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Is unconditional basic income a viable alternative to other social welfare measures?
Is unconditional basic income a viable alternative to other social welfare measures? Updated
Countries give basic education and health care to everyone, and for good reasons—why not basic income?
Ugo Colombino
University of Turin, Italy, and IZA, Germany
Globalization and automation have brought about a tremendous increase in productivity, with enormous benefits, but also a dramatic reallocation of jobs, skills, and incomes, which might jeopardize the full realization of those benefits. Current social policies may not be adequate to successfully redistribute the gains from automation and globalization or to advance the reallocation of jobs and skills. Under certain circumstances, an unconditional basic income might be a better alternative for achieving these goals. It is simple, transparent, and has low administrative costs, though it may require higher taxes or a cut/reallocation of other public expenditures.
Unconditional basic income might be an efficient way to redistribute the benefits from automation and globalization.
Since it is not conditional on income, unconditional basic income does not create "welfare traps."
Unconditional basic income is simple and transparent, with low administrative costs.
Unconditional basic income serves as an efficient buffer against shocks and systemic risks from automation and globalization.
Some evidence from experimental studies suggests that unconditional basic income might have positive effects on labor supply, responsibility, and investment in human capital.
Unconditional basic income might require higher taxes, or cuts to other public expenditures.
Microsimulation studies suggest that unconditional basic income might reduce labor supply.
Unconditional basic income might lead to a reduction in effort, motivation, and autonomy.
Unconditional basic income also benefits the "undeserving."
Economic reasoning and empirical evidence suggest that, under certain conditions, unconditional basic income might be an important policy innovation for redistributing gains from automation and globalization, building a buffer against shocks and systemic risks, and generating positive labor supply incentives among the poor. While such a policy is simple and transparent, financing it might require higher taxes or cuts of other transfers, with efficiency and equality losses. Therefore, careful redesign of taxes and transfers is needed to obtain a net benefit from unconditional basic income.
Many OECD countries have been suffering from high unemployment and job insecurity since the Great Recession in the late 2000s. More fundamentally, however, these maladies are a byproduct of automation and globalization. Along with large potential gains (brought about by more efficient production and exchange methods), these processes imply massive re-allocations, including job losses, shocks, and systemic risks. Worldwide income distribution has become less unequal, but has produced new losers, especially among the middle class in developed countries (Figure 1). At the same time, income inequality and polarization within advanced economies have increased (evident through the difference between decile 8 and decile 10 in Figure 1). There is evidence that the gains from automation and globalization might be going to the few, and may be smaller than necessary due to the lack of efficient redistribution channels. Hence, failing to design efficient means of redistributing the benefits may prevent some of the potential benefits from materializing. Designing income support policies that work well as both buffers against the volatility inherent in the global economy and as redistribution mechanisms for the gains from automation and globalization requires first considering how well current social assistance policies meet those goals.
Traditional welfare under stress
There are several types of income maintenance policies, and the terminology used for them can be confusing. Guaranteed minimum income policies envisage transfers that guarantee a minimum level of income. The transfers may—or may not—be means-tested, conditional, or categorical. Means-tested transfers depend on the recipient's own income and/or wealth. Conditional transfers are subject to some conditions, such as actively looking for a job or sending children to school, or contingencies, for example, lay-offs or disability. Categorical transfers are limited to specific segments of the population, for example, age groups or occupational sectors. When defining specific policies, often the above qualifications are merged or implicit. For example, it is common to denote as unconditional a transfer that is not means-tested and does not require any conditions. Literally, a universal transfer denotes a transfer which is not categorical. However, sometimes universal is used as equivalent to unconditional.
The social assistance policies of most industrialized countries are close to means-tested (and often also categorical and conditional) transfers, with a high implicit benefit reduction rate (the rate at which benefits are withdrawn as the recipient's own earnings increase). In Figure 2(a), the heavy line represents the relationship between gross income and net available income under a means-tested income guarantee. To keep things simple, the policy is illustrated under the extreme hypothesis of a 100% benefit reduction rate (a €1 reduction in benefits for each additional euro of earnings until earnings reach the exemption level, E) and a flat tax applied to incomes above the exemption level. In Figure 2(b) the income guarantee is partial since there is a drop in disposable income after E: a bad design, yet a realistic possibility. Such mechanisms are known to weaken the incentives to work [1]. In Figure 2(a), putting aside non-pecuniary motivations, there is no point in working for earnings below G, and there might be no point in working at all without the opportunity and the willingness to earn sufficiently more than G: the "welfare trap" or "poverty trap." In Figure 2(b), the "trap" is reinforced by the drop in disposable income after E.
The actual policies implemented can be much more complicated than the stylized versions in Figures 2(a) and 2(b). The typical means-tested policies (and often also conditional and/or categorical) regimes tend to be a chaotic overlapping of interventions that do not favor transparency or rational decision-making by the households. These multiple measures may also increase monitoring and litigating costs and may open up opportunities for fraud and error. Figure 3 gives an example where the overlapping or combination of many mechanisms of the 2(a)−2(b) type induces an irregular profile with "cliffs": the so-called "welfare cliffs."
Automation, globalization, and the post-2008 recession inflated the number of people in need of assistance and, in turn, the volume and complexities of social protection. The current policies do not appear to be fully appropriate to cope with the challenges posed by the globalized and digitized economy. One line of responses to these difficulties is moving toward less protection, greater selectivity, and more sophisticated means-testing and eligibility conditions: reducing guarantees, increasing work incentives (through tax credits, wage subsidies, and behavioral requirements as a condition for receiving benefits), and narrowing the segment of the population qualifying for income support. These policies have positive effects on labor supply incentives. There are, however, also critical analyses to consider. Incentive-augmented conditional minimum income policies do not eliminate the welfare traps, nor other problems, including take-up costs, stigma, and paternalism, which lead to low take-up rates and marginalization [2], [3]. Moreover, programs focusing on wage subsidies or tax credits for low-income earners introduce additional distortions by favoring sectors that employ low-wage workers [4].
An alternative: Unconditional basic income
An alternative policy (as a radical replacement of, or a complement to traditional income support policies) is the unconditional basic income (UBI) [5]. It is shown in Figure 4(b), where G now represents the unconditional transfer. For the sake of simplicity, as in Figure 2, income above the exemption level E is taxed at a flat rate. UBI can be interpreted as a special case of the negative income tax (NIT) [1] illustrated in Figure 4(a). Although the means-tested income guarantee shown in Figure 2(a) might be seen as a special case of the NIT or the UBI, there is a crucial difference between the two mechanisms. In the means-tested minimum income guarantee of Figure 2(a), those below the exemption income level E receive a compensation that pushes their disposable income up to G. Their own income (below E) plays no role in determining their disposable income. By contrast, with a UBI/NIT, those below the exemption level E receive a compensation that increases their disposable income without being tied to their own income. The incentives are radically different, with NIT and UBI definitely more conducive to labor supply. In turn, there is a difference in the way proponents and supporters think about UBI versus NIT: the former as an upfront transfer that gets taxed away afterwards, the latter as a contingent transfer to people who fall below the exemption level E.
Benefits of an unconditional basic income policy
There are three main arguments advanced by supporters of UBI. First, it would update the welfare system to a new standard appropriate for the digitalized and globalized economy. It would provide an efficient mechanism for reallocating jobs and resources in the globalized economy, where employers need flexibility to compete on a global scale and employees need support to redesign their careers and occupational choices. Some experiments find that a considerable number of recipients of unconditional cash transfers use the money to cover training in new skills and related costs of changing jobs. Moreover, a UBI would represent an automatic protection against the volatility and shocks inherent in the globalized economy [4].
Second, by integrating all (or most of) the transfers into one simple and transparent mechanism, it would lead to lower administrative costs and limit the space for fraud and political manipulation. According to US estimates, the administrative cost of a non-means-tested transfer such as a UBI is around 1–2% of the total costs of the UBI. Means-testing boosts the cost to four or five times that amount. Means-testing introduces incentives for income underreporting and erroneous reporting, such as incorrect inclusions and exclusions. For example, the rate of overpayment due to fraud and error in the UK in 2010 was estimated at around 1% for non-means-tested benefits and 4% for means-tested ones. Moreover, the costs (monetary and other) to recipients of means-tested transfers are substantial, as can be inferred from take-up rates well below 100%.
Third, it would improve labor supply incentives, since the welfare-trap effects illustrated in Figure 2 would be eliminated, or at least reduced. It might also promote more efficient choices along other dimensions [5]. For example, experiments with non-means-tested transfers implemented in developing countries show positive results on labor supply and human capital investments such as education, occupation, and health.
Challenges to implementing an unconditional basic income policy
Several arguments are presented against UBI. Chief among them is the claim that such policies also benefit the "undeserving." However, this complaint is based on a false perception. While it is true that everyone is entitled to the same basic income benefit, taxation becomes progressive (even with a flat tax rate) since the net average tax rate increases with gross income and there is a level of gross income beyond which the benefit is exhausted.
Two other critical issues when considering UBI as an alternative to current policies are the cost and the effect on effort (labor supply, motivation), including the effect of the taxes required to pay for the benefit.
The gross cost of UBI is obviously large, although the precise cost depends on the size of the benefit. The net cost depends on whether and to what extent UBI replaces other policies, as well as on the size of the replaced expenditures. Where the social protection system is large (as in the Scandinavian countries), it might be possible to finance UBI simply by replacing current social assistance policies. In Mediterranean European countries, where expenditures on income support are much smaller, replacing them would probably not be sufficient to cover the cost of a UBI transfer at a realistic level of benefits.
A related point of discussion is whether—and to what extent—UBI could replace large contingent transfers—typically based on insurance mechanisms—such as disability pensions or support for long periods of unemployment. A total or partial replacement would probably ask households to acquire a sufficiently forward-looking behavior and allocate part of the unconditional transfer to insurance and financial markets.
In general, whether a UBI could realistically replace all the contingencies and conditions on which traditional welfare policies are based is an important point of discussion [6].
Economic theory suggests that UBI might have a negative income effect on labor supply, as a higher disposable income for a given number of hours worked would induce people to supply less labor and to consume more leisure time. A UBI policy might also induce negative substitution effects—for example, if it is financed through higher marginal tax rates on income or wealth. The economic logic is that higher marginal tax rates mean lower net wage rates since the unit gain from one more hour of work declines, inducing people to work less than they otherwise would, again substituting leisure for work. However, a reduction in labor supply is a reasonable expectation from a redistribution of the gains from automation and globalization. If automation increases output with less labor and if globalization pushes mature economies toward more advanced and labor-saving processes, the redistribution of the gains might indeed imply—other things being equal—a reduction in (market-based) work.
Empirical evidence on unconditional basic income policies
Policies close to UBI and covering (nearly) the whole population are currently implemented in Alaska and Iran [7]. There is a project underway in India that resembles the Alaskan model. It is defined as a "universal basic share" ([8], [9]), a concept that can be traced back to Thomas Paine [10]. The amounts provided in each of these programs are small and complementary to other traditional income support policies. Reforms like the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) in the US and In-Work Benefits in the UK can be interpreted as an approximation of an NIT (complementary to other more traditional policies).
During the 1970s and 1980s, the findings of experiments on US social welfare programs are believed to have undermined the favorable attitudes toward universal social policies that characterized the political and academic debate in the 1960s and early 1970s. More recently, however, new analyses suggest that the negative conclusions originally drawn from the data are based on improper interpretation of the findings or bad experimental design.
In recent years, many experiments have been (or are being) run in places such as India, Namibia, and Uganda. Results from these reveal that universal and unconditional transfers might create positive incentives by strengthening recipients' sense of autonomy and responsibility and by avoiding paternalism or stigma effects. Positive results include an increase in labor supply and productive activity as well as improvements in human capital (education, occupational choice, and health). Furthermore, the positive incentives created by these programs may ease the dramatic adjustments required by automation and globalization, which include a reallocation of labor and other resources. Mechanisms such as UBI can help people—financially and possibly motivationally—invest in new skills and search for jobs in new sectors. It remains to be seen whether similar results would emerge in industrial countries, but experiments are being run or planned in places such as Finland, the Netherlands, Ontario in Canada (currently suspended), and California in the US.
Another approach—so far the prevalent one in developed countries—is behavioral microsimulation. It uses data sets containing detailed information on individual choices (e.g. work choices), constraints (such as prices and income), and personal characteristics of a large sample of individuals or households. Data are used to develop a statistical model that aims to predict the choices individuals and households will make. Simulation studies have been done in many countries. Depending on the modeling approach, a feasible (fiscally neutral) policy might envisage a UBI of around 40–70% of the relative poverty line and a flat tax of around 30–45% (or a progressive tax with a top marginal rate around 50–65%). When the evaluation criterion goes beyond labor supply effects (e.g. takes into account the effects on inequality and on the values of non-market activities), NIT and UBI in most cases turn out to be superior to the current systems. Figure 5 gives an overview of studies on UBI around the world.
Economists have given much less attention to analyzing UBI than to policies such as tax credits or conditional cash transfers. Some experiments are being done in developing countries, though not in developed countries (at least recently). Experiments are important because they permit the direct identification of causal effects. The analysis of long-term dimensions of labor supply, such as education and occupation choices, would also benefit from experiments or the use of long-term panel data.
Still missing, except for a few individual estimates, is a systematic comparison of administrative costs (monitoring, delivery, litigation) of UBI compared with conditional or means-tested policies.
There is abundant—although not univocal—evidence of the substitution effects of income-related taxes and benefits on labor supply. The evidence on income effects, however, is more controversial and less robust. Yet, such evidence is crucial for comparing UBI with alternative policies, and further studies on these topics would thus be welcomed.
Finally, relatively little is known about the labor supply effects of taxing wealth rather than income.
The theoretical and empirical evidence is sufficient to suggest that UBI might be a viable alternative, or a complement, to selective and conditional social assistance policies. UBI appears to be an especially sound approach for redistributing the gains from automation and globalization, by building an efficient and transparent buffer against global volatility and systemic risks, generating positive incentives, and avoiding recurrent risks of falling into poverty.
Compared with means-tested and conditional policies, UBI is likely to be a winner under most criteria used for comparison. A possible exception is the cost of a UBI policy (relative to the cost of means-tested and conditional policies) and the distortions that might be introduced by raising taxes to cover the cost of the program. Alternatives to progressive income taxation should be investigated, such as a flat tax, wealth tax, consumption taxes, or environmental taxes. There may also be room to combine unconditional and conditional benefits, to some degree. Along the same lines, cash transfers conditional on recipients taking certain education or health steps might represent an interesting and less extreme version of UBI.
The UBI approach enjoys some support from many different ideological and methodological schools. As a consequence, the recipes proposed by the various sides can vary dramatically. One overarching crucial point is the relationship of UBI with existing welfare policies, and determining what eventually would be replaced by the UBI. Supporters of UBI should provide more detailed and transparent proposals on this issue.
A cautious strategy might consist of initially introducing UBI as a partial substitute for current means-tested and other conditional transfers, possibly limiting it to segments of the population identified on the basis of external characteristics, such as age and gender.
The author thanks an anonymous referee and the IZA World of Labor editors for many helpful suggestions on earlier drafts. Version 2 of the article provides a more detailed description of UBI compared to traditional income support policies and introduces UBI as a special case of NIT. It also updates the motivations, research results, empirical evidence, and references.
The IZA World of Labor project is committed to the IZA Code of Conduct. The author declares to have observed the principles outlined in the code.
© Ugo Colombino
basic income, means testing, incentives, redistribution, globalization, automation
Automation, globalization, and redistribution
Recent studies document the impact of technology on jobs, skills, and incomes. Some contributions present a scenario (the "Great Decoupling") with a sharp increase in income and wage inequality, and a drop of labor share in national income since the 1990s (e.g. Brynjolfsson and McAfee, 2014). Other analysts suggest that the dimension of those results might at least in part be played down depending on definitions and measurement criteria (e.g. Gordon, 2009). Whether the truth is closer to the proponents of the "Great Decoupling" or to their critics, it is a fact that the innovations of production and exchange technologies imply large re-allocations of resources and that these reallocations are particularly costly for labor (Acemoglu and Restrepo, 2018; Spence, 2011; Sachs and Kotlikoff, 2012; Krugman, 2013; Brynjolfsson and McAfee, 2014; Cowen, 2014; Hughes, 2014; Marchant et al., 2014; Milanovic, 2016). Although the potential overall benefits are likely to be positive, in practice, there are winners and losers. How large the gains and losses are, and how they are distributed, depend on the redistribution mechanisms. And the extent to which the benefits materialize depends also on the efficiency of the redistribution mechanism. Several studies propose policies (with unconditional basic income among them) that might be superior to current welfare policies (e.g. Santens, 2017) and conducive to a more efficient and/or equitable redistribution of the benefits and of the costs of automation and globalization (Krugman, 2013; Hughes, 2014; Sachs and Kotlikoff, 2012; Straubhaar, 2017).
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Version 2 provides a more detailed description of UBI compared to traditional income support policies and introduces UBI as a special case of NIT. It also updates the motivations, research results, empirical evidence, and references.
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© richard Atrero de Guzman/Greenpeace – Thousands participate in the Manila Bay clean-up and plastic waste brand audit in Roxas Blvd, Metro Manila.
Taking a stance against a giant, when you're only a normal-sized human, requires sharp strategy. Thankfully, Froilan Grate has plenty of that.
Grate is a community activist in the Philippines who has made it his mission to fight the plastic pollution that is overwhelming his homeland. It all started when he moved to the capital for school at age 18. In an interview with NPR, he described the shock of entering Manila Bay and seeing garbage everywhere.
"He felt sick. 'The contrast of where I grew up, beautiful white sand beaches, clear water, and arriving in Manila where it's black water with countless plastic, that was shocking to me.' His first thought at the time, he says, was that his own island would someday end up strewn with plastic as well. His next one was: What can I do to stop it?"
For years Grate headed up local initiatives to improve recycling practices and infrastructure. He spoke to groups about lifestyle changes that would cut down on waste, and joined an organization called the Mother Earth Foundation, working with waste-pickers to get formal employment and better working conditions.
Despite his efforts, every tide brought a fresh wave of garbage to Filipino shores. Grate said, "You realize that despite everything that you do, you really aren't solving the problem." He understood that cleanup efforts would never get at the root problem.
That's when an idea occurred to him. Rather than just collecting plastic trash and removing it to a landfill site, why not leverage the information that came with all that trash and use it to pressure manufacturers to change? That's when Grate began conducting brand audits – recording the names of the companies that made each individual item and publicize it.
"They feel there is value in brand," Grate says of the companies. Consumers trust brands. "We wanted to use it against them."
NPR writes, "It's dirty work — eight days of community trash spread in piles on the concrete floor of a fenced-in outdoor basketball court. It stinks; workers wear masks and gloves." But the effort paid off. Suddenly the power imbalance had shifted. No longer were the bigwigs in corporate offices impervious to the complaints of people on the ground, the same people who had to live daily with the tangible consequences of poor design.
"They weren't happy about it," he said of the audits. "And they have questions," he added, about how his group does them. "But I would say this: The brand audits contributed to the pace of the discussion that's happening right now."
Shame is not always an effective tool for change. In personal relationships, it usually causes people to shut down and become defensive. But as in this case, when the power imbalance between corporation and consumer is so great, and when the consequences of a company's actions are actively harming the consumer and undermining their quality of life, shame can be necessary and justifiable.
Progress is happening slowly. Look at British chip-maker Walker's, who was pressured by a social media-driven campaign into redesigning its non-recyclable bags. Unilever and Nestlé have both signed on to the Loop project that will offer limited products in refillable packaging.
This holds a valuable lesson for all of us. While not littering remains a decent rule by which to live, we need to shift our focus to the drivers of this waste and not allow them to blame us for not picking it up or sorting it properly. If packaging cannot be recycled or composted, it shouldn't be used. These companies have the resources with which to develop better alternatives, but up until now they've lacked the motivation to do so.
Shame, however, can be a powerful motivator, so don't hesitate to point fingers when it comes to plastic. Take a page out of Grate's book and call them out on social media. Post pictures and ask questions. Demand better. We deserve it, and so does our planet.


