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Destination PA: Train Caboose built in Altoona used as Airbnb
by: Courtney Murphy
Updated: Aug 4, 2022 / 05:46 PM EDT
CLINTON COUNTY, Pa. (WTAJ) — Just near Interstate 80 in Lock Haven sits the old Castanea Railroad station. The outside features two train cabooses, a water tower, and a passenger station.
However, one of the cabooses on the inside is a fully functional Airbnb. This unique stay is called the 1941 Vintage Restored Caboose.
The Clinton County Historical Society was given the caboose back in 2012 and officially opened its doors to the public in 2015. President of the historical society Bonnie Hannis said that it was something that another member suggested the idea as a way to help with income.
Destination PA: Leap The Dips, world's oldest roller coaster
When you walk into the caboose, you see two twin-size beds and a microwave, coffee maker, refrigerator, seating areas, shower, and toilet. Hannis described that the idea was to keep the caboose as close to the original design as possible.
Inside the 1941 Train Caboose
Seating area that features guest book and history of the county
Additional seating with table
Twin Size Bed
Library over the kitchenette and bathroom
"The caboose was built in Altoona in 1941, and it was built for the Pennsylvania Railroad," Hannis said. "We decided we wanted it to be more than just a caboose for people to sit here and look at. We wanted to keep it close to what it was like when it was an operational caboose. So, the bunks are still the same."
The railroad was primarily used for hauling freight and getting goods to market. It soon became popular as a passenger service because of the convenience compared to a horse and buggy. Hannis describes it as a starter to developing more communities in the state.
Check out other Destination PA attractions
The caboose is available to rent from April to October, with prices varying depending on the occasions in Clinton County. Guests can explore the county's multiple places inside the room through its flipbook.
Some places Hannis mentioned included other parts of the historical society, such as the Heisey House Museum and the Barton Street School. But depending on the time of year, there are still other parts to tour, including the Piper Aviation Museum and the Millbrook Theater, the oldest barn theater in Pennsylvania.
However, the caboose is conveniently located next to the Bald Eagle Valley Trail. That trail currently sits around 6.4 miles but once completed, it should stretch over 11 miles down to Jersey Shore Trailhead for the Pine Creek Valley Rail Trail. Folks are encouraged to bring their bikes to ride the trails.
The Castanea Railroad Station
Tower that serves as an information center
Castanea Railroad Station
Next to the caboose sits a tower built by students from a vocational school. When folks walk inside, they can learn more about railroad history and the Bald Eagle Canal. In addition, they'll see the old heating system within the caboose.
After folks have a good night's rest, they can head next store to the former Lock Haven station. Inside the building, it's an authentic model railroad interpretation of what Clinton County looked like in the 1950s.
"This is the freight room of the station in Castanea, Pa. that belonged to the New York Central Railroad that operated the line from Avis out to the coal fields in Beach Creek and Clearfield County," said the Treasurer of the Clinton Central Model Railroad Club Philip Micklitsch.
The Clinton Central Model Railroad Club is a club that advocates for the interest of model railroading. They began their work within the old station back in 1988 and had been growing the area ever since.
The models featured different trains that would've been used within that timeframe. In addition, the club used Digital Command Control to have the trains complete potential assignments that would've occurred. That means doing hours of work to do an assignment car.
Clinton Central Model Railroad Club design of Clinton County
"We operate exactly as a real railroad would," Micklitsch said. "It's like going to work, and it takes hours sometimes to complete these tasks."
Micklitsch said the model simulates actual events within the county, including a plane crash in Lock Haven. Guests within the caboose can see different club members operate the trains during certain hours; however, guests are not permitted to use the trains.
Micklitsch describes how kids get all excited when trains begin to move from point A to B. In addition, the adults are interested in hearing the history of part of the county.
"It's the keystone for what shaped Clinton County," Micklitsch said. "The clay mining, the coal mining, all the industries the area had."
The feedback on the caboose since opening has been positive. Hannis encourages those that stay to sign their guestbook. So far, they've had guests from across the nation and internationally, including Brazil, Ohio, and Michigan. Hannis describes the county as a community place.


The world of music has eluded me for a very long time. I hardly have any idea of sur, Taal or rhythm for that matter. I do enjoy music but am ignorant when it comes to forms of music. Therefore, when I took up reading this book, I was sort of apprehensive. Apprehensive because I might not understand the essence, i.e. the passion for music, that drives the book forward or because it would get too complicated for me to go along further and so I would quit.
However, nothing of that sort happened. I was pulled into the narrative as soon as I hit page 2 and fast, I could read notes, mentally of course (i.e. again my knowledge is stunted) in my head. I had visions of Vienna - how Michael and Julia made music together, how they roamed the streets, hand-in-hand, enjoyed their food at the Mnozil and how they slept in each other's arms every night.
The words are beautifully etched, in a manner in which, it makes you feel every emotion, the frenzy, the despair, the tears, the joy and of course, the music. A brilliant yet straightforward narrative takes you through the world of Chopin, Bach, Schubert, Handel etc. One is compelled to feel the desperation in Michael's search for his lost love of nine years; Julia. He wants to reconnect, to explore the old love again. He knows his music is connected to her.
Yet, his chance spotting of her in a bustling double-decker in London, while is he is so sure that it was her, he has missed her again. While Michael has remained faithful to both his loves; Music and Julia, Julia has moved on. Nine years later, she is married with a seven-year-old son who happens to hate music classes. However, there is more to her. She is going deaf slowly yet probably just like Beethoven did. The challenge in playing with others when she can hardly make out what is being played is deeply felt. Miserable, distressed, happy, difficult, guilty etc. all of these chords are touched when one is reading about Julia.
When fate brings these two lovers together (not ex, mind you as they still love each other), they can hardly contain their love and passion for one and another. Back in Vienna with Michael's quartet, Maggiore, they feel the same. Fate leads them to Venice where they live each day walking, talking, waking and sleeping together. Their love is like never before. However, reality comes knocking their doors soon. Julia leaves Michael. She must come to a balance in her life what with her increasing deafness and her family. Therefore, she has to let go of Michael.
Michael is a mixed bag. At times you find him endearing, sometimes annoying, you may think of him as a wimp, selfish, strong or weak or everything at the same time. While Julia is someone, many of us can relate to easily, her falling into Michael's arms so quickly earned her much flak. One can say that as the book progresses, following the music gets tougher. However, it is the most critical factor that binds all the characters in the book seamlessly.
"For music is equal for all – to the deaf and to the hearing. All one needs to do is, to play from the heart…" - NB.
:) u make it sound as enticing as the summary on the end page. not that i have read it, but just.
Get to reading the book quick!
i did not read till the end 'coz i felt u will b revealing the end. yeah, i've to read this book.
btw, hav r uread seth's poetry by any chance? u'll love it.
Lol okay. Read the book soon! And yes, I have Seth's poems. Brilliant stuff.
Read 2 posts now. Why previous is so sad one? Very nice review of this book, makes me want to read it.
The previous poem is my vent for anger. But I am okay now :). Thanks and do read the book!
I like the fact that you didn't let your musical knowledge put you off of reading the book - sounds so emotional.
U make me want to read it!!!
Yup I did...will mail you soon!
Thank you for following! I think you have summarized it just right: sweet yet tragic with it's soul in the right place!
No post or no visit for so long. Hope all is well.
Hi Jack! Yes, all is well on my side. Just busy running around between work and hunting for a rented place! Will update soon!


Brooke Marks has always been a huge tease… I've always wanted to see her naked… Still, to the best of my knowledge, she hasn't shown us the goods…. Yet still she hasn't.
She's still shooting content. Just not naked yet.


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Everything You Need for a Treehouse (Hardcover)
By Carter Higgins, Emily Hughes (Illustrator)
Chronicle Books, 9781452142555, 40pp.
"Delightful!" —BookRiot
"One magical, impossible treehouse after another." —The Wall Street Journal
Treehouses are for wonder.
Treehouses are for snacks.
Treehouses are for whispers and snickers and echoes.
Treehouses are for everyone.
This magical work of art from acclaimed picture book creators Carter Higgins and Emily Hughes celebrates the universal wonder of treehouses and all the adventure that live among branches.
Carter Higgins has worked as both a motion graphics designer and a librarian. She lives in Los Angeles, California.
Emily Hughes is an internationally recognized author and illustrator who was born in Hawaii and now lives and works in the United Kingdom.
Praise For Everything You Need for a Treehouse…
"An alluring, poetic read by Carter Higgins spilling over with ideas about building a house in the trees."--The Missourian
"This book urges adventure and creativity." -School Library Journal
"One magical, impossible treehouse after another." -The Wall Street Journal
"Higgins' poetic prose paired with Hughes' vibrant and nostalgic illustrations provide a feast for the imagination." --<>Book Page
"Get ready for your imagination to explode! Everything You Need for a Treehouse is all about seeing something that's not there and imagining your world as you want it to be." —NPR Best Books of the Year
"Delightful!" --BookRiot

