The Management Board of Dino Polska S.A. ("Company") informs that today, ie January 11, 2019, two investment loan agreements were signed ("Loans"): i) between the Company and the bank Powszechna Kasa Oszczędności Bank Polski Spółka Akcyjna with its registered office in Warsaw , ul. Puławska 15 ("PKO BP SA") for PLN 80 million, and ii) between Dino Południe Sp. z o.o., a subsidiary of the Company, and PKO BP SA for the amount of PLN 70 million ("Agreements").
The total value of loans is PLN 150 million. The contracts were signed in order to finance the further development of the chain of stores operated by the Company under the Dino brand and logistics facilities.
The loans were granted in Polish currency for the period from February 11, 2019 to August 11, 2026. The interest on the Loans will be determined according to a variable interest rate equal to the reference rate WIBOR 1M, increased by the PKO BP SA margin.
The Loans are secured by: i) contractual mortgages up to PLN 225 million on properties owned by the Company and to Dino Południe Sp. z o.o., developed with stores and warehouses of the Company; ii) blank promissory notes issued by borrowers together with promissory note declarations; iii) transfer of money receivables from insurance contracts for real estate constituting collateral; and iv) in the case of a contract signed by Dino Południe Sp. z o.o. surety under civil law issued by the Company, which, after full use of the loan, will be replaced by joining the debt by the Company as a joint and several debtor.
The Management Board of the Company decided to publish the aforementioned information due to the significant total value of the Agreements.


The longest day of the year is upon us. Tonight it is the Summer Solstice and there is almost 24 hour light here in Iceland.
The Midnight Sun is currently shining in all his glory on the Northern Lands of the world.
It is a pleasure to experience this in the North of Iceland.
A strange energy surrounds everything and everybody. The Nature is shining in all its glory while life feels so much hectic. There is not time and no way to sleep these days. The complete absence of darkness makes you feel like you are constantly living the same day, day after day.
I went for a bike ride last night at midnight and this is Myvatn in the light of the Midnight sunshine.