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Do social crises lead to religious revivals? Nah!
6 years ago in Epiphenom
22 health lessons from "Trust me, I'm a Doctor"
8 years ago in The Allotrope
Pushing towards acknowledging sex differences in physiology and treatment efficacy
By EcoPhysioMichelle on Monday, August 02, 2010
It is no surprise to many people that men and women are sometimes more susceptible to certain diseases than the other. By virtue of having differing anatomy, physiology, and gender expectations, we are going to be prone to different types of diseases, injuries, syndromes, and whatever-you-call-its. That being said, the majority of pathologies affect both men and women relatively equally. Despite that fact, rarely do clinical trials explore the difference in response to treatments based on sex. In 2008, Phyllis Greenberger wrote a letter to Science, Flaunting the Feminine Side of Research Studies, lamenting the fact that more studies didn't explore the effect of sex as a variable on treatment efficacy.
To appropriately evaluate the success of women's representation in clinical trials, we must focus on the inclusion of women (and men) in studies of conditions that affect both sexes. Discussions of raw counts of overall research participation and inclusion of single-sex studies hide the fact that women's inclusion still lags in some key areas [...] Moreover, studies that include similar numbers of men and women rarely analyze or report the results by sex. This hampers our ability to understand the differences between men and women and to use this knowledge to improve health care outcomes.
In response to this letter, Dr. Isis wrote a really excellent blog post detailing the complications involved in including women in cardiovascular clinical trials.
Does Dr. Isis limit her research model because she secretly hates women (especially those hotter than her) and does not want to cure them? No, but she appreciates that the effects of estrogen on vascular function are hugely complex and temporally based. This stuff is so complex that people spend their careers studying it and there are all sorts of fancy books devoted to the topic. In the human studies Dr. Isis has been/is involved with, we have to be careful to study women in the context of their menstrual cycle. [...] I could not agree more with Ms. Greenberger that the inclusion of women in clinical research is vital to the understanding of our unique physiology and I applaud her for reminding us of this public health disparity. However, except in phase III or IV clinical trials where sample sizes may be sufficiently huge to allow for the inclusion of secondary endpoints and the splitting of populations for secondary analyses without devastating one's statistical power, splitting the populations of smaller, mechanistic studies can result in meaningless findings.
There's no easy answer to this problem, especially in systems where the cycling of estrogen may be a confounding factor in treatment efficacy. Sex is not the only variable here, but also the levels of sex endocrines circulating through the system, which is dependent on each individual woman's place in her cycle at the time of treatment. Still, something has to be done, because not taking these variables into account can lead to a misleading conclusion about treatment efficacy.
In Differences in Efficacy and Safety of Pharmaceutical Treatments between Men and Women: An Umbrella Review, published this month in PLoS ONE, Gartlehner et al. explored drug class reviews by the Drug Effectiveness Review Project to "determine whether clinically relevant differences in efficacy and safety exist between men and women when treated with commonly prescribed medications."
[T]he exact differences between men and women at the genetic, cellular, or functional levels of the body are largely unknown. [...] Although differences in risks for and prognoses of several diseases have been well documented,, sex-based differences in responses to pharmaceutical treatments and accompanying risks of adverse events are less clear. Variations in absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of pharmaceuticals between men and women have been investigated and demonstrated for various drugs. [...] The majority of these findings indicate differences on physiological, pharmacodynamic, or pharmacokinetic outcomes and are mostly attributed to hormonal fluctuations. Whether such findings translate into clinically relevant differences in efficacy and safety of pharmacological treatments remains undetermined.
Unsurprisingly, they could only find studies that explored the effect of sex on treatment efficacy on 23% of the medications listed in the drug class reviews. Of that subsection, most of the medications had no significant difference in treatment efficacy between men and women. One difference they did find was that women respond less favorably than men to a relatively new class of antiemetics (5-HT3 antagonists) used to treat nausea in chemotherapy patients.
During chemotherapy, serotonin is released by certain epithelial cells in the digestive tract. This serotonin goes back to the brain and stimulates the vagus nerve, which feeds to the medullary vomiting center. The medullary vomiting center is pretty cool, it's this little corner of your brain with the sole purpose of deciding whether or not you should be vomiting at any given time. The serotonin released in response to chemotherapy says to your brain, "Hey, you need to vomit now," and then you do. These 5-HT3 antagonists block the receptor for serotonin, so the message isn't received by the medullary vomiting center, and you get to keep your breakfast. (Interestingly, these drugs don't seem to work in response to motion sickness, just chemical stimulation.)
Unfortunately for women, there's pretty clear evidence that men are more likely to see a positive result from these antiemetics than women:
58% of men, compared to 45% of women, responded favorably to prophylactic treatment with this class of antiemetics prior to chemotherapy. The mechanism underlying why this happens is unknown, but this is clear evidence that even in systems that don't directly involve endocrine cycling, men and women can still display different responses to treatments. The authors also found that women are more likely to experience adverse effects from statin medications, and that men are more likely to experience sexual dysfunction from second-generation antidepressants than women. Bear in mind that these findings are based on less than 1/4th of the drug classes reviewed by the Drug Effectiveness Review Project, because the vast majority of studies didn't even consider sex differences as a variable in treatment efficacy! Incorporating the effect of sex and endocrine cycling can be problematic for an investigator, as Dr. Isis describes in her post linked above, but even still she realizes the importance of doing it anyway whenever possible. At the end of the day, men and women are different, physiologically speaking, and clinical trials that do not attempt to address this fact somewhere along the line of treatment development are doing us all a disservice.
Greenberger, P. (2008). Flaunting the Feminine Side of Research Studies Science, 322 (5906), 1325-1326 DOI: 10.1126/science.322.5906.1325b
Gartlehner, G., Chapman, A., Strobelberger, M., & Thaler, K. (2010). Differences in Efficacy and Safety of Pharmaceutical Treatments between Men and Women: An Umbrella Review PLoS ONE, 5 (7) DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011895
Labels: physiology, research blogging
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C6H12O6 is the molecular formula for glucose. Glucose is a monosaccharide that plays a major role in energy production via cell metabolism. Glucose is delicious and sweet, and you need it to surivive, but too much glucose can make you obese and give you Type II diabetes. I picked it as the namesake for my blog because metabolic rate is the cornerstone of my field, comparative physiology.
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The bad news? Climate change affects women disproportionately. The good news? Gender equality means good things for the planet.
UN figures indicate that 80% of people displaced by climate change are women. Their role as primary caregiver, providers of food and fuel, make them more vulnerable.
Globally, women are more likely to experience poverty, and make up 70% of the world's most poor. This makes it difficult to recover from disasters which affect infrastructure, jobs and housing.
Women across the globe are less likely to be in control of their personal lives and finances, meaning they struggle to make decisions about their own lives, let alone decisions that might positively impact the planet. For example, in 18 countries, husbands can legally prevent their wives from working.
They are more likely to be excluded from education. Two-thirds of the world's illiterate adults are women. 750 million women were married before the age of 18. Educated generations make better decisions about their life choices, including family planning.
Women make up the majority of farmers in poorer countries but find it difficult to farm efficiently, as biases and laws inhibit their ability to borrow money, own land, and receive government support. This leads to lower yields and less effective land use.
It's all fairly depressing. But don't get mad, get equal. Climate change is a global problem with a gender bias, but redressing the balance can have a major impact on climate change, as well as the women it's affecting. This is both a major problem and a major opportunity.
Support women's access to education. Supporting the education of all children can help support our planet for future generations, helping them make more informed decisions and live more sustainable lives. Not only that, but women in control of themselves, their careers and their finances, will also take control of their family planning. According to Globe and Mail, if every single girl in the world were to finish school, we'd have 843 million fewer people on the planet by 2050. With overpopulation one of the single biggest effectors of climate change, empowering young women is possibly the best way to limit that impact.
Support the people already looking to make an impact. Behind every strong woman are thousands of strong people supporting her. Rally behind climate change activists, groups and products that give women a voice and appreciate the impact gender equality could have on our planet. Organisations like Solar Sister, C40 and Ecofemme are combining the support of women with environmentalism, and it's partnerships like this we need to endorse.
Shop Ecofemme and other products that empower women on Acala.
Demand action. Governments and companies are finally starting to see the wider benefits of supporting women (improved business results, higher national GDP), which we now know will also have dozens of direct and indirect effects on our planet. Support those running for office who put the empowerment of women and the importance of the environment high on the agenda. No one to support? Run for election! Or if you're looking for little ways to influence policy on a regular basis, sign petitions for relevant campaigns with just a click. Organisations like SumOfUs and 38degrees allow you to campaign locally or internationally, filtering by the causes you feel passionately about. And if you can't find one to sign, start one!
Reduce your own impact. Climate change, although its effects are starting to be seen the world over, still disproportionately affects poor countries and the women in those countries. It seems obvious, but it's rarely remembered that if everyone ate just a little less meat, drove their car a little less, bough sustainably and avoided extra packaging on their groceries and toiletries, the impact on the current rate of fuel consumption and emissions contributing to climate change would fall dramatically. Taking small steps in our individual lives can have a big impact on the lives of those most effected. Who will, most likely, be women.
Want to get started reducing the waste in your personal care routine, read our how to guide.
Acala is committed to achieving carbon neutral status. Our goal is to build a model for circular economic growth that supports our strong commitment to climate action.
From empowering women leaders to supporting brilliant women scientists, at Acala we are seeking to advance gender equality specifically within the health & beauty industry.
Women make up the majority of our customers and women are at the heart of our supply chains and sourcing communities. Women are also the primary caretakers of their families and homes; their product and lifestyle choices have significant impacts on society, the environment and global economies.
You can read more about our personal commitments as a company here through our Sustainable Business Plan.