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Diagnosing Celiac Disease: is Biopsy Necessary?
Currently, the gold standard for diagnosing celiac disease is to biopsy a tiny portion of the small intestine to look for specific signs of intestinal damage. These tests are costly and invasive, and since the prevalence of celiac is greater than 1% of the Canadian population, there is an increasing demand for better diagnostic methods. The steps toward confirming a celiac disease diagnosis include the physician requesting a blood test that screens for certain antibodies associated with celiac disease, typically followed by a biopsy to confirm a diagnosis. However, as the blood tests become more precise, they could be edging out the biopsy as the gold standard in some cases.
A recent retrospective study published in the Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition1 analyzed patients younger than 18 years of age whose symptoms suggested a potential celiac disease diagnosis. Researchers compared the subjects' blood test results, small intestine biopsy findings, and the effectiveness of a gluten-free diet on reducing symptoms. The researchers found that in the 114 children who had a level of ≥100 U/mL of certain antibodies (anti-transglutaminase antibodies, or tTGA) and whose symptoms improved upon starting a gluten-free diet, a small intestine biopsy might not have been necessary to confirm diagnosis. However, the blood testing was not as reliable for the children who had lower levels of tTGA (<100 U/mL).
The researchers note that no current blood test is 100% accurate for identifying celiac disease, and they recommend that physicians continue to perform biopsies in most cases. However, the researchers are confident that a specific group of symptomatic individuals – those whose blood tests reveal sufficiently high levels of certain antibodies and who also experience remission of symptoms after starting a gluten-free diet – do not require a biopsy to confirm a celiac disease diagnosis, cutting down some of the need for costly, invasive biopsies.


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President Obama says he would have beaten Donald Trump, who tweets 'NO WAY!'
President Barack Obama meets with President-elect Donald Trump in the Oval Office of the White House in Washington, D.C., on Nov. 10, 2016.
Michael KranishThe Washington Post
President Barack Obama said in an interview released Monday that he could have beaten Republican presidential nominee Donald Trump "if I had run again."
In his most pointed critique yet, Obama said Hillary Clinton's campaign acted too cautiously out of a mistaken belief that victory was all but certain.
"If you think you're winning, then you have a tendency, just like in sports, maybe to play it safer," Obama said in the interview with former adviser and longtime friend David Axelrod, a CNN analyst, for his "The Axe Files" podcast.
The president said Clinton "understandably ... looked and said, well, given my opponent and the things he's saying and what he's doing, we should focus on that."
Trump took exception to this critique, tweeting out later in the day that "President Obama said that he thinks he would have won against me. He should say that but I say NO WAY! - jobs leaving, ISIS, OCare, etc."
Obama stressed his admiration for Clinton and said she had been the victim of unfair attacks. But, as he has in other exit interviews, Obama insisted that her defeat was not a rejection of the eight years of his presidency. To the contrary, he argued that he had put together a winning coalition that stretched across the country but that the Democratic Party and the Clinton campaign had failed to follow through on it.
"I am confident in this vision because I'm confident that if I -- if I had run again and articulated it -- I think I could've mobilized a majority of the American people to rally behind it," the president said.
"See, I think the issue was less that Democrats have somehow abandoned the white working class, I think that's nonsense," Obama said. "Look, the Affordable Care Act benefits a huge number of Trump voters. There are a lot of folks in places like West Virginia or Kentucky who didn't vote for Hillary, didn't vote for me, but are being helped by this. ... The problem is, is that we're not there on the ground communicating not only the dry policy aspects of this, but that we care about these communities, that we're bleeding for these communities."
Clinton spokesman Brian Fallon said via email that the campaign declined to comment.
Hillary Clinton received nearly 2.9 million more votes than President-elect Donald Trump, giving her the largest popular vote margin of any losing presidential candidate.
Certified results in all 50 states and the District of Columbia show Clinton winning nearly 65,844,610 million votes — 48 percent...
Axelrod, in an interview with The Washington Post, said he believed Obama went further than he had before in critiquing Clinton's campaign.
"This was all in service of making the point that he believes that his progressive vision and the vision he ran on is still a majority view in this country," Axelrod said. "He chooses to be hopeful about the future."
Obama could not have run again; the 22nd Amendment of the Constitution states that "No person shall be elected to the office of the President more than twice."
Still, Obama's suggestion that he could have won if he ran stoked debate Monday among political observers.
Former House speaker Newt Gingrich, a Republican who has been an adviser to Trump, said in an interview that "Obama doesn't know and neither does anyone else. Obama would have increased the turnout in the African American community, but he also might have increased the repudiation of him among those who felt they were betrayed.
There were many protesters but few faithless electors as Donald Trump won the Electoral College vote Monday — ensuring he will become America's 45th president.
An effort by anti-Trump forces to persuade Republican electors to abandon the president-elect came to practically nothing and the process...
"All of the lies he told about Obamacare, 'keeping your doctor' ... would have come back to haunt him. It would have been a totally different race."
Steve Hildebrand, a Democrat who oversaw Obama's 2008 campaign in battleground states, said the president had an ability to communicate with lower-income workers that Clinton lacked. He said he sent the Clinton campaign 15 emails in which he said he told them "you are not communicating with lower-income workers, you are not connecting with them."
In the podcast interview, Axelrod did not press Obama on many of the most controversial parts of his presidency, such as not taking action to prevent the deaths of hundreds of thousands of people in Syria.
The president, who has done relatively few interviews with mainstream media organizations, repeated his long-stated complaint that the media has filtered his message and that he is subject to unfair criticism by outlets such as Fox News.
Obama also blamed some of his problems during his presidency on Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell, R-Ky., a longtime adversary who famously said in 2010: "The single most important thing we want to achieve is for President Obama to be a one-term president."
Leaning against a column, arms folded, in the Rose Garden next to her fellow White House staffers the day after the presidential election, Valerie Jarrett looked like she'd been punched.
And a widely published photo of the moment didn't lie.
"Obviously we were surprised by the outcome of the election,"...
McConnell failed in that goal, but Obama said the senator was successful in blocking many of his initiatives and setting the groundwork for Trump's victory.
McConnell's strategy from a "tactical perspective was pretty smart and well executed," the president said. The Republican leader found ways to "just throw sand in the gears" in a manner that fed into people's beliefs that things were going badly. Obama said that, as a result, Republicans blocked action that could have helped more people recover from the Great Recession.
The strategy, Obama maintained, was that "if we just say no, then that will puncture the balloon, that all this talk about hope and change and no red state and blue state is -- is proven to be a mirage, a fantasy. And if we can -- if we can puncture that vision, then we have a chance to win back seats in the House."
A McConnell spokesman did not respond to a request for comment.
Obama stressed that he doesn't plan to get involved in day-to-day responses to a Trump presidency, just as former president George W. Bush has remained mostly on the sidelines during the Obama years. But Obama made it clear that he will be more of an activist in the long run. He said he plans to help mobilize and train a younger generation of Democratic leaders and will speak out if his core beliefs are challenged. He also said he is working on writing a book.
The final results of the 2016 presidential election look like this: Hillary Clinton got roughly the same number of votes that President Obama received four years ago en route to his reelection, but she nonetheless lost the presidency to Donald Trump, who came in at least 2.8 million votes behind...
His post-presidential "long-term interest," Obama said, is "to build that next generation of leadership; organizers, journalists, politicians. I see them in America, I see them around the world -- 20-year-olds, 30-year-olds who are just full of talent, full of idealism. And the question is how do we link them up? How do we give them the tools for them to bring about progressive change? And I want to use my presidential center as a mechanism for developing that next generation of talent." He said he didn't want to be someone "who's just hanging around reliving old glories."
Obama in the interview also reflected on his years at college, particularly Columbia University, from which he graduated in 1983. He said he was rereading "old journals" and letters to girls that he was "courting," and found them unreadable. He found himself to be "wildly pretentious," recalling how he begged off going to parties so he could read the French philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre. The women on campus found him "too intense," he said.
Looking back, said the president of the United States, "I should've tried, like, you know, 'Wanna go to a movie?' "
More national politics coverage
Morning Spin: Report says Clinton got more votes in suburban Cook County than Obama did
Fact check: Trump's bogus claim that 'millions of people' voted illegally for Clinton
Trump's new explanation for losing the popular vote? A Twitter-born conspiracy theory


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About GaiaGeek
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What is Gaia?
In ancient Greek mythology, Gaia was the goddess of the Earth, and it's been suggested that this may be the source of the idea of Mother Earth. Science has integrated the idea of Gaia into into scientific theories, such as the Gaia hypothesis, which proposes that the Earth functions much like a single organism, where all parts contribute to the whole – this being expanded upon with Gaia philosophy, a concept where living organisms consciously improve their environment. In the popular computer-animated film Final Fantasy: The Spirits Within (viewable on Amazon ), Gaia is recognized as the spirit of the Earth. Consumer electronics company Sanyo has declared a brand vision called Think Gaia, and says, "Gaia is a word rapidly taking hold in the 21st century, which describes the world as a single living organism,
where all life and nature co-exist interdependently."
What is a GaiaGeek?
Whereas a geek generally refers to someone adept with computers and technology, a GaiaGeek is an eco-conscious geek, following the path of sustainable or "green" living with the aid of technology and maintaining awareness of the Earth, the environment and our impact upon it.
GaiaGeek.com is a source for information on ideas and technology which are beneficial to not only our lives personally, but which strive to increase sustainable living, now and for the coming generations which shall inherit the Earth.
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Q: Can you create this element in an email with html/css?
The element I'm referring to is the offset box that is positioned above, to the left and below the main box.
Now creating this with regular HTML and CSS is super easy using absolute positioning and z-index.
However, in email HTML, where you're basically restricted to tables, I can't figure it out. Absolute positioning doesn't appear to be allowed. Most email clients strip it out. I'm not even sure if negative positioning is allowed.
How would you create this? Is it possible/worth even trying?

