I've been to East Anglia a couple of times, visiting Hunstanton, Holkham, Cromer, the reserve at Snettisham, and of course Sandringham. But after working on Justin MInns' Photographing East Anglia recently, I'll be making several photographic trips as soon as I can. I'm inspired.
Justin's book is about to go to the printers and should be back late March.
Signed pre-orders—with free UK shipping— are now available for £22 (RRP £27.95, a saving of £5.95) at our SHOP.
Justin's book features over 800 of his photographs including lots of windmills and windpumps on the Broads and fens, and beach huts and old harbours filled with boats along East Anglia's extensive coastline. Inland areas featured include the Fens, heaths, villages, waterways and woodlands that inspired the paintings of John Constable and Thomas Gainsborough. Also included are medieval castles, ancient villages, stately homes and the historic cities of Cambridge and Norwich. The areas' bird watching is second to none and the big East Anglian skies and atmospheric light are legendary.
Justin knows the area intimately, and whilst if you live close some of the locations will be familiar, all the classics are included: Hunstanton, Wells-next-the-Sea, Flatford, Herringfleet windpump, Thornham etc but he has gone far beyond these essential visits including locations that are rarely heard of or visited. This is a well-researched and comprehensive photo-location guidebook with inspiring and stunning photography and will be an essential companion when planning and visiting East Anglia.
Changing seasons are the best and summer to autumn has been particularly dramatic this year.
I've had a thoroughly unproductive weekend with the camera so here's one from the winter.
Every time we have a decent fall of snow in the south of England there's a rush to get out and get some wintry photos before it melts again. With this in mind I took a diversion on my way to work, spotted this scene, stopped by the side of the road, quickly put a 70-200mm lens on and shot several frames through the open car window. I had to work fast because as soon as I stopped, the sheep started to walk in my direction and about a couple of minutes later they were all at the fence in front of me!


Illinois is famous for Big Bucks. Located in Central Illinois, this property has the potential to produce monsters. It offers nearly 230 acres that provide the ideal deer habitat: a quality year-round food supply through established food plots; a mixed terrain that includes wooded areas, ravines, ponds, and a wet creek; and sanctuary in the CRP grass. Archery tags and licenses can be purchased over-the-counter in town just a 15-minute drive away.
Allow us the opportunity to take you on one of our memorably pleasant guided hunting trips. Pure Outdoor Alliance promises all the amenities necessary to ensure that your experience on the trip is as comfortable as it is exciting. Our lodge is furnished with all appliances, comfortable bedding, internet and gas grills. Check out our itineraries and book a place on our Illinois deer hunting trips now!
We practice Quality Deer Management. We are committed to land and herd management practices in accordance with QDM standards and performance measures.


text:
NOWCAST WBAL-TV 11 News at Noon
1 dead in rollover crash on Route 100 in Ellicott City
Driver, passenger were not wearing seat belts, police say
Updated: 11:45 AM EDT May 18, 2016
A passenger injured Tuesday in a crash on Route 100 has died, Howard County police said.County police said a car left the road at 9:43 a.m. and rolled over several times on Route 100 at Executive Park Drive in Ellicott City.A female passenger, Nicole Marie Ashby, 31, of Hagerstown, was taken to Howard County General Hospital before she was transferred to Shock Trauma, where she died Wednesday morning.The man driving the car, Keith Charles Quigg, 31, of Hagerstown, was treated and released from Shock Trauma.A preliminary investigation indicated that neither person was wearing a seat belt.Westbound Route 100 was closed for about three hours between Route 108 and Executive Park Drive as an investigation was underway. Police reopened the highway around 12:30 p.m.Get the WBAL-TV News App
ELLICOTT CITY, Md. —
A passenger injured Tuesday in a crash on Route 100 has died, Howard County police said.
County police said a car left the road at 9:43 a.m. and rolled over several times on Route 100 at Executive Park Drive in Ellicott City.
A female passenger, Nicole Marie Ashby, 31, of Hagerstown, was taken to Howard County General Hospital before she was transferred to Shock Trauma, where she died Wednesday morning.
The man driving the car, Keith Charles Quigg, 31, of Hagerstown, was treated and released from Shock Trauma.
A preliminary investigation indicated that neither person was wearing a seat belt.
Westbound Route 100 was closed for about three hours between Route 108 and Executive Park Drive as an investigation was underway. Police reopened the highway around 12:30 p.m.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Animal World (动物世界) reunites the OTP from "Sparrow", Li Yi Feng and Zhou Dong Yu, and also features Michael Douglas (Ant-Man) as a mysterious loan shark. Based on a Japanese manga called Kaiji: The Ultimate Gambler, this movie is a live action version of part 1 of the manga about a man forced to participate in a bizarre betting game on board a ship to get out of debt. Despite the frenetic trailers and what appears to be some visual influences from Deadpool, it's actually more of a drama about how money or a lack of it can challenge people's morals and motivations.
Sigh, how come Monday to friday takes so long but Friday to Monday goes by in a flash? My weekend is over and all I did was sleep. Lol. What's worst is I also lose one hour today! BAHHHHH. But anyway, I digress from the main topic at hand, which is Zhou Dong Yu and Lu Han being rumored for the upcoming film adaptation of Jiu Yue Xi's novel The Youthful You Who Was So Beautiful. It's described as a dark novel with bullying as the center theme, how teens react to bullying and ignore the bullied. Our stuttered female lead witnesses the bullying of a popular classmate and clams up in fear of being the next target. The bullied girl decides to commit suicide and the investigation forces our heroine to re-evaluate her stance in the vicious cycle and she builds up the courage to expose the truth. However, with courage comes the wrath of the bullies and our female lead seeks the protection from another brave youngster – our male lead. I can see Zhou Dong Yu nailing her role but pretty Lu Han as the protector is an interesting visual…. he's just too pretty! xD The production is from the same team behind the successful movie Soul Mate which earned both Zhou Dong Yu and Sandra Ma the title of Best Actress at the 53rd Golden Horse Film Awards. Solid work credits!
Happy Friday folks! I can't wait to post the pretty pictures of the ladies this week! Totally girls' power!
December is only getting busier!
Luo Jin is working hard this year, ain't he? Dramas after dramas! He just wrapped up his modern drama with real-life girlfriend Tang Yan and now he's confirming another modern drama with movie princess Zhou Dong Yu. Behind the Scenes (幕后之王) is about a media student (Zhou Dong Yu) who fosters a dream of becoming an outstanding producer. She aspires after a high-end producer (Luo Jin) and applies to become an intern at his production company. But his cold and unreasonable temper disappoints her. As her hopes diminish, she has an accident on live broadcast which leads to her losing her job and missing the time frame to submit her thesis. But it is the hero who jumps in to save the live broadcast and letting our heroine see another side to his personality. They slowly become closer, fighting side-by-side to overcome difficulties and eventually reaping the results of their hard labor and love.
It sounds….typical….. but with the charms of these two, maybe the drama will be more exciting in motion?


text:
Countryman Microphones Central to Spanish Fork Youth Theatre Productions
Spanish Fork, UT – May 2017…With its mission to enrich the quality of life in the community through broadened availability, collaboration, promotion, education, and increased appreciation of the cultural arts, the Spanish Fork Arts Council runs the Spanish Fork Youth Theatre, which operates year-round. Productions can have as many as 80 youths in a single show, so the ability to have robust microphones with excellent performance attributes capable of withstanding the constant deployment from one performer to another is crucial. This is precisely why E6 Earset microphones from Menlo Park, CA-based Countryman Associates are routinely used.
MountainCrest Communications ⋅ Published: May 15, 2017
Brent Harvey, operator of Pro Theater Systems LLC of Springville, UT, handles audio responsibilities at the Spanish Fork Youth Theatre. Harvey has worked in professional audio since 1988 with touring shows that house Broadway Across America (which brings Broadway shows to local theaters) and is also actively involved with corporate events and educational venues. Recently, he coordinated audio for the Spanish Fork Youth Theatre production of theWizard of Oz, where Countryman E6 microphones had an integral role in the show. Harvey discussed his fondness for the E6 Earset microphones.
"I've been using Countryman microphones for a good 10-plus years," Harvey reports. "For theWizard of Oz, we used eight E6 Earset mics with Shure ULX Series wireless systems. When using wireless microphones with a large cast of youth, there is always the challenge of not having enough microphones. With Countryman's E6, we can easily move the mics from one actor to another, which is no small task—given the time constraints of a show and the rough handling that frequently occurs as a result. The E6 provides a good secure fit that is easy to adjust, which makes the microphone comfortable to wear. Because of this, the talent is more comfortable and better able to focus on the show as opposed to being conscious of the microphone."
"With other microphones, we always had to use alcohol to clean the kids' skin, tape the mic to the face, and then be careful to prevent makeup or sweat getting into the mic," Harvey added. "Equally important, the Villa Theatre—where the performances took place—is domed and can easily act as a parabolic reflector, which frequently results in feedback. The Countryman E6, however, has great feedback rejection and this aspect of the microphones' performance characteristics helped tremendously."
Having worked with Countryman microphones for so many years, questions inevitably arise. When asked about his experience with Countryman's customer and technical support services, Harvey offered the following comments. "I find Countryman's customer service representatives very knowledgeable and thorough when it comes to taking care of my company," he said. "I met Chris Countryman at InfoComm a while back and told him about one of our E6 mic being stolen. He was very cordial and even offered to help us out."
As he prepared to turn his attention back to business matters, Harvey offered these final thoughts regarding his experience with Countryman's E6 Earset microphones, "I love the sound quality, the size, and the design of the E6. The ease of use and clarity of sound make using these mics a no brainer! They are, unquestionably, my favorite choice of wireless microphone for working with the Spanish Fork Youth Theater."
To learn more about the Spanish Fork Arts Council and the Spanish Fork Youth Theatre, go tohttp://www.spanishfork.org/dept/parkrec/arts/. To learn more about the services of Brent Harvey and Pro Theater Systems LLC of Springville, UT, contact him atbrent.pts@gmail.com.
