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Native Americans and American Indians
Native Americans and American Indians:
Native American Questions and Answers
"Presently there are 562 federally recognized American Indian tribes and Alaska Natives in the United States."
I. Why Tribes Exist Today in the United States
What are Indian treaty rights?
From 1778 to 1871, the United States' relations with individual American Indian nations indigenous to what is now the U.S. were defined and conducted largely through the treaty-making process. These "contracts among nations" recognized and established unique sets of rights, benefits, and conditions for the treaty-making tribes who agreed to cede of millions of acres of their homelands to the United States and accept its protection. Like other treaty obligations of the United States, Indian treaties are considered to be "the supreme law of the land," and they are the foundation upon which federal Indian law and the federal Indian trust relationship is based.
What is the legal status of American Indian and Alaska Native tribes?
Article 1, Section 8 of the United States Constitution vests Congress, and by extension the Executive and Judicial branches of our government, with the authority to engage in relations with the tribes, thereby firmly placing tribes within the constitutional fabric of our nation. When the governmental authority of tribes was first challenged in the 1830's, U. S. Supreme Court Chief Justice John Marshall articulated the fundamental principle that has guided the evolution of federal Indian law to the present: That tribes possess a nationhood status and retain inherent powers of self-government.
What is the federal Indian trust responsibility?
The federal Indian trust responsibility is a legal obligation under which the United States "has charged itself with moral obligations of the highest responsibility and trust" toward Indian tribes (Seminole Nation v. United States, 1942). This obligation was first discussed by Chief Justice John Marshall in Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1831). Over the years, the trust doctrine has been at the center of numerous other Supreme Court cases, thus making it one of the most important principles in federal Indian law.
The federal Indian trust responsibility is also a legally enforceable fiduciary obligation on the part of the United States to protect tribal treaty rights, lands, assets, and resources, as well as a duty to carry out the mandates of federal law with respect to American Indian and Alaska Native tribes and villages. In several cases discussing the trust responsibility, the Supreme Court has used language suggesting that it entails legal duties, moral obligations, and the fulfillment of understandings and expectations that have arisen over the entire course of the relationship between the United States and the federally recognized tribes.
What is a federally recognized tribe?
A federally recognized tribe is an American Indian or Alaska Native tribal entity that is recognized as having a government-to-government relationship with the United States, with the responsibilities, powers, limitations, and obligations attached to that designation, and is eligible for funding and services from the Bureau of Indian Affairs.
Furthermore, federally recognized tribes are recognized as possessing certain inherent rights of self-government (i.e., tribal sovereignty) and are entitled to receive certain federal benefits, services, and protections because of their special relationship with the United States. At present, there are 562 federally recognized American Indian and Alaska Native tribes and villages.
How is federal recognition status conferred?
Historically, most of today's federally recognized tribes received federal recognition status through treaties, acts of Congress, presidential executive orders or other federal administrative actions, or federal court decisions.
In 1978, the Interior Department issued regulations governing the Federal Acknowledgment Process (FAP) to handle requests for federal recognition from Indian groups whose character and history varied widely in a uniform manner. These regulations – 25 C.F.R. Part 83 – were revised in 1994 and are still in effect.
Also in 1994, Congress enacted Public Law 103-454, the Federally Recognized Indian Tribe List Act (108 Stat. 4791, 4792), which formally established three ways in which an Indian group may become federally recognized:
By Act of Congress,
By the administrative procedures under 25 C.F.R. Part 83, or
By decision of a United States court.
However, a tribe whose relationship with the United States has been expressly terminated by Congress may not use the Federal Acknowledgment Process. Only Congress can restore federal recognition to a "terminated" tribe.
The Federally Recognized Indian Tribe List Act also requires the Secretary of the Interior to publish annually a list of the federally recognized tribes in the Federal Register. The list was last published on April 4, 2008 (73 C.F.R. 18553).
What does tribal sovereignty mean to American Indians and Alaska Natives?
When tribes first encountered Europeans, they were a power to be reckoned with because the combined American Indian and Alaska Native population dominated the North American continent. Their strength in numbers, the control they exerted over the natural resources within and between their territories, and the European practice of establishing relations with countries other than themselves and the recognition of tribal property rights led to tribes being seen by exploring foreign powers as sovereign nations, who treatied with them accordingly.
However, as the foreign powers' presence expanded and with the establishment and growth of the United States, tribal populations dropped dramatically and tribal sovereignty gradually eroded. While tribal sovereignty is limited today by the United States under treaties, acts of Congress, Executive Orders, federal administrative agreements and court decisions, what remains is nevertheless protected and maintained by the federally recognized tribes against further encroachment by other sovereigns, such as the states. Tribal sovereignty ensures that any decisions about the tribes with regard to their property and citizens are made with their participation and consent.
What is a federal Indian reservation?
In the United States there are three types of reserved federal lands: military, public, and Indian. A federal Indian reservation is an area of land reserved for a tribe or tribes under treaty or other agreement with the United States, executive order, or federal statute or administrative action as permanent tribal homelands, and where the federal government holds title to the land in trust on behalf of the tribe.
Approximately 56.2 million acres are held in trust by the United States for various Indian tribes and individuals. There are approximately 326 Indian land areas in the U.S. administered as federal Indian reservations (i.e., reservations, pueblos, rancherias, missions, villages, communities, etc.). The largest is the 16 million-acre Navajo Nation Reservation located in Arizona, New Mexico, and Utah. The smallest is a 1.32-acre parcel in California where the Pit River Tribe's cemetery is located. Many of the smaller reservations are less than 1,000 acres.
Some reservations are the remnants of a tribe's original land base. Others were created by the federal government for the resettling of Indian people forcibly relocated from their homelands. Not every federally recognized tribe has a reservation. Federal Indian reservations are generally exempt from state jurisdiction, including taxation, except when Congress specifically authorizes such jurisdiction.
Are there any federal Indian reservations in Alaska?
Yes, one. It is the Metlakatla Indian Community of the Annette Island Reserve in southeastern Alaska.
Are there other types of "Indian lands"?
Yes. Other types of Indian lands are:
Allotted lands, which are remnants of reservations broken up during the federal allotment period of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Although the practice of allotting lands had begun in the eighteenth century, it was put to greater use after the Civil War. By 1885, over 11,000 patents had been issued to individual Indians under various treaties and laws. Starting with the General Allotment Act in 1887 (also known as the Dawes Act) until the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934, allotments were conveyed to members of affected tribes and held in trust by the federal government. As allotments were taken out of trust, they became subject to state and local taxation, which resulted in thousands of acres passing out of Indian hands. Today, 10,059,290.74 million acres of individually owned lands are still held in trust for allotees and their heirs.
Restricted status, also known as restricted fee, where title to the land is held by an individual Indian person or a tribe and which can only be alienated or encumbered by the owner with the approval of the Secretary of the Interior because of limitations contained in the conveyance instrument pursuant to federal law.
State Indian reservations, which are lands held in trust by a state for an Indian tribe. With state trust lands title is held by the state on behalf of the tribe and the lands are not subject to state property tax. They are subject to state law, however. State trust lands stem from treaties or other agreements between a tribal group and the state government or the colonial government(s) that preceded it.
American Indian and Alaska Native tribes, businesses, and individuals may also own land as private property. In such cases, they are subject to state and local laws, regulations, codes, and taxation.
Does the United States still make treaties with Indian tribes?
No. Congress ended treaty-making with Indian tribes in 1871. Since then, relations with Indian groups have been formalized and/or codified by Congressional acts, Executive Orders, and Executive Agreements. Between 1778, when the first treaty was made with the Delawares, to 1871, when Congress ended the treaty-making period, the United States Senate ratified 370 treaties. At least 45 others were negotiated with tribes but were never ratified by the Senate.
The treaties that were made often contain commitments that have either been fulfilled or subsequently superseded by Congressional legislation.
In addition, American Indians and Alaska Natives can access education, health, welfare, and other social service programs available to all citizens, if they are eligible. Even if a tribe does not have a treaty with the United States, or has treaties that were negotiated but not ratified, its members may still receive services from the BIA or other federal programs, if eligible.
The specifics of particular treaties signed by government negotiators with Indian tribes are contained in one volume (Vol. II) of the publication, Indian Affairs, Laws and Treaties: 1778-1883, compiled, annotated, and edited by Charles J. Kappler. Published by the United States Government Printing Office in 1904, it is now out of print, but can be found in most large law libraries and on the Internet. The treaty volume has also been published privately under the title, "Indian Treaties: 1778-1883."
Originals of all the treaties are maintained by the National Archives and Records Administration of the General Services Administration.
II. The Nature of Federal-Tribal and State-Tribal Relations
What is the relationship between the tribes and the United States?
The relationship between federally recognized tribes and the United States is one between sovereigns, i.e., between a government and a government. This "government-to-government" principle, which is grounded in the United States Constitution, has helped to shape the long history of relations between the federal government and these tribal nations.
What is the relationship between the tribes and the individual states?
Because the Constitution vested the Legislative Branch with plenary power over Indian Affairs, states have no authority over tribal governments unless expressly authorized by Congress. While federally recognized tribes generally are not subordinate to states, they can have a government-to-government relationship with these other sovereigns, as well.
Furthermore, federally recognized tribes possess both the right and the authority to regulate activities on their lands independently from state government control. They can enact and enforce stricter or more lenient laws and regulations than those of the surrounding or neighboring state(s) wherein they are located. Yet, tribes frequently collaborate and cooperate with states through compacts or other agreements on matters of mutual concern such as environmental protection and law enforcement.
What is Public Law 280 and where does it apply?
In 1953, Congress enacted Public Law 83-280 (67 Stat. 588) to grant certain states criminal jurisdiction over American Indians on reservations and to allow civil litigation that had come under tribal or federal court jurisdiction to be handled by state courts. However, the law did not grant states regulatory power over tribes or lands held in trust by the United States; federally guaranteed tribal hunting, trapping, and fishing rights; basic tribal governmental functions such as enrollment and domestic relations; nor the power to impose state taxes. These states also may not regulate matters such as environmental control, land use, gambling, and licenses on federal Indian reservations.