A:
For email, you wouldn't use two 'cards' and overlay them like you would in web development. You can create this with tables and table cell really easily. See my pen here - codepen.io/Digital_Frankenstein/pen/GRJYOqd – Digital_Frankenstein

@digital_Frankenstein came up with a great solution.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


This upcoming event, which will be hosted by the All-island Obesity Action Forum and supported by safefood, will take place in the Spencer Hotel in Dublin on the 8th of November. The theme of this workshop is 'The Role of Appetite in Obesity' and will bridge the biology, eating behaviour and role of the environment on food intake.
The event will welcome a range of national and international speakers who will present on current research looking at the various influences, from genetics to the environment, on appetite.
The keynote speaker for the event will be Professor Jason Halford, who is Head of the Department of Psychological Sciences at the University of Liverpool. His presentation will provide delegates with an insight into the triggers of eating behaviour.
This event will be of interest to those working in obesity-related areas in the voluntary community sector, academia, industry and government departments.
Registration for this free event will open in October and places will be limited so early booking is advised.


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Glyphosate causes autism – another debunked vaccine myth
Another one of those pseudoscientific tropes from the anti-vaccine religion has reared its ugly Bigfoot head – glyphosate causes autism. And, of course, the anti-vaxxers believe that vaccines are filled with that nasty chemical, so by some weird transitive logic, they think that vaccines cause autism because of glyphosate.
Of course, the belief that "vaccines cause autism" has been thoroughly debunked by powerful, robust, repeated clinical and epidemiological studies. It is "settled science" (and read the link, so that you actually understand what is meant). Now we have the oft-repeated myth that glyphosate causes autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The evidence that supports that claim is fairly weak, possibly nonexistent.
Even if it did, and most scientists are highly skeptical of the claim, we still know that there is almost no glyphosate in vaccines. And once again, even if there were and even if glyphosate causes autism, we know that there is no link between vaccines and autism. None.
A few years ago, Emily Willingham, Ph.D., whom I consider to be one of the leading ASD scientific experts on this planet, wrote a hysterical and scientifically skeptical article about all of the popular causes of ASD – Dr. Willingham noticed that there were new claims about what causes autism. Parents need to blame someone for their child's neurodevelopment, so that's how vaccines got into the crosshairs.
But let's look at some of the science, and figure out if there's any mechanism by which glyphosate causes autism.
Causes of autism
Let's talk about glyphosate
The first glyphosate causes autism paper
The second glyphosate causes autism paper
Is there glyphosate in vaccines?
Key citations
I'm not going to give you a highly detailed dissertation on autism spectrum disorder (ASD), because it would go on for hundreds of thousands of words. ASD describes a range of conditions that are considered to be neurodevelopmental disorders. The official diagnosis and description has recently been revised and can be found in the fifth revision of the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5th edition (DSM-5).
The DSM-5 redefined ASD to encompass the previous diagnoses of autism, Asperger syndrome, pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS), and childhood disintegrative disorder. These disorders are generally characterized by social deficits and communication difficulties, stereotyped or repetitive behaviors and interests, sensory issues, and in some cases, cognitive delays.
One of the enduring myths from some parents of autistic children is that their children are defective or inferior to others. There are even stories of parents and caregivers murdering autistic children – some people even excuse the murder because of the "difficulties" of raising an autistic child.
But for most parents of children with ASD, they accept them with love. Autism can be treated and managed like other medical issues, and many of these children grow into adults with a high quality of life. No one claims it's easy, but successful management and treatment of ASD have improved greatly over the years.
Most real scientists accept that the likely cause of ASD is some combination of genetics and environment. A recent study examined the causes of ASD, and researchers determined that about 81% of the cause is linked to genetics – that is, mutations from the parents are the main cause of ASD. There is also some evidence that prenatal complications may be related to ASD, but the data has not been widely accepted.
Yes, that means about 19% of the causes of ASD are related to environmental conditions.. Just so it's clear to the reader, it does not mean if we removed genetics from the issue, then 19% of ASD cases are strictly related to the environment, like vaccines. What it does mean is that without the genetic predisposition, ASD may not arise. It's complicated.
Despite what we know scientifically about autism, that hasn't stopped people from claiming that vaccines, or GMO foods, or glyphosate are the "environmental trigger" which leads to autism.
Photo by Kees Streefkerk on Unsplash.
Again, I won't try to bore you with a thousand pages about a chemical.
Glyphosate (Bayer's Roundup and Ranger PRO) is a broad-spectrum systemic herbicide used to kill weeds, especially annual broadleaf weeds and grasses that are known to compete with commercial crops grown around the world.
It has several advantages over many herbicides in that it breaks down in the soil into non-toxic organic molecules, reducing or eliminating contamination of groundwater and lower soils. This is a large improvement over other types of herbicides. In other words, despite claims to the contrary, glyphosate does not remain in the environment for very long, generally between a few days to three months.
Bayer (who acquired Monsanto but has deprecated the brand name) has developed genetically modified (GMO) corns that are resistant to glyphosate so that farms can apply the herbicide to kill the competitive weeds while not harming the crop. This allows farmers to suppress the weeds while allowing better production out of the grain crop. There is robust evidence that glyphosate has no effect on crop yield while reducing competing weeds at a lower cost than other modalities.
Whatever the benefits of glyphosate, GMOs and the herbicide are tied together in many minds – in fact, the anti-GMO forces are some of the most vehement pushers of the vaccine glyphosate causes autism trope. Additionally, there is a "chemophobia" amongst many people which target anything that doesn't sound like it comes from mother nature (which produces literally trillions of chemicals, many of which are far more dangerous to humans than glyphosate).
Although some fear of "chemicals" can be justified, we need to remember a key point – the dose makes the poison In toxicology. There are doses of any "chemical" that can be safe or unsafe. Water, for example, can be toxic if consumed at certain doses – sure, the dose is high for water toxicity, but it exists at a level that might surprise you.
Of course, as a result of this chemophobia, and misinterpreted scientific research, there has been an ongoing effort by many people to claim that glyphosate causes cancer. This has led to a Monsanto bashing across the internet along with several lawsuits. There have been a few robust studies that dismiss any link between glyphosate and cancer in general.
Just to be clear, I am agnostic about Bayer (or Monsanto) – I only care about the published, robust, repeated scientific evidence whether glyphosate causes autism spectrum disorder.
Photo by Christophe Maertens on Unsplash.
Ignoring the horrible science pushed by people like the lunatic Stephanie Seneff, who has written papers that are published in low impact factor predatory (pay-for-play) journals, there are two reasonable studies that seem to point to a possible link between glyphosate and autism. But they're both very weak studies.
The first article, by Janie F Shelton, was published in the moderate impact factor journal, Environmental Health Perspectives. The authors attempted to outline an epidemiological correlation between agricultural pesticides (including glyphosate) and neurodevelopmental disorders.
As I do with many studies that I analyze, I like to take a meta-view of the research.
The journal itself has an impact factor of 8.05, which is not low, but certainly is not in the upper tier of journals. In many academic environments, any article published in journals with an impact factor less than 10 may not merit consideration of tenure (although this guideline is not universally employed).
The authors of the article are mostly from the University of California-Davis, a top research university, which has a lot of focus in agricultural sciences. The first author is Janie F Shelton, who has published four articles about environmental pesticides and autism in which she was the primary author. That's all she's published so far.
In one of her previous articles, Dr. Shelton appeared to indicate that because mothers in the US have a higher burden of pesticides in the blood, there is some causal link with the higher rate of ASD in the USA. Amateur epidemiologists often make this mistake – look at one factor in a huge population, and assume that there is a causal link because you can show some spurious correlation.
The problem with this older study is that it probably cannot show even correlation, because population-level studies of ASD, which included a country as large as the USA, can be influenced by hundreds of known and unknown factors called confounders. Eyeballing numbers from a large population and trying to draw conclusions is almost impossible. You have to narrow your studies to levels where you can control for these confounders.
I wrote about this study in detail here – so I'm going to give you the 1000 meter view of Shelton's research.
Basically, this study is a case-control study, which is a type of observational study in which two existing groups differing in outcome are identified and compared on the basis of some supposed causal attribute. Case-control studies are extremely important in epidemiological research, but, in the hierarchy of evidence, it is of fairly moderate rank. Why? Because data from case-control studies tend to be observational rather than objective, like in double-blind clinical trials.
Because California carefully tracks type, amount and date pesticide applications, the authors could examine how close the mothers of the subjects lived to where pesticides were applied. So, the authors could then find subjects who lived in areas that were relatively close to farms that had pesticides applied on a particular date.
