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The history of chemicals and the football helmet
Author: Ivan Lerner
Helmets of all sorts have been used by man since the beginning of time, but it was 20th century US football that brought plastics into the mix
A MUTATED reinvention of the Roman gladiators' arena, Canadian and US-style football has always been a rough-and-tumble game, a view that can be reinforced by the presence of the helmet as a required part of the player's uniform: it's a piece of headgear that is usually only routinely found in danger zones, whether combat or construction.
Like the helmets of other occupations over time, or the game of football itself, the football helmet has evolved: first made of leather, now manufactured from polycarbonate (PC), its abilities have grown with our technological advances. Of course, some might consider it ironic that as pads and equipment make the players "safer," they also encourage the opposing players to hit harder.
TOSSING THE PIGSKIN
Football is derived from that bare-knuckled brawl that calls itself rugby, which got its start at the famed Rugby School in England when, in 1823 supposedly, a student playing European football (soccer) picked up the ball and ran with it, changing the rules and creating a new game in the process.
According to the National Football League (NFL), in the US, soccer was first played in 1869, in a game between Rutgers and Princeton universities using the rules of the London Football Association. The introduction of one English game brought its hyperactive little brother, and American college students found they preferred rugby to soccer. But just as that possibly mythological boy at the Rugby School did, US players changed rules as they went along.
In 1876, the first rules for football were written, but they were further codified in 1879 by Walter Camp, then a student, and later a coach at Yale University. Camp eventually edited every American football rulebook until his death in 1925, and the NFL refers to him as "the father of American football."
Needless to say, it's a sport where many men - and to this day it is a predominantly male sport - get injured routinely, and in either 1893 or 1896, either Joseph Reeves of the US Naval Academy or George Barclay of Lafayette College, respectively, wore the first helmet, a leather strap contraption called a "head harness." And it was initially constructed to specifically protect the ears.
Around 1915, adaptations were made to add ear holes to improve communication along with some other changes, and the device now looked more dashing, like an aviator's leather flight helmet. More importantly though, was the introduction of a suspension system to elevate the helmet from the top of the head, preventing the player's skull from getting the brunt of any collision.
While colleges made wearing a helmet mandatory in 1939, it wasn't until 1943 that the NFL did the same.
BUTTING HEADS
But the plastic football helmet, introduced and patented in 1939, is considered the major change in the development of the helmet. Created by sporting goods manufacturer John Riddell and his son, John Jr., the plastic helmet was a single shell more durable and stronger than leather models. Additionally, the strap was moved to the chin from the neck near the Adam's apple, and the suspension system in the helmet was improved, giving the head even more protection.
A former high school teacher and football coach, Riddell had previously invented the removable cleat for athletic shoes and the first latex rubber seamless molded basketball.
Riddell's helmets were worn for the first time by some players in the Chicago College All-Star Game of 1939, says the NFL.
When World War Two (WWII) began, football was not considered an essential industry, and plastic became scarce, slowing down Riddell's football plans. But the war also wound up giving the company business as well: Before formal hostilities began, General George Patton had his tank crews wear Riddell helmets during training maneuvers, and Patton was seriously campaigning for the helmet to be used in actual combat, but the problems of incorporating the required military communications gear stopped that idea.
But in his history of the pre-WWII US Marine Corps, historian Henry Shaw, Jr. notes that, when the military was switching from their flatter "doughboy" helmets to the more familiar "soup-pot" design of the 1940s, "At the suggestion of Patton, the [helmet] liner's suspension system was patterned after a design by Riddell that was used in contemporary football helmets."
So Riddell wound up supplying suspension liners to the Pentagon. US Army Major Harold Sydenham had developed the steel shell for the new M1 helmet, and in 1940, Riddell Jr. and the major created the liner's prototype in Sydenham's kitchen. They used Vinylite, a plastic that could be molded in hot water, and the US military wound up using that liner shape well into the 1980s.
Vinylite was a combination of vinyl chloride and vinyl acetate resins that was initially developed by the Carbide and Carbon Chemicals Corp.
NFL historian Beau Riffenburgh notes that the first collegiate team to use plastic helmets was the US Military Academy in 1944, and wonders if that was because they were privy to information other colleges were not.
After the war, and despite John Riddell's death in 1945, his company resumed its efforts with football helmets. But even though the war was over, there were still some kinks to be ironed out, especially with the brittleness of the plastic. In 1948, Fred Naumetz of the Los Angeles Rams split nine helmets in one season - something that caused the NFL to ban plastic helmets for a while. Interestingly, that same year, Naumetz's teammate Fred Gehrke became the first person to paint their team's logo on a football helmet, now a common practice.
In 1949, with the influence of Chicago Bears owner/coach George Halas - who co-designed a brand of low-cut football shoes with Riddell in the 1930s - the plastic helmet was approved and made the official NFL headgear. With plastic helmets instead of leather, colors could also be baked right in, and Gehrke's individual efforts were easily replicated throughout the league. Nowadays, a color finish is injection molded at the same time the shell is produced, with decals added later by the teams.
Helmet manufacturing has never been a crowded field. Roughly 25 years ago, there were about six producers. Now there are three: Riddell, Schutt Sports Group and Adams USA.
Riddell is the largest - and most famous - helmet manufacturer, with an exclusive licensing agreement with the NFL. According to the company, 83% of NFL players are wearing Riddell helmets - about 1,400 players out of roughly 1,600 - as are 62% of Division-I college football players.
Although Riddell is considered the official helmet of the NFL, there is no league mandate forcing players to choose that specific brand.
"Without question, we protect more NFL and Division-I college football players than any helmet on the market," said Dan Arment, president of Riddell at an October press conference. "Football players insist on Riddell's unique innovations that focus on performance and protection. That's evident in the usage statistics. Couple those stats with the fact that these players have a choice on what they wear while on the field, and it speaks volumes about their conscious decision to demand... Riddell helmets."
Schutt and Adams USA, meanwhile, are mainly suppliers to student markets.
Although privately owned, Riddell's revenues are estimated at $75m-100m (€53m-71m). The first plastic helmets made were the Riddell Tenite II, with a shell made from cellulose acetate butyrate provided by the Tennessee Eastman Corp, the predecessor to today's Eastman Chemical. Produced from 1946 to 1953, the Tenite IIs were made in three pieces then joined via solvents.
In 1954, the company began producing the Riddell Kralite, made from acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), first supplied by US Rubber (later, Uniroyal), and then in 1955 by Marbon Corp. (which later became Borg-Warner, then bought by GE Plastics in 1988). That year also saw the company manufacture a one-piece helmet, also ABS. In 1957, the webbing of the liner was changed from cotton to a cotton-nylon blend.
In the mid-1960s, Riddell began adding its vinyl and foam Aero-Cell cushions to the inside of the helmet.
Meanwhile, "The superior rigidity of the plastic helmet made the universality of the face mask possible," notes Riffenburgh. "The hole drilled for the bolt holding the mask would not expand the way it would if it was drilled through leather. And the sides of the plastic helmet would not collapse, driving the nut into the wearer's face."
In the early 1960s, the company experimented with the with a one-piece PC shell, but put that project on hold until 1969 due to its brittleness. That year, the company's standard material ABS was replaced with Kra-Lite II, a PC alloy.
By the mid-1980s, a Kra-Lite II helmet would have a variety of inflatable or liquid-filled cushions, as well as energy-absorbing foam pads. Currently, it takes about one minute to injection mold a football helmet.
FUTURE OF THE SPORT
In 2002, the company unveiled its Riddell Revolution helmet, specifically designed to prevent concussions, and shortly afterwards Schutt introduced its own anticoncussion helmet, the DNA Pro+, also made from PC.
"The reinvention of the conventional helmet began with a focus on the head's center of gravity and increasing protection where it was needed the most," said Thad Ide, Riddell's vice president of research and development at a press conference in 2006.
But these were the first innovations to the football helmet in about 25 years. Can there be any more improvements to the helmet? Perhaps: in 2007, US manufacturer Xenith developed a helmet, the X1, that replaced the traditional foam or urethane pads with a series of air-filled thermoplastic shock absorbers. As of November, the helmet was getting high marks from the handful of players using it at the University of North Carolina, but the helmet is still considered to be under testing.
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Dr. Barri is a family practitioner in the Wilmington area.
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Victorians will get the skills they need for good, secure jobs building our state and caring for our community, with the biggest change to TAFE and skills training in Victoria's history.
The Andrews Labor Government's record investment in major road and rail projects, new schools and hospitals, support for Victorians living with disability and historic action to curb family violence has created a massive demand for skilled workers across Victoria. At the same time, there are still too many Victorians without the training they need for a secure job.
More than ever, the skills required for these high-demand jobs are learned at TAFE. The Victorian Budget 2018/19 will give Victorians every tool they need to undertake a quality, accredited TAFE qualification, and get these good, skilled jobs building our state.
We know that the cost of training can act as a barrier to getting the right skills so this Budget breaks down that barrier. It invests $172 million to make 30 priority TAFE courses and 18 pre-apprenticeship courses in these growth industries free.
To make sure every Victorian who wants a job can get this free, quality training, the Budget also includes $303.8 million to create more than 30,000 new training places.
Apprenticeships will be modernised with $43.8 million to revamp learning materials, ensure consistent industry standards with new independent assessments, and bring back trade papers to recognise these qualifications.
TAFE campuses in regional Victoria will be upgraded to give Victorians the best facilities to learn their trade, with $35.5 million to transform Federation Training's Morwell campus, $59.9 million for a new education precinct at the Bendigo Kangan Institute McCrae campus, and $25 million for a new Federation Training campus at Port of Sale in Gippsland.
The Budget also invests in the skills we need earlier, with the introduction of apprenticeships that can be finished at school, so young Victorians can graduate qualified and ready to work.
The new Head Start Apprenticeships and Traineeships program is a $49.8 million investment that will begin with 1,700 students at 100 Victorian government secondary schools. The program will give students the option to undertake an additional year of high school, and graduate with an apprenticeship or traineeship, ready to work in a high demand or high growth industry.
Career education in schools will also be overhauled with a $108.6 million investment to make sure students are getting expert advice to make the right choices earlier on.
Starting a year earlier, every Year 9 student will receive Professional Career Planning Services so they get relevant advice from experts about their career options. Students will also have a Careers e-Portfolio that they can add their work to and use to help them get a job, or go on to further study or training.
The Victorian Budget 2018/19 will transform skills training in our schools and TAFEs to help more Victorians get good, skilled jobs building our state and caring for our community.