About Countryman Associates
For more than 30 years, Countryman has focused on developing microphones and accessories that deliver maximum gain before feedback, with the highest possible rejection of wind, vibration, interference, and other unwanted sounds. The result is warm, clear vocals in speaking and singing applications, delivering natural audio reinforcement that requires almost no attention from the sound engineer or the performer. For additional information about Countryman Associates, visit the company online atwww.countryman.com.
Photo Information: Brent Harvey
MXL Microphones Genesis & Genesis II Tube Microphones: $100-$150 Mail-In Rebate
Countryman Phantom Power Supply to Debut at NAMM
Countryman Swings with 'In the Mood'
Norway's National Theatre Updates Mic Selection
Spanish Broadcaster Chooses DPA Vocal Mic
Future-Proofing SummerStage in Central Park
Reid Documents with Countryman
RCF Group to Acquire DPA Microphones


text:
mdigital » Electronic » Various - Helter Skelter - Friday April 29th 1994 Pack 3
Various - Helter Skelter - Friday April 29th 1994 Pack 3 download mp3 album
Various Drum_n_Bass Jungle Hardcore Breakbeat Happy_Hardcore 1994
Helter Skelter - Friday April 29th 1994 Pack 3
Drum n Bass, Jungle, Hardcore, Breakbeat, Happy Hardcore
AA XM MP2 AC3 ADX MP4 MOD
Helter Skelter Recordings – Friday 29th April 1994 Bank Holiday Extravaganza Pack 3. 형식: 4 Cassette, Mixed. After the success of last summers party's rated by many as the best of the year HELTER SKELTER return with the first of a planned series of all night party's throughout the UK. No two nights will be the same, each creating its own atmosphere, making them unique. So its time to wake up, come alive and emerge from the sleepy depths of sub-conciseness.
Recorded LIVE on Friday the 29th of April 1994 @ The Sanctuary Warehouse, Denbeigh Leisure, V7 Saxon Street, Bletchley Milton Keynes. More from OlD sKoOl RaVeRs UnItE!
Helter Skelter is the second studio album by The . released on January 23, 1996. This album was an attempt at making a comeback following the car crash which severely damaged his vocal cords. The name of the album is a reference to Charles Manson's idea of The Beatles' "Helter Skelter" prophesying the end of the world.
Helter Skelter" is a song by the English rock band the Beatles from their 1968 double album The Beatles (also known as "the White Album"). The song was a product of McCartney's attempt to create a sound as loud and dirty as possible. The Beatles' recording has been noted for its "proto-metal roar" and is considered by music historians to be a key influence in the early development of heavy metal
Various Artists : Helter Skelter Presents - United in Hardcore CD (2006)Title: Helter Skelter Presents - United in Hardcore Artist: Various Artists Genre: DanceCompilation Duration: 222 mins Format:. Helter skelter - decadance (hardcore 12 CD pack) 10 legendary years 1989-1999. Helter skelter - the ultimate dance selection. Recorded live on 25TH november 1994 @ the sanctuary music arena, milton keynes. A collection of 8 digitally remastered CD'S featuring dj's.
1994-04-29 - DJ Hype @ Helter Skelter, Sanctuary Music Arena, Milton Keynes. 1994-04-29 - Fabio @ Helter Skelter, Sanctuary Music Arena, Milton Keynes. 1994-04-29 - Ellis Dee @ Helter Skelter, Sanctuary Music Arena, Milton Keynes. 1994-04-29 - Randall @ Helter Skelter, Sanctuary Music Arena, Milton Keynes. 1994-04-29 - Mark EG @ Helter Skelter, Sanctuary Music Arena, Milton Keynes. 1994-04-29 - Dave Angel @ Helter Skelter, Sanctuary Music Arena, Milton Keynes. 1994-04-29 - The Music Maker @ Helter Skelter, Sanctuary Music Arena, Milton Keynes . 1994-03-18 - The DJ Producer @ Revelation, The Warehouse, Plymouth. 1994-04-29 - Kaos @ Helter Skelter, Sanctuary Music Arena, Milton Keynes. 1994-04-29 - DJ SS @ Helter Skelter, Sanctuary Music Arena, Milton Keynes.
Helter Skelter Productions is a underground record label supporting om and other. Although it's been five long years since DEATH WOLF's last album, the band should require little to no introduction. Begun by MARDUK's Morgan Håkansson. But, as is sometimes the case, the deadliest beasts need their slumber, and at long last does DEATH WOLF awaken with more raw blackened ferocity than ever with their fourth and strongest album to date IV: Come the Dark.
Helter Skelter is a song written by Paul McCartney and recorded by The Beatles on The White Album. It is considered one of the first Heavy Metal songs. Black Sabbath & Deep Purple both admit to being heavily inspired by this song.
MC1 Untitled
DJ Mix – DJ SS
DJ Mix – Hype*
DJ Mix – Swan-E
DJ Mix – Grooverider
Recorded Live At Helter Skelter on 29th April 1994 at The Sanctuary, Milton Keynes
Grooverider didn't end up playing at the event so the Grooverider tape in the pack was is from a 1991 Helter Skelter event.
Similar to Various - Helter Skelter - Friday April 29th 1994 Pack 3
Oasis - The Masterplan album mp3
Grooverider - Seduction Cassette - New Year 1994 Edition album mp3
Grooverider - Ruffneck Ting - Live At Lakota album mp3
Various - The Technodrome Selection album mp3
Various - Accelerated Culture - The Republic Of Bass 2K4 - Drum 'N Bass Awards (Vol. 21) album mp3
Oasis - Columbia album mp3
Blood Chalice - Sepulchral Chants of Self-Destruction album mp3
Wulkanaz - Paralys album mp3
Various - The Rave Story: The Complete 2016 & 2017 Collection album mp3
DJ Brisk Plus DJ Christian Featuring MC Cyanide - Helter Skelter At The Metro album mp3


text:
Juice WRLD Posthumously Releases "In My Head"
Juice WRLD has posthumously released a brand new single entitled "In My Head."
Clocking in at just a little over three minutes, the cut is produced by Tre Pounds, Max Lord and Sheldon Ferguson, and follows the previous single "Bye Bye" with Marshmello. "In My Head" also arrives with an accompanying music video directed and shot by Steve Cannon and Chris Long that remembers the artist for his dedication to his craft, the fun he had and just how much the world truly loved him.
This single marks the second standalone single from the late artist following the digital deluxe edition of Fighting Demons, which features guest appearances from Justin Bieber, Polo G, Trippie Redd and Suga and also served as a tie-in for the HBO documentary Juice WRLD: Into the Abyss.
Watch Juice WRLD's "In My Head" music video above.
Elsewhere in music, stream Rihanna's first new music since 2016.
Concepts Dishes Up Its Nike SB Dunk Low "Orange Lobster" in This Week's Best Footwear Drops
First Look at the adidas YEEZY BOOST 700 "Enflame Amber"
BBC presenter blasted for downplaying royal race row as an 'ill-judged blunder'
Todd is shocked by Laurence's big secret in new Corrie spoiler video
Kim Kardashian, Miranda Kerr, & More Stars Who Looked Incredible at the Tiffany & Co. Lock Collection Launch Party


text:
Gerard Way Reflects on David Bowie's 'Labyrinth': Flashback Friday
Fuse Staff
Although David Bowie's music has been some of the most influential of the past half-century, the late icon was also a pretty great actor—most notably in Labyrinth, Jim Henson's 1986 fantasy in which Bowie plays Jareth the Goblin King. In a 2006 chat with Fuse, Gerard Way expressed his unconditional love for Bowie and Labyrinth.
"Labyrinth the movie is actually kind of a security blanket for me," he says. "I bring it everywhere I go on tour, and whenever I get to watch it I watch it. It makes me feel like a kid, and it makes me not miss home so much."
Click here for more Bowie tributes from famous artists, and watch Anthrax's Scott Ian wax poetic about the power of Bowie in a new interview.
More David Bowie
The 20 Cutest & Kookiest Vinyl Releases in Music History
Spin Me Right Round
Cheat Codes Share Their Favorite Collaborations Ever: Curated Playlist
David Bowie's 'Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2' Cameo Role Revealed by James Gunn
Motörhead's Powerful Cover of David Bowie's 'Heroes' Has Vocals From The Late Lemmy
Watch Nine Inch Nails Debut Somber David Bowie Cover At First Show in Three Years
Stream Lorde's 'Melodrama' Album & Watch Her 'Fallon' Performance
New Music Fri.


text:
TV News 20 Online
February 23, 2004 12:00 am by Kaye Dallas
Consumer advocate Ralph Nader announced Sunday that he will make another bid for the White House, and join the race as an independent. Nader made his announcement on NBC's "Meet the Press." He said "it's time to change the equation and bring millions of American people into the political arena."
Nader claims he will mount a national campaign as an independent to highlight issues he said the major parties are ignoring, including universal health care, rising poverty and environmental concerns.
One thing is certain- Nader's entrance into the race presents problems for the business-as-usual Democratic contenders who are content believing that the liberal vote is in the bag.
To some, Nader serves as a ploy to pull the more liberal votes, which is normally given to the Democratic Party. He's only dividing the vote into thirds because as some put it, he does nothing during non-election years to promote changes.
To others, Nader gives voters a different option instead of choosing between the lesser of two evils. Ed Gillespie, chairman of the Republican Party said that Bush would win a second term no matter who runs.
Undoubtedly, Nader's entrance into the race will capture some swing and independent voters as it did during the 2000 election. That year, Nader proclaimed he decided to run to "send a message across the country."
Now political analysts are holding their breath to see exactly what his challenge of the "two party duopoly," as he puts it, is capable of when voters head to the polls in November.
As an advocate for a blue-green agenda, Nader's entrance will likely draw those who otherwise would not vote at all because of their discontent with modern big business, big promises politics.
As a grassroots organizer, his support base may take up where Howard Dean's campaign left off, influencing new and idealistic voters to stay involved in the political process as he draws attention to the prospect of a three-party system.