The states required by Public Law 280 to assume civil and criminal jurisdiction over federal Indian lands were Alaska (except the Metlakatla Indian Community on the Annette Island Reserve, which maintains criminal jurisdiction), California, Minnesota (except the Red Lake Reservation), Nebraska, Oregon (except the Warm Springs Reservation), and Wisconsin. In addition, the federal government gave up all special criminal jurisdiction in these states over Indian offenders and victims. The states that elected to assume full or partial jurisdiction were Arizona (1967), Florida (1961), Idaho (1963, subject to tribal consent), Iowa (1967), Montana (1963), Nevada (1955), North Dakota (1963, subject to tribal consent), South Dakota (1957-1961), Utah (1971), and Washington (1957-1963).
Subsequent acts of Congress, court decisions, and state actions to retrocede jurisdiction back to the Federal Government have muted some of the effects of the 1953 law, and strengthened the tribes' jurisdiction over civil and criminal matters on their reservations.
III. Tribal Government: Powers, Rights, and Authorities
What are inherent powers of tribal self-government?
Tribes possess all powers of self-government except those relinquished under treaty with the United States, those that Congress has expressly extinguished, and those that federal courts have ruled are subject to existing federal law or are inconsistent with overriding national policies. Tribes, therefore, possess the right to form their own governments; to make and enforce laws, both civil and criminal; to tax; to establish and determine membership (i.e., tribal citizenship); to license and regulate activities within their jurisdiction; to zone; and to exclude persons from tribal lands.
Limitations on inherent tribal powers of self-government are few, but do include the same limitations applicable to states, e.g., neither tribes nor states have the power to make war, engage in foreign relations, or print and issue currency.
How do tribal members govern themselves?
For thousands of years, American Indians and Alaska Natives governed themselves through tribal laws, cultural traditions, religious customs, and kinship systems, such as clans and societies. Today, most modern tribal governments are organized democratically, that is, with an elected leadership.
Through their tribal governments, tribal members generally define conditions of membership, regulate domestic relations of members, prescribe rules of inheritance for reservation property not in trust status, levy taxes, regulate property under tribal jurisdiction, control the conduct of members by tribal ordinances, and administer justice. They also continue to utilize their traditional systems of self-government whenever and wherever possible.
How are tribal governments organized?
Most federally recognized tribes are organized under the Indian Reorganization Act (IRA) of 1934 (25 U.S.C. 461 et seq.), including a number of Alaska Native villages, which adopted formal governing documents under the provisions of a 1936 amendment to the IRA. The passage in 1971 of the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act (43 U.S.C. 1601), however, provided for the creation of regional and village corporations under state law to manage the money and lands granted to Alaska Natives by the act. The Oklahoma Indian Welfare Act of 1936 provided for the organization of Indian tribes within the State of Oklahoma.
Many tribes have constitutions, others operate under articles of association or other bodies of law, and some have found a way to combine their traditional systems of government within a modern governmental framework. Some do not operate under any of these acts, but are nevertheless organized under documents approved by the Secretary of the Interior. Contemporary tribal governments are usually, but not always, modeled upon the federal system of the three branches: Legislative, Executive, and Judicial.
The chief executive of a tribe is usually called a chairman, chairwoman or chairperson, but may also be called a principal chief, governor, president, mayor, spokesperson, or representative. The chief executive presides over the tribe's legislative body and executive branch. In modern tribal government, the chief executive and members of the tribal council or business committee are almost always elected.
A tribe's legislative body is usually called a tribal council, a village council, or a tribal business committee. It is comprised of tribal members who are elected by eligible tribal voters. In some tribes, the council is comprised of all eligible adult tribal members. Although some tribes require a referendum by their members to enact laws, a tribal council generally acts as any other legislative body in creating laws, authorizing expenditures, appropriating funds, and conducting oversight of activities carried out by the chief executive and tribal government employees. An elected tribal council and chief executive, recognized as such by the Secretary of the Interior, have authority to speak and act for the tribe as a whole, and to represent it in negotiations with federal, state, and local governments.
Furthermore, many tribes have established, or are building, their judicial branch – the tribal court system – to interpret tribal laws and administer justice.
What is the jurisdiction of tribal courts?
Generally, tribal courts have civil jurisdiction over Indians and non-Indians who either reside or do business on federal Indian reservations. They also have criminal jurisdiction over violations of tribal laws committed by tribal members residing or doing business on the reservation.
Under 25 C.F.R. Part 115, tribal courts are responsible for appointing guardians, determining competency, awarding child support from Individual Indian Money (IIM) accounts, determining paternity, sanctioning adoptions, marriages, and divorces, making presumptions of death, and adjudicating claims involving trust assets. There are approximately 225 tribes that contract or compact with the BIA to perform the Secretary's adjudicatory function and 23 Courts of Indian Offenses (also known as CFR courts) which exercise federal authority. The Indian Tribal Justice Act of 1993 (P.L. 103-176, 107 Stat. 2005) supports tribal courts in becoming, along with federal and state courts, well-established dispensers of justice in Indian Country.
What is meant by tribal self-determination and self-governance?
Congress has recognized the right of tribes to have a greater say over the development and implementation of federal programs and policies that directly impact on them and their tribal members. It did so by enacting two major pieces of legislation that together embody the important concepts of tribal self-determination and self-governance: The Indian Self-determination and Education Assistance Act of 1975, as amended (25 U.S.C. 450 et seq.) and the Tribal Self-Governance Act of 1994 (25 U.S.C. 458aa et seq.). Through these laws, Congress accorded tribal governments the authority to administer themselves the programs and services usually administered by the BIA for their tribal members. It also upheld the principle of tribal consultation, whereby the federal government consults with tribes on federal actions, policies, rules or regulations that will directly affect them.
IV. Our Nation's American Indian and Alaska Native Citizens
Who is an American Indian or Alaska Native?
As a general rule, an American Indian or Alaska Native person is someone who has blood degree from and is recognized as such by a federally recognized tribe or village (as an enrolled tribal member) and/or the United States. Of course, blood quantum (the degree of American Indian or Alaska Native blood from a federally recognized tribe or village that a person possesses) is not the only means by which a person is considered to be an American Indian or Alaska Native. Other factors, such as a person's knowledge of his or her tribe's culture, history, language, religion, familial kinships, and how strongly a person identifies himself or herself as American Indian or Alaska Native, are also important. In fact, there is no single federal or tribal criterion or standard that establishes a person's identity as American Indian or Alaska Native.
There are major differences, however, when the term "American Indian" is used in an ethnological sense versus its use in a political/legal sense. The rights, protections, and services provided by the United States to individual American Indians and Alaska Natives flow not from a person's identity as such in an ethnological sense, but because he or she is a member of a federally recognized tribe. That is, a tribe that has a government-to-government relationship and a special trust relationship with the United States. These special trust and government-to-government relationships entail certain legally enforceable obligations and responsibilities on the part of the United States to persons who are enrolled members of such tribes. Eligibility requirements for federal services will differ from program to program. Likewise, the eligibility criteria for enrollment (or membership) in a tribe will differ from tribe to tribe.
How large is the national American Indian and Alaska Native population?
According to the U.S. Bureau of the Census, the estimated population of American Indians and Alaska Natives, including those of more than one race, as of July 1, 2007, was 4.5 million, or 1.5 per cent of the total U.S. population. In the BIA's 2005 American Indian Population and Labor Force Report, the latest available, the total number of enrolled members of the (then) 561 federally recognized tribes was shown to be less than half the Census number, or 1,978,099.
Why are American Indians and Alaska Natives also referred to as Native Americans?
When referring to American Indian or Alaska Native persons, it is still appropriate to use the terms "American Indian" and "Alaska Native." These terms denote the cultural and historical distinctions between persons belonging to the indigenous tribes of the continental United States (American Indians) and the indigenous tribes and villages of Alaska (Alaska Natives, i.e., Eskimos, Aleuts, and Indians). They also refer specifically to persons eligible for benefits and services funded or directly provided by the BIA.
The term "Native American" came into broad usage in the 1970's as an alternative to "American Indian." Since that time, however, it has been gradually expanded within the public lexicon to include all Native peoples of the United States and its trust territories, i.e., American Indians, Alaska Natives, Native Hawaiians, Chamorros, and American Samoans, as well as persons from Canada First Nations and indigenous communities in Mexico and Central and South America who are U.S. residents.
Are American Indians and Alaska Natives wards of the Federal Government?
No. The Federal Government is a trustee of Indian property, not a guardian of all American Indians and Alaska Natives. Although the Secretary of the Interior is authorized by law to protect, where necessary, the interests of minors and adult persons deemed incompetent to handle their affairs, this protection does not confer a guardian-ward relationship.
Are American Indians and Alaska Natives citizens of the United States?
Yes. As early as 1817, U.S. citizenship had been conferred by special treaty upon specific groups of Indian people. American citizenship was also conveyed by statutes, naturalization proceedings, and by service in the Armed Forces with an honorable discharge in World War I. In 1924, Congress extended American citizenship to all other American Indians born within the territorial limits of the United States. American Indians and Alaska Natives are citizens of the United States and of the individual states, counties, cities, and towns where they reside. They can also become citizens of their tribes or villages as enrolled tribal members.
Do American Indians and Alaska Natives have the right to vote?
Yes. American Indians and Alaska Natives have the right to vote just as all other U.S. citizens do. They can vote in presidential, congressional, state and local, and tribal elections, if eligible. And, just as the federal government and state and local governments have the sovereign right to establish voter eligibility criteria, so do tribal governments.
Do American Indians and Alaska Natives have the right to hold public office?
Yes. American Indians and Alaska Natives have the same rights as other citizens to hold public office. Over the years, American Indian and Alaska Native men and women have held elected and appointed offices at all levels of federal, state, and local government. Charles Curtis, a member of the Kaw Tribe of Kansas, served in both houses of Congress before holding the second highest elected office in the nation – that of Vice President of the United States under President Herbert Hoover. American Indians and Alaska Natives also serve in state legislatures, state judicial systems, county and city governments, and on local school boards.