It slipped in my memory that in January of 2006 in an effort to conceal my identity I made few posts using the handle Guest. Witty and fast as you were, your strong hunch proved a reality. Yatokmad mo sa na ako yadto.
I am glad to have found this site through google search engine. the website is well done and very informative. I am impressed that there is so much enthusiasm displayed by the forum posters/contributors.
Aside from that, excellent looking site and a great place for tagon-ons to congregate and organize. It is a tremendous leap in the right direction!
bonsal & k-spy , Thanks for all the hard work you've put in on this website. You're providing an enormously valuable information resource to Tagon-ons all over the globe. Because of this website, Tago is just a mouse-click away.
hi to all! this is the superb site iv ever browsed as compared to websites of bohol and cebu..i mean im referring to local facet. anywayz, i have been to tago once only. and really, i love your delicacy! az in!! my granny's from tago! i wish to meet relatives through this site..i believe tagon-ons having surname of Murillo are our relatives..so if you bear such surname,il defintely would like to know you more..pretty please..you can also browse my friendster and multiply accounts: ayambotoi2@yahoo.com.ph and michellemabuhay.multiply.com respectively! please, please, please! thanx a lot!!!
Good to hear your comment. Murillo??? My mum is Murillo so I'm confident magparente pa gyod ta.
Hala come and blog with us, you never know this would pave the way for your search of your other Murillo relatives. Good on you.
am just guessing. but this dudette must be from san miguel. basin anak ini ni ruel buhay (michelle "ma"buhay?) whose mother, edith murillo-buhay, is the sister of ma'am illuminacion murillo-saba.
i grabbed the above pic from her multiply account and she has chinky eyes, the Buhay trademark. but then again, am just guessing.
Thanks for your effort Kamps.
Your guess might prove you right for you know the Murillos in San Miguel more than I do. OO mabagae gayod agaw an mga Murillo ngad-on. Mga mga paryente yaon sila ni Mama. Ako wara na tanto makadomdom kay di sa ako tigkadtu-an.
hi to all! glad to hear from those who responded! my apology for a tardy reply, been busy these days! yes, yes, Im Ruel's eldest child! and editha's first grandchild. Should you want to check out my pictures, i've posted some in my friendster account, got pix of Pop's and my cute cousins! So excited to hear more from my relatives and friends of my relatives! thanx, thanx! a million thanx!


text: Q: Use drawable inside HTML Page I am developing an application in which I am loading an HTML page inside Webview. I am to use an image in that HTML which is inside my drawable. How would I give path to that image inside HTML.