As an advocate for affirmative action, Nader may even pick up a few votes from members of the black community who would like to see anyone but Bush in the Oval Office, but lack faith in the promises of the leading Democratic Party candidates or wish to vote for a more progressive candidate.
If Democrats are serious about getting Bush out of the White House this year, Nader is not a candidate they can afford to take for granted.
Kaye Dallas and Meredith Clark for the editorial board.
Alexander, FAMU pay tribute to King's legacy 37 views
Counselors struggle to meet student demand 107 views
StudentUniverse Teases Black Friday/Cyber Monday Student Travel Deals
The Honor Society of Phi Kappa Phi to Install Chapter 356 at Florida Gulf Coast University
OVER 2 MILLION SNAPCHATTERS EXPLORE RUN FOR OFFICE WITH NEW CIVIC TOOL
Teens Demand More Resources for Their Mental Health; DoSomething.org and The Allstate Foundation Launch New Campaign to Empower Youth
DoSomething.org and National Foundation for Infectious Diseases Launch New Program to Educate Young People About Meningococcal Disease Prevention
Students at FAMU have heard about the cutting edge eye technology employed by LASIK Ft. Lauderdale eye centers to help improve eyesight. For FAMU students passionate about science and the eye, read more about the top LASIK eye centers in South Florida.
The Famuan


text:
General Register Office
From FIBIwiki
and some other sources of records from abroad.
Registration of births, marriage and deaths in England started in 1837. Copies of certificates can be obtained from the General Register Office (GRO). It was not compulsory to register a birth, marriage or death with the British authorities whilst you were abroad, but if the event was registered, then a certificate can be obtained from the GRO.
The General Register Office is a subsidiary of HM Passport Office, which in turn is an an agency of the Home Office.
Records originally held by the GRO may now be part of The National Archives. Those records classified as Non-Statutory were transmitted from the GRO to TNA in 1977,[1] where they have a National Archives catalogue reference, series RG. Some of the records in respect of military overseas births, marriages and deaths remain with the GRO. GRO documentation about the latter group of records is very brief. Some events are recorded in multiple places.
The GRO records are closed to the public.
The National Archives has produced a brief online research guide "Looking for records of a birth, marriage or death of a British national at sea or abroad", refer External links below.
1 Overseas records series RG
2 Other records at the National Archives
3 Military Overseas records for BMD
6.1 Historical books online
Overseas records series RG
These records are classified as Non Statutory Returns.
Contents details
Browse subsections
RG 32 General Register Office:
Miscellaneous Foreign Returns
1831-1969 Contents Browse
Foreign Registers and Returns
1627-1960 Contents Browse RG 33/90-113 contains some entries, mostly 20th century, from the Princely States Bikaner, Eastern Rajputana, Gwalior, Hyderabad, Jaipur, Madras States, Mysore, Punjab States and Trivandrum (index - RG 43/15).[2]
Miscellaneous Foreign Marriage Returns
Miscellaneous Foreign Death Returns
1830-1921 Contents Browse Some 19th and early 20th century deaths in French territories in India are in RG 35/16 and RG 35/20-44.
Registers and Returns
of Births, Marriages and Deaths
in the Protectorates etc of Africa and Asia
1895-1965 Contents Browse Includes records for Sarawak, Malaya (inc Johore & Selangor) and British North Borneo, commencing at varying dates.
Indexes to Miscellaneous Foreign Returns
1627-1960 Contents Browse Indexes to the non-statutory registers and returns in RG 32 to RG 34, and to certain Army and Statutory registers retained by the Registrar-General. Also appears to contain indexes to RG 35
These non statutory return records are available on the pay site Ancestry in the dataset UK, Foreign and Overseas Registers of British Subjects, 1627-1965 RG 32-36. You can also access the RG 32-36 records on BMD Registers , (free search but pay to view) which is run by TheGenealogist.co.uk, a pay website, where the records are also available as a subset of "Births, Marriages and Deaths"
Findmypast (pay to search) has at least some RG 32-36 images and indexes, (it is unclear whether these are a selection, or a complete series) and also GRO indexes for Consular Returns which are Statutory Returns, together with Consular Returns records from the Foreign Office (FO), together with other indexes in respect of military overseas BMD. The findmypast datasets are now incorporated into datasets called British Armed Forces and Overseas Births and Baptisms, Marriages, Deaths (3 datasets).[3] (Previously there were two separate series titled British Nationals Born Overseas... (3 datasets), and British Nationals Armed Forces Births... (3 datasets), change introduced 2018/01). There is also a fourth dataset "British Armed Forces and Overseas Browse"[4] where some, but not all record sets may be browsed. There are a number of ways to browse, including by country.
FamilyRelatives.com has free Overseas Indexes, including indexes for Consular Returns, and in respect of military overseas BMD. These are viewable, not searchable images, refer Chaplains Returns for details.
If you find a reference in the indexes to a record in one of the above non statutory returns, the following options are available to obtain a copy of the record:
Request a copy online from the GRO (see below). It is unclear whether this record will be an image of the original record, or a transcript.
View the returns on microfilm at the The National Archives, Kew, and arrange a print of the image if required.
View RG 32, RG 33, RG 34, RG 35 and RG 36 records online at Findmypast (noting the coverage may be incomplete), or Ancestry or BMD Registers which are all pay sites. (You may search for free for these records). The images may then be saved to your computer and/or printed.
If you find an GRO index reference for a Consular Return record, either on FamilyRelatives.com or Findmypast, to obtain a copy of the record, for Findmypast first check if there is an image available for an equivalent FO record (same database). If not, it it suggested, if you have convenient Ancestry access, you then check to see whether there is a record in the Ancestry database "UK, Registers of Births, Marriages and Deaths From British Consulates, 1810-1968, refer next section, as these appear to be equivalent records from the Foreign Office originating from the same source, and if not, you should request a copy online from the GRO (see below).
Other records at the National Archives
There are Foreign Office (FO) files at the National Archives such as Consular Returns containing copies of entries of birth or baptism, marriage and death or burial of British subjects, Copies of some of these Consular returns are also available at the London Metropolitan Archives, (previously the Guildhall Library), some of whose records have been microfilmed by FamilySearch.
Most of these records will also be found in the records available from the General Register Office, described above. There are, however, some registers at Kew from which the entries were not transmitted to the Registrar General.[1]
There are however, FO records such as cemetery files, which may not be available elsewhere.
Index records (with the possibility that some records may include an image) from some of the National Archives FO series are available in the Findmypast datasets described above, including some cemetery files.
Update: In April 2016, Ancestry introduced the database UK, Registers of Births, Marriages and Deaths From British Consulates, 1810-1968 consisting of various Foreign Office records. This database consists of a selection of specified Consular returns, not all Consular Returns.
There are some records in the military series WO 156 "War Office: UK and overseas garrisons: Registers of Baptisms, Confirmations, Deaths/Burials, and Marriage".
Some of the Registers of burials, described as "Selected pieces from the National Archives WO 156/103-122'" have been digitised and are available on the pay website "deceased online", refer below.
Index records (with the possibility that some records may include an image) from some of the National Archives series WO 156 are available in the Findmypast datasets described above. The overseas records appear to be WO 156/106 Cyprus burials; WO 107-110 Egypt burials; WO 156/111-117, 121-122 Malta burials; WO 156/119 Singapore burials; WO 156/594-595 Malta baptisms & marriages; WO 156/596-598 Malta baptisms.
TNA record series Division within CO Government gazettes from the colonies 1794-1990. Also includes mandated territories such as Iraq, CO 813 1921-1955, and Palestine, CO 742 1919-1948, although Egypt is not included. These Government Gazettes, known as Blue Books often contained occupational details, although sometimes a Civil List was issued as a separate publication. As an example see Hong Kong or Ceylon where some of these publications are available online.
Military Overseas records for BMD
See Chaplains Returns.
England and Wales census records. See Census and British Army Records
FamilySearch contains a database "World Miscellaneous", in addition to records for individual countries. See IGI. You must be signed in to FamilySearch to view records.
See Society of Genealogists for overseas records from various sources. An archived webpage c March 2013 lists some of the Overseas records which were held at that time. Search the online catalogue for current holdings.
Ancestry database "England, Andrews Newspaper Index Cards, 1790-1976",[5] part of Newspapers and Periodicals. Original data from the Andrews Collection. Institute of Heraldic and Genealogical Studies, Canterbury, Kent, England. Includes overseas information including BMDs and filings under the Colonial Probates Act of 1892 (which recognized probates from courts in British possessions).
Ancestry Card Catalogue of all Record Databases (located as an option under the Search tab). Search by name of country.
Birth, marriage and death notices in Newspapers and Journals. See Newspapers and journals online and links included on that page. including Newspapers. An example is The London and China Telegraph, published in London, available online from 1860 to 1875, which included notices in respect of China, and the general area east of India, but a few deaths were noticed for India, and one noticed for Alexandria.
The Lambeth Palace Library, London, the principal repository of the documentary history of the Church of England, holds some limited overseas registers and transcripts including Mesopotamia (Iraq), Sudan, China as set out on pages 5-6 of "Lambeth Palace Library Research Guide Sources for Family History and Genealogy". Some/all? the records for China are available on FamilySearch microfilm, catalogue entries A, B and C, however only the first is available as digitised microfilm (restricted to FamilySearch Centres and FS affiliate libraries) and the other two must be viewed as microfilm, either at the Family History Library in Salt Lake City, or the second at the Society of Genealogists in London.
The records for Mesopotamia include
MS 2503-2507 Registers of St. Peter's church, Basra 1934-1968. MS 2669-2676 Registers for Mesopotamia (Iraq) 1883-1972, which in turn includes MS 2669 General register of baptisms in Mesopotamia, 1916-22, and in St. George's church, Baghdad, 1922-8. C.M.S. and civil chaplaincy baptisms are entered from 1921, and Royal Air Force baptisms from 1926; MS 2672 General register of marriages in Mesopotamia (including Baghdad), 1917-1928. Civil marriages are registered from 1922.