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German bishops push reform to welcome divorced Catholics
Tom Heneghan | Wednesday, November 27 2013
(Photo: REUTERS / Stefano Rellandini)Cardinals Reinhard Marx (R) of Germany and Joao Braz de Aviz attend a mass in St. Peter's Basilica at the Vatican March 12, 2013. All cardinals, including those over 80 who will not vote in the conclave, celebrate Mass in St Peter's Basilica to pray for the election of the new pope. The Mass is called "Pro Eligendo Romano Pontefice" ("For the Election of the Roman Pontiff") and is open to the public.
PARIS (Reuters) - Germany's Roman Catholic bishops plan to push ahead with proposed reforms to reinstate divorced and remarried parishioners despite a warning from the Vatican's top doctrinal official, according to a senior cleric.
Liberal Catholics urge Pope for reforms as consultations start
Stuttgart Bishop Gebhard Fuerst told a meeting of lay Catholics at the weekend that the bishops had already drafted reform guidelines and aimed to approve them at their next plenary meeting in March.
Readmitting twice-married Catholics to full membership in the Church is a pressing concern for Pope Francis, who has called a special synod of bishops next October to consider ways to do this despite Catholicism's rejection of divorce.
Fuerst was the most explicit of several German bishops to rebuff Archbishop Gerhard Mueller, head of the Vatican doctrinal office, who last month ruled out any change after Freiburg archdiocese in Germany unveiled its own reform proposals.
"We want to approve new guidelines at our plenary meeting in March," Fuerst told the Central Committee of German Catholics, an influential group of lay faithful, on Saturday in Bonn.
Catholics who divorce and remarry in a civil ceremony are barred from receiving communion under Vatican doctrine that applies to the worldwide Church. Many of them see this as a sign of rejection and drift away from the faith.
Fuerst said this complaint was one of the most frequent that German bishops have heard since they launched a broad drive to consult the faithful following a shocking wave of revelations in 2010 about sexual abuse of minors by priests.
"Expectations (of reform) are great, and impatience and anger are greater still," he said, adding that a working group of bishops has been debating the issue since then.
FRANCIS SEEKS SOLUTION
The Argentine-born pope addressed the issue in an outspoken news conference on his return flight from Brazil in July, saying the Church had to review its overall approach to failed marriages and would do so at the synod of bishops next year.
Catholicism teaches that marriage is indisoluble and can only be ended by an annulment, a Church ruling saying that proper conditions for marriage such as free will or psychological maturity did not exist when the knot was tied.
Freiburg archdiocese in southwestern Germany seemed to jump the gun last month when it released a guidebook saying a priest could readmit remarried divorcees to the sacraments if they proved to him their faith and commitment to the new union.
When the Vatican doctrinal chief Mueller ordered Freiburg to withdraw the guidelines, Munich Cardinal Reinhard Marx - one of the pope's top eight advisers - retorted that he "cannot end the discussion" and the debate would continue "on a broad scale".
Fuerst said the bishops drawing up the national guidelines would not issue a blanket pardon because Jesus himself had ruled out divorce. But they would propose ways for faithful couples to gain readmission to the sacraments.
The German Church, an influential voice in the Catholic world, has debated this issue since the 1980s.
When three bishops proposed reform in 1993, the Vatican's then doctrinal watchdog Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger - the future Pope Benedict - also rejected it.
(Reporting By Tom Heneghan)


