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Corpora and the Second Amendment: "bear"
December 16, 2018 @ 3:30 pm · Filed by Neal Goldfarb under Dictionaries, Etymology, Historical linguistics, Language and the law, Lexicon and lexicography, Words words words
An introduction and guide to my series of posts "Corpora and the Second Amendment" is available here. The corpus data that is discussed can be downloaded here. That link will take you to a shared folder in Dropbox. Important: Use the "Download" button at the top right of the screen.
New URL for COFEA and COEME: https://lawcorpus.byu.edu.
Starting with this post, I'm (finally) getting to the meat of what I've called "the coming corpus-based reexamination of the Second Amendment." The plan, as I've said before, is to more or less mirror the structure of the Supreme Court's analysis of keep and bear arms. This post will focus on bear, and subsequent posts will focus separately on arms, bear arms, and keep and bear arms; I won't be separately discussing keep arms because I have nothing to say about it. [Update: If you're confused about why I'm following this approach, as one of the commenters was, I've offered an explanation at the end of the post.]
In discussing the meaning of the verb bear, Justice Scalia's majority opinion in District of Columbia v. Heller said, "At the time of the founding, as now, to 'bear' meant to 'carry.''' That statement was backed up by citations to distinguished lexicographic authority—Samuel Johnson, Noah Webster, Thomas Sheridan, and the OED—but evidence that was not readily available when Heller was decided shows that Scalia's statement was very much an oversimplification. Although bear was sometimes used in the way that Scalia described, it was not synonymous with carry and its overall pattern of use was quite different.
The new evidence I'm referring to comes from two sources. One is the book Borrowed Words: A History of Loanwords in English by Philip Durkin. Durkin is one of the two Deputy Chief Editors of the OED, the OED's principal etymologyist, the author of the Oxford Guide to Etymology, and the editor of the Oxford Handbook of Lexicography. Borrowed Words wasn't published until after Heller was decided, so the information I'm about to discuss wasn't available to Scalia.
One of the things Durkin does in Borrowed Words is to try to determine the point when bear was replaced by carry as the verb primarily used in English to express the meaning that Scalia is talking about. Durkin reports that carry came into Middle English (from French) no later than about 1375. And although he notes that it is "very difficult to say when it became more common than bear in the sense of 'to bear by bodily effort,'" he finds it "very likely that carry was the basic word in this meaning by the seventeenth century (at least in the ancestor of modern standard English)."
The other source of evidence that bear was not synonymous with carry is the data from the BYU Law Corpora, which very much bears Durkin's conclusion out. When Justice Scalia said in Heller that in 1789 bear meant carry, he was talking about the carrying of tangible objects. But although the corpus data provides extensive evidence of carry being used to denote that kind of carrying, there was much less evidence of bear being used that way. Overall, the differences in how the two words were used greatly outnumbered the similarities.
Although my discussion of keep was based entirely on data from COFEA (the Corpus of Founding Era American English), starting with this post I will be relying on both COFEA and COEME (the Corpus of Early Modern English). Because COEME includes texts from a period of more than 300 years, I've limited my searches in COEME to the period 1760-1799, which is the period covered by COFEA. For more information about the data, and in particular about the issue of duplication within each corpus and between the two corpora, see the Introduction pages of the spreadsheets in which the data is set out, which can be downloaded here.
(carry or bear) + nouns denoting tangible objects. Since what we're concerned with is the carrying of tangible objects, I started by trying to find out which nouns acted most frequently as each verb's direct object—a task that I carried out by running searches that would return a list of the nouns that occurred within two words to the right of each of the verbs. Looking for nouns within a two-word span after the verb made it possible to find not only plurals and noncount nouns, which can appear immediately to the right of the verb (carry objects, carry stuff), but also count nouns, which can't (carry an object but not *carry object (the asterisk before "carry object" marks it as ungrammatical)). I initially limited the search to the 100 most frequent collocates, but later expanded to the top 200.
With respect to carry, many of the nouns in the search results—including many that were at the top of the list in terms of frequency—denoted tangible objects. These included arms, gun(s), provisions, goods, letters, baggage, supplies, mail, boards, load(s), corn, flag, torches, coal, prizes, packs, basket, bag, parcels, flour, timber, pistols, luggage, bundle, firearms, banners, and bedding.
For bear, on the other hand, nouns like those were much less in evidence. Of the few that I found, the most frequent one by far was arms, which I'll defer discussion of until the post that deals specifically with bear arms. The other nouns in this category fall into two groups. In the first group, which consisted mainly of torches, flags, prize, cross, and sword, the nouns were used in phrases denoting the kind of physical carrying that Justice Scalia had in mind. The most frequent of these uses was (perhaps unsurprisingly) bear + cross—primarily referring to Christ, but also used metaphorically.
[Update: I want to clarify the statement that the most frequent tangible-object noun used with bear was arms. As discussed in a later post, arms was often used to mean 'weapons,' but it was also frequently used to convey a variety of figurative meanings, and when used that way it did not denote tangible objects. Therefore, when I refer in this post to arms as denoting a kind of tangible object (namely, 'weapons'), that should be understood to mean only that arms was often used that way, not that it was always used that way. In particular, it should not be understood as as a statement about how arms was used when it was part of the phrase bear arms.]
The second group consisted of infrequently-occurring nouns having to do with agriculture and horticulture, such as fruit, wheat, wood (as part of a living plant or tree), acorns, corn, and so on. As far as I could tell, none of those nouns occurred in phrases denoting the same kind of carrying. Rather, the nouns appeared in phrases in which bear was used primarily in the sense of 'bringing forth,' as in land bearing wheat, and plants bearing fruit, corn, and acorns. (Bear fruit was also used metaphorically to mean essentially 'yield results.') And in a few instances, such as the one below, bearing wood was used as a noun phrase denoting the fruit-bearing portion of a tree or plant.
The mode of bearing in peaches, nectarines, and apricots, is on the last year's wood , which makes it necessary to shorten, in order to a certain supply of bearing wood for the next year; and to contrive to have succession wood in every part of the tree, is one of the chief arts of the pruner.
Another difference between carry and bear was that the data for carry—but not for bear— included uses in which it was various categories of human beings that were described as being carried from one place to another. While we don't usually think of humans as objects, that's only because doing so would feel dehumanizing. So it's certainly relevant to the current inquiry that the corpus data included statements in which the words captives, passengers, and negroes were used as direct objects of carry, as they did in these examples:
When a corsair takes a prize he carries the captives directly to the palace of the dey, where the European consuls assemble
a heavy penalty upon any of their citizens who ſhall be engaged in the buſineſs of carrying Negroes from Africa to any part of the world whatever
Here We saw two or 3 Passage Waggons—a Vehicle with four Wheels contrived to carry many Passengers and much Baggage.
I have ingaged Capt. Saml. Crozier a very sober usefull Man & who has been in the habit of carrying Passengers to conduct you to Lisbon & he will tomorrow commence on putting the Schooner in compleat order for your reception
Note that in some of these uses, carry was used in a sense that is now largely obsolete, in which it means to take, accompany, or escort someone or something somewhere.
There were also concordance lines, such as the following, that followed a slightly different grammatical pattern, but that nevertheless referred to the carrying of people:
On the 13th of November, a Sweedish ship sailed from Marscilles, bound to Philadelphia, and carried as passengers all the Americans, (late prisoners in Algiers) except those who tarried on board the Fortune.
They came by water in 30 canoes, slew seven Indians and wounded two Sagamores who lived near Boston, and carried away captives one of their wives with divers other Indians
The officers and principal inhabitants among the Swedes, were carried prisoners to New Amsterdam; and thence to Holland
There were no results for bear that fit either of these patterns. Although bear did occur with direct objects denoting various categories of people, in all of those cases the verb was used in a different sense. These nouns included children, babes, sons, infants, citizens, and subjects, and they were modified by phrases such as new born, first born, free born, and natural born.
This isn't to say that bear was never used to refer to the transportation of human beings from one place to another. There was, for example, this bit of verse:
She, deemed Circassian, on her infant day, Was from thy native frontier borne away.
But from what I saw in the data, examples like this were few and far between.
Among the most frequent noun collocates of carry were home, trade, and places. These collocations differed from those I've been discussing, in that the nouns did not act as the direct object of carry, but the phrases in question nevertheless had to do with the carrying of tangible objects (including people).
Home was used to denote the place where something or someone was carried to:
We should think that no cotton can be carried home from Bombay this year, and even the year following.
Our captain, you may be sure, was in no haste to carry her home, being fallen most desperately in love with her
Trade occurred in the noun phrase the carrying trade, which the OED describes as denoting "the trade or business of carrying goods, esp. over sea between different countries." Similarly, places occurred in the noun phrase carrying places, which denoted "a place where goods, etc. have to be carried overland in inland navigation" (OED). I saw nothing comparable in the data for bear.
Also found in the data for carry were uses in which the literal, physical sense of the word was metaphorically extended to include the carrying of information, as in carry messages, carry intelligence, carry dispatches, carry tidings, carry news, and carry complaints. Once again, I found no analogous uses of bear.
(carry or bear) + (burden(s) or weight). Perhaps the most significant overlap between the results for carry and those for bear (putting aside carry/bear arms) is seen in the pairs carry+burden(s) & bear+burden(s), on the one hand, and carry+weight & bear+weight on the other. Both of the nouns in these pairs can be used literally, to denote physical burdens and weights, and carrying or bearing a physical burden or weight necessarily amounts to carrying or bearing a tangible object. But both words can also be used metaphorically, and to speak of "carrying" or "bearing" a metaphorical burden amounts to using the verb metaphorically as well. It therefore makes sense to compare the pattern of usage associated with carry+burden(s) against the pattern associated with bear+burden(s), and to similarly compare the pattern associated with carry+weight against the one associated with bear+weight.
In each case, the uses were divided between literal and metaphorical. But there were some significant differences between the patterns of usage for each word—differences that were both quantitative and qualitative.
The biggest quantitative difference was seen in the data for burden(s), with the literal use being 100 times as frequent for carry burden(s) as for bear burden(s). The literal-to-metaphoric ratio for carry was roughly 10:1, while for bear it was the inverse, 1:10.
(These figures are based on the combined results from both COFEA and COEME, after eliminating duplicates. I should note that there's roughly four times as much data for bear burden(s) as there is for carry burden(s), and that the total dataset for carry burdens is fairly small in absolute terms. There are 349 concordance lines for bear, and 85 for carry. Therefore, the data for bear burden(s) is presumably more reliable than the data for carry burden(s). But even so, a 10,000% 1,000% difference in frequency seems pretty substantial.)
However, when we turn to bear weight and carry weight, the data paints a more complicated picture. The ratios of literal uses to metaphoric uses for these two phrases doesn't show anything like the disparity that we saw with respect to bear burden(s) and carry burden(s). For bear weight the ratio was roughly 0.8:1, while for carry weight it was about 1.2 : 1. Thus, literal uses were only 1.5 times as frequent for carry as they were for bear.
When viewed in isolation, this could be seen as evidence that bear weight was used fairly often to denote the kind of physical carrying that the Supreme Court in Heller had in mind. But when the data is examined more closely, it points toward a different conclusion.
Here's why. So far, I've been looking only at how the words burden and weight were used in each concordance line—whether they were used literally, to denote a physical burden or weight, or instead metaphorically. To the extent that the burden or weight was metaphorical rather than literal, the act of bearing or carrying the weight must similarly be metaphorical. That by itself means that the act couldn't have constituted "carrying" in the sense relevant here. But that leaves open the question whether the acts denoted by literal uses of bear weight similarly constituted the relevant kind of carrying. And the data suggests that for the most part, they did not.
In most of the instances of bear weight in which weight was used literally, bear was used in a way that denoted what I'll call "immobile support"—the weight was physically supported, without any horizontal movement, as in these examples:
If the board were one inch thick, and 12 inches deep, and if it were capable of bearing a weight of 12 when the pressure was applied perpendicular to the thin way of the board,
into the woods, by walking along shore upon the ice, which still covered the sea, and had strength sufficient to bear any weight.
on which grow a great number of oak trees, almost all the branches of which, able to bear the weight, are, in the proper season of the year, loaded with eagle's nests
myself to clamber out at the top, which I had nearly reached when a stone on which my whole weight bore, dislodg'd and down falls the stone, and myself to the bottom again.
In contrast, most of the examples of carry weight highlighted the movement of the weighty object from one place to another, with the supporting of the object's weight being a part of that action rather than the focus of independent attention. For example:
The camels usually carry 800lb. weight upon their backs, which is not taken off during the whole journey, for they naturally kneel
of the baggage and flour to be on pack horses as most convenient but horse Waggons might be had to carry about 1800 Weight and roads for them easily made,
from place to place by Elephants, and if their necks and trunks have no more room for burthens, they will carry an additional weight in their mouth
It is proposed the frigates of thirty six guns shall carry the same weight of metal of the forty four gun ships, but only to have twenty eight guns upon one
Out of the 60 literal uses of bear weight, in only 4 of them (6.7% of the total) was bear used in theis
sense of 'carry.' Since there were 70 metaphoric uses, those uses were more than 17 times as frequent as the uses that denoted carrying. And while that's only about one-sixth of the difference in frequency that is seen with respect to bear burden(s) and carry burden(s), it is a big difference from what the raw numbers seem to suggest.
We can see another interesting difference between between bear weight and carry weight when we compare the metaphoric uses of each phrase. In almost all the instances of bear weight, the phrase denotes being metaphorically burdened or weighed down by something, as in these examples:
thus the queen discovers herself to be the firm support of the state, when, after having for a long time borne its weight, she is not even bowed down under its fall.
I'll support thee; for in addition to the oppression of our common grief, thou, sweet girl, must bear the agonizing weight of disappointed love.
Her father in stern accents replied, do you think Madam, you are so well able to bear the weight of mine anger?
only the little finger of the Episcopalian hierarchy, we should think the burthen comparatively light, though we were called to bear the weight of the loins of the Presbyterians of New-England.
Note the semantic similarity between these examples and the examples of literal uses of bear weight, which I described as denoting "immobile support." What we see in the metaphoric uses is something that is closely analogous to that. (Which is not surprising, given the parallels between metaphor and analogy.) And a bit later we'll look at some additional uses of bear whose semantics are similar.
Just as most of the metaphoric uses of bear weight are semantically similar to its literal uses, the metaphoric uses of carry weight are semantically similar to its literal uses. And by the same token, they differ semantically from the metaphoric uses of bear weight in much the same way that the literal uses of carry weight differ from the literal uses of bear weight.
Examples typifying the metaphoric uses of carry weight include these:
I own that in my mind your observations upon that point carry much weight
his Objection, at first Look, seems to carry Weight with it
Let us not look on it as superstitious to suppose that such wishes may still carry weight with them
You will consider yourselves as the leaders of this people; that your example in your public department will ever carry much weight and energy in it
Whereas to bear weight (whether literally or metaphorically) is to be subjected to the force of the weight, these examples show that to metaphorically carry weight is to convey or direct the metaphoric force of that weight onto someone or something else. This parallels what we saw in the literal uses of carry weight, which denoted the movement of the weight from one place to another. And it similarly resembles what we saw in a different set of metaphorical uses of carry, namely those having to do with conveying information: carry messages, carry intelligence, carry dispatches, carry tidings, carry news, and carry complaints. In fact, the metaphoric uses of carry weight can be regarded as an abstract extension of those comparatively more concrete metaphoric uses: rather than denoting the conveyance of specific information or types of information, they denote the conveyance of the persuasive force of information or communication, or of communicatively significant actions or institutions.
So to sum up this part of the discussion: What we can see in the data on bear/carry + burden(s)/weight are patterns of usage along two dimensions. The dimension that's of primary interest here is the one along which the usage of each word contrasts with that of the other. And even though we've been looking at only two nouns, we've seen several different kinds of contrast.
The second dimension is the dimension along which we can look at the use of each verb separately, comparing the differences and similarities in how it is used, depending on which noun it combines with. With respect to each verb, there has been an underlying semantic commonality having to do with the flow of energy between the participants in a situation. To carry something, whether a physical object or an abstract entity, is to direct physical or abstract force to the object or entity, and thereby out into the world. To bear something, on the other hand, is to experience force that is imposed by the object. In other words, carrying is a form of acting on something, while bearing is a form of being acted upon.
This isn't to say that these patterns are followed in every use of bear and carry. They aren't. But the uses that don't fit the patterns are merely exceptions; they aren't so widespread as to prevent the patterns from emerging in the first place.
bear + other nouns
Apart from talking about bear burden(s) and bear weight, I've haven't said much about how bear is used in the corpus data; I've talked more about the fact that it hasn't been used in the ways that we've seen carry be used. So I want to talk briefly about what the data for bear does show.
The data can be broken down into several categories.
Language from legal documents. Most of the uses in this category constitute legal boilerplate: bear date, bear name, bear witness, bear testimony, bear test(e). The one use that's not part of a purely formulaic recital is bear interest. These uses have an abstract similarity to some uses of carry, and in several of them it would be possible to replace the bear with carry with little loss of meaning. Even then, however, bear is used in an abstract sense that doesn't denote physical carrying.
Birth-related. This category includes uses such as new born babes, born a citizen, natural born citizen, and born in Ireland. There is also an agricultural variation on this theme: bear fruit (in the literal sense), bear clusters of berries, and so on. And also bear fruit in the metaphoric sense.
Compass bearings. This category consists of uses such as At noon Cape Egmont bore about N.E. and in this direction, at about four leagues from the shore, we had forty fathom of water.
Relationship. In the uses in this group, bear is part of an expression asserting that something has a specified relation to something else. The basic template is X bears analogy (resemblance, proportion,/comparison) to Y.
Withstanding trouble and woe. This category is all about suffering through bad conditions and events: bear adversity, bear affliction, bear drought, bear famine, fatigue, hardships, hunger ill-will injuries insults misfortunes reproof trouble….
Is it not composed of a mixture of people from different countries; some more, some less capable of bearing fatigue and hardship?
Prosperity is the touchstone of virtue; for it is less difficult to bear misfortunes than to remain uncorrupted by pleasure.
God , thou knowest that I have borne my sufferings meekly: I have wept for myself, but never cursed my foes
friend, be you assured, for your consolation, that we the American captives, in this city of bondage, will bear our sufferings with fortitude and resignation
These examples may have a familiar ring to them, because they all instantiate the semantic pattern in which bearing X means essentially 'experiencing X' or 'undergoing X.' And with that in mind, it may not be a surprise when I tell you that there is a corresponding set of uses of carry in which the verb's direct object similarly denotes bad stuff, but in which the direction of causation is reversed, such as carry terror, carry desolation, carry conquest, carry havoc, and carry devastation. To carry these bad things is not to experience them but to inflict them on others:
the arms of Scanderbeg and the scimitars of his illustrious soldiers, who were an army of heroes, carried death at every stroke, and gave decisive victory
remember, that Great-Britain, during last war, did at one time carry conquest through every quarter of the globe
Ye who worship the mammon of unrighteousness, and sacrifice nations for gain; who have carried desolation to the utmost bounds of the earth
the French partisans at Avignon and citizens of the neighbouring departments, have run over the Comtat, carried devastation with them wherever they met opposition and forced the inhabitants to declare in favor of France
And in conclusion…
Having gone through the corpus data, it seems to me indisputable that at the time of the framing of the Constitution, bear was in general not synonymous with carry. Although it was sometimes used to denote the kind of physical carrying that the Supreme Court in Heller had in mind, those uses were infrequent and were exceptions to the general pattern of usage.
Thus, when Justice Scalia wrote that "at the time of the founding, as now, to 'bear' meant to 'carry,''' his statement had a kernel of truth but didn't accurately reflect how the word was ordinarily used.
However, that doesn't resolve the question of how bear arms as used in the Second Amendment was likely to have been understood by the American public of 1789. As I've said, arms was one of the most common nouns that acted as the direct object of bear. That means that bear arms is potentially the biggest exception to the general rule that bear didn't mean carry. I haven't addressed that issue in this post, and am instead saving it for a post of its own. But before I get there, I'm going to talk about arms. Because it turns out that Heller's short treatment of that word—concluding simply that it meant 'weapons'—was at least as much of an oversimplification as its discussion of bear.
In the comments, Jonathan finds my methodology confusing:
While 'bear' is surely not completely interchangeable with 'carry,' either now or in 1789, I don't think that's what Scalia was saying. Confronted with your corpus analysis (at least what we've seen so far) if I were Scalia speaking from beyond the grave, I'd say that Congress sometimes means sex, but that it never means sex in the Constitution, no matter how many corpora results you get for that meaning. 'Bearing arms' wouldn't be understood by *anyone* as the same thing as 'bearing children' or 'bearing a burden' or 'bearing witness.' Except as a joke or, at best, a suggestive metaphor. The gravamen of [the comment by] Orin K Hargreaves immediately above ["Surely the best approach, in the wake of your new analysis is to regard "bear arms" in 18th century usage as a formulaic expression or idiom, i.e., not exactly the sum of its parts."] is surely right, and suggests that the rest of the corpus analysis is irrelevant unless there's something I'm not getting, which is of course possible.
My apologies for the confusion; let me try to clarify what I'm trying to do.
First of all, when I get to the point of dealing with the phrases bear arms and keep and bear arms, I will refer back what I've said in this post and in my posts about keep, as well as to what I will have to say in the upcoming post on arms. So I don't see any of this as being irrelevant. I realize, however, that its relevance probably won't be clear to anyone who doesn't know where I'm going—which is to say, pretty much everyone. Therefore, dear reader, I ask your indulgence. And hopefully granting me that indulgence won't be terribly painful, since as a reader of Language Log you're presumably down with deep dives into lexicohistory.
Second, while evaluating the Supreme Court's conclusion about the meaning of keep and bear arms is my primary goal here, I'm also taking the opportunity to critique the reasoning offered by the Court to support that conclusion.
I think that such a critique can be valuable even apart from what I ultimately say about whether the Court's interpretation of keep and bear arms was correct (and from lexicohistory for its own sake). The analysis in Heller was by its own terms an exercise in historical semantics, and Heller has been described by a leading scholar of originalism as an exemplar of originalist methodology. So it provides a good vehicle for demonstrating the application of methods and ideas from linguistics (and high-end lexicography) to legal interpretation.
Further reading. If you're interested in learning more about the semantics of bear, you'll find a detailed discussion, based on an informal corpus of texts from the 1960s and 1970s, in On Monosemy: A Study in Linguistic Semantics, by Charles Ruhl (publisher, Google Books, Amazon).
Hat tip to Dennis Baron, who was the first person to look up bear arms in the COFEA and COEME; see his comment to my Language Log post announcing the opening of the two corpora for beta testing (scroll to the bottom), and his subsequent op-ed in the Washington Post. It was Baron's op-ed that inspired me to undertake this look at the Second Amendment.
Cross-posted on LAWnLinguistics.
Life in Queens said,
What do you think of Garry Wills's "To Keep and Bear Arms"? He argues that the amendment is mostly legal set phrases that had well-established meanings in law at the time, and aren't remotely synonymous with "own and carry guns"
Ralph Hickok said,
"Out of the 60 literal uses of bear weight, in only 4 of them (15% of the total) was bear used in sense of 'carry.'"
4/60 = 1/15 = 6.7%
[(ng) Hey, at least I knew that it had something to do with 15.]
Orin K Hargraves said,
Surely the best approach, in the wake of your new analysis is to regard "bear arms" in 18th century usage as a formulaic expression or idiom, i.e., not exactly the sum of its parts. But the challenge still remains to determine what it meant to contemporary speakers. I look forward to your attack on that.
Jonathan said,
I'm confused by your methodology. While 'bear' is surely not completely interchangeable with 'carry,' either now or in 1789, I don't think that's what Scalia was saying. Confronted with your corpus analysis (at least what we've seen so far) if I were Scalia speaking from beyond the grave, I'd say that Congress sometimes means sex, but that it never means sex in the Constitution, no matter how many corpora results you get for that meaning. 'Bearing arms' wouldn't be understood by *anyone* as the same thing as 'bearing children' or 'bearing a burden' or 'bearing witness.' Except as a joke or, at best, a suggestive metaphor. The gravamen of Orin K Hargreaves immediately above is surely right, and suggests that the rest of the corpus analysis is irrelevant unless there's something I'm not getting, which is of course possible.
Bob Moore said,
Scalia seemed to be oblivious to the fact that verbs that have general meaning when taking a wide variety of objects, can have a more specific meaning with certain objects. In the case of "bear" it clearly doesn't simply mean "carry" (except in a very particular sense of "carry" not applicable to guns) when the object is "child". I guess Scalia would have to say that one's "child-bearing years" would be any age at which one could hold a baby and walk at the same time.
Neal Goldfarb said,
Jonathan: I've added an explanation that will hopefully alleviate your confusion—or at least mitigate its effects.
eub said,
I've always assumed "bear arms" relates heavily to the social phenomenon of armigerous status. Perhaps we'll see if my intuition checks out later in this series.
If this is right, the usage in the American context suggests emphasis on the idea that every man (white male etc.) has the dignity and privileges that England keeps to a few.
Exactly how all the "bear" drives particular legal interpretations of the text I'm fuzzy on. Future work.
BZ said,
@Bob Moore,
Doesn't bearing a child mean giving birth to it, while carrying a child means being pregnant with it? When you carry a child *to term*, you give birth to it, but even then, it's not just the act of giving birth.
andy said,
I enjoyed the analysis thoroughly and in the abstract critiquing shoddy or incomplete sourcing is invaluable – but the credulity on display towards originalism as a method and Scalia's practice of it in in particular is painful to read. It's not like Scalia approached Heller with an open mind and a sincere desire to determine the original meaning of the 2nd amendment. IEspecially not in this case where a good-faith attempt would tend to point away from the policy outcome desired by Republicans). Scalia's view on the matter was already determined by his politics, but to write the majority opinion, as an originalist he had to at least gesture at the idea that the vague and ambivalent verbiage was intended as – and was understood to be –an unambiguous affirmative grant of an individual constitutional right. Seems like a tough challenge but it's no problem as long as you aren't too wedded to the facts or the text – Scalia certainly isn't interested in the first half – but the point is you aren't engaged in careful reasoning and argument construction. No amount of evidence on the matter could have changed Scalia's mind because he wasn't "reasoning" his way to a conclusion. Rather, he proceeded from the conclusion backwards, and the arguments are really just window dressing. It might seem weirdly coincidental that originalists keep discovering that the US Constitution endorses or even compels present-day Republican policies until you realize originalism isn't really about discovering the true original meaning of some text, it's a way of using the past to bestow legitimacy on those policies. Like I said I think your critique was interesting and worthwhile, but it's ultimately wasted on arguments that were not made in good faith in the first place.
John Roth said,
I was putting together a comment on another blog using your examples, and it occurred to me that the example of an affliction depends on having a prepositional phrase denoting a target. Now that I'm pondering it bit more, it seems that Charles Fillmore's Frame Semantics may be relevant to the analysis. See https://framenet.icsi.berkeley.edu/fndrupal/ for more.
Mary Kuhner said,
It seems to me that "bear interest" is a member of the same group as "bear children" and "bear fruit"–at least that's how, as a modern American, I certainly hear the phrase. The account bears interest as a tree bears fruit.
(I am now suffering from the well-known problem that if a single word such as "bear" is repeated too many times, it starts to look ridiculous and loses its meaning. Does anyone know why?)
My apologies, Prof. Goldfarb, for behaving like an Internet Commenter. I'll await your conclusion before trolling.
But now I get to troll andy. Even if we assume that andy is correct that Scalia's lexicohistory was undertaken in bad faith, what does it matter? Many have commented on Scalia's history as an inconsistent Originalist. But why should we care if he only used Originalist arguments that he thought would be effective in making his point? Isn't the real question whether the argument makes his point or not, and not his fidelity to any particular method?
But arguing that Scalia's use of Originalism was in bad faith is just made up, and I think is just an argument from bad faith, because there is literally no evidence to support. Even many opposed to Scalia's jurisprudence don't believe it: see for example Prof. Rick L. Hasen's The Justice of Contradictions: Antonin Scalia and the Politics of Disruption. "
Don said,
@Mary Kuhner – You're looking for "semantic satiation."