Do American Indians and Alaska Natives have special rights different from other citizens?
Any "special" rights held by federally recognized tribes and their members are generally based on treaties or other agreements between the tribes and the United States. The heavy price American Indians and Alaska Natives paid to retain certain rights of self-government was to relinquish much of their land and resources to the United States. U.S. law protects the inherent rights they did not relinquish. Among those may be hunting and fishing rights and access to sacred sites.
Do American Indians and Alaska Natives pay taxes?
Yes. They pay the same taxes as other citizens with the following exceptions:
Federal income taxes are not levied on income from trust lands held for them by the U.S.
State income taxes are not paid on income earned on a federal Indian reservation.
State sales taxes are not paid by Indians on transactions made on a federal Indian reservation.
Local property taxes are not paid on reservation or trust land.
Do laws that apply to non-Indians also apply to Indians?
Yes. As U.S. citizens, American Indians and Alaska Natives are generally subject to federal, state, and local laws. On federal Indian reservations, however, only federal and tribal laws apply to members of the tribe, unless Congress provides otherwise. In federal law, the Assimilative Crimes Act makes any violation of state criminal law a federal offense on reservations. Most tribes now maintain tribal court systems and facilities to detain tribal members convicted of certain offenses within the boundaries of the reservation.
Do all American Indians and Alaska Natives speak a single traditional language?
No. American Indians and Alaska Natives come from a multitude of different cultures with diverse languages, and for thousands of years used oral tradition to pass down familial and cultural information among generations of tribal members. Some tribes, even if widely scattered, belong to the same linguistic families. Common means of communicating between tribes allowed trade routes and political alliances to flourish. As contact between Indians and non-Indians grew, so did the necessity of learning of new languages. Even into the 20th century, many American Indians and Alaska Natives were bi- or multilingual from learning to speak their own language and English, French, Russian, or Spanish, or even another tribal language.
It has been reported that at the end of the 15th century over 300 American Indian and Alaska Native languages were spoken. Today, fewer than 200 tribal languages are still viable, with some having been translated into written form. English, however, has become the predominant language in the home, school, and workplace. Those tribes who can still do so are working to preserve their languages and create new speakers from among their tribal populations.
Must all American Indians and Alaska Natives live on reservations?
No. American Indians and Alaska Natives live and work anywhere in the United States (and the world) just as other citizens do. Many leave their reservations, communities or villages for the same reasons as do other Americans who move to urban centers: to seek education and employment. Over one-half of the total U.S. American Indian and Alaska Native population now live away from their tribal lands. However, most return home to visit relatives; attend family gatherings and celebrations; participate in religious, cultural, or community activities; work for their tribal governments; operate businesses; vote in tribal elections or run for tribal office; retire; or to be buried.
Do American Indians and Alaska Natives serve in the Armed Forces?
Yes. American Indians and Alaska Natives have a long and distinguished history of serving in our nation's Armed Forces.
During the Civil War, American Indians served on both sides of the conflict. Among the most well-known are Brigadier General Ely S. Parker (Seneca), an aide to Union General Ulysses S. Grant who recorded the terms of Confederate General Robert E. Lee's surrender at Appomattox Courthouse in Virginia that ended the war, and Brigadier General Stand Watie (Cherokee), the last of the Confederate generals to cease fighting after the surrender was concluded. American Indians also fought with Theodore Roosevelt in the Spanish-American War.
During World War I more than 8,000 American Indian soldiers, of whom 6,000 were volunteers, served. Their patriotism moved Congress to pass the Indian Citizenship Act of 1924. In World War II, 25,000 American Indian and Alaska Native men and women fought on all fronts in Europe and the South Pacific earning, collectively, at least 71 Air Medals, 51 Silver Stars, 47 Bronze Stars, 34 Distinguished Flying Crosses, and two Congressional Medals of Honor. Alaska Natives also served in the Alaska Territorial Guard.
Starting in World War I and again in World War II, the U.S. military employed a number of American Indian servicemen to use their tribal languages as a military code that could not be broken by the enemy. These "code talkers" came from many different tribes, including Chippewa, Choctaw, Creek, Crow, Comanche, Hopi, Navajo, Seminole, and Sioux. During World War II, the Navajos constituted the largest component within that elite group.
In the Korean Conflict, one Congressional Medal of Honor was awarded to an American Indian serviceman. In the Vietnam War, 41,500 Indian service personnel served. In 1990, prior to Operation Desert Storm, some 24,000 Indian men and women were in the military. Approximately 3,000 served in the Persian Gulf with three among those killed in action. American Indian service personnel have also served in Afghanistan (Operation Enduring Freedom) and in Iraq (Operation Iraqi Freedom).
While American Indians and Alaska Natives have the same obligations for military service as other U.S. citizens, many tribes have a strong military tradition within their cultures, and veterans are considered to be among their most honored members.
V. The Assistant Secretary - Indian Affairs, the BIA, and the BIE
Who is the Assistant Secretary – Indian Affairs?
The Assistant Secretary - Indian Affairs (AS-IA) has responsibility for fulfilling the Interior Department's trust responsibilities to American Indian and Alaska Native tribes and individuals, as well as promoting the self-determination and economic well-being of the tribes and their members. The Assistant Secretary together with the Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary – Indian Affairs oversee the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA); the Bureau of Indian Education (BIE); the Office of External Affairs; the Office of Federal Acknowledgement; the Office of Regulatory Management, as well as the Deputy Assistant Secretary for Policy and Economic Development; and the Deputy Assistant Secretary – Management.
There have been 10 assistant secretaries since the Office of the Assistant Secretary – Indian Affairs was established by DOI Secretarial order in 1977. The most recent was Carl J. Artman, an enrolled member of the Oneida Tribe of Wisconsin, who was confirmed by the United States Senate on March 5, 2007, and served until May 23, 2008. The assistant secretaries for Indian Affairs are:
Forrest J. Gerard, Blackfeet (1977-1980)
Thomas W. Fredericks, Mandan-Hidatsa (1980-1981)
Kenneth L. Smith, Wasco (1981-1984)
Ross O. Swimmer, Cherokee (1985-1989)
Dr. Eddie F. Brown, Tohono O'odham-Yaqui (1989-1993)
Ada E. Deer, Menominee (1993-1997)
Kevin Gover, Pawnee (1997-2001)
Neal McCaleb, Chickasaw (2001-2002)
David W. Anderson, Lac Courte Oreilles Chippewa-Choctaw (2003-2005)
Carl J. Artman, Oneida Tribe of Wisconsin (2007-2008)
What is the Bureau of Indian Affairs?
The Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) is the primary federal agency charged with carrying out the United States' trust responsibility to American Indian and Alaska Native people, maintaining the federal government-to-government relationship with the federally recognized Indian tribes, and promoting and supporting tribal self-determination. The bureau implements federal laws and policies and administers programs established for American Indians and Alaska Natives under the trust responsibility and the government-to-government relationship.
What is the BIA's history?
The Continental Congress governed Indian affairs during the first years of the United States – in 1775 it established a Committee on Indian Affairs headed by Benjamin Franklin. At the end of the eighteenth century, Congress transferred the responsibility for managing trade relations with the tribes to the Secretary of War by its act of August 20, 1789 (1 Stat. 54). An Office of Indian Trade was established in the War Department by an act of April 21, 1806 (2 Stat. 402) specifically to handle this responsibility below the secretarial level. It was later abolished by an act of May 6, 1822 (3 Stat. 679) which handed responsibility for all Indian matters back to the Secretary of War.
Secretary of War John C. Calhoun administratively established the BIA within the his department on March 11, 1824. Congress later legislatively established the bureau and the Commissioner of Indian Affairs post via the act of July 9, 1832 (4 Stat. 564). In 1849, the BIA was transferred to the newly created Interior Department. In the years that followed, the Bureau was known variously as the Indian office, the Indian bureau, the Indian department, and the Indian service. The name "Bureau of Indian Affairs" was formally adopted by the Interior Department on September 17, 1947.
Since 1824 there have been 45 Commissioners of Indian Affairs of which six have been American Indian or Alaska Native: Ely S. Parker, Seneca (1869-1871); Robert L. Bennett, Oneida (1966-1969); Louis R. Bruce, Mohawk-Oglala Sioux (1969-1973); Morris Thompson, Athabascan (1973-1976); Benjamin Reifel, Sioux (1976-1977); and William E. Hallett, Red Lake Chippewa (1979-1981).
For almost 200 years—beginning with treaty agreements negotiated by the United States and tribes in the late 18th and 19th centuries, through the General Allotment Act of 1887, which opened tribal lands west of the Mississippi to non-Indian settlers, the Indian Citizenship Act of 1924 when American Indians and Alaska Natives were granted U.S. citizenship and the right to vote, the New Deal and the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934, which established modern tribal governments, the World War II period of relocation and the post-War termination era of the 1950s, the activism of the 1960s and 1970s that saw the takeover of the BIA's headquarters in Washington, D.C., to the passage of landmark legislation such as the Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act of 1975 and the Tribal Self-Governance Act of 1994, which have fundamentally changed how the BIA and the tribes conduct business with each other—the BIA has embodied the trust and government-to-government relationships between the U.S. and the 562 tribal nations that bear the designation "federally recognized."
What is the BIA's relationship today with American Indians and Alaska Natives?
The Bureau of Indian Affairs is a rarity among federal agencies. With roots reaching back to the the earliest days of the republic, the BIA is almost as old as the United States itself. For most of its existence, the BIA has mirrored the public's ambivalence towards the nation's indigenous people. But, as federal policy has evolved from seeking the subjugation of American Indians and Alaska Natives into one that respects tribal self-determination, so, too, has the BIA's mission evolved into one that is based on service to and partnership with the tribes.