text:
Sparkman Arkansas Area Home Supply Charts
This page looks at a variety of housing data mostly taking from the most recent 2017 American Community Survey. Figure 1 shows the total number of housing units for each city in the local area shown. Sparkman indicates it has 247 housing units which is the 2nd most of all the places in the area.
Figure 2 illustrates the housing density in the area as measured by houses per square land mile and it has 189.3 housing density which is ranked #1 of all placesin the area. Comparing housing density to the United States average of 37.9, Sparkman measures approximately 5.0 times bigger. Also, compared with the state of Arkansas, housing density of 25.7, Sparkman is very much bigger.
The next Figure 4 charge shows the change in housing units and shows Sparkman shows it has -2.4% change in the housing units which is the 4th in change in the housing units out of 10 total in the area. The city with the highest change in the housing units in the area is Carroll township with a housing units of 26.1% compares as very much bigger. Comparing change in the housing units to the United States average of 1.8%, Sparkman is 32.9% larger. Also, versus the state of Arkansas, change in the housing units of 1.9%, Sparkman is 24.4% larger.
Figure 5 shows the percentage of renter households to total households. Sparkman shows it has 24.3% Renter Percent which is the largest of all placesin the area. Figure 6 shows the number of owner housing units and it has 75.7% Owner Percent which is the 4th smallest Owner Percent of all the other places in the area.
Sparkman Arkansas Home Cost Charts
Looking at the housing data in Figure 7 we start with home values for the area. Sparkman shows it has $37,500 median home value which is the 4th smallest median home value of all the other places in the area. The city with the highest median home value in the area is Nix township with a value of $106,700 is approximately 2.8 times bigger. Figure 8 shows the median rental rate in the area. Sparkman illustrates it has $442 rental rates which is the most of all placesin the area. Comparing rental rates to the United States average of $949, Sparkman is approximately half the size. Also, compared to the state of Arkansas, rental rates of $689, Sparkman is approximately three-fourths the size.
Figure 9 is a frequency distribution that shows home values. Sparkman has the largest proportion of home values worth less than $50,000 at 56% of the total and is ranked #1.
Median owner costs are shown in Figure 10 and includes costs associated with mortgage, utilities, insurance, etc. Sparkman illustrates it has $370 median ownership cost which is the 3d most of all other places in the area. Figure 11 shows the median owner cost as a percent of total household income and it has 12% cost as a percent of household income which is the 6th in cost as a percent of household income out of 10 total in the area. The next chart, Figure 12, shows the median home value as a percent of a median workers earnings and shows that it has 116% median home value as a percent of median worker earnings which is the 5th in median home value as a percent of median worker earnings out of 10 total in the area.
Figure 14 depicts the median housing costs for owners with mortgages. Sparkman shows it has $708 median housing cost which is the 3d most of all other places in the area. Figure 15 are median housing costs for owners without mortgages and it has $269 median housing cost which is the 6th in median housing cost out of 10 total in the area.
Next shown in Figure 17 is housing cost as a percent of household income for owners with mortgages is shown. Sparkman illustrates it has 12% cost as a percent of household income which is the 4th in cost as a percent of household income out of 10 total in the area. The city with the highest cost as a percent of household income in the area is Holly Springs township with a cost of 20% is 61.6% larger. Housing cost as a percent of household income for owners without mortgages is shown in Figure 18. This analysis can be useful for understanding the cost involved in home ownership excluding the cost of a mortgage. Sparkman reveals it has 11% cost as a percent of household income which is the 5th in cost as a percent of household income out of 10 total in the area. The city with the highest cost as a percent of household income in the area is Freeo township with a cost of 27% compares as approximately 2.4 times bigger.
Figure 19 looks at the number of households rent as a percent of household income and shows that Sparkman has the largest proportion of rent as a percent of income is less than 10 pct at 13% of the total and is ranked #1. Second, it has the largest proportion of rent as a percent of income is between 10pct to 20pct at 18% of the total and is ranked #1. Also, it has the largest proportion of Rent as a percent of income is between 30pct to 40pct at 16% of the total and is ranked #1. In addition, it has the largest proportion of Rent as a percent of income is between 40pct to 50pct at 7% of the total and is ranked #1.
Figure 21 shows real estate taxes paid for each city in the local area and it has $309 median real estate taxes paid which is the 4th in median real estate taxes paid out of 10 total in the area. The city with the highest median real estate taxes paid in the area is Holly Springs township with a taxes paid of $484 is 56.6% larger. Comparing median real estate taxes paid to the United States average of $2,197, Sparkman is approximately a sixth the size. Also, versus the state of Arkansas, median real estate taxes paid of $721, Sparkman measures approximately half the size.
Figure 22 shows the percentage of renters who pay for utilities by showing rents who pay versus renters who have utilities included in rent. Sparkman has the largest proportion of Pay Extra for Utilities at 100% of the total and is ranked #1.
Figure 23 shows the distribution of rental rates for area. Sparkman Arkansas has the largest proportion of rent between 300 and 500 dollars at 38% of the total and is ranked #1.
Sparkman Arkansas Home Financing Charts
The analysis in Figure 25 shows the detailed distribution of owned homes by mortgage status. Sparkman has the largest proportion of With Mortgage at 39% of the total and is ranked #1. Second, it has the largest proportion of No 2nd Mortgage and no HELOC at 39% of the total and is ranked #1.
Figure 26 shows the proportion of houses with a mortgage versus those without a mortgage. Sparkman has the largest proportion of Houses with a Mortgage at 39% of the total and is ranked #1.
Sparkman Arkansas Home Characteristics Charts
Figure 28 shows the household size for families living in the area and it has 2.8 family members per housing unit which is the 5th in family members per housing unit out of 10 total in the area. The city with the highest family members per housing unit in the area is Nix township with a size of 6.4 measures approximately 2.3 times bigger. Comparing family members per housing unit to the United States average of 3.3, Sparkman is about 17.4% smaller. Also, in comparison with the state of Arkansas, family members per housing unit of 3.2, Sparkman is about 12.2% smaller.
Figure 29 show the median number of rooms in a typical home for each city in the area. Sparkman indicates it has 5.6 average number of rooms in a house which is the 4th in average number of rooms in a house out of 10 total in the area. The city with the highest average number of rooms in a house in the area is Carroll township with an average number of rooms in a house of 6.5 measures 16.1% larger. Figure 30 shows, for the average house in each city, the median year that a house was built. This can be useful for understanding the relative age of one neighborhood versus another. Sparkman shows it has 1973 year built which is the 6th in year built out of 10 total in the area. The city with the highest year built in the area is Freeo township with a year of 1989 is about the same size.
Figure 31 looks at the distribution housing units by date built in this area. Sparkman Arkansas has the largest proportion of homes built in 2014 or later at 2% of the total and is ranked #1. Second, it has the largest proportion of homes built between 1940 to 1949 at 13% of the total and is ranked #1.
Figure 32 shows the difference in the number of housing units based on whether they are occupied by owners or renters. Sparkman has the largest proportion of Renter-occupied housing units at 45 of the total and is ranked #1.
Figure 34 shows the median value of homes broken down by the year that they were built. Sparkman has the largest proportion of value of homes built 1940 to 1949 at $30,300 of the total and is ranked #1.
Figure 35 compares the total number of occupied to vacant housing units. Sparkman has Occupied Housing Units in the middle of other places in the area at 75% of the total and is ranked in the middle of the group.
The next two charts show both the household size of homeowners and renters. Starting with Figure 36 we see the household size of homeowners. Sparkman illustrates it has 1.9 homeowner household size which is the 4th smallest homeowner household size of all the other places in the area. The city with the highest homeowner household size in the area is Nix township with a size of 3.4 is 77.2% larger.
Figure 37 shows the household size for renters Sparkman indicates it has 2.6 renter household size which is more than all other placesin the area. Figure 38 shows the year that people who own homes moved into the area. Sparkman has the largest proportion of Owners Moved in 2015 or later at 2% of the total and is ranked #1. Figure 39 shows the year that people who own homes moved into the area. Sparkman has the largest proportion of Renters Moved in 2015 or later at 14% of the total and is ranked #1. Second, it has the largest proportion of Renters Moved in 2000 to 2009 at 18% of the total and is ranked #1.
Figure 40 compares the median year that a home owner moved into their home. Sparkman indicates it has 2000 median year that a home owner moved in which is the 4th in median year that a home owner moved in out of 10 total in the area. Figure 41 compares the median year that a renter moved into their home. Sparkman illustrates it has 2012 median year that a renter moved in which is is the uppermost of the placesin the area.
Figure 42 shows a frequency distribution of various types of energy sources used in a home. Sparkman has the largest proportion of homes using some other fuel at 1% of the total and is ranked #1.
Sparkman, Arkansas Housing Data
Area Home Supply
Home Cost
Home Characteristics
Figure 1: Sparkman, AR Area Total Housing Units
Figure 2: Sparkman, AR Housing Density (Houses per Sq. Mile)
Figure 3: Advertisement
Figure 4: Change in Housing Units from 2010 to 2015
Figure 5: Rental Homes in Sparkman, AR
Figure 6: Owned Homes in Sparkman, AR
Figure 7: Sparkman, AR Median Home Values
Figure 8: Sparkman, AR Median Monthly Rent Amounts
Figure 9: Sparkman, AR Home Value Distribution
Figure 10: Sparkman, AR Median Monthly Owner Cost
Figure 11: Monthly Owner Cost as % of Household income
Figure 12: Median Home Cost As % of Median Earnings
Figure 13: Advertisement
Figure 14: Sparkman, AR Median Monthly Owner Cost with Mortgage
Figure 15: Sparkman, AR Median Monthly Owner Cost without Mortgage
Figure 16: Distribution of Monthly Owner Costs in Sparkman, AR
Figure 17: Owner Cost as % of Household Income (With Mortgage)
Figure 18: Owner Cost as % of Household Income (Without Mortgage)
Figure 19: Sparkman, AR Rent as a percent of Household Income
Figure 20: Monthly Housing Cost for Owners or Renters in Sparkman, AR
Figure 21: Sparkman, AR Median Annual Real Estate Taxes Paid
Figure 22: Sparkman, AR Utilities Included or Excluded in Rent
Figure 23: Sparkman, AR Monthly Rental Rates
Figure 24: Sparkman, AR Monthly Rental Rates by Size of Rental in Bedrooms
Figure 25: Sparkman, AR Detailed Mortgage Status
Figure 26: Sparkman, AR Houses With vs. Without a Mortgage
Figure 27: Average Household Size in Sparkman, AR
Figure 28: Average Family Size in Sparkman, AR
Figure 29: Average Number of Rooms in a House
Figure 30: Sparkman, AR Median Year House Built
Figure 31: Sparkman, AR Year that House Built Distribution
Figure 32: Number of Owners vs. Renters in Sparkman, AR and Area
Figure 33: Sparkman, AR Area Housing Types
Figure 34: Sparkman, AR Median Home Value By Year Structure Built
Figure 35: Occupied and Vacant Housing units in Sparkman, AR
Figure 36: Homeowner Household Size
Figure 37: Sparkman, AR Renter Household Size
Figure 38: Year Moved In For Home Owners
Figure 39: Year Moved In For Renters
Figure 40: Median Year Moved In for Owners
Figure 41: Median Year Moved In for Renters
Figure 42: Sparkman, AR Fuel Used to Heat Home
Figure 43: Total in Group Quarters
Figure 44: Sparkman, AR Population in Group Quarters
Cities marked with an asterisk ("*") should resemble a city or town but do not have their own government (i.e. Mayor, City Council, etc.) These places should be recognizable by the local community but their boundaries have no legal status. Technically these include both Census Designated Places (CDP) and Census County Divisions (CCD) which are defined by the Census Bureau along with local authorities. (For more information, see: Census Designated Place or "CDP") and Census County Division "CCD".)
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Select a CountyGarland CountyHot Spring CountyOuachita CountyClark CountyHempstead CountyGrant CountyPike CountyNevada CountyCleveland CountyDallas CountyCalhoun County
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The Fruitmarket Gallery presents Tania Kovats Oceans an exhibition on view through 25 May 2014, a major solo exhibition of the work of British artist Tania Kovats. Kovats's practice encompasses sculpture, installation and large-scale time-based projects exploring our experience and understanding of landscape. She is best known for Tree (2009), a permanent installation for the Natural History Museum; and Rivers, a, large-scale sculpture in the landscape of Jupiter Artland outside Edinburgh, and this new exhibition focuses on her fascination with the sea.
A highlight of the exhibition is All the Sea, an ambitious new work which presents water from all the world's seas, collected by the artist with the help of a global network of people drawn in by the poetry of the idea of bringing all the waters of the world to one place. Bottles of seawater have been arriving at The Fruitmarket Gallery and at the artist's studio from all over the world since late 2012, and the network of connections that the piece represents has grown week by week.
All the Sea is joined by new and existing work, all of which have to do in some way with the sea. Sculptures referencing cliff formations; a machine that mimics the formation of mountains; a new sculpture in the form of a reef of proliferating barnacles; a re-orientation of the world in favour of the ocean drawn on a collection of obsolete atlases; a work exploring what happens when two or more seas meet and a selection of drawings of and with seawater combine in an evocative presentation of the impact of the sea.


