text:
(Redirected from Halogens)
Group of chemical elements
This article is about the chemical series. For other uses, see Halogen (disambiguation).
chalcogens ← → noble gases
IUPAC group number
Name by element fluorine group
Trivial name halogens
CAS group number
(US, pattern A-B-A)
VIIA
old IUPAC number
(Europe, pattern A-B)
VIIB
↓ Period
Fluorine (F)
9 Halogen
Chlorine (Cl)
17 Halogen
Bromine (Br)
Iodine (I)
Astatine (At)
Tennessine (Ts)
117 Halogen
primordial element
element from decay
Atomic number color:
black=solid, green=liquid, red=gas
The halogens (/ˈhælədʒən, ˈheɪ-, -loʊ-, -ˌdʒɛn/[1][2][3]) are a group in the periodic table consisting of five or six chemically related elements: fluorine (F), chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br), iodine (I), and astatine (At). The artificially created element 117, tennessine (Ts), may also be a halogen. In the modern IUPAC nomenclature, this group is known as group 17.
The name "halogen" means "that which produces salt". When halogens react with metals, they produce a wide range of salts, including calcium fluoride, sodium chloride (common table salt), silver bromide and potassium iodide.
The group of halogens is the only periodic table group that contains elements in three of the main states of matter at standard temperature and pressure. All of the halogens form acids when bonded to hydrogen. Most halogens are typically produced from minerals or salts. The middle halogens—chlorine, bromine, and iodine—are often used as disinfectants. Organobromides are the most important class of flame retardants, while elemental halogens are dangerous and can be lethally toxic.
2.1 Chemical
2.1.1 Molecules
2.1.1.1 Diatomic halogen molecules
2.1.2 Compounds
2.1.2.1 Hydrogen halides
2.1.2.2 Metal halides
2.1.2.3 Interhalogen compounds
2.1.2.4 Organohalogen compounds
2.1.2.5 Polyhalogenated compounds
2.1.3 Reactions
2.1.3.1 Reactions with water
2.2 Physical and atomic
2.2.1 Isotopes
4.1 Disinfectants
4.2 Lighting
4.3 Drug components
5 Biological role
6 Toxicity
7 Superhalogen
The fluorine mineral fluorospar was known as early as 1529. Early chemists realized that fluorine compounds contain an undiscovered element, but were unable to isolate it. In 1860, George Gore, an English chemist, ran a current of electricity through hydrofluoric acid and probably produced fluorine, but he was unable to prove his results at the time. In 1886, Henri Moissan, a chemist in Paris, performed electrolysis on potassium bifluoride dissolved in anhydrous hydrogen fluoride, and successfully isolated fluorine.[4]
Hydrochloric acid was known to alchemists and early chemists. However, elemental chlorine was not produced until 1774, when Carl Wilhelm Scheele heated hydrochloric acid with manganese dioxide. Scheele called the element "dephlogisticated muriatic acid", which is how chlorine was known for 33 years. In 1807, Humphry Davy investigated chlorine and discovered that it is an actual element. Chlorine combined with hydrochloric acid, as well as sulfuric acid in certain instances created chlorine gas which was a poisonous gas during World War I. It displaced oxygen in contaminated areas and replaced common oxygenated air with the toxic chlorine gas. In which the gas would burn human tissue externally and internally, especially the lungs making breathing difficult or impossible depending on the level of contamination.[4]
Bromine was discovered in the 1820s by Antoine Jérôme Balard. Balard discovered bromine by passing chlorine gas through a sample of brine. He originally proposed the name muride for the new element, but the French Academy changed the element's name to bromine.[4]
Iodine was discovered by Bernard Courtois, who was using seaweed ash as part of a process for saltpeter manufacture. Courtois typically boiled the seaweed ash with water to generate potassium chloride. However, in 1811, Courtois added sulfuric acid to his process and found that his process produced purple fumes that condensed into black crystals. Suspecting that these crystals were a new element, Courtois sent samples to other chemists for investigation. Iodine was proven to be a new element by Joseph Gay-Lussac.[4]
In 1931, Fred Allison claimed to have discovered element 85 with a magneto-optical machine, and named the element Alabamine, but was mistaken. In 1937, Rajendralal De claimed to have discovered element 85 in minerals, and called the element dakine, but he was also mistaken. An attempt at discovering element 85 in 1939 by Horia Hulubei and Yvette Cauchois via spectroscopy was also unsuccessful, as was an attempt in the same year by Walter Minder, who discovered an iodine-like element resulting from beta decay of polonium. Element 85, now named astatine, was produced successfully in 1940 by Dale R. Corson, K.R. Mackenzie, and Emilio G. Segrè, who bombarded bismuth with alpha particles.[4]
In 2010, a team led by nuclear physicist Yuri Oganessian involving scientists from the JINR, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, and Vanderbilt University successfully bombarded berkelium-249 atoms with calcium-48 atoms to make tennessine-294. As of 2021, it is the most recent element to be discovered.
In 1811, the German chemist Johann Schweigger proposed that the name "halogen" – meaning "salt producer", from αλς [als] "salt" and γενειν [genein] "to beget" – replace the name "chlorine", which had been proposed by the English chemist Humphry Davy.[5] Davy's name for the element prevailed.[6] However, in 1826, the Swedish chemist Baron Jöns Jacob Berzelius proposed the term "halogen" for the elements fluorine, chlorine, and iodine, which produce a sea-salt-like substance when they form a compound with an alkaline metal.[7][8]
The names of the elements all have the ending -ine. Fluorine's name comes from the Latin word fluere, meaning "to flow", because it was derived from the mineral fluorite, which was used as a flux in metalworking. Chlorine's name comes from the Greek word chloros, meaning "greenish-yellow". Bromine's name comes from the Greek word bromos, meaning "stench". Iodine's name comes from the Greek word iodes, meaning "violet". Astatine's name comes from the Greek word astatos, meaning "unstable".[4] Tennessine is named after the US state of Tennessee.
Characteristics[edit]
Chemical[edit]
The halogens show trends in chemical bond energy moving from top to bottom of the periodic table column with fluorine deviating slightly. It follows a trend in having the highest bond energy in compounds with other atoms, but it has very weak bonds within the diatomic F2 molecule. This means that further down group 17 in the periodic table, the reactivity of elements decreases because of the increasing size of the atoms.[9]
Halogen bond energies (kJ/mol)[10]
AlX3
Halogens are highly reactive, and as such can be harmful or lethal to biological organisms in sufficient quantities. This high reactivity is due to the high electronegativity of the atoms due to their high effective nuclear charge. Because the halogens have seven valence electrons in their outermost energy level, they can gain an electron by reacting with atoms of other elements to satisfy the octet rule. Fluorine is the most reactive of all elements; it is the only element more electronegative than oxygen, it attacks otherwise-inert materials such as glass, and it forms compounds with the usually inert noble gases. It is a corrosive and highly toxic gas. The reactivity of fluorine is such that, if used or stored in laboratory glassware, it can react with glass in the presence of small amounts of water to form silicon tetrafluoride (SiF4). Thus, fluorine must be handled with substances such as Teflon (which is itself an organofluorine compound), extremely dry glass, or metals such as copper or steel, which form a protective layer of fluoride on their surface.
The high reactivity of fluorine allows some of the strongest bonds possible, especially to carbon. For example, Teflon is fluorine bonded with carbon and is extremely resistant to thermal and chemical attacks and has a high melting point.
Molecules[edit]
Diatomic halogen molecules[edit]
The halogens form homonuclear diatomic molecules (not proven for astatine). Due to relatively weak intermolecular forces, chlorine and fluorine form part of the group known as "elemental gases".
d(X−X) / pm
(gas phase)
(solid phase)
fluorine F2 143 149
chlorine Cl2 199 198
bromine Br2 228 227
iodine I2 266 272
The elements become less reactive and have higher melting points as the atomic number increases. The higher melting points are caused by stronger London dispersion forces resulting from more electrons.
Compounds[edit]
Hydrogen halides[edit]
Main article: Hydrogen halides
All of the halogens have been observed to react with hydrogen to form hydrogen halides. For fluorine, chlorine, and bromine, this reaction is in the form of:
H2 + X2 → 2HX
However, hydrogen iodide and hydrogen astatide can split back into their constituent elements.[11]
The hydrogen-halogen reactions get gradually less reactive toward the heavier halogens. A fluorine-hydrogen reaction is explosive even when it is dark and cold. A chlorine-hydrogen reaction is also explosive, but only in the presence of light and heat. A bromine-hydrogen reaction is even less explosive; it is explosive only when exposed to flames. Iodine and astatine only partially react with hydrogen, forming equilibria.[11]
All halogens form binary compounds with hydrogen known as the hydrogen halides: hydrogen fluoride (HF), hydrogen chloride (HCl), hydrogen bromide (HBr), hydrogen iodide (HI), and hydrogen astatide (HAt). All of these compounds form acids when mixed with water. Hydrogen fluoride is the only hydrogen halide that forms hydrogen bonds. Hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, hydroiodic acid, and hydroastatic acid are all strong acids, but hydrofluoric acid is a weak acid.[12]
All of the hydrogen halides are irritants. Hydrogen fluoride and hydrogen chloride are highly acidic. Hydrogen fluoride is used as an industrial chemical, and is highly toxic, causing pulmonary edema and damaging cells.[13] Hydrogen chloride is also a dangerous chemical. Breathing in gas with more than fifty parts per million of hydrogen chloride can cause death in humans.[14] Hydrogen bromide is even more toxic and irritating than hydrogen chloride. Breathing in gas with more than thirty parts per million of hydrogen bromide can be lethal to humans.[15] Hydrogen iodide, like other hydrogen halides, is toxic.[16]
Metal halides[edit]
Main article: Metal halides
All the halogens are known to react with sodium to form sodium fluoride, sodium chloride, sodium bromide, sodium iodide, and sodium astatide. Heated sodium's reaction with halogens produces bright-orange flames. Sodium's reaction with chlorine is in the form of:
2Na + Cl2 → 2NaCl[11]
Iron reacts with fluorine, chlorine, and bromine to form Iron(III) halides. These reactions are in the form of:
2Fe + 3X2 → 2FeX3[11]
However, when iron reacts with iodine, it forms only iron(II) iodide.
Fe+I2→FeI2
Iron wool can react rapidly with fluorine to form the white compound iron(III) fluoride even in cold temperatures. When chlorine comes into contact with a heated iron, they react to form the black iron (III) chloride. However, if the reaction conditions are moist, this reaction will instead result in a reddish-brown product. Iron can also react with bromine to form iron(III) bromide. This compound is reddish-brown in dry conditions. Iron's reaction with bromine is less reactive than its reaction with fluorine or chlorine. A hot iron can also react with iodine, but it forms iron(II) iodide. This compound may be gray, but the reaction is always contaminated with excess iodine, so it is not known for sure. Iron's reaction with iodine is less vigorous than its reaction with the lighter halogens.[11]
Interhalogen compounds[edit]
Main article: Interhalogen
Interhalogen compounds are in the form of XYn where X and Y are halogens and n is one, three, five, or seven. Interhalogen compounds contain at most two different halogens. Large interhalogens, such as ClF3 can be produced by a reaction of a pure halogen with a smaller interhalogen such as ClF. All interhalogens except IF7 can be produced by directly combining pure halogens in various conditions.[17]
Interhalogens are typically more reactive than all diatomic halogen molecules except F2 because interhalogen bonds are weaker. However, the chemical properties of interhalogens are still roughly the same as those of diatomic halogens. Many interhalogens consist of one or more atoms of fluorine bonding to a heavier halogen. Chlorine can bond with up to 3 fluorine atoms, bromine can bond with up to five fluorine atoms, and iodine can bond with up to seven fluorine atoms. Most interhalogen compounds are covalent gases. However, some interhalogens are liquids, such as BrF3, and many iodine-containing interhalogens are solids.[17]
Organohalogen compounds[edit]
Many synthetic organic compounds such as plastic polymers, and a few natural ones, contain halogen atoms; these are known as halogenated compounds or organic halides. Chlorine is by far the most abundant of the halogens in seawater, and the only one needed in relatively large amounts (as chloride ions) by humans. For example, chloride ions play a key role in brain function by mediating the action of the inhibitory transmitter GABA and are also used by the body to produce stomach acid. Iodine is needed in trace amounts for the production of thyroid hormones such as thyroxine. Organohalogens are also synthesized through the nucleophilic abstraction reaction.
