text:
Supplemental data
University Psychiatric Clinic Basel, Switzerland
Anna Brancato
University of Palermo, Italy
Max Wolff
Technical University Dresden, Germany
Open supplemental data
ORIGINAL RESEARCH article
Front. Psychiatry, 11 February 2020
Sec. Psychopharmacology
Volume 10 - 2019 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00896
Population Survey Data Informing the Therapeutic Potential of Classic and Novel Phenethylamine, Tryptamine, and Lysergamide Psychedelics
James D. Sexton1, Charles D. Nichols2 and Peter S. Hendricks1*
1Department of Health Behavior, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
2Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, LSU Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
Introduction: The majority of contemporary psychedelic research has focused on ayahuasca, lysergic acid diethylamide, and psilocybin, though there are hundreds of novel psychedelic compounds that may have clinical utility. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the therapeutic potential of classic and novel phenethylamine, tryptamine, and lysergamide psychedelics via a large, nationally representative population-based survey.
Methods: We tested the unique associations of lifetime classic and novel phenethylamine, tryptamine, and lysergamide psychedelics with past month psychological distress and past year suicidality among respondents pooled from years 2008–2017 of the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (weighted N = 260,964,827).
Results: Lifetime classic tryptamine use was associated with a decreased odds of past month psychological distress [aOR = 0.76; (0.69–0.83)] and past year suicidal thinking [aOR = 0.79; (0.72–0.87)]. Lifetime novel phenethylamine use, on the other hand, was associated with an increased odds of past year suicidal thinking [aOR = 1.44; (1.06–1.95)] and past year suicidal planning [aOR = 1.60; (1.06–2.41)]. No other significant associations were found.
Discussion and Conclusions: These findings, which may be driven by differences in pharmacodynamics, suggest that classic tryptamines may hold the greatest therapeutic potential of the psychedelics, whereas novel phenethylamines may pose risk for harm. The present findings thus support continued research on the clinical application of classic tryptamines. Though the current results caution against the clinical utility of novel phenethylamines, further study of these and other novel psychedelic substances is nonetheless warranted to better understand their potential application.
Classic psychedelics, which include dimethyltryptamine (DMT), lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), mescaline, and psilocybin, have been studied clinically, anthropologically, and sociologically (1, 2). Classic psychedelics appear to be both generally safe and potentially therapeutic in the treatment of anxiety disorders, mood disorders, and substance use disorders (3–7). Consistent with findings from clinical trials, population-level analyses demonstrate that lifetime classic psychedelic use is associated with a reduced likelihood of past month psychological distress and past year suicidality (8). Lifetime psilocybin use in particular evinced these protective associations above and beyond other lifetime classic psychedelic use in one analysis, suggesting that psilocybin may have unique therapeutic potential (9), however, this analysis collapsed all non-psilocybin classic psychedelics across the three primary categories of classic psychedelics: phenethylamines (mescaline and the mescaline-containing cacti peyote and San Pedro), tryptamines (DMT and the DMT-containing admixture ayahuasca; psilocybin is also a tryptamine), and lysergamides (LSD). Whether the unique protective associations of psilocybin apply to all tryptamines, and whether tryptamines in general may have unique therapeutic potential relative to phenethylamines and lysergamides is unknown.
Novel psychedelics, which also comprise phenethylamines, tryptamines, and lysergamides, are distinct from classic psychedelics in that they lack both the long history of human use and substantial research data investigating their general safety, though there are notable pharmacologic and chemical data on these substances (10–13). From 2005 to 2017, novel phenethylamines (i.e. 2,5-Dimethoxy-4-"X"-phenethylamine or 2C-X, N-Benzyl Derivatives or NBOME's) accounted for the majority of novel drug mentions in the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) (14), suggesting naturalistic use of these substances is on the rise. One population-level analysis found that lifetime novel psychedelic use is rare, accounted for primarily by phenethylamines, and associated with an increased likelihood of past month psychological distress and past year suicidality relative to lifetime use of classic psychedelics only (15). This suggests that novel psychedelics may be distinct from and carry reduced therapeutic potential relative to classic psychedelics. However, as with the abovementioned analysis, this analysis collapsed all classic psychedelics across phenethylamines, tryptamines, and lysergamides, and collapsed all novel psychedelics across a variety of subcategories, potentially obscuring any meaningful differences between the three primary categories of novel psychedelics. Whether each of the three categories of novel psychedelics may be distinct from and carry reduced therapeutic potential relative to each of the three categories of classic psychedelics is unknown.
Exploring the therapeutic potential of classic and novel phenethylamine, tryptamine, and lysergamide psychedelics is relevant considering that psychedelic research is experiencing a modest but growing resurgence. Whereas almost all contemporary research is accounted for by ayahuasca, LSD, and psilocybin (16), there are hundreds of novel psychedelic compounds that might have clinical utility (17, 18), with population-based survey respondents reporting the use of over 40 such compounds (15). Winnowing down this extensive list of psychedelic substances to those most likely to carry therapeutic benefit would help direct future study. Though classic and novel phenethylamine, tryptamine, and lysergamide psychedelics share important similarities (e.g. 5-HT2A receptor agonism), they differ in chemical structure, which appears to account for differences in reported subjective effects (19). It is known that psychedelics interact differently with their target 5-HT2A receptor (20). That is to say, they engage with different sets of amino acid residues in the binding pocket of the receptor to produce slightly different active state conformations of the receptor. The differences in conformational states lead to known differential or biased recruitment of second messenger and effector pathways that ultimately alter the physiology of the cell or neuron such that how the classic lysergamide psychedelic LSD alters cellular physiology is slightly different from how the classic phenethylamine psychedelic mescaline does. Indeed, it is has been hypothesized that these functional differences in receptor/ligand interactions and differential effects on cellular physiology are linked to their respective subjective experiences (21).
The purpose of this study was to test for unique associations of lifetime use of classic and novel phenethylamines, tryptamines, and lysergamide psychedelics with mental health outcomes using data from a large, nationally representative population-based survey. Considering the regulatory and other complexities associated with administering psychedelic substances to humans, population-based surveys represent useful springboards for exploring the therapeutic potential of these compounds (8). Thus, the present analysis will provide preliminary evidence with regard to which categories of classic and novel psychedelics might hold the greatest therapeutic potential, thereby informing future clinical research.
Data were obtained from the publicly available NSDUH, a survey of the general, non-institutionalized United States population aged 12 and older administered by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration of the US Department of Health and Human Services. The survey uses a multistage probability sampling design where individuals are randomly selected within a roster that accounts for state population size and housing inventory. NSDUH interviewers met with respondents in their homes, who listened to pre-recorded interview guides on headphones and responded via computer prompt. We combined the data from 2008–2017 in order to maximize sample size while maintaining standardized assessment procedures introduced in 2008. The comprehensive NSDUH sampling and questionnaire methodology can be found on their website https://nsduhweb.rti.org/respweb/about_nsduh.html.
Using SPSS syntax, individual respondents from the 2008–2017 NSDUH were given a unique identifier and combined into a single database using the Cantor pairing function for a total unweighted sample of 562,072 cases. The analytic sample included all respondents with valid responses to the primary and secondary variables, yielding a total unweighted sample size of 354,535 (see Supplementary Table 1 for psychosocial characteristics of the sample). The Analysis section includes sample sizes for each regression model as the sample sizes varied based upon the dependent variable used. Respondents reporting mescaline (MESC2 = 1 and code 603 from variables HALNEWA, HALNEWB, HALNEWC, HALNEWD, HALNEWE = 1), peyote or San Pedro (cacti that contains mescaline; PEYOTE2 = 1 and code 602 and 6077 respectively from variables HALNEWA, HALNEWB, HALNEWC, HALNEWD, HALNEWE = 1), were coded as positive for lifetime classic phenethylamine use. Respondents reporting they had ever, even once used DMT (code 616 from variables HALNEWA, HALNEWB, HALNEWC, HALNEWD, HALNEWE = 1), ayahuasca (an admixture that contains DMT; code 6103 from variables HALNEWA, HALNEWB, HALNEWC, HALNEWD, HALNEWE = 1), or psilocybin (PSILCY2 = 1 and code 604 from variables HALNEWA, HALNEWB, HALNEWC, HALNEWD, HALNEWE = 1) were coded as positive for lifetime classic tryptamine use. Respondents who reported using LSD (LSDFLAG = 1, and code 601 from variables HALNEWA, HALNEWB, HALNEWC, HALNEWD, HALNEWE = 1) were coded positive for lifetime classic lysergamide use, whereas those reporting they had never used any of the aforementioned substances were coded as negative for each respective drug category (8, 9, 15). Respondents were given the option to write-in other "hallucinogens" they had used, and novel psychedelics were gathered from write-in responses as per Sexton et al. (15). Table 1 lists both classic and novel psychedelic compounds and their classification for the purposes of this analysis. Respondents who indicated they had ever taken a substance that was classified as a novel phenethylamine (code in Table 1 from variables HALNEWA, HALNEWB, HALNEWC, HALNEWD, HALNEWE = 1) were coded as positive for lifetime novel phenethylamine use. Respondents who indicated they had ever taken a substance that was classified as a novel tryptamine (code in Table 1 from variables HALNEWA, HALNEWB, HALNEWC, HALNEWD, HALNEWE = 1) were coded as positive for lifetime novel tryptamine use. Respondents who indicated they had ever taken a substance that was classified as a novel lysergamide (code in Table 1 from variables HALNEWA, HALNEWB, HALNEWC, HALNEWD, HALNEWE = 1) were coded as positive for lifetime novel lysergamide use, whereas those reporting they had never used novel phenethylamines, tryptamines, or lysergamides were coded as negative for lifetime use of those respective compounds. Respondents who responded to the write-in query with "no" and those who did not provide a write-in a response were coded as negative for each of the novel psychedelic use variables. Supplementary Table 2 presents correlations among lifetime classic and novel phenethylamine, tryptamine, and lysergamide use. It is noted that these correlations ranged from very modest (e.g., lifetime classic phenethylamine use with lifetime novel lysergamide use) to moderate (lifetime classic phenethylamine use with lifetime classic tryptamine use and lifetime classic lysergamide use) to strong (lifetime classic tryptamine use with lifetime classic lysergamide use).