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Silverchair and AMA Extend Partnership to Include New Advances on The JAMA Network
Sep 23, 2015 in News by Silverchair News Desk
(Charlottesville, VA and Chicago, IL) September 23, 2015 – Silverchair Information Systems and the American Medical Association (AMA) announced today an extension of their partnership on The JAMA Network to include mobile-responsive design, the latest advances in Search Engine Optimization (SEO), and a host of enhancements to deliver the most relevant content and experiences to users across The JAMA Network.
Leveraging Silverchair's in-house design capabilities, the new mobile-responsive JAMA Network will provide the basis for a fully integrated information architecture across JAMA Network products where Silverchair's deep semantic and analytics capabilities will drive more personalized reading experiences and content exploration.
"The JAMA Network is home to some of the very best of what is published in medical research, practice and education," said Paul Gee, Director of Product Management for The JAMA Network. "This wealth of information can create challenges for effectively engaging users, and I am excited that the next generation of The JAMA Network will meet our users' needs for simplified content delivery."
"We pride ourselves on being an active product development partner to leading scholarly publishers, and the next generation of the JAMA Network will serve as a testament to that," said Thane Kerner, Silverchair CEO. "It demonstrates Silverchair's continued commitment to using the Silverchair Platform to deliver the latest and most innovative products for our partners."
About The JAMA Network and the American Medical Association (AMA)
The JAMA Network brings JAMA together with the JAMA specialty journals to offer enhanced access to the research, reviews, and perspectives shaping the future of medicine. The journals are published by the American Medical Association, the premier national organization dedicated to empowering the nation's physicians to continually provide safer, higher quality, and more efficient care for patients and communities. For more information visit www.jamanetwork.com.