text:
Alleged Paul Pelosi assailant David DePape pleads not guilty to state charges
David DePape, who stands accused of violently assaulting Paul Pelosi, husband of outgoing House Speaker Nancy Pelosi (D-CA), in the couple's San Francisco home in October, was in court for a hearing on Wednesday.
It was during that Wednesday hearing that DePape reportedly pleaded not guilty to all of the criminal charges filed against him by the state of California, according to the Daily Wire.
That assault on Paul Pelosi, who reportedly suffered a skull fracture and injuries to his hand and arm after being struck by a hammer, was part of an alleged larger plot by DePape to kidnap and torture or kill Speaker Pelosi.
The plea is not guilty
Fox News reported that DePape, during that Wednesday hearing in a San Francisco courtroom, entered a plea of not guilty to the state-level charges of attempted murder, assault with a deadly weapon, and elder abuse.
He had previously pleaded not guilty to other state and federal charges related to his alleged plot to kidnap Speaker Pelosi.
In addition to the not guilty plea on Wednesday, DePape also reportedly waived his right to a speedy trial, and is now scheduled to next appear in court for another pretrial hearing on Feb. 23.
Dueling attorney statements
ABC News reported that DePape continues to be held without bail in a local jail following his initial not-guilty pleas during an arraignment hearing in November.
Following Wednesday's hearing, San Francisco District Attorney Brooke Jenkins said in a statement, "Mr. DePape will be prosecuted to the fullest extent of the law and held accountable for his heinous crimes."
Adam Lipson, DePape's assigned public defender, was pressed for comment by reporters outside of the courtroom after the hearing concluded, but he refused to respond directly to any of their queries and simply said that his client "is going to be fighting this case in court, not the hallway."
What is known of the Pelosi attack
According to ABC News, DePape is alleged to have forcibly entered the Pelosi home in San Francisco in the early morning hours of Oct. 28, ostensibly in search of Speaker Pelosi, who he purportedly intended to kidnap and torture.
Given that the speaker was not at her San Francisco home at that time, DePape is alleged to have focused his attention on her husband, Paul, who managed to call the police to report the home intrusion.
When the police arrived, they reportedly found DePape and Pelosi struggling for control of the hammer that, per bodycame footage recently shown in court, was then used to strike and severely injure Pelosi.
Alleged list of targets for kidnapping
As for the alleged plot to kidnap and torture Pelosi, Fox News reported that, according to DePape's purported confession to police following his arrest, that action was intended to address the "evil" in Washington D.C. and send a message to other elected politicians.
DePape was said to have also been in possession of a list of other potential targets for kidnapping or worse that included California Gov. Gavin Newsom (D), President Joe Biden's son Hunter, and even liberal actor Tom Hanks, among others.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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text:
IIT Bombay, Shiv Nadar researchers develop environment friendly,cost efficient lithium batteries
The researchers said the technology has the potential to aid multi-billion dollar industries including tech gadgets, drones, electric vehicles (EV) and several more that depend on such batteries.
NEW DELHI: Researchers at the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Bombay and Shiv Nadar University claim to have developed a technology for production of environment friendly Lithium-Sulfur (Li-S) batteries which will be three times more energy efficient and cost effective than Lithium-ion batteries commonly used at present.
According to the team, the Li-S battery technology leverages principles of green chemistry, incorporating usage of by-products from the petroleum industry (Sulfur), agro-waste elements and copolymers such as cardanol (a by-product of cashew nut processing) and eugenol (clove oil) as cathodic materials.
"The research focusses on principles of green chemistry to find a solution that addresses requirements of industries and the environment, simultaneously. The capability of three times more energy density, coupled with being a significantly safer technology, holds the promise of accelerating the adoption of clean, battery-led energy across multiple domains," Bimlesh Lochab, Associate Professor at Shiv Nadar University, told PTI.
"For example, an electric car with a 400 km range using conventional Lithium-ion batteries can now quadruple its range to 1600 km on a single charge with this technology, while being compact in size and much safer to use than traditional Lithium-ion batteries. To put this in perspective, it could mean driving from Delhi to Mumbai on a single charge and still being left with power," she added.
Lochab's team has partnered with Sagar Mitra, IIT Bombay's Professor in the Department of Energy Science and Engineering, to use the research for the development of a Li-S battery prototype.
"From our laptops, mobile phones and smart watches to even electric cars depend on them. They are not efficient in terms of energy storage, they are heavy, expensive, extremely hard to recycle and also prone to combustion. The research innovatively used eugenol (derived from clove oil) copolymer, which is also environmentally sustainable, halogen-free, flame-retardant, and reduces the combustible propensities, making the battery remarkably safe to use," Mitra said.
The new battery technology synthesises a bio-based molecule, capable of commercial-scale production. The research includes a new type of cathode for Li-S batteries, which can help push the promising battery technology to higher performance levels.
"The use of cardanol for Sulfur-based structures as an unconventional application to create cathode materials in this next generation Li-S battery technology has exhibited enhanced capacity retention (among the highest charge capacities reported) and longer battery life in a significantly smaller battery unit. The Sulfur for the battery is sourced from industrial waste and cardanol is sourced from bio-renewable feed-stock that is easily available, non-toxic and environmentally friendly," Mitra added.
bombayIndian Institute of Technology Bombaythe department of energy science and engineeringiit bombay s professorBattery Electric Vehicleenergy
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Erik Simonics
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Erik was born and raised in Slovakia. He moved to London in 2010 and started his sommelier career at Gordon Ramsay at Claridge's, followed by French fine dining restaurant Orrery. In 2012 he moved to the one of the most iconic hotels in London, the Savoy, where he spent 4 years.
Erik was also looking after the wine program at the newly opened La Dame de Pic at Four Seasons Ten Trinity Square. The restaurant of one of the most famous chefs in the world, Anne Sophie Pic. He is currently holding the Head Sommelier position at Annabel's private members club in Mayfair.
He gained BA (Hons) degree in Hospitality Management at University of West London in 2015 and also successfully passed WSET Level 3, CSM Certified Sommelier and Sake Sommelier course by SSA. In 2013 he was Sommelier of the year in Slovakia. He also won the Wine Bar War of Chile in 2015 and South African Sommelier Cup in 2016. In 2016, he finished as Semi Finalist at the Castle European Young Sommelier Cup.
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New leadership team named for South West CBI
The CBI has appointed a new-look team to lead its South West operation and support member businesses as they look to rebuild from COVID and target a sustainable and prosperous future.
Ben Rhodes has been named as the new CBI South West Regional Director, while Sara Tomley will take on the role of Deputy Regional Director.
Ben steps up from the Deputy Director role he has held since 2017 to succeed Deborah Fraser, who has moved to a new role within the CBI. Ben has served as Acting Regional Director for the past six months.
Sara has been a Relationship Manager with the CBI for two years, and has also filled her new role on an interim basis in recent months.
Ben and Sara will continue the CBI's crucial work supporting members in rebuilding the post-pandemic economy, and uniting businesses and broader stakeholders to campaign on key issues in one of the largest CBI regions.
Ben Rhodes, CBI South West Regional Director, said:
"I am delighted to have been appointed as Regional Director, South West and relish this opportunity to build upon the strong regional foundations built by Deborah over the past five years.
"This is a pivotal moment for the economy across the UK. In the wake of COVID-19 and the new UK-EU relationship, and in an era of rapid technological advancement and action on the climate emergency, we have a unique opportunity to unite and define our future direction.
"South West businesses face notable challenges and we will play our part in supporting them. Closing a number of skills gaps, rolling-out digital and physical infrastructure improvements and attracting fresh investment which can enable the region to compete on a national and international stage are all vital regional priorities.
"Sara and I are ready to seize this moment and support CBI members as they overcome these challenges and grow prosperity and opportunity across the region."
Sara Tomley, CBI South West Deputy Director, said:
"It means a great deal to me to be appointed South West Deputy Regional Director, and I am looking forward to continuing to work alongside Ben in helping CBI members to navigate the unprecedented challenges facing them.
"The South West is a region of immense talent and potential, and we're ready to help businesses here achieve their ambitions for recovery and beyond."
Deborah Fraser, Commercial Director - Regions & SMEs, Events and Sponsorship, said:
"I am thrilled to confirm the permanent appointments of Ben and Sara, and am confident both will prove to be major assets for the South West's business community in the years ahead.
"There is no doubt that this is a challenging time for industry, as the UK looks to bounce back from COVID and overcome the climate emergency. However, the South West is uniquely placed to embrace this challenge, and is equipped to play a leading role in establishing the UK as a global superpower in green industries.
"Ben, Sara and the CBI team stand ready to support South West businesses along their journey towards an equitable and sustainable future."
Adrian Bratt, CBI South West Regional Chair, said:
"I am pleased that Ben and Sara have accepted these important positions at the forefront of the CBI in the South West. They will bring a wealth of experience to their roles, as well as strong relationships through the CBI member community.
"Throughout the past four years, Ben has worked closely with Deborah and the wider CBI team to ensure members across the region are well informed, able to mitigate risks, ready to take advantage of opportunities, and equipped to influence Government policy to support regional enterprise. Ben and Sara's knowledge of members, stakeholders and the regional economy puts the team in a great position to further grow CBI influence at this crucial time.
"I look forward to working closely with Ben, Sara, and the South West team, during my tenure as regional chair."