Polyhalogenated compounds[edit]
Polyhalogenated compounds are industrially created compounds substituted with multiple halogens. Many of them are very toxic and bioaccumulate in humans, and have a very wide application range. They include PCBs, PBDEs, and perfluorinated compounds (PFCs), as well as numerous other compounds.
Reactions[edit]
Reactions with water[edit]
Fluorine reacts vigorously with water to produce oxygen (O2) and hydrogen fluoride (HF):[18]
2 F2(g) + 2 H2O(l) → O2(g) + 4 HF(aq)
Chlorine has maximum solubility of ca. 7.1 g Cl2 per kg of water at ambient temperature (21 °C).[19] Dissolved chlorine reacts to form hydrochloric acid (HCl) and hypochlorous acid, a solution that can be used as a disinfectant or bleach:
Cl2(g) + H2O(l) → HCl(aq) + HClO(aq)
Bromine has a solubility of 3.41 g per 100 g of water,[20] but it slowly reacts to form hydrogen bromide (HBr) and hypobromous acid (HBrO):
Br2(g) + H2O(l) → HBr(aq) + HBrO(aq)
Iodine, however, is minimally soluble in water (0.03 g/100 g water at 20 °C) and does not react with it.[21] However, iodine will form an aqueous solution in the presence of iodide ion, such as by addition of potassium iodide (KI), because the triiodide ion is formed.
Physical and atomic[edit]
The table below is a summary of the key physical and atomic properties of the halogens. Data marked with question marks are either uncertain or are estimations partially based on periodic trends rather than observations.
Standard atomic weight
(u)[n 1][23]
(K)[24]
(°C)[24]
(g/cm3at 25 °C)
(Pauling)
First ionization energy
(kJ·mol−1)
(pm)[25]
Fluorine 18.9984032(5) 53.53 −219.62 85.03 −188.12 0.0017 3.98 1681.0 71
Chlorine [35.446; 35.457][n 2] 171.6 −101.5 239.11 −34.04 0.0032 3.16 1251.2 99
Bromine 79.904(1) 265.8 −7.3 332.0 58.8 3.1028 2.96 1139.9 114
Iodine 126.90447(3) 386.85 113.7 457.4 184.3 4.933 2.66 1008.4 133
Astatine [210][n 3] 575 302 ? 610 ? 337 ? 6.2–6.5[26] 2.2 ? 887.7 ? 145[27]
Tennessine [294][n 4] ? 623-823[28] ? 350-550[28] ? 883[28] ? 610[28] ? 7.1-7.3[28] - ? 743[29] ? 157[28]
No. of electrons/shell
9 fluorine 2, 7
17 chlorine 2, 8, 7
35 bromine 2, 8, 18, 7
53 iodine 2, 8, 18, 18, 7
85 astatine 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 7
117 tennessine 2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 18, 7 (predicted)[30]
Isotopes[edit]
Fluorine has one stable and naturally occurring isotope, fluorine-19. However, there are trace amounts in nature of the radioactive isotope fluorine-23, which occurs via cluster decay of protactinium-231. A total of eighteen isotopes of fluorine have been discovered, with atomic masses ranging from 14 to 31.
Chlorine has two stable and naturally occurring isotopes, chlorine-35 and chlorine-37. However, there are trace amounts in nature of the isotope chlorine-36, which occurs via spallation of argon-36. A total of 24 isotopes of chlorine have been discovered, with atomic masses ranging from 28 to 51.[4]
There are two stable and naturally occurring isotopes of bromine, bromine-79 and bromine-81. A total of 33 isotopes of bromine have been discovered, with atomic masses ranging from 66 to 98.
There is one stable and naturally occurring isotope of iodine, iodine-127. However, there are trace amounts in nature of the radioactive isotope iodine-129, which occurs via spallation and from the radioactive decay of uranium in ores. Several other radioactive isotopes of iodine have also been created naturally via the decay of uranium. A total of 38 isotopes of iodine have been discovered, with atomic masses ranging from 108 to 145.[4]
There are no stable isotopes of astatine. However, there are four naturally occurring radioactive isotopes of astatine produced via radioactive decay of uranium, neptunium, and plutonium. These isotopes are astatine-215, astatine-217, astatine-218, and astatine-219. A total of 31 isotopes of astatine have been discovered, with atomic masses ranging from 191 to 227.[4]
Tennessine has only two known synthetic radioisotopes, tennessine-293 and tennessine-294.
Production[edit]
From left to right: chlorine, bromine, and iodine at room temperature. Chlorine is a gas, bromine is a liquid, and iodine is a solid. Fluorine could not be included in the image due to its high reactivity, and astatine and tennessine due to their radioactivity.
Approximately six million metric tons of the fluorine mineral fluorite are produced each year. Four hundred-thousand metric tons of hydrofluoric acid are made each year. Fluorine gas is made from hydrofluoric acid produced as a by-product in phosphoric acid manufacture. Approximately 15,000 metric tons of fluorine gas are made per year.[4]
The mineral halite is the mineral that is most commonly mined for chlorine, but the minerals carnallite and sylvite are also mined for chlorine. Forty million metric tons of chlorine are produced each year by the electrolysis of brine.[4]
Approximately 450,000 metric tons of bromine are produced each year. Fifty percent of all bromine produced is produced in the United States, 35% in Israel, and most of the remainder in China. Historically, bromine was produced by adding sulfuric acid and bleaching powder to natural brine. However, in modern times, bromine is produced by electrolysis, a method invented by Herbert Dow. It is also possible to produce bromine by passing chlorine through seawater and then passing air through the seawater.[4]
In 2003, 22,000 metric tons of iodine were produced. Chile produces 40% of all iodine produced, Japan produces 30%, and smaller amounts are produced in Russia and the United States. Until the 1950s, iodine was extracted from kelp. However, in modern times, iodine is produced in other ways. One way that iodine is produced is by mixing sulfur dioxide with nitrate ores, which contain some iodates. Iodine is also extracted from natural gas fields.[4]
Even though astatine is naturally occurring, it is usually produced by bombarding bismuth with alpha particles.[4]
Tennessine is made by using a cyclotron, fusing berkelium-249 and calcium-48 to make tennessine-293 and tennessine-294.
Disinfectants[edit]
Both chlorine and bromine are used as disinfectants for drinking water, swimming pools, fresh wounds, spas, dishes, and surfaces. They kill bacteria and other potentially harmful microorganisms through a process known as sterilization. Their reactivity is also put to use in bleaching. Sodium hypochlorite, which is produced from chlorine, is the active ingredient of most fabric bleaches, and chlorine-derived bleaches are used in the production of some paper products. Chlorine also reacts with sodium to create sodium chloride, which is table salt.
Lighting[edit]
Halogen lamps are a type of incandescent lamp using a tungsten filament in bulbs that have small amounts of a halogen, such as iodine or bromine added. This enables the production of lamps that are much smaller than non-halogen incandescent lightbulbs at the same wattage. The gas reduces the thinning of the filament and blackening of the inside of the bulb resulting in a bulb that has a much greater life. Halogen lamps glow at a higher temperature (2800 to 3400 kelvins) with a whiter colour than other incandescent bulbs. However, this requires bulbs to be manufactured from fused quartz rather than silica glass to reduce breakage.[31]
Drug components[edit]
In drug discovery, the incorporation of halogen atoms into a lead drug candidate results in analogues that are usually more lipophilic and less water-soluble.[32] As a consequence, halogen atoms are used to improve penetration through lipid membranes and tissues. It follows that there is a tendency for some halogenated drugs to accumulate in adipose tissue.
The chemical reactivity of halogen atoms depends on both their point of attachment to the lead and the nature of the halogen. Aromatic halogen groups are far less reactive than aliphatic halogen groups, which can exhibit considerable chemical reactivity. For aliphatic carbon-halogen bonds, the C-F bond is the strongest and usually less chemically reactive than aliphatic C-H bonds. The other aliphatic-halogen bonds are weaker, their reactivity increasing down the periodic table. They are usually more chemically reactive than aliphatic C-H bonds. As a consequence, the most common halogen substitutions are the less reactive aromatic fluorine and chlorine groups.
Biological role[edit]
Fluoride anions are found in ivory, bones, teeth, blood, eggs, urine, and hair of organisms. Fluoride anions in very small amounts may be essential for humans.[33] There are 0.5 milligrams of fluorine per liter of human blood. Human bones contain 0.2 to 1.2% fluorine. Human tissue contains approximately 50 parts per billion of fluorine. A typical 70-kilogram human contains 3 to 6 grams of fluorine.[4]
Chloride anions are essential to a large number of species, humans included. The concentration of chlorine in the dry weight of cereals is 10 to 20 parts per million, while in potatoes the concentration of chloride is 0.5%. Plant growth is adversely affected by chloride levels in the soil falling below 2 parts per million. Human blood contains an average of 0.3% chlorine. Human bone typically contains 900 parts per million of chlorine. Human tissue contains approximately 0.2 to 0.5% chlorine. There is a total of 95 grams of chlorine in a typical 70-kilogram human.[4]
Some bromine in the form of the bromide anion is present in all organisms. A biological role for bromine in humans has not been proven, but some organisms contain organobromine compounds. Humans typically consume 1 to 20 milligrams of bromine per day. There are typically 5 parts per million of bromine in human blood, 7 parts per million of bromine in human bones, and 7 parts per million of bromine in human tissue. A typical 70-kilogram human contains 260 milligrams of bromine.[4]
Humans typically consume less than 100 micrograms of iodine per day. Iodine deficiency can cause intellectual disability. Organoiodine compounds occur in humans in some of the glands, especially the thyroid gland, as well as the stomach, epidermis, and immune system. Foods containing iodine include cod, oysters, shrimp, herring, lobsters, sunflower seeds, seaweed, and mushrooms. However, iodine is not known to have a biological role in plants. There are typically 0.06 milligrams per liter of iodine in human blood, 300 parts per billion of iodine in human bones, and 50 to 700 parts per billion of iodine in human tissue. There are 10 to 20 milligrams of iodine in a typical 70-kilogram human.[4]
Astatine, although very scarce, has been found in micrograms in the earth.[4] It has no known biological role because of its high radioactivity, extreme rarity, and has a half-life of just about 8 hours for the most stable isotope.
Tennessine is purely man-made and has no other roles in nature.
Toxicity[edit]
The halogens tend to decrease in toxicity towards the heavier halogens.[34]
Fluorine gas is extremely toxic; breathing in fluorine at a concentration of 25 parts per million is potentially lethal. Hydrofluoric acid is also toxic, being able to penetrate skin and cause highly painful burns. In addition, fluoride anions are toxic, but not as toxic as pure fluorine. Fluoride can be lethal in amounts of 5 to 10 grams. Prolonged consumption of fluoride above concentrations of 1.5 mg/L is associated with a risk of dental fluorosis, an aesthetic condition of the teeth.[35] At concentrations above 4 mg/L, there is an increased risk of developing skeletal fluorosis, a condition in which bone fractures become more common due to the hardening of bones. Current recommended levels in water fluoridation, a way to prevent dental caries, range from 0.7 to 1.2 mg/L to avoid the detrimental effects of fluoride while at the same time reaping the benefits.[36] People with levels between normal levels and those required for skeletal fluorosis tend to have symptoms similar to arthritis.[4]
Chlorine gas is highly toxic. Breathing in chlorine at a concentration of 3 parts per million can rapidly cause a toxic reaction. Breathing in chlorine at a concentration of 50 parts per million is highly dangerous. Breathing in chlorine at a concentration of 500 parts per million for a few minutes is lethal. Breathing in chlorine gas is highly painful.[34]
Pure bromine is somewhat toxic but less toxic than fluorine and chlorine. One hundred milligrams of bromine is lethal.[4] Bromide anions are also toxic, but less so than bromine. Bromide has a lethal dose of 30 grams.[4]
Iodine is somewhat toxic, being able to irritate the lungs and eyes, with a safety limit of 1 milligram per cubic meter. When taken orally, 3 grams of iodine can be lethal. Iodide anions are mostly nontoxic, but these can also be deadly if ingested in large amounts.[4]
Astatine is very radioactive and thus highly dangerous, but it has not been produced in macroscopic quantities and hence it is most unlikely that its toxicity will be of much relevance to the average individual.[4]
Tennessine cannot be chemically investigated due to how short its half-life is, although its radioactivity would make it very dangerous.
Superhalogen[edit]
Main article: Superatom
Certain aluminium clusters have superatom properties. These aluminium clusters are generated as anions (Al−
n with n = 1, 2, 3, ... ) in helium gas and reacted with a gas containing iodine. When analyzed by mass spectrometry one main reaction product turns out to be Al
13I−