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Money For Nothing: Vinyl Edition
Release Date 17 June 2022
3863194UK
UMR / Virgin EMI
Reissue of the first Dire Straits greatest hits collection, originally released in October 1988 and featuring songs from their first five albums.
Fully remastered by Bob Ludwig, and cut by Bernie Grundman, this vinyl reissue includes 'Telegraph Road (Live Remix)' which was previously only available on the original CD format, and a brand new mix of 'Portobello Belle (Live)'. It is cut over four sides of vinyl for the first time.
LP1 - Side A
1 Sultans Of Swing (5:46)
2 Down To The Waterline (4:01)
3 Portobello Belle (Live: Alternative Out-take) (4:33) – previously unreleased version
LP1 - Side B
1 Twisting By The Pool (Remix) (3:30)
2 Tunnel Of Love (8:10)
3 Romeo And Juliet (5:56)
LP2 - Side C
1 Where Do You Think You're Going (3:30)
2 Walk Of Life (4:08)
3 Private Investigations (5:50)
LP2 - Side D
1 Telegraph Road (Live Remix) (11:59) – previously unreleased on vinyl
2 Money For Nothing (Single Edit) (4:06)
3 Brothers In Arms (Edit) (4:49)
More products from Dire Straits
Dire Straits LP
Brothers In Arms - LP
On Every Street - LP
Making Movies: Vinyl Edition
The Studio Albums 1978 - 1991: 8LP Box Set
Brothers In Arms: Limited Edition Half-Speed Master


Tina Maharath is the first Lao American state senator in the United States.
Another close race, another historic election win. On Tuesday in Ohio, Democratic candidate Tina Maharath was officially declared the winner over state Rep. Anne Gonzalez in the State Senate race for District 3.
Maharath's victory not only makes her Ohio's first Asian American state senator and first Asian American woman in the general assembly, she is the first Lao American state senator in the United States.
She was, by most accounts, a political underdog. Maharath, a 27-year-old financial analyst with no prior campaign experience, was up against a veteran Republican lawmaker for a GOP-held Senate seat. But after all the provisional and absentee ballots were counted, Maharath edged out Gonzalez by just 705 votes.
We definitely shattered TONS of glass ceilings with this race.
-I am Ohio's first Asian-American state senator.
On top of all that, Maharath won with basically no support from her party. The Ohio Democratic Party and Franklin County Democrats refused to endorse Maharath and didn't contribute any money to her campaign, which ultimately only raised a fraction of the funds raised by Gonzalez. Maharath says she raised support and awareness the old fashioned way: friends, family, word-of-mouth and knocking on doors.
Meanwhile, her Republican opponents reportedly spent somewhere in the ballpark of $1 million on a deluge of attack ads highlighting personal issues in Maharath's past. Clearly, it was not cash well spent. Maharath calls the ads a waste of money, and says she might have actually benefited from the smear campaign.
"I guess it was also a positive perspective for me because I gained some audience perspective out of it," Maharath tells WOSU Radio. "They reached out to me to get the real story."
Maharath, the daughter of refugees from Laos, says that, as senator, she plans to push for expanding Ohio's anti-discrimination laws to include lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, questioning or queer people. She also intends to seek the creation of a state commission for Asian Americans.