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Last of the Giants: What Killed off Madagascar's Megafauna a Thousand Years Ago?
Dao Van Hoang www.daovanhoang.com
Nick Scroxton, University of Massachusetts Amherst; Laurie Godfrey, University of Massachusetts Amherst, and Stephen Burns, University of Massachusetts Amherst
Giant 10-foot-tall elephant birds, with eggs eight times larger than an ostrich's. Sloth lemurs bigger than a panda, weighing in at 350 pounds. A puma-like predator called the giant fosa.
They sound like characters in a child's fantasy book, but along with dozens of other species, they once really roamed the landscape of Madagascar. Then, after millions of years of evolution in the middle of the Indian Ocean, the populations crashed in just a couple of centuries.
Scientists know that over the past 40,000 years, most of Earth's megafauna – that is, animals human-size or larger – have gone extinct. Woolly mammoths, sabre tooth tigers and countless others no longer roam the planet.
What's remarkable about the megafaunal crash in Madagascar is that it occurred not tens of thousands of years ago but just over 1,000 years ago, between A.D. 700 and 1000. And while some small populations survived a while longer, the damage was done in a relatively short amount of time. Why?
Over the last three years, new investigations into climate and land use patterns, human genetic diversity on the island and the dating of hundreds of fossils have fundamentally changed scientists' understanding of the human and natural history of Madagascar. As two paleoclimatologists and a paleontologist, we brought together this research with new evidence of megafaunal butchery. In doing so we've created a new theory of how, why and when these Malagasy megafauna went extinct.
Climate at the time of the crash
The first job is to understand exactly when the megafauna died out.
Radiocarbon dating of over 400 recent fossils demonstrates that animals under 22 pounds lived on Madagascar throughout the last 10,000 years. For animals over 22 pounds, there are abundant fossils up to 1,000 years ago, but relatively few since. The biggest decline in number of large animals occurred rapidly between A.D. 700 and 1000 – practically instantaneous given the long history of their existence on the island.
Malagasy graduate student and team member Peterson Faina with stalagmites in a cave in Madagascar.
Laurie Godfrey, CC BY-ND
What was the climate doing at that time? One popular theory for the megafaunal extinction has blamed island-wide drying. To test this idea, our team has been exploring the caves of Madagascar, collecting and analyzing stalagmites. As stalagmites grow upwards from the cave floor, layer by layer, differences in the chemistry of each layer document changes in the climate outside the cave.
By analyzing chemical composition and comparing ratios of various isotopes in these stalagmites, we created new high-resolution records of changes in the Malagasy ecosystems and climate. We found minor fluctuations in the strength of the summer rains throughout the last 2,000 years, but no significant drying over that period. In fact, A.D. 780-960 was one of the wettest periods of the last 2,000 years. Chemical analyses of fossils back up this claim.
So it looks like there was no significant drying around the time the megafauna disappeared.
Many of the forests that originally existed on Madagascar are now replaced by more open, human-modified landscapes, like this palm savanna at Anjohibe.
Instead, the stalagmite records indicated a rapid and dramatic change in the landscape. Changing ratios of the isotopes carbon-12 to carbon-13 reveal a switch from forests to grassland right around A.D. 900, the same time as the megafaunal population crash. Clearly something big happened around this time.
Cut marks and evidence of butchery
With no significant change in the climate, some point to the arrival of humans on the island as a possible cause of the megafauna population crash. It seems logical that once people arrived on Madagascar, they might have hunted the big animals into extinction. New data suggest that this timing doesn't add up, though.
One of two chop marks on the head of a femur of an extinct lemur, Pachylemur. This individual's hind limb was removed from the trunk at the hip joint, probably with a machete.
Lindsay Meador, CC BY-ND
According to new dates on fossil bones with cut marks on them, humans arrived on Madagascar 10,500 years ago, much earlier than previously believed. But whoever these early people were, there's no genetic evidence of them left on the island. New analysis of the human genetic diversity in modern Madagascar suggests the current population derives primarily from two waves of migration: first from Indonesia 3,000 to 2,000 years ago, and later from mainland Africa 1,500 years ago.
So it seems that people lived alongside the megafauna for thousands of years. How did the humans interact with the large animals?
Our new study found dozens of fossils with butchery marks. Cut and chop marks provide compelling evidence as to which species people were hunting and eating. Evidence of butchery of animals that are now extinct continues right up to the time of the megafaunal crash. Some people on Madagascar hunted and ate the megafauna for millennia without a population crash.
Evidence for a change in land use
If there was no obvious climate shift and humans lived alongside and sustainably hunted the megafauna for up to 9,000 years, what could have triggered the population crash?
The abrupt land use change might hold some clues. The transition from a forest-dominated ecosystem to a grassland-dominated ecosystem appears to be widespread. Scientists have identified this switch not only in the chemical signature of stalagmites but also in pollen grains buried in layers of mud at the bottom of lakes. Ancient lake sediments reveal two other changes occurred at the same time as the shift to grass species: an increase in charcoal from fires and an increase in the fungus Sporormiella, which is associated with the dung of large herbivores such as cows.
Evidence for simultaneous increases in grassland, fires, and cows and other domesticated animals points to a sudden change in Malagasy lifestyle: the introduction of cattle husbandry and slash-and-burn agriculture known locally as Tavy. Here, forests are cut down to make space for rice paddies, and grassland burned to promote the growth of nutritious seedlings for cow fodder.
This move away from foraging and hunting toward farming meant the land could support more people. The result was a rapid rise in the size of the human population – and that's what we conclude spelled disaster for the megafauna.
Some Malagasy farmers plow agricultural fields in the traditional way.
Damian Ryszawy/Shutterstock.com
Here lies the contradiction of the situation: Hunting megafauna for survival became less important as people could rely on their agriculture and livestock. But cut marks on fossil bones indicate that hunting didn't altogether stop just because people had other food sources. It turns out that the impact on the megafauna of larger human populations hunting just to supplement their diet was greater than the impact of smaller human populations relying more heavily on the native animals as a vital food source.
Bringing together new data on land use changes, climatic histories, genetics, fossil ages and butchery of the megafauna, we call this change "the subsistence shift hypothesis." Both the habitat loss and increase in human population arose out of a fundamental change in the way humans lived on Madagascar, from a more nomadic hunter-gatherer lifestyle to an agrarian society. We argue that it was this reorganization on Madagascar around A.D. 700-1000 that led to the crash in the megafaunal population.
Small populations of megafauna lived on in isolated pockets for another few centuries, but their fate was likely already sealed. The majority of the giant birds and animals that were once common across our planet have gone extinct. Many of the remaining giants, such as elephants and rhinos, are threatened or endangered. Will they go the same way as the Malagasy megafauna, casualties of humans' changing lifestyles?
Nick Scroxton, Postdoctoral Research Scholar in Paleoclimatology, University of Massachusetts Amherst; Laurie Godfrey, Emeritus Professor of Anthropology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, and Stephen Burns, Professor of Geosciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst
Madagascarslide
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text:
Is prepare an automobile?
and DMG lastly merged as the Daimler-Benz firm, baptizing all of its cars Mercedes Benz, as a model honoring the most important model of the DMG cars, the Maybach design later referred to as the 1902 Mercedes-35 hp, together with the Benz name. Karl Benz remained a member of the board of administrators of Daimler-Benz till his death in 1929, and at times, his two sons also participated in the management of the corporate. In November 1881, French inventor Gustave Trouvé demonstrated the first working (three-wheeled) automotive powered by electricity on the International Exposition of Electricity, Paris. Although a number of other German engineers (together with Gottlieb Daimler, Wilhelm Maybach, and Siegfried Marcus) had been engaged on the problem at about the same time, Karl Benz generally is acknowledged as the inventor of the modern car.
Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot is extensively credited with constructing the first full-scale, self-propelled mechanical vehicle or automobile in about 1769; he created a steam-powered tricycle. He additionally constructed two steam tractors for the French Army, one of which is preserved within the French National Conservatory of Arts and Crafts. His innovations were, nevertheless, handicapped by issues with water supply and sustaining steam stress.
Registration may be conditional on the vehicle being approved for use on public highways, as within the case of the UK and Ontario. Many US states even have requirements for autos working on public highways.
Most definitions of vehicles say that they run totally on roads, seat one to eight individuals, have 4 tires, and mainly transport individuals rather than goods. The automotive business designs, develops, manufactures, markets, and sells the world's motor automobiles, more than three-quarters of which are vehicles. In 2018 there have been 70 million vehicles manufactured worldwide, down 2 million from the earlier yr. Research into different forms of power consists of using ammonia instead of hydrogen in fuel cells. Heavier automobiles are safer for the driving force from a crash perspective, but extra harmful for other automobiles and highway users.
Converting vitality to work
Although this job nonetheless requires lots of the abilities as an automotive technician, it also adds a management element, making the grasp mechanic answerable for the work of all other employees. In the office, mechanics assist answer phones when essential and talk to customers in regards to the nature of the vehicle downside. Often, this necessitates taking the consumer into the storage to point out exactly what's wrong with the automotive.
Categories Select Category Automatic Car (80) Automotive Technology (1) Basics Car Design (77) Best Automotive Design (67) Car Control Technology (65) Car Design Tutorial (57) Car Painting (83) Car Safety Technology (88) Car Technology (1) Car Technology (67) Car Tuning (81) Design Body Car (58) Design New Car (72) Design Window Car (61) Driver Technology (73) General Article (5) Kind Of Vehicle (2) Kind Of Vehicle (66) Make Car Faster (61) Modern Vehicle (68) Modern Vehicle (1) New Vehicle (67) Popular Car Modifications (70) Vehicle Care (67) Vehicle Problem (62)


Workshop aimed at Professionals who support people to apply for the NDIS.
Please advise any accessibility requirements. Numbers are limited.
Workshop aimed at Professionals who support people to apply for the NDIS. This workshop is the same as those run in Tasmania in August 2018.