.[37] These clusters of 13 aluminium atoms with an extra electron added do not appear to react with oxygen when it is introduced in the same gas stream. Assuming each atom liberates its 3 valence electrons, this means 40 electrons are present, which is one of the magic numbers for sodium and implies that these numbers are a reflection of the noble gases.
Calculations show that the additional electron is located in the aluminium cluster at the location directly opposite from the iodine atom. The cluster must therefore have a higher electron affinity for the electron than iodine and therefore the aluminium cluster is called a superhalogen (i.e., the vertical electron detachment energies of the moieties that make up the negative ions are larger than those of any halogen atom).[38] The cluster component in the Al
ion is similar to an iodide ion or a bromide ion. The related Al
2 cluster is expected to behave chemically like the triiodide ion.[39][40]
Look up halogen in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Halogen bond
Halogenation
Interhalogen
Pseudohalogen
^ The number given in parentheses refers to the measurement uncertainty. This uncertainty applies to the least significant figure(s) of the number prior to the parenthesized value (i.e., counting from rightmost digit to left). For instance, 1.00794(7) stands for 1.00794±0.00007, while 1.00794(72) stands for 1.00794±0.00072.[22]
^ The average atomic weight of this element changes depending on the source of the chlorine, and the values in brackets are the upper and lower bounds.[23]
^ The element does not have any stable nuclides, and the value in brackets indicates the mass number of the longest-lived isotope of the element.[23]
^ Jones, Daniel (2017) [1917]. Peter Roach; James Hartmann; Jane Setter (eds.). English Pronouncing Dictionary. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-3-12-539683-8.
^ "Halogen". Merriam-Webster Dictionary.
^ "Halogen". Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x Emsley, John (2011). Nature's Building Blocks. ISBN 978-0199605637.
^ Schweigger, J.S.C. (1811). "Nachschreiben des Herausgebers, die neue Nomenclatur betreffend" [Postscript of the editor concerning the new nomenclature]. Journal für Chemie und Physik (in German). 3 (2): 249–255. On p. 251, Schweigger proposed the word "halogen": "Man sage dafür lieber mit richter Wortbildung Halogen (da schon in der Mineralogie durch Werner's Halit-Geschlecht dieses Wort nicht fremd ist) von αλς Salz und dem alten γενειν (dorisch γενεν) zeugen." (One should say instead, with proper morphology, "halogen" (this word is not strange since [it's] already in mineralogy via Werner's "halite" species) from αλς [als] "salt" and the old γενειν [genein] (Doric γενεν) "to beget".)
^ Snelders, H. A. M. (1971). "J. S. C. Schweigger: His Romanticism and His Crystal Electrical Theory of Matter". Isis. 62 (3): 328–338. doi:10.1086/350763. JSTOR 229946. S2CID 170337569.
^ In 1826, Berzelius coined the terms Saltbildare (salt-formers) and Corpora Halogenia (salt-making substances) for the elements chlorine, iodine, and fluorine. See: Berzelius, Jacob (1826). Årsberättelser om Framstegen i Physik och Chemie [Annual Report on Progress in Physics and Chemistry] (in Swedish). 6. Stockholm, Sweden: P.A. Norstedt & Söner. p. 187. From p. 187: "De förre af dessa, d. ä. de electronegativa, dela sig i tre klasser: 1) den första innehåller kroppar, som förenade med de electropositiva, omedelbart frambringa salter, hvilka jag derför kallar Saltbildare (Corpora Halogenia). Desse utgöras af chlor, iod och fluor *)." (The first of them [i.e., elements], the electronegative [ones], are divided into three classes: 1) The first includes substances which, [when] united with electropositive [elements], immediately produce salts, and which I therefore name "salt-formers" (salt-producing substances). These are chlorine, iodine, and fluorine *).)
^ The word "halogen" appeared in English as early as 1832 (or earlier). See, for example: Berzelius, J.J. with A.D. Bache, trans., (1832) "An essay on chemical nomenclature, prefixed to the treatise on chemistry," The American Journal of Science and Arts, 22: 248–276 ; see, for example p. 263.
^ Page 43, Edexcel International GCSE chemistry revision guide, Curtis 2011
^ Greenwood & Earnshaw 1998, p. 804. sfn error: no target: CITEREFGreenwoodEarnshaw1998 (help)
^ a b c d e Jim Clark (2011). "Assorted reactions of the halogens". Retrieved February 27, 2013.
^ Jim Clark (2002). "THE ACIDITY OF THE HYDROGEN HALIDES". Retrieved February 24, 2013.
^ "Facts about hydrogen fluoride". 2005. Archived from the original on 2013-02-01. Retrieved 2017-10-28.
^ "Hydrogen chloride". Retrieved February 24, 2013.
^ "Hydrogen bromide". Retrieved February 24, 2013.
^ "Poison Facts:Low Chemicals: Hydrogen Iodid". Retrieved 2015-04-12.
^ a b Saxena, P. B (2007). Chemistry Of Interhalogen Compounds. ISBN 9788183562430. Retrieved February 27, 2013.
^ "The Oxidising Ability of the Group 7 Elements". Chemguide.co.uk. Retrieved 2011-12-29.
^ "Solubility of chlorine in water". Resistoflex.com. Retrieved 2011-12-29.
^ "Properties of bromine". bromaid.org. Archived from the original on December 8, 2007.
^ "Iodine MSDS". Hazard.com. 1998-04-21. Retrieved 2011-12-29.
^ "Standard Uncertainty and Relative Standard Uncertainty". CODATA reference. National Institute of Standards and Technology. Retrieved 26 September 2011.
^ a b c d Wieser, Michael E.; Coplen, Tyler B. (2011). "Atomic weights of the elements 2009 (IUPAC Technical Report)" (PDF). Pure Appl. Chem. 83 (2): 359–396. doi:10.1351/PAC-REP-10-09-14. S2CID 95898322. Retrieved 5 December 2012.
^ a b Lide, D. R., ed. (2003). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (84th ed.). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
^ Slater, J. C. (1964). "Atomic Radii in Crystals". Journal of Chemical Physics. 41 (10): 3199–3205. Bibcode:1964JChPh..41.3199S. doi:10.1063/1.1725697.
^ Bonchev, Danail; Kamenska, Verginia (1981). "Predicting the properties of the 113–120 transactinide elements". The Journal of Physical Chemistry. 85 (9): 1177–86. doi:10.1021/j150609a021.
^ "Get Facts About the Element Astatine". www.thoughtco.com. Retrieved November 12, 2021.
^ a b c d e f "How Much Do You Know About the Element Tennessine?website=www.thoughtco.com". Retrieved November 12, 2021.
^ "WebElements Periodic Table » Tennessine » properties of free atoms". www.webelements.com. Retrieved November 12, 2021.
^ Morss, Lester R.; Edelstein, Norman M.; Fuger, Jean (2006). Morss, Lester R; Edelstein, Norman M; Fuger, Jean (eds.). The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements. The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer Science+Business Media. Bibcode:2011tcot.book.....M. doi:10.1007/978-94-007-0211-0. ISBN 978-94-007-0210-3.
^ "The Halogen Lamp". Edison Tech Center. Retrieved 2014-09-05.
^ Thomas, G. (2000). Medicinal Chemistry an Introduction. John Wiley & Sons, West Sussex, UK. ISBN 978-0-470-02597-0.
^ Fawell, J. "Fluoride in Drinking-water" (PDF). World Health Organisation. Retrieved 10 March 2016.
^ a b Gray, Theodore (2010). The Elements. ISBN 9781579128951.
^ Fawell, J.; Bailey, K.; Chilton, J.; Dahi, E.; Fewtrell, L.; Magara, Y. (2006). "Guidelines and standards" (PDF). Fluoride in Drinking-water. World Health Organization. pp. 37–9. ISBN 978-92-4-156319-2.
^ "CDC Statement on the 2006 National Research Council (NRC) Report on Fluoride in Drinking Water". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. July 10, 2013. Archived from the original on January 9, 2014. Retrieved August 1, 2013.
^ Bergeron, D. E.; Castleman, A. Welford; Morisato, Tsuguo; Khanna, Shiv N. (2004). "Formation of Al13I−: Evidence for the Superhalogen Character of Al13". Science. 304 (5667): 84–7. Bibcode:2004Sci...304...84B. doi:10.1126/science.1093902. PMID 15066775. S2CID 26728239.
^ Giri, Santanab; Behera, Swayamprabha; Jena, Puru (2014). "Superhalogens as Building Blocks of Halogen-Free Electrolytes in Lithium-Ion Batteries†". Angewandte Chemie. 126 (50): 14136. doi:10.1002/ange.201408648.
^ Ball, Philip (16 April 2005). "A New Kind of Alchemy". New Scientist.
^ Bergeron, D. E.; Roach, P. J.; Castleman, A. W.; Jones, N. O.; Khanna, S. N. (2005). "Al Cluster Superatoms as Halogens in Polyhalides and as Alkaline Earths in Iodide Salts". Science. 307 (5707): 231–5. Bibcode:2005Sci...307..231B. doi:10.1126/science.1105820. PMID 15653497. S2CID 8003390.
Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.
Periodic table forms
18-column
Janet's left step table
Extension beyond the 7th period
Fricke
Pyykkö
Sets of elements
By periodic table structure
1 (Alkali metals)
2 (Alkaline earth metals)
15 (Pnictogens)
16 (Chalcogens)
17 (Halogens)
18 (Noble gases)
s-block
p-block
d-block
f-block
g-block
Aufbau principle
By metallicity
Lanthanides
Actinides
Post-transition metals
Lists of metalloids by source
Dividing line
Nonmetals
Noble gases
Platinum-group metals (PGM)
Rare-earth elements
Coinage metals
Noble metals
Native metals
Transuranium elements
Superheavy elements
Major actinides
Minor actinides
By: Abundance (in humans)
Nuclear stability
Aqueous chemistry
Electron configuration
Goldschmidt classification
Term symbol
Data pages
Electron affinity
Heat capacity
Heat of vaporization
Ionization energy
Oxidation state
Speed of sound
Thermal expansion coefficient
Element discoveries
Dmitri Mendeleev
1871 table
for places
in East Asia
systematic element name
Trivial name
s-block f-block d-block p-block
Atomic Number: 9
Atomic Weight: 18.9984032
Melting Point: 53.63 K
Boiling Point: 85.03 K
Specific mass: 0.001696 g/cm3
Electronegativity: 3.98
Atomic Number: 17
Atomic Weight: 35.453
Melting Point: 172.31 K
Boiling Point: 239.11 K
Boiling Point: 332.0 K
Specific mass: 3.122 g/cm3
Atomic Weight: 126.90447
Specific mass: 4.93 g/cm3
Atomic Weight: [210]
Boiling Point: 610 K
Specific mass: 7 g/cm3
Electronegativity: 2.2
Atomic Number: 117
Melting Point: ? 573–773 K
Boiling Point: ? 823 K
Specific mass: ? g/cm3
Electronegativity: ?
‹ The template below (Fluorides) is being considered for merging. See templates for discussion to help reach a consensus. ›
Salts and covalent derivatives of the fluoride ion
HF He
LiF BeF2 BF
B2F4
+BO3 CF4
CxFy
+CO3 NF3
N2F2
?NF5 OF2
O2F2
O4F2 F2 Ne
NaF MgF2 AlF
AlF3 SiF4 P2F4
PF5 S2F2
+SO4 ClF
ClF3
ClF5 Ar
KF CaF
CaF2 ScF3 TiF2
TiF3
TiF4 VF2
VF5 CrF2
CrF3
CrF5 MnF2
MnF3
MnF4 FeF2
FeF3 CoF2
CoF3 NiF2
NiF3 CuF
CuF2 ZnF2 GaF2
GaF3 GeF2
GeF4 AsF3
AsF5 Se2F2
+SeO3 BrF
BrF3
BrF5 KrF2
RbF SrF
SrF2 YF3 ZrF3
ZrF4 NbF4
NbF5 MoF4
MoF5
MoF6 TcF4
TcF6 RuF3
RuF5
RuF6 RhF3
RhF6 PdF2
Pd[PdF6]
PdF4 Ag2F
AgF2
AgF3 CdF2 InF3 SnF2
SnF4 SbF3
SbF5 TeF4
TeF6
+TeO3 IF
+IO3 XeF2
CsF BaF2 LuF3 HfF4 TaF5 WF4
WF6 ReF6
ReF7 OsF4
OsF5
OsF6 IrF2
IrF3
IrF6 PtF2
PtF4
PtF6 AuF
AuF3
Au2F10
AuF5•F2 Hg2F2
HgF2
HgF4 TlF
TlF3 PbF2
PbF4 BiF3
BiF5 PoF2
PoF4
PoF6 AtF RnF2
FrF RaF2 LrF3 Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og
LaF3 CeF3
CeF4 PrF3
PrF4 NdF2
NdF3 PmF3 SmF2
SmF3 EuF2
EuF3 GdF3 TbF3
TbF4 DyF2
DyF3 HoF3 ErF3 TmF2
TmF3 YbF2
YbF3
AcF3 ThF4 PaF5 UF3
UF4
UF6 NpF3
NpF4
NpF6 PuF3
PuF4
PuF6 AmF2
AmF3 CmF3 BkF3 CfF3 EsF3 Fm Md No
Salts and covalent derivatives of the chloride ion
HCl He
LiCl BeCl2 BCl3
B2Cl4 CCl4 NCl3
ClN3 Cl2O
Cl2O7 ClF
ClF5 Ne
NaCl MgCl2 AlCl
AlCl3 SiCl4 P2Cl4
PCl5 S2Cl2
SCl2
SCl4 Cl2 Ar
KCl CaCl
CaCl2 ScCl3 TiCl2
TiCl3
TiCl4 VCl2
VCl3
VCl5 CrCl2
CrCl3
CrCl4 MnCl2 FeCl2
FeCl3 CoCl2
CoCl3 NiCl2 CuCl
CuCl2 ZnCl2 GaCl3 GeCl2
GeCl4 AsCl3
AsCl5 Se2Cl2
SeCl4 BrCl Kr
RbCl SrCl2 YCl3 ZrCl3
ZrCl4 NbCl3
NbCl4
NbCl5 MoCl2
MoCl3
MoCl6 TcCl3
TcCl4 RuCl3 RhCl3 PdCl2 AgCl CdCl2 InCl
InCl2
InCl3 SnCl2
SnCl4 SbCl3
SbCl5 Te3Cl2
TeCl4 ICl
ICl3 XeCl
XeCl2
CsCl BaCl2 * LuCl3 HfCl4 TaCl5 WCl2
WCl3
WCl6 ReCl3
ReCl4
ReCl6 OsCl4 IrCl2
IrCl3
IrCl4 PtCl2
PtCl4 AuCl
AuCl3 Hg2Cl2,
HgCl2 TlCl PbCl2,
PbCl4 BiCl3 PoCl2,
PoCl4 AtCl Rn
Fr RaCl2 ** Lr Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og
* LaCl3 CeCl3 PrCl3 NdCl2,
NdCl3 PmCl3 SmCl2,
SmCl3 EuCl2,
EuCl3 GdCl3 TbCl3 DyCl2,
DyCl3 HoCl3 ErCl3 TmCl2
TmCl3 YbCl2
YbCl3
** AcCl3 ThCl4 PaCl5 UCl3
UCl4
UCl6 NpCl3 PuCl3 AmCl2
AmCl3 CmCl3 Bk CfCl3 EsCl3 Fm Md No
Salts and covalent derivatives of the bromide ion
HBr He
LiBr BeBr2 BBr3
+BO3 CBr4 NBr3
BrN3
NH4Br Br2O
BrO2
Br2O3
Br2O5 BrF
BrF5 Ne
NaBr MgBr2 AlBr
AlBr3 SiBr4 PBr3
PBr5
PBr7 S2Br2
SBr2 BrCl Ar
KBr CaBr2
ScBr3 TiBr2
TiBr3
TiBr4 VBr2
VBr3 CrBr2
CrBr3 MnBr2 FeBr2
FeBr3 CoBr2 NiBr2
NiBr42− CuBr
CuBr2 ZnBr2 GaBr3 GeBr4 AsBr3 SeBr2
SeBr4 Br2 Kr
RbBr SrBr2 YBr3 ZrBr4 NbBr5 MoBr2
MoBr3
MoBr4 TcBr4 RuBr3 RhBr3 PdBr2 AgBr CdBr2 InBr
InBr3 SnBr2
SnBr4 SbBr3 Te2Br
TeBr4
+Te IBr
IBr3 XeBr2
CsBr BaBr2 * LuBr3 HfBr4 TaBr5 WBr5 ReBr3 OsBr3 IrBr3 PtBr2 AuBr
AuBr3 Hg2Br2
HgBr2 TlBr PbBr2 BiBr3 PoBr2 AtBr Rn
Fr RaBr2 ** Lr Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og
* LaBr3 CeBr3 PrBr3 NdBr3 Pm SmBr2,
SmBr3 EuBr2,
EuBr3 GdBr3 TbBr3 DyBr3 HoBr3 ErBr3 TmBr3 YbBr3
** AcBr3 ThBr4 PaBr5 UBr4
UBr5 NpBr4 PuBr3 AmBr2
AmBr3 CmBr3 Bk CfBr3 EsBr3 Fm Md No
Salts and covalent derivatives of the iodide ion
HI He
LiI BeI2 BI3
+BO3 CI4 NI3
NH4I I2O4,
I2O5,
I4O9 IF,
IF3,
IF7 Ne
NaI MgI2 AlI3 SiI4 PI3,
P2I4 S ICl,
ICl3 Ar
KI CaI2 ScI3 TiI2
TiI3
TiI4 VI3 CrI3 MnI2 FeI2
FeI3 CoI2 NiI2
-Ni CuI ZnI2 GaI
GaI3 GeI2,
GeI4 AsI3 Se
2 IBr,
IBr3 Kr
RbI SrI2 YI3 ZrI4 NbI5 MoI3 Tc Ru RhI3 PdI2 AgI CdI2 InI3 SnI4,
SnI2 SbI3 TeI4
+Te I− Xe
CsI BaI2 Lu HfI4 TaI5 WI3 Re OsI
3 Ir Pt AuI Hg2I2,
HgI2 TlI PbI2 BiI3 PoI4 AtI Rn
Fr RaI2 Lr Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og
La CeI3 Pr Nd Pm SmI2 EuI2 Gd TbI3 Dy Ho ErI3 Tm Yb
AcI3 ThI4 Pa UI3,
UI4 Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf EsI3 Fm Md No
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Halogen&oldid=1064633067"
Groups (periodic table)