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Sky's Video
Video from Counting Cars
Counting cars Auction link
About Sky
About NF2 and NF2 Links
About the Schiffman's
Counting Cars Auction
Zachary Schiffman founded United States Medical Supply.
The company, which was started in his garage, and supported by a mound of credit card debt, evolved into one of the largest diabetic supply Companies in America.
Zachary, is still very active in the day to day operations of the company, and has dedicated the rest of his days and evenings to finding the cure.
Lona Smith, holds a PhD in Psychology, after working in the prison system for ___ years, helping inmates with their mental issues, she went on to publish a book, at which point she became pregnant with their first child, Lake.
After the birth of her first child, she realized her true calling was being a mother, and has gained her PhD in motherhood J.
She now cares for her 4 children, and has put her career on hold.
I hate tumors mission is to raise funds to accelerate the pace of groundbreaking translational research that can get new therapies to patients quickly and save lives now.
I hate tumors brings together the best and the brightest researchers and mandates collaboration among the cancer community. By galvanizing the entertainment industry, we have set out to generate awareness, educate the public on cancer prevention and help more people diagnosed with NF2 become long-term survivors.
Buy the Car!
Inspired by Stop Tumors Save Kids? Feeling generous? Help support our efforts.
Stop Tumors Save Kids
www.ihatetumors.org
2015. All Rights Reserved Stop Tumors.


If you will be attending HIVR4P this October, join us for a satellite session on MPTs, entitled "The Next Wave in HIV Prevention: Multipurpose Prevention Technologies (MPTs)." The satellite will be co-chaired by Dr. Elizabeth Bukusi (KEMRI) and Professor Helen Rees (Wits RHI) and will aim to further the development of a consensus strategy unifying funders, developers, and market entities in the product neutral assessment of relevant MPT market drivers and technical options, and eliminate impediments to appropriate MPT development. More details are available on the conference website.
Levonorgestrel in contraceptives and multipurpose prevention technologies: does this progestin increase HIV risk or interact with antiretrovirals? Polis, C., Phillips, S., Hillier, S., & Achilles, S. (2016, September). AIDS.
HIV and 'the shot': Could a leading contraceptive fuel HIV infection risk? Ngcapu, S. (2016, 9 September). Bhekisisa.
HIV Prevention Runs into Trouble in South Africa. Maxmen, A. (2016, August 30). Scientific American.
The Tenuous Tale of Contraceptive Hormones and HIV Risk. Tetro, J. (2016, August 30). Popular Science.
Uncovering the female body's secret protection against HIV. Boerner, H. (2016, August 19). PBS Newshour.
Vaginal ring for HIV prevention effective and acceptable. Pebody, R. (2016, September 2). aidsmap.
Contraception for HIV-infected Adolescents. Kourtis, A., & Mirza, A. (2016, August). American Academy of Pediatrics.


Here Are The 5 African Attractions You Must Visit In 2019 | Travel Diaries.
5 Essential Things To Pack For A Beach Getaway | SMA Travel Diaries.
Cost Of Living In Rio De Janeiro, Brazil| Hear Jubril Agoro Tell All!
Zimbabwe : If not to Victoria Falls, then where to?


This is just a quick announcement to "Mark Your Calendars" for the MPSEOC Counselor Update. Look for a postcard coming to you in the mail soon with more details!
We hope to see you at this annual event that connects the 25 Montana colleges and the Montana high school counselors!
You are invited! Join us for this great annual event of connecting Montana Higher Education / Admissions and New Student Services!
Visit www.MPSEOC.org/Summer-Conference.html for more information, details about the agenda, hotel, speakers, and more. We hope to see you at the conference!
| Current trends and so much more!


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Sun to introduce low-cost computer
SAN FRANCISCO — Sun Microsystems unveiled its latest long-range plan to take another swipe at Microsoft's desktop dominance as the company took the wraps off "Project Mad Hatter," a new line of low-cost computers powered by the Linux operating system and geared toward workplace environments.
The new desktops will use Intel-standard processors and the Linux rather than Sun's own chips and its Solaris operating system, an effort Sun hopes will leverage the low costs associated with open-source software, said Jonathan Schwartz, Sun's executive vice president of software.
"If you're cost-sensitive or security-sensitive, we want to talk to you," Schwartz told the audience Wednesday in a keynote speech at the company's SunNetwork Conference and Pavilion in San Francisco.
Sun is choosing to use other manufacturer's existing 32-bit chips rather than developing its own. The focus is on the customer demand for a Linux desktop, and not so much the underlying hardware brand, according to Peder Ulander, Sun's director of marketing for the company's x86-class projects.


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rightlog is now TFIPOST
TFI Official Merchandise
War of words breaks out between priests of Catholic community over CAA
On Jan 23, Raj Thackeray is all set to claim the Hindutva legacy of Bal Thackeray
Family, work and memes: The absolutely hilarious Instagram profile of Smriti Irani
'BJP's door-to-door CAA outreach is working,' demoralized Congress cadres are about to give up
Vodafone Idea is officially over in India
Scrapping Palm oil deal isn't just a response to Mahathir but also a big boost to Indian producers
Gautam Adani – The Industrialist of the Decade
Uday Kotak's explanation of India's economic slowdown is a must read for everyone
With India embracing greater role in the Indo-Pacific, Indian Coast Guard's role is undergoing a redefinition
After Vanilla Islands, India has a defence attache in Madagascar. Checkmate China
For India to become a global leader in Defence tech, Modi govt must tap the energies of the private sector
India constructs Advanced landing grounds (ALGs) right under the Dragon's nose
Soleimani meant enough to Iran for it to set the entire West Asia on fire
China is planning to invade Taiwan and it is set to get a bloody nose
"Our younger generation will have to pay the price", Malaysian Chinese Association slams Mahathir for offending India
India issued a stern warning to Mahathir after his anti-CAA remarks. Even his coalition partner lambasts him
While rest of India talks about 'brain drain,' this community in Uttarakhand leads in reverse migration
After American Journal Cell, IIT Bombay also 'proves' the existence of Saraswati River
The real reason why India celebrates its Navy Day on 4 December every year
Well done Indonesia – Indonesians restore 1100-year-old Hindu temple
Wondered what Aurangzeb kept knitting in the movie Tanhaji? Well, here's the answer
In roughly 20 minutes of screen time in Tanhaji, Kajol proved how capable an actor she is
Give him a box office clash, and he'll win it – Ajay Devgn, the undisputed king of BO clashes
Pullela Gopichand drops a bombshell, accuses Prakash Padukone of influencing Saina Nehwal to leave his academy
Libya summit participants agree to respect arms embargo 2 hours ago
Halsey thanks fans for 'accepting' her vulnerabilities 3 hours ago
Pompeo meets Sisi in Berlin over Libya's settlement 3 hours ago
Netanyahu calls Israel 'energy power' 4 hours ago
Nicole Kidman contemplated retirement when she got pregnant 5 hours ago
Malaysia on track to commercially roll out 5G: Mahathir 5 hours ago
IT Department discovered Rs 10,000 Crores of black money this financial year, proving demonetisation worked
by Amit Agrahari
PC: Scroll.in
- Zoom in/out +
More data-based proof has emerged to shut down the loud critics of Demonetisation. The Income Tax department has detected Rs 10,767 Crores of undisclosed income during the fiscal year 2017-18 which is 20 percent more than the previous fiscal year. This undisclosed income was detected in verification of Non-PAN (Permanent Account Number) data, Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act (FATCA), Automotive Exchange of Info (AEOI), and Common reporting standard (CRS) data. A senior department official said that the Directorate General of Income Tax (Intelligence and Criminal Investigation) unearthed Rs 10,767 crore undisclosed income, up from the Rs 9051 crores detected in the previous Financial Year of 2016-17.
FATCA is an agreement between the Indian government and the United States which enables automatic exchange of financial information between both countries. Indian financial institutions have to provide necessary information to tax authorities, which will be transmitted to the US. The inter-governmental agreement (IGA) with the US for implementing FATCA came into effect on August 31, 2015. This agreement does not help India in anyway in improving taxation but it will prove reliable information to help in curbing global tax avoidance. The FATCA cases in the fiscal year 2017-18 shot up three times in comparison to the previous fiscal year. According to an officer from the IT department " In the previous fiscal, more than 3500 cases were verified, compared to 827 cases in FY 2016-17, thus seeing a three-fold growth. Furthermore, undisclosed income under FATCA also shot up to double during the year."
The CRS is an information standard for the automatic exchange of tax and financial information on a global level developed by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) in 2014 on the lines of FATCA, but encompassing more countries and a wider scale of network. The goal of CRS is to allow tax authorities to obtain a clearer understanding of financial assets held abroad by their residents, for tax purposes. 97 countries had signed an agreement to implement it. First reporting was planned for September 2017, with the rest of the signatories planning to report by 2018. The major difference between FATCA and CRS is that FATCA is limited to reporting taxation information about US citizens while CRS is a wider global network of 97 countries for the exchange of taxation information. As per an official from the IT department "Post the November 2016 demonetisation drive, AEOI/CRS cases had also shot up three times, from 650 cases in FY 2016-17 to 2300 cases in FY 2017-18 and undisclosed income under AEOI/CRS shot up to Rs 25.92 crore in FY 2017-18 from Rs 2 lakh in FY 2016-17."
The surge in the FATCA and CRS cases in the post demonetisation period suggests that the bold decision of demonetising 86 percent of Indian currency helped to curb foreign black money invested in India. The issue tax avoidance is a global problem, and until every country shares information about black money, concrete action can not be taken against tax avoidance. India has cleared its stance against global black money by sharing the information about taxable income invested in the country by global financial institutions and individual investors. Now Switzerland, Mauritius and many other countries where black money by Indian people and institutions are kept/invested should can share information to our taxation authorities.
The monumental decision of demonetisation got a lot of criticism. Every Tom, Dick have Harry have become self declared economists suggesting that demonetisation is a disastrous decision, but data of the post demonetisation period's tax collection suggests that it has had a positive influence on the economy. The number of taxpayers has been up by more than 50 percent since November 2016, the formalization of the economy increased exponentially, and their has been much more transparency.
Tags: Black Moneycrsdemonetisationfatca
Sheila Dikshit criticizes Arvind Kejriwal over his dharna politics.
Why Anushka Sharma's calling out a man for littering on the street is totally justified
Amit Agrahari
Engineering grad but Humanities and social sciences are my forte. Avid reader of religious Scriptures (Especially Hindu), Lord Shiva devotee
A fake hero and a million-dollar scam – The story of Malala's dramatic rise and extraordinary duplicity
Indian Railways approves strategically important ladakh railway line, would be the highest in the world
Slay it like Modi – PM Modi makes it absolutely clear that Banerjee didn't win a Nobel
by Animesh Pandey
Tanhaji Vs Chhapaak box office collections– Ajay Devgn completely outclasses Deepika
by Sanbeer Singh Ranhotra
After her JNU adventure, brands are rethinking contracts with Deepika Padukone
©2020 TFIPOST


