow. Without plants there is no marsh, and there is no marsh recovery following a spill without plants leading the way."
If you plant it, they will come
The team's findings have important implications for responding to any future spills. Fleeger says "our findings indicate that mitigation strategies for any future spills should include the planting of foundation species such as Spartina."
Mendelssohn, a VIMS alumnus (M.A. '73), says that foundation species "enhance recovery by providing habitat and reducing sediment erosion." Over the longer term, he says, "plant growth enhances recovery by improving soil quality. Plants generate organic matter that accumulates below ground, while their roots and rhizomes release oxygen, bind sediments, and increase sediment volume. Breakdown of plant tissues also provides nutrients that further stimulate plant growth and beneficial microbial processes in the marsh."
A slow road to full recovery
Tempering the promise of marsh recovery via planting of grasses such as Spartina is the team's discovery that heavily oiled marsh sites remained less healthy than moderately oiled and oil-free sites more than 6 years after the Deepwater Horizon spill. Heavily oiled sites still had elevated concentrations of oil and its breakdown products, and showed slower growth of black needlerush, lower production of plant detritus and below-ground organic matter, and altered soil density. Populations of worms, juvenile snails, and other small invertebrates had also failed to fully recover.
Read full article . . .