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Caprica Review: "Rebirth"
JD DeLuzio Caprica
Caprica's second episode brings us further into the show's funhouse reflection of our world, and into the mind of Zoe-Avatar-ProtoCylon, misunderstood teen monster. It's not perfect, but it has my vote for best series currently running on television.1
Title: Rebirth
Written by Ronald D. Moore and Remi Aubuchon
Directed by Jonas Pate
Eric Stoltz as Daniel Graystone
Esai Morales as Joseph Adama
Allesandra Torresani as Zoe
Magda Apanowicz as Lacy Rand
Paula Malcomson as Amanda Graystone
Sasha Roiz as Sam Adama
Sina Najafi as Bill Adama
James Marsters as Barnabas Greele
Philip Granger as Tanner
Polly Walker as Sister Clarice Willow
Scott Porter as Nestor
Dale Wolfe as Steve Bahara
Hiro Kanagawa as Cyrus Xander
Avan Jogia as Ben Stark (in flashback)
Additional cast and crew information may be found here.
Zoe-Avatar-ProtoCylon struggles with her new situation, Lil Willy Adama tussles with familial influences, and Amanda makes a startling announcement.
The somewhat confusing visual device used to show the human and robotic aspects of Zoe work very well in this episode. Technically, it's very simple: sometimes we see the proto-Cylon that everyone else sees, and sometimes we see Zoe as she still imagines herself. The shifts allow us to understand the violations that she undergoes at the hands of callous technician and, by extension, understand the future Cylons' point-of-view.
The tiny teen in a monster body also allows for some awkward serio-comic moments as well.
Low Points
1. See my note under "Story," which strikes me as more a "Problem Point" than a "Low" one. However, it is the sort of thing the writers will need to watch.
2. I know I'm repeating myself to no good end, but I don't care. The more this show focuses on the complex religious/social elements, the more Battlestar Galactica's final seasons seem a violation of the series' premise. Unlike Star Wars, the conclusion here, rather than the prequel, makes hash of the rest.
3. The "previously, on Caprica" section at the start makes the show seem 35% soapier than it actually is.2
The Scores:
Originality: 4/6. We have a misunderstood monster story, well-handled, and set against a fascinating and fleshed-out world that is not quite the one we inhabit.
Effects: 6/6. They've integrated Zoe-Avatar-ProtoCylon brilliantly with the cast and setting.
Story: 5/6 The misunderstood monster story works very well.
I wonder about Amanda's (inaccurate) revelations at the end of the show. She's a grieving mother, true, and under tremendous pressure. She may behave unpredictably. She's also a well-educated, well-heeled member of a leading industrial family who would for years have avoided public displays without consulting lawyers and/or spin doctors. It's a stretch to imagine that her stress, combined with some uncertain revelations about her daughter (whose memory she would more likely be driven to protect) would lead her to make her shocking announcement on camera, before a huge and emotional crowd, in a manner that could destroy her family's future prosperity.
This marks the second time in two weeks that (without further explanation or context) a character's action seems driven more by the demands of the story arc than the character. This happens all the time on television, but it stands out in a well-acted series with a script so driven by character.
Acting: 5/6. Torresani and Apanowicz continue to excel in their roles, and most of the cast carry on the BSG tradition of strong acting. I found some of the Adama scenes a little stiff and overtly scripted.
Emotional Response: 5/6. From the handling of Zoe-Avatar-ProtoCylon to the manipulations of Sister Clarisse, this show features a lot of effective and plausible low-level creepiness.
Production: 6/6. Caprica City has this great Gotham vibe in some scenes.
Overall: 5/6. Caprica has become my new favourite show.
In total, the "Rebirth" receives 36/42
1. I'm a huge fan of Mad Men, but it's between seasons.
2. Of course, 75% of online statistics are made up by the person posting.
Dollhouse Discussion Weekly Digital Disc Picks – February 2, 2010
TwistyHat
Amazing you like it so. I though it was a totally snoozefest of unimaginative rubbish.
Tekzel
I agree with JD, I am hooked. It is a well written and acted character driven drama with sci-fi elements. For the most part, the characters are believable and easy to relate to.
I am less bothered by Amanda's big reveal than JD was though, people under that kind of stress can do a lot of things. How many mothers have murdered their own children, absolutely contrary to every natural instinct? How many fathers have killed their entire family in a murder-suicide? These are extremes and it happens in the real world. Temporary insanity, they call it. I think what Amanda did would take a lesser state of temporary insanity than would the preceding examples.
I have high hopes for this show, the pilot was great to me, and last nights episode continues the greatness. Lets hope it doesn't follow the Heroes formula: A great first season then a quick hop off a cliff.
Yeah, I give it a pass on similar grounds. However, I'm hoping characters do not continue to do these sorts of things in order to drive the plot, and I had similar feelings about the nature (not the fact of) last week's terrorist act.
Foeclan
I liked this episode better than the pilot. Both were interesting, but I'm finding myself put off by the theistic terrorism story. If I want to watch people blowing each other up over whose imaginary friend is better, I'll watch the news. That part of it was less of a focus this time, so I think that's why I liked it more.
Hopefully we'll get a better idea of why Ben did what he did in the pilot, since it was clearly premeditated unless C4 vests are all the rage in Caprican fashion this season and thus far doesn't seem to fit with the picture they're painting of he and Zoe.
And how did Lacy get into the house (much less past the gate) when Daniel explicitly revoked her security clearance?
Fiction often draws from current events, sometimes with the intention of showing from a different angle how ridiculous those events are. Maybe they are trying to do the same thing here.
I assumed that Zoe reinstated her access, she was inside, though in a mechanical body. As the super hacker she was made out to be, I doubt that would pose much of a problem.
I don't begrudge them including current events in the show, nor are they necessarily doing a poor job. Just not what I'm looking for. Purely a personal preference.
It occurs to me that they used voice controls to authorize people, so maybe they never thought to remove their dead daughter from the authorization list and she can do a close enough approximation with the Cylon body.
Kinda wish they'd say stuff like that rather than leaving it to the viewer to make up explanations. Makes it feel like a plot hole. Though I suppose it could turn up as a plot point later as how her dad figures out she's in there.
joe__gee
They're gonna have broken furniture to figure out too. :) I liked those touches.
If one looks on the internet, there's a spoiler-filled discussion of Caprica's effects. The only thing I'll share is that the fellow they interview comments about how quickly the plot and characters have evolved to require many more effects shots. I think we're about to go on quite a ride.
The crew is close to completing shooting of the series' first season. :)


RENTON, Wash.–(August 19, 2015, BUSINESS WIRE)–Parallels® (www.parallels.com/about), a global leader in cross-platform solutions and creator of industry-leading software for running Windows® applications on a Mac®, today launched Parallels Desktop® 11 for Mac (www.parallels.com/desktop). The release includes a new version of the software for developers, designers and power users, Parallels Desktop for Mac Pro Edition. It also includes Parallels Desktop for Mac Business Edition, previously known as the Enterprise Edition.
Parallels Desktop 11 empowers Mac users to run Windows 10 and leverage the advantages of Microsoft's intelligent personal assistant, Cortana, when using both Windows and OS X. This is the first time that Parallels Desktop has ever made a Windows feature available for OS X applications. Parallels Desktop 11 also provides experimental support for OS X El Capitan prior to its launch, and will fully support the platform shortly after its release to give users a seamless experience with the latest OSes.
New Parallels Desktop 11 ease-of-use benefits include improved performance and battery life with the use of Travel Mode, which can easily be activated to optimize performance. When users are on the go and not connected to power, Parallels Desktop Travel Mode will automatically extend battery life by up to 25 percent by temporarily shutting off resources that drain power.
Parallels Desktop 11 for Mac Pro Edition (www.parallels.com/desktop) is a new version of the software specifically designed for developers, designers and power users, giving them the powerful tools they need for maximum productivity. The Pro Edition supports integration with popular developer tools including Docker, Visual Studio (plug-in), Chef and Jenkins, Vagrant, Guest OS debugging and network simulation. Parallels Desktop 11 for Mac Pro Edition empowers users to run preview Windows machines and use nested virtualization for both Windows and Linux guests, making it the perfect tool for developers, power users and testers who need a variety of virtual machine environments, including simulation of more complex deployments.
Previously known as Parallels Desktop for Mac Enterprise Edition, Parallels Desktop for Mac Business Edition (www.parallels.com/business) includes all Pro Edition features, offering IT admins the most efficient means to enable their employees with Macs to run Windows applications.
Parallels Desktop 11 for Mac, Parallels Desktop 11 for Mac Pro Edition and Parallels Desktop 11 for Mac Business Edition are available now to both current and new Parallels Desktop for Mac users at www.parallels.com/desktop and at local retail stores worldwide.
The recommended retail price (RRP) of Parallels Desktop 11 for Mac is $79.99. Upgrades for existing Parallels Desktop 9 or 10 for Mac customers are $49.99, with an introductory offer to upgrade to a Parallels Desktop for Mac Pro Edition subscription for $49.99 per year. Parallels Desktop 11 for Mac Pro Edition and Parallels Desktop 11 for Mac Business Edition are available to new customers for $99.99 per year. Parallels Desktop for Mac Pro Edition includes a complimentary Parallels Access (www.parallels.com/access) subscription to remotely access their Mac from any device.