War of the Rebellion: Serial 024 Page 0557 Chapter XXIX. FORREST'S EXPEDITION INTO W. TENN.
behind came to a halt, while half a dozen riderless horses rushed madly through our lines. The enemy's cavalry farther to the rear still rode forward and got jammed up with those in front. This solid body of the enemy afforded a splendid opportunity to the infantry. It was, however, but a moment, when the fence to the right and left was broken through, and empty horses and reeling riders could be seen rushing in headlong flight across the fields.
The enemy having now ascertained the position of the infantry immediately brought his artillery to bear, while demonstrations were made by his cavalry on both flanks, however keeping out of range of the rifles of the infantry. I now received repeated messages from Lieutenant-Colonel Meek that the enemy were passing my flanks and about to surround me and urging me to fall back. I, however, considered the infantry quite able to maintain itself against the enemy's cavalry in its choice position at Salem Cemetery, hoping that the latter would again attempt our overthrow, and thus give us again an opportunity of punishing them for their daring. I, however, sent skirmishers out on the flanks and ordered two companies of the right wing of the Forty-third to take position several hundred yards to the rear, where they could overlook and command the bottom and bluffs of the small creek running between the cemetery and Jackson. After waiting in this manner for about half an hour, and the enemy making no attempt to come within range of our rifles, while its artillery commenced to tell among my men, I determined to fall back out of range of its shells. The Sixty-first was first called in and sent to the rear with instructions to take position in the timber, where General Brayman subsequently found them; the Forty-third following slowly, retiring in close column, doubled on the center, while falling back over the open fields so as to be able to meet, by forming columns against cavalry, any sudden attack the enemy might be tempted to make. That regiment was then also placed in the position where the general assumed command.
I am greatly indebted to Lieutenant-Colonels Meek and Dengler and to Major Ohr for the valuable assistance given me, while I cannot speak too highly of the coolness and bravery of the officers and men of the Forty-third and Sixty-first Regiments.
The loss in the Sixty-first was 1 man killed and 3 wounded; in the Forty-third but 1 man was wounded so as to disqualify him for duty, and in the Eleventh Illinois 1 man and 2 horses were killed as they were falling back in the road toward Jackson beyond the creek, west of the cemetery, by shells that were fired from the cannon in the road at Brooks', and passed high over the heads of the infantry.
The loss of the enemy must have been severe. According to the best information I can receive his loss was 60 killed and wounded and 3 taken prisoners, including 1 lieutenant. The latter were immediately sent to General Sullivan's headquarters.
For the better elucidation of the foregoing I beg leave to submit the annexed plat,* kindly furnished me by Lieutenant-Colonel Dengler. I also beg leave to submit herewith the report made to me by Lieutenant-Colonel Dengler.