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City Issues
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Gyms & Fitness
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Asian Restaurants & Food
Indian Restaurants
Korean Restaurants & Food
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American Restaurants & Food
French Restaurants & Food
Italian Restaurants & Food
Thai Restaurants & Food
Royal Thai Cuisine
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Living in Chiang Mai
Technology & Digital
Stay Somewhere Different
The Curiosities of Cambodiana
Meanwhile, back in the Korean DMZ (demilitarised zone), the threat of war buzzes on as Kim Jong-Il and his propaganda machine threaten to annihilate the south and their US ally.
By Tom Fawthrop | Mon 29 Apr 2013
How many journalists have been assaulted by North Korean bodyguards while conducting a video interview with a king in a country far from Pyongyang?
In 1997, in Siem Reap, Cambodia – a nation that normally provides a far more hospitable reception to foreign media than the frosty atmosphere and total censorship of North Korea – it happened to me.
One of more bizarre facts about the life of Norodom Sihanouk, the recently deceased king of Cambodia (whose many talents included that of film director, gourmet and singer) is that from 1991, he made the rather odd choice of placing his faith in a security team made up of twelve North Korean bodyguards.
The Pyongyang special guard was a gift from the all-wise Kim Il-Sung, dear leader and founder of the North Korean communist state.
The Cambodian king had then just launched a restoration project for one of the many temples, adjacent to the great majestic wonder of this grand temple complex, Angkor Wat.
Unusual for a king, he happily gave a short press conference with one of his coterie of North Korean bodyguards, who thoughtfully protected the ebullient monarch from the sun by holding aloft an umbrella.
Not perhaps, you might think, a task that comes naturally to an emissary of the Korean Workers State, where all princes, princesses and idle aristocrats were dispensed with long ago.
This scribe had also filmed the event and after the press conference broke up, I conducted the classic 'ambush interview' as the king was departing, escorted by four of his stocky and well-built guards.
The affable and talkative Sihanouk responded positively to my questions _ talking while still walking in my direction. I was obliged to walk backwards as the not so affable North Korean protectors moved in with belligerent jabs and shoves, pushing me away from the advancing monarch.
My subject was apparently oblivious to the scuffles happening right in front of him. No thanks to Kim Il Sung's thugs, I lived to report another day of many curiosities in the Kingdom of Cambodia.
King Sihanouk had long developed a special relationship with the dear leader from North Korea. While kings and communist leaders don't normally strike up such a warm attachment with one another, they were both used to being absolute rulers of their respective fiefdoms in the 1960s, but with Sihanouk obtaining significantly higher marks for his brand of benevolent despotism, rather than Kim's totalitarian darkness.
Now, after the recent cremation of his majesty, the twelve unemployed North Korean bodyguards have been sent home by their embassy.
Phnom Penh's Pyongyang Night Out
A more appealing face of North Korea is on show at the Pyongyang Restaurant (10 Street 200, Tel: 023 216 002) in Phnom Penh, with another branch in Siem Reap. Smiling waitresses in traditional Korean costumes first serve the customers and then disappear en bloc, to reappear on stage playing musical instruments and Korean songs. And I was relieved to see not a single North Korean bouncer or bodyguard in sight!
Busloads of South Korean tourists throng these eateries every day to hear traditional ballads, enjoy kimchi and warmly fraternise with northerners as if reunification was just around the corner.
But here in Cambodia, the Pyongyang Restaurant is an oasis of reconciliation through romantic music and good food. If music be the food of peace then play on! Perhaps a peace agreement to end the 1951 Korean War could finally be signed over well-pickled kimchi in Phnom Penh.
The Pyongyang Restaurant chain, owned by the North Korean regime, plans to open more outlets in Bangladesh, Dubai, Laos and Nepal to raise hard currency. Another irony for a nation that periodically continues to suffer from famine, frequently depending on food aid from abroad.
The KGB in Sihanoukville
The town of Sihanoukville, named of course after Cambodia's King Sihanouk, is a popular laid back beach resort adorned by several unusual attractions.
One of these attractions is Snake House Restaurant (Soviet Street, Victory Beach Road, Tel: 012 673 805). Snake is not on the menu, but diners eat in an ambience of cobras, pythons and other reptiles in surrounding cages.
Set up by a Ukrainian herpetologist who arrived in Cambodia 20 years ago, Snake House offers Russian food and its adjoining hotel caters to Russian tourists. Ostrap, the blond-haired son of the owner, provides the KGB connection and is the proud owner of a Hummer with KGB number-plates, which is clearly designed to impress.
It certainly seems to have impressed the Cambodian authorities, as a Russian resident reported that Ostrap is a member of the KGB fanclub, and has also just been promoted, and now ranks as a Cambodian police colonel.
While Colonel Ostrap speaks fluent Khmer, it is not exactly clear how a foreign citizen can become inducted into the Cambodian police force, unless his role is to hunt down the Russian mafia in these parts, of which there are a growing number.
The same Ukrainian-Russian group that set up the Snake House has also made their mark with a high-flying Antonov disco called The Airport Disco (Soviet Street, Victory Beach Road, Tel: 034 934 470). No, Antonov is not the name of the DJ, but an Old Russian plane. The Antonov 24 used to fly domestic routes in Cambodia, but is now permanently grounded on Victory Beach with a disco built around it. It is probably the only such club in the world.
A far more conventional Russian influence in Cambodia, dating back to the days of the USSR, is the delicious Russian cuisine served up by Irina – a wonderful chef who hails from Tashkent – at her Irina Restaurant (House 15, Street 352) in Phnom Penh.
Another quirk of the Cambodian capital is the little-known survival of the Bulgarian embassy, remaining long after its useful diplomatic functions have ceased to be useful. Back in the days of UN peacekeeping in 1992 and 1993, Bulgaria sent a peace-keeping battalion to serve with the UN.