Table 1 Psychedelic compounds reported by respondents from the 2008–2017 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH), respective NSDUH codes, and citations to supporting literature.
Four multivariate logistic regression models were created to test the associations of 1) past month psychological distress (unweighted n = 356,046; variable SPDMON; yes = 1 or no = 0) as measured by the widely-used and well-validated six-item Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K6; consistent with K6 scoring guidelines and its application in research, the NSDUH uses a dichotomous cutoff score ≥13; 43, 44), 2) past year suicidal thinking (unweighted n = 354,580; "At any time in the past 12 months … did you seriously think about trying to kill yourself? "; variable MHSUITHK; yes = 1 or no = 0), 3) past year suicidal planning (unweighted n = 354,555; "During the past 12 months, did you make any plans to kill yourself? "; variable MHSUITRY; yes = 1 or no = 0), and 4) past year suicide attempt (unweighted n = 354,552; "During the last 12 months, did you try to kill yourself? "; variable MHSUITRY; yes = 1 or no = 0) with the following independent variables: lifetime use of classic phenethylamines (yes = 1 or no = 0), lifetime use of classic tryptamines (yes = 1 or no = 0), lifetime use of classic lysergamides (yes = 1 or no = 0), lifetime use of novel phenethylamines (yes = 1 or no = 0), lifetime use of novel tryptamines (yes = 1 or no = 0), and lifetime use of novel lysergamides (yes = 1 or no = 0; all independent variables were entered simultaneously). Consistent with prior analyses making use of NSDUH data (8, 15), the following covariates were included in the regression models to control for potential sources of confounding: age in years (12–17, 18–25, 26–34, 35–49, 50–64, or 65 or older); sex (male or female); ethnoracial identity (non-Hispanic White, non-Hispanic African American, non-Hispanic Native American/Alaska Native, non-Hispanic Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander, non-Hispanic Asian, non-Hispanic more than one race, or Hispanic); educational attainment (5th grade or less, 6th grade, 7th grade, 8th grade, 9th grade, 10th grade, 11th grade, 12th grade, freshman college year, sophomore or junior college year, or senior college year or more); annual household income (less than $20,000, $20,000–$49,999, $50,000–$74,999, or $75,000 or more); marital status (married, divorced/separated, widowed, or never married); self-reported engagement in risky behavior ("How often do you like to test yourself by doing something a little risky? "; never, seldom, sometimes, or always); and lifetime use of cocaine, other stimulants, sedatives, tranquilizers, heroin, pain relievers, marijuana, phencyclidine, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA/ecstasy), and inhalants (each aforementioned drug category coded as separate covariates). Logistic regression models were created in R version 3.5.1 using the package "survey" and the svydesign and svyglm functions to account for the complex survey design used by the NSDUH (45, 46), and the package "jtools" to generate 95% confidence intervals and adjusted odds rations for each model (47). Lifetime novel lysergamide use, though quite rare (N = 9 unweighted respondents) was included in the regression models despite the fact that all novel lysergamide users also reported classic lysergamide use. Despite this overlap, multi-collinearity was not present within the model. However, associations of lifetime novel lysergamide use are not reported here given difficulty in interpretation. Indeed, adjusted ORs (all non-significant) revealed values well outside the range of all other variables included in regression models. All of the SPSS syntax, R source code, and datasets used to conduct these analyses are hosted on the Open Science Framework at the following link https://osf.io/xgqmd/.
The weighted frequency of lifetime use of each psychedelic category and lifetime use of specific substances within each of these categories can be found in Table 2. As shown in this table, lifetime use of classic psychedelics was much more common than lifetime use of novel psychedelics. Lysergamides were the most commonly used category of classic psychedelic with approximately 10% of the United States population reporting lifetime use, whereas phenethylamines were the most commonly used category of novel psychedelic with one-tenth of one percent of the United States population reporting lifetime use. Psilocybin accounted for the vast majority of those reporting lifetime classic tryptamine use.
Table 2 Weighted frequencies of lifetime use of each psychedelic category and lifetime use of specific substances within each of these categories from the 2008–2017 NSDUH.
Findings generated from the four multivariate logistic regression models can be seen in Figure 1. These models show that lifetime classic tryptamine use was associated with a decreased odds of past month psychological distress [adjusted odds ratio or aOR = 0.76; (0.69–0.83)] and past year suicidal thinking [aOR = 0.79; (0.72–0.87)]. Novel phenethylamine use, however, was associated with an increased odds of past year suicidal thinking [aOR = 1.44; (1.06–1.95)] and past year suicidal planning [aOR = 1.60; (1.06–2.41)]. No other significant associations were found.
Figure 1 Results of multivariate logistic regression models predicting past month psychological distress and past year suicidality. (A) Result of multivariate logistic regression model predicting past month psychological distress (unweighted n = 356,046). (B) Result of multivariate logistic regression model predicting past year suicidal thinking (unweighted n = 354,580). (C) Result of multivariate logistic regression model predicting past year suicidal planning (unweighted n = 354,555). (D) Result of multivariate logistic regression model predicting past year suicide attempt (unweighted n = 354,552). Each plotted shape relates to the drug category and represent weighted adjusted odds ratio point estimates and error bars are 95% confidence intervals. Associations are adjusted for the following covariates: age in years (12–17, 18–25, 26–34, 35–49, 50–64, or 65 or older); sex (male or female); ethnoracial identity (non-Hispanic White, non-Hispanic African American, non-Hispanic Native American/Alaska Native, non-Hispanic Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander, non-Hispanic Asian, non-Hispanic more than one race, or Hispanic); educational attainment (5th grade or less, 6th grade, 7th grade, 8th grade, 9th grade, 10th grade, 11th grade, 12th grade, freshman college year, sophomore or junior college year, or senior college year or more); annual household income (less than $20,000, $20,000–$49,999, $50,000–$74,999, or $75,000 or more); marital status (married, divorced/separated, widowed, or never married); self-reported engagement in risky behavior ("How often do you like to test yourself by doing something a little risky?"; never, seldom, sometimes, or always); and lifetime use of cocaine, other stimulants, sedatives, tranquilizers, heroin, pain relievers, marijuana, phencyclidine (PCP), 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA/ecstasy), and inhalants (each aforementioned drug category coded as separate covariates). Associations of covariates with psychological distress and suicidality are not reported here. The associations of lifetime novel lysergamide use are not evaluated here as noted in the Discussion.
The objective of the present analysis was to test unique population-level associations of classic and novel phenethylamine, tryptamine, and lysergamide use with psychological distress and suicidality, thereby providing one line of evidence regarding which categories of psychedelics might hold the greatest therapeutic potential. We found that lifetime classic tryptamine use, the vast majority of which was accounted for by psilocybin, was associated with a reduced likelihood of past month psychological distress and past year suicidal thinking above and beyond a range of covariates including lifetime use of other classic psychedelics and lifetime use of novel psychedelics. These findings are consistent with a prior analysis indicating that lifetime psilocybin use may be especially protective against psychological distress and suicidality as compared to other classic psychedelics (9). Results were also consistent with a number of recent clinical trials suggesting that psilocybin is a promising therapeutic agent for end-of-life anxiety, treatment-resistant depression, alcohol dependence, and tobacco dependence (3, 4, 48–50). It is noted that though very few respondents reported lifetime use of ayahuasca, recent clinical trials suggest a substantial and rapid antidepressant effect of this DMT-containing admixture (51, 52). It may be, therefore, that classic tryptamines are among the most promising therapeutic agents of the psychedelics.