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March 4, 2021 From rOpenSci (https://ropensci.org/blog/2021/03/04/r-universe-buildsystem/). Except where otherwise noted, content on this site is licensed under the CC-BY license.
A first look at the R-universe build infrastructure
By Jeroen Ooms
This post is part of a series of technotes about our new R development platform called r-universe. As the project evolves, we will post updates to document features and technical details. In this first article, we take a global look at the the core build system.
🔗 The R-universe build system
The R-universe system is a complex effort, consisting of numerous frontend and backend pieces that operate across various platforms. A key challenge in developing such a system is managing overall complexity by finding ways to reduce the problem into smaller, loosely coupled components, which can be thought of, and developed, somewhat independently.
A lot of the early work on R-universe has gone into iterating with designs to gradually build up such a system in a way that is robust and scalable, while keeping complexity under control.
We have arrived at a design which distinguishes 3 core parts of the infrastructure:
Source monorepos: Manage package repositories as monorepos with a central registry.
Extensible build system: Plugable CI chain to build R package binaries, docs, and other things.
Deployment: A high-performance "cranlike" package server with APIs for metadata and frontends.
Each of these pieces again consists of smaller tasks, but at the core, this forms the essential groundwork for the R-universe system.
🔗 Part 1: Package repositories as monorepos
The package monorepo is the first core idea of R-universe. Every package universe is generated from a registry file, which lists the packages and corresponding Git repositories. The format is modeled after rOpenSci's official package registry and consists of a simple JSON structure:
"package": "taxize",
"url": "https://github.com/ropensci/taxize",
"branch": "master"
"package": "rplos",
"url": "https://github.com/ropensci/rplos",
The registry file may either be auto-generated or manually curated by the owner of a universe. From the registry file, the r-universe system generates a monorepo, in which each R package is a submodule. The monorepo automatically gets updated with changes in the registry file or package repositories. All r-universe monorepos are tracked under https://github.com/r-universe/{user}, for example r-universe/ropensci.
The use of monorepos is popular in big software companies like Google and Facebook as a way to have a common state and history for the entire software suite as a whole. Our use is slightly different, because package authors do not commit directly to the monorepo, but instead we track upstream packages using submodules. But the purpose is the same: the monorepo provides a central place to track sources from the entire repository. It provides the exact state and history of packages and versions contained in the repository, simply using Git.
Note that the packages do not need to be hosted on GitHub themselves: they may live on any public Git server, e.g. Gitlab or a university self hosted Git server. The only thing that matters is that the Git server is publicly readable, so the package source code can be checked out when initiating the submodule.
🔗 Part 2: An extensible CI/CD build system
Based on the sources from the monorepo, we arrive at the second part of the system: Building all the things. Each package update in the monorepo triggers a series of actions to build the source tarball, binaries for Windows and MacOS, and documentation1, which all get deployed at the end of the run. Because everything is deployed simultaneously, the binary package versions are always in sync with the source package. This is different from CRAN where the binaries appear a few days later.
The build process also performs some additional tasks, such as automatically analyzing if the package requires system dependencies, looking for a package logo, etc. We try to write the build system in a way that is extensible, such that we can easily add additional steps in the future. For example we plan to collect some statistics on the package commit history, extract citations, generate codemeta, and other things that were mentioned at my talk at rstudio::global.
One major challenge in designing the build system is finding a balance between leveraging powerful CI platforms, while limiting vendor lock-in. The R-universe build scripts are mostly written to be portable and/or containerized, such that they could run on any server. But in practice we currently take advantage of GitHub Actions (GHA) a lot, which provides unparalleled infrastructure and resources and is a great fit for our project.
An additional benefit of GitHub actions is that it supports setting up self hosted runners when we need more capacity than free resources provided by GitHub. Thereby we can always scale up by switching to our own build servers when needed, while still taking advantage of many nice features of the GHA platform. For now, this seems like a reasonable trade-off.
🔗 Part 3: A high-performance package server
At the end of each CI run, all these binaries and metadata that are generated during the build process are deployed to the r-universe server. This brings us to the 3rd core piece of our infrastructure: the cranlike package server.
The package server consists of a NodeJS/MongoDB stack and is the most critical piece of the system. It is specifically developed for R-universe, but it is open source and could be used for other purposes as well. As the name implies, it implements the standard repository format, such that users can install packages (incl. Win/Mac binaries) exactly the same way as from CRAN (no Rtools/devtools/sysreqs required):
# Enable this universe
options(repos = c(
ropensci = 'https://ropensci.r-universe.dev',
CRAN = 'https://cloud.r-project.org'))
install.packages('magick')
But unlike CRAN or similar systems, R-universe does not store the package repository as pre-generated static files. All R-universe repositories and indices are generated on demand from packages in the database for a given universe.
The benefit of using a database is that it makes the system dynamic: we can interface with the repository data in other ways, serve hybrid/virtual package repositories, analyze the dependency network, etc. For example, the server exposes summary data about every universe from several /stats/ APIs:
/stats/maintainers: all unique package maintainers
/stats/descriptions: description fields for all packages
/stats/vignettes: rmarkdown vignettes included with packages
/stats/sysdeps: automatically derived system dependencies used by packages
/stats/checks: most recent build/check runs
These same APIs are used in the front-end webpages. All the stats APIs use the ndjson data format which you can read in R using jsonlite:
# All rOpenSci package descriptions
ropensci <- jsonlite::stream_in(url('https://ropensci.r-universe.dev/stats/descriptions'))
View(ropensci)
# Compare with:
packages <- available.packages(repos = 'https://ropensci.r-universe.dev')
This illustrates how our package server not only makes it easy to host personal package repositories, but also unlocks data and metadata about the software, which can be used for all sorts of interfaces and other research applications.
Building pkgdown sites is currently only enabled for the rOpenSci universe, and deployed to our docs server. ↩
r-universe


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MIT Technology Review ©2019 v.|eiπ|
Building a Better Book Reader
Publishers are tapping into a young audience by sending books to cell phones and flashing the text before users' eyes–one word at a time.
by Kate Baggott
New software that flashes words on cell-phone screens has traditional publishing houses chasing young readers with renewed interest.
Launched in England less than a year ago, ICUE software lets users read novels on their cell phone without the irritation of constantly scrolling through blocks of text displayed on the small screen. Instead, the text is flashed on the screen one word (or short phrase) at a time.
The simple java application is based on the tachistoscope, a rapid image recognition device. Invented by the United States Air Force, it was first used to train pilots to recognize enemy planes from a distance. The device was later used to teach speed-reading techniques.
Tachistoscope-inspired text readers have long been available over the Internet. New Zealand-based software developer Andrew Stephens released his, Word Up, three years ago. While Stephens has always believed the idea "could work well on a portable display," he found its use "quite trippy."
This doesn't seem to be a problem for the 10,000 ICUE customers who are used to spending long periods of time staring at the rapidly moving images of video games.
"Our customers are split between business and tech-oriented readers and, obviously, teenagers," says ICUE managing director Jane Tappuni. "It's the 16-year-olds who are using us the most because they are the ones who are on their mobiles [cell phones] the most. Their reading is split between the classic list that has to do with what they're reading at school and the contemporary list."
"I'm fed up with having to let superb backlist titles go out of print when sales dwindle to a paltry few hundred because the majority of retailers don't keep them on range," says Cally Poplak, director of Egmont Press. "I'm fed up with having to turn down sensational teen fiction because it's such a struggle to secure reasonable sales. This frustration has encouraged me to think about our industry in a different way."
ICUE has entered into licensing deals for cell-phone e-books with major publishers like HarperCollins, Pan Macmillan, Pearson, Simon and Schuster, and Egmont, all of which have extensive young-adult or educational catalogs. While Tappuni says the company plans to launch ICUE in the United States, it will only do so once it has cracked the more technologically sophisticated UK market. "The UK is 18 months to two years ahead of the US cellular market," Tappuni says. "Only 35 percent of Americans have sent a text message, as compared to almost 100 percent in the UK."
Childwise Monitor research recently reported that 90 percent of British 13-to-16-year-olds use cellular phones. According to Tappuni, 80 percent of users who download ICUE and view the demo text then go on to purchase ebooks. The trend has educators taking notice. Tappuni says she often hears from teachers interested in making ICUE books available to their classes.
Reading experts believe that the technology should indeed be of interest to teachers.
"I would agree that the growing use of cell phones might increase student contact with a variety of texts," says Richard Thurlow, educational psychologist and author of Linking Literacy and Technology. "However, the success of such technology with reluctant or developing readers would entirely depend on the readability levels and the interest levels of the texts available."
A widespread adoption of reading long texts on cell phones would challenge the long-predicted rise of portable devices dedicated to reading electronic texts. That includes products like the Sony Reader, released last month.
"The Sony Reader, which our people have examined, is due to be a flop, just as with all the other dedicated hardware readers–totally the wrong business plan for the Internet age," comments Michael Hart, cofounder of Project Gutenberg, a site that makes free public-domain texts available as e-books. "The difference is that there are a billion new cell phones made every year–nothing like that for any other such devices."
Hart estimates that Project Gutenberg has about 20,000 free texts available for cell-phone download.
Kate Baggott
Google has "terminated" its project to build a search engine for China
What happens when a country's entire adult population is hacked?
Elon Musk's Neuralink says it's nearly ready for the first human volunteers
In association with Intel
Self-driving cars take the wheel
Getting smart about the future of AI
Autonomous driving: Safety first
Produced in association with IBM
Optimizing the engineering life cycle requires digital transformation


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Trees frame in the famous Suwannee river as you step out onto the bank. Blue skies brighten as the sun gains strength in the sky. Mist rises from the river and wispy clouds hang gently in the air. The air is crisp as the sounds of morning are all around.


In a dynamic and supportive series of workshops, we will look at the inner workings of the script – the clockworks of a pause, the cogs of dialogue. No text is a mystery, and each script you pick up already contains all the clues you'll need to solve its challenges.
Using a variety of acting exercises, improv techniques, and sharp, focused games, we will unlock the secrets of the script – and furnish ourselves with the tools to play a whole range of new characters.