The study populations were: 486 with ASD, 168 with development delay (DD) and 316 neurotypical. Moreover, all of these study subjects were found in a small area within a two-hour drive of the University of California, Davis.
Let's stick with my issue of confounding factors. The authors wrote:
Other potential confounders explored but found not to satisfy criteria for confounding based on inclusion in the DAG or the change in estimate criterion were: distance from a major freeway, maternal major metabolic disorders (diabetes, hypertension, and obesity), gestational age (days), latitude of residence, type of insurance used to pay for the delivery (public vs. private), maternal age, paternal age, and season of conception.
They seem to ignore all other environmental factors that would be important for this type of study. It's possible that such a study would become complex, but that's why it's hard – so that we know the results will stand up to scrutiny and in-depth analysis. And that the data can be separated from other data so that we can have a reasonable conclusion.
Here are some other criticisms I have of Shelton's study
The study is missing evidence that the pesticides scattered beyond the target areas (according to wind patterns or whatever). Agricultural operations despise wasting pesticides and attempt to be accurate in the application. What convincing evidence did the authors present to make me, or any scientific reader, think that the pesticides actually landed near the subjects? That would be hardly any evidence at all.
A study like this requires a fairly decent dose-response effect, one of the key factors in toxicology, to jump on board the glyphosate causes autism train. Or any pesticides causing autism train.
The results were based on such small numbers, which left us with relative large statistical errors. If you looked at each result, it ranged from exposure reduced the risk of autism to exposure tripled the risk of autism. But in the end, given the size of the error, the increased risk seemed to be clinically small – you might think that a 58% increased risk is high, but with such small subject numbers and lack of analysis of confounding factors, it becomes difficult to determine if that 58% is important. In other words, the relative risk was so tiny that it could be overwhelmed by any of the ignored confounding factors.
The authors spent an inordinate amount of time discussing other animal studies, tying pesticides to neurodevelopmental disorders. Animal studies can be interesting but rarely do they lead to clinical importance.
We have no evidence of blood levels of these pesticides in the mothers. Do we know if being closer to or farther from the site of the application had any influence over the blood level of the pesticide? We have no idea of whether these mothers actually absorbed enough pesticides to allow us to determine if we can actually show a correlation between these chemicals and ASD.
Where is the causality? Even if this data made sense. Even if the size of the subject groups were 100X larger. Even if we could show blood levels. This study has done nothing to provide a physiologically plausible pathway between exposure and ASD, which would be the basis of causality. Now, if they did meet those conditions, I'd be substantially less skeptical of their conclusions.
The captivating Orac also did a review of this study, almost for the same reasons as I did – here comes ANOTHER cause of autism. His review of the data lead him to this observation:
The sine qua non of a good study demonstrating an association between an environmental exposure and a condition requires the actual verification and quantification of the environmental exposure under study in the cases. Sometimes this involves measuring the actual levels of the chemicals in question, either in the research subjects (ideally) to document exposure or in the places where they live and work.
In some respect, Shelton and her co-researchers took the lazy way for this study. It's almost like what the so-called "vaccine researchers" do – they sat in front of a computer, dug up the California database for pesticide application, then look at ASD diagnoses in the same geographic area, then said, "voila, we have a correlation."
In a study by Ondine S von Ehrenstein, from the University of California at Los Angeles, and published in BMJ, the authors used the same database used by Janie Shelton to examine which pesticides increased the risk ASD. They specifically examined whether glyphosate causes autism.
And they found that there is a 33% higher risk of ASD in areas with glyphosate applications. But just like the Shelton paper, there are still major issues:
There appeared to be no discussion of confounders. For example, one could argue that individuals who live near farms where glyphosate is applied have different healthcare, or different nutrition, or different anything. Those factors must be a part of the statistical analysis of any decent epidemiological.
Once again, we have no data on actual exposure, like blood levels.
It's population-level data again – there is no drill down to the individual.
I don't get these type of studies. They work to scare us without giving us actual useful data to determine if we really should be scared.
To be fair, I wouldn't want pregnant women to be exposed to pesticides, including glyphosate. It's more from an abundance of caution rather than these two papers. However, I remain unconvinced that glyphosate causes autism spectrum disorder – and I'm very unconvinced that glyphosate in vaccines is actually an issue.
Simple math. Photo by Crissy Jarvis on Unsplash.
Actually, there is glyphosate in vaccines. But let's get back to real toxicology – what's the dose, and does it have any biological importance?
The data comes from a "study" that has not been released for anyone to review, let alone being published in a peer-reviewed journal. This is like the garbage that comes from the Italian anti-vaccine group, Corvelva, In this case, a company called Microbe Inotech, which seems to be anti-Monsanto, claims to have the expertise to perform very sophisticated assays for glyphosate.
They claim that they found (again, without any supporting evidence) the following amounts of glyphosate in vaccines:
Influenza vaccine, 0.331 parts per billion (ppb)
MMR vaccine, 2.671 ppb
Pneumococcal vaccine, 0.107 ppb
Hepatitis B vaccine, 0.325 ppb
T Dap vaccine, 0.123 ppb
This is why we have peer-review. We don't know what type of testing they did. We don't know what kind of contamination was found in control samples. We don't know which vaccines were tested. We don't know the statistical values. We have nothing.
But there's more. what do parts per billion mean in real life? Does this meet the standard of "the dose makes the poison"?
Vincent Iannelli, MD, wrote about the importance of these values in his Vaxopedia website:
Or you could think of a ppb as:
• one silver dollar in a roll stretching from Detroit to Salt Lake City,
• one sheet in a roll of toilet paper stretching from New York to London,
• one second in nearly 32 years, or
• one pinch of salt in 10 tons of potato chips
Michelle McGuire, a professor in the WSU School of Biological Sciences, and who did the studies that didn't find glyphosate in US breast milk, says that she wouldn't trust this new report on glyphosate in vaccines. According to Dr. McGuire, "unless the ELISA has been validated and optimized for the matrix of the vaccine, false positives are expected."
Wait a minute, we can test for glyphosate in breastmilk. And the two studies that claim that glyphosate causes autism couldn't expend the effort to check that to determine if the herbicide is actually in these women who gave birth to children with ASD?
Nevertheless, these are tiny amounts even if we are to assume that the amounts shown above are accurate. However, we have zero convincing data of what level of glyphosate would increase the risk of autism (if it even does, we need to remember that).
Let's say that the level of glyphosate in vaccines is 0.5 ppb, which converts to about 0.0000005 mg of glyphosate in one vaccine dose. So if that is injected in a 10 kg (about 22 pounds in the barbarian scale), it would be 0.00000005 mg/kg. That's a tiny number.
The acute oral LD50 for glyphosate in rats is 4320 mg/kg. In other words, using simple maths, the LD50 is about 86.4 billion (yes, billion) times more than in one vaccine. However, glyphosate is cleared quickly, so the tiny vaccine dose basically is gone from the blood within a few minutes. The dose from vaccines, if the "study" is accurate, is so tiny that falls way over to the right on a dose-response curve, at the point where there is no response.
This is pretty simple:
We have no evidence that vaccines cause autism. And we have no evidence that glyphosate causes autism.
Even if we believe that glyphosate causes autism, we have no dose-response study that shows us at what level it might be linked to autism. That data is critical to determining if there are correlation and causation.
The amount in vaccines, if the data are accurate (which is not supported by any unbiased evidence), is way below any amount that would have a biological effect.
Finally, we have a tremendous amount of evidence that vaccines are not linked to autism. So even if we had evidence that it did. Even if we had evidence that the amount in vaccines may cause autism. We know that vaccines are not linked to autism, so this is just not important.
Shelton JF, Geraghty EM, Tancredi DJ, Delwiche LD, Schmidt RJ, Ritz B, Hansen RL, Hertz-Picciotto I. Neurodevelopmental Disorders and Prenatal Residential Proximity to Agricultural Pesticides: The CHARGE Study. Environ Health Perspect. 2014 Jun 23. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 24954055.
Shelton JF, Hertz-Picciotto I, Pessah IN. Tipping the balance of autism risk: potential mechanisms linking pesticides and autism. Environ Health Perspect. 2012 Jul;120(7):944-51. doi: 10.1289/ehp.1104553. Epub 2012 Apr 11. PubMed PMID: 22534084; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3404662.
von Ehrenstein OS, Ling C, Cui X, Cockburn M, Park AS, Yu F, Wu J, Ritz B. Prenatal and infant exposure to ambient pesticides and autism spectrum disorder in children: population based case-control study. BMJ. 2019 Mar 20;364:l962. doi: 10.1136/bmj.l962. PubMed PMID: 30894343; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC6425996.
CategoriesAutism, Vaccines Tagsautism spectrum disorder, Bayer, Emily Willingham, Glyphosate, Janie Shelton, Vincent Iannelli
Previous PostPrevious Pesticides cause autism – the scientific evidence is quite weak
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text:
Сърдаринска област () е една от 12-те области (вилояти) на Узбекистан. Площ 5100 km² (12-о по големина в Узбекистан, 1,14% от нейната площ). Население на 1 януари 2019 г. 805 134 души (най-малката по население в Узбекистан, 2,4% от нейното население). Административен център град Гулистан. Разстояние от Ташкент до Гулистан 118 km.