For some death records for Baghdad, Iraq/Mesopotamia 1921-1937, see External links below.
There are some overseas records at the London Metropolitan Archives.
See Cemeteries for websites including BACSA, Commonwealth War Graves Commission, Find A Grave, BillionGraves.
Records at the General Register Office and The National Archives for Statutory Returns, including Consular Returns, and all the records covered by the GRO Indexes, may not include records of persons originating from Scotland and Ireland, and records must be looked for in Scotland and Ireland. For more details, see the FamilySearch Wiki article below. Online sources include ScotlandsPeople, see Scotland.
Order a certificate online from the GRO. This is the only GRO website. Once you are logged in, it is now (introduced November 2016) possible to search for GRO Historic Birth and Death Index References through the website. "... the new GRO indexes enable researchers to click through from their findings and make purchases on the same platform. Crucially, the birth index also provides mothers' maiden names for the full range of entries. In other online indexes, it is only possible for researchers see these details for births registered from July 1911 onwards.[6]
Note: If you do not supply the GRO Index Reference, the certificate will cost more, and may take longer to be sent. The cheaper PDF format is not available for Forces or Overseas Records, or UK marriages.
Contact details for the GRO on Gov.uk, including email address for queries about certificates and advice to include 'GQ' in the subject of your email.
Additional email address for "General Register Office Enquiry" current 2020/06 [email protected]
Searching for overseas records Archived website GRO.gov.uk January 2006
Research your family history using the General Register Office from Gov.uk. Includes main locations in England "and other locations" which includes locations within, and outside of the UK, where GRO Indexes may be viewed in person, including the British Library, noting holders of GRO Indexes may only have partial sets.
Also includes details of two sources for online GRO references for England and Wales births and deaths. The differences between these two sources, sometimes referred to as the new, and old, GRO Indexes, is explained in Understanding how the GRO's indexes [for England and Wales] were compiled (if necessary scroll down) Lost Cousins Newsletter - 7th January 2019.
findmypast. Refer Overseas records series RG, above. Previously there was a dataset called "British Overseas Marriages" 1818-2005, which were transcriptions only, elsewhere [7] stated to be from records at the Society of Genealogists. Noted were records from the Cape of Good Hope, Malta, Turkey etc., in addition to records from St John's Church, Calcutta. These records appeared to be very limited in detail, those looked at only stated the year of marriage, and did not state the spouse name. However, this dataset no longer appears in the list of datasets under this name, and may have been incorporated into the larger database.
GRO Wikipedia
British Births, Marriages and Deaths Overseas FamilySearch Wiki. Based on three articles by Anthony Camp, formerly Director of Society of Genealogists, in Family Tree Magazine [UK] in July, August and October 2000, and probably available at the British Library UIN: BLL01008526371
Sources for the British Overseas in the GRO, TNA, Guildhall, SoG Library by Else Churchill. Images, but minimal text, one of a series of 2013 presentations. sog.org.uk. Images of actual records available.
Fact Sheet: The British in India from the now closed Family Records Centre which was run jointly by the GRO and the National Archives. familyrecords.gov.uk, now archived. The records from the Family Records Centre are now divided between the two mentioned organisations.
The National Archives brief guide Looking for records of a birth, marriage or death at sea or abroad
Levantine Heritage: Registers levantineheritage.com. Retrieved 2 October 2014. The term "Levantines" designates primarily those Europeans and Americans who settled in the Levant - a region generally conterminous with the Ottoman Empire - from the early 17th century until 1923.
FamilySearch catalogue entry microfilm 1999050, items 8-9, Church of England Parish registers and notes, 1763-1959: Izmir, previously Smyrna, Turkey, from the London Metropolitan Archives (previously Guildhall Library).
Egypt had compulsory civil registration for births and deaths from 1912 for all, including foreigners. [8] Egypt Genealogy FamilySearch Wiki.
Also see a reference to Egyptian Garrisons, on the Fibiwiki page Chaplains Returns, in a description of records from Regimental Registers which have never been indexed.
Egyptian Government Website (English Language version)
Electronic Services/Subjects/ Personal document services. Note however the links within the latter are not "active", they do not lead anywhere (at 2020/08/22). Elsewhere it has been stated that the application for BMDs is in Arabic. Perhaps you could contact your Embassy for advice.
Baghdad, Iraq. Burials at Hinaidi RAF Cemetery, (now Ma'Asker Al Raschid RAF Cemetery): Searchable Database of 299 Graves from 1921-1937. 196 of the 299 graves are for Royal Air Force casualties from eight RAF squadrons. There are also 71 graves for British Army personnel, 2 Royal Navy and 30 civilian. There are additional internal links about the cemetery. 6 Squadron, Books & Early Military Aviation website.
deceased online, a website which is free to search but pay to view, has some records for military burials in Malta, also Egypt and Cyprus. For more details, from the deceased online Home Page, select Coverage and scroll down to " "The National Archives - Military Burials" date added: 12 Dec 2013". Includes records from the National Archives series ADM 6, ADM 73, ADM 305 and WO 156. At least some of these records are also available on Findmypast, refer above.
Malta Family History, now an archived website. Includes data for births, marriages and burials. Also includes data about other areas such as the Ionian Islands, including Corfu and has a section called "Other Mediterranean Cemeteries" which includes Gibraltar and Smyrna, Turkey. The Smyrna database also includes baptisms and marriages (1795 – 1832). Although this site is now archived, most/all of the internal links appear to be available. Note there are two Index pages, the first Index page is linked from the Home Page, and the second Index page is linked from the first Index page.
There is also some information about deaths, including some photographs of grave inscriptions, and also baptisms and marriages, scattered through the regimental pages on British Army Medical Services and the Malta Garrison 1799 – 1979. Includes a website Search.
Details of Malta Registers at The National Archives and Registers in Class ADM. Includes B, M, B. (Note: (selected) burials are now available online, refer above). Alan McGowan's "Garrison Church Registers", now an archived website.
Pieta Military Cemetery [Malta]findagrave.com. Memorials from the cemetery, almost completely photographed.
Malta Public Registry The Public Registry was set up on the 3rd August 1889 although the records date back to 1863. Records kept at the Public Registry include births, marriages and deaths. Transcript copies are available for a fee, and can be ordered online. Government of Malta website.
Links to FamilySearch page Indexed Historical Records: Malta and catalogue entries for microfilms and digitised microfilms relating to Malta, some available on your home computer. Also additional microfilms for Gozo, not currently included in the Search result. You must be signed in to FamilySearch to view records.
Gibraltar National Archives now has a Search facility for free transcriptions of Military Births, Deaths and Marriages in Gibraltar 1869-1914, based on records from the Gibraltar Civil Register office. Note a previous comment that a certificate obtained in Gibraltar, from the Registrar of Births and Deaths of Gibraltar, contained additional information to the certificate obtained from the GRO [9]. There is also a Search for Gibraltar Inhabitants 1704-1914, based on transcriptions of Census data.
FamilySearch has some Civil registration digitised images, see below in the Family Search item.
Civil Status and Registration Office, Government of Gibraltar
British Overseas Territories/select Gibraltar from Ireland & United KingdomGenWeb, now an archived website. Select Articles/ 'Cemetery Records' for burial records from King's Chapel (Witham's Cemetery). Where an occupation is shown, the burials appear to be of British Army soldiers, and seamen. Select 'Military Records' for transcriptions by Donald Brett[10] of the Gibraltar Indexes for the Chaplains Returns for Deaths and Marriages (to 1880). The Gibraltar Chaplains Returns Indexes for Births have been transcribed separately by Donald Brett: rootschat.com download - depending on your browser, you may need to locate this in your downloads folder. (Full records, in respect of these Index records, are available at the GRO).
Indexed Historical Records: Gibraltar. FamilySearch. You must be signed in to FamilySearch to view records. In addition, or possibly included in the previous group of indexed records, FamilySearch has a catalogue entry Civil registration, 1848-1990 from the "Registry of Births, Marriages and Deaths in Gibraltar" , with most of the records viewable on your home computer. Includes Card Indexes. Also a catalogue entry Anglican Chaplaincy, Gibraltar, christenings, 1807- 1812 Microfilm 883701 and a similar entry for marriages. These records have been transcribed and may be browsed by using "Batch Number" C-89999-1 and M-89999-1 in the "Search Historical Records" on the FamilySearch website. In addition there are some Gibraltar Baptisms 1704- 1876 index records, at least some/(all?) of which are Roman Catholic records transcribed from microfilm 1729828. Also Gibraltar Marriages, 1879-1918 index records, at least some/(all?) of which are Roman Catholic records transcribed from microfilm 1738755. There are also microfilms for Roman Catholic records available for additional periods, and also for burials, catalogue entry.
See the Fibiwiki page FamilySearch Centres for information about microfilms and digitised microfilms.
findmypast includes a group of records from Gibraltar, some baptisms, marriages and burials from St Andrew's Kirk, which appear to be related to the military, or seamen, and some marriage indexes supplied by FamilySearch. From the Search, select A-Z of record sets, then use Search term Gibraltar to locate the record databases.
Trace and tell your family's Empire stories with links to pages "Government Records of Britons in … " including
Government Records of Britons in Cyprus, Cyprus was part of the Empire between 1878 and 1960. Includes reference to Cyprus Gazettes dating from 1878-1965 in the National Archives, Kew reference series CO 70.
Editions of the Cyprus Gazette and the Cyprus Blue Book appear to be available online from cypruslibrary.moec.gov.cy Ministry of Education and Culture, although a sample download was so slow to load that the attempt was terminated.
Government Records of Britons in Egypt. Egypt was part of the Empire between 1914 and 1922.
These pages c 2008 are from the archived website "Empire's Children", a website connected with the 2007 Channel 4 television series of the same name. Note, some of the information may now be outdated. Many of the internal links have not been archived.