I know I promised that my language teaching tips of the week would be practical, low-prep teaching ideas that could be used in every language class. However, whilst this activity does fit that bill, it works best at the end of each topic to help students with revision, which I am sure is not too far away and still useful.
This teaching activity is pretty much no-prep for the teacher, apart from getting a few resources together. Try it out!
Aim: Students create their own revision activities at the end of each topic to help them revise for a test/exam, as well as create a resource that is useful for the future.
Resources Required: laptops (for those who wish to create a digital revision activity), A4 paper, A5 paper, coloured pens or pencils, card, for example.
Advise students they are going to make a revision activity that must be suitable for anyone in the class to revise a particular topic.
Articulate, The Million Pound Drop etc.
Provide the students with success criteria, and perhaps get them to create their own in small groups?
When complete, ask the students to try out the other activities that have been created, following the instructions.
a) Ensure the activity can be produced in a reasonable amount of time, set a time limit of one/two lessons and/or a homework.
b) If students want to create a big activity, such as a board game, they could work in small groups with each person being responsible for a part of the task.
c) Some students may finish quicker than others, so have some work handy for when they finish, especially if no-one else has completed their activities yet.
d) Perhaps ask students to bring in a file where they can keep the revision activity, so that they can be used in the future when it comes to revision for end of year exams or a round-up exam.
I love this revision activity idea, because it puts the students in the driving seat and allows the teacher to go around, listen, watch and help.
How would you adapt this revision activity idea for your language classroom? Let me know in the comments below!
I can't quite believe that I have been writing my teaching tips of the week for ten weeks. If you've missed the previous teaching tip of the week posts, check out the link.
Did you find this Revision Activities for the Language Classroom post useful? If so, and you haven't already, why not join TheIdealTeacher's mailing list? Just add your details to the TheIdealTeacher.com's exclusive mailing list below now to keep up-to-date with all of my latest content, including fab teaching ideas and activities!