The BIA Mission Statement, which is based on principles embodied in federal treaties, laws and policies, and in judicial decisions, clearly describes the bureau's relationship today with the American Indian and Alaska Native people:
"The BIA's mission is to enhance the quality of life, to promote economic opportunity, and to carry out the responsibility to protect and improve the trust assets of American Indians, Indian tribes and Alaska Natives. We will accomplish this through the delivery of quality services, maintaining government-to-government relationships within the spirit of self-determination."
How does the BIA carry out its mission?
Today, in keeping with their authorities and responsibilities under the Snyder Act of 1921 and other federal laws, regulations, and treaties, BIA employees across the country work with tribal governments in the administration of employment and job training assistance; law enforcement and justice; agricultural and economic development; tribal governance; and natural resources management programs to enhance the quality of life in tribal communities. The following are just some examples of what we do:
We provide funding to and administer government program services for the 562 federally recognized American Indian and Alaska Native tribes located in 34 states, and through them to their approximately 1.9 million members.
We work with tribes in the administration of approximately 56 million acres of trust land, and the natural resources therein, for the use and benefit of the tribes and individual Indians.
We maintain five law enforcement district offices nationwide to provide police protection and investigative services for both Indian and non-Indians living in Indian Country. We also directly operate or fund tribally operated law enforcement programs, courts, and detention facilities in tribal communities across the U.S.
We build and maintain thousands of miles of roads, as well as bridges, dams, and other physical infrastructure throughout Indian Country which benefit both Indians and non-Indians alike.
We work with other federal, tribal, state, and local emergency personnel in responses to wildland fires and other natural disasters.
We administer the Guaranteed Indian Loan Program to stimulate, increase, and sustain Indian entrepreneurship and business development in tribal communities.
We assist tribes in administering federal economic development and employment and training programs.
We administer BIA programs for tribes unable or who choose not to operate those programs.
We directly serve thousands of individual Indian trust beneficiaries by providing assistance in the probating of Indian trust estates, administering leases approved by the Secretary of the Interior, and performing other fiduciary duties.
Until 1955, the BIA's responsibilities included providing health care services to American Indians and Alaska Natives. That year, the function was legislatively transferred as the Indian Health Service to the U.S. Public Health Service within the Department of Health, Education and Welfare, known now as the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), where it has remained to this day.
What is the Bureau of Indian Education?
The Bureau of Indian Education (BIE), formerly know as the Office of Indian Education Programs (OIEP), is under the Assistant Secretary – Indian Affairs. It is responsible for the line direction and management of all BIE education functions, including the formation of policies and procedures, the supervision of all program activities, and the approval of the expenditure of funds appropriated for BIE education functions.
The BIE mission, which can be found in 25 C.F.R. Part 32.3, states that the BIE is to provide quality education opportunities from early childhood through life in accordance with the tribe's needs for cultural and economic well-being in keeping with the wide diversity of Indian tribes and Alaska Native villages as distinct cultural and governmental entities. The BIE also shall manifest consideration of the whole person by taking into account the spiritual, mental, physical, and cultural aspects of the person within his or her family and tribal or village context.
The BIE school system has 184 elementary and secondary schools and dormitories located on 63 reservations in 23 states, including seven off-reservation boarding schools and 122 schools directly controlled by tribes and tribal school boards under contracts or grants with the BIE. The bureau also funds 66 residential programs for students at 52 boarding schools and at 14 dormitories housing those attending nearby tribal or public schools. The school system employs approximately 5,000 teachers, administrators, and support personnel, while an estimated 6,600 work in tribal school systems. In School Year 2006-07, the schools served almost 48,000 students.
In the area of postsecondary education, the BIE provides support to 24 tribal colleges and universities across the U.S. serving over 25,000 students, and directly operates two institutions of higher learning: the Haskell Indian Nations University (HINU) in Lawrence, Kansas, and the Southwest Indian Polytechnic Institute (SIPI) in Albuquerque, New Mexico. It also operates higher education scholarship programs for American Indians and Alaska Natives.
There have been three major legislative actions that restructured the Bureau of Indian Affairs with regard to education since the Snyder Act of 1921. The Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 introduced the teaching of Indian history and culture in BIA schools, which contrasted with the federal policy at the time of acculturating and assimilating Indian people through the BIA boarding school system. The Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act of 1975 (P.L. 90-638) gave authority to the tribes to contract with the BIA for the operation of local schools and to determine education programs suitable for their children. The Education Amendments Act of 1978 (P.L. 95-561) and further technical amendments (P.L. 98-511, 99-89, and 100-297) provided funds directly to tribal schools, empowered Indian school boards, permitted local hiring of teachers and staff, and established a direct line of authority between the OIEP Director and the Assistant Secretary – Indian Affairs.
In 2001, Congress passed the No Child Left Behind Act (P.L. 107-110) to bring additional requirements of accountability and academic achievement for supplemental program funds provided by the U.S. Department of Education through the OIEP to the schools. In 2006, the OIEP was formally elevated to bureau status by secretarial action and renamed the Bureau of Indian Education.
Source: Indian Affairs: The Official U.S. Government Handbook. Washington, Government Printing Office.
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Grateful Web reviews Kaleidoscope
"The eclectic nature of what she writes, and her willingness to explore diverse genres and not lock herself into one style is what sets HIlary Scott apart. Kaleidoscope is the perfect showcase for these talents."
Hilary Scott — Kaleidoscope
Just A Shame (2020 Remaster)
Almost Home (2020 Remix, Remaster)
Too Much Is Not Enough (2020 Remaster)
And Just (2020 Remaster)
Free Country (2020 Remix, Remaster)
Genre : Alternative, Pop/Rock
Label : Belltown Records
Format : CD EP, Digital Download
July 12, 2021 No Comment
Grateful Web posts this about Hilary Scott's new EP, Kaleidoscope!
"Multi-instrumentalist Hilary Scott (with one 'L') has opened for Tanya Tucker, Chuck Berry, and Little Feat (joining them on stage for "Dixie Chicken") and has also recorded with Bonnie Raitt's musicians. Known for her soulful, bluesy, roots style, long-time fans may be surprised by her new record, Kaleidoscope. The newest release takes her into a pop-rock vein with 4 of the songs being co-written in Nashville during a songwriting project. To quote the liner notes, "Kaleidoscope is a record that gathers together and honors the various colors of an eclectic musical landscape of different styles, genres, snapshots in time…"
In 2007, when Nashville producer Matthew Wilder invited Scott, along with John Goodwin and Angela Kaset to participate in a songwriting project, she jumped at the chance. Kaset was with Ten Ten music group for years and wrote Lorrie Morgan's big hit, "Something in Red" and she also wrote songs for Suzy Boggus, Wynonna Judd, and Elaine Page to name a few. John Goodwin co-wrote multiple songs from the soundtrack for the movie "Crazy Heart" with Jeff Bridges.
"I wasn't used to writing with others; for me songwriting had always been a personal love affair," confessed Scott. " Because this album was a co-writing and publishing project, I didn't approach it in the same way as all of my other albums, which often were about processing thoughts, feelings and experiences in my life at the time of the songwriting. I came to this project with some chord progressions I liked, as well as some 'moods' or concepts, but much of what went on in my mind was excitement over exploring ideas with other songwriters."
The result was Kaleidoscope, 4 co-written songs with the group and 1 song added that Scott penned on her own, "And Just" which won an award in the Festival Degli Autori songwriting competition in Sanremo, Italy. Scott's beautifully lush and sultry vocals are a thread throughout the recording with Wilder and Goodwin adding backing vocals to several tracks. Wilder also contributed to guitars, keys and drum programming and the band consisted of Nashville heavy hitters– Gary Lunn on bass, Jerry Kimbrough on guitars, and Lonnie Wilson on drums.
"Just A Shame" was written by Scott and Wilder from the perspective of reflection on personal heartbreak. Scott's sultry vocals add to the poignancy of the lyrics; "Let me thank you for this pain | Even if we loved in vain | I wish we could be the same | Instead of being just a shame".
"Almost Home" is a co-write with Kaset and Wilder. The writers wanted the lyrics and music itself to pull the listener into a dreamy world that makes them feel they are falling in love for the first time. "Hold me close | Breathe me in | 'Cause I'm right here where I've always been | You're almost home, home, home".
"Too Much Is Not Enough" was written with Goodwin and Wilder. It's an analogy for getting the most out of life no matter where you've been before. Scott notes, "Matt had a great time playing with effects on this one to give it a more rock feel."
The most personal song on the album, "And Just" was written by Scott in 2010 for her now-husband, AJ and was recorded by renowned Italian producer, Euro Ferrari. "Euro producing the track was my award for winning the international section of the Festival Degli Autori," she explains. "I got to stay in a cabin on his property outside of Rome. He loved to cook and would surprise me and other guests with delicious pastas and his favorite liqueurs. One night Euro told stories well into the small hours about celebrities as diverse as Sting, Pavarotti, and Bjork. It was an unforgettable night. I felt like a member of the glitterati."
The EP ends with "Free Country" which was written by Scott, Wilder and Goodwin. "I had never done anything remotely approaching a dance song before in my life, so this song definitely took me the farthest out from my comfort zone," she admits. "Matt, John and I were like three goofy kids, bouncing from lyrical idea to idea. Whisper-singing, singing in Spanish, and stretching my range a bit more were all incredibly fun elements to explore while we were recording, and the instrumentation layers are fantastically fun and unique, in particular the horn section."
The global pandemic gave Scott the chance to revisit the songs on Kaleidoscope. "The songs represent a risk I took," she explains. "I was exploring genres that were well outside my norm at the time." The 4 songs were originally recorded in 2011 by Wilder in his Wilderside studio and were re-mastered (with 2 being re-mixed) by Wilder in 2020. "We've approached them with fresh ears and they feel almost as if we could have written them in 2020," said Scott.
"My life in music has been a process of following my passion from one opportunity to the next," said Scott. "The thought of stopping never occurred to me, because the enjoyment, the reasons for doing the music have always been there. I feel really satisfied by the things that have organically come my way."