There is a "Resources" chapter in the book Empire's Children: Trace Your Family History Across the World by Anton Gill 2007, available at the British Library UIN: BLL01013623894 . This book accompanied the television series Empire's Children.
Historical books online
"Monumental Inscriptions of the British Cemeteries in the Ionian Islands" by Ortho Alexander, British Consul, pages 13, 71, 110, 146, 320 Miscellanea genealogica et heraldica, Volume II, Fourth Series 1908. Many Army and Navy entries. Archive.org
"Monumental Inscriptions in the English Cemetery in Ithaca" [Greek island] by Arthur F G Leveson Gower page 177 Miscellanea genealogica et heraldica Volume V Fourth Series 1914. Mainly military related. Archive.org
The Msida Bastion cemetery , Malta : a brief history of the Msida Bastion cemetery and the research conducted by R. G. Kirkpatrick prepared and edited by James Cannon 1990. Includes military and seamen records. FamilySearch Digital Library. You need to sign in to FS to view the book.
Comments about "The registers of Persons Baptised etc Abroad: [mainly Europe]" page 240 Registrum ecclesiae parochialis : the history of parish registers in England : also of the registers of Scotland, Ireland, the East and West Indies... by John Southerden Burn 2nd edition 1862 Archive.org.
↑ 1.0 1.1 "British Births, Marriages and Deaths Overseas" FamilySearch Wiki, see External links above.
↑ "Fact Sheet: The British in India" from the now closed Family Records Centre, see External links above.
↑ British Armed Forces and Overseas Births and Baptisms; British Armed Forces and Overseas Banns and Marriages; British Armed Forces and Overseas Deaths and Burials Findmypast.
↑ British Armed Forces and Overseas Browse Findmypast.
↑ "England, Andrews Newspaper Index Cards, 1790-1976" Ancestry database.
↑ "GRO launches new digital services" by jonbauckham, 4 November 2016 whodoyouthinkyouaremagazine.com, now archived.
↑ W., Hugh Genealoge September 06, 2008. Retrieved 8 January 2015
↑ "The Development of the Vital Statistics System in Egypt" by Gamal Askar January 1981.
↑ aitch2o. "Info ommitted from GRO supplied birth cert" Who Do You Think You Are? Forum 21 November 2015, and later posts. Now no longer available http://www.whodoyouthinkyouaremagazine.com/forum/topic12548.html
↑ Gibraltar WorldGenWeb Project, now an archived webpage
Retrieved from "https://wiki.fibis.org/index.php?title=General_Register_Office&oldid=85088"


text:
Expanding the Franchise
A crowd of people sitting. Image source: COD Newsroom / Flickr. Licensed by CC by NC-2.0.
Felon Disenfranchisement
Dwayne Betts (Yale University)
Dwayne Betts (Yale University) was only a teenager when he was convicted of carjacking and sentenced to 9 years in prison. Today, he's an acclaimed poet and PhD candidate at Yale Law School. He recounts his inspiring story and brings attention to one of the biggest civil rights issues of our time: felon disenfranchisement.
Immigrant Voting
Ron Hayduk (San Francisco State University)
Think immigrant voting is un-American? Think again. Ron Hayduk says it's as American as apple pie.
Rebecca DeSchweinitz (Brigham Young University)
Rebecca DeSchweinitz explains how the Vote 18 movement led to the Twenty-Sixth Amendment, lowering the voting age from 21 to 18 in 1971.
This program was funded by the "Why it Matters: Civic and Electoral Participation" initiative, administered by the Federation of State Humanities Councils and funded by The Andrew W. Mellon Foundation.
Civics • Government, Politics, Racism, Social Justice • Brigham Young University, San Francisco State University, Yale University
21.01.30 Expanding The Franchise Hour.wav Expanding the Franchise Transcript SM Sarah McConnell AS Audio Sample DB Dwyne Betts RH Ron Hayduk RD Rebecca DeSchweinitz [00:00:00] SM The United States locks up more of its citizens than any other country in the developed world, and many of them are denied the right to vote after they've served their time. While some states have recently extended voting rights to former felons, the problem remains widespread. Take Florida, for example. In 2019, Florida passed an Amendment that restored voting rights to one and a half million previously convicted felons. Afterwards, Reverend Greg James, a former felon himself, gave a speech at the state capitol to celebrate the occasion. AS We believe that Amendment 4 is the beginning to more that is to come. All right! We're honored to be able to vote. Yes. We don't - we don't want to vote and stay in ruin. The right to vote will not meet all of our needs as returning citizens. It's going to take more and we hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal and they are endowed by their creator with certain rights among us as life. SM But the celebration was short lived. Soon after, Florida lawmakers passed new voting barriers for former felons. AS You know, places like Florida where they passed Amendment 4 to get a vote rights back to people who were convicted felons. Then they have just since made it difficult, because they've been like, "well, you can have your voting rights back, but you also have to pay all your fines and fees". And all of that has made it impossible for a lot of people to get their voting rights back. SM From Virginia Humanities, this is With Good Reason. I'm Sarah McConnell. Today on the show, felon disenfranchisement. In the 2012 presidential election, over five million Americans were ineligible to vote due to a prior felony conviction. Dwayne Betts is an acclaimed poet, accomplished attorney, and former felon. He says felon disenfranchisement is one of the biggest civil rights issues of our time. Dwayne is the director of the Million Book Project and author of the poetry collection "Felon". He joined me in partnership with the Virginia Festival of the book. Dwayne, back in the 1990s, when you were 16 years old, you were sentenced to eight years in prison for carjacking. Do you remember that day? Why did you do it? What had happened? DB Yeah, I remember. I think people obsess over questions of why? Because if - if we have an answer that satisfies them, then they don't have to fear that it'll happen again. But every answer sounds like an excuse. You know, I did it because I was young and I was reckless and it was in the realm of possibility for things that a teenager might do growing up where I grew up, when I grew up. And I mean, that's not a good answer. That doesn't say, "Okay, you just pointed out the thing that I could fix to make sure it doesn't happen again", except I think I did. You know, we create conditions in a society where that's no longer in the realm of possibility. I was 16 years old and a lot of stuff I'd never, ever been exposed to. And it's not to say that most people in my neighborhood was engaging in that kind of violence. Most people weren't. I just stepped out there and made a horrendous mistake that, you know, it was bound to be a thing that I would spend the rest of my life thinking about. SM Although you were only 16, you were tried as an adult and sent to an adult maximum-security prison. Tell me what the judge said to you right before he gave you the, what was it, eight or nine years in adult prison? Yeah, he sentenced me for nine years. And it's interesting because in my head, I always remember it as something that he said before he sentenced me; "I am under no illusion that sending you to prison will help. But you could get something out of it if you want". And I thought he said that before he sentenced me, but he actually said it after he sentenced me. And I'm not sure what I feel about him, beyond the fact that in some ways we are all sort of creatures of community that we live in and of course, that we are part of. And I think the real test and measure of who we are, the degree to which we're willing to go against the grain. It matters that might have great import, because I honestly don't think he seriously thought about what it meant to send somebody my age, my size, my relative lack of experience with the street, not living in a state that I committed my crime in. Like sending me to prison wasn't a question of what would it mean for me going forward? You know, we don't recon with it. How should we judge people who we put in positions to make those kinds of decisions? And they just make the regular decision that everybody else made. And I'm not trying to act like, you know, he should have did this or I he should've did that, I'm just asking myself if I was a prosecutor, if I was a judge, if I had real authority to make those kind of decisions, what would I do, confronted with the kind of violence that I brought into the court? And it - it's a hard question, you know. SM Why'd he send you to adult prison? You were 16. DB I committed a carjacking. And so back then, if you commit a certain crime, you were automatically tried as an adult, depending on the state carjacking, robbery and murder. And so it was this sort of automatic decision. I mean, the prosecutor probably didn't even have, you know, much ability to make a different decision. SM You spent time in the solitary units of five different prisons, including a Virginia prison that's meant to house the worst of the worst: Red Onion Supermax State Prison in Wise County, Virginia. You were hardly the worst of the worst. Why'd they send you there? DB I'm not sure what. Well, I mean, I know what he sent me there. They sent me there because the way they measured the worst of the worst wasn't in some sort of factual account of every individual that was in the system. They had a point system. And at the time, if you were a juvenile, if you were under the age of 18, that was considered an aggravating factor. So, you got more points for being younger. And then if you had a violent crime, you got more points. So, you know, it was really just a consequence of bad math. They had me sent to Red Onion State Prison and I was actually transferred away from there three months later, maybe four months later. And it was such a joyous occasion to be leaving Red Onion, even though the place I was going to wasn't much better. It just - it was just a lot of stress. SM A few years ago, you wrote an essay about your time in solitary confinement called "Only Once, I Thought About Suicide", would you read a little from that essay? DB Yeah sure, let me see if I can find it. Okay, here we go. When I was 16 years old, I had only been in general population at the Fairfax County jail for a few days, the 10-person block where I was assigned seemed like a scene from "Blood in Blood out" or "The Shawshank Redemption". I wanted out and asked to be moved, arguing that the frequent lockdowns kept me from attending school. They call that writing yourself off the block. It was a coward's move, what men who couldn't protect themselves did. When a deputy came and informed me that I was being moved to a different unit, I balked. But this time, I'd lost my earlier fears, and feared more the stigma that would come from writing yourself off the block. In the hierarchy of shame, only checking into protective custody trumped asking to be moved from one block to another out of fear. The deputy threatened to put me in a hole if I did not move. I touched his arm, as are a childhood gesture. I was trying to say: I will move. No need for handcuffs. But before I could speak, he slammed me against a brick wall. Handcuffed me. Dragged me to a cell in a hole for assaulting an officer. They tossed me in a cell with a door so thick that no sound escaped. I was sixteen years old. Each morning they took my mattress from me so that I could not sleep during the day. How do I explain this? Each day, I lost a little bit of what made me want to be free. I've never told this story. Those were the longest days of my sentence. One afternoon, in a fit of panic, I slammed my right fist against the wall. I fractured my pinky. I thought about suicide. I almost disappeared. SM Help me understand how horrifying solitary confinement is, why it is so much worse than an ordinary jail cell. DB I don't know if it's so much worse than an ordinary jail cell. It depends on who you are, depends on what you fear. It depends on how well you deal with solitude, and I think sometimes we talk about prison and these kind of gross generalizations. I mean, I was quite at home frequently in a hole, and my mom was probably happy that I was in a hole a lot, because - least at first, you know, she was happy that I was safe. So I think you learn how to be and it just depends on who you are. But you can lose yourself in the silence and you can lose yourself in that utter and complete lack of freedom. I think the worst part about prison is that there's a situation where solitary could be deemed as an appropriate response to the general violence and chaos that goes on in