Blessed Are You, Eternal Our God, Sovereign Of Time And Space. You Hallow Us With Your Mitzvot And Command Us To Kindle The Lights Of Shabbat.
Blessed Are You, Adonai Our God, Sovereign Of The Universe, Who Creates The Fruit Of The Vine.
I Hope That You Can Understand More About The Meaningful Sukkot Blessings Shabbat.


As a dad, how will you be perceived in 2019? As a bumbling buffoon? As a hero? As an equal parenting partner?
In late 2017 we reported on the current state of dad-dom, and the slowly changing media perceptions of fatherhood, from incompetent fool to engaged and resourceful co-parent.
So at the start of 2019, how far have we come? In the media and beyond, are fathers given the recognition we deserve? Are we seen as equals in the adventure of parenting? Or are we still viewed as second class citizens when it comes to bringing up children?
The last few years have certainly witnessed a gradual change in depictions of fatherhood on the large and small screen. Dads have forced this change. Directors and, more importantly, advertisers, risk losing viewers and sales if they continue to pursue outdated visions of parenting. Such as: mums do all the work, dads drink beer.
By taking a full part in the parenting of our children, we have created a market that brands want to tap into. Our own Dad Index shows just how important fathers are when it comes to making decisions on household spend, whether that's the days out families enjoy together or the books they read at bedtime.
At least one commentator identifies a seachange in the way dads are viewed, at least by those wishing to separate dads from their money: "In the age of "dadvertising," father-actors are competent, present, presentable, even mythic parents, and equal if not more hardworking partners. Those depictions are aligned with the optimistic, egalitarian standards the newest generation of fathers has set for themselves," wrote one social observer.
Brands are simply catching up with real life. In 2018, among a slew of statistics about the changing realities of fatherhood, it was revealed that dads spend three times more time with their children than their grandfathers did.
Maybe that is just down to economic necessity? Dads are forced to spend more time with kids because mums are holding down demanding jobs?
While it is true that mothers make up a far larger proportion of the workforce than they did even two decades ago, that's far from the whole story. Dads spend more time with their children because they want to.
The increased contribution and engagement from dads is being recognised. Learned articles in broadsheet newspapers now celebrate the 'new dad' and his commitment to parenting. Academic research into parenting used to focus on mums: now it is increasingly focussed on revealing all the ways dads contribute to happy, healthy, well-rounded children.
But while academics and journalists are increasingly convinced of the importance of involved dads, there is still much to do. Dads want to take a greater role. Children and families benefit when they do. Yet society doesn't make it easy.
In this respect, the UK is similar to the US. Few dads take shared parental leave, often because of the economic consequences for the family as a whole. Indeed, too many dads are back at work just days after the arrival of a new baby.
Perceptions linger – in workplaces and even government – that the chief role of dads is to be the breadwinner, and everything else is welcome but secondary.
So we can say with confidence that the perception of dads has changed markedly in the last few years, and mostly for the better. But inequality remains and in 2019 there is much still to achieve.