After 1993, nearly all the Eastern European embassies closed down with the end of the cold war, but not the jolly Bulgarians. Well, back in Sofia they did threaten to close it, but the enterprising Charge D'affaires decided to reinvent the embassy and its swimming pool, a fine bit of real estate with apartments available for rent to various NGO people. Today, the not so busy Bulgarian embassy – apart from Bulgarian wine there is not much trade and Cambodians are not exactly clamouring for Bulgarian visas – continues to survive, with very little budget from the homeland.
So, dear readers, when you are bored with Bangkok, tranquillised by the endless shopping plazas of Singapore, and too sunburnt for another trip to the islands, why not opt for something a bit more unique: a chance to savour the eccentricities, communism-inspired and otherwise, of good old Cambodia?
Tom Fawthrop is a foreign correspondent who first visited Cambodia on Christmas Day 1980, less than two years after the Killing Fields regime had been booted out of power. He is the co-author of a book titled 'Getting Away with Genocide? Elusive Justice and the Khmer Rouge Tribunal'.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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The Role of the Mosquito Fleet in the Settlement of the Puget Sound 1890 - 1920
Final Research Paper American Urban History
Prof. Manish Chalana
"Throughout [the Puget Sound's] whole vast extent ships move in safety, and find shelter from every wind that blows, the entire mountain-girt sea forming one grand unrivaled harbor and center for commerce." - John Muir 1888
In the period from 1890 to 1920 steam-powered water transportation networks played a pivotal role in the settlement of the Puget Sound region. These networks were plied by an assortment of vessels that were collectively called the "Mosquito Fleet" for their great number and unrelenting activity. Many types of vessels served the Mosquito Fleet routes; they ranged in length from about 40 to more than 200 feet, included sternwheelers, sidewheelers or propeller driven boats fueled by wood, coal, and later on oil and gasoline (Findlay 2008). These vessels carried freight, passengers and mail between Seattle and other ports and the diverse settlements scattered across the approximately 2,500 miles of coastline in the Puget Sound and connected waterways (Huppert et. al 2009). Their frequent and flexible service allowed the development of a diverse regional economic and social structure in the Puget Sound or rural areas connected with urban centers. By 1890 this complex economy had developed from early mill towns and homesteads focused, respectively, on resource extraction for export and self-sufficiency in the wilderness setting. It transformed again with the proliferation of the automobile and the establishment for the first time of a land-based transportation network in the 1920's.
The evolution of the way Americans think about wilderness, cities and rural lands was a powerful force shaping how Euro-American settlement unfolded across the west. Early leaders of the independent nation embraced the "Agrarian Ideal": that a rural population of landowning farmers and their families was essential to the development of independent, morally-rigorous citizens needed for democracy to succeed. This creed was suspicious of industrial cities and the class divisions and dense living conditions that followed them. Industry made inroads in the young USA first in rural settings, where water-powered mills seemed to offer the benefits of mechanized manufacturing in an agrarian setting (Bender 1982, 4, 42). In Toward an Urban Vision, Thomas H. Bender wrote how this process brought about a rapprochement with industrial manufacturing that allowed it to gradually penetrate the American landscape and finally to dominate cities to cities (1982, 43). According to Bender, this process fostered the creation of a tenuous "urban vision" which accommodated rural social patterns within an urban setting (1982).
The Agrarian Ideal reappeared later in the mythology of American exceptionalism, triumphantly epitomized in Frederick Jackson Turner's "frontier hypothesis" of 1893, which stipulated that the experience conquering the wilderness of the frontier by farming families forged a unique American culture, distinct from Europe and the Atlantic cities of the east coast (Abbott 1997). This hypothesis was refuted by Wade, who documented how cities had been foremost in the settling of the Ohio Valley in the early years of westward American expansion from 1790-1830. Without these cities, with institutions consciously based on cities of the Atlantic seaboard, the economic infrastructure would not have been in place for later settlement by farmers. William Cronon took this approach further in Nature's Metropolis in which he described the "elaborate and intimate linkages" between the development of the rural economy of the Great West and the urban economy of Chicago. Cronon documented how advancements in mechanical and economic technology (e.g. the railroad, the grain elevator, the joint stock company, the money-order catalog) transformed the subsistence-based isolated rural economy of the early nineteenth century into the commodity-based, financially leveraged, globally connected rural economy centered on Chicago at the turn of the twentieth century (Cronon 1991).
Finally, the triumph of the capitalist city, choked with coal-smoke, crowded with the working class, with its core dominated by industry, warehousing and retail led to a new revival of the Agrarian Ideal in the creation of the upper-class garden suburb. In Crabgrass Frontier Kenneth Jackson traced the philosophical, economic, and technological roots of American suburbs. In this work Jackson explored how, among many other things, new transportation technology and an evolving concept of the attraction of natural settings in the nineteenth century led residents of cities to seek escape in quieter, more peaceful, and orderly settings (Jackson 1985).
In the Puget Sound the interplay of these themes of rural and urban development was profoundly influenced by the region's unique geography. Early settlements sprang up around steam-powered sawmills which exported lumber directly to California and other points by ocean-going ships. The same waterways which provided easy access to export markets also provided connections between the various settlements, and before long hierarchical relationships developed between them. As settlement spread and transportation networks improved, self-sufficiency gave way to specialization and commodities for export were sent to Seattle for local sale there or for export to national markets. Transcontinental railroad links brought new migrants, capital, manufactured goods, and markets to the region by way of rail-connected cities. These steam-powered rail and water networks forged an interconnected regional system which enriched and diversified the economy of Seattle. The same water-based transportation networks which brought the goods of the region to the city enabled the urban middle and upper class to pursue its ideals of peaceful, healthful natural settings in waterfront resorts, retreats and summer homes throughout the sound.