American Sign Language – English Interpretation B.A.
Audiology and Speech-Language Sciences B.S.
Environmental and Sustainability Studies B.A.
You'll find rich, diverse opportunities at the University of Northern Colorado. UNC is large enough to offer engaging academic programs, a wide variety of support services and endless ways to get involved. And it's small enough to be personal, welcoming and caring. You'll find that UNC is an inclusive community of highly respected faculty members, dedicated staff and friendly, motivated students. The University of Northern Colorado shall be a comprehensive baccalaureate and specialized graduate research university with selective admission standards. The University shall offer a comprehensive array of baccalaureate programs and master's and doctoral degrees primarily in the field of education. The University of Northern Colorado has statewide authority to offer graduate programs for the preparation of educational personnel. The University of Northern Colorado strives to be a leading student-centered university that promotes effective teaching, lifelong learning, the advancement of knowledge, research, and a commitment to service. Graduates are educated in the Liberal Arts and professionally prepared to live and contribute effectively in a rapidly changing, technologically advanced society. Description: The University of Northern Colorado is a comprehensive baccalaureate and specialized graduate research university with a continuing commitment to its historical role in the preparation of educators. The University offers a broad range of undergraduate and graduate programs in the arts, sciences, humanities, business, human sciences and education. The array and quality of UNC programs provide a unique resource to Colorado. All students are required to study in the liberal arts tradition, which prepares them to think and act responsibly in a dynamic, diverse and global society. Multicultural content and interdisciplinary programs enrich academic experiences. University curricula are designed to improve students' competencies in critical thinking, communication, and problem solving, leadership, and technological applications. As a Carnegie Research Intensive Institution, the University of Northern Colorado's graduate programs emphasize advanced scholarship within a discipline and acquisition of professional abilities for career advancement. Graduate education includes a variety of master's degrees that complement the University's mission and purposes and a select number of doctoral programs that emphasize scholarship and research, clinical practice, pedagogy, or performance. The University provides a full range of student support services and recreational opportunities. The James A. Michener Library and the Music Library provide information resources through sophisticated technology and established collections.


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You are here: Home / Business/Industry News / Sports Memorabilia Business News / T206 Society Launches at SoCal Show
T206 Society Launches at SoCal Show
October 11, 2013 By Chris Levy
Of the countless baseball cards sets issued before the second world war, none has managed to capture the imagination of the American public in the way the white bordered set issued by the American Tobacco Company between 1909 and 1911 has. Designated 'T206' by hobby pioneer Jefferson Burdick, the set has transcended collecting and has become part of Americana. Due to the unprecedented prices realized by the Honus Wagner card, the entire set has continued to increase in value, or as collector/commentator Keith Olbermann recently stated in Holy Grail: The T206 Honus Wagner: "a rising tide lifts all boats."
Michael and Derek Hogue
Over the past several years printing 'freaks' featuring miscuts, overprints, ghost images, or anything that looks out of place have continued to appreciate. Cards featuring proof marks, or those that appear to have been discarded as printer's 'scrap' have also benefited from this market increase as collectors compete for rarity and bragging rights. Though arguably the greatest result of the feeding frenzy among T206 collectors has been the inflation of back prices, with examples previously selling for reasonable figures now selling for exponentially greater.
The result of this recent bonanza has been an increase in research, sales, and marketing of the T206 set. The father and son pairing of Michael and Derek Hogue think they have found the balance with their new venture: T206 Society.
"They're like the great pyramids of Egypt," Michael, 61 of Southern California explained. "The more you explore – the more mysteries there are."
A fan of the New York Mets and Jets, Michael grew up in what some baseball historians have described as the 'golden age'. As a child he would open packs of Topps and assemble cards of baseball icons like Mickey Mantle and Willie Mays, but while he had heard stories referencing Ty Cobb and Christy Mathewson – he had no idea cards existed of these players.
Michael would go on to produce sporting events for nearly thirty years, but when his son, Derek, was born he returned to a familiar hobby – baseball cards. Rather than collect modern players, Michael chose to share the stories of the players of his youth and the two began collecting vintage 1950s and 60s stars.
That all changed the day Derek discovered a T206 Cy Young portrait . The two were amazed to learn these cards existed and in the years that followed ceased collecting anything but T206 including their favorite – the T206 Walter Johnson portrait . Their passion for their set has ultimately transitioned into a business – T206 Society – where they plan to offer nothing but T206 cards for sale. Unlike some sets that simply feature information on the card, their site will feature complete biographies on each player – attempting to make even a common player's story read like that of legend.
The website launched last Friday, with a public launch the next day at the Southern California Collectors Show. "We were offered some amazing cards from one of the guys we have worked with for awhile that will be an incredible addition to the inventory we already have up," Hogue stated, referencing the numerous T206 cards he already has for sale.
When asked if a site devoted to a single set can be successful, both father and son seemed very optimistic. "T206s will continue to go up," Hogue explained. "Rare backs will go up making it impossible for most people to get a Uzit, Lennox, Drum, etc."
In addition to the website and storefront, T206 Society plans to launch an auction soon. They have also contracted T206 experts to write about the set in order to provide more information on the set and the individual cards to novice collectors who may have heard about the set, but are not fully versed in it.
Rare Lenox Back Hal Chase Among 1700 Lots at Auction Collectors' Choice: Most Popular Baseball Card Sets, 1900-1949 At the NSCC: Autographed Cleveland Spiders Photos Once Owned by Cy Young Vintage Buy of the Week: Thousands of Vintage Cards to Enter Market It's a Deal: Group of Rare, Valuable Vintage Cards Will Head to Market Seized Baseball Memorabilia Collection Heading to Auction Mint T206 Walter Johnson Among Big Sellers in Memory Lane Event T206 Broad Leaf Johnson Sale Latest Example of T206 Back Craze Collecting Cy Young
Filed Under: Sports Memorabilia Business News Tagged With: auction, Cy Young, hobby business, t206, T206 rare backs, vintage baseball cards, Walter Johnson