To order any of our quality products, please fill out the from below.
there may be an extra charge.
Do you need a 3' x 5' nylon flag ($28 each)?
You must call us with your Visa/Mastercard at (207) 537-5500 to complete your order .


Although a small group, we have been blessed with the opportunity to connect with the people of the Mosquito Coast of Honduras, locally known as La Moskitia. Pastor Ludy Washington is a Miskito Indian laboring to bring the Gospel and teach the Bible to his people both near and far from his home. Through Medical clinics, construction, children's classes and water purification education, we have been involved in sharing God's love and care with the people.


I don't think there's any film that captures the magic of going to the movies like Giuseppe Tornatore's "Cinema Paradiso". When people ask me why I still go to the movies as opposed to watching them online, or renting films, I find it hard to put into words. There's a certain warmth and comfort I feel at a movie palace. Going to the movies is to share a mutual experience with an entire audience. For the briefest of moments you become part of an entity. The audience laughs, cries, and screams together. The connecting feeling of living through the same exact experience as the stranger sitting next to you is sadly being destroyed by technology, which in this case, disconnect us. Every time a cinema closes down, I think of this marvellous film and it's bittersweet musical score. In this heartwarming scene, the audience gets kicked out of the theatre for refusing to leave after a film screening. What happens next is as magical a scene as seeing an entire seated audience laugh or smile at the same moment in time and space.


KAT VON D Cosmetics. Welcome Come Cheap Kylie Cosmetics Store Online The Shop Offer Top Grade Quality And Kylie Cosmetics.
Nearly a decade ago, the tattoo artist famous for a career in reality television and a string of tabloid-fodder.
View related posts.Review: Kylie Lip Kits in Posie K, Kristen. Dupes include Kat Von D Everlasting Liquid Lipstick in. kylie jenner, kylie lip kit, makeup, posie k,.
Click here to purchase the Kat Von D Lock-it concealer. Kylie Cosmetics Kyshadow:.
Browse the best Kylie Cosmetics product reviews as rated by Temptalia and our community as well as view Kylie Cosmetics swatches and dupes in our database.
The highly-anticipated reaction video from Jeffree Star to Kat Von D. in which she claims Jeffree Star Cosmetics did.
Liquid Lipsticks 23:57 Kylie Cosmetics Momager Collection 25.