The eclectic nature of what she writes, and her willingness to explore diverse genres and not lock herself into one style is what sets Hilary Scott apart. Kaleidoscope is the perfect showcase for these talents.
http://www.gratefulweb.com/articles/hilary-scott-release-kaleidoscope
‹ Outstanding review of Hilary Scott's Kaleidoscope by LA Music Critic
Music Morsels reviews Hilary Scott's new album, Kaleidoscope ›
Hilary Scott

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Those who really know the Galapagos Islands generally give the same advice; the best way to see the islands is on a live-aboard cruise. There are many benefits including the chance to see more Galapagos Islands with their unique species, comfort, value, adventure, great food and facilities and more, however; many people who have gone on this trip say that there are some things to consider before you go on the trip, one of them is the necessity of having water always around because of how hot it is. Every year, thousands of visitors select a cruise ship from the dozens working in the Galapagos archipelago to book their once in a lifetime trip. But not everyone knows what to expect. And who wants to buy a pig in a poke? For letting you know what awaits you, here is a typical day for a passenger on a live-aboard Galapagos cruise!
The day begins early in the Galapagos, as there is much to see and do! During the night, the ship moved to where it needs to be and calmly anchored in front of the sight, which is on the schedule for that morning. Passengers will usually get a wake-up call about sunrise and have at least an hour to shower, dress and go to breakfast. The food is usually served buffet-style and includes something for everyone, like eggs, bacon, cereal, yogurt, fresh fruit, and juice. Of course, there is plenty of coffee to wake everyone up! As you strengthen yourself for an amazing day, the guides begin loading the pangas for the first tour of the day. As being told the evening before (see "evening"), it's either a "wet" or "dry" landing. If it's wet, passengers will have to get out of the pangas in about ankle to knee-deep water and walk onto the shore. A dry landing means you won't get wet. A morning visit can include a hike up to a viewpoint, some snorkeling with sea lions and penguins, a visit to the beach, or even a panga ride through an interesting area like a mangrove forest full of animals. The guide will point out all of the interesting and unique Galapagos species and history! This assures, that you will learn a lot about the Galapagos and don't happen to oversee an interesting animal or plant – which is likely to happen due to the abundance of mesmerizing species!
After returning from your first trip, you will have some time to process all the impressions you got in the morning and relax while having lunch. Like breakfast, it is often served buffet-style. Most Galapagos ships take great pride in their food so that lunch can include anything from soups to main courses, salads, desserts and side dishes. Often, there is fine seafood or international dishes, but you also might have the pleasure to relish on local Ecuadorian food. During and after lunch, the ship will move into position for the afternoon excursion. You will usually have a couple hours time to take a nap, write postcards, read a book, etc. On the better cruises, naturalist guides will often offer an optional talk about some aspect of the islands, such as geology, history, Charles Darwin's visit and theories, marine currents or other interesting topics. After some relaxing hours, you will get ready for the afternoon excursion. Just as in the morning, the naturalist guide will round up the guests and take them on the tour. This, again, might be hiking through the highlands, snorkeling with tortoises, visiting the sea lions and iguanas relaxing at some nice beach, a panga ride around an island to get as close as possible to nesting seabirds or whatever else is on the schedule. To make sure, that no one carries any seeds etc. from one island to another, you will wash away any dust remaining on your shoes before entering a new island with its new wildlife.
When returning from your second excursion, you already might be quite hungry again. But don't worry, you will soon relish tasty dishes. Dinner may be a buffet, but on some cruises, guests will select from a menu at lunch time and the dinner they chose will be ready for them in the evening. Most cruises offer drinks, although alcohol and soft drinks usually have an extra cost. After dinner, the naturalist guides will talk about the plan for the next day including practical information like the type of landing, what to wear, the difficulty of the hike, etc. If guests are leaving the next day, the guides will tell them what to expect at the airport, how to pay their bar tab and other useful information. After the briefing, many guests like to enjoy a drink and socialize getting to know each other and talking about their impressions of the day. If the ship is in port, you may be lucky and musicians and/or dancers are invited aboard for the enjoyment of the passengers. Though many guests are exhausted from the exciting day's excursions and choose to go to bed early to rest in order to be fit for the next day!
While you are sleeping, the yacht will carefully bring you to the destination of the next day, where you will enjoy more adventures, more geological stunning places and more partly endemic animals and plants.
Every new day in the Galapagos brings a brand new adventure, new emotions, new discoveries, booking your Galapagos vacation will not only help you the world with new eyes but will also turn you into a storyteller about a destination where you will always want to come back, The Galapagos Islands.


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Q: Sharing Stack Overflow Questions I noticed an interesting quirk in the URL format for sharing questions that I'm curious about. I could be wrong, but the following all appear to be valid links to the same question:
http://meta.stackexchange.com/questions/194959/do-the-benefits-of-having-so-in-multiple-languages-outweigh-the-risks-involved
http://meta.stackexchange.com/questions/194959
http://meta.stackexchange.com/q/194959/227680
http://meta.stackexchange.com/q/194959

The first is the full URL of the question linked. In the second I trimmed off the "do-the-benefits-of-having-so-in-multiple-languages-outweigh-the-risks-involved" snippet. The third one is the URL suggested when the "Share" button is clicked on said question, and the fourth is the "Share" button URL with the "227680" snippet trimmed off.
Why is the "227680" snippet included? What does this signify? The fourth URL functions perfectly, so why do we opt to distribute the format seen in the third one instead?

A: The first link is the search engine optimized link which is better for indexing by search engines, while the second link is just the question ID and nothing else.
In the third link you posted: http://meta.stackexchange.com/q/194959/227680 your user id is included to indicate that you are the user who referred the person visiting that link to the question. There are three badges: Announcer, Booster, and Publicist for a share link associated with your user id being visited by a certain number of unique IP addresses.

A: Apparently it's the User ID and I'm not very observant. Thanks to @Bart for his comment.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


You may find out about some information that in recent days many skin treatment companies make cases about the benefits of peptides in their items. Those sorts of cases could varieties from the capability to plump the lips and life the sagging skin in order to get rid of the dark circles as well as the puffy eyes. This would be the significant problems by the majority of the teen individuals. By listening to the regard to doing research concerning peptides to skin care, you may believe that is peptide in skin care really serves as anti ageing hero? Prior to that, we need to know just what the peptides are. The peptides are the healthy protein composed of amino acid. The peptides remain in two kinds: that is it could be natural or synthetic. The majority of the peptides are used in cosmetics as well as they are artificial type. This is because of the greater control on their performance as well as security in the skin care items. This might be higher example on how natural items are not always best for the skin.
There are numerous kinds of peptides and also the researchers are seeking to develop numerous peptides to treat numerous issues. Just recently, the expert is under CJC 1295 DAC study and to understand the needs of utilizing these peptides. There might be several intriguing reasons to consider the peptides; however the buzz is frequently regarding one magic component i.e. tanning. This is not merely true, yet there is no single service for all signs of aging. Similar to, there is not only healthy and balanced food supplement to take, there is not one finest, does it all active ingredients. Skin is the complex body organ of the body. These requirements cannot possibly boil down to just what blend or the single peptide can do.
Though the peptides under skin care are not remarkable treatment, however they are thought about as the best ingredient while looking at chicagoteethwhiteningstudio few other items. Many peptides feature resembles the dampness binding representatives and also this is also the capacity to help skin repair itself. These are the wonderful advantages as long as you could not depend on peptides alone. This takes wonderful mix on the tanning ingredients for skin to look its firmest, smoothest, as well as youngest. The synthesis of chief support material of the skin collagen and the elastin remains in part pertaining to visibility of copper in human body. The study on body also shows that copper is the effective agent for injury healing. But, the research has not starts to demonstrate copper bound with the peptides has skin smoothing as well as anti crease benefits.
Many of the anti wrinkle solutions offered these days are generally manufactured from manmade substances, use unpleasant materials to chill out your skin, or are invasive mechanical therapies. An increasing number of, individuals searching for anti wrinkle solutions wish to Botox treatment options and in addition experience raises. These anti wrinkle therapies are unnatural, and may even also develop adverse effects. Botox injections are really a harmful substance while facelift are an invasive type of surgical procedures. All natural anti wrinkle therapies, nevertheless, can also be acquiring reputation. As progressively more men and women identify just how dangerous unnatural anti wrinkle remedies can be, they wish to all natural remedies to complete the exact same final results, with significantly less side effects. Firms are beginning to obtain this craze, as well as the assortment of all natural contra wrinkle treatment options available online has viewed a rapid growth.
Natural home remedies are manufactured up entirely of most all natural in addition to normal elements, plus are designed to assist moisten, organization as well as firm up skin. Lots of natural home remedies plan to give the skin using the sustenance it needs, for example Vitamins an in addition to E, which can be quickly drenched up from your pores and skin. Many have productive substances like Primrose Gas, natural contra oxidants and Shea butter. Some individuals also prefer to accept expression 'all natural' to extremes, as well as reduce their skin treatment treatments to property created tasty recipes that could be constructed from energetic things that are quickly readily available at the community supermarket. One such therapy is the banana remedy. This treatment just requires mashing or blending a banana till it attains an easy consistency and soon after scattering it around any type of aged and wrinkly areas of skin for 15 mins just before cleaning it well utilizing comfortable h2o.
Other related treatment options involve dispersing smashed grapes right over old and wrinkly locations, in addition to cleaning pineapple more than your facial skin to reduce wonderful lines. Yet another form of anti wrinkle treatment is contra wrinkle nutritional supplements that are constructed from fully all creme liftoskin. As compared with gentleman created wrinkle remedies, natural cures are generally more effective at shielding towards wrinkles whilst guy created treatments are particularly reputable at decreasing or removing Liftoskin wrinkles which can be presently pre existing. If you have wrinkles, then you definitely might utilize a mixture of both forms of therapy as a way to each end new wrinkles from building as well as take away current versions.
Your table is the focus of your activity from the Japanese, therefore getting the most from your dining experience here should be top of your priority list! Getting right tableware to your wants and aspirations is an essential part in hosting memorable dinner parties and for regular dining. By selecting the right tableware it is likely to have the perfect dinner set for both casual and formal situations – and a must if you would like to impress your friends or your family together with the style and efficiency of your Japanese. It is always important to not forget that serving and demonstration will boost all of your cooking and preparation effort.