Sexton et al. found that lifetime use of novel psychedelics increased the likelihood of past year suicidal thinking and planning compared to lifetime classic psychedelic use only (15). In the present study, we found that novel phenethylamine use was associated with an increased likelihood of past year suicidal thinking and planning above and beyond several covariates including lifetime use of classic psychedelics and lifetime use of other novel psychedelics. Lifetime use of novel tryptamines was not associated with psychological distress or suicidality. The same was true of novel lysergamides, though interpretation of this finding is complicated by very few respondents reporting the use of novel lysergamides and the fact that all novel lysergamide users also reported the use of classic lysergamides. Nevertheless, this suggests that novel phenethylamine use accounts for the prior associations of Sexton et al., and that novel phenethylamines may be, to some degree, potentially harmful to mental health (15). Indeed, there have been a number of adverse event reports from novel phenethylamine use including psychosis, neurovascular hemorrhages, and seizures (53–56). These findings support the conclusion that novel phenethylamine psychedelics may be distinct from other psychedelic categories in that they may confer harm.
Tryptamine-based compounds in general have affinity for and agonist activity at primarily several different serotonin receptors. For example, psilocin, the active metabolite of the prodrug classic tryptamine psychedelic psilocybin, has varying but appreciable affinity for all serotonin receptors, with the exception of the 5-HT3 receptor, where it acts as an agonist, and the 5-HT7 receptor, where it is an antagonist. Significantly, all known tryptamines that have been tested have affinity for and agonist activity at 5-HT1A receptors. Activation of this receptor has been associated with antidepressant activity, and proposed as an important mechanism of the antidepressant effects of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor medications (57, 58). Indeed, new antidepressant medications on the market were specifically designed to have at least partial agonist activity at 5-HT1A receptors (59). It is possible that activation of 5-HT1A receptors within the brain by classic tryptamine psychedelics confers positive effects to affective states and the observed reduction of psychological distress and suicidality in users. This may also apply to novel tryptamine psychedelics, though lifetime use of novel tryptamine psychedelics was not associated with psychological distress or suicidality in the current study, perhaps due to a lack of statistical power.
The phenethylamine compounds listed in Table 2, especially the novel phenethylamine 2C class, more often have affinity for and activity at the alpha-adrenergic receptor as well as moderate affinity for blockade of norepinephrine and dopamine transporters, whereas most tryptamines do not (60–63). Further, there is little to no activation of 5-HT1A receptors by these drugs. Together, activation of alpha adrenergic receptors with increases in synaptic norepinephrine and dopamine would be predicted to induce behavioral outcomes similar to amphetamines, including negative effects on cognitive behavioral control (64). These pharmacological outcomes, predicted to occur more frequently with phenethylamine (and especially the novel 2C phenethylamine) drugs than tryptamines, could underlie the observed associations of these novel phenethylamines with negative psychological health. In support of this view, 2C-B, the most commonly reported novel phenethylamine, is often substituted for MDMA among electronic music party goers secondary to its purported psychostimulant properties (15, 20, 65). Indeed, novel phenethylamines are often described in terms of psychostimulant effects (20, 29), whereas challenging, emotional breakthrough, and mystical-type experiences appear to underlie the therapeutic outcomes of the classic tryptamine psychedelic psilocybin (16, 66, 67). Thus, with regard to acute subjective effects, it may be that novel phenethylamines are characterized more so by problematic psychostimulant outcomes and less so by salubrious challenging, emotional breakthrough, and mystical-type experiences. It is important to interpret these associations with caution, however, as the NSDUH only provides data on naturalistic psychedelic use and it is quite possible that certain novel phenethylamines hold therapeutic potential when administered in a controlled environment.
A strength of the current study includes the assessment of a large, nationally representative sample of respondents from real-world settings. Additionally, the code used to conduct these analyses and the data sets that were analyzed are freely available online on the Open Science Framework. As in prior analyses, this analysis used a range of covariates to control for a number of sources of confounding (8, 9, 15). Furthermore, when estimating the associations of one independent variable (e.g., lifetime classic tryptamine use), our models controlled for the other five independent variables (e.g., lifetime classic phenethylamine use, lifetime classic lysergamide use, lifetime novel phenethylamine use, lifetime novel tryptamine use, and lifetime novel lysergamide use). Despite this approach, a number of limitations should be noted. First, an obvious limitation is reliance on self-report, which may have obfuscated true relationships between classic and novel psychedelic use and mental health outcomes. Second, as with any population-based survey, we could not control for every possible source of confounding. Any number of unassessed covariates may account for the associations reported here. For instance, perhaps classic tryptamine users are especially open to new experience and spiritual, and therefore the reported associations reflect the influence of these traits, rather than an effect of classic tryptamine use. Moreover, novel phenethylamine users may be especially prone to neuroticism, and therefore associations with suicidal thinking and planning may capture the impact of this characteristic on these outcomes (see 8). As noted above, the novel phenethylamine 2C-B may have a reputation as a "party drug, " and thus the associations reported here may reflect the influence of recreational use motives. One such motive may be sensation seeking (see 68–71) which can be defined as a trait characterized by "the seeking of varied, novel, complex, and intense sensations and experiences, and the willingness to take physical, social, legal, and financial risks for the sake of such experience" (72, page 27). Though the inclusion of self-reported engagement in risky behavior as a covariate in analyses likely accounted for some of the variance in this trait, sensation seeking itself, in addition to a number of other relevant psychological constructs (e.g., openness and neuroticism), was not assessed by the NSDUH. In any event, as with any cross-sectional survey, the present results may not necessarily indicate causation. Third, as analyses were restricted to the available data (i.e., whether or not a respondent had used a classic or novel phenethylamine, tryptamine, or lysergamide psychedelic in his or her lifetime), dose-response relationships as well as associations with frequency of use, age of first use, recency of use, and any number of other variables pertaining to use patterns could not be tested. Future surveys including the NSDUH that seek to better understand the relationships of psychedelic use with mental health would benefit from the assessment of more complex use patterns rather than simple lifetime use. Additionally, there was overlap among lifetime classic and novel phenethylamine, tryptamine, and lysergamide psychedelic use, which might have limited the ability to detect the unique associations of these predictor variables with the outcomes (e.g., lifetime classic lysergamide use might be associated with a reduced likelihood of psychological distress and suicidality, but not above and beyond lifetime classic tryptamine use, with which it was strongly correlated). Fourth, population-level associations may obscure effects at the individual level. Thus, despite the reported trends, it is possible that some individuals were harmed by classic tryptamine use, whereas others benefited from novel phenethylamine use. Finally, as noted in Sexton et al., the write-in nature of lifetime novel psychedelic use likely lead to underreporting of these substances, which potentially affected the current estimates, including limiting power to detect associations (15). This is especially true in the case of lifetime novel lysergamide use (N = 9 unweighted respondents), where all lifetime novel lysergamide users reported lifetime classic lysergamide use. It is quite possible that data from surveys with predetermined items assessing novel psychedelic use would yield different findings.
The present research suggests that classic tryptamine psychedelics (i.e., ayahuasca, DMT, and psilocybin) may hold the greatest therapeutic potential of the psychedelics in that lifetime use of these substances was uniquely associated with a decreased likelihood of psychological distress and suicidal thinking. Novel phenethylamines, by contrast, might be distinct from other psychedelics in that lifetime use of these substances was independently associated with an increased likelihood of suicidal thinking and planning. Of course, the present data are by no means definitive, and it is possible that the range of psychedelic substances have clinical utility. Nevertheless, as clinical research with psychedelics remains in its infancy, the current study points to classic tryptamines as the best candidates for further study, with novel phenethylamines posing the potential for harm. Future research should aim to combine population-level methodology with chemical and pharmacological data to further investigate the therapeutic potential of classic and novel phenethylamine, tryptamine, and lysergamide psychedelics.
All datasets generated for this study are available on the Open Science Framework at the following link: https://osf.io/xgqmd/.
JS was the primary author who cleaned data, conducted analyses and drafted the manuscript summarizing the findings. CN contributed meaningful pharmacological expertise to inform methodology and aid in the interpretation of results. PH, corresponding author, was responsible for ensuring analyses were conducted and interpreted correctly.