Originally posted 2015-12-03 17:00:56. Day 3 of the new challenge from Books and Cupcakes where we will be focusing on children's books! This was a childhood favourite of mine that I've come to look at through a slightly more critical lens. Katy, a high-spirited tomboy, falls from a swing one day and spends several years bed bound….


text:
Marriage Assessment
Passion Pursuit
Porn Proof
ProLife Digital Library
Purely Girls
The Family Project
Valiant Man
"How many other people go off the rails after an abortion?"
18-Apr-2016 18 FEB
By Focus on the Family NZ
Marina Young runs a New Zealand post-aboriton healing ministry called the Buttons Project.
The Buttons Project helps people to address post-abortion grief by submitting a button, which is kept by Marina as a permanent and tangible memorial of the life of that unborn child whose life was ended by an abortion.
Many of the buttons that Marina receives are accompanied by letters of explanation, and in this blog post we have been given permission to republish a heartfelt letter that was recently sent to Marina, along with a button, by a man who is currently serving time in prison.
It serves as a powerful reminder of the way in which abortion hurts both women and men, and the fact that this harm can go well beyond just a secret interior brokenness and shame.
When someone claims that 'abortion is purely a matter between a woman and her doctor', not only are they forgetting the unborn child, but also the child's father, and the other family and friends close to that couple who will be impacted the situation.
For us here at Focus on the Family NZ, this letter is a sad yet hopeful reminder of why it is so important for us to remain active in the pro-life work that forms an integral part of the ministry we do here in New Zealand.
Imagine if this young couple had encountered a loving church community that was willing to support them through their pregnancy. Would this letter have even needed to be written?
And how much harder would things be for the man who wrote this letter if he did not have someone like Marina and the Buttons Project to call on in the midst of his brokenness - which is precisely why Focus on the Family NZ is involved in supporting the important work of Christian post-aboriton care ministries in this country.
"Dear Marina,
I'm writing to you from prison.
My partner and I decided on an abortion about a year ago. My partner wanted to tell no one of our abortion at that time. I said that I'd fully support her wishes.
It was after the abortion that she changed towards me, a lot of blaming, she become really cold towards me and would say some real nasty things about me and my family whom she had never met.
Things became so stressed that we split up just before Christmas last year.
From there I took to drinking and drugs and ended up in trouble with the police. And now I'm in prison. I've been in prison for six months now and I'm finding that always picking up books on abortion; I am finding ways to heal.
I believed that we would have had a girl and her name would have been "Ella." Thank you for your Buttons Project, yes it helps with the healing and grieving.
I wonder how many other people go off the rails after an abortion.
You now have a prison Button."
If you, or someone you know is struggling to deal with feelings of grief, shame or sadness after an abortion, then please do not hesitate to reach out to us. Our team can anonymously put you in contact with caring and supportive carers around the country who specialise in helping people to find healing after abortion.
If you enjoyed this article, please click here to make a donation to the important work of Focus on the Family NZ.
Tweet Email Print this page
17-Jan-2019 01 FEB
Your Son Will See Porn
I had spent my adult life living in shame because of porn. When I confessed my addiction, I was the father of three sons who were 9, 6 and 2. Through counselling and an intensive program, I began to find healing and freedom.
By: Justin Davis
08-Nov-2018 01 FEB
Our children, Marni and Ivan are little, we gathered as a family for regular devotional times throughout the Christmas season.
Some years, that's been daunting, but as the kids grow older, it's become easier for all of us to keep focused.
By: Wayne Mulqueen
31-Jul-2017 01 FEB
For the good of my daughter I need to let her experience pain, hurt, and loss
That day I gave my daughter more than a moment, I gave her a gift that I have rarely allowed myself - permission to feel the pain, to hear the hurt, to acknowledge the loss; not to silence it or run over it as if it were merely an inconvenient side-story.
By: Dani Higginbotham
In Focus BLOG
In Focus is the blog of Focus on the Family NZ. It offers original commentary and articles on marriage, family, faith, sexuality, human dignity, and other important life issues.
Latest comments on blog posts
© Copyright 2015 - Focus on the Family | Design by Husk
Ship and shop Info

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
layout: post
title: Paul Rusesabagina
---

###test
test1

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Serving Breakfast from 9:30am until 3:00pm Tuesday to Friday and from 8:30am to 4:00pm on weekends we have a seperate Lunch menu starting from 11:30am. We cater a range of choices from the super healthy kick starts to high energy pasta through to our gourmet burger and steak sandwich end of the spectrum and we also have vegan and vegetarians covered with plenty to choose from.
We serve barista made coffee with a tasty selection of fresh bakery made cakes and deserts along with selection fresh juices and cold beverages that include our carefully selected South Australian wines.
Wouldn't it be nice to sit down in a café with a great coffee and not have to worry about your little angels getting bored and restless?
Seperate from our main cafe, we go one step further with Spokey Dokey with our custom-designed playground that keeps the little kids entertained for hours, aiding their social development while allowing you to sit down for a second. Parental supervision is still required, of course! And for the older kids their is the outdoor parkland when it is not raining.
There's a delicious, healthy kid-friendly café menu from Velo Café. Oh, and we handle kids parties as well.
The Velo Precinct is a Satisfied Customers Program (SCP) member. Positive reviews , complaints and testimonials will be published on the business directory following review or arbitration if required. Please do not review 'The Velo Precinct' if you've received , or have been offered , a reward for writing this review. Do not write a review if you are associated with the owner or employees of this business.
Australian Business Directory members who receive an unfavourable review are given the opportunity to respond to the customer who posted the review before it is published. We know that slanderous and unfounded reviews are common place on the web so we have allowed "The Velo Precinct" the tools to arbitrate and contact the reviewer in order to resolve outstanding complaints or disputes. We have found that this achieves a far better outcome for both the reviewed business and their customer in the longterm. Fake reviews will be removed according to our policies and guidelines.
If you require more specific business details such as opening hours , further customer reviews , directions etc please contact The Velo Precinct on their website , by phone or at their store location (if applicable). All profile related content remains the sole property of Restaurants business 'The Velo Precinct'.


text:
Chris Bobel
Associate Professor of Women's Studies at University of Massachusetts Boston
Embodied Resistance
Natural Mothering
Bobel, C. (2008). "From Convenience to Hazard: A Short History of the
Emergence of the Menstrual Activism Movement, 1971-1992" Health Care
for Women International, Vol. 29, Issue 7, pp.738-754.
Bobel, C. (2007). "'I'm not an activist, per se, though I've done a lot
of it': Doing Activism, Being Activist and the Perfect Standard in a
Contemporary Movement." Social Movement Studies Vol. 6, Issue 2, pp.
147-159 .
Bobel, C. (2006). "'Our Revolution Has Style': Menstrual Product
Activists 'Doing Feminism' in the Third Wave." Sex Roles: A Journal of
Research, Vol. 54, Issue 4/5, pp. 331-345.
Bobel, C. (2004). "When Good Enough Isn't: Mother Blame in The
Continuum Concept." Journal of the Association for Research on
Mothering, Vol. 6, Issue 2, pp. 68-78.
Bobel, C. (2001). "Bounded Liberation: A Focused Study of La Leche
League International." Gender & Society, Vol 15, No. 1, pp. 130-151.
Bobel, C. (2009). "Resisting, But Not Too Much: Interrogating the
Paradox of Natural Mothering." In J. Nathanson & L. Tuley (Eds). Mother
Knows Best: Talking Back to Baby "Experts." Toronto: Demeter Press. (pp.
113-123). [Also reprinted in A. O'Reilly (Ed). Maternal Theory:
Essential Reading 1976-2007. Toronto, Ontario: Demeter Press (pp
782-791.)]
Bobel, C. (2006). "Resistance with a Wink: Young Women, Feminism and
the (Radical) Menstruating Body." In J. Lorber & L. J. Moore (Eds.).
Gendered Bodies: Feminist Perspectives from Birth to Death. Los Angeles:
Roxbury Publishing (pp. 87-91.).
Bobel, C. (2010). "Natural Mothering" Andrea O'Reilly & J.
Geoffrey Golson(Eds). Encyclopedia of Motherhood. Sage Publications
(commissioned entry)
Evans, M. & Bobel, C. (2007). "'I am a Contradiction': Feminism and
Feminist Identity in the Third Wave." New England Journal of Public
Policy, Vol. 22, Issues 1 & 2 (pp. 207-222).
Bobel, C. (2006). "'Take this Class if You Want to be Brainwashed':
Walking the Knife's Edge Between Education and Indoctrination." Human
Architecture: The Sociology of Self Knowledge. Vol. IV: Special Issue, Summer (pp.
359-364).
Tang, S, Sieber, T, Suyemoto, K, Bobel, C. & Torke, A. (2007).
"Introduction: This Bridge We are Building: "Inner Work, Public Acts"" &
"Concluding Reflections-A Dialogue: This Bridge We are Building: "Inner
Work, Public Acts." Human Architecture: The Sociology of Self
Knowledge. Vol. IV: Special Issue, Summer, (pp. 333-338 & 371-375).
Bobel, C. (2005). "Menstrual Activism." In Boston Women's Health Book
Collective (Eds), Our Bodies, Ourselves for the New Century, 8th
Edition. New York: Simon & Schuster ( p. 253).
Journal Guest Editing
Kissling, E. & Bobel, C. (forthcoming) Menstruation and Representation.
Women's Studies: An Interdisciplinary Journal.
© 2010 Chris Bobel Contact Me