– think about color, theme and style, in case your primary table wear sets are classic you can have seasonal collections – fresh colors for spring and summer with bamboo machines, and wooden slat dining table runners.
– Attention to detail; today all table ware is an art form – even trivets!
– serving food fashion can be infinitely varied, a rustic meal may look better exhibited in stone wear directly from the oven, and formal meals served on specially selected servers.
– Have fun and be diverse with your presentation – top Italian brands use amazing materials and confident color together with quality. Paper serviettes come in an assortment of colorful designs that may bring a little art to dining and may be equally as effective as cloth napkins and trendy napkin rings.
– Consider how to improve the style of your table – wooden ones may appear more stylish largely uncovered whereas some look best with a well chosen tablecloth predominant.
– Cakes seem best served in big bowls – wooden ones create the colors come to life.
– have an overall cohesive theme – it occasionally looks better to have the meal served entirely on oval platters – compared to an eclectic combination of square and round bowls in steel, ceramic and assorted substances.
– be cool in your presentation, do not clutter the Japanese Tableware with fashion statements, and eliminate that blossoms and flowers after the starter was served to make space for the primary act. Also allow a lot of time to allow your guests to appreciate your own efforts.
So remember, together with the variety of choices offered in table wear, the only limit to your success is in the preparation and coordination – and your sense of fashion and cooking!
Don't just seize any jar of skin cream to put on your facial skin. Understand what to look for while searching for an anti-aging cream. You want to stay seeking fresh however; you know there's no quitting getting older. It's smart to start out taking care of your pores and skin with your 20s so as soon as era grabs up you continue to appear 20 not in the fifties.Today's world seems like it's made to make us age group before and speedier than we need to. There's contamination, air particles, cigarette smoke debris, and any number of items which can cause the skin to start out getting older earlier than it must. You can't defeat getting older however, you can slow it downward.
Your skin may be the greatest location that may be in contact with the weather on a regular basis. That's it work – to safeguard the inside your physique from the outside entire world. By handling your skin area you may not just appear younger but live longer as well.When searching for that ideal anti-aging cream glance at the ingredients and analysis them to learn their business to the skin area. You will find a great deal talk currently about anti-aging creams and each of them claims to be perfect for you. Now how are you presently meant to obtain the excellent anti-aging cream? Listed here are simple recommendations that could aid you in locating the perfect anti-aging cream.
Ask around and see who's employed the item and ask them how efficient it can be. Many bioxelan creme are puffed up with ingredients which won't hurt your skin layer but don't assist it possibly. There's nothing more efficient than evidence a product actually works the direction they say it will before buying it.And then finally, glance at the chemical checklist to view whatever they are. Look them up to ascertain if they are going to really assist and not prevent the aging process. Often merchandise has chemical substances like parabens, dioxanes, and sulfates. These chemical may start the aging process not quit it. Always study exactly what the chemical substance does and in which it comes down from.Eat well implies eat a everyday dose of fresh vegetables, fresh fruit, and fruits and a everyday serving of protein whether it's meat, seafood, nuts, or seeds. You still need to have health proteins and so the carbs can convert it to generate electricity which means your epidermis stays healthful. It's virtually a catch 22. If you don't eat right the body can't fight off the ravages old correctly.
In every house, there will constantly come a time that homeowner would certainly intend to do some remodeling. This includes repainting a room, making a garage, upgrading the room as well as others. When doing so the wall surfaces as well as flooring are changed in addition to the windows. Amongst these, the window replacements are not often done once it is replaced, it set you back need to likewise be taken into consideration when it involves budgeting for the whole improvement. Although it is a rather strange residence enhancement, some families still want their windows changed. This is because besides refurnishing, windows can cheer up a residence and reduce power expenses over time. The principle of window replacement is that it does not totally change the window yet bulk of the components of the window. This consists of the glass, the accessories for the windows to move.
When thinking about changing the window, there are numerous aspects to be taken into consideration such as the window replacement expense, the type of window, to install the window by them of when picking a firm that will certainly install the window. When picking a sort of window to be changed, there cost differs from the least expensive to one of the most costly type. If the family is under budget, they could choose vinyl considering that this is the least expensive. Yet if the family likes a stylish one and does incline the window replacement cost, they could select either the fiberglass or aluminum. In addition to being expensive and also sturdy, this type is upkeep complimentary. After picking the sort of window, the next action must be making consultations and also taking a trip to residence improvement store would certainly aid if browsing or surfing the net will be done to understand more about Home Window Replacement Atlanta. Although the designs can be tempting as well as could be a bit out of budget plan, adhering to the weapons must be done. Some sales associate will certainly entice their clients for some discount rates so it is best to compare prices and deals.
Aside from the prices, the high quality, the guarantee and the moment to get the task done need to likewise be taken into consideration. When thinking about the high quality, there are many decent businesses that could get the job done at a practical cost. The guarantee must additionally be asked because uncertain crisis could constantly occur. Lastly the time to obtain the work done ought to be asked to the firm. The time to get the job done takes 3 weeks or less as well as lots of business will certainly lead their costumers to believe they can do the job by that week when often, they cannot supply. The best thing to do is to ask the firm directly.
La cantidad de género o seguidor crea; crean aún más evidencia dentro de su problema que en crecimiento junto con estira la cantidad de tarea. Es muy importante lograr un seguidor con estrategias que hagan uso del factor que está detrás de la característica natural de todos los documentos, desde ahora solo una pequeña cantidad hasta una gran cantidad de rapidez para las circunstancias. Entre el lanzamiento que es una gran cantidad de tiempo completo disponible en exactamente el momento en que un individuo escribe en su alternativa para adquirir instagram seguidor es con el uso de su objetivo probablemente es más probable que termine siendo incorporado rápidamente en la dirección del problema eso sin duda será relativamente inusual.
Es posible que revise la utilización de su decisión puede ser compleja para ver el uso del factor detrás de la excepcional excepcional existente que hace uso de la intención detrás de la gente está navegando en el host para cuando se siente frustrado para adquirir instagram seguidor. Ciertamente mantendrá contacto haciendo uso de la intención detrás de usted obtendrá detalles cantidad completa incorporada en etapas haciendo esto utilizando el factor detrás de todos los documentos es rápidamente un desarrollo normal excepcionalmente en comparación con las estafas de navegación mediante el reconocimiento en relación con las técnicas que podrías comprar seguidores instagram.
Sitios web, en el trabajo es simplemente un gran nivel de confianza en sí mismo haciendo uso del factor detrás se produce haciendo uso del evento regular mediante el aumento de la cantidad de seguidor instagram regular que cada variedad larga discusión informal preocupa su acuerdo.Esto podría suponer que el uso de su resolución se incorpora solo una pequeña cantidad relativa a la edad sobre una edad determinada utilizando la intención detrás de usted adquirir y también consta de todos ellos en cuándo.
The market for utilized industrial tools is a huge one with many vendors available. Any kind of purchase decision concerning used machinery needs to be made after taking into consideration lots of points due to the fact that even in the additional market for equipment, the expenses are high and also you are making a considerable investment. You have to have a clear idea of exactly what you wish to get and how it will add value to your business. This requires knowing the procedure circulation at your manufacturing base and the remaining useful life of the devices. Your budget plan will certainly dictate lots of things including the brand name and also specific model type that you can buy. You have to have a clear break up of expenses related to your acquisition choice. These include price of added area needed, if needed; price of carrying the equipments to your factory; dissembling and rebuilding the makers; price of plastic bags machinery and various tasks relevant, etc.
Provided the international nature of this company, it is not possible for a buyer to be in the know concerning the most effective bargains out there in terms of price and also top quality. This is where brokers come in, a good broking company will certainly be able to offer you with numerous alternatives as well as assist you select the very best used Equipment for your requirements. The significance of this aspect cannot be overemphasized; the web has actually made interaction easy as well as you could carry out a lot of your service communication online however there is no choice to physically evaluating the equipment you are going to acquire. Made use of machinery is typically not necessitated, you need to know the degree of repair, and also get a suggestion of the actual state of the machinery. You need to insist on a trial run and also maintain your eyes as well as ears open for telltale indications of maker ill-health such as unusual resonances or noise. Find out about the state of maintenance and also keep your eyes open for worn out components.
Services, whether big or little, advantage immensely by regularly visiting made use of machinery trade fairs such as the biggest profession fair in Europe set to begin on 21st of April, in a few days from currently. Knowing acquired as well as calls made at such profession fairs could typically confirm invaluable when you come down making purchase-related decisions. Your physical monitoring of the equipment empowers you to discuss with the seller or the broker. Do not think twice to call a cost that you really feel is reasonable for the equipment. Attempt and also obtain favorable terms of delivery such as cost-free to your website, transportation to be borne by the seller, etc.
Points to consider when acquiring high quality laser tag?
The most convenient way to make the best selection is to enable your children to offer a go to the tools in an open location. By doing this you could pick the right equipment outside equipment. Distributors use numerous kinds of laser tag tools. As well as you must have a look at each type prior to deciding. Offered listed below are a few pointers that could help you select the ideal tools without breaking the financial institution. You will need even more of the equipment if you have, state, 4 to 6 kids. In the same way, if you are going to have an event, you will require a number of collections. All you need to do adhere to the items of suggestions given up this brief post, as well as you will excel to go. Ideally, you will certainly make the best decision.
If you have simply one or two kids who are most likely to play with these playthings, you had better buy a few collections. For interior use, you can go for affordable devices with short range. On the other hand, for outside usage, you could choose equipment with lengthy array. Equipment with longer range is heavier and costlier for several reasons. Once again, effective collections will certainly set you back more. Place is an aspect that is on the listing of most important factors for choosing this devices. If you desire the tools to stand the test of time, we recommend that you select devices that are durable. Typically, children do not manage toys with care. Because of this, many playthings barge in a few days.