the penitentiary. I mean, it was rough, you know, and I was young, 16. Imagine having like a six-by-nine-foot cell, that's like a pair of handcuffs that are around your neck as opposed to your wrists. SM Of your eight years, how - how long did you spend in solitary? DB Off and on? Probably a year and a half. Six months here, six months there. SM And typically you get put into solitary for what? Making a guard angry? DB It depends. I mean, some people get put in solitary because they've assaulted other prisoners. Put into solitary because they've assaulted guards, put in solitary because you've been caught with contraband. I mean, you know, it's like jail within a jail. And some - some guards, some people who have a bit of control over others, you know, put you in a hole for nothing. And I went to the hole frequently for nothing. But, you know, sometimes - sometimes I think people have behaved in a way to make them a threat to the institution, and the problem is that there is no way right now to manage that. SM You got out of prison in 2005 and your life has been the very embodiment of redemption. You went from prison to Yale Law School. But lots of formerly incarcerated people have trouble reentering society. Was it also hard for you? DB I would say that society often makes it troubling, or nearly impossible for people who have criminal records to reach their full potential. And yeah I mean, I had my challenges. Everybody - everybody who did a bit, came home, tried to sort of work in mainstream society, has had those challenges. Challenges getting an apartment, challenges getting the job, you know, challenges going to college. I had all of those challenges, but I probably tend to downplay them because, you know, having a lot of successes, it still seems like you're just complaining when you point out that job you didn't get because you got a criminal record, or you point out that scholarship you didn't get because you got a criminal record. SM In your collection, your poetry collection called "Felon", I think your poem, "Ghazal", captures how difficult life after prison can be. Do you mind reading a passage from "Ghazal"? DB Sure, I'll read a few couplets. SM And I'm pronouncing it that way, but it's spelled g-h-a-z-a-l. DB Yes, it's sort of more guttural, ghazal or like "hatzal". SM And what does that mean? What's that word from? DB It's a Persian word and it's just a poetic form. And I think less than what it means, more important is what it means in terms of the poem. And so you hear it, it's written in couplets and each couplet is meant to be almost like a string of pearls. Where each pearl has its own beauty, but strung together, the beauty intensifies. And in this case, you have a repeating line. So in this poem it's "after prison". And the first couplet, after prison is the last two words of each line. And then in every subsequent couplet, it's the word before "after prison" that always rhymes. So in this poem it's expected, suspect, dialect, reflect, reject, wrecked, effect. And so when you hear it, you should start to like hit a rhyme and notice the rhyme. There's a sort of beauty, I think, in it. And then in Persia and other places in southeast India, the poem becomes a kind of song in a popular song. So a lot of other languages are more rhyme rich than English anyway. And so it was a bit of a challenge to write it in English. But it's - it's a welcome challenge, I think, because it leads to really unexpected combinations of words and sounds. But I'll read it. Name a song that tells a man what to expect after prison; Explains Occam's razor: you're still a suspect after prison. Titus Kaphar painted my portrait, then dipped it in black tar. He knows redaction is a dialect after prison. From inside a cell, the night sky isn't the measure -- that's why it's prison's vastness your eyes reflect after prison. My lover don't believe in my sadness. She says whiskey, not time, is what left me wrecked after prison. Ruth, Papermaker, take these tattered gray sweats. Make paper of my bid: a past I won't reject after prison. You have come so far, Beloved, & for what, another song? They sing. Shahid you're loved, not shipwrecked, after prison. SM I love the way you read it, and that you had explained to me the format that I can follow, it's powerful. DB Yeah, no it's cool. Another piece of it is - is like you sign, you sign every ghazul, with your name. And in prison, everybody called me Shahid. So that's why. Because these things go on forever and they would battle. You know, sometimes they battle in court, you know. But you have two musicians, two poets battling with the ghazul, and it's like how inventive and interesting can you be with language? And then a question will always be, well, when is a person finished? And they would be finished when they sign it. So I've written a lot of these and every time I write one, I sort of sign it, Shahid. SM Why that name? Why were you given that one? DB I gave it to myself. It means witness. It means witness and I thought, you know, I'm in prison, what am I doing. If nothing else, I'm a I'm here to be a witness, you know. SM Tell me about voting after prison. Did you ever care? I mean, when did you first notice - I can, I can't vote? DB I always cared - and I can vote, though. I mean, I always cared, I always knew in Virginia, you couldn't vote. And it just depends on what state you live in. And in fact, I know - in Maryland, you can vote if you out and you - and you're sorta off papers, off probation. And what was fascinating to me was that, you know, they let me off early, off probation early. And so since I was released from probation early, you know, I was able to vote in 2008, but I knew I would be able to vote living in Maryland once, you know, I finished my total sentence, including the time of probation. But I always felt like it was significant because I also recognized that had I stayed in Virginia; I would have had to get my voting rights back. And at that point, it was really challenging. The governors of Virginia weren't doing it with any frequency. Now it's pretty streamlined and I've actually got my voting rights back in Virginia, too, even though I don't live there. I just wanted you know, I wanted all my rights back wherever they were taken. SM How much of a problem is it that some states still block felons from getting their voting rights back? DB I think it's a - it's an immense problem. I mean, you know, your voice is the way that you can actively participate in the democratic process. And so if you can't vote, I think you - you're sort of denied full participation. So I think it's immensely significant and an important thing that needs to be corrected. SM Can you describe some of the differences state to state? Or name one that's particularly egregious? DB So I - there's been a lot of change though. There's been a lot of change over the past few years. But, you know, one that would jump out - so you could see a state like Maine, where you could vote even if you're locked up. But then you recognize that Maryland, you used to have to be off of papers to vote, but now you can still - you can vote while you're on probation, as long as you aren't in prison. In Connecticut, you can vote as long as you're free and you're not on probation. And all of these places, if you get your rights restored, you go vote no matter what context you're in - if you're out and you're on papers or not. Virginia has made it far easier, you know, you can just do a online application and it's pretty streamlined, if you're just trying to get your voting rights back. But, you know, places like Florida where they passed Amendment 4 to get the voting rights back to people who were convicted felons, then they have just since made that difficult. Because they've been like, well, you can have your voting rights back, but you also have to pay all your fines and fees. And all of that has made it impossible for a lot of people to get their voting rights back, because oftentimes you aren't even aware what fines and fees you owe. And so then they're just setting up a situation where if you vote and they find out you did have fines of fees, you were voting illegally, so they could give you a charge. So it's - I think it's - it's, you know, 50 states and there have been 50 state surveys done on this. So, I mean, I think doing the research on it is well worth it, the research for your own state. But having a sense of what it looks like across the states, I think it's really worth it too. And can be discovered just by doing a little bit of research with, you know, like the ACLU, different voting rights projects that exist across the country. Beautiful thing about it is just you could Google "voting rights projects" and get all of the information that you need. SM And there are lots of felonies that - that aren't particularly dangerous, right? DB Yeah, but I don't - I mean, I don't know if that matters, because then you get in a situation where you say, well, yeah, so Dwayne has a carjacking, so he definitely shouldn't be able to vote. But this other person who just embezzled family knowledge should be able to vote. I think the reality is that one measure should be, you did your time, and you should be able to vote. Another measure might be, you are a citizen in this country so you should be able to vote independent of whether or not you're incarcerated. I think there's different ways to think about it, but the one way that we should never think about it is somehow trying to connect the right to fully participate in democracy based on your personal conduct. SM You actually did vote in 2008 and there is a poem about it in your poetry collection "Felon". Would you read the poem "On Voting for Barack Obama with a Nat Turner T-shirt On?". DB Ah, yeah. You voted for Barack Obama with a Nat Turner T-shirt on. Knowing a ballot has never been a measure of forgiveness. In prison, people don't even talk about voting, about elections, not really, not the dudes you remember, cause wasn't nobody Black running no way. But your freedom hit just in time to see this brother high-stepping with the burden. He, some kind of albatross, confessing to knowing people like you. & you are free, you are what they call out & off papers & living in a state where you can cast a ballot. In prison, you listened to the ballot or the bullet & imagined that neither was for you, having filled with the pistol & expecting the ballot to be denied. But nah, you found free & in line notice that this is not unlike the first time you and the woman you marry got naked & sweated & moaned & shared a room not belonging to either of you. That lady is with you now & a kid is in your arms, & you are wearing a Nat Turner T-shirt as if to make a statement at your mom's cookout. Everyone around you is Black, & you know that your first ballot will be cast for a Black man in America while holding a Black baby. Name a dream more American than that, especially with your three felonies serving as beacons to alert anybody of your reckless yesterday's. That woman beside you was the kind of thing fools don't even dream about in prison, she lets you hold your boy while voting, as if the vote makes you & him more free. Sometimes, it's just luck. Just have having moved to the right state after the cell doors stopped clancking behind you. The son in the arms of the man was mine, & the arms of the man belonged to me, & I wore that Nat Turner T-shirt like a flag, brown against my brown skin. SM She let you hold your boy while voting, as if the voting makes you and him more free? DB Yeah, well, you know, I think we all think about the legacies that we walk into in this country. And I think voting is a legacy of freedom. And we often talk about Black folks and Black fathers, well not often, but sometimes the media likes to talk about Black fatherhood as a vehicle to pass on a bunch of trauma, you know, and harm. And I think in that poem, I was capturing this notion that there's moment for a lot of other things, too. SM Now that you are a practicing attorney and currently seeking a Ph.D. in law at Yale, are you doing any work to help previously convicted felons know their voting rights and gain the right to vote? DB I started a project and I mean, I got a grant from the Mellon Foundation called The Million Book Project. And I am the director and a founder of The Million Book Project and it's housed at the Yale Law School and the Justice Collaboratory. So, you know, most of my work right now is focused on that. And it's all sort of tangential to the idea of voting rights, and the idea of voting is tangential, but it's absolutely pertinent because the project is premised on the notion that freedom begins with a book. And literacy is a conduit to access to opportunities, access to information, you