The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00896/full#supplementary-material
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21. Zamberlan F, Sanz C, Martínez Vivot R, Pallavicini C, Erowid F, Erowid E, et al. The Varieties of the Psychedelic Experience: a preliminary study of the association between the reported subjective effects and the binding affinity profiles of substituted phenethylamines and tryptamines. Front Integr Neurosci (2018) 12:1–22. doi: 10.3389/fnint.2018.00054
22. Meyer MR, Caspar A, Brandt SD, Maurer HH. A qualitative/quantitative approach for the detection of 37 tryptamine-derived designer drugs, 5 β-carbolines, ibogaine, and yohimbine in human urine and plasma using standard urine screening and multi-analyte approaches. Anal Bioanal Chem (2014) 406:225–7. doi: 10.1007/s00216-013-7425-9
23. Fox MA, French HT, Laporte JL, Blackler AR, Murphy DL. The serotonin 5-HT2Areceptor agonist TCB-2: A behavioral and neurophysiological analysis. Psychopharmacol (Berl) (2010) 212:13–3. doi: 10.1007/s00213-009-1694-1
24. Nichols DE. Improvements to the synthesis of psilocybin and a facile method for preparing the O-Acetyl prodrug of psilocin. Synthesis (Stuttg) (1999) 1999:935–8. doi: 10.1055/s-1999-3490
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37. Nichols DE, Frescas S, Marona-Lewicka D, Kurrasch-Orbaugh DM. Lysergamides of isomeric 2,4-dimethylazetidines map the binding orientation of the diethylamide moiety in the potent hallucinogenic agent N,N-diethyllysergamide (LSD). J Med Chem (2002) 45:4344–9. doi: 10.1021/jm020153s
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40. Brandt SD, Kavanagh PV, Westphal F, Stratford A, Elliott SP, Hoang K, et al. Return of the lysergamides. Part I: Analytical and behavioural characterization of 1-propionyl-d-lysergic acid diethylamide (1P-LSD). Drug Test Anal (2016) 8:891–2. doi: 10.1002/dta.1884
41. Nichols DE, Frescas SP, Chemel BR, Rehder KS, Zhong D, Lewin AH. High Specific Activity Tritium-Labeled N-(2-methoxybenzyl)-2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenethylamine (INBMeO): a high affinity 5-HT(2A) Receptor-Selective Agonist Radioligand. Bioorg Med Chem (2008) 16:6116–3. doi: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.04.050
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52. dos Santos RG, Osório FL, Crippa JAS, Riba J, Zuardi AW, Hallak JEC. Antidepressive, anxiolytic, and antiaddictive effects of ayahuasca, psilocybin and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD): a systematic review of clinical trials published in the last 25 years. Ther Adv Psychopharmacol (2016) 6:193–3. doi: 10.1177/2045125316638008
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Keywords: phenethylamines, tryptamines, lysergamides, psychedelic-assisted therapy, mental health outcomes
Citation: Sexton JD, Nichols CD and Hendricks PS (2020) Population Survey Data Informing the Therapeutic Potential of Classic and Novel Phenethylamine, Tryptamine, and Lysergamide Psychedelics. Front. Psychiatry 10:896. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00896
Received: 26 July 2019; Accepted: 13 November 2019;
Published: 11 February 2020.
Felix Müller, University Psychiatric Clinic Basel, Switzerland
Anna Brancato, University of Palermo, Italy
Max Wolff, Dresden University of Technology, Germany
Copyright © 2020 Sexton, Nichols and Hendricks. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Peter S. Hendricks, phendricks@uab.edu
Hallucinogens and Entactogens: Establishing a New Class of Psychotherapeutic Drugs?


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What are the Types, Similarities and Difference between Qualitative and Quantitative Research Paradigms
Back to: Introduction to Educational Research Methodology
Educational research means the organized collection and examination of the data related to education. It is a scientific study that examines the learning and teaching methods for better understanding of the education system. It is an observation and investigation in the field of education. Research is done in search of new knowledge or to use the existing knowledge in a better way. It helps to acquire useful knowledge and solve the challenges faced in education. Research tries to get a better understanding of education.
Qualitative research deals with words. The data is collected by communicating with individuals with questions related to the subject matter being researched. This way the researcher will get an idea of what people think and why they think differently on the same topic.
Qualitative research deals with numerical values and measurements for finding answers. It is done to check if some assumptions and theories are true or not.
1 Types of Educational Research
1.1 Qualitative Research
1.2 Quantitative Research
2 Similarities between Qualitative and Quantitative Research
2.1 Qualitative Vs Quantitative Research
Types of Educational Research
i). Interviews: Asking questions to participants by directly interacting with them and asking open-ended questions.
ii). Focus groups: A discussion is done with a group of people to understand each person's opinion and views on a subject matter which will be useful for further research.
i). Surveys: Closed questions or multiple choice questions are made by the researcher and sent to participants to get their responses. It can be filled online or in person.
ii). Observations: The researcher tries to find answers by observing subjects in the natural environment.
iii). Experiments: Variables are controlled to form cause-effect relationships.
Similarities between Qualitative and Quantitative Research
i. Both qualitative and quantitative are methods of doing research.
ii). Both are measurement tools as it is used to collect data and measure results.
iii). Both are used to analyze and test the data collected.
i). Qualitative research collects data expressed in words and qualitative research expressed in number and graphs.
ii). There are less respondents needed in qualitative research and many respondents in quantitative research.
iii). Qualitative research has open-end questions and quantitative research has closed questions.
iv). Qualitative research is used for understanding concepts and thoughts whereas quantitative research is used to a hypothesis.
v). Qualitative research has a subjective approach and quantitative research has an objective approach.
Educational Research Concept and Process in Education
Selection and Formulation of Hypothesis in Educational Research Problem with Importance
Meaning, Nature, Need, and Scope of Educational Research
Characteristics and 5 Types of Educational Research with Examples B.ED Notes
What are the Steps of the Scientific Method of Inquiry and Examples
Different Areas of Educational Research B.ED M.ED Notes
What are the Five Sources of Research Problems and Explain it
Types of Research Problem and Question in Research Methodology
Definition, Identification and Evaluation of Research Problem with its Importance
Need, Importance and 5 Sources of Review of Related Literature in Educational Research
Similarities and Differences of Review of Related Literature and Review of Related Studies
Concept, Characteristics, Types and Sources of Hypothesis in Research Methodology
Process of Formulation and Testing of Hypothesis in Qualitative and Quantitative Research
What is the Meaning, Characteristics, Need and Importance of Sampling Method in Research Methodology
Steps, Process and Methods of Sampling in Research Methodology
What are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Sampling in Research Methodology
Components, Types, Characteristics, Importance and Preparation of Research Proposal
6 Different Types of Data in Research Methodology
What are the Methods, Advantages and Disadvantages of Graphical Representation of Data
4 Measures of Central Tendency: Mean, Median, Mode and Midrange with Examples
Various Uses & 4 Measures of Dispersion in Research Methodology
What are the Measures and Importance of Relative Position in Measuring Data in Research
Measures of Relationship in Research Methodology: Meaning, Characteristics and Computation via Statistical Methods
What is the Difference and Similarities between Spearman's Rank and Product Moment Correlation Coefficient
Meaning, Advantages and Difference Between Partial Correlation and Multiple Correlation. Explain with Examples
Uses and Difference Between Point Biserial and Biserial Correlation in Research
5 Characteristics, Concept, Uses and Importance of Normal Probability Curve
Values and Application of Skewness and Kurtosis for a Normal Distribution
What are the Ethical Issues in Educational Research with its Importance

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Located in the far north central San Antonio area, Cibolo Canyons is a premier master-planned community comprised of several lovingly maintained sub-communities. Cibolo Canyons homes for sale are picturesquely nestled within a tranquil, rolling hill country setting and come with a wealth of fantastic amenities. This wonderful community has so much to offer! Whether you're a single professional, have a growing family, or are an active older adult looking to retire, there's something for everyone in Cibolo Canyons.
Cibolo Canyons is a community motivated by environmental, economic, and social sustainability. As such, home builders in the community often focus on green designs that provide energy savings, as well as homes that are respectful of the environment. Home builders include Burdick Custom Homes, Brohn Homes, Greenwood Custom Homes, Don Craighead Homes, and Highland Homes among others. Property choices are spread throughout several communities and include single-family homes, luxury homes, patio homes, condos, and garden homes. The six distinctive sub-communities are: Amorosa, Cielos, Suenos, Vallitas, Ventanas, and Campanas. Current home prices range from $284,000 to $855,000.
Residents of Cibolo Canyons real estate can enjoy plenty of fun opportunities at the wonderful amenity center. This center offers many planned social events for all ages, along with many clubs, such as a swim team, marathon and triathlon training teams, and more! There's also a Junior Olympic pool, a lazy river, a clubhouse with a kitchen, and a 24 hour fitness center that even offers classes.