Top quality equipment tends to last numerous years additionally, do not forget to purchase even more batteries, specifically rechargeable ones. Regardless of what you are going to acquire, do not underestimate the importance of setting your spending plan. In fact, price is an essential element to take into consideration, specifically if you are not made from gold. On the other hand, high end, full collections could cost consequently, you might intend to set adequate cash apart prior to you head out and also Beasts Live. It is a great idea to list your budget plan on a notepad. This will certainly aid you remember your budget limits, as well as you will not go out of budget. So, these are a couple of factors that every parent must bear in mind when looking for top quality laser tag equipment. You could include a lot of fun to your events with this type of equipment.


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| Filmography | Forum | Gallery || Bill Murray: DVD | Blu-Ray | Collectibles
Bill Murray is an American actor, producer, director, and screenwriter.
Bill Murray has sometimes been credited as Billy.
Bill Murray was born William James Murray, in Wilmette, Illinois, United States. His zodiac sign is Virgo.
As an actor, Bill Murray has been seen in movies such as Hyde Park on Hudson, released in 2012 playing FDR, Get Low (2009) portraying Frank Quinn, The Razor's Edge (1984) in which he plays Larry Darrell, Stripes (1981) in which he portrays John Winger, Zombieland (2009) as Zombie, and The Limits of Control (2009).
Bill Murray has also produced movies such as Black & White in Colors, released in 2010.
Bill Murray has also directed .
Also a screenwriter, Bill Murray has worked on The Razor's Edge, released in 1984.
B.O.O.: Bureau of Otherworldly Operations
, starring B. Murray, M. Bomer, M. McCarthy, S. Rogen...
, starring I. Elba, B. Murray, B. Kingsley, C. Walken...
Directed by: B. Levinson, starring T. Kinney, B. Murray, B. Willis, Z. Deschanel...
Directed by: C. Crowe, starring E. Stone, B. Cooper, R. McAdams, B. Murray...
Dumb & Dumber To
Directed by: B. Farrelly, P. Farrelly, starring J. Carrey, J. Daniels, R. Riggle, L. Holden...
, starring F. Murray Abraham, M. Amalric, A. Brody, W. Dafoe...
, starring C. Blanchett, G. Clooney, B. Murray, J. Goodman...
A Glimpse Inside the Mind of Charles Swan III
, starring J. Schwartzman, B. Murray, K. Winnick, P. Arquette...
, starring L. Linney, O. Williams, O. Colman, E. Bron...
, starring B. Willis, E. Norton, B. Murray, T. Swinton...
Bill Murray ➤ Filmography
Photos of Bill Murray from "Moonrise Kingdom", a film by Wes Anderson
no reply yet - Planned to be released in the USA on May 25 of 2012, «Moonrise Kingdom» is an upcoming Drama film directed by Wes Anderson, and written by...
I'll NO you want open this eamil but I really need your Help.
no reply yet - Woodie Jr Roten482 Buzzard Roost Rd.Bulls Gap, TN...
Bill Murray ➤ Message Board
Bill Murray as Dr. Peter Venkman in Ghostbusters (1984)
Bill Murray as "Mr. Bishop" in "Moonrise Kingdom" (2012)
Released on May 25 of 2012 in the USA, "Moonrise Kingdom" is a Drama film written by Roman Coppola (screenplay) . Bruce Willis (Captain Sharp) is starring, alongside Edward Norton (Ward), Bill Murray (Mr. Bishop), Tilda Swinton (Social Services), Frances McDormand (Mrs. Bishop) and Harvey Keitel.
Lucas Black ("Buddy") and Robert Duvall ("Felix Bush") in "Get Low" (2009)
Released in the USA on November 06 of 2009, "Get Low" is a film written by Scott Seeke (story) and C. Gaby Mitchell (screenplay) . Robert Duvall (Felix Bush) and Lucas Black (Buddy) are starring, alongside Sissy Spacek (Mattie Darrow), Gerald McRaney (Horton), Scott Cooper (Carl) and Bill Cobbs (Rev. Charlie Jackson).
Bill Murray as Frank Quinn in Get Low (2010)
Lucas Black as "Buddy" in "Get Low" (2009)
Robert Duvall ("Felix Bush") and Lucas Black ("Buddy") in "Get Low" (2009)
Sigourney Weaver (Dana Barrett) and Bill Murray (Dr. Peter Venkman) in Ghostbusters II (1989)
Bill Murray (Dr. Peter Venkman), Harold Ramis (Dr. Egon Spengler), and Dan Aykroyd (Dr. Raymond Stantz) in Ghostbusters II (1989)
Bill Murray (Dr. Peter Venkman) and Ernie Hudson (Winston Zeddemore) in Ghostbusters II (1989)
Harold Ramis (Dr. Egon Spengler), Dan Aykroyd (Dr. Raymond Stantz), and Bill Murray (Dr. Peter Venkman) in Ghostbusters II (1989)
Harold Ramis (Dr. Egon Spengler) and Bill Murray (Dr. Peter Venkman) in Ghostbusters II (1989)
Bill Murray as Dr. Peter Venkman in Ghostbusters II (1989)
Harold Ramis (Dr. Egon Spengler), Bill Murray (Dr. Peter Venkman), and Dan Aykroyd (Dr. Raymond Stantz) in Ghostbusters (1984)
Bill Murray (Dr. Peter Venkman), Harold Ramis (Dr. Egon Spengler), Dan Aykroyd (Dr. Raymond Stantz), and Ernie Hudson as (Winston Zeddmore) in Ghostbusters (1984)
Bill Murray (Dr. Peter Venkman) and Ernie Hudson as (Winston Zeddmore) in Ghostbusters (1984)
Bill Murray (Mr. Bishop) and Frances McDormand (Mrs. Bishop) in Moonrise Kingdom (2012)
Bill Murray (Mr. Bishop), Bruce Willis (Captain Sharp), and Frances McDormand (Mrs. Bishop) in Moonrise Kingdom (2012)
Lucas Black (Buddy) and Bill Murray (Frank Quinn) in Get Low (2010)
CaddyShack Bill Murray Appeared in This Old Cub
1 message - Oscar Nominated Bill Murray of Caddy Shack was in This Old Cub written and directed by Arizona resident Jeff Santo....
They ain't afraid of no ghost: "Ghostbusters" (1984), a film by Ivan Reitman
2 messages - Starring Bill Murray, Dan Aykroyd, Sigourney Weaver, Harold Ramis, Rick Moranis and Annie Potts, «Ghostbusters» (also known as...
Welcome to "Zombieland" (2009) a film by Ruben Fleischer
1 message - Starring Abigail Breslin, Bill Murray, Emma Stone, Amber Heard, Woody Harrelson and Jesse Eisenberg, «Zombieland» is a Comedy/Horror film...
Photo Gallery for "Moonrise Kingdom", a film by Wes Anderson
1 message - Starring Bruce Willis, Edward Norton, Bill Murray, Tilda Swinton, Frances McDormand and Harvey Keitel, «Moonrise Kingdom» is an upcoming...
An Ukrainian actress
William 'Bill' Phillips
William Murray
An American writer, and director
Bill M. Ryusaki
An actor, and stunt


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Home Show Segments 0-60
Video: Ford F-150 Raptor vs Can-Am Maverick X3 in an Off-Road Drag Race!
Get ready for more off-road mayhem.
Nathan Adlen
Raptor vs. Can-Am Maverick X3 on AND off-road!
There are a lot of things going on in this video with the Ford Raptor vs. the Cam-Am Maverick X3, besides the awesomeness of drag racing. We actually begin in the garage where Andre is prepping the Maverick X3 to head off-road with new wheels and massive tires.
We are sending a big thank you to Can-Am for providing the Maverick X3 and for sponsoring this episode. The Ford Raptor belongs to TFLtruck, it's our long-term test truck.
We know that there are positives and negatives to adding larger (heavier) 34-inch tires to the Maverick X3. One of the issues will be slower acceleration. The heft and size (rotational mass) of the tires will take some of the edge off of the Maverick's ridiculous acceleration. By how much? We weren't sure before we raced. It also changed the dynamics of the vehicle, from its center of gravity to its overall handling.
This was good news for the Ford Raptor.
About a month back, we had the same Maverick X3 (minus larger tires) go up against the animal-like new 2021 Ram TRX. The TRX is a MUCH more powerful truck than the Raptor, and it is comically fast. Still, the Can-Am Maverick was more than a match for it. You can read and watch all about it here – TRX vs Can-am Maverick X3.
Given the fact that the heavier tires will slow the side-by-side down a bit, perhaps the Ford Raptor could give it a run for the money. At the very least, it will be entertaining! The 2020 Ford F-150 Raptor comes with a high-output, 450 horsepower, twin-turbo V6. It's hooked up to a 10-speed automatic transmission and uses one of the most sophisticated suspension systems on the market today. Ford used a lot of aluminum – so it's lighter than the TRX as well.
The Can-Am Maverick X3 comes with a 195 horsepower 3-cylinder turbocharged engine paired to a continuously variable transmission (CVT). It also has a remarkably sophisticated suspension system and is one of the fastest factory-built side-by-sides we've ever driven.
Check out this video as Nathan and Andre revisit the crime-scene where they battled before – this time, with the Ford Raptor vs. the Cam-Am Maverick X3!
can-am maverick x3
Ford vs Can-AM
Raptor vs Maverick
side-by-side vs super truck
Easily amused by anything with four wheels, Nathan Adlen reviews vehicles from the cheapest to the most prestigious. Wrecking yards, dealer lots, garages, racetracks, professional automotive testing and automotive journalism - Nathan has experienced a wide range of the automotive spectrum. Brought up in the California car culture and educated in theater, childhood education, film, journalism and history, Nathan now lives with his family in Denver, CO. His words, good humor and video are enjoyed worldwide.
Video: It's On! Ram TRX takes on a Ford F-150 Shelby, Ford Raptor, and a tuned F-150 in a Drag Race
Video: Ford F-150 Raptor vs. GMC Sierra AT4 – We Compare GMC And Ford's Most Off-Road Worthy Trucks!