know, understanding the significance and importance of voting is frequently baked into the stories that we tell ourselves and the stories that we've been told. As an attorney, I work on a lot of parole cases, specifically trying to help people get out of prison. But all of that is baked into what motivates somebody to have a desire to vote, I think. SM Not being able to exercise the right to vote after you do your time is horrible for everyone. But the reality is that most of those in jail or prison or who've been previously convicted of a felony are people of color. Do you think not giving the right to vote to people who've done their time is a huge civil rights issue right now? DB I think it's - I think it's always a civil rights issue. Of course, I think - you know, again, voting matters, and when you start disenfranchising folks, they lack agency and opportunity to influence the system and you look at what's going on right now. Elections have been uniquely important. It has been very, very high voter turnout. That shows the significance of the vote in this moment. And some people are boxed out of that turnout out because they have criminal convictions, felony convictions. So, yeah, I think it's a huge civil rights issue in the moment. Particularly when it's also a moment that we're acknowledging mass incarceration and the harsh effects of mass incarceration and an overreliance of incarceration. You know, to take seriously what those collateral consequences do. And voting is the one that we should all be able to like, name, because it is the one that affects who is elected to actually change things that need to be changed. So, you know, you can't have a - you know, a lobbyist that's working on your rights, when you essentially don't have the right to vote. SM What do you think this idea that we deny voting rights to so many felons in America says about the state of democracy in our country? DB And I don't know if he says anything about the state of democracy in our country. I mean, we all have a role in sustaining or subverting this thing that we call democracy. And I just think is a persistent legacy of disenfranchisement that Black folks in America have been dealing with. And, you know, in some ways, rightly, people hold a fair amount of disdain for people with criminal convictions. And - and I think is a way in which we could address that disdain without resorting to a kind of blanket denial of civil rights. We didn't have people's civil rights, so that we don't have to address the disdain that comes with knowing somebody committed a crime. You know, you give somebody a scarlet letter because you don't actually want to talk about the validity of the underlying assumptions that go with that scarlet letter. And there may, frankly, be some validity to - to the contempt that people hold folks in, who - who kill others, who murder others, who steal cars. You know, it doesn't even have to be a violent crime - who burglarize homes. It's a fair amount of contempt that comes when you think about people who have done that. And we don't have an adequate way in this country to express that contempt and to make the contempt meaningful, to make the contempt a fairly operating tool that would lessen the likelihood of X happening again. Since we don't have that we defer to stripping civil rights. We defer to collateral consequences. Not because it makes the system any better, not because it makes people any safer, but it gives us a way to feel like at least we are punishing somebody. You know, at least we can name you as like the undesirable. SM Reginald Dwayne Betts, thank you for sharing your insights with me on With Good Reason. DB Thank you for having me. It was cool. SM Dwayne Betts is a Ph.D. in law candidate at Yale Law School and the director of the Million Book Project. He's also author of the poetry collection "Felon". This is With Good Reason, we'll be right back. [00:28:00] SM Welcome back to With Good Reason at Virginia Humanities. These days, talk of immigrant voting is often synonymous with unfounded claims of election fraud. But immigrant voting was legal and even sometimes encouraged by the United States for much of its history. Ron Hayduk is a political science professor at San Francisco State University. He says immigrant voting is actually as American as apple pie. Ron, your book, "Democracy for All", looks at the history of immigrant voting in the United States, and you argue that noncitizen voting really isn't a far-fetched idea. How so? RH You know, I like to say that immigrant voting in the United States is older than our national pastime baseball, which is my favorite sport and is as American as apple pie. Because it really did flow from some of the same ideals that animated the American Revolution, embodied in slogans like "no taxation without representation" and "only just governments rest on the consent of the governed". You know, we have this lovely story of democracy, you know, because we pride ourselves on being a democratic nation, thankfully. But contrary to the narrative about a forward march of democracy, the history of suffrage actually shows a different recurring pattern that runs throughout our history, which is more like one step forward and two steps back. SM Is it sort of like whack-a-mole for denying the vote? RH Yeah, I think I like whack-a-mole for denying the vote. That's a good analogy. Historically, people might be surprised, as most people are in the United States, to learn that you didn't have to be a citizen to vote initially. And what really mattered was whether you were a white male property holder. Those were the criteria for voting. SM For how long did we say white male, and we don't care if you're a citizen? RH Well, eight people that signed the Declaration of Independence were not born in the United States and were not naturalized. And many folks who were among the founders could vote before they became U.S. citizens and property qualifications lasted through the 1830s. By 1840, most states had expanded voting to white males, period, minus the property qualifications. But of course, African American males got the right to vote after the Civil War. Women didn't get the right to vote in 1920, right. Like half the population didn't get the right to vote for more than half of our history. So if you think of democracy as a evolving project in human history terms, most human beings lived and died under systems that were not democratic. Democracy is a relatively new form by which human beings have decided that's how they want to govern themselves. SM But talking about non-citizens voting is not the same as saying, hey, we didn't have a federal government when the founders formed America, so they were non-citizens. In talking about actual non-citizens or immigrants, how long and how often were non-citizens in America allowed to vote in one election or another? RH For 150 years, 40 states - you know, from the very founding from 1776 until 1926 - 40 states allowed non-citizens to vote, not just in local elections, which is where non-citizens vote today in places like Maryland and other places in the United States, but also in state and federal elections. And so this was quite widespread. It varied from state to state and there was expansion and contraction at different times. But that's a very long history where non-citizens could vote and they could hold office, I might add. SM But never all 40 states at once allowed non-citizens to vote? RH Correct. No. So it really did vary. So obviously, the first 13 states - the first 13 colonies, became the first 13 states - they allowed noncitizen voting. And as the United States expanded, Congress when it created the new territories after the Louisiana Purchase, those territories, Congress used voting rights as an incentive to try to lure new immigrants to settle the West. And as the economy grew, the need for new labor expanded. And, you know, my ancestors from Italy and from Czechoslovakia came and worked in the mines in Pennsylvania or worked in, you know, garbage in New York City. Voting rights for immigrants were rolled back at different periods of time, even as early as the late 17-hundreds, early 18-hundreds. After the French Revolution, the United States passed the Alien and Sedition Acts. And the Federalists at the time feared that the French radicals from fleeing the decline of the French Revolution would infect Americans with radical ideas. And so a number of states rolled that back. SM Right, who wants guillotining, right? RH Yeah, yeah, yes. But another period that is sadly reminiscent of the recent events on January the 6th is the War of 1812, where the British sacked and burnt the White House and immigrant voting was rolled back in part for fear of foreign enemies. Sound familiar? SM So in recent decades, what do you think has been the primary knock against immigrants voting? In recent decades, most of America's immigration has come from our neighbors - countries to the south of us, but also there're Canadians and Europeans and Africans and others. Where has most of the "we don't want immigrants to have the vote" or non-citizens to have the vote - where's most of that directed? RH Well, there's several objections that opponents raise to immigrant voting. And one of the first and most prominent ones is that they argue, you know, look, there's a pathway for people to vote if they want, and that's to become a citizen. You know, citizenship first, voting second, we don't want to give people this precious right until they are a U.S. citizen. You know, the idea is that it could diminish the value of citizenship and, you know, we only want those who are people who have sworn their allegiance to the United States that won't have dual loyalties. And immigrant voting rights advocates respond by saying, look, we can do both. We can expand pathways to citizenship, we can facilitate naturalization. And as it was done in the past, we can have immigrant voting, which actually helps encourage people's civic education, political participation. People learn sort of civics by practice. You have to learn, you know, who are the candidates, what are the parties, what are the offices? Geez, if I'm going to vote, I have to, like, know some things. And so that process of being engaged in the political process helps serve to educate immigrants in the business of American democracy and facilitates their eventual citizenship. So they argue that noncitizen voting is more like a pathway to citizenship rather than a substitute for citizenship. So that's sort of one set of arguments or debate. Another one is that non-citizens sort of lack knowledge or feeling for American political institutions. But specific knowledge is not a prerequisite for voting. If it was, many native-born citizens would fail tests of even basic political knowledge in the citizenship test if you ever took it. It's not easy. SM Do any other major democratic industrial nations allow non-citizens to vote freely and openly? RH Yes, 45 countries around the world on nearly every continent allow non-citizens to vote, in some cases not just in local elections, although that's the majority, but in many areas regional, which would be sort of like our state elections - and then in several places, national elections. SM Name a few of those countries. RH Oh, well, I would like to tell the story. Ireland is one place and in Cambridge, Massachusetts in Boston, a number of other areas there in the 2000s, immigrant voting rights advocates sought to enfranchise non-citizens and they were successful in passing laws at the local level. But one of the strategies advocates had was to appeal to legislatorsí own immigrant heritage. So one of the representatives was actually relatively recently from Ireland and they said, "well, they do it in Dublin. Don't you know, they do it in Dublin. You can - you can immigrate to Ireland, in six months you can vote not just in local elections, but in federal elections. Why not here, too?" And this representative really thought about this and changed her vote. And so, she supported it, which ultimately helped to pass. And that example has repeated in places like New York, which is exploring, restoring voting rights. And obviously in Maryland, there's places in - here in San Francisco, but there's a dozen jurisdictions across the country, in Maine, in Vermont, Connecticut, a number of places that have explored expanding voting rights to immigrants in the United States. SM Do you think what happened in the nation's capital January 6th, with the irate mob saying the vote was stolen, does that have any relevance to perceptions of immigrants or non-citizens voting? RH Absolutely. I was thinking about this a lot recently that, you know, immigration is a wonderful lens through which to think