Cibolo Canyons is also the only community in the San Antonio area that is home to two PGA TOUR TPC golf courses. These two wonderfully designed courses were constructed with sustainability in mind, and the entire 36-hole facility is certified by the Audubon Cooperative Sanctuary Program.
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For shopping, dining and entertainment near Cibolo Canyons, there are plenty of excellent options just a stone's throw away. The Village at Stone Oak is located just west of the community and features a variety of retail options as well as delicious dining choices. Stone Ridge market is also close by for great grocery and retail shopping. In addition, Alamo Drafthouse Cinema is easily access for an amazing cinema experience with full food and drink service.
Two academically acclaimed school districts are zoned to Cibolo Canyons real estate: North East Independent School District and Judson Independent School District. Students living in Cibolo Canyons attend some of the best schools in San Antonio, making it an especially ideal community for homebuyers with children.
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Dow Chemical And DuPont in Advanced Talks to Merge, Combined Worth Estimated At $120 Billion
Dow Chemical Co., DuPont Co., Merger
(Photo : Bill Pugliano | Getty Images News)
Dow Chemical Co. and DuPont Co. are already in advanced talks for a merger and deal could be announced in the coming days, people familiar with the matter told The Wall Street Journal.
Together, the two chemical giants are worth nearly $120 billion.
The people said that once the deal pushes through, a three-way breakup of the combined company would follow, which is a recently common approach to mergers and acquisitions.
Andrew Liveris, the CEO of Dow, will become the executive chairman of the combined company while Edward Breen, the CEO of DuPont, would keep his title.
Some of the people said that the transaction would be billed as a merger of equals, which means shareholders of either company shouldn't expect much premium on the transaction price.
The people cautioned, though, that a deal has not yet been reached and talks could still fall apart.
There is also no guarantee that antitrust regulators would approve the merger or that the three-way breakup could address any concerns they may find.
The two companies are the top two suppliers of industrial and agricultural chemicals and crop seed.
Angela Zhang, an antitrust expert at King's College in London, told Reuters that Chinese regulators, not just MOFCOM but other government actors as well, will closely scrutinize a deal of this kind for antitrust issues.
However, she said that if the two companies "can offer remedies that satisfy the Chinese regulators," a clearance, subject to conditions, could be obtained.
A merger would allow the two companies to reorganize their assets based on their diverging fortunes.
The plastics and specialty chemical businesses of the two companies have benefited from the low energy costs while their agrochemicals divisions have struggled to handle the weak demand for crop protection products.
DuPont, under Breen, has already been in talks with rivals, including Dow, about exploring options for its agricultural business.
Dow, on the other hand, has been reviewing options for its farm chemicals and seeds unit, which has been reporting falling sales for nearly a year.


This application note demonstrates modelling of high power shielded cables in EMC Studio Hybrid Analysis Type. Multicore shielded cable with braided shield in car body is considered.
Noise coupled from high power shielded cable to neighbour single cable is analyzed in frequency range from 1 MHz to 80 MHz. Main part of cable bundle is routed under the car chassis.
High power shielded cable connects "3-Phase_AC" generator model with "Motor". Grounding is provided at both sides via additional grounding wires. Single cable is terminated with 50 Ohm loads.
Voltage coupled from high power shielded cable to neighbour cable is considered.


This is a brand new recipe. I've never made it, or really anything like it, before today. In fact, I wasn't even sure what would be going into this stew when I went to the grocery store to pick up the ingredients. I had a basic plan to make a Mediterranean stew, and I knew I wanted some lamb in it, but otherwise I kinda made it up as I wandered the store picking out ingredients that looked fresh and tasty. The results were excellent, and this is definitely a recipe that will stay in my main rotation now.
If you're not a big fan of lamb, this could easily be made with pork or beef alone, but the lamb really makes it great in my opinion. And, even our little guy chowed down on the lamb, which was tender and mild after a long swim in the slow cooker. So, here we go!
Start by cubing your meat. I used stew meat as my beef, so I simply cut the big cubes into smaller cubes. As for the lamb, I used shoulder chops, which were a little more work. After cubing the lamb, I saved the bones to add to the slow cooker to enrich the stock as it cooked.
Little meaty bits of goodness waiting to be cooked off these bones…and sweet sweet marrow. Yum.
After placing all the meat in the slow cooker, start slicing and chopping your veggies, potatoes and mushrooms. Add them, the canned tomatoes and garbanzo beans to the slow cooker. Add the garlic, herbs, salt and pepper. Add the worchestershire sauce, lemon zest, lemon juice and vegetable stock. Stir gently to combine and evenly distribute the ingredients. Cook on low for 8 hours.
I served this stew over a whole grain cous cous, which did a great job of soaking up the stock at the bottom of the bowl. Cous cous is a great time-saver when you want a starch with your meal without the time of making rice.
Cous cous – a simple side dish, ready in 5 minutes.
In a pan, bring 1 1/2 cups of chicken stock and a tablespoon of olive oil to a boil. Stir in the cous cous, turn off the heat and cover. Let stand for five minutes, and it's done. Fluff it gently and it's ready to serve.
Once the stew is done, make sure you fish out the bones before serving, especially if kids will be partaking.
Serve the stew over the cous cous with a healthy dose of stock. It is easiest to eat with a nice big spoon, and possibly a roll on the side to mop up any stock the cous cous doesn't soak up. Enjoy!
And, as far as sharing this meal as "eats for all ages," our little guy loved this stuff. He tore into the lamb, the veggies and especially the mushrooms. When slow cooked, lamb becomes unbelievably tender, and the gaminess becomes very mild, making this an ideal way to introduce young eaters to a new protein.


A trio from South Yorkshire arrested on suspicion of murder after a woman's death in a seaside town have been released by police.
Caroline Fisher, aged 52, of Eastwood in Nottinghamshire, died in hospital after a fight reportedly broke out outside Buzz Bar on Sea Lane, Ingoldmells, last Friday night.
The 30-year-old woman and 31-year-old man were released on bail in the early hours of Monday morning.
The 29-year-old woman was released with no further action.


The Food and Drug Administration warned Thursday that a Chinese herbal slimming supplement sold in shops and online contains active drugs not listed on its label, including a stimulant known to cause heart damage.
The weight loss supplement sold under the name Que She and marketed as "an all-natural blend of Chinese herbs", contains not only fenfluramine, a stimulant withdrawn from the U.S. market in 1997 after studies showed it caused serious heart valve damage, but also three other potentially harmful drugs.
The other drugs found in Que She were the beta-blocker propranolol, which can harm people with asthma and certain heart conditions and the prescription weight loss drug sibutramine, which has been linked with increased risk of heart attack and stroke in patients with a history of heart disease; and the stimulant ephedrine.
The drugs in Que She could be dangerous on their own in certain groups of patients, and could "interact with other medications and result in a serious adverse event," the FDA warned, urging anyone who has taken the weight loss supplement to consult a health care professional.
The website, Diet Spotlight, described Que She as a compound of 11 Chinese herbs that "purportedly helps a person lose weight by suppressing appetite and increasing metabolism."
Several websites that sold the slimming aid had removed Que She from the list of products they sell shortly after the FDA issued its warning Thursday.


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Westborough, US
Community Advocate
Home Byline Stories - News George A. Perry III honored posthumously as Westborough's Veteran of the Year
Byline Stories - News
George A. Perry III honored posthumously as Westborough's Veteran of the Year
Community Advocate Staff
Paul Horrigan, vice chair, Westborough Veterans Advisory Board, Ronald Perry, brother of George Perry III and quartermaster, Westborough VFW Post 9013; and Kenneth Ferrera, veterans' service officer for Westborough
Photo/Bonnie Adams
By Bonnie Adams, Managing Editor
Westborough – A ceremony was held Feb. 7 at the Westborough Town Hall to honor the late George A. Perry III as the town's Veteran of the Year.
The award was created to honor the town's veterans "who make extraordinary contributions to the town and foster the well-being of their ex-military neighbors."
Perry entered the U.S. Army at the age of 18 and served for eight years on active duty from January 1966 to December 1968. During that time he was stationed in Vietnam and received the Vietnam Campaign Ribbon, Republic of Vietnam Gallantry Cross with 60 device, National Defense Service Medal and two Overseas Bars.
Following his service with the U. S. Army, he enlisted with the U.S. Air Force where he served for 38 years, retiring as Chief Senior Master Sergeant. He was recognized with the Meritorious Service Medal, Air Force Achievement Medal with one Oak Leaf Cluster and Air Force Longevity Service Award Ribbon. He was a graduate of the ANG NCO Academy and USAF senior NCO Academy.