Figure 0‑1. Map of Mosquito Fleet ports. Source: author, adapted from Seattle Post-Intelligencer, 1908; Kitsap Historical Society 2011; Findlay and Paterson 2008; von Haake 1987.
Figure 0‑2. Map detail.
The steamboat began affecting the relationship between American cities and surrounding country as early as 1814, when Robert Fulton's steam ferry began operating between Manhattan and New York. In the following decades steam ferry lines proliferated and Brooklyn blossomed as a tranquil alternative to Manhattan. By providing reliable, convenient transportation, steamboats were the first transportation technology of the nineteenth century to expand the limits of the "walking city" beyond the distance the could be traveled on foot in a few hours (Jackson 1985, 25-32). Steamboats also had a profound effect in the American frontier. On the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers the advent of steam technology fundamentally changed the structure of the early western settlements, precipitating the rise of Cincinnati and Louisville and the downfall of Lexington as prosperous centers of settlement and frontier expansion (Wade 1959).
The earliest arrival of the steamboat in the Puget Sound was the Hudson River Company's Beaver in 1838. Regular steamship service between the territorial capital of Olympia and Victoria was established by 1858 and a handful of steamers also served settlements at Steilacoom, Seattle, Port Townsend, and a few other milltowns (Faber 1985). Importantly, Seattle established the first regularly steam ferry service to small Bainbridge Island ports in 1865. This was the first intra-sound service establishing Seattle as a supplier for other local settlements and established the hierarchical relationship based on that city for local supply (Chasan 1981, 12). As this relationship deepened, an increasing number of steamers and transportation companies were based in Seattle, distinguishing that city as the center of the regional economy where retail, wholesale and service activities flourished (Warren 1986. 44).
The arrival of transcontinental rail created a new structure for movement and trade in the sound. Rail connected cities Seattle, Tacoma, Everett, Olympia and Bellingham were a source of new settlers, labor, manufactured goods and machine tools which could easily arrive to the sound to be transferred to small steamers. These steamers plied the waters carrying passengers, freight, and mail between the many settlements on flexible routes and schedules (Warren 1986, 60).
Once the national connection had been established, steamboat travel had several advantages over rail for local travel. Unlike the rail lines, which required enormous capital outlays for construction and operation, steamboats were relatively cheap to build and operate (Chasan 1981). The costs of constructing a steamer could be borne by a merchant of moderate means, or by a syndicate of concerned citizens in a local community. The Flyer, one of the larger and more successful ships in the fleet, cost a mere $4,000 to build (Faber 1985, 137). Moreover, steamboats passed freely over open water, eliminating track construction and maintenance costs, and allowing much greater operational flexibility. Even the simple infrastructure of a dock was not required for steamboat commerce, as many stopped at small floating rafts or were simply approached by rowboat from shore (Chasan 1981, 39). And while steamers consumed massive amounts of wood for fuel (the Flyer burned 3072 cubic feet of wood for a trip from Seattle to Tacoma), this was readily available on shore from the many logging camps and mills (Findlay 2008, 72). The low capital costs led the proliferation of both steamboats and operating companies in the 1880's, 1890's and first decade of the twentieth century.
Figure 0‑3. Vaughn, 45 feet. Source: Cindy Haugen in Mosquito Fleet of South Puget Sound
Figure 0‑4. Victor, 59 feet. Source: Gig Harbor Peninsula Historical Society in Mosquito Fleet of South Puget Sound
Figure 0‑5. Eliza Anderson, 140 feet, provided the first regular service between Olympia and Victoria starting in 1858. Source: Pacific Steamboats.
Figure 0‑6. Flyer, 170 feet. Source: Saltwater People Historical Society.
Figure 0‑7. Tacoma, 221 feet. Mosquito Fleet of South Puget Sound
The mosquito fleet served a range of settlement types, which served different functions within the developing economic structure of the Puget Sound. At the center was the city of Seattle. Seattle's central place in the Puget Sound economy is hinted at by US Postal routes from 1897. Mail routes were the primary form of communication in the rural Puget Sound, and mail routes were particularly important to the Mosquito Fleet because mail contracts provided dependable fares (Findlay 2008). In 1897 forty-eight post offices in the Puget Sound were serviced by steamers departing from Seattle. Meanwhile twenty-one post offices were served from Tacoma, nineteen (mostly in the San Juan Islands) were served from Bellingham, and five from Olympia. Another thirty-nine on the north coast of the Olympic Peninsula were served from the office in Port Townsend, which was in daily communication with Seattle (von Haake, 1897).
Figure 0‑8. Map of 1897 Mail Routes. Source: author, after von Haake, 1897.
In 1908 the Seattle Post-Intelligencer estimated that two thousand passengers arrived or departed from Seattle each day on the Mosquito Fleet and that $15,600,000 worth of cargo annually was shipped from the city to settlements in the Puget Sound via thirty-seven distinct routes (Seattle Post-Intelligencer, 1908). These boats docked at Pier 3, then known as Galbraith Dock (now Ivar's), and Pier 4, known as Colman Dock on the downtown waterfront. From there farmers could cart their produce to Pike Place Market, just up the hill (Faber 1985, 134).
Figure 0‑9. Colman Dock circa 1908. Source: Seattle Now and Then
All early Euro-American settlements on the Puget Sound were established around sawmills. The earliest, including Seattle, were set up by capitalists seeking to sell lumber to the boomtown of San Francisco. By 1870 there were 42 mills operating in Washington, most of which were located in the Puget Sound (Warren 1986, 53). These mills were located at the waterfront for easy loading of lumber aboard ships (Chasan 1981, 9). The docks which facilitated loading lumber also provided convenient landings for steamers. Seattle, centrally located in the Sound and among the most prominent of the early settlements, became a supplier for milltowns through regular steamer service beginning in 1865 with routes to the mills on Bainbridge Island (Chasan 1981, 12). Labor, tools, livestock, food, and communication arrived in milltowns like Port Gamble, Port Madison, Port Orchard Port Blakely, Whatcom Creek, Shelton, Seabeck, Port Discovery and Utsalady. These settlements developed simple instruments of the frontier economy: a hotel to accommodate visitors and transient workers, general stores to retail supplies, grocers to sell food, and saloons for rowdy recreation. These businesses would all be located adjacent to the docks (Warren 1986 52; Fredson 1982, 3).