text:
Latest News Top Stories General News Site Updates Rumors Consoles Portables Reviews
Speeding your way
19 January, 2021 by rawmeatcowboy | Comments: 1
Still haven't seen the Sonic the Hedgehog movie? If not, you'll have a new option for watching it in the near future.
Hulu has shared some release dates for upcoming content, and Sonic the Hedgehog is among them. Fans of the Blue Blur will be able to check the film out on February 18th, 2021.
Puyo Puyo Tetris 2 "Sonic and Raid Boss" gameplay
Just the other day, Puyo Puyo Tetris 2 got a content update that included Sonic the Hedgehog, Raid Bosses, and more. You can check out some of that new content in the gameplay video above.
Sonic the Hedgehog and Boss Raid Mode added to Puyo Puyo Tetris 2
First of the game's free post-launch content updates
15 January, 2021 by nintendojam | Comments: 0
– SEGA is proud to announce that Puyo Puyo™ Tetris® 2, sequel to the beloved crossover of two iconic puzzle series, is receiving the first of its free, post-launch content updates today on PlayStation 5, PlayStation 4, Xbox Series X|S, Xbox One, and Nintendo Switch!
To further light up the colourful puzzle play, players can look forward to a host of new characters, a fresh new game mode, four new BGM tracks, and 20 new avatars, all detailed below! All this new content will be available to players immediately after they download and install the new update.
- Four new playable characters to join you on your journey: legendary speedster Sonic the Hedgehog, Lidelle, Ms. Accord and The Ocean Prince, each with their own skills you can utilize in Skill Battle mode
- New online game mode Boss Raid has you working together with your friends to take down a common foe in co-operative fun
- Four new BGM (Background Music) tracks including the Sonic the Hedgehog theme song for ultimate immersion as you play
- 20 new Avatars featuring even more of your favourite Puyo Puyo characters you can use to customise your player profile
Players will need to be on the same version of Puyo Puyo Tetris 2 to play online together, so we recommend everyone to update to the latest patch to ensure compatibility.
Sonic the Hedgehog Dashes onto Puyo Puyo Tetris 2 in an Expanded Roster
An already-robust cast grows even larger starting today with four new playable characters joining the game. First up is a special guest from SEGA's flagship series who needs no introduction, Sonic the Hedgehog! The speedy blue hedgehog lives life by his own rules. He hates dishonesty and injustice, and he's not afraid to fight for what's right.
Ms. Accord
Ms. Accord is a teacher of the Primp Magic School. Though gentle and kind, she's known to prepare rather peculiar lesson plans. While she only played a minor role in the original Puyo Puyo Tetris, this update marks the first time Ms. Accord will appear as a playable character in a localised release since Puyo Pop Fever.
Lidelle
Next up is Lidelle, a student of Primp Magic School. Known to be mild-mannered and soft-spoken, she is also very shy and hides her horns by wrapping them with her hair. While sharing no blood relation, she considers Dark Prince and Draco her big brother and sister.
The Ocean Prince
Finally, The Ocean Prince is, what else, the prince of the sea, a royal who can be pretty selfish without realizing it. He sometimes takes a human form when he uses a particular spell. Like Ms. Accord and Lidelle, this will mark his first playable appearance since Puyo Pop Fever after making a cameo in Puyo Puyo Tetris.
Team up for Boss Raid
The new online Boss Raid mode allows you to call upon three of your friends to aid you in your quest to take down a fierce CPU-controlled boss. In addition, for those playing on the Nintendo Switch, you can also cozy up for some couch co-op using the Switch's local wireless multiplayer.
Following the rules of Skill Battle mode, players will create their team from the now-expanded roster of characters and choosing a party with complementary skills is key to a winning strategy. As you play, you'll pop Puyos and clear Tetriminos, shaking Garbage Puyos loose and causing the boss to lose HP. If their HP hits 0, you win!
- Play according to your own skill level by adjusting the difficulty level: as you increase the difficulty, you'll add on the number of bosses you'll have to fight in a row; higher difficulties will have different level requirements, so make sure your team has the strength to survive this challenging gauntlet
- Chance Time can occur when players face random conditions during raids (e.g., inflict X damage at once, survive for X seconds), which upon being fulfilled, inflicts major damage on the boss
- Bosses have unique skills to keep players on their toes, like Paralyze which stops the player from being able to rotate their pieces for a short time, adding an exciting twist to each battle
- Item Cards and experience points can be earned from Boss Raids, with better rewards for higher difficulties. Players can use these Item Cards to equip their team of three in the Skill Battle Mode
Players can now access a free demo on Nintendo Switch to experience Puyo Puyo™ Tetris® 2, but hurry as it's only available for a limited amount of time.
This is just the first of SEGA's post-launch content updates for Puyo Puyo™ Tetris® 2. Players can look forward to even more game features, additional characters, and other exciting new content! More information will be announced at a later date, as well as more details on the game's Steam release, so stay tuned to the official Puyo Puyo accounts on Twitter, Facebook, and Instagram for all the latest.
Source: Gamespress
New Puyo Puyo Tetris 2 trailer now uploaded on American Nintendo account, showcases Sonic the Hedgehog and Raid Battles
Sonic's the name, Puyo is the game! Starting today, Sonic the Hedgehog, Lidelle, Ms. Accord, and Ocean Prince join the playable cast of Puyo Puyo Tetris 2. Try them out in the new Co-Op Boss Raid mode, also available today! Chili dogs not included.
First4Figures' Sonic & Tails diorama figure getting a restock in Europe
Lock yours in now!
Europeans who missed out on First4Figures' Sonic & Tails diorama figure will be happy to know that they have a second chance to scoop one up. The restock is coming April 2021, but pre-orders are open now. This figure went very quickly the first time around, so don't wait to secure one for the restock. You can check out pre-order links here.
Jim Carrey wins an award for his portrayal of Dr. Robotnik in the Sonic the Hedgehog movie
Officially an award-winning movie now!
I think most would agree that the Sonic the Hedgehog movie turned out better than expected. It wasn't an amazing movie, but it was a fun, simple romp. Not the kind of movie that wins actors awards, but is enjoyable nonetheless. Well, we can actually scratch that last comment, as the movie has just won Jim Carrey another honor.
The CW just held their first Critics' Choice Super Awards, presented by the Critics Choice Association, which is meant to honor the best in genre fiction film and television. Jim Carrey was nominated in the "Best Villain in a Movie" category, and he wound up taking the win. He was up against Kathryn Newton for her role in Freaky, Martin Short and Jane Krakowski in The Willoughbys, J. K. Simmons in Palm Springs, and Hilary Swank in The Hunt.
Sonic the Hedgehog was actually nominated for four different awards, including an overall nomination in "Best Superhero Movie," and nominations for both Jim Carrey and Ben Schwartz in the "Best Actor in a Superhero Movie." The one win by Carrey is all the film scored.
Thanks to Andreslop24 for the heads up!
Netflix's upcoming Sonic animated series won't be based on the IDW comic series
Sorry, comic fans
We really don't know anything about Netflix's upcoming 3D animated Sonic series, other than its existence. While we wait for more official details from SEGA or Netflix, we do have some info on what the series won't be.
Comic book writer Ian Flynn recently did a Q&A about all things Sonic, and the topic of Netflix's series came up. Flynn outright said that the series is not going to be based on the IDW comic line. It's looking more and more like the series is going to be yet another original take on Sonic.
Sonic the Hedgehog prototype discovered after 15 years of searching
The holy grail of Sonic
Sonic fans love to dig around in SEGA's past to see just how different Sonic's games were before they released. All sorts of prototypes for Sonic 2, 3 and so on were discovered, but a playable prototype for the original Sonic the Hedgehog seemed impossible to find. There were magazine features on that build and screenshots from development, but nothing playable no matter where people looked. Well, until today, that is.
After 15 years of trying to find something, a playable prototype for Sonic the Hedgehog has been discovered. This build includes a lot of infamous features that were spotted in early screens. Players can run through Clock Work Zone and Sparkling Zone, interact with the ball in Green Hill Zone, and more. You can see a lot more about the prototype here.
SEGA releases new Japanese commercials for Mario & Sonic at the Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games and Tokyo 2020 Olympics: The Official Video Game
How sporting of you
28 December, 2020 by rawmeatcowboy | Comments: 0
Before 2020 closes out, SEGA wants to once again spread the word on their Olympic offerings in Japan. The company has released a new set of commercials for both Tokyo 2020 Olympics: The Official Video Game and Mario & Sonic at the Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games.
SEGA releases "An Eggman Carol" holiday animation
The spirit of Sonic
SEGA has cooked up something special for the holiday season. Their team has created a new animation that puts a Sonic spin on the classic story of A Christmas Carol. You can see the entire feature in the video above!
< Older Stories


text:
Q: How to create an insert trigger? I want Develop a trigger that will be placed on the marketing list table that will insert a record into the child table if the person's age is less than 18 once an insert is attempted. The child table and the marketing list table has the same fields. I started this so far. How do I continue?
create table child_list
(
Id              int         primary key,
Name            varchar(20)         ,
Date_of_Birth   date                ,
Gender          char(1)             ,
Parish          varchar(20)         ,
Mobile          integer             ,
Mobile_Provider varchar(7)          ,
age             integer,
age_cat varchar(20)

);
 create trigger insert_child
   on marketing_list
  for insert
   as
   if age<18....

A: Assuming you don't have identity column on child table, following is your query:
create table child_list
(
child_list_Id              int         primary key,
Name            varchar(20)         ,
Date_of_Birth   date                ,
Gender          char(1)             ,
Parish          varchar(20)         ,
Mobile          integer             ,
Mobile_Provider varchar(7)          ,
age             integer,
age_cat varchar(20)
)
go

create table marketing_list
(
marketing_list_Id              int         primary key,
VName            varchar(20)         ,
Date_of_Birth   date                ,
Gender          char(1)             ,
Parish          varchar(20)         ,
Mobile          integer             ,
Mobile_Provider varchar(7)          ,
age             integer,
age_cat varchar(20)
)
GO

CREATE TRIGGER TRG_InsertChildList
ON marketing_list
AFTER INSERT
AS
BEGIN
    DECLARE @AGE INT
    SET @AGE = (SELECT age FROM INSERTED)

    IF (@AGE < 18)
    BEGIN
        INSERT INTO child_list
        SELECT
            marketing_list_Id
            ,Name
            ,Date_of_Birth
            ,Gender
            ,Parish
            ,Mobile
            ,Mobile_Provider
            ,age
            ,age_cat
        FROM INSERTED
    END
END

INSERT INTO marketing_list VALUES (1,'Test','03-04-1994',1,'Parish','123','AT&T',16,'age_cat')

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Saline County Toy Commission sees greater need for toy donations this year
If you want to donate toys, you can find donation boxes at Dollar General stores in Saline County between now and December 21.
Author: Vanessa Paige
BENTON, Ark. — The Saline County Toy Commission has collected toys for children for over a decade and this year, their list is the longest they've seen in years.
"Every kid deserves a new toy at Christmas. It helps them, makes me emotional," Toy Commission President Pennie Roberts said.
Roberts is making a list and checking it twice.
"We try to help the families that come in. They fill an application out," she explained.
She was shocked by the number of names accumulating.
"Right now, at this point, I have about 70 kids on the list," Roberts said.
They are taking applications for families in need until December 11.
"We try to accommodate 2 to 12, but if the families have kids that are older, we try to take that into consideration and find something for them also," Roberts said.
They need help getting as many toys as they can for the distribution event on December 21.
"There has been a greater need this year than there was last year," Roberts said.
Because they've seen a greater need this year, they're going to need more toys than this.
Boxes have been placed at Dollar General stores in Saline County for toy donations. If you don't see one, just ask the manager where it's located.
The group has partnered with Odd Fellows to store the toys.
They will try to keep them stocked year-round for any family who may need them in the county.
"I've had parents come to me and ask, you know, 'we've never had to do this before' and they felt bad about it. I just tell them that's what we're here for," Roberts said.
If you'd like to donate, you can contact the coordinator directly at (501) 303-8747.
RELATED: How to help out in Central Arkansas during the 2019 holiday season
RELATED: 'We need help' | Local shelters are hoping for donations before holidays


City of Temecula is a famous Winery Tour city in southern California, also known as Southern California's Napa. It's located Temecula Valley in Riverside County of the Greater Los Angeles Area. City of Temecula has many beautiful wineries, Golf Courses, nice and newer communities (most built after year of 2000), which are very well planned and developed; lots of major parks, green belts, and good rating schools.
With the famous South Coast Winery Resort & Spa, Redhawk Golf Course, Temeku Hill Golf Course, Pechanga Resort & Casino, Old Town Temecula, The Promenade Mall, and Hot Air Balloon Rides; many real estate investors have been attracted to City of Temecula, which is widely recognized as the 'jewel' in Temecula Valley of Southern California. Many employees who work at San Diego and Riverside choose to live in City of Temecula, for its very attractive Housing Price, great living quality, and 30-40 minutes commute driving.
Temecula was named "Playful City USA 2013", Temecula has: 40 Parks, 315 Acres of Landscapes and Facilities, 22 miles of Trails, 97 miles of Bike Lanes, Over 7000 acres of Preserve Hills Sides and Open Spaces, 1 Skateboard Park, 3 Public Swimming Pools, 27 Tennis Courts, 2 Community Recreation Centers, 1 Senior Center, and 2600 Sqft Community Garden. (Most famous parks in Temecula are: North - Harveston Lake, Central - Duck Pond, South - Patricia Birdsall Sports Park).
JANICE JUNG, professional Real Estate Agent (626) 698-2718, (WeChat & LINE: JaniceRealtorUSA); speaks English, Mandarin Chinese, and Taiwanese; servicing Chino Hills, Eastvale, Temecula, Murrieta, Lake Elsinore, Corona, Riverside, and surrounding areas of Greater Los Angeles, California.
Janice Jung is a licensed Realtor of Long Dragon Realty Group, Inc., a brokerage with well-established reputation, great support team includes Mortgage Loan Dept, and has been in the Real Estate business for more than two decades.