Perry served as the veterans' agent for the town of Westborough for many years and initiated the move to create a district, adding the towns of Shrewsbury, Grafton and Northborough.
He was a member and past commander of the VFW Post 9013, a member of the American Legion and the Disabled American Veterans. As a leader within the Westborough Veterans Advisory Board and the Trustees of the Soldiers Memorials, he advocated for veterans and veterans issues as well as supervising Westborough's Memorial Day and Veterans Day programs.
Perry passed away in April 2014 at the age of 66.
During the Feb. 7 ceremony, his friends and colleagues spoke of his dedication to serving veterans in whatever way they needed.
Kenneth Ferrera, the current veterans' service officer for Westborough, recalled that Perry had been a "wonderful mentor and great advocate for veterans."
Recently, he said, several things had occurred which made him believe his friend's presence was still very much evident. That included finding a long-forgotten VCR copy of the Westborough TV show, "Veterans Corner," that he had done with Perry in 2007.
"You're still here someplace, reminding us of all you did for the veterans," Ferrera said.
Police Chief Alan Gordon noted that Perry had always made a point of reaching out to him to ensure that everything was organized and in place for the town's annual Memorial Day and Veterans Day commemorations.
"Thank you for lending us him," Gordon said to Perry's widow, Donna.
As the former VFW commander, Michael Duplessis noted that Perry had been proud of his family, the Air Force, his town and his status as a veteran. It had been so important to Perry, Duplessis said, that he use whatever means were necessary to help veterans "get the help they so desperately needed."
"I just wish he was here one more time so he could step up and accept this award himself," he said.
Denzil Drewry, a current selectman and former quartermaster of VFW 9013, also spoke about his longtime friend.
"He always helped veterans with whatever they needed, no matter who they were," Drewry said. "I miss a lot of things about you, George, and I love you."
Paul Horrigan relayed how Perry had helped him with his disability forms shortly before he passed away.
"That was one of his last acts," he said. "At his funeral, Father Foley called him a 'great person, a tremendous person.' He was definitely that."
A plaque, donated by Crown Trophy of Northborough, was then presented to Perry's brother, Ronald, who represented the family. Ronald Perry, who is the VFW's current quartermaster, thanked those gathered and noted that the plaque will be placed at the VFW, the place where his brother had spent so many hours helping others.
Bonnie Adams
Crown Trophy of Northborough
Denzil Drewry
George A. Perry III
Kenneth Ferrera
Paul Horrigan
Police Chief Alan Gordon
Ronald Perry
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Rain does not damper Zip Trip fun in Westborough
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Don't Designate An "Inexpert" Expert - Part Two
by Brian Chase
As Featured in the July 2011 Issue of "Advocate"
| Page 1 | Page 2 | Page 3 | Page 4 | Page 5 |
Furthermore, untimely service of an expert-witness exchange, whether inadvertent or purposeful, also mandates exclusion of any and all expert testimony. (Fairfax v. Lords (2006) 138 Cal.App.4th 1019,1026-1028 [41 Cal.Rptr.3d 850.])
Fairfax held that expert-witness designations must be simultaneous, and that a party cannot await the opponent's designation before later deciding what experts to disclose and doing so untimely.
Where a party's failure timely to serve his or her expert disclosures is genuinely inadvertent, the party should immediately serve the intended designation and decla-ration (if applicable), Opposing counsel should then be contacted to inquire whether counsel will stipulate to exclude the inadvertent untimeliness. Any such agreement should then be confirmed in writing. In this author's experience, most opposing counsel will agree to do so if the inadvertent and untimely designation delay is brief. Most trial courts are also likely to grant a motion under C.C.P., § 2034.620, to permit a tardy designation retroactively, as long as the motion is promptly brought and will visit no genuine prejudice on the adverse party. Opposing counsel who unreasonably refuse to permit a tardy designation are also likely to face an award of monetary sanctions for forcing the designating party to file, and the trial court to hear, such a motion. (C.C.P., § 2034.730.)
Distinguishing Between Retained and Nonretained Experts
The difference between retained and nonretained experts continues to be frequently misunderstood.
That an expert may be retained or nonretained is immaterial to the basic obligation ofdisclosure of the expert. Beyond the duty of timely disclosure, the distinction between retained and nonretained is critical with respect to three issues: (1) how the nature of the expert's opinion formation process affects whether(s)he is retained or nonretained; (2) whether, in addition to the designation of name and address, an expert declaration concerning that expert is also required; and (3) whether the designating party is obligated to furnish the expert for deposition by a deposing adverse party.
The primary, definitional distinction between a retained an nonretained expert is statutorily established in C.C.P., § 2034.210 (b): if an expert is a party or employee, or "has been retained by a party for the purpose of forming and expressing an opinion in anticipation of the litigation or in preparation for the trail of the action" (also referred to as "specially retained," the expert is a retained expert. For "party related" and "retained" experts, the designating party must include his counsel's expert declaration which must include the information set out in C.C.P., § 2034.260(c)(I-5).
One of the most common errors our offices encounter is a relatively frequent failure by counsel to recognize that their clients and/or client's employees are always considered retained experts if they intend to offer any testimony at trial which may include expert opinions. (C.C.P., § 2034.210(b).) This means that. in a medical-malpractice case, for example, if a defendant physician intends to defend his standard of care or deny causation of injury on the stand at trial, an expert declaration is required for him and he is required to be produced for an expert deposition upon service of proper notice by any adverse party. (C.c.P., § 2034.460(a).) The same is also true of any employee of a party who may offer any expert opinion testimony, even if that employee was not retained to form and express expert opinions at trial.
The obvious rationale for applying the same rules applicable to retained third-party experts to parties and their employees lies in the fact that the attorney-client privilege encompasses all such experts. Procedural fairness dictates that an adverse party who may not ethically communicate with that expert party and/or party employee represented by counsel, be properly placed on notice of those areas ofexpert opinion evidence the party or in-house employee may offer, so any appropriate supplement designation can be undertaken.
As a result, an attorney contemplating calling his client or an employee of his client as an expert at trial balance the pros and cons of introducing potentially critical in-house expert testimony needed for a prima facie showing at trial against the waiver of the attorney client and work product privileges. Consideration also needs to be given that experts are fre-quently permitted to be more extensively cross-examined than lay witnesses. This decision must be made sufficiently well in advance of trial to comply with the declaration requirements.
A natural person otherwise qualified under Evidence Code section 801 to offer "expert" opinions at trial, who may have formed those opinions independently of the litigation, is not considered "retained". (Schreiber v. Estate of Kiser (1999) 22 Cal.4th 31 [91 Cal.Rptr.2d 293.]) This is true even if the nonretained expert is ultimately called by a party at trial to offer opinions which are typically offered only by retained experts (e.g., whether a physician's conduct in a medical negligence action was below the applicable standard of care). In Schreiber, the California Supreme Court held that a treating physician not specifically retained by Plaintiff to "form and express" expert opinions at trial, but nonetheless properly designated as a "nonretained expert," was authorized to offer causation of injury opinions at trial, where these opinions had been formed "percipiently," during the physician's care and treatment of the Plaintiff. No expert declaration was therefore required for this nonretained expert. (Id., 22 Cal.4th at 35-39.)
As the court observed, "As the legislative history clarifies, what distinguishes the treating physician from a retained expert is not the content of the testimony, but the context in which he became familiar with the plaintiff's injuries that were ultimately the subject of litigation, and which form the factual basis for the medical opinion....A treating physician is not consulted for litigation purposes, but rather learns of the plaintiff's injuries and medical history because of the underlying physician-patient relationship..." (ld., 22 Cal.4th at 35-36.) There is no attorney work product protection for the opinions of these potential experts, whose identities are discoverable and are subject to being deposed at any time during the litigation.
Non-retained experts will include not only treating physicians, but other experts who are qualified to form opinions and do so independently of the litigation at issue. These would also include, for example, police officers. emergency EMT personnel, accident investigators, forensic pathologists, building inspectors, engineers, and potentially others whose opinions concerning a matter ultimately sought to be introduced in later litigation were formed separate and apart from that litigation. & long as those opinions are contextually derived outside the scope of the litigation, these experts are properly considered nonretained. (Schreiber, supra, 22 Gal.4th at 31.)
If you or a loved one have suffered from any personal injuries as a result of someone else's negligence, know your rights and contact an attorney today.
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Age Against the Machine: A Call for Designing Ethical AI for and with Children
• Sumita Sharma, INTERACT Research Unit, University of Oulu
• Eva Durall Gazulla, INTERACT Research Unit, University of Oulu
• Marianne Kinnula, INTERACT Research Unit, University of Oulu
• Nitin Sawhney, Aalto University.