Some milltowns incorporated and became towns, like Sidney (Port Orchard), Whatcom (Bellingham), and Shelton. Others remained company towns, wholly owned by the lumber company, containing a few houses for managers and their families, bunkhouses for workers, a store, a hotel, a galley and a few other buildings all owned by the company to "monopolize whatever money may be spent by the employees" (Puget Sound Business Directory 1872; in Chasan 1981, 9). Though a far-cry from a planned company town like Pullman, Indiana, company mill-towns shared some similar characteristics with suburban company towns in the east. The mill town provided amenities for the worker within short distance of the work site, isolated workers from distractions of the inner city, and allowed the company greater control over the urban environment and workforce. On the other hand, centralized control over living and working environments left workers with only one entity to blame for dissatisfaction (Chudacoff et al. 2010, 117). Labor unrest was increasingly common in the Puget Sound during the early twentieth century. The International Workers of the World (IWW) was strong in the northwest and most popular in among lumbermen (Fredson 1982, 10).
Milltowns served as the permanent seat of settled populations of farmers and middle class businessmen who profited from the mills from supplying loggers. Here, middle-class citizens organized to create civic institutions such as schools, libraries, government buildings and fraternal lodges and churches. Regular steamer service from Seattle or Tacoma also allowed them to serve as supply centers for local farming. Small-scale manufacturing for local consumption occurred as well: in Shelton there was a shoe factory, a cigar factory, and a soda bottling factory (Fredson, 1982, 3). Farmers could travel into town by horse, rowboat, or local service on a steamer for supplies or for transshipment of produce direct to larger markets in the cities. Milltowns also served as the administrative centers for local regions of the Puget Sound, with banks, insurance companies and often county courthouses, increasing the size of the local educated middle class, and strengthening links of control and exchange with surrounding towns and hamlets (Kitsap Museum "Sound People" n.d.).
As logging activity accelerated beachside timber supplies were exhausted, leaving behind denuded land littered with stumps along the shore. This land was cheap, accessible and was eagerly occupied by settlers who established small subsistence farms. (Kitsap Museum, "Sound People." N.d.) Small hamlets were established along the shore throughout the sound in the late nineteenth century when homesteaders would stake claims near a convenient landing point on the shore. These settlements formed the nuclei which formed into small communities like Olalla on the Kitsap peninsula. At first transportation was limited to rowing or sailing to urban markets (Bradshaw 2012). As steamers began making regular passage they would stop on request at these "row-boat stops" where passengers and freight could be rowed to and from the vessel. In the early days of Olalla items as varied as house-building materials, horses, cow and chicken feed, tools, and orchard trees arrived by streamer (Bradshaw 2012; Dingman 2012; Gunderson 2012). As more settlers arrived roads were cut into the interior from convenient landing points and a simple general store with a post office would be established by the water (Bradshaw 2012; Gunderson 2012). Feeling isolated from markets and opportunities in the city a group of Olalla residents pooled money to form the Olalla Improvement Company and construct a small steamer in 1898 to improve steamboat service to the community. In later years, several steamboats would pass per day (Bowen, 2012, 610-618; Ulsh 2012, 2).
Figure 0‑10. Typical small Mosquito Fleet waterfront in Colby, WA, 1906. Source: Yukon Harbor Historical Society.
Improved steamer service brought more settlers, more services and better community organization. In Olalla a blacksmith, a shingle mill, a school, a hotel, a bakery, a boardinghouse, and a barbershop were present by 1910 (Bowen 2012). Farmers could now more easily market their produce in markets in Seattle and Tacoma; berries and poultry and eggs were the most common cash crops (Peterson 2012; Mallory 2012). An "Olalla Trading Company" was established with a general store, partly funded by the selling of shares to community members. A Berry Growers Association was organized to help berry farmers ship and market their produce and a Wharf Association to pay for the construction of a dock which was finally constructed in 1911 along with wooden sidewalks in the small hamlet (Bowen 2012, 613-616).
As communities improved transportation and communication links, increased in population and gradually accumulated capital they began to specialize in economic production. Food production was the chief area of economic activity after timber and during the Mosquito Fleet period food commodity production began to replace subsistence farming (Chasan 1981, 10). Silverdale became the "capital" of poultry and egg production, with the establishment of the first agricultural co-op in the state. Poulsbo became a major port for fishing and canneries were established in Everett, Anacortes, Port Townsend, Port Angeles, Bellingham, and Friday Harbor, producing tens of thousands of cases of canned salmon, shellfish and fruit for shipment per year. Oysters were farmed around the narrow inlets of around Shelton and Hood Canal while central sound communities on Vashon and Bainbridge Islands, the San Juan Islands and Kitsap Peninsula increasingly focused on berry production (Kitsap Museum "Sound People." N.d.).
Economic specialization also occurred in the Puget Sound in at least one area of manufacturing: shipbuilding. Access to prodigious quantities of high-quality timber and shipping channels made shipbuilding a natural activity for Puget sound communities since the early days of white settlement (Warren 1986, 68). Although shipbuilding took place in the major ports of Seattle and Tacoma, it also occurred in communities served by the mosquito fleet, especially Bremerton, Dockton (on Vashon Island) and Port Blakely (on Bainbridge Island). These locations produced ocean-going merchant and military vessels and housed the infrastructure and labor required for this large and complex undertaking. Though these sites lacked local populations to support their activities, workers and supplies were easily obtained through mosquito fleet networks (Chasan 1981, 28).