Novel chewing gum composition for use by athletes and other persons to stimulate salivation while exercising, comprising the combination of at least three per cent by weight of an organic acid selected from the group consisting of adipic, ascorbic, citric, fumaric, lactic, malic and tartaric acids, and fructose. The organic acid and fructose combination provides a synergistic saliva stimulating effect greater than that of either ingredient alone. Sodium and potassium salts are included to help replenish those salts lost in perspiration, and high levels of dextrose or fructose provide a quick energy source and a hygroscopic agent for improved shelf life.
This invention relates to chewing gum and, more particularly, to flavored chewing gum having a combination of ingredients enabling it to stimulate salivation synergistically beyond that attributable to the act of chewing food or either of the ingredients alone.
Chewing gum is used by athletes and other persons while exercising to relieve nervous tension. Chewing ordinary gum for a prolonged exercise period sometimes causes a dry mouth condition known as "cottonmouth". Exercising, of course, causes muscular fatigue along with loss of essential potassium and sodium salts through perspiration. Shelf life, that is, the ability to remain soft and readily chewable in storage, is also important.
Known gum compositions typically contain some form of chewable gum base, a softener, a flavoring ingredient and a sweetener, which can be either natural or artificial. While certain organic acids derived from natural products such as fruits, vegetables, plants and milk stimulate salivation, in order to be effective for this purpose, they have to be used in high concentrations (above 3% by weight), resulting in an objectionable strong and sour taste. One example of such an organic acid, which is an excellent salivating agent, is citric acid. Straight lemon juice, containing 5 to 8 percent citric acid, is too sour to use as is, and must be diluted substantially for use in foods and beverages. In the low concentrations normally found in foods and beverages, citric acid is not a very effective salivation agent.
Chewing gum is an ideal medium for the controlled release of salivation agents, quick energy sugars and sodium and potassium salts for athletes or other persons engaged in strenuous exercise. However, prior to the present invention, the only known gum composition developed to accomplish these results is disclosed in applicants' pending U.S. Patent Application Ser. No. 753,841, filed Dec. 23, 1976. This gum composition contains high levels of an organic acid and saccharin, the latter ingredient being considered by some to be harmful. Applicants are unaware of any other gum composition having a palatable taste yet containing a high concentration of an organic acid to achieve heavy saliva stimulation.
In Johnson U.S. Pat. No. 3,681,087, sticks of gum containing citric acid are dusted with miraculin powder, an odd substance which has the peculiar, taste-inverting characeristic of making sour things taste sweet. This is exactly the opposite of the effect which is needed in a saliva-stimulating gum composition, which should be quite tart for maximum salivation, yet not objectionably so.
Atkins and Attaway U.S. Pat. No. 3,657,424 discloses a commercial bottled citrus drink employing orange, grapefruit, lemon, lime or other acid fruit juices. Reference is made to use by athletes or other persons for replacing the loss of body fluids which results from exercising or working in high temperature environments. Calcium, sodium and potassium ions are included as supplements to make up for loss of these ions in perspiration. These citrus juices are very diluted and lack the concentration required for producing any salivation effect. Citrus juices, marketed in a can or bottle, cannot serve the same purpose as chewing gum. A professional athlete can chew gum while playing football, basketball or hockey to obtain extended slow-release benefits therefrom but obviously cannot carry a bottled beverage into play.
Further examples of the state of the art are shown in Ogawa and Terasawa U.S. Pat. No. 3,826,847 and Bilotti 3,352,689. Both relate to chewing gums. Neither discloses any salivation stimulating percentage (above 3% by weight) of any organic acid. The Ogawa et al patent has only a single example illustrating about 0.2 percent tartaric acid, which amount is insufficient for salivation. The Bilotti patent does not mention any organic acid ingredient at all. The gums disclosed in these patents are ineffective to act as stimulants of saliva to a degree greater than that attributable to the act of chewing food itself.
Accordingly, it is a principal object of the invention to provide a good tasting chewing gum composition having the ability, when used in the ordinary way, to stimulate salivation to a degree beyond that attributable to the mere act of chewing food and to eliminate the dry, so-called "cottonmouth" condition experienced with conventional chewing gum products; to reduce muscular fatigue by providing a quick source of energy; to replenish a portion of the body salts normally lost in perspiration; and to have improved shelf life.
These and other objects and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following description, which discloses a preferred embodiment of the invention.
The chewing gum composition of this invention is primarily intended for use by athletes and other persons during strenuous physical exercise. It is well-known that athletes engaged in competitive efforts chew gum to relieve tension; chewing, whether it be gum, tobacco, betel nut or a stick of wood, is a known means of relaxation. A chewing gum composition typically includes a gum base, flavoring additives, emulsifying agents, a sweetener and sometimes coloring ingredients, among others. Into such a gum composition, the present invention incorporates three additional features, namely, a saliva-stimulating and acid-masking combination of ingredients, a source of energy to reduce fatigue and a source of potassium and sodium salts to replenish those salts lost in perspiration during exercise.
In general, the present invention utilizes the heretofore unrecognized synergistic saliva-stimulating effect produced by the combination of a high level of fructose with high percentages (that is, above 3% by weight) of certain specified organic acids in a pleasant-tasting chewing gum. Actual tests have demonstrated that the resultant saliva-stimulating effect greatly exceeds that of either fructose or organic acid alone in gum compositions. The high level of fructose, which is a strong sweetener, partially masks the otherwise unacceptably sour taste caused by such high levels of organic acids. In addition, high levels of dextrose or fructose are preferably incorporated to provide both a quick energy source and a hygroscopic agent to improve shelf life. Furthermore, potassium or sodium salts, or both, are incorporated for slow, controlled release with the other ingredients.
It is well-known that the presence of a high level of certain organic acids specified herein, above about 3% of the total weight, makes a gum product unpleasantly sour. Similarly, a high level of fructose or other sweetener makes it too sweet. For these reasons, neither of these two ingredients is used separately at high levels in gum compositions. As previously stated, however, their combined use in the present invention, at the high levels stated, provides the excellent desired result, namely, effective saliva-stimulation in a pleasant-tasting chewing gum. It should be noted that while certain organic acids are known saliva stimulants, fructose alone is not thought to have that attribute and is not typically used for that purpose. The combination of these two ingredients increases saliva flow, reduces or eliminates "cottonmouth" inherent with prolonged chewing while exercising and results in a tart-flavored but pleasant-tasting chewing gum product.
Specifically, the organic acids, which, with fructose, will produce the desired salivation effect in the present invention, are one or more of those selected from the group consisting of adipic, ascorbic, citric, fumaric, lactic, malic and tartaric acids. These organic acids occur in natural products, although, as a practical matter, they may be synthesized for low-cost mass production. Adipic acid occurs in beet juice. Ascorbic acid is found in citrus fruits, hip berries, and fresh tea leaves. Citric acid is present in lemon, lime and grapefruit juices, to name a few sources. Fumaric acid is found in many plants. Lactic acid makes sour milk tart. Malic acid is found in unripe fruits, maple juice and apples. Finally, tartaric acid occurs in fruit and vegetable tissues.
The following examples will specifically list citric acid as the organic acid ingredient, but it will be understood that any one or combination of the other organic acids listed above may be substituted with the same beneficial results.
One example of the chewing gum composition of the present invention, employing the combination of high levels of organic acids and fructose, along with a high dextrose level, comprises the following ingredients on a weight basis: gum base, from 10 percent to 87 percent; dextrose syrup (conventional corn syrup), from 0 percent to 25 percent; granulated dextrose, from 0 percent to 80 percent; citric acid, from 3 percent to 10 percent; a softener such as glycerine, from 0 percent to 25 percent; fructose, from 10 percent to 70 percent; soluble food grade potassium salts, from 0 percent to 4 percent; a sodium salt, from 0 percent to 4 percent; and sucrose, a bulking component, from 0 percent to 80 percent. Additionally, conventional flavors (from 0.1 percent to 6 percent) and coloring ingredients can be added as desired. Within the specified ranges, the optimum levels of chewing gum ingredients are determined empirically, depending on the particular end product desired.
Another advantage of this invention, namely improved shelf life, results from the hygroscopic effect achieved by the combination of dextrose or fructose and the specified organic acids. In addition to supplying quick energy, the dextrose or fructose, when combined with these organic acids, can readily absorb and retain moisture from the air, allowing the final formulated gum product to hold moisture and stay fresh.
It should be noted that the presence of too high a level of either the potassium or sodium salts listed will adversely affect the taste of the gum product.
If dextrose in syrup form is not utilized in formulating the gum composition, the addition of some form of plasticizer will be necessary to assist in the manufacture of such gum products and the percentage of granulated dextrose will have to be increased.
It will be understood that the foregoing detailed description is provided by way of illustration and that other gum compositions can readily be devised in accordance with the principles disclosed without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
1. A chewing gum composition essentially comprising gum base; a sweetener; flavoring additives; a palatable and safe amount of an organic acid selected from the group consisting of adipic, ascorbic, citric, fumaric, lactic, malic and tartaric acids, said organic acid being capable of stimulating salivation beyond that attributable to the act of chewing food and constituting at least 3 percent by weight of the final gum composition; and fructose constituting at least 10 percent by weight of the final gum composition.
2. The chewing gum composition of claim 1 wherein said fructose constitutes from 10 percent to 70 percent by weight of the final gum composition.
3. The chewing gum composition of claim 1 wherein said sweetener is dextrose.
4. The chewing gum composition of claim 1 including potassium salts up to about 4 percent by weight of the final gum composition.
5. The chewing gum composition of claim 1 including sodium salts up to about 4 percent by weight of the final gum composition.
6. A chewing gum composition comprising on a weight basis: from about 10 percent to about 87 percent gum base; from about 0 percent to about 25 percent dextrose syrup; from about 0 percent to about 80 percent granulated dextrose; from about 0 percent to about 80 percent sucrose; from about 10 percent to about 70 percent fructose; from about 3 percent to about 10 percent of an organic acid selected from the group consisting of adipic, ascorbic, citric, fumaric, lactic, malic and tartaric acids; from about 0 percent to about 4 percent potassium salts; from about 0 percent to about 4 percent sodium salts; and effective amounts of flavoring and softening agents.
CH324878A CH633166A5 (en) 1977-09-26 1978-03-23 Chewing gum stimulates salivation.
NL7803145A NL7803145A (en) 1977-09-26 1978-03-23 Chewing gum.


COLORADO SPRINGS, Colo. (AP) - The acting Pentagon chief is sharpening his argument for creating a Space Force, amid skepticism among some in Congress that it's worth the cost.
Patrick Shanahan calls the proposed Space Force a "low cost, low bureaucracy" way to stay ahead of China, Russia and other nations seeking to erase American military and technological advantages in space. He says the next big war may be won or lost in space.
Shanahan spelled out his arguments in a speech Tuesday to a space symposium in Colorado Springs. He pointedly cited China as a space threat, saying it is developing the ability to jam and target satellite communications that the U.S. military relies on in combat and in peacetime.
Congress is considering a Trump administration to establish a Space Force in 2020.


Time to be all cheesy, but the past 24 hours have been great for my writing…and me too I guess.
Since I have become sick and taking painkillers my mind has been everywhere but on my writing. My grandma told me not to worry. She always has supported me and understands me.
Last night I decided to type up some more of my novel. It has been almost a week since I typed. Well, with the hubby's encouragement to keep typing I have now moved on to the second part of the book. I handwrite so most of my novels take up two writing books. As my current word count displays I am sitting at just over 53k words. My goal of over 80k should be able to be managed before editing. Yippie!
That's not the best part of my writing day. Today I decided to go sit at Mahtay Cafe & Lounge. It's a nice new cafe. Why did I go there? I went there for a change of place to write. I tend to get easily distracted at home, which is obvious for those that know us and our place. I managed to write over 5k words. That is a lot of handwriting in a sitting and I am damn happy. I plan to try to go there once a week to two weeks depending on how I feel.
This book has been giving me some massive writers block and seemed to never want to let go. Plus, I need to get writing more again. It is get help at distracting me and keeping me focused all at once.
Finally, good news with writing.
For those that are wondering about my experiment, I have had 22 people download the 10 chapter preview from smashwords. I am curious as to how much that number will increase once it is available on different sites.
Back to typing I go. I'm all giddy and no longer feel like torturing those that are reading this. But, if you have experienced this, let me know how it makes you feel. Does not have to be just about writing.