text:
An (Unedited) Excerpt from the Upcoming Clarissa Novel
I'm liking this book the more I get into it. Clarissa is somewhat of an enigma as a character in the Noble Intentions series. You get a sense of what she's capable of, but not the whole picture. She's obviously street smart. She was raised by a hard-nosed Marine Lieutenant Colonel. She lost her mother at a young age. And she was barely an adult when her father was gone. But other than that, we know little.
This book will remedy some of that. I'll let you know upfront, there's not a lot of info dumping or back story thrown into this book. By this point, you know that's not how I write 🙂 This story picks up where Clarissa's story left off at the end of Noble Intentions Season Three.
Now, for the excerpt (unedited!). Still working on the title and cover, but will reveal when they are ready.
General Edward Lawrence Logan International Airport. Logan International for short. Adjacent to East Boston and the Boston Harbor. Six runways, and over one hundred gates divided among four terminals. All located on twenty four hundred acres.
Nearly thirty million people pass through those gates each year. Business, pleasure, returning home, going home, and some who fly for the hell of it because they can.
Clarissa Abbot, one of those thirty million passengers, had no choice in the matter. She departed the 777, proceeded through the hot and humid jetway, and walked out into the open gate adorned with blue and white striped seats, and manned by three disinterested airline employees, because Sinclair, her boss, told her to do so.
Or suffer consequences that would brought out words such as 'fatal,' 'dismemberment,' and 'never to be found again.'
Sinclair hadn't told her who would carry out the acts. She had no reason to ask. Clarissa knew. They had people in their employ who could do such things without batting an eye, and without leaving a shred of evidence behind. These were the kind of men who didn't care who it was they were terminating. The lived for their jobs. They got antsy when they went two long without cleaning a scene, or ridding the world of a bad seed.
Had she become one?
In both her heart and her head, she didn't think so. Clarissa had done everything she'd been asked. Relationships that meant the world to her at one time were now fading memories, like a paper boat placed on the water as the tide headed out. Whether those relationships drifted away or sunk into the abyss, she had no idea, and it did not matter.
Neither did her last assignment. Forget it now, Clarissa. Those had been Sinclair's final words to her while she worked frantically to eliminate evidence in her room in London. Clarissa destroyed all her belongings, including her cell phone and laptop, in the compound's incinerator. She left with the clothes on her back, a few thousand in cash, and a passport with a false identity. She boarded the plane and departed from Heathrow shortly after nine in the morning. Her flight flew back in time and arrived noon Eastern.
Her gate was located at the end of the terminal. Glancing back, a wide window offered a panoramic view of a runway. A plane, she couldn't tell what style, lifted off. Dust and dirt and exhaust swirled in two sideways mini-tornadoes. She turned her attention forward. A sparse crowd walked away from her, down the hall that split the terminal in two. She joined the other travelers, attempting to blend in. Not an easy task for a woman like her. She was tall. Her dark red hair, pale skin, and looks drew the eyes and attention of most men and some women. Hatred, scorn, lust, curiosity. She saw it all.
She didn't fear them, though. Her concern laid in the fact that Sinclair had provided no further instructions to her to follow after departing the plane. Unfamiliar faces turned into potential enemies. Throughout her time in Sinclair's group, she had been exposed to few of the members. It had been in her best interest, he'd said. The fewer people that knew her, the better off she would be.
You never know, he had told her, who might turn on you.
Would Sinclair? Better yet, had he?
A pair of dark eyes fixed their gaze on her. Eyebrows flexed down. The man's face was cut from steel, handsome, and covered with four day's growth. His black hair was adorned with flecks of silver. He wore a dark suit and no tie. He left the top two buttons of his white pinstripe shirt unbuttoned.
She had no recollection of ever seeing or meeting the man. He stared at her like they'd been lovers the night before.
Clarissa kept her stride at an even pace. She didn't deviate to the left or the right. She couldn't. There was room to either side. She stayed true on a path that led her right past the man.
He glanced over her head. She resisted the urge to look back. His focus shifted from above, to the left, to the right, then back on her. She watched as his right hand slipped into his pocket. He couldn't have traveled this far through the airport with a weapon. Even something as discreet as a ceramic knife would be spotted in the new imaging machines they had installed at the security checkpoint.
He pulled a black cylinder from his pocket. Maybe two or three inches in length. Before she could identify the object, he'd tucked it in his palm and passed it off to his other hand. His fingers wrapped around it.
The guy took a step forward. A couple walking along the outer edges of the corridor took two steps in. The man nodded, flashed a smile, and merged into the line. He was three paces in front of her. She glanced down at his shoes. They looked expensive. The soles were hard and thick. The uppers made from leather. A lot of the guys paid for custom shoes, she'd heard. They wanted comfort, the ability to kick ass, and to look good.
The man slowed his pace. He took a step and a half for every two Clarissa made. She saw the object in his left hand. They were almost side by side. He glanced over his shoulder, made eye contact, smiled. There became even with each other. She matched his pace. They stayed close to the outer edges of the walkway. His left hand permeated her peripheral vision. She reached for it with her right. They continued on as if they were a couple reunited after time spent away. Between their hands, the cylinder pressed against both their palms.
"Central Parking Garage," he said. "Level three. Backed into a spot in the middle of the last row. Now close your hand."
The man unthreaded his fingers from hers. She made a fist around the object, pulled her hand tight to her side, and slipped it into her jean's pocket beside her cell phone. She left her hand on top of the object. Her index finger traced it. Six buttons, and a hole at the top. Something metal, pointed inside the hole.
"I'll go back and get it for you, honey," the guy said, stopping and stepping to out of the flow of traffic. He leaned in and kissed her cheek. The stubble around his mouth scratched at her. "I'll catch up at baggage claim."
Clarissa looked around, smiled, continued on. In the end, no one there would care. Unless they did. And if there were someone there who took anything from the interaction other than a husband or boyfriend going back to claim his significant other's laptop or carry-on, then the rest of the act wouldn't have fooled them either.
She pulled the object out. It was a car key. Everything was built into the device, the key, alarm, remote start, and lock and unlock button.
She continued on, navigating through the airport. At one point she reached into her purse and pulled out a pair of knock-off designer sunglasses. She wasn't sure if they were supposed to be Gucci or Armani or Prada or some other brand. Clarissa didn't care about such things anymore.
Baggage claim was packed with hundreds of people. The result of dozens of flights arriving at one time. Midday madness. She stopped and stood on the tips of her toes and looked for the man who handed her the key. Had he meant it when he said he'd catch up at baggage claim, or had he said that to make the act more believable. She wandered the snaking area full of travelers, conveyor belts and yet to be claimed bags. A tall man in an airport uniform pulled a red suitcase off a belt that had stopped moving. The bag looked overstuffed. He pulled the extendable handle all the way out and wheeled it to an office.
The land of abandoned luggage, she thought.
Ten minutes later the man from the terminal still had not arrived. She took one final glance around. Two-thirds of the faces had changed over. That was fine with her. The fewer people around to remember her standing there, the better.
It was the middle of June, not even officially summer yet. But when she stepped outside, it felt like North Carolina in August. The temperature was over ninety, as was the humidity. By the time she found the parking garage, to bottom half of her shirt was in danger of sticking to her back. It grew worse in the garage. Airflow was non-existent. The structure reeked of exhaust and gas fumes.
Some idiot honked his horn in tune with a song. Or perhaps he was just a jerk. The sound echoed off the floors and walls and ceiling. The car drove past her. The young man behind the wheel looked over at her and winked. Although her first instinct had been to extend a gesture toward him, Clarissa ignored the guy. There was no point in getting involved in something that could result in her being arrested, especially while using an identity that could have been compromised without her knowledge.
She found the stairs and walked down one flight. The air felt thicker on the third level. It smelled worse. The front of her head ached, and she felt nauseous.
"Keep it together," she told herself. "A little further is all."
The last row was visible from where she stood. Rather than following the road to the left or right, then back, she cut through the middle, sidestepping between cars whose owners who were incapable of parking in the middle of a spot.
She reached the last row, pulled the key from her pocket and pressed the alarm. A silver Infiniti G Coupe chirped and screamed and honked and flashed in response. She mashed the lock and unlock buttons with her thumb until the car went silent.
"Not bad, Sinclair," she muttered, approaching the vehicle from the driver's side.
She pressed the ignition button on the key. The engine roared to life. She hoped the air conditioning had been left on full blast. She turned to the side in front of the car and shuffled to the door. Voices and laughter and footsteps echoed throughout the concrete structure. She glanced around while pulling the door open and sliding into the driver's seat. The leather seat and steering wheel felt cool. The vents piped ice cold air out. She felt the ends of her hair lift and blow in the artificial breeze. The radio had been left on a local classic rock station. She didn't bother to change it. The navigation unit had a destination pre-programmed. She pressed buttons in an attempt to pan out or display a list of the directions.
She was interrupted before she could figure it out.
Any Story about Any of the Characters in the Noble-Verse is most certainly welcome!
If you're Liking it, Lee, Then I can guarantee We Readers will absolutely Love It!
Looking forward to this one and so much more!
Thanks, Steve. This one is turning out a bit different, but I suppose I should expect that by now.
Barbara Miller says:
Mr. Ryan,
You are a very talented author and I thank you for the mitch tanner and jack noble stories. I'm waiting for your next in both. Might I note that you are running out of October for the Clarrissa book?
Thanks, Barbara. I appreciate the kind words. The Clarissa book is taking just a little bit longer than anticipated. Should only be a few more weeks, though. Mitch and Jack will follow shortly behind!
Hi LT. Just finished the Clarissa novel. Wondering when you will have a sequel, next one with her and Beck. I hope soon!
Hopefully by summer, Deborah. I have a lot of ideas banging around in my head for their next book. Have to get a few others finished first 🙂