Figure 0‑11. Advertisement for Vashon Chautauqua. Source: Vashon Maury Island Heritage Association.
Elsewhere in America in the late nineteenth century members of the middle and upper classes increasingly took weekend excursions by rail to attractive natural locations nearby the city (Warner 1962, 60). In the Puget Sound, residents of Seattle were blessed with easy access to many beautiful spots aboard mosquito fleet steamers. Within Seattle, Alki (annexed 1909) was the most convenient beach getaway, but steamers also carried travelers on weekend or summer getaways to Three Tree Point (now in Burien), Redondo Beach (now in Des Moines) and many spots on Vashon Island (Findlay 2008). Steamers also departed from docks at cablecar parks Leschi and Madison Beach on Lake Washington (Dorpat 2013).
The middle class urge to escape from the city intersected with faith in transformative power of education and self-improvement at the Vashon Island community of Chautauqua Beach. Organized in 1887, the Puget Sound Chautauqua Assembly acquired 600 acres of land by donation of several enthusiastic homesteaders on the east side of Tramp harbor for use as a resort and "escape from the noxious fumes and immoral influences of a crowded city". The Chautauqua offered lectures, language classes, religious instruction in addition to bathing and campfires on the lovely beach, with thrice daily steamer service to Seattle and Tacoma during the summer (Okigwe et al, 2017). A dock was constructed for steamer service and a hotel, general store, pavilion, and cottages were constructed in this community. The site was surveyed by a civil engineering firm and platted by a draughtsman, both based in Seattle. The endeavor was popular for several years but flagged in popularity (as did Chautauquas nationally) and was dissolved in 1912 even as summer homes and camps on other parts of Vashon Island offered new types of peaceful rural retreats from the city (Okigwe et al, 2017).
Figure 0‑12. Summer Retreat at Vashon Chautauqua. Source: Vashon Maury Island Heritage Association.
The circumstances which fostered the appearance of the Mosquito Fleet held for less than thirty years, as improved roads and the proliferation of automobiles and trucks was already altering the structure of population, movement and trade in the Sound by the mid-1910's. Still, the era of the Mosquito Fleet had a lasting impact on the geography and form of the Puget Sound region and the towns within it. Linked with transcontinental rail hubs, cheap, flexible steamboat service facilitated the transition from a region of isolated, export oriented milltowns to a complex economy with deep linkages between rural settlements and urban centers. This service helped determine how and where towns and villages grew, and in so doing, created a large part of the regional geography we continue to inhabit today. Legacy Mosquito Fleet settlements oriented towards waterfronts have stronger physical relationship to geography than most other kinds of towns and suburbs because their way of life and livelihood was dependent on the water. In the one hundred years since cars started to be the primary mode of travel the relationship between Puget Sound settlements was transformed. The majestic waterways of the sound also became a barrier to movement, rather than a conduit for it. The history of the Mosquito Fleet illuminates how powerfully modes of movement affects patterns of living, how these shape land and cities, and how the interaction between rural and urban creates an interconnected region.
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Huppert, Daniel D., Amber Moore, and Karen Dyson. "8: Coasts - Impacts of Climate Change on the Coasts of Washington State ." The Washington Climate Change Impacts Assessment. Seattle: Center for Science in the Earth System, Joint Institute for the Study of the Atmosphere and Oceans, U of Washington, 2009. N. pag. Print.
Hands-on Gallery. N.d. Museum Exhibit. Kitsap Historical Society & Museum, Bremerton, WA.
Jackson, Kenneth T. Crabgrass Frontier : The Suburbanization of the United States. New York: Oxford UP, 1985. Print.
Maunder, Elwood R., and Charles Buchwalter. An Interview with William G. Reed. Santa Cruz: Forest History Society, 1977. Print.
Mallory, Asa and Henrietta "Olalla Family Histories" Interview with Dorothy Carlson. Kitsap County: A History. 3rd ed. Bremerton, WA: Kitsap County Historical Society, 2012. Print.
Mosquitos in Kitsap. 2011. Museum Exhibit. Kitsap Historical Society & Museum, Bremerton, WA.
Newell, Gordon R. Pacific Steamboats. 1st Ed. ed. Seattle: Superior Pub., 1958.
Peterson, Ture and Augusta "Olalla Family Histories" Interview with Edith Peterson Fagerud. Kitsap County: A History. 3rd ed. Bremerton, WA: Kitsap County Historical Society, 2012. Print.
Puget Sound Business Directory and Guide to Washington Territory, 1872 : Comprising a Correct History of Washington Territory, and a Condensed but Comprehensive Account of Her Agricultural, Commercial and Manufacturing Interests, Climatology, Mineralogy, Inhabitants, Natural Advantages and Industries : Together with a Complete and Thorough Directory of Olympia, Steilacoom, Seattle, Port Madison, Port Gamble, Port Ludlow, Port Townsend, and Every Town and Hamlet on Puget Sound. Olympia [Wash.]: Murphy & Harned, 1872. Print.
Okigwe, Carla, Marie Blichfeldt, Bob Estes, Bill Garvin, Bruce Haulman, Ron Irvine, Bob Johnson, Terry Rice, Linda Stemer, and Larry Trotter. Ellisport: The Hidden History. 7 Apr. 2017. Museum exhibit. Vashon-Maury Island Heritage Museum, Vashon, WA.
"Routes of the Puget Sound Fleet." Seattle Post-Intelligencer 22 Aug. 1908: Print.
Ulsh, Bob. Index of Puget Sound Mosquito Fleet Vessels. Bremerton: King County Historical Society, 2012. Print.
Wade, Richard C. The Urban Frontier : The Rise of Western Cities, 1790-1830. Illini Books ed. Urbana: U of Illinois, 1996. Print.
Warner, Sam Bass. Streetcar Suburbs: The Process of Growth in Boston, 1870-1900. Cambridge: Harvard UP, 1962. Print. Publication of the Joint Center for Urban Studies.
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Our directors have many years experience of managing large one-off projects, particularly in chamber music and contemporary music.
We have devised, fundraised and managed chamber music projects, commissioning projects and tours with budgets up to £60,000. We have a lot of experience in developing fundable, economical projects, successfully treading the fine line between ambition and achievability.
It is crucial to make sure that any large projects you undertake also help to raise the long-term prosperity and profile of your ensemble. For this reason, we prefer to take on project management at the very early stages, when ideas are being formed. We find this gives the greatest chance of funding, financial and critical success.
So, it's never too soon to get in touch with us if you have an idea for a project.