Video: Here's What I Love and Hate About my New Ford Raptor After Owning it for a Month!


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A bit of history and our story
The Estoudiantinas of Smyrna
The name of the Estoudiantina orchestra draws its origins from the famous orchestras of Smyrna and Asia Minor, which were active in the years from 1898 to 1921. The success of the first Estoudiantina led to important musicians from Smyrna establishing their own music groups, developing an innovative Greek musical genre encompassing elements from the West and the East. This kind of orchestra became the first and most authentic musical bridge, combining in harmony incongruous national, musical, cultural and artistic elements of such contradictory cultures.
Estoudiantina became famous in all social strata, combining the use of many different musical instruments (the oud, the canun, the zurna, the caval, the santur, the mandolin, the clarinet, the accordion, the violin), which allowed Estoudiantinas to continuously expand their repertoire so as to include anything from Βyzantine hymns and folk songs of Smyrna to Βalkan horas, Οttoman classical music and doinas, as well as west European polkas, waltzes and arias from popular operas. The legacy of Estoudiantina expanded beyond Asia Minor by those who came to Greece during the 1920s, recording for the first record companies in Greece, among others Spyros Peristeris, Panagiotis Tountas, Evangelos Papazoglou and Dimitris Semsis.
The greater contribution of Estudiantinas has been the birth of the Greek Operetta, as well as the Rebetiko song, the Athenian Serenade (Cantada) and later the Contemporary Greek Folk Song.
Estoudiantina of Nea Ionia
Following the outstanding history of the famous musicians and orchestras, a new Estoudiantina was founded in 1999 by a group of 20 young musicians. The "moving spirit" and artistic director of this band is Andreas Katsigiannis. Estudiantina is a pioneering orchestra in the contemporary social environment.
Following the outstanding history of the famous musicians and orchestras, a new Estoudiantina was founded in 1999 by a group of 20 young musicians. The "moving spirit" and artistic director of this band is Andreas Katsigiannis. Estoudiantina is a pioneering orchestra in the contemporary social environment. It does not just imitate previous models of orchestras but adopts new elements, creating and suggesting new musical patterns aiming at attracting larger audiences to the genuine Greek music.
More than 250 concerts have been given since 1999 both in Greece and abroad (the United States, Romania, Turkey, Italy, Portugal, Ukraine, Cyprus), at well-known concert halls, together with some of the greatest Greek singers and musicians such as Giorgos Dalaras, Maria Farantouri, Pantelis Thalassinos, Glykeria, Manolis Mitsias, Petros Gaitanos, Eleni Vitali, Agathonas, Mario, Babis Tsertos, Panagiotis Lalezas, Areti Ketime, Dimitris Basis, Gerasimos Andreatos, Christos Tsiamoulis, Chronis Aidonidis, Sofia Papazoglou, Giota Negka, Giannis Kotsiras, Giannis Charoulis, Orfeas Peridis and Aspasia Stratigou, gaining great acclaim from the press.
In difficult times, Estudiantina has managed to gain admirers and lots of friends, mainly among the younger generations.
Estudiantina 's 20-year jubilee concert took place at the world famous Odeon of Herod Atticus and was attended by an audience of 5,000.
Estudiantina's projects are not limited to concerts and recordings but extend to other fields including academic research, special publications, development of archives, and educational initiatives.
The discography of Estudiantina comprises more than 700 thousand copies released in Greece and abroad (18 cds).
© 2022 Estoudiantina neas Ionias


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How media brands are changing tactics to make the most out of audiences
As print sales fall, media brands are finding news ways to engage younger readers and get different audiences to subscribe.
By Leonie Roderick	 16 Jun 2017 1:20 pm
The print industry is under great duress. Print sales are falling, digital giants are swallowing up ad revenue like there's no tomorrow and the proliferation of channels makes it more difficult to capture people's attention than ever before.
The latest ABC figures for May show that all national newspaper titles suffered a sales decline, except The Sunday Times, which was the only paid-for newspaper to record real year-on-year circulation growth.
Media brands are eager to fight these challenges head on, with customer centricity and a focus on data high on their list of priorities.
One of these media brands is The Times and The Sunday Times, which decided to change tactics to boost subscriptions. It launched a registered access scheme just under a year ago, offering readers two complimentary articles a week in exchange for an email address.
Chris Duncan, managing director of The Times and The Sunday Times, says it decided to move away from its strict paywall model after noticing that many people would come to the website but never read more than the teaser part of an article. Duncan is also eager to take on the social media giants, which hold "all of the customer data".
"We are able to get to new audiences and reach people who had never even read The Times. The problem with a hard paywall is that you're trying to sell a product that many people have never really seen, so we're trying to solve that," he says.
"One of the more pressing challenges of social platforms is that [consumers] are anonymous. There's no middle ground – they're either fully anonymous or are asked to hand over all of their personal details. We are trying to create a communications bridge by only asking for their email."
The problem with a hard paywall is that you're trying to sell a product that many people have never really seen, so we're trying to solve that.
Chris Duncan, The Times and The Sunday Times
The results have proven fruitful so far. Besides attracting people from over 100 countries to sign up, the company recently passed the 1 million email registrations mark. It has also found the subscription conversion rate of people who have registered compared to those who come to the website "cold" is between three and four times higher.
"It gives us a big communications platform and a large newsletter audience, which is now in the hundreds of thousands. It is a new way to get to the next generation of subscribers who haven't used the product in any other way," Duncan explains.
Duncan is now looking to capitalise on its readers' data to start tailoring the content that it sends out to them in the hope it will lead to further subscriptions.
"Programmes like this take a long time to get to their full potential as you have to build around data and personalisation. Over time, we will have a much more nuanced understanding of what type of content in the newsletter will lead a fashion audience to subscribe, for example. This will be different from sports or politics audiences. So the programme will widen in terms of personalisation," he says.
Exploring new platforms
The Times and The Sunday Times are not the only brands to try and reach audiences in a different way. The Telegraph is on a similar mission, and is currently on a two-year business transformation journey as it looks to attract and retain readers.
One big aim is to reach younger consumers. And to achieve this, the brand has recently joined Snapchat's Discover platform in the UK. The Telegraph will publish a 'Story' every day at 5pm, and increased its frequency before and after the General Election to ensure Snapchatters had access to the latest news as it happened.
"My job and overall the business strategy is to bring younger people into the brand and expose them to the quality journalism we produce," says Robert Bridge, chief customer officer at The Telegraph.
He adds The Telegraph is "very careful" to stay true to the brand on a platform that is skewed towards younger audiences, and has learnt from its app relaunch last year, which was built with 25- to 45-year-olds in mind.
"We've become more product-centric around certain demographics. Our new app launched last year, and the way we curate our content has hints of Instagram and a younger generation within that product by being very visually led," he explains.
Last November, it moved to an 'Open Layer' strategy, which means 85% of its content is free to access, versus 15% of 'premium' content that sits behind a paywall. So far, the brand says political and rugby content has performed well and led to an increase in subscriptions.
Bridge claims the creation of the 'customer department', which he has overseen since joining from Yahoo just over a year ago, marks an even bigger change and shows the business's desire to put the customer first. He looks after marketing, subscription, data and research, design, the user experience and customer care. This, he says, means the "end-to-end customer experience" is placed under one roof.
While the first year has been focused on the launch of the premium model, its ecommerce offering and driving digital subscriptions, this year Bridge is focused on above-the-line activity and attracting new audiences.
"We are letting our readers become more engaged, and we have a more advanced marketing programme. The whole business looks at the customer with a more sympathetic lens," he says.
Jumping on the news agenda
The Economist, meanwhile, decided to take a more news-led approach to attract people's eyeballs. Like The Telegraph, The Economist is eager to recruit a generation of younger readers and wants to prompt them to subscribe.
It is looking to do so by focusing on newsworthy events, which The Economist believes might be of interest to younger readers. Most recently, it launched a "six-figure" campaign in the run-up to the General Election, which was created by Proximity and ran across newspapers, radio, broadcast and TV, digital out of home channels, paid search and social channels including Facebook and Snapchat.
The activity encouraged audiences to get a free issue of the Economist, in return for basic information supplied to the brand via email, online or text. Consumers who participated in the programme also had the opportunity to subscribe to The Economist at an introductory rate.
We had hundreds of thousands of free copy requests through Snapchat, and the subscription rate [with the introductory offer] stands at between 40% and 50%.
Mark Beard, The Economist
According to the brand's SVP of digital media and content strategy, Mark Beard, the campaign performed particularly well on Snapchat and Facebook, which is populated by a predominantly "youthful" audience.
"We had hundreds of thousands of free copy requests from Snapchat, and the subscription rate [with the introductory offer] stands between 40% and 50%. It has been one of our most successful [campaigns], and the responses have predominantly been from a younger demographic compared to the past," he says.
The Economist is now looking to repeat the campaign around the world. It had previously run similar activity in the run-up to the US election. The Economist says it is essentially creating a "framework" through which it can take advantage of the news agenda, and turn campaigns around at a quicker rate.
He concludes: "The beauty of having a framework is that we're now prepared for two eventualities. There are dates in the calendar that we know about and we'll take advantage of, and there are events we won't know about. But because we've been developing a new framework and structure, it means we can move incredibly quickly, perhaps much more quickly than we could have in the past."
Analysis Data & Analytics Media
The Telegraph on transforming its business to look at readers 'with a more sympathetic lens'
Leonie Roderick
The news brand says it has been through "loads" of change to become a more consumer and data-focused company.
The fake news effect: What does it mean for advertisers?
Mindi Chahal
The media industry faces a tough challenge as concerns around fake news rise, meaning advertisers associated with those media outlets could run the risk of being tarred by the same brush.
27 Mar 2017 7:00 am
News UK: Marketers need to hold Facebook and Google to account
Publishers must do more to prove their worth to advertisers and show they are worthy of the "digital pound", says News UK's CMO for The Times and Sunday Times.
6 Mar 2017 3:46 pm