Историческа справка
Всичките 5 града в областта са признати за такива по време на съветската власт в периода от 1957 г. (Янгиер) до 1972 г. (Ширин). Сегашният град Гулистан под името Мирзачул първично първично е бил град за известно време през 1923 г., след това от 1952 г. до март 1960 г. и през 1961 г. за трети път е обявен за град вече под името Гулистан. Сърдаринска област е образувана на 16 февруари 1963 г. от югозападните райони на Ташкентска област.

Географска характеристика
Сърдаринска област е разположена в централната, най-тясна част на Узбекистан. На север граничи с Туркестанска област на Казахстан, на юг – със Согдийска област на Таджикистан, на изток – с Ташкентска област и на запад – с Джизакска област. В тези си граници заема площ от 5100 km² (12-о място по големина в Узбекистан, 1,14% от нейната площ). Дължина от север на юг 100 km, ширина от запад на изток 80 km.

Релефът на областта представлява слабо хълмиста равнина с максимална височина до 400 m на юг по границата с Таджикистан, плавно понижаваща се на север. Почти цялата ѝ територия попада в бившата полупустинна област Гладна степ. На изток е широката долина на река Сърдаря.

Климатът е рязко континентален със сравнително мека зима и горещо лято. Средна януарска температура от -2 °C на юг до -6 °C на север, а средна юлска 27 – 29 °C. Годишната сума на валежите е 180 – 220 mm. Продължителността на вегетационния период (минимална денонощна температура 5 °C) в град Гулистан е 218 денонощия.

Основната и единствената река в областта е Сърдаря, протичаща по източната ѝ граница, водите на която се отклоняват по няколко големи напоителни канала: Централногладностепски, Южногладностепски и др.

В напояваните райони почвите са предимно ливадни, а в останалите светлосиви и гипсоносни. Растителността е представена от сухолюбиви храсти (джузгун, астрагал и др.) ефемери и ефемероиди (острица, метличина и др.) и житни треви. Областта се обитава от лисица, многочислени гризачи (лалугер, пустинна мишка, пясъчник), влечуги (змии, гущери, костенурки), а птиците са представени от саксаулна сойка, пустинно коприварче и др.

Население
На 1 януари 2019 г. населението на Сърдаринска област област е наброявало 805 134 души (2,4% от населението на Узбекистан). Гъстота 157,87 души/km².

Административно-териториално деление
В административно-териториално отношение Саърдаринска област се дели на 8 административни района (тумани), 5 града, в т.ч. 3 града с областно подчинение и 2 града с районно подчинение и 20 селища от градски тип.

Административни райони (тумани)
 Акалтински район – административен център сгт Сардоба, селища от градски тип 1 + 1 броя: Фергана
 Баяутски район – административен център сгт Баяут, селища от градски тип 3 + 1 броя: Баяут (жп гара), Дустлик, Марказ
 Гулистански район – административен център сгт Дехканабад, селища от градски тип 3 + 1 броя: А.Турдиев, Бешбулак, Улугбек
 Хавастки район – административен център сгт Хаваст, селища от градски тип 1 брой
 Мирзаабадски район – административен център кишлак Навруз, селища от градски тип 3 броя: Гулистан, Ташкент, Шурузак
 Сардобински район – административен център сгт Пахтаабад, селища от градски тип 1 брой
 Сайхунабадски район – административен център сгт Сайхун, селища от градски тип 1 брой
 Сърдарински район – административен център гр. Сърдаря, 1 град: Бахт; селища от градски тип 4 броя: Ахунбабаев, Дж. Маманов, Куйош, Малек

Градове

Градове с областно значение
 Гулистан
 Ширин
 Янгиер

Градове с районно значение
 Бахт
 Сърдаря

Източници

Области в Узбекистан

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


At a barnstorming press conference to promote the launch of his book, Caprotti said he had no plans to sell Esselunga at present and may float the company.
"It would be difficult to find the right buyer to carry on our tradition of retail excellence. We could also consider an IPO [Initial Public Offering], but we haven't taken any steps at all in either direction," he said.
Following Caprotti's comments, an Esselunga spokesman confirmed "there were no immediate plans for a sale".
However, Caprotti ruled out selling the 128-store supermarket chain, which reported an annual turnover of 5 billion (£3.5 billion) in 2006, to global retail giants Wal-Mart and Tesco.
Caprotti said "absolutely not" to a tie-up with Tesco, citing empty meat shelves on a recent trip to a UK store.
He added that Wal-Mart's discount strategy is "the antithesis of Esselunga", which focuses on fresh food and an upmarket customer.
However, he declined to rule out German retailer Rewe. Caprotti said: "There are probably only three or four retailers in the world that could be considered suitable." However, he declined to name them.


text:
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Based in northern italy, Torino FC is an Italian football club representing the capital city of Piedmont, Turin. The team, also known as la Granata ("The Maroons") due to the colour of their jerseys, and Il Toro ( "The Bull") due to their emblem, can boast having been Italian champion seven times! Some of the biggest successes for the team include the winning the Coppa Italia five times, and reaching the UEFA Cup in 1992. In fact it was only in 1900, that teams FC Torinese and Internazionale Torino were fused to form the Torino FC we know today and it wasn't until 1906, that they officially settled with the name, previously switching between various forms of the two former names.
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text:
Q: Scala hex string to bytes Is there a neat way in Scala to convert a hexadecimally encoded String to a protobuf ByteString (and back again)?

A: You can use java.math.BigInteger to parse a String, get the Array[Byte] and from there turn it into a ByteString. Here would be the first step:
import java.math.BigInteger

val s = "f263575e7b00a977a8e9a37e08b9c215feb9bfb2f992b2b8f11e"

val bs = new BigInteger(s, 16).toByteArray

The content of bs is now:
Array(0, -14, 99, 87, 94, 123, 0, -87, 119, -88, -23, -93, 126, 8, -71, -62, 21, -2, -71, -65, -78, -7, -110, -78, -72, -15, 30)

You can then use (for example) the copyFrom method (JavaDoc here) to turn it into a ByteString.

A: Starting with Java 17, you can use a standard API for parsing HEX strings to byte array.
import java.util.HexFormat

HexFormat.of.parseHex("d719af")

A: You can use (without additional dependencies) DatatypeConverter as:
import com.google.protobuf.ByteString
import javax.xml.bind.DatatypeConverter
val hexString: String = "87C2D268483583714CD5"

val byteString: ByteString = ByteString.copyFrom(
  DatatypeConverter.parseHexBinary(hexString)
)

val originalString = DatatypeConverter.printHexBinary(byteString.toByteArray)

A: Since the title of the question doesn't mention Protobuf, if anyone is looking for a solution that doesn't require any dependencies for converting a hex String to Seq[Byte] for any sized array: (don't forget to add input validation as necessarily)
val zeroChar: Byte = '0'.toByte
val aChar: Byte = 'a'.toByte

def toHex(bytes: Seq[Byte]): String = bytes.map(b => f"$b%02x").mkString

def toBytes(hex: String): Seq[Byte] = {

  val lowerHex = hex.toLowerCase

  val (result: Array[Byte], startOffset: Int) =
    if (lowerHex.length % 2 == 1) {

    // Odd
    val r = new Array[Byte]((lowerHex.length >> 1) + 1)
    r(0) = toNum(lowerHex(0))
    (r, 1)

  } else {

    // Even
    (new Array[Byte](lowerHex.length >> 1), 0)
  }

  var inputIndex = startOffset
  var outputIndex = startOffset
  while (outputIndex < result.length) {

    val byteValue = (toNum(lowerHex(inputIndex)) * 16) +
      toNum(lowerHex(inputIndex + 1))

    result(outputIndex) = byteValue.toByte

    inputIndex += 2
    outputIndex += 1
  }

  result
}

def toNum(lowerHexChar: Char): Byte =
  (if (lowerHexChar < 'a') lowerHexChar.toByte - zeroChar else 10 +
    lowerHexChar.toByte - aChar).toByte

https://scalafiddle.io/sf/PZPHBlT/2

A: A simple solution without any dependency or intermediate object could be
def toBytes(hex: String): Seq[Byte] = {
  assert(hex.length % 2 == 0) // only manage canonical case
  hex.sliding(2, 2).map(Integer.parseInt(_, 16).toByte).toSeq
}

assert(toBytes("1234") == Seq[Byte](18,52))