CAT²'s Inspection and Disposition application allows plants to collect on-line inspection defect data (e.g., airsacculitis, septicemia toxemia, overscald, etc.) by inspector, line, lot, grower, and station. As government inspectors find plant condemn, farm condemn, or reprocessing defects, the plant helpers touch a button on a touchscreen computer to record the defect.
Lot numbers are automatically updated using sensors on the production line, ensuring defect statistics are attributed to the correct grower, and USDA/CFIA lot tally sheets and shift reports are automatically generated with the correct values. This data increases A-grade potential by keeping personnel aware of plant condemn causes and allows plants to rank growers using DOA and farm condemn counts.


text:
package com.angkorteam.fintech.pages.service;

import java.util.List;
import java.util.Map;

import org.apache.wicket.authroles.authorization.strategies.role.annotations.AuthorizeInstantiation;
import org.apache.wicket.markup.html.form.CheckBox;
import org.apache.wicket.markup.html.form.TextField;
import org.apache.wicket.markup.html.link.BookmarkablePageLink;
import org.apache.wicket.model.IModel;
import org.apache.wicket.model.Model;
import org.apache.wicket.model.PropertyModel;

import com.angkorteam.fintech.Page;
import com.angkorteam.fintech.Session;
import com.angkorteam.fintech.ddl.CExternalServiceProperties;
import com.angkorteam.fintech.dto.Function;
import com.angkorteam.fintech.dto.builder.ExternalServiceBuilder;
import com.angkorteam.fintech.dto.enums.ServiceType;
import com.angkorteam.fintech.helper.ServiceHelper;
import com.angkorteam.fintech.layout.Size;
import com.angkorteam.fintech.layout.UIBlock;
import com.angkorteam.fintech.layout.UIContainer;
import com.angkorteam.fintech.layout.UIRow;
import com.angkorteam.fintech.pages.ServiceDashboardPage;
import com.angkorteam.fintech.pages.SystemDashboardPage;
import com.angkorteam.framework.SpringBean;
import com.angkorteam.framework.jdbc.SelectQuery;
import com.angkorteam.framework.models.PageBreadcrumb;
import com.angkorteam.framework.spring.JdbcNamed;
import com.angkorteam.framework.wicket.markup.html.form.Button;
import com.angkorteam.framework.wicket.markup.html.form.Form;
import com.google.common.collect.Lists;
import com.google.common.collect.Maps;

import io.github.openunirest.http.JsonNode;

@AuthorizeInstantiation(Function.ALL_FUNCTION)
public class EMailConfigurationPage extends Page {

    protected Form<Void> form;
    protected Button saveButton;
    protected BookmarkablePageLink<Void> closeLink;

    protected UIRow row1;

    protected UIBlock usernameBlock;
    protected UIContainer usernameIContainer;
    protected String usernameValue;
    protected TextField<String> usernameField;

    protected UIRow row2;

    protected UIBlock passwordBlock;
    protected UIContainer passwordIContainer;
    protected String passwordValue;
    protected TextField<String> passwordField;

    protected UIRow row3;

    protected UIBlock hostBlock;
    protected UIContainer hostIContainer;
    protected String hostValue;
    protected TextField<String> hostField;

    protected UIRow row4;

    protected UIBlock portBlock;
    protected UIContainer portIContainer;
    protected Long portValue = 25l;
    protected TextField<Long> portField;

    protected UIRow row5;

    protected UIBlock useTlsBlock;
    protected UIContainer useTlsIContainer;
    protected Boolean useTlsValue;
    protected CheckBox useTlsField;

    @Override
    public IModel<List<PageBreadcrumb>> buildPageBreadcrumb() {
        List<PageBreadcrumb> BREADCRUMB = Lists.newArrayList();
        {
            PageBreadcrumb breadcrumb = new PageBreadcrumb();
            breadcrumb.setLabel("Admin");
            BREADCRUMB.add(breadcrumb);
        }
        {
            PageBreadcrumb breadcrumb = new PageBreadcrumb();
            breadcrumb.setLabel("System");
            breadcrumb.setPage(SystemDashboardPage.class);
            BREADCRUMB.add(breadcrumb);
        }
        {
            PageBreadcrumb breadcrumb = new PageBreadcrumb();
            breadcrumb.setLabel("External Service");
            breadcrumb.setPage(ServiceDashboardPage.class);
            BREADCRUMB.add(breadcrumb);
        }
        {
            PageBreadcrumb breadcrumb = new PageBreadcrumb();
            breadcrumb.setLabel("SMTP");
            BREADCRUMB.add(breadcrumb);
        }
        return Model.ofList(BREADCRUMB);
    }

    @Override
    protected void initData() {
        JdbcNamed named = SpringBean.getBean(JdbcNamed.class);

        SelectQuery selectQuery = null;

        selectQuery = new SelectQuery(CExternalServiceProperties.NAME);
        selectQuery.addField(CExternalServiceProperties.Field.NAME);
        selectQuery.addField(CExternalServiceProperties.Field.VALUE);
        selectQuery.addWhere(CExternalServiceProperties.Field.EXTERNAL_SERVICE_ID + " = :" + CExternalServiceProperties.Field.EXTERNAL_SERVICE_ID, ServiceType.SMTP.getLiteral());

        List<Map<String, Object>> temps = named.queryForList(selectQuery.toSQL(), selectQuery.getParam());
        Map<String, Object> params = Maps.newHashMap();
        for (Map<String, Object> temp : temps) {
            params.put((String) temp.get(CExternalServiceProperties.Field.NAME), temp.get(CExternalServiceProperties.Field.VALUE));
        }

        this.usernameValue = (String) params.get("username");
        this.passwordValue = (String) params.get("password");
        this.hostValue = (String) params.get("host");
        this.portValue = Long.valueOf((String) params.get("port"));
        this.useTlsValue = Boolean.valueOf((String) params.get("useTLS"));
    }

    @Override
    protected void initComponent() {

        this.form = new Form<>("form");
        this.add(this.form);

        this.saveButton = new Button("saveButton");
        this.saveButton.setOnSubmit(this::saveButtonSubmit);
        this.form.add(this.saveButton);

        this.closeLink = new BookmarkablePageLink<>("closeLink", ServiceDashboardPage.class);
        this.form.add(this.closeLink);

        this.row1 = UIRow.newUIRow("row1", this.form);

        this.usernameBlock = this.row1.newUIBlock("usernameBlock", Size.Twelve_12);
        this.usernameIContainer = this.usernameBlock.newUIContainer("usernameIContainer");
        this.usernameField = new TextField<>("usernameField", new PropertyModel<>(this, "usernameValue"));
        this.usernameIContainer.add(this.usernameField);
        this.usernameIContainer.newFeedback("usernameFeedback", this.usernameField);

        this.row2 = UIRow.newUIRow("row2", this.form);

        this.passwordBlock = this.row2.newUIBlock("passwordBlock", Size.Twelve_12);
        this.passwordIContainer = this.passwordBlock.newUIContainer("passwordIContainer");
        this.passwordField = new TextField<>("passwordField", new PropertyModel<>(this, "passwordValue"));
        this.passwordIContainer.add(this.passwordField);
        this.passwordIContainer.newFeedback("passwordFeedback", this.passwordField);

        this.row3 = UIRow.newUIRow("row3", this.form);

        this.hostBlock = this.row3.newUIBlock("hostBlock", Size.Twelve_12);
        this.hostIContainer = this.hostBlock.newUIContainer("hostIContainer");
        this.hostField = new TextField<>("hostField", new PropertyModel<>(this, "hostValue"));
        this.hostIContainer.add(this.hostField);
        this.hostIContainer.newFeedback("hostFeedback", this.hostField);

        this.row4 = UIRow.newUIRow("row4", this.form);

        this.portBlock = this.row4.newUIBlock("portBlock", Size.Twelve_12);
        this.portIContainer = this.portBlock.newUIContainer("portIContainer");
        this.portField = new TextField<>("portField", new PropertyModel<>(this, "portValue"));
        this.portIContainer.add(this.portField);
        this.portIContainer.newFeedback("portFeedback", this.portField);

        this.row5 = UIRow.newUIRow("row5", this.form);

        this.useTlsBlock = this.row5.newUIBlock("useTlsBlock", Size.Twelve_12);
        this.useTlsIContainer = this.useTlsBlock.newUIContainer("useTlsIContainer");
        this.useTlsField = new CheckBox("useTlsField", new PropertyModel<>(this, "useTlsValue"));
        this.useTlsIContainer.add(this.useTlsField);
        this.useTlsIContainer.newFeedback("useTlsFeedback", this.useTlsField);
    }

    @Override
    protected void configureMetaData() {
        this.useTlsField.setRequired(true);
        this.portField.setRequired(true);
        this.hostField.setRequired(true);
        this.passwordField.setRequired(true);
        this.usernameField.setRequired(true);
    }

    protected void saveButtonSubmit(Button button) {
        ExternalServiceBuilder builder = new ExternalServiceBuilder(ServiceType.SMTP);
        builder.withHost(this.hostValue);
        builder.withPassword(this.passwordValue);
        builder.withPort(this.portValue);
        builder.withUsername(this.usernameValue);
        builder.withUseTls(this.useTlsValue);

        JsonNode node = ServiceHelper.update((Session) getSession(), builder.build());

        if (reportError(node)) {
            return;
        }
        setResponsePage(ServiceDashboardPage.class);
    }

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Der Vogelsbach ist ein knapp ein Kilometer langer Bach in der Stadtteilgemarkung Großaltdorf der Kleinstadt Vellberg im Landkreis Schwäbisch Hall im nordöstlichen Baden-Württemberg, der nach insgesamt nordwestlichem Lauf unterhalb von Kleinaltdorf von links in den Aalenbach mündet.