about this big question that's sort of on the agenda. Who's an American? What's America? What - what does this experiment that we call America, this experiment in democracy mean? Who are we? People have said this is not who we are. President Biden said, "This is not who we are". Well, there's some history that shows that this is partly who we are, who's been on display. But it's also this question, who would do we want to become? I mentioned before that democracy is an evolving project and immigration has been a big part of our story. In so many ways, we are a nation of immigrants. And I think this business of looking at immigration as a - as a lens through which to see and ask these questions, right, who who's an American? What's - what's America about? Are we a multi-ethnic, multiracial, egalitarian democracy? Or are we a, you know, white Christian nation that's more nationalist? You know, there's many other dimensions to this, but at least that's part of it. So I would suggest that immigrant voting is another way to think about these big and important and pressing questions. SM Well, Ron Hayduk, thank you for talking with me on With Good Reason. RH My pleasure. Hope this has been worth your while and I look forward to hearing the fruits of your labor going forward. SM Ron Hayduk is a political science professor at San Francisco State University. He's the author of "Democracy for All: Restoring Immigrant Voting Rights in the United States". Coming up next, old enough to fight, old enough to vote. [00:39:40] SM In 1971, Congress passed the 26th Amendment, lowering the voting age from 21 to 18. Almost immediately, politicians on both sides of the aisle began courting the new young voters. Here's a clip of the video that was played in high schools all over America, encouraging young people to vote in the upcoming 1972 presidential election. AS And there's a lot of us new young voters around who can make a very loud noise indeed in those voting booths all over the country. We can make the difference and even the biggest election of all - for president. Just think, if all of us new voters over 18, even up to the old age of 25, make sure to register and vote, we will be 25 million new voters. 25 million! SM My next guest is Rebecca DeSchweinitz. She's a history professor at Brigham Young University. And she says while the 26th Amendment passed without much resistance, the movement to lower the voting age was really a long-term effort that began during World War II. Rebecca, help me understand the history that led up to passage of the Amendment that lowered the voting age to 18. Was it because young people back then, the boomers, said, "hey, if we're old enough to fight in Vietnam, we're old enough to vote"? RD That was one of the arguments that people made. Right. So we've got this increasingly unpopular war, lots of protests by youth about it. And, you know, is it really tenable that we can ask young men to fight and die when they don't have any decision making at all into the choice to go over there and other policy decisions? But the idea about, you know, young people should be old enough to vote if they're old enough to fight, had actually been around since World War II when Congress lowered the draft age. And so there's actually more going on in the late 60s and early 70s that goes into the actual change in the voting age. SM Had it originated - this desire to lower the voting age to 18 around World War II, had that come from the president? RD I don't think it's really coming from the president, but I think when Congress lowers the draft age, you know, it raises questions about citizenship rights and duties and what we can ask of young men. And the only state that lowers the voting age to 18 in the 1940s is Georgia. And the governor of Georgia, who sees this through, talks a lot about, you know, we really can't ask young men to fight for democracy if we don't give them the rights of citizenship. SM So Georgia lowered the voting age to 18, but that was not the prevailing sentiment and it didn't pass elsewhere. What was the argument? What was the attitude about young people younger than 21? RD A lot of the debate in the 1940s has to do with experience. A lot of the arguments actually in favor of a lower voting age are saying that the vote would be good for young people because it would help them to become good citizens. That they need to practice. Voting would be kind of a teaching tool, this idea that you can best learn by doing. And yeah, young people are inexperienced, and they still need to learn, but the best way to do that is actually to have that right to vote. Whereas, you know, the those who are opposed to lower voting age are saying we don't need to experiment. We need young people to have the experience already in hand before we give them that right. SM But then this comes up again in the 60s and it ultimately passes. What had changed? And who led the movement to bring it up in the 60s? RD Yeah, so one thing folks had said in the 1940s was there aren't really young people who are that involved in politics and they don't seem to care. There isn't a lot of evidence that young people are engaged in political issues in significant ways. Now, that changes significantly by the late 1960s. A big part of that is all of the youth activism for civil rights. And so what proponents of a lower voting age can point to is - is they can say, look, young people are already active and engaged public citizens. They are already making a difference. They already are standing up and talking about and pushing for change on some of the most important and some of the most difficult political issues of the time. SM Did it make a difference that civil rights leaders joined in the effort to pass Vote 18, which ultimately became the 26th Constitutional Amendment? RD Yeah, so I think we often focus on congressional leaders who push through the 26th Amendment. And there's this idea that these political elites gave young people the right to vote. And we miss the larger story of all sorts of organizations, especially civil rights organizations, who are really leading the charge to lower the voting age. Civil rights groups like the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People are, you know, one of the most active participants in a coalition that is put together in 1968, that begins a concerted effort to lower the voting age. And they're acting on both the national and on the local and state level to try to make this happen. You know, I think it's not surprising that there are really strong connections with the civil rights movement and the movement to lower the voting age to 18. In some ways, and folks like civil rights leaders are connecting the historic expansion of voting rights in the 1960s and saying, you know, this is the next step in this expansion of voting rights. SM So once they got the vote and they had their first presidential election in 72, did many or did a high percentage of the newly enfranchised young people vote? RD No. There's a lot of hopes going into that 1972 presidential election and a lot of hype about, you know, what are young voters going to do? We have, you know, 11 million newly enfranchised 18-, 19-, 20-year-old voters. And if you look at the cohort that includes all of the new first-time voters, it's something like 25 million. And so, there's a sense that you can make a big difference if you can just harness those voters. And there are a ton of efforts to register newly enfranchised young voters in the wake of the 26th Amendment. And we see campaigns by both the Democrats and Republicans now really trying to woo these new younger voters. But ultimately, they're not especially successful. We do see a little bit of a blip, kind of a rise in the percentage of the youngest cohort of folks voting. But it's not nearly what - what was hoped. It's pretty disappointing, and then it just goes down from there. SM So it's stayed low for years, right? RD Yeah. So, we don't really see young people turning out in large numbers and making a difference, at least not in a presidential election until 2008 when young voters turn out for President Obama. SM So recently, some people are advocating going even farther and lowering the voting age to 17 or even 16. Any chance of success for that, given what you've seen? RD My sense is that they're not going to see much success. The evidence, you know, coming from science, you know, isn't great if you're trying to make the argument that, you know, young people at age 16 and 17 are just as fit as older Americans to - to vote. Also, when a lower voting age starts getting debated in the 1940s, there's a concrete alternative age that kind of makes sense. So, we've lowered the age at which young people can be drafted to 18. The other really big kind of trigger point is that 18 is the age at which young people are generally graduating from high school. And this had been actually a point that advocates had brought out in the 1940s. And in the 1940s, that's really the time when we finally have over 50 percent of American youth going to and graduating from high school. And there had been, you know, tremendous gains in the couple of decades before that, so that folks are able to say young people are better educated today and they have the kind of education and knowledge that they need to be able to vote. SM With all you've seen on the kinds of arguments young people made successfully over the years for the right to vote at age 18, what arguments do you think can be made for giving 16- or 17-year-olds the vote? RD So I think there are a couple of really poignant arguments that young people can make. Some of the congressional leaders who took up Vote 18, you know, talked a lot about how the country could stand a little educating from its youngsters. Where, you know, young people were the - were the most astute political, you know, structural defect specialists. That they're calling things as they are. There's a really great quote I love that - that says something about like, you know, young people are calling out, you know, when the emperor isn't wearing any clothes. Adults are kind of going along with this old encrusted system, but these young people are unfettered. They're bringing new blood. They're bringing new ideas and in fact, a clear vision to American government and we need them in politics. SM Well, Rebecca DeSchweinitz, thank you for talking with me. RD Sure. Thanks for having me. SM Rebecca DeSchweinitz is a history professor at Brigham Young University. Support for With Good Reason is provided by the University of Virginia Health System, a National Cancer Institute designated cancer center, researching and developing the treatments of tomorrow, UVAhealth.com. With Good Reason is produced by Virginia Humanities, which acknowledges the Monacan nation, the original people of the land and waters of her home in Charlottesville, Virginia. Our production team is Allison Quantz, Matt Darroch, Lauren Francis and Jamal Millner. Maya Nir and Cassandra Deering are our interns. Special thanks this week to the Virginia Festival of the Book. For the podcast, go to withgoodreasonradio.org. I'm Sarah McConnell, thanks for listening.
The Future of Journalism, the Fate of Democracy – Part 2
Part Two: A roundtable conversation featuring nonprofit journalism organizations, moderated by Karen Rundlet of the Knight Foundation.
The Future of Journalism, the Fate of Democracy
Part One: Leading journalism experts will discuss one of the predominant threats to a functioning democracy: the viability of journalism in 21st century America.
Vanguard: How Black Women Broke Barriers, Won the Vote
In this webinar, recorded October 2, 2020, Johns Hopkins University professor Martha S. Jones, discusses her critically acclaimed, recently published book, Vanguard: How Black Women Broke Barriers, Won the Vote, …


In Facebook Messenger, there is now a launch new feature of deleting any photos, messages, videos or text messages sent to you like Whatsapp and Instagram. The Facebook company had released this feature in November.After doing all the tests, the company launched this feature for Android and iOS users worldwide. The user can use this feature as 'Remove to Everyone'. With this feature, the user can delete the message sent to Facebook Messenger within 10 minutes.This 'Remove for Everyone' feature will allow users to delete any photo, message, video or text message sent.
With the use of 'Remove for You' feature, the user can delete the message only from your chat.
Hold the text message you want to delete and then two options will appear.
Click on 'Remove for Everyone', message sender and receiver sent from both side will be deleted.
After this, the warning message will appear, which will be 'Confirm' or 'Cancel' option.