code online


text:
How Long Can a Person Survive without Food?
By Alan D. Lieberson on November 8, 2004
Credit: Hans Neleman Getty Images
Alan D. Lieberson, a medical doctor, lawyer, and the author of Treatment of Pain and Suffering in the Terminally Ill and Advance Medical Directives, explains.
The duration of survival without food is greatly influenced by factors such as body weight, genetic variation, other health considerations and, most importantly, the presence or absence of dehydration.
For total starvation in healthy individuals receiving adequate hydration, reliable data on survival are hard to obtain. At the age of 74 and already slight of build, Mahatma Gandhi, the famous nonviolent campaigner for India's independence, survived 21 days of total starvation while only allowing himself sips of water. In a 1997 article in the British Medical Journal, Michael Peel, senior medical examiner at the Medical Foundation for the Care of Victims of Torture, cites well-documented studies reporting survivals of other hunger strikers for 28, 36, 38 and 40 days. Most other reports of long-term survival of total starvation, however, have been poorly substantiated. [Editor's Note: Reports of the 1981 hunger strike by political prisoners against the British presence in Northeast Ireland indicate that 10 individuals died after periods of between 46 and 73 days without food.]
Unlike total starvation, near-total starvation with continued hydration has occurred frequently, both in history and in patients under medical supervision. Survival for many months to years is common in concentration camps and during famines, but the unknown caloric intake during these times makes it impossible to predict survival. What is evident is that the body can moderate metabolism to conserve energy and that individual survival varies markedly. The body's ability to alter its metabolism is poorly understood, but it occurs at least in part through changes in thyroid function. This may help explain the evolutionary persistence of genes causing diabetes, which in the past could have allowed individuals to survive periods of starvation by enabling more economical use of energy.
Medical practitioners encounter cases of near-total starvation in patients suffering from, among other conditions, anorexia nervosa and end-stage malignancies, as well as in those following so-called starvation diets. In anorexia, death from organ failure or myocardial infarction is fairly common (up to 20 percent of cases end this way) and tends to happen when body weight has fallen to between 60 and 80 pounds (although it can occur at any time). This weight typically corresponds to a body mass index (BMI) approximately half of normal, or about 12 to 12.5. (Normal BMI is 18.5-24.9, and most fashion models have a BMI of around 17.) Unless other causes intervene, a patient with end-stage cancer often dies after losing 35 to 45 percent of his body weight. Markedly obese patients on near-starvation diets, such as those employing nutritional supplements and consuming less than 400 calories a day, may lose much more weight than that--but they start with great excesses of body fat, which can sustain metabolism. The medical community has generally rejected these diets, which were popular in the 1960s and 1970s, because participants were reportedly prone to acute myocardial infarctions.
I recall one particularly relevant experience that illustrates the inherent variability in people's ability to survive on very little food. Called in an emergency to see an out-of-town visitor with a throat abscess one Saturday afternoon, I noted his marked thinness, along with a belt showing twelve extra holes at about one-inch intervals, each showing evidence of use. I asked him about his weight and he told me he was five feet, seven inches tall and normally weighed about 145 pounds, but he thought he had noted ¿some¿ recent loss, ¿maybe¿ down to about 100 pounds over the prior year. He ¿wasn't trying¿ to lose weight, but it didn't bother him because he thought thinner was better. He just ¿didn't feel like eating much.¿ With clothes on, he weighed just 77 pounds. After he left town for further treatment, I never heard from him again, but he had seemingly lost close to half his body weight without noticing any ill effects.
In contrast to starvation with access to liquids, much more is known about survival without any sustenance (neither food nor hydration), which is a far more important practical consideration in medicine and ethics. This situation comes up frequently in two distinct medical groups--the incompetent terminally ill patients for whom artificial maintenance of life is no longer desired, and the individuals who, although not necessarily terminally ill, no longer want to live and decide to refuse food and hydration to end their lives.
A well-known example of the former is Nancy Cruzan, the subject of the famous 1990 U.S. Supreme Court decision in Cruzan versus Director, Missouri Department of Health. Cruzan was in a persistent vegetative state (PVS) for many years until she died 12 days after artificial sustenance was discontinued. Since that time, many other incidences of discontinuing sustenance in patients in a PVS have been reported and death typically occurs after 10 to 14 days. (If the individual is dehydrated or over-hydrated, the time may range from approximately one to three weeks.) In situations of voluntary refusal of food and hydration, death typically ensues on a similar time frame, although the early use of ice chips or sips of water to reduce thirst may delay this slightly.
Alan D. Lieberson
Ask the Experts: The Human Body and Mind


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text:
using Reactor.Fusion.Protocol;
using System.Collections.Generic;

namespace Reactor.Fusion.Queues
{
    internal class RecvQueue
    {
        private List<DataSyn> packets        { get; set; }

        private ushort        maxWindowSize  { get; set; }

        public uint           SequenceNumber { get; private set; }

        public RecvQueue(uint sequenceNumber, ushort maxWindowSize)
        {
            this.packets       = new List<DataSyn>();

            this.SequenceNumber = sequenceNumber;

            this.maxWindowSize  = maxWindowSize;
        }

        #region Properties

        public ushort WindowSize
        {
            get
            {
                return (ushort)(this.maxWindowSize - this.packets.Count);
            }
        }
        #endregion

        #region Methods

        public void Write(DataSyn payload)
        {
            if (this.WindowSize > 0)
            {
                if (payload.SequenceNumber >= this.SequenceNumber)
                {
                    foreach (var _packet in this.packets)
                    {
                        if (_packet.SequenceNumber == payload.SequenceNumber)
                        {
                            return;
                        }
                    }

                    this.packets.Add(payload);

                    this.packets.Sort();
                }
            }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Attempt to dequeue what we can from the receive buffer (basically a read)
        /// </summary>
        public byte[] Dequeue()
        {
            if (this.packets.Count == 0)
            {
                return new byte[0];
            }

            var next_number = this.SequenceNumber;

            var sequenced_payloads = new List<DataSyn>();

            for (int i = 0; i < this.packets.Count; i++) {

                if (this.packets[i].SequenceNumber == next_number) {

                    sequenced_payloads.Add(this.packets[i]);

                    next_number = next_number + 1;

                    this.packets.Remove(this.packets[i]);

                    i = i - 1;
                }
            }

            this.SequenceNumber = next_number;

            var buffer = new List<byte>();

            foreach (var packet in sequenced_payloads)
            {
                buffer.AddRange(packet.Data);
            }