Geographie

Verlauf
Der auf ganzer Länge nur unbeständig wasserführende Vogelsbach entsteht südlich von Kleinaltdorf im Hangwald Streich auf etwa . Er verläuft die ersten gut 200 Meter nordnordwestlich in einer nicht sehr ausgeprägten Klinge und wechselt dann in die offene Flur. Diese durchzieht er zwischen den Gewannen Vogelsbach und dann Bräunlesäcker rechts sowie Streich links in leicht geschlängeltem Lauf. Er fließt dort in einem Graben ohne Baum und Gesträuch am Ufer zwischen Feldern und Wiesen sowie vom Feldweg Vorderer Streichweg begleitet in nordwestlicher Richtung. Etwas unterhalb des gegenüber liegenden Weilers Kleinaltdorf und etwas oberhalb des Zuflusses des Mühlenbachs, der diesem von der anderen Seite zuläuft, mündet er auf etwa  von links in den Aalenbach.

Der Vogelsbach mündet nach seinem etwa 0,8 km langen Weg mit mittlerem Sohlgefälle von etwa 76 ‰ ungefähr 61 Höhenmeter unterhalb seiner Quelle im Waldgewann Streich. Er hat keine offenen Zuflüsse.

Einzugsgebiet
Der Vogelsbach hat ein Einzugsgebiet von etwas über 0,3 km² Größe. Es liegt, naturräumlich gesehen, mit dem etwas größeren oberen Anteil im Unterraum Burgberg-Vorhöhen und Speltachbucht der Schwäbisch-Fränkischen Waldberge, mit dem mündungsnahen unteren im Unterraum Haller Ebene der Hohenloher und Haller Ebene. Die Naturraumgrenze folgt etwa dem Waldrand. Der mit etwa  höchste Punkt liegt an der Südostecke im Streich auf dem Binselberg-Kamm.

Das Einzugsgebiet grenzt an die Einzugsgebiete folgender Nachbargewässer:
 Im Nordosten fließt ein namenloser Bach längs der K 2665 Frankenhardt-Steinehaig–Kleinaltdorf oberhalb zum Aalenbach;
 im Südsüdosten liegt jenseits des Binselberg-Kammes im Waldgewann Streich die Brunnenklinge, deren Bach über den Echtbach deutlich weiter abwärts in den Aalenbach entwässert.
 im Südwesten mündet ein namenloser Quellabfluss im Gewann Käsäcker weniger weit abwärts in den Aalenbach.

Bis auf winzige Randschnipsel liegt das Gebiet ganz in der Stadtteilgemarkung Großaltdorf der Kleinstadt Vellberg.

Geologie
Der Binselberg-Kamm im Südsüdosten ist eine schmale Hochebene im Schilfsandstein (Stuttgart-Formation). Darunter steht auf dem größeren Teil des Einzugsgebietes Gipskeuper (Grabfeld-Formation) an, in dem der Bach entsteht und bis etwas nach der Grenze zur Flur verläuft. Darunter wiederum liegt weit überwiegend Lettenkeuper (Erfurt-Formation), ausgenommen nur die schmale unterste Talmulde des Baches, in der der Bach sich sogar etwas in den Oberen Muschelkalk eingeschnitten hat.

Einzelnachweise

LUBW
Amtliche Online-Gewässerkarte mit passendem Ausschnitt und den hier benutzten Layern: Lauf und Einzugsgebiet des Vogelsbachs
Allgemeiner Einstieg ohne Voreinstellungen und Layer:
Höhe:

Länge:

EZG:

Andere Belege

Literatur
 Topographische Karte 1:25.000 Baden-Württemberg, als Einzelblatt Nr. 6825 Ilshofen

Weblinks
 Karte von Lauf und Einzugsgebiet des Vogelsbachs auf:
 Karte von Lauf und Einzugsgebiet des Vogelsbachs auf:
 Meßtischblatt 6825 Ilshofen von 1937 in der Deutschen Fotothek

Fließgewässer im Landkreis Schwäbisch Hall
Gewässer in Vellberg
Haller Ebene

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Search StoryCorps
1 - 10	of 401
"I always like to tell everybody we raised yours, mine, ours, my brothers, now others."
"We had a sense of humor in our stuff, but the backdrop was people we loved were dying."
"I was debating whether I would say something at dinner..."
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"As a Marine, I knew that we never go backwards. We always go forward."
"I was right there between two cultures that I love."
"I think they would want somebody to remember them."
"You destroyed our hopes and our dreams and our love, but you didn't remove the man."
"I feel like he's not looked at as a hero because his wounds weren't immediate and they weren't physical."


text:
Q: Why Hadoop using namenode and datanode? We know that servers which used for big data processing should be tolerant with hardware failure. I mean, if we had 3 server (A, B, C) and suddenly the B server is down, A and C could replace it position. But in hadoop, we know hadoop using namenode and datanode, which is when the namenode is down,we can't process the data anymore and it sounds lack of tolerant with hardware failure.
is there any reason with this design arch of hadoop?

A: The issue you have mentioned is known as sinlgle point of failure which exists in older hadoop versions.
Try newer versions of hadoop like 2.x.x. Hadoop from version 2.0.0 avoids this single point of failure by assigning two namenodes namely active and standby namenodes. When active namenode fails due to hardware or power issues, the standby namenode will act as active namenode.
Check this link: Hadoop High Availability for further details.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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text:
YourBump.com
Bringing you Mommy friendly content about your baby bump
Baby Deco
Colorado Teen Shows Makeup-Free Face on Instagram, Becomes Inspiration to Acne Sufferers
| January 3, 2018 | By Robin Milling
Source: Barcroft TV
Acne can be debilitating for some teens who are just finding themselves socially. It can lead to depression, as teens are often bullied and ostracized for the way they look. In the age of selfies, the psychological scars of acne can be even worse than the physical ones. However, one Colorado teen has embraced her acne condition and turned it into a thing of beauty by facing the world foundation free.
Hailey Wait, now 17, has struggled with painful cystic acne since she was 11. It is a skin condition that occurs when hair follicles become clogged underneath the skin, leaving behind painful bumps. Wait's self-esteem hit rock bottom, so much so that she felt she looked like a "garbage can if they had faces."
"It almost feels like there's a little monster egg in your face and you can't get rid of it. And so every time you bump into it or barely touch it, you feel like your face is on fire. When my acne was at its worst, I just felt like I was gross. It was red and splotchy and I just felt like a garbage can if garbage cans had faces," Wait told Barcroft TV.
Once refusing to leave the house without makeup to cover her blotches, Wait is revealing her breakouts in selfies on Instagram in the hopes that it will inspire other teens with acne to feel glamorous.
Source: Instagram/pigss
However, Wait wasn't spared when she first came out of hiding behind her cover-up. People would call her "pizza face," which fueled her insecurities. Initially the haters would post negative comments.
"When I started posting more without any foundation, I definitely got a lot of hate at first. I would get a lot of comments like telling me to clean my face — as if I wasn't already doing that — and I would get loads and loads of acne advice, even though I never asked," Wait said.
But all of that has changed since almost 100,000 followers have come to admire the self-described artist's au natural selfies.
Her friends and family are supportive of her barefaced decision as well, noticing a positive change in her personality. Her father, Lance, is happy that his daughter is working through her insecurities.
"It's huge for me to see her confidence level come up and her embracing the acne, and even putting a picture on Instagram … Like, who does that? That to me is a lot of confidence," he told Barcroft TV.
Wait hopes that her acne story will help others who suffer from the same affliction realize their imperfections, and make others acknowledge that beauty truly is skin deep.
"It's not the end of the world if you don't have perfect skin. I hope my story regarding acne really helps people to realize that just because you have these imperfections, [it] doesn't mean you're not amazing. It doesn't mean you can't be successful. It doesn't mean you can't be glamorous. Beauty is so much more than your face," Wait said.
SHARE this inspiring story, especially with those who are struggling with self-esteem issues.
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About YourBump.com
Your Bump was born — pun intended — when a group of working parents found themselves constantly sharing their pearls of wisdom, laughable failures, and heart-warming challenges. It has blossomed into a humorous yet humble site to help guide you through the wildest, most fulfilling ride of your life. There is no perfect definition, no guidebook, and no instruction manual on how to parent. We're all in this together. Your bump is our bump.