• Deadline: February 28th, 2023
• Notification to the authors: April 30th, 2023
• Camera ready paper: May 30th, 2023
• Publication of the special issue: July 2023 (tentatively)
Child-Computer Interaction (CCI) research is focused on cultivating, nurturing, and nudging children towards technology use and design. Recently, ethical aspects related to technology have come to the forefront, including the inherent limitations of technology, particularly related to Artificial intelligence (AI) and Machine learning (ML). Further, AI has a known diversity problem where age-inclusion can be sometimes forgotten. While various global and national policy frameworks on Children and AI are being developed, the approaches are child-centered but not child-led, restricting children from affecting their own digital futures. Further still, there is little discussion with children on the limitations, inherent biases, and lack of diversity in current design and development of AI/ML. As AI evolves to mimic human-like cognition, emotions, conversations, and decision-making, its impact on children and their futures should be critically examined for, with, and by children.
Therefore, we invite researchers working on the various challenges and opportunities related to Children and AI/ ML to submit their work to this special issue. We welcome research that includes children as equal partners and empowers them to consider present and future challenges as experts of their own lives, with diverse interests, backgrounds, perspectives, and experiences. We also welcome research and design work with (but not limited to) educators, families, children (as testers, co-designers, co-researchers, protagonists), and other stakeholders in a variety of contexts (schools, after-school clubs, out of school contexts, public spaces, rural, urban).
Suggested topics include theories,models, frameworks, exploratory studies, case / user studies on (but not limited to):
• Research on and with Children and AI/ML
• AI Literacy for Al
• Children's rights and AI
• Ethical AI for children
• Participatory Design and Research with intelligent systems
• Inclusion, diversity, and empowerment of under-represented children and communities.
(when submitting the paper please choose the section: 'SI: Age against the machine')
• firstname [dot] lastname [at] oulu [dot] fi for the guest editors from University of Oulu.
• firstname [dot] lastname [at] aalto [dot] fi for the guest editor from Aalto University
marking the subject as: IxD&A special issue on Age against the machine.


JH Kwabena Nketia's humility, upon all his greatness, was arresting and it knew no differentiations.
Gambling has become a source of stable income for many young people within the La town.
Why people die on the Kintampo-Tamale road is not an act of God but an act of man. Last Friday's fatal accident at Amoma Nkwanta in the Kintampo South District of the Bono East Region where about 60 plus people died with some burnt beyond recognition is not the first time such a gory accident has occurred on that stretch of the road.


At the Saint_Joseph's Health Centre on Monday, March 3, 2008, in his 91st year. Joseph PIESTRAK, long-time resident of Copernicus Lodge in Toronto, husband of the late Anna PIESTRAK. Dear cousin of Michael and Ella MANASTERSKI and family. Beloved Godfather to Ted BESAINT_Joseph will also be fondly remembered by Jonathan and Jacqueline BEST. Resting at the Newediuk Funeral Home, Kipling Chapel, 2058 Kipling Ave. (north of Rexdale Blvd.) on Friday, March 7, 2008, 10 a.m. to 12: 00 noon. Funeral Mass will be celebrated at 1 p.m. at St. Casimir's Church, 156 Roncesvalles Ave. with interment at Glendale Memorial Gardens.
Passed away peacefully at Lee Manor on Saturday, February 23, 2008. Betty JAY (n�e FRY) formerly of London and Chatham in her 87th year. Betty was the daughter of the late James and Ethel FRY of Tottenham. Beloved wife of the late Vernon (Bud) JAY. Dear mother of Jim (Debbie) JAY of London, Judy (George) MacKIMMIE of Thorold and Janice (ROSS) COOKE of Owen Sound. She will be sadly missed by seven grandchildren, one great-grand_son, sister Audrey MANDER of London and brother Harold (Joy) FRY of Wiarton. Predeceased▼ by brother Vernor FRY of Bolton. Cremation has taken place. A memorial service will be held in London at a later date. Interment Woodland Cemetery, London. Memorial donations to the charity of your choice would be appreciated by the family. Arrangements entrusted to Grey Bruce Cremation and Burial Services 519-371-8507.
Passed away peacefully at Lee Manor, Owen Sound on Saturday, February 23, 2008. Betty JAY (n�e FRY) formerly of London and Chatham in her 87th year. Betty was the daughter of the late James and Ethel FRY of Tottenham. Beloved wife of the late Vernon (Bud) JAY. Dear mother of Jim (Debbie) JAY of London, Judy (George) MacKIMMIE of Thorold and Janice (Ross) COOKE of Owen Sound. She will be sadly missed by seven grandchildren, one great-grand_son, sister Audrey MANDER of London and brother Harold (Joy) FRY of Wiarton. Predeceased▲ by brother Vernor FRY of Bolton. Cremation has taken place. A memorial service will be held in London at a later date. Interment Woodland Cemetery, London. Memorial donations to the charity of your choice would be appreciated by the family. Arrangements entrusted to Grey Bruce Cremation and Burial Services, Owen Sound 1-877-991-9995.
Kurt, Micheal and Marg, Lonny, Kathy, Valerie, Leonard and Laura.
Mandigo. Predeceased by brothers Ernie, Earl and a baby sister.
Very gently with dignity, courage and style, Brenda MANSBRIDGE died in London, Ontario on April 4th, 2008, in her 85th year. Brenda Louise was born in Liverpool, England, the second daughter of Major Samuel and Mrs. Ada HARRIS- JONES. She was the wife of 62 years of Wing Commander (Royal Air Force) Stanley H. MANSBRIDGE, D.F.C. (2005.) Mrs. MANSBRIDGE was the cherished mother of Wendy, Peter and Paul and mother-in-law of Douglas GUNN, Cynthia DALE and Susan MANSBRIDGE. To her final days, Brenda was actively following everything from domestic and international politics to tennis, golf and the latest in spring fashion. She was a passionate devotee and lifelong admirer of classical music. Nana staggered us constantly with her encyclopedic range of knowledge and ability to pose challenging questions to her grandchildren: Jennifer MANSBRIDGE (Jordan), Lisa GUNN, David GUNN (Joy), Pamela MANDSBRIDGE (Cameron,) Andrew GUNN (Heather,) Wendy MANSBRIDGE, Christopher MANSBRIDGE, Thomas MANSBRIDGE and William MANSBRIDGE. She was amazed and proud to be the great-grandmother of five beautiful little girls: Alexandra, Honor, Hope, Emma and Clara, Brenda is survived by her sisters Dorothy JAMIESON, Mississauga, Ontario, and Margaret SADLER (Geoffrey,) Burton-on-the-Wolds, England, and several nieces and nephews. A private service will be held in Saint Thomas, Ontario. This will be followed by a service of dedication in late spring. Arrangements through Williams Funeral Home, 45 Elgin Street, Saint Thomas, Ontario. Donations may be made to The Old Saint Thomas Church (1824) Restoration Fund or The Elgin Military Museum.
Gordon COHEN of Providence Bay passed away peacefully in the Mindemoya Health Centre on February 23, 2008. He enjoyed a little birthday party celebrating his 90th year at his bedside on February 6. Bidding him fond farewell and shalom are his loving wife Elizabeth LEHMAN, devoted daughter Lee Anne and husband Pierre MARCOUX of Creemore, Ontario, son Nathan of Toronto, granddaughter Lily MANEA and her partner Daryl KLINE of Toronto, along with sweet great granddaughter Hannah, beloved grand_son Nathan of British Columbia and many relatives in Toronto, Gordon's hometown. All say shalom to a good and generous man who liked to hear people laugh and loved his dog Zo�. A memorial celebration will be held in May at his daughter's home where his ashes will help a new tree grow.