Looking for Electrician in Linlithgow?
A trusted and reliable Electrician in Linlithgow for businesses in Linlithgow.
Our customers in Linlithgow trust us to provide the best electrical testing services and have been since 2008.
If your a Landlord looking for an EICR Electrical Installation Condition Reports you have come to the right place. We provide a full electrical testing services including EICR, PAT Testing, Emergency Lighting and Gas Safety Checks. PAT Testing is a legal requirement for all Commercial & Industrial businesses in Linlithgow, it is just one of our electrical testing services we provide. We do not use cheap alarms – we use Aico and can offer 2 standards according to price. We provide CO Alarm Testing in Linlithgow for business and commercial. As an eco friendly electrician we can reduce your electricity bills with our services such as Voltage Optimisers and LED Lighting.
"Highly recommended! Speedy and reliable service very knowledgable on current regs and helpful advice given. Shower system has never worked better!."
We provide the following Electrical Services in Linlithgow.
To find out more simply select from the services below.


The phrase "input devices" itself tells us that the device used to put something in is called an input device.
In the context of computers, we can say that it is made up of two parts i.e. hardware and software. Input and output devices come under the category of computer hardware. So the devices used to put in the data and information in the computer, are known as input devices. On the other hand, output devices are those devices that show us the results after the data and information have been processed.
Without the input devices, a computer will not be able to get any data and information, and will remain only as a display device. As a result we will not be able to use a computer for our help. There are number of input devices used in the computer for e.g.:- keyboard, mouse, joystick, lightpen, touchpad, touchscreen, trackball, webcam, scanner, microphone, barcode reader, etc. Without the help of above mentioned devices we cannot send information and data to the central processing unit of a computer. So input devices are first and foremost requirements for a computer system.
Why are computers so important?


Which plug exactly does it need to be spliced into?
You've made the effort to sign up just to make this comment. Your life must be hard. Riiiiight!
Hey mudski, I know this is an old thread I should have checked the timestamp before I did this, anyway it still maybe helpful.
I have attached your files into one pdf.
Copy / Save each page of your pdf as an image.
When complete hit File -> Save As PDF.
All times are GMT +10.5. The time now is 02:49 AM.


text:
from __future__ import unicode_literals

from django.db import migrations, models

class Migration(migrations.Migration):

    dependencies = [
        ('phrasebook', '0013_userprogress'),
    ]

    operations = [
        migrations.AddField(
            model_name='category',
            name='share_url',
            field=models.CharField(default='', max_length=100),
        ),
    ]


text:
Home Blog Central
The Carson City Mint Turns 150 This Year
This year marks the 150th anniversary of the Carson City mint. This is arguably the most recognized and popular
mint mark in US coin collecting. The coins made at this mint have a tendency to have a lower production number
than the other mints, and there are a few classic rarities with the double c.
Congress authorized the construction of the mint in 1863 in an effort to finance the civil war. Also, the Comstock silver discovery, the richest in US history, led to the decision as an economical way to coin the silver instead of shipping it to other mints, some much further away. The first coins were struck on February 11, 1870. Built at the peak of the silver boom conveniently near a local silver mine, 50 issues of silver coins and 57 issues of gold coins were minted there between 1870 and 1893 and bore the "CC" mint mark.
The mint was unfortunately plagued with scandals and corruption and had operations suspended in 1885, resumed production in 1889, and was closed as a mint in 1893. It continued as an assay office until 1933. The building now houses the Nevada State Museum, Carson City, one of seven state museums.
Philippine Coins Issued Under US Administration, 1904 Peso NGC Certified UNC
The GSA Silver Dollar Sale
United States Silver Coin Mintage Series: First Designs Flowing Hair-Seated
Although the United States had been circulating coins before the opening of the mint in 1792, the first official United States silver coinage was
Collecting Mirror Surface Morgan Dollars
A mirror surface, or prooflike Morgan Dollar, is defined as having a reflective surface of between 2 to 4 inches, a deep prooflike as 4+
The 1970 D Kennedy Half Dollar
In May 1969, the Treasury sought authorization to eliminate the half dollar's silver content, changing it to the same copper-nickel clad
March 26, 1964 marked the end of the Great Treasury Hoard release when it was decided to halt further distribution, after which it was
The event that led to the Spanish-American War of 1898 was an explosion that sank the battleship USS Maine at Havana, Cuba. "Remember the Maine" became the rallying cry. The


Our co-curricular activities encourage children to try something new and engage with the world around them, thereby boosting their confidence and self-esteem.
Our excellent co-curricular programme will help your child fulfil their potential and become an interesting and interested adult.
Learn more about the Performing Arts at Clifton Preparatory School.
Learn more about Activities at Clifton Preparatory School.
Learn more about Facilities at Clifton Preparatory School.


text:
Соколова — село в южной части Свердловской области, в Каменском городском округе. Относится к Колчеданской сельской администрации.

География
Село расположено на реке Исети, в 15 километрах (в 22 километрах по автодорогам) к юго-востоку от города Каменска-Уральского и в 109 километрах (в 127 километрах по автодорогам) к юго-востоку от Екатеринбурга.

Часовой пояс

История
1 апреля 1977 года Решением облисполкома 238-б были объединены фактически слившиеся населённые пункты деревня Соколова, деревня Бурнина, деревня Одинка и посёлок Рудничная — в деревню Соколова Колчеданского сельсовета.

В 1916 году деревни Соколова, Бурнина и Одинка относилась к Колчеданской волости. В 1928 году эти же деревни входили в Колчеданской сельсовет Каменского района Шадринского округа Уральской области.

Деревня Бурнина была основана в 1720 году, первопоселенцем из города Устюга по прозвищу Бурня, название от которого и получила. Сначала Бурня поселился рядом с первопоселенцем деревни Пироговой Иваном Емельяновичем Пирогом, но поссорившись, переселился на новое место на высоком берегу Исети. Вскоре поселение стало многолюдным. Деревня входила в Колчеданский острог. Жители Бурниной принимали участие в восстании колчеданцев в 1759—1763 годах против приписки к Сысертским заводам, в 1774 году участвовали в крестьянской войне под предводительством Емельяна Пугачёва, а в 1842-1843-годах в «картофельном бунте». В 1929 году в деревне образован колхоз, в 1960 году ставший бригадой Соколовского отделения совхоза «Колчеданский».

Согласно областному закону от 11 апреля 2017 года статус деревни изменён на село. Изменения вступили в силу 1 октября 2017 года.

Население

Структура
По данным переписи 2002 года, национальный состав следующий: русские — 91 %, татары — 3 %. По данным переписи 2010 года, в деревне проживали 181 мужчина и 185 женщин.

В переписи 1904 года отдельно отмечались принадлежность жителей Колчедана к сословиям. Отмечено, что из числа всех жителей в Колчедане земледелием не занималось 73 человека. В числе них 31 человек мужского и 42 женского пола. Причём, явно указано, что речь идёт о разночинцах, которые не были приписаны к сельскому обществу Колчедана. Эти люди проживали на 15 дворах. Такая категория жителей в д. Соколова по переписи 1904 года не имелась. Из 163 колчеданских дворов, приписанных к сельской общине, только в 2 дворах не занимались земл

В советской переписи 1926 г. отмечалась национальная принадлежность жителей. 100 % жителей с. Колчедан и д. Соколова были русскими. Но, на ж/д ст. Колчедан жили 28 русских и 8 белорусов. Подобное явление встречалось и на других соседних ж/д станциях с вариацией национальной принадлежности жителей (украинцев, немцев и зырян). Отмечено, кроме того, расстояние в километрах до благ цивилизации от центра села Колчедан. Так до ближайшей школы I ступени было 0 км, до больницы 21 км, до фельдшерского и ветеринарного пунктов 0 км, до телефонной станции 21 км, до телеграфа 3 и до почты 21 км.

По данным переписи 1926 года, в деревне Бурниной было 172 двора с населением 744 человека (мужчин — 345, женщин — 399), все русские. В деревне Одинка было 115 дворов с населением 492 человека (мужчин — 249, женщин — 243), все русские.

Инфраструктура
Река разделяет деревню на две части. Есть пешеходный мост через Исеть. Северный выезд из деревни выходит на Колчеданский тракт, а восточный на трассу Р-354. В 3,5 километрах к северо-западу от деревни находится станция Колчедан железной дороги Екатеринбург — Курган.

Примечания

Литература

Ссылки
 Территории Свердловской области — Каменский городской округ

Населённые пункты Каменского городского округа
Населённые пункты на Исети

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


If you follow credit card news, you've probably heard a lot about EMV cards lately, or maybe chip-and-pin cards, or contactless payment cards.
You may not know, though, what these things are, whether they are different from each other, and most importantly – how they will impact your everyday life. You also may not realize that once you use one, they will likely become your new favorite type of credit card.
An EMV card contains a microchip embedded into it. This chip transmits your payment information securely for each transaction. Every time you pay for something using this type of card, a new encrypted transaction is created, making it much more secure than a traditional magnetic stripe card.
EMV stands for Europay, MasterCard and Visa – the three entities that partnered to spearhead the technology. If you hear the term "chip-and-pin card," that is just another name for an EMV compliant card. And contactless payments can also include EMV cards, though it is more often used to refer to payments made by mobile phone app interfaces.
One reason these cards are known as contactless is that you can simply tap or wave them across the payment station, rather than swiping them. Tap-to-pay or wave payments both refer to EMV cards. There is no magnetic stripe to swipe on an EMV card, although some cards do contain both an EMV chip and a magnetic stripe.
To use the tap-to-pay system, you must be at a store or sales terminal that is equipped with an EMV card reader. That's why many EMV cards in circulation in the U.S. now have both options. Merchants have been slow to adapt to EMV payments and there are still many places that cannot accept them.
Stores like Target, which have been affected by data breaches that compromised their customers' payment data, are rushing to switch to EMV payment cards and terminals, which will protect sensitive payment transaction details.
If your card issuer switches to EMV cards, there will be no charge to you. A new card will be mailed to you and you can continue to use your account as you did before. You will only have to learn to get the hang of tapping instead of swiping.
Travelers will especially be glad to see EMV payment cards become standard. Europe, Canada, Asia and other countries embraced EMV technology before the U.S. got on board, and as a result, some Americans found themselves abroad without a working credit card. Many places in Europe, especially payment kiosks like those in buses and parking lots, cannot accept magnetic stripe cards.
That is one reason that the first U.S. cards to be offered as EMV cards tended to be travel credit cards. These cards were marketed toward people who frequently traveled internationally and often had hefty annual fees.
But now, EMV cards are on the way for more of us – and you will want to make sure you have one in your wallet.