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United Methodist delegates reject recognizing gay marriage – WSVN 7News | Miami News, Weather, Sports
ST. LOUIS (AP) — The United Methodist Church, America's second-largest Protestant denomination, faces a likely surge in defections and acts of defiance after delegates at a crucial conference voted Tuesday to strengthen the faith's divisive bans on same-sex marriage and ordination of LGBT clergy.
Emotions were high throughout the third and final day of the UMC's meeting. Some supporters of greater LGBT inclusion were in tears, while others vented their anger when, midway through the session, delegates defeated a proposal that would have let regional and local church bodies decide for themselves on gay-friendly policies.
"Devastation," was how former Methodist pastor Rebecca Wilson of Detroit described her feelings. "As someone who left because I'm gay, I'm waiting for the church I love to stop bringing more hate."
After several more hours of debate, the conservatives' proposal, called the Traditional Plan, was approved by a vote of 438-384. Opponents unsuccessfully sought to weaken the plan with hostile amendments or to prolong the debate past a mandatory adjournment time set to accommodate a monster truck rally in the arena. One delegate even requested an investigation into the possibility that "vote buying" was taking place at the conference.
The Traditional Plan's success was due to an alliance of conservatives from the U.S. and overseas. About 43 percent of the delegates were from abroad, mostly from Africa, and overwhelmingly supported the LGBT bans.
If the bans were eased, "the church in Africa would cease to exist," said the Rev. Jerry Kulah of Liberia. "We can't do anything but to support the Traditional Plan — it is the biblical plan."
Council of Bishops President Kenneth H. Carter, speaking at a news conference after the session, said the meeting was necessary "because if the impasse we found ourselves in" over questions of human sexuality.
"I would just simply say that we have work to do. We did not accomplish that in these three days," Carter said.
Carter said he is concerned the plan will cause progressive churches to leave the denomination. He said church leaders "will be doing a lot of outreach" to those churches.
"Persons will feel harmed," Carter said.
The deep split within the church was evident in several fiery speeches opposing the Traditional Plan.
"If we bring this virus into our church, it will bring illness to us all," said the Rev. Thomas Berlin of Herndon, Virginia. He predicted many Methodist churchgoers and some regional bodies would leave the church, while others would "stay and fight," performing same-sex weddings even if it meant punishment.
Many supporters of the more liberal plan stood in support as Berlin spoke. Some wore rainbow-motif garments or sat behind rainbow banners. After the vote, a small group of protesters carried a cross to the stage at the conference and sat around it. Another group of about 200 people staged a peaceful sitdown protest while about two dozen police officers watched.
The Rev. Allen Ewing-Merrill, a pastor from Portland, Maine, pledged defiance of the Traditional Plan, tweeting: "I will not participate in your bigotry, sin & violence."
An association of Methodist theological schools warned that if the Traditional Plan passes, the church "will lose an entire generation of leaders in America."
Formed in a merger in 1968, the United Methodist Church claims about 12.6 million members worldwide, including nearly 7 million in the United States.
While other mainline Protestant denominations, such as the Episcopal and Presbyterian (U.S.A.) churches, have embraced gay-friendly practices, the Methodist church still bans them, though acts of defiance by pro-LGBT clergy have multiplied. Many have performed same-sex weddings; others have come out as gay or lesbian from the pulpit of their churches.
Enforcement of the bans has been inconsistent; the Traditional Plan aspires to beef up discipline against those engaged in defiance.
The Rev. Tim Bagwell, 64, pastor at a UMC church in Macon, Georgia, had opposed the Traditional Plan and called the outcome "deeply painful." But he said his church will stay with UMC until at least 2020, when the next major conference is scheduled. He's hopeful new delegates will be elected and change course to a more inclusive church.
"I am deeply sad," he said. "The Methodist church has always been mainstream, reaching out to people. This sends a different tone … one of exclusion, not inclusion."
The Rev. Scott Hagan, 45, a pastor from Bonaire, Georgia, supported the Traditional Plan, saying the liberals' alternative would have sent a mixed message.
"To have each church — possibly in the same town — offering a different perspective and practice would surely be confusing to the public that comes to the church looking for guidance," Hagan said.Copyright 2018 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.


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Winter Hanging Baskets
December 25, 2017 September 24, 2018 primbondhbaskets, hanging, winter
The game of basketball is nice to observe and play. I hardly seen the truth that the referees and time keeper have been 8th grade gamers from our faculty, this was uncommon as usually there would an equal variety of older players from every school officiating. One participant would stand near the basket and guard it as the other participant throws the ball trying to make the basket.
Other variations include kids's games, contests or actions meant to assist players reinforce skills. Typically only one half of the courtroom is used, however in any other case the rules of the game are very similar to these of basketball. The primary of those came in a controversial last game in Munich in 1972 towards the Soviet Union, through which the ending of the game was replayed three times until the Soviet Union finally got here out on top.
Frank Mahan, one of many gamers from the unique first game, approached Naismith after the Christmas break, in early 1892, asking him what he supposed to name his new sport. The taking pictures arm, totally extended with the wrist fully bent, is held stationary for a moment following the release of the ball, often known as a observe-by way of.
Players who're taller and taking part in the facility ahead or middle positions generally report more blocks than players who're shorter and taking part in the guard positions. Informally, players could play three-on-three, two-on-two, and one-on-one. To block a shot, a participant has to be able to attain a point higher than where the shot is launched.
A dribble that touches each arms is considered stopping the dribble, giving this infraction the identify double dribble Inside a dribble, the player cannot carry the ball by inserting his hand on the underside of the ball; doing so is known as carrying the ball A team, once having established ball management within the entrance half of their courtroom, might not return the ball to the backcourt and be the primary to the touch it. A violation of those rules results in lack of possession.
The Final Exercise Routine For Men (Tailor-made For Totally different Health Level)


Andrew and Lance are joined by Carol Jantsch, Principal Tuba for the Philadelphia Orchestra and international soloist. She talks about what the experience was like successfully auditioning for one of the best orchestras in the world at the age of 20.
She also talks about her recent solo appearances with the orchestra and how they were the highlight of her career as well as her future plans in the music business.


FAQ: What are the available fields for Web2Leads?
Anyone who wants to use our Web2Lead integration with Unbounce or Jotform, can use a couple of parameters that will be recognized by Teamleader. Here, you'll find the different syntaxes for these parameters.
Information that Teamleader can't recognize will always be added to the background information of the newly made contact, so there is never any loss of info.