            return buffer.ToArray();
        }

        #endregion
    }

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


The prevalence of childhood obesity in Counties Manukau, particularly for Māori and Pacific communities is unacceptably high and contributes to health inequities. Childhood obesity is not just a problem for individual families and whānau; it is connected to a range of systemic and environmental drivers which shape eating and activity behaviours. The following resources will help you understand how childhood obesity relates to health equity, what is being done about it in New Zealand and overseas, how effective these approaches are, and the challenges for health professionals and communities wanting to create healthier lives for children.
In the last few years, new policy strategies devised to fight obesity have emerged. This Obesity Update focusses on a selection of those, specifically at communication policies aimed to tackle obesity, in particular by improving nutrient information displayed on food labels, using social and new media to sensitise the population, or by regulating the marketing of food products. Better communication helps empower people to make healthier choices. However, comprehensive policy packages, including not only communication but also broader regulatory and fiscal policies, are needed to tackle obesity effectively.
The Commission has developed a comprehensive, integrated package of recommendations to address childhood obesity. It calls for governments to take leadership and for all stakeholders to recognize their moral responsibility in acting on behalf of the child to reduce the risk of obesity.
The focus is on food, the environment and being active at each life stage, starting during pregnancy and early childhood. The package brings together initiatives across government agencies, the private sector, communities, schools, families and whānau.
The report builds on the work that these organisations did in 2016 to develop an intervention logic model for reducing childhood obesity, which includes a set of 15 performance indicators that we will use to monitor the New Zealand Childhood Obesity Programme over the next five years.The report includes a description of each of the indicators and presents a baseline view of their performance. It also provides a brief overview of the New Zealand Childhood Obesity Programme and an update on the programme's first year of implementation (2015/16).
This report will form the basis of future monitoring reports on the New Zealand Childhood Obesity Programme. The first monitoring report will be published in 2018 and will provide information on the second year of implementation (2016/17) and updated performance against the reducing childhood obesity indicators.
Subscribe to the Reducing Childhood Obesity Update to keep informed of progress and activities associated with the NZ Childhood Obesity plan.
The Chief Science Advisor to the PM and Chair of the Ending Childhood Obesity Commission discussed both NZ's plan and the WHO's report in light of the complexities arising from different interests and perspectives surrounding obesity. Includes audio.
primary school children to eat more healthily and stay active.
This Command paper sets out the government's response to the conclusions and recommendations in the Health and Social Care Select Committee's report, Childhood obesity: time for action. The committee's report covered the following areas: a whole systems approach; marketing and advertising; price promotions; early years and schools; takeaways; fiscal measures; labelling; and support for children living with obesity. The government's response addresses each of these areas.
The Ministry of Health's a large-scale initiative that brings together community leadership in a united effort for better health.
This website supports the NZ government's Big Change Starts Small campaign to help families make healthy choices with fast, easy and low-cost recipes, tips and fun ideas to get kids moving.
Here you can access free resources from the Health Promotion Agency to promote drinking water, eating breakfast and healthy snacks.
A coalition of 26 organisations representing local government, mana whenua, health agencies, NGOs, university and consumer interest groups which aims to change policy, infrastructure design and planning, so Auckland's environments can encourage physical activity and good nutrition.
A global network of public-interest organisations and researchers that aims to monitor, benchmark and support public and private sector actions to create healthy food environments and reduce obesity and non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and their related inequalities.
Healthy Together Victoria is working with childcare centres, schools, workplaces, food outlets, sporting clubs, businesses, local governments, health professionals and more to create healthier environments for all.
Project Activate equips young people to make lifelong healthy choices by learning about the science of good health.
A Health Improvement and Innovation Resource Centre portal for the latest published, unpublished and in progress research on nutrition, physical activity, obesity and weight management. There is also news and events information, links to NZ health promotion resources and other useful tools. You need to register to access the site, but this is open to anyone and allows you to contribute to discussions, post comments and subscribe for email alerts to new content.
This study is one of the NZ government's National Science Challenges which aims to find better ways to predict, prevent and treat obesity, learning and mental health problems in children and teenagers.
Run by a collaboration of U.S. government agencies, public health organisations and health sciences libraries, this site provides a portal of news and research resources on obesity.
This Harvard School of Public Health website is an in-depth resource of science-based information for all who seek to understand the causes of obesity and to reverse the epidemic of obesity in children and adults.
The Roundtable on Obesity Solutions of the Institute of Medicine workshops, including links to videos of speakers.
The Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health is working to help reverse the US obesity epidemic by identifying the most cost-effective childhood obesity interventions.
The Healthier Lives National Science Challenge is a national research collaboration dedicated to achieving healthier lives for all New Zealanders. The key to this is delivering the right prevention to the right population and the right treatment to the right patient.
An evidence-based approach to designing weight management services for overweight or obese 4-12 year olds and their families.
This page provides an overview of the key steps and principles in a community-level evaluation, as well as links to related resources from the Institute of Medicine, government agencies, and the Community Tool Box.
The purpose of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Division of Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Obesity Health Equity Resource Toolkit for State Practitioners Addressing Obesity Disparities is to increase the capacity of state health departments and their partners to work with and through communities to implement effective responses to obesity in populations that are facing health disparities.
How We Eat is a review of the available evidence on the effect of selected eating behaviours on diet and body size. The topics reviewed are: breastfeeding, parental feeding practices and parenting style, adult role modelling, responsive eating, mealtimes and food literacy. A review of relevant New Zealand research was included.
These Guidelines provide population health advice to support health practitioners, early childhood educators, regional sports trusts and others who provide advice to parents, caregivers and whānau or families on physical activity for children under five years of age.
These updated clinical guidelines for primary health care practitioners and others who provide advice on weight management for New Zealand children and young people aged 2 to 18 years help support the government's Raising Healthy Kids Health Target: Weight Management in 2-5 year olds.
A practical resource to equip health providers with the most up-to-date advice to monitor, assess and manage children who are overweight and obese.
This e-learning programme is offered free-of-charge to all maternity, child and whānau professionals through funding from the Ministry of Health. It gives participants a rich background knowledge and rationale to reinforce discussions with mothers and their families about why nutrition and physical activity are such critical factors during pregnancy and an infant's early life.
This is a health practitioner resource that includes practice points for pre-pregnancy, during pregnancy and postpartum. It is accompanied by resources for health practitioners and information for women.
This group of researchers and public health doctors have come together to advocate for ending the sale of sugar sweetened beverages (sugary drinks) from New Zealand.
"Implications for public health: Addressing deprivation and ethnic inequalities in obesity could substantially reduce community‐level differences in obesity in NZ."
One of the most comprehensive explorations of the issue in disadvantaged areas, the report concludes that we need to break the link between obesity and deprivation and create environments that make the healthy thing to do, the easy thing to do.
The summary of a workshop convened by the Institute of Medicine's Standing Committee on Childhood Obesity Prevention in June 2013 to examine income, race, and ethnicity, and how these factors intersect with childhood obesity and its prevention. *To access the free report you need to register.
Journal of Primary Health Care 7:3 (2015): 192–197.
Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 69 (2015): 516–522.
This series of four articles examines the growing burden of maternal obesity worldwide in terms of its impact on clinical management and intergenerational health, and highlights the need for a focus on the pre-pregnancy period, along with a whole-of-society intervention approach, to reverse the cycle of ill health propagated by maternal obesity. *Register to access the articles for free or they are available through the Library in Clinical Key.
Journal of Child Health and Nutrition 3:4 (2014): 170–178.


Yes, each person have to see when this actor is on screen and he is none other then the showmen a Bollywood star RANBIR RAJ KAPOOR.
In Shanghai Corporation Organization Summit June 2017, where World's all participants were there and Narendra Damodardas Modiji the Prime Minister of India was also present, In Lunch break two songs came on screen for freshness and there were ………… "Mera Juta hai Japani" and "Aawara Hoon" sung by Legendary singer Mukesh and both songs received huge applause during SCO summit. Actually this only shows, what is the appearance of Raj Kapoor in the heart of world.
Raj Kapoor born on 14th December, 1924 in Peshawar NWFP, British India (now Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan). He was a prestigious son of great Hindi Cinema's King, Prithvi Raj Kapoor and his mother Ramsarni Devi Kapoor.
Raj Sab was an oldest brother of Shammi Kapoor and Shashi Kapoor. He has done his education in Colonel Brown Cambridge School. Raj Kapoor was so independent and self-respect lover from childhood. In the age of only 10 years, Raj Kapoor seen in film Inqalab in 1945.
Raj Kapoor was not only best Actor but he was a great Director, Producer also. He makes his first film, AAG and after that film he makes many films and as per his desire, he introduce his own studio named R. K. Films in Mumbai.
Hindi Cinema's Showman worked with all the actress of his time Like Madhuwala, Nutan, Vyjayanthimala but NARGIS was his favorite actress and Mukesh and Manna day were his Voice of songs. He has given Super-Duper hit films like, , Shri 420, Barsat, Chori Chori, Jagte Raho, Anari and Jis Desh Me Ganga Baheti Hai and Classical Movies like Aag, Mera Nam Joker etc. MNJ was his dream project which couldn't succeed that time. Mr Kapoor was so depressed because of this failure but after few time he once again release Mera Naam Joker and today it is one of Classical movies of Indian Hindi Cinema.
Mera Nam Joker, he has tried to make on self-story but at the presenting time, it was failed in market and Raj Kapoor was just like destroyed at that time. But he was not man of defeat. He asked his writer to write one other story and he makes a fabulous movie, "BOBBY" with his son Rishi Kapoor and Dimple Kapadia. BOBBY goes a Big HIT on box office and again Raj Kapoor grow up. In his life their was few ups and down in real and real life but he always stand out such problems like a real hero.
Raj Kapoor wins many National awards, but he was also a winner of great award of Indian Government, named, "Dada Saheb Falke Award" in 1987. In 1971 he was honored by government of India with "Padma Bhushan" which is prestigious award on our country, it gives to contributors in Arts. At that time his many songs makes a heart love and there were…. E Bhai jara dekh ke chalo, Mera juta hai japani, Jina yaha marna yaha, Kisi Ki muskurahto pe ho Nisar, Hotho pe sachai raheti hai and many more. He was called as, "A Great Showman" in the world.
Mr Kapoor Marriage with Krishna in 1940s and bless with 3 boys Randheer Kappor, Rishi Kapoor and Rajeev Kappor were his three sons and all three are in film industries. The showmen of Indian cinema makes films for all the this sons. Like for Randheer Kapoor Kal Aaj aur Kal. In this film all the three generation worked. Rajkapoor saab father Mr. Prithvi Raj Kapoor, Raj saab self and His elder son Randheer. This film done good business on box office. He Launched Rishi Kapoor in Bobby as an actor and worked on other films also as Prem Rog, Heena. Heena was his last film which directed by Mr. Rajkapoor. for his youngest son he make "Ram Teri Ganga Maili" and launched Mandakiri. It was also a block buster movie. He make Satyam Shivam Sundram staring Shashi Kapoor and Zeenat Aman, Sangam, Do Jasoos with Rajendra Kumar.