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Q: va_arg glitches for char I try to use va_arg to retrieve next argument in function. It works well for all types (including char*) but char:
void test1(char t,...) {
  va_list args;
  va_start(args, t);
  if(t=='c') Serial.println(va_arg(args, char));
  else if(t=='n') Serial.println(va_arg(args, int));
  va_end(args);
}

Test:
int n = 42;
char c = '?';

test1('n', n); // prints 42
test1('c', c); // prints nothing!

Can you verify/explain it? The code runs on Arduino Uno, 9600 bauds.

A: Arguments smaller than int are promoted to int before being passed to variadic functions, and such functions should thus retrieve the arguments as type int.

A: Variadic functions come with an oddball special rule for implicit type promotion known as the default argument promotions.
C17 6.5.2.2/7

The ellipsis notation in a function prototype declarator causes
  argument type conversion to stop after the last declared parameter. The default argument
  promotions are performed on trailing arguments.

Ellipsis being ...
The default argument promotions are normally just used when using old style non-prototype functions. They are therefore defined as:
C17 6.5.2.2/6

If the expression that denotes the called function has a type that does not include a prototype, the integer promotions are performed on each argument, and arguments that have type float are promoted to double. These are called the default argument promotions.

In your case, char counts as an integer type and the above means that it will get integer promoted when passed to a variadic function.
Binary this means that ASCII ? = 0x3F gets promoted to int. AVR uses 16 bit little endian so it gets stored as 0x3F 0x00 in memory. The problem does not lie there.
Rather, when you try to use va_arg on the wrong type, you invoke undefined behavior. This is stated in the documentation for va_arg:
C17 7.16.1.1/2

If there is no actual next argument, or if
  type is not compatible with the type of the actual next argument (as promoted according to the default argument promotions), the behavior is undefined

So the only possible solution is to change the code to if(t=='c') Serial.println(va_arg(args, int));.

Unrelated to your question, using variadic functions and stdio.h on a 8 bit MCU is very bad practice. Not only are these function dangerous, they will also consume lots of flash and RAM.
Also, for embedded systems, you should always use stdint.h instead of the default types of C.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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text:
Wow, she's really cutting into our base, snagging herself a Citigroup banker to tells us how compassionate and informed she is.
Not only that, she gets to play the Katrina card again. What world-class genius we're dealing with here.
Clinton Campaigns With Family, GOP Voter
Clinton planned to tell New Hampshire voters how she reached across party lines and produced results—echoing television ads already on the air. She also dispatched supporters to vouch for her record and soften the sometimes harsh public caricature that has frustrated her campaign.
"This is a person who can reach common ground and never compromise her principles," New Yorker Jeff Volk said, telling the story of being stuck in New Orleans when Hurricane Katrina hit and how Clinton helped him.
"I met one of the most caring, compassionate and informed people I have ever met in my entire life," said Volk, a Republican who has given the maximum of $2,300 to Clinton's campaign and $5,000 to Clinton's political action committee in 2007.
Clinton, standing at Volk's shoulder, said only through bipartisan work can "a sense of fear and fatalism coming from the White House" be erased.
"A lot of the problems that we face in America are not Democratic or Republican problems. They are American problems and I want us to start acting like Americans again," she said. "I want us to roll up our sleeves and solve our problems."
According to NewsMeat, however, Jeffrey A. Volk of Scarsdale, NY, has given $4,600 to Hillary Clinton for President in 2007, double the maximum, and $5000 to Hill Pac. He gave $2300 on January 26 and $400 on February 28.
If you look back at Volk's donations, the last amount given to anyone in the GOP was to George W. Bush in 2004.
Since then, beginning in 2005, he's given exclusively to Democrats, so clearly this fellow left the party some time ago.
Further, he donated three times in 2006 to the Working Families Party, a radical far-left group, praised here by CPUSA.
The newly emerging Working Families Party and its fusion strategy, which negates the issue of spoiler, deserves special attention. The Working Families Party in New York is building a beautiful working class multi-racial base. In New York their local campaigns are being carried out in the context of defeating Bush, and also electing a long-time progressive, Frank Barbaro to Congress in a district that has been represented by a Republican. The efforts of the Working Families Party to expand into more states deserve full support.
Since the media will portray Mrs. Clinton as reaching out to the purported GOP voters, will they at least check who that voter has been donating to?
Ironically enough, Volk has a video here.
Die-hard Bush supporter to virtual Clinton bagman overnight.
Some Republican.
Posted by JammieWearingFool at 6:05 PM
Labels: Hillary Clinton, Jeff Volk