Peacefully and with family beside her at the family home in 'Griersville', St. Vincent Township, on Friday, April 25, 2008. Born in Euphrasia Township, a daughter of the late Violet Florence (n�e) DOBSON and Frederick William WOODHOUSE. Doris CANN, in her 80th year, predeceased by her beloved husband Reginald Alexander CANN in June 2005. Much loved mother of Carol and her husband Doug BOWINS and Larry CANN and his wife Barb, all of Meaford; Lonnie CANN and his wife Penny of Markdale; Barb and her husband Bill SADLER also of Meaford; and Sherry and her husband Charles DEAL of Cambridge. Sadly missed by eleven grandchildren and fifteen great-grandchildren: Scott and Susan BOWINS and their children Sam and Shelby, Tanya BOWINS and her son Eric, Lori and Jeff WILLIAMS and their children Hayley and Tate, Marsha and Darryl MOLAND and their daughters Emma and Julia, Amy CANN (Murray FIFE,) Michelle and Matthew JUBY and their children Morgan, Drew, Logan and Carly, Amanda and Chad RONEY and their children Jacob, Emily, Jordan and Summer, Adam MANELLA, Matthew MANELLA (Candise GLEASON,) and Chris and Melissa SADLER. Predeceased by a granddaughter Andrea and a great-granddaughter Lily. Dear sister of Lloyd WOODHOUSE and his wife Jean and Harold Woodhouse and his wife June all of Heathcote and predeceased by a brother Arnold WOODHOUSE and remembered by his wife Dorothy. Sister-in-law of Jessie (late Robert LACKEY) of Orangeville, Mary (late Leslie) BREADNER of Heathcote, Viola GRAHAM (late Ernie BURGOYNE), Verna (late Murray HODGKINSON), Blanche (Mrs. Keith KNIGHT) and Elgin CANN and his wife Marlene all of Meaford. Also predeceased by sisters-in-law Wilma WOODHOUSE and Irene EMARY. Fondly remembered and special Aunt of many nieces and nephews and their families. A private family funeral service, officiated by Peter McDONALD of the Church of Christ, will be conducted at the Ferguson Funeral Home in Meaford on Tuesday, April 29, 2008 with committal and interment services to follow at Lakeview Cemetery. As your expression of sympathy and in lieu of flowers, donations to the Canadian Cancer Society or a charity of your choice would be appreciated and may be made through the Ferguson Funeral Home, 48 Boucher St. E., Meaford, N4L 1B9 (519-538-1320).
Peacefully on March 13, 2008 at the Humber River Regional Hospital Finch Site, with his family by his side. Filippo MANGANARO, husband of Rita. Loving father of Tino and his wife Selma and Frank and his wife Michelle. Nonno will be fondly remembered and forever loved by Emma, Alessandra and Jacob. He will be sadly missed by his brother Joe (Natina), and sisters Pina (Franco), Sina, Tota and Maria, and many nieces, nephews and Friends. Friends will be received at the "Woodbridge Chapel" of Scott Funeral Home, 7776 Kipling Avenue (at Hwy. 7) on Saturday from 6-9 p.m. and Sunday from 2-4 and 7-9 p.m. Funeral Mass will be celebrated on Monday, March 17th at 11: 00 a.m. at Saint_Joseph the Worker Roman Catholic Church (191 Wade Gate, Concord). Cremation Assumption Cemetery. Should you desire, donations to the Heart and Stroke Foundation would be appreciated. Online condolences are welcome at www.scott-woodbridge.ca.
At home Licia Rose (n�e ANZELLOTTI) passed away on Monday, March 17, 2008. Beloved wife of the late Angelo Carmine D'ASCANIO. Cherished mother of Nick and his wife Lucy D'ASCANIO and Andrena and her husband Enzo (Ed) PALMA. Predeceased by her daughter Dora DI VIRGILIO (1994,) who is survived by her husband Ermando DI VIRGILIO. Loving grandmother of Annette RATTAZZI, Angelo D'ASCANIO, Lisa and James SINGER, Licia and Steve ELDER, Angela DI VIRGILIO, Mark and Krista PALMA and David and Cheryl PALMA. Adored great-grandmother of Stephen, Laura, Christopher, Nicholas, Noah, Jaclyn, Alyssa, Jordan and Taylor. Dear sister of Ada and Domenic MANINI. Predeceased by her two brothers. Also survived by many nieces and nephews in Canada, U.S.A. and Italy. Her family will receive Friends at the John T. Donohue Funeral Home, 362 Waterloo Street at King Street, London on Wednesday evening 7-9 o'clock. Liturgy of the Word will be held to celebrate Licia's life at Saint Mary's Church, 345 Lyle Street on Thursday morning at 10: 00 o'clock. Licia's final resting place will be in the Holy Family Mausoleum - Saint Peter's Cemetery. Prayers Wednesday evening at 8: 15 o'clock. Donations to the Saint Mary's Church Building Fund would be appreciated.
�We were truly blessed,� said Mr. MAGUIRE.
far from being of rough stock. �Oh how mumma could bake,� recalled Mrs.
�I remember a story about the Anglican minister at the time, a Mr.
never know when your paths will cross again,� recalled Mrs. BROWN.
�She would never cook the turkey in the electric stove,� recalled Mrs.
the royal treatment after that � starting with a scrumptious tea party.
MANITOWABI--In loving memory of my beautiful daughter April, April 14, 1984 - August 28, 2000.
Guiding and comforting us with its light.
The tiniest breath of air.
Love mom June, sisters Stephanie, Seneca Manitowabi, nieces Asia, Zahara and nephew Raine.
Mothers Against Drunk Driving Conference, Toronto, April 2008.
At the C.E.E. Hospital of Bluewater Health on Wednesday, June 11, 2008. Jean MANIUK (n�e McINTYRE,) 75 years, of Petrolia. Jean was predeceased by her husband, Wes MANIUK (1986.) Loving mother of Bob and Liz MANIUK of Petrolia, the late Ed MANIUK (1975,) Marianne MANIUK and Pierre LAROCHELLE of Petrolia, Christine and Bryan PIGGOTT of Petrolia, and John and Lesley MANIUK of Oil Springs. Loved grandmother to Maleia and Scott WASSOM, Brandon MANIUK, Barrett and Tammy MANIUK, David THATCHER, Joshua MANIUK, Edward MANIUK, Kelly and Jason BRENT, Christopher SUMNER, Karly SUMNER, Joseph and Kelly MANIUK, the late Jamie MANIUK (1987,) Sean WAGNER, Jen and Jeff RICH, Steven PIGGOTT, Stefany PIGGOTT, Scott PIGGOTT, Amelia MANIUK, and Tie MANIUK. She was a loving great-grandmother to Matthew WASSOM, Dannika and Jacksen MANIUK, Joeylyn MANIUK, and Jesse and Alyssa RICH. Dear sister of Vera and Bill HARTLEY, Ron and Gerri McINTYRE, Ruby MAXFIELD, Joyce SALISBURY, Arnold and Penny McINTYRE, and Peter McINTYRE. Visitors will be received on Friday from 2 to 4 and 7 to 9 p.m. at the Needham-Jay Funeral Home, Petrolia, where a funeral service will be held on Saturday, June 14, 2008 at 11: 00 a.m., with Rev. Dr. Robert M. GIBSON officiating. Interment in Hillsdale Cemetery. As expressions of sympathy, donations may be made by cheque to the Heart and Stroke Foundation of Ontario or the C.E.E. Hospital Foundation. Memories and condolences may be left online at www.needhamjay.com.


text:
Gingrich Praises JFK Speech About Religion -- The Same One That Almost Made Santorum 'Throw Up
"...his first duty as president would be to do the job of president, and I think that's correct."
WASHINGTON (The Blaze/AP) -- Newt Gingrich disagrees with Rick Santorum's harsh criticism of the famous speech on religion that John F. Kennedy delivered as he campaigned to become the nation's first Roman Catholic president. As you'll recall, Santorum said that he almost "threw up" after reading the speech about church-state separatism.
(Related: Santorum Says Separation of Church & State Not 'Absolute')
Gingrich and Santorum, each a Catholic seeking the GOP nomination, view Kennedy's words differently. While Santorum says he felt sick after reading Kennedy's 1960 speech and believes it advocated absolute separation of church and state.
"The first substantive line says 'I believe in an America where the separation of church and state is absolute.' I don't believe in an America where the separation of church and state is absolute," Santorum said over the weekend on ABC's 'This Week.'" "The idea that the church can have no influence or no involvement in the operation of the state is absolutely antithetical to the objectives and vision of our country."
Gingrich, though, takes a radically different stance and calls it a "remarkable speech." He told Fox News Channel on Tuesday that Kennedy was reassuring voters that he wouldn't obey any foreign religious leader. Gingrich said Kennedy was declaring "that his first duty as president would be to do the job of president, and I think that's correct."
Here is a portion of Kennedy's famed speech on faith -- the tenets of which Santorum and Gingrich clearly disagree upon:
I believe in an America where the separation of church and state is absolute, where no Catholic prelate would tell the president (should he be Catholic) how to act, and no Protestant minister would tell his parishioners for whom to vote; where no church or church school is granted any public funds or political preference; and where no man is denied public office merely because his religion differs from the president who might appoint him or the people who might elect him.
I believe in an America that is officially neither Catholic, Protestant nor Jewish; where no public official either requests or accepts instructions on public policy from the Pope, the National Council of Churches or any other ecclesiastical source; where no religious body seeks to impose its will directly or indirectly upon the general populace or the public acts of its officials; and where religious liberty is so indivisible that an act against one church is treated as an act against all.
Gingrich does share Santorum's position on President Barack Obama, however. Gingrich said Obama's administration is "anti-religious."


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