Today is the 25th International Day of Older Persons. This year's theme is sustainability and age inclusiveness in the urban environment. This international day is designed to bring awareness to the challenges seniors face all over the world.
Almost 700 million people are currently over the age of 60. By 2050, the older person's population (those over 60) is expected to reach 2 billion. This means there will be more older persons than there are children in the world. In spite of this, accessible homes and age-friendly facilities are not being built. That's why we need this international day. It is a reminder to all of us that we need to provide for today's seniors.
How Do Urban Areas Accommodate 900 Million Seniors?
Today, older persons want to live near everything they need. Cities provide easy access to everyday destinations including shopping, doctor's offices, and community events. Accessible public transportation makes getting around easy and they can be close to friends and family. The number of older persons moving into urban areas is increasing at a rapid pace. According to the United Nations, the number of seniors living in cities may grow up to 900 million by 2050.
With this in mind, cities must focus on improving the quality of life for seniors. Well planned cities are a necessity. The best cities for older persons feature accessible housing and age-friendly public facilities. Public transportation needs to be affordable, reliable and safe. An age-friendly city encourages seniors to be active and engaged in their community.
Why is there an International Day of Older Persons?
In 1982, the World Assembly on Aging met to discuss issues affecting seniors. Their goal was to help older persons enjoy peace, security and health in their advanced years.
The World Assembly voiced a concern for the challenges an unplanned city presents for the aging population. Seniors deserve a life of fulfillment, health and security as a fundamental part of society. This philosophy led the way for the Vienna International Plan of Action on Aging. This initiative was the first international event regarding aging and it laid a foundation for aging policies in the future. At the United Nations General Assembly in 1990, countries from around the world met again. At this UN event, resolution 45/106 designated October 1st as the International Day of Older Persons.
What has been done for older persons since 1990?
The United Nation's mission to face the issues presented to older persons around the world did not stop there. They did not want these resolutions to be forgotten as the world entered a new century. In 2002, the Second World Assembly on Aging adopted the Madrid International Plan of Action on Ageing. This jumpstarted the plan for the 21st century.
In 2007, the World Health Organization partnered with 35 cities to document first-hand experiences of seniors and caregivers. They asked questions such as: what age-friendly features are already in place? What would enhance their health and participation? This research was compiled into a Global Age Cities Guide.
The guide highlights the issues and concerns for eight areas of urban living voiced by older persons and their caretakers. The areas of concern include outdoor spaces, transportation, housing, social participation, civic participation, employment, community support and health services. This guide led these cities in their effort to make urban environments more age inclusive.
What does this mean for the older persons population?
These plans have helped guide approaches to enhance the lives of seniors around the world. Communities can continue to improve aging population's quality of life in the years to come. Cities have taken steps to provide safe and accessible housing, as well as age-friendly public facilities. Communities have recognized public transportation as key to an older person's inclusion in society. Individuals are doing their part too. Many city residents are taking steps toward sustainability, this year's theme for International Day of Older Persons. Communities and their residents must work together to make these changes happen.
Seniors play a critical role in our communities. They help their families with care responsibilities, do volunteer work and take part in the labor force. Their experience and knowledge is something everyone can learn from. Age inclusiveness is a movement that all communities need to take part of. On this 25th International Day of Older Persons, create awareness and spread the word that 60+ counts.


text:
AOL Impresses After Launch of Alto with Advanced Mobile Email Apps
Recently AOL announced that Alto now offers advanced mobile email apps for iOS and Android. "A game changer for users who live on their smartphones and don't want to use multiple apps to stay organized, Alto simplifies how users manage email," the announcement from AOL explained. The most welcome feature may be access to multiple … Read More
By Kevin Matthies
Recently AOL announced that Alto now offers advanced mobile email apps for iOS and Android.
"A game changer for users who live on their smartphones and don't want to use multiple apps to stay organized, Alto simplifies how users manage email," the announcement from AOL explained.
The most welcome feature may be access to multiple email accounts in a single mailbox — and the ability to quickly switch accounts. That's because Alto supports any IMAP account including AOL, Gmail, Yahoo, Outlook.com, and iCloud.
"The average email user has at least three email accounts, so the last thing they need is another email account," said Dave McDowell, Senior Vice President and General Manager of Communication Products at AOL. "Alto makes it simple to manage multiple email accounts so users don't have to switch between apps, it makes the message list smart so users don't have to read every message to get the most important information, and it provides a dashboard to highlight relevant information when and where users need it most."
Alto also has "Cards," which surfaces flights, hotels, restaurant reservations, shipping details, and receipts right in the message list to allow users to get information without ever opening an email.
"Dashboard" bundles cards together for a quick snapshot of the most important and relevant information in a user's inbox — and something called "Stacks" organizes photos, files, personal conversations, and more for quick access.
Alto runs on mobile devices with Android 4.0+ and iOS 9.0+.
More details are available here.
Mobile Email Apps
mHealth News: The Headlines You Might Have Missed
A Simple Mistake? Half of Southeast Asians Clicking on Mobile Ad Did It By Accident, Says Study


text:
'Detective Comics' 871, 'Batman and Robin' 17, 'Batwoman' 0: Still Have Room for More Batman?
This week marks the continued roll-out of the new Batman line at DC with Paul Cornell and Scott McDaniel's Batman and Robin, Scott Snyder and Jock's Detective Comics with a Commissioner Gordon backup drawn by Francesco Francavilla, and the zero issue of Batwoman by J.H. Williams III, W. Haden Blackman and Amy Reeder. The fact that these books are hitting the week of Thanksgiving invites me to make a connection with the holiday, and it's clearly this: Thanksgiving is a day of celebrating the fact that I have the ability to continue to stuff myself full of things in enormous quantities long after I should be full of them. Much in the way that despite the fact that I read multiple excellent Batman comics last week, I'm still happy to be given more a week later even when I realize on some level there's no way I should be able to resist getting sick of this by now.I realize that some readers may not be from the United States, so I'll begin with a quick refresher: Thanksgiving is a traditional celebration of the anniversary of America's housewarming party. We'd just moved into the place, not so much in the "connected with the present roommate on Craigslist" sort of way but more in the "you didn't seem to be using this room so I'm going to be squatting in it for the foreseeable future" way, and to celebrate the fact that not quite every settler had died in the first year we decided to have a big party with all the roommates, who hadn't known us long enough to get totally annoyed with our violations of their personal space.
And to this day we continue to celebrate that memory of those more innocent times in the form of Peanuts animated specials, giant balloon characters we ritually sacrifice against the side of buildings, and meals so big that leftovers are still being doused in gravy and consumed a week later. Iwn much the same way that I'll still be happy to eat a turkey, stuffing and cranberry sauce sandwich next week, I have absolutely no problems reading another three bat-books cover to cover this week after a thoroughly satisfying double serving of Grant Morrison last week.
Partly it's because each of these books is a wonderful side dish to Morrison's main course, each providing a complementary flavor that adds to the feast of capes and batarangs. Cornell and McDaniel's book, for example, has the biggest sense of fun, and deals with the dynamic duo of Dick Grayson and Damian Wayne. Right from the start, the new creative team signals that they'll be taking a lighter tone to this book as Dick and Damian banter their way through the breakup of a sinister wedding ceremony that spirals into a mid-fisticuffs debate over whether they're not addressing their situation with the proper level of austerity.
Although Bruce doesn't make an appearance, his return puts a new twist on the team dynamic, as Dick seems less tightly wound now that he no longer bears the responsibility of being the senior Batman in the world, and Damian seems to be stepping more clearly into his father's role, taking the lead in scientific investigations and adding a quip or two in combat.
Scott Snyder, Jock and Francesco Francavilla's work on the Commissioner Gordon backup in Detective Comics is a more traditional detective story, as Grayson and Gordon try to figure out who's been helping supervillain technology disappear from police evidence lockers and turn up on the black market. Snyder's handling of the interaction between the two, both as Police Commissioner and Batman and as Jim Gordon and Dick Grayson, is well done, and Jock's art is a no-brainer choice to depict Gotham city and all of its denizens. This book is a great take on Batman as the world's greatest detective, even if this is a different world's greatest detective we're talking about.
Finally, there's Batwoman #0. There's a long credits list on this one, but it's worth looking at them all to note how the book's changed since its first creative team. J.H. Williams III, artist on the last run, is acting as both artist and writer this time around. W. Haden Blackman joins him as co-writer. Amy Reeder handles the art for part of the book in which Bruce Wayne tracks Kate Kane out of costume with inks by Richard Friend, and Dave Stewart takes on colorist duties for all of the book.
I'll admit, I was worried about this one. Williams' art had been a major draw in the Detective run featuring Batwoman, but Greg Rucka's writing was also a huge contribution. While many fans, including me, were concerned about his absence, I came away cautiously optimistic for the rest of the series. Issue zero follows Bruce Wayne as he attempts to authenticate his suspicion that Kate Kane really is Batwoman, and also trying to decide whether it's worth bringing her into his new, more team-oriented crime fighting operation.
Bruce tracks her both as Batwoman and Kate in separate stories that weave back and forth across the pages, with Williams handling the art for the former and Reeder for the later. While Williams' art is the highlight, Reeder does have a lot of fun with Bruce getting into the sort of ridiculous variety of plainclothes disguises he likes to use. Still, this style of blended work from two artists means it's much harder to execute the kind of spectacular splash pages Wiliams was known for on his the last runw with Batwoman, and there's no actual dialogue from Kate here, so it remains to be seen what it's like to read her when she's not being written by Rucka. Still, I enjoyed the book, I was happy to see Kate in action again and I'm looking forward to see her interacting with the rest of the Bat-folk.
And while I know there may be some out there who feel the market's a little flooded with Bat-books right now, I'd say get into the Thanksgiving spirit this week and overindulge a little. You're likely to find at least one book you'll get excited by.
Filed Under: Amy Reeder, AmyReeder, Batman, batman and robin, BatmanAndRobin, batwoman, Bruce Wayne, BruceWayne, commissioner gordon, CommissionerGordon, Damian Wayne, DamianWayne, Dave Stewart, DaveStewart, Detective Comics, DetectiveComics, Dick Grayson, DickGrayson, Francesco Francavilla, FrancescoFrancavilla, J.H. Williams III, J.h.WilliamsIii, Jock, paul cornell, PaulCornell, richard friend, RichardFriend, scott mcdaniel, scott snyder, ScottMcdaniel, ScottSnyder, W. Haden Blackman, W.HadenBlackman
Categories: DC, Opinion, Reviews