text:
Jacquelyn Mitchard's "Two If By Sea"
Jacquelyn Mitchard is the number one New York Times bestselling author of twelve novels for adults, including The Deep End of the Ocean, which was the inaugural selection of the Oprah Winfrey Book Club and also made into a major feature film.
Here Mitchard dreamcasts an adaptation of her new novel, Two If by Sea:
You know, I never, ever do this. I never imagine who would play the parts in the movie of my novel. And it has served me well. In The Deep End of the Ocean, the detective Candy Bliss is described as a tall, cool Nordic blond, impeccably dressed. She was played in the film by Whoopi Goldberg, so … okay. But anyhow, here goes: I would like Ryan Gosling to play Frank in the movie. He's a good actor and he's not just Mr. Romantic Lead anymore or Mr. Smooth-Talking Psycho. I think he could bring that combination of bemusement and strength that is Frank's character to the screen. He's around forty, and I think he would relate well to the child actor who is Ian … and I have no idea who that would be. Claudia would have to be Amy Adams (American Hustle). She's smart and she could be a tomboy and a tough cookie, which is Claudia down to the ground. For Hope (Frank's mother) who is a really important character, I would choose Allison Janney (West Wing, The Hours). She's too young for that part. But I would choose Allison Janney to play anything, because she's so smart and cool. I would want Liam Neeson to play Louis, the villain. The key to Louis is that he's attractive and smart and sophisticated along with being appalling and entirely without conscience. Liam Neeson is always the good guy; it would be fun to see him be the really, really bad guy.
Visit Jacquelyn Mitchard's website.
J.T. Ellison's "No One Knows"
Kristi Abbott's "Kernel of Truth"
James Anderson's "The Never-Open Desert Diner"
D. Peter MacLeod's "Northern Armageddon"
Judy Sheehan's "I Woke Up Dead at the Mall"
Viola Shipman's "The Charm Bracelet"
Elizabeth Marro's "Casualties"
Michelle Adelman's "Piece of Mind"
Michelle Gable's "I'll See You in Paris"
Sean Beaudoin's "Welcome Thieves"
Jeff Zentner's "The Serpent King"
Lynda Cohen Loigman's "The Two-Family House"
Jennifer Scanlon's "Until There Is Justice"
Brad Smith's "Rough Justice"
J. Aaron Sanders's "Speakers of the Dead"
Susan Meissner's "Stars Over Sunset Boulevard"


text:
National emissions reported ...
National emissions reported to the UNFCCC and to the EU Greenhouse Gas Monitoring Mechanism
Prod-ID: DAT-13-en
Created 03 Feb 2007 Published 03 Feb 2007 Last modified 25 Oct 2016
This page was archived on 05 Mar 2015 with reason: Other (New version data-and-maps/data/national-emissions-reported-to-the-unfccc-and-to-the-eu-greenhouse-gas-monitoring-mechanism-9 was published)
Data on greenhouse gas emissions and removals, sent by countries to UNFCCC and the EU Greenhouse Gas Monitoring Mechanism (EU Member States)
Interactive data viewers
External datasets catalogue
Data providers and partners
European data centres
National greenhouse gases inventories (IPCC Common Reporting Format sector classification)
[+] Show table definition (records: 346560)
Sort Pollutant sort int(4) 0
Emissions Emission rate numeric(13) 0
Unit unit of the measure value varchar(40) 0
Notation Comment varchar(40) 0
Parent_sector_code Parent sector code varchar(15) 0
Sector_name Sector name IPCC Common Reporting Format varchar(75) 0
Year Annual data range 1985 - 2004 varchar(4) 0
Format_name Name of guideline IPCC Common Reporting Format varchar(100) 0
Sector_code Sector code varchar(15) 0
Country_code International Country Code (ISO 3166-1-Alpha-2 code elements) varchar(4) 0
Country Country name (ISO 3166-1) official short name in English varchar(53) 0
Pollutant_name Short name of pollutant pollutants available: CO2, CO2-removals, CH4, N2O, HFC-A, HFC-P, PFC-A, PFC-P, SF6-A, SF6-P varchar(20) 0
Microsoft Access format (zip) (ZIP archive)
5.65 MB Download file /data-and-maps/data/ga-downloads/DAT-13-en/national-emissions-reported-to-the-unfccc-and-to-the-eu-greenhouse-gas-monitoring-mechanism/unfccc_v7_mdb.zip
Ascii delimited (zip) (ZIP archive)
2.17 MB Download file /data-and-maps/data/ga-downloads/DAT-13-en/national-emissions-reported-to-the-unfccc-and-to-the-eu-greenhouse-gas-monitoring-mechanism/unfccc_v7_csv.zip
IPCC Common Reporting Format sector classification
IPCC Common Reporting Format sector classification (text/comma-separated-values)
10.44 KB Download file /data-and-maps/data/ga-downloads/DAT-13-en/national-emissions-reported-to-the-unfccc-and-to-the-eu-greenhouse-gas-monitoring-mechanism/crf_sector.csv
Reporting obligations (ROD)
Greenhouse gas inventories (UNFCCC)
Greenhouse gas inventories (MMD)
EEA standard re-use policy: unless otherwise indicated, re-use of content on the EEA website for commercial or non-commercial purposes is permitted free of charge, provided that the source is acknowledged (https://www.eea.europa.eu/legal/copyright). Copyright holder: Directorate-General for Environment (DG ENV), United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).
Pollutants: CO2, CH4, N2O, SF6-A, SF6-P are in Kilotonnes (1000 Tonnes). Pollutants: HFC-A, HFC-P, PFC-A, PFC-P are in Kilotonnes CO2 equivalent.
The European Topic Centre on Air and Climate Change (Database version 1.1, 13 Feb 2007), national submissions to UNFCCC or to EU Monitoring Mechanism of CO2 and other greenhouse emissions.
Directorate-General for Environment (DG ENV)
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)
Processors:
European Topic Centre on Air and Climate Change (ETC/ACC)
Data compiled and held by ETC/ACC are annual emissions of CO2, CO2-removals, CH4, N2O, HFC-A, HFC-P, PFC-A, PFC-P, SF6-A, SF6-P from individual countries. Sectoral data (IPCC classification) is provided for the following main source categories: Energy, Industrial Processes, Solvent and Other Product Use, Agriculture, Land-Use Change and Forestry, Waste, Other, CO2 emissions from Biomass, International bunkers and Multilateral Operations.
D19C5B6F-5B0D-404F-87EA-6ACEA870D71C
DAT-13-en
27 Jan 2007 - Trends in emissions of greenhouse gases (IPCC sector classification)
20 Dec 2004 - Trends in emissions of greenhouse gases (IPCC sector classification)
26 Jul 2004 - Trends in emissions of greenhouse gases (IPCC sector classification)
Austria Belgium Bulgaria Cyprus Czechia Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom
For references, please go to https://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/data/national-emissions-reported-to-the-unfccc-and-to-the-eu-greenhouse-gas-monitoring-mechanism or scan the QR code.


text:
"""Helpers for Waze Travel Time integration."""
import re

from WazeRouteCalculator import WazeRouteCalculator, WRCError

from homeassistant.components.waze_travel_time.const import ENTITY_ID_PATTERN
from homeassistant.const import ATTR_LATITUDE, ATTR_LONGITUDE
from homeassistant.helpers import location

def is_valid_config_entry(hass, logger, origin, destination, region):
    """Return whether the config entry data is valid."""
    origin = resolve_location(hass, logger, origin)
    destination = resolve_location(hass, logger, destination)
    try:
        WazeRouteCalculator(origin, destination, region).calc_all_routes_info()
    except WRCError:
        return False
    return True

def resolve_location(hass, logger, loc):
    """Resolve a location."""
    if re.fullmatch(ENTITY_ID_PATTERN, loc):
        return get_location_from_entity(hass, logger, loc)

    return resolve_zone(hass, loc)

def get_location_from_entity(hass, logger, entity_id):
    """Get the location from the entity_id."""
    state = hass.states.get(entity_id)

    if state is None:
        logger.error("Unable to find entity %s", entity_id)
        return None

    # Check if the entity has location attributes.
    if location.has_location(state):
        logger.debug("Getting %s location", entity_id)
        return _get_location_from_attributes(state)

    # Check if device is inside a zone.
    zone_state = hass.states.get(f"zone.{state.state}")
    if location.has_location(zone_state):
        logger.debug(
            "%s is in %s, getting zone location", entity_id, zone_state.entity_id
        )
        return _get_location_from_attributes(zone_state)

    # If zone was not found in state then use the state as the location.
    if entity_id.startswith("sensor."):
        return state.state

    # When everything fails just return nothing.
    return None

def resolve_zone(hass, friendly_name):
    """Get a lat/long from a zones friendly_name."""
    states = hass.states.all()
    for state in states:
        if state.domain == "zone" and state.name == friendly_name:
            return _get_location_from_attributes(state)

    return friendly_name

def _get_location_from_attributes(state):
    """Get the lat/long string from an states attributes."""
    attr = state.attributes
    return f"{attr.get(ATTR_LATITUDE)},{attr.get(ATTR_LONGITUDE)}"


text:
On Robert Pollard: "Chicken Blows"
[No. 04 in a Series]
Take one of those short Beatles songs from the medley that closes Abbey Road, turn it inside out, fill it with nitrous oxide, and let a kindergarten class use it as a ball during recess. That's "Chicken Blows." A seeming throwaway that arrives near the end of the nearly endless Alien Lanes, the song reveals itself as a miniature pop masterpiece only after many listens: the exquisitely frayed melody, the trembling vocal, the aching background harmonies, all washing across the tidal pull of a hazy, hypnotic guitar line. Everything feels exhausted, out of focus, dreamlike. "Chicken Blows" is the last song you hear before you fall asleep after a night that's gone on much too long.
Like so many Guided by Voices songs, "Chicken Blows" has a warped backstory. It was originally released in 1994, a year before Alien Lanes came out, as a track on an exceedingly obscure compilation EP called The Polite Cream Tea Corps, which was included in an issue of Ptolemaic Terrascope, an occasional British psychedelic-music magazine. But the song seems to have been written and recorded much earlier than that, perhaps even in the 1980s. It was slated to be on the aborted 1991 Guided by Voices album Back to Saturn X, which Robert Pollard "shitcanned" just as it was going into production. It was then held in suspended animation for a few years, as three seminal GBV records appeared (1992's Propeller, 1993's Vampire on Titus, and 1994's Bee Thousand), before Pollard decided the time was right to release it.
What's remarkable about "Chicken Blows" is that it sounds much more contemporary today than it did when it came out more than twenty years ago. Sonically, it anticipates the entropic, Auto-Tune experiments of Bon Iver, Kanye West, and others. It's fitting that Frank Ocean included the number on one of his Beats I playlists earlier this year. Sometimes seeds spend a lot of time underground before they sprout.
"Chicken blows"? The lyrics are funny, but as usual they're hiding something sad.
I'm not here to drink all the beer
in the fridge,
in the room,
in the house,
in the place
that we both so love.
"The intellect of man is forced to choose," wrote W. B. Yeats, "perfection of the life, or of the work." In the singleminded pursuit of his art, Pollard has had to live something of a broken life, at least when it comes to playing the domestic roles of son, husband, and father — those tireless consumers of poultry meals — and it's this tension that gives so much of his work its heartbreaking quality. "Chicken Blows" is, among other things, a confession and an apology.
Can you sink
to the depths?
I don't know,
I don't even care,
and our lives
slip away.
we will probably reach
to the walls
over there.
Have you flown?
The walls of the home are the bonds of love, and it's the sound of them slowly collapsing that gives "Chicken Blows" its poignancy.
Image: Detail of "His Beautiful Women Crying" by Robert Pollard.
This entry was posted in On Robert Pollard on July 24, 2017 by Nick.
← Smarter living through neurosis The soft tyranny of the rating system →
One thought on "On Robert Pollard: "Chicken Blows""
Thuan Pham July 24, 2017 at 5:20 pm
"The intellect of man is forced to choose," wrote W. B. Yeats, "perfection of the life, or of the work." In the singleminded pursuit of his art, Pollard has had to live something of a broken life, at least when it comes to playing the domestic roles of son, husband, father, etc., and it's this tension that gives so much of his work its heartbreaking quality. "Chicken Blows" is, among other things, a confession and an apology.
But in the end it is a sacrifice he is happily willing to make.
Our courage is only a taste,
and I'll get paid
if you'll get laid.
It's our parade.