What does this mean for AVIDES?
paper and cardboard that is then recycled, as are any plastics we use.
a system for automatic disconnection of the power supply after an alarm.
system for obtaining electricity from sunlight; so far we have managed to avoid 1,226.82 t of CO₂ emission. The next step is to take advantage of "Power-to-Gas" technology to store wind energy in the form of gas.
The maximum output of the system is 499.5 kWp (kilowatt-peak).
The average annual amount of stored energy is equivalent to 400,000.00 kWh.
This has prevented the production of 1,226.82 t of CO₂ emissions so far.
part of our company culture and it's the ideas of our employees that has led to the use of energy saving lighting systems and recycling paper and cardboard articles.
and natural gas. Quite simply, we are against this technology because of the risks that it brings to our environment.


The quality of business documents reflects the quality standards within an organisation. If you are trying to create an efficient, customer focused and quality organisation the quality of your printed material should not be overlooked. There are also efficient and inefficient ways of managing wordprocessed documents.
anyone who is required to prepare word documents at any level within an organisation.


text:
D.C. United vs. LA Galaxy: Game time, TV schedule and live stream for MLS
By Rafael Diaz@mexicanfutcom Jun 3, 2017, 8:00pm PDT
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The LA Galaxy keep on rolling and on Saturday they put an end to their first big road trip of the season when they take on D.C. United.
Don't look now but the Galaxy are now sixth in the Western Conference with 17 points from 12 matches. If you are counting it is now three straight victories for Curt Onalfo's men and five games without a defeat. The Galaxy's latest victim was the San Jose Earthquakes in the first Cali Clásico of the season, game where the five-time champs earned a 4-2 victory.
The fact that the Galaxy are not just winning games, but winning them away from home has many believing that they have turned their early season woes around. And against D.C. United, the Galaxy will face a team whom they have just one defeat in their last 12 games. D.C. United aren't exactly having a good season, as they currently sit penultimate in the Eastern Conference and have four defeats in their last five matches.
There is a lot of work to do and tough games are to be expected, but for now things are looking up for the Galaxy, who are now flirting with the top-five position in their respective conference.
Match date/time: Saturday 4:00 pm PT
Venue: RFK Stadium, Washington, D.C.
TV: Spectrum Deportes (US-Spanish), Spectrum SportsNet (US-Spanish)
Streaming: MLS Live (Local blackout)
Listings via LiveSoccerTV.com.


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One Life Studios acquired Tennis Premier League (TPL) cheered on by Tennis legends Goran Ivanisivec, Leander Paes and now Sania Mirza
November 30, 2021 • *विकास ठाकुर*
TPL now one of the most sought after sports and entertainment properties
After having made a long standing impact in the film, OTT and television world, One Life Studios (OLS) is getting set to make a mark in premium sports entertainment as exclusive global media licencing and syndication partners for the 3rd season of India's most anticipated tennis event : Tennis Premier League (TPL). What takes this to a whole other level is the fact that the league is meant to see some of the bigwigs of tennis supporting various teams starting with former Wimbledon champion and currently the coach of world No 1 tennis player Novak Djokovic, Goran Ivanisevic and now Sania Mirza.
Both these biggies, along with others soon to be announced, will be seen supporting and mentoring their respective teams - Sania Mirza for the Bengaluru Spartans and Goran Ivanisevic for the Rajasthan Tigers. Both are expected to be seen on the courts as well when their teams compete in this never seen before 20 point team sport format of the game.
Speaking about supporting the Bengaluru team, Sania Mirza says, "I am very happy to be associated with tennis premier league and my team Bengaluru Spartans has my full support and guidance. What truly attracted me to this league is its unique 20 point format and how interestingly they have made tennis a team sport. I am always happy to build, promote and strengthen tennis as a sport in our country as it is the need of the hour. Tennis has given me everything and I thought tpl is a wonderful opportunity for me to give back to the sport and all the talented budding players of our country. We have some great upcoming talent in our country and it's great that tpl is giving a platform to these players to rub shoulders with professional national and international players".
Talking about the league becoming one of this year's most lucrative properties to market, OLS's head honcho Siddharth Kumar Tewary says, "TPL's new, fast paced 20 point format and Kunal and Mrunal's unending efforts over the last couple of seasons have already brought TPL into the sporting zeitgeist. With support from tennis legends like Goran, Leander and now Sania, TPL has become one of most sought after properties amidst potential media partners. We have already received a terrific response from numerous media platforms who would like to give the league's effort a global audience footprint. TPL will not just be a treat for avid tennis lovers like me but, with the right syndication partners, will also give birth to a whole new segment of audiences who will tune in and enjoy the new 20 points team format."