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You are here: Home » Entertainment » 'Matilda' hits cinemas as Russia fears more violence
'Matilda' hits cinemas as Russia fears more violence
Russia is on edge as the controversial historical drama premieres. DW's Juri Rescheto in Saint Petersburg explains why attacks have dogged Aleksei Utichel's film and why the response has been too little, too late.
"Maltida" is good at playing hide and seek. Nothing points to a premiere: no posters, no trailer, no program brochure. Instead, the calendar of events at St. Petersburg's Mariinsky Theater announces a guest performance of the Estonian National Ballet. Nothing else.
Barely known is the fact that on Monday October 23, the famous theater will host an event of national significance, a premiere that has had the whole country holding its breath for months. In the Mariinksy, on a different stage next to one where the contemporary Estonian troupe will perform, an entirely different ballerina will be dancing, one who is historic, classic and controversial. Her name? Matilda — the main character of the eponymous film by Russian director Aleksei Uchitel.
Over 100 years ago, Matilda Kschessinskaya, the picture-perfect dancer of Polish origin, turned the head of Nicolas II, Russia's last czar. The affair almost cost him the throne — almost, because he remained steadfast and returned to his less beautiful wife, the German princess Alix von Hessen-Darmstadt. The monarchy was saved, even if not for long…
That's as far as the script for this movie goes. Made in the Hollywood manner of an overly pompous costume drama, the film has been a thorn in the eye of the Russian Orthodox Church for nearly a year and has given militant supporters of the state church a reason for hate and violence. The resulting controversy has become so bad that numerous cinemas are refusing to show the film. The main actor in "Matilda," German Lars Eidinger, even canceled his trip to Russia for the film's premiere due to fear of violent attack. He has been defamed in Russia as a "gay German porno actor."
Natalia versus Matilda: a politician fights the film
Behind the hate campaign is a delicate blond: Natalia Poklonskaya, one of the glitziest figures in Russian politics. The former public prosecutor of the Crimean peninsula is currently a member of the Russian Duma, the lower house of Russia's parliament. About one year ago, she made the fight against "Matilda" her life calling. She accuses the film of portraying the czar in an "unworthy" manner.
Nicolas II was murdered by the Bolsheviks as a consequence of the October Revolution of 1917 and was recognized by the Russian Orthodox Church as a martyred saint in 1981. Thus, the film is opposed on the grounds of "insult to religious feeling," which in Russia is punishable by law.
Poklonskaya has not seen the film. When I asked her how she reached her judgment, the member of parliament answered that one need not eat a whole bucket of crap in order to know how bad it tastes. Just a spoonful suffices. The "spoonful" is the trailer that she has seen. It has a chaste bedroom scene. That seemed to be enough for her.
Uncontrolled violence
Poklonskaya pulled out all the stops: she gathered signatures, submitted one claim after another to the state's attorney, worked with group after group of experts. All fruitless. "Matilda" may be screened. After a private viewing, the Duma came to the conclusion that the film was permissible.
But it was too late. The authorities had remained silent for too long, and the spirit of religiously motivated hate had already been let out of the bottle. Poklonskaya's threats, and those from the ominous group "Christian State — Holy Rus," had been observed passively for too long.
When I met supporters of this group in February in the Russian city of Lipetsk, some 438 kilometers (272 miles) southeast of Moscow, they defended their threats to set fire to cinemas that want to show "Matilda." One wants to fight "for the honor of the holy czar," so they said, and for the honor of "Christian State — Holy Rus," as they called their organization at the time.
A troop of numerous, well-trained, bearded young men sat across from me and filmed our team as we filmed them. It was an absurd and unsettling situation. Some half a year later the leader is in jail and the unregistered group has been classified as an extremist organization.
But even that came too late, as a series of events reveals. On September 4, just days before the sneak preview in Yekaterinburg, a metropolis of over 1 million lying east of the Ural mountains, a minibus rammed into the cinema where the screening was to take place. The cinema went up in flames. The driver and arsonist's attack was motivated by protest against the film.
On September 11, heavily armed security troops were called out to Vladivostok to protect viewers and "Matilda" director Uchitel — who had traveled from Moscow some 9,174 kilometers (5,700 miles) to the far eastern city — from potential attacks. Shortly before, coach buses drove through Vladivostok displaying texts calling for a boycott of the film.
Read more: Russia gripped by hoax bomb threats, thousands evacuated
And in Moscow on the night of September 11 to the 12, the car belonging to Uchitel's lawyer was burned. Three suspects were arrested, one of whom was a "Holy Rus" religious extremist. A search of the house belonging to one of the arrested individuals turned up stickers bearing the slogan, "To burn for Matilda."
Not even director Uchitel's personal appeal to Russian President Vladimir Putin can stop the violence. Will the extremists be able to prevent "Matilda's" premiere in the Mariinsky Theater? Probably not. But provocations and attacks have not been ruled out — even though event organizers have banished the film about the czar from their public schedule of events.
Aleksei Uchitel Lars Eidinger Matilda movie protest Russia	2017-10-23
Tagged with: Aleksei Uchitel Lars Eidinger Matilda movie protest Russia
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The objective of Energy Club at KPRIET is to create awareness among the student community and general public around the college about environment friendly renewable energy technologies.
Workshop, Field Visit, Open House Exhibition, Guest Lectures, Symposiums and Seminars etc are the activities conducted to create awareness among the students and staff on renewable energies. Ministry of Non-Conventional Energy Sources extended sponsorship for such programs.
Naanal is KPRIET's eco club. The main objective of this club is to train the next generation as the environment saviors. Our active environment saviors spread awareness amongst masses about the conservation of environment, tree plantation, waste management etc. It is our small steps towards making a big difference.
National Service Scheme, institutionalized under the Ministry of Youth Affairs & Sports Govt. of India. The aim of NSS at KPRIET is to motivate students at KPRIET to indulge in nation building activities through various events and projects which are aimed towards the benefit of people in and around KPRIET. We share the belief that such activities are always a means of great satisfaction and joy.
Robotics Club at KPRIET is a place to pursue interest in robotics by working on high-impact robotics projects and competitions. By honing the skills of talented students towards these projects, the strength of our students in robotics is demonstrated. It hosts flagship events like servo race and auto race.
Thulir is the social welfare club of KPRIET. Members of this club frequently visit orphanages, old age homes and help children achieve their dreams by providing basic necessities whenever possible.


Home » Enforcing US Judgments in China. Not Yet.
Enforcing US Judgments in China. Not Yet.
At least once a month, one of our China lawyers will get a call or an email from a U.S. lawyer seeking our help in taking a U.S. judgment (usually a default judgment) to China to enforce. The thinking of the U.S. lawyer is that all we need do is go to a China court and ask it to convert the U.S. judgment into a Chinese judgment and then send out the Chinese equivalent of a sheriff to the Chinese company and start seizing its assets until it pays.
But every once in a while, one of our China attorneys will get paid to conduct the research proving this on behalf of a U.S. plaintiff in a lawsuit that wants to be able to show a court that it should be entitled to collect all of its damages from a US-based defendant because it will never be able to collect anything from any potential Chinese defendant. The below is a less legalistic summary of our most recent research on this.
The foreign judgment has taken legal effect in the jurisdiction in which it was rendered.
The country where the deciding court is located has a treaty with China or is a signatory to an international treaty to which China is also a signatory or there is reciprocity between the countries.
The foreign judgment does not violate any basic principles of Chinese law, national sovereignty, security, or social public interest.
Though China is a signatory to the New York Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards, it is not a signatory to any international treaty on the recognition and enforcement of foreign court judgments. There is no bilateral treaty between China and the U.S. on recognition and enforcement of foreign court judgments. There also is no bilateral treaty between the two countries on civil or commercial judicial assistance.
Even judgments from countries that have an enforcement treaty with China, are oftentimes not enforced in China. For example, China and Australia entered into an agreement on reciprocal encouragement and protection of investments in 1988 that mandates both countries promulgate laws recognizing and enforcing each other's judgments. But in response to a 2007 request by the Guangdong Province High People's Court for instructions regarding an application by an Australian plaintiff for recognition and enforcement of an Australian court judgment, the Supreme People's Court of China (the "SPC") rejected enforcement since there was no international treaty to which China was a signatory nor any treaty between China and Australia on mutual recognition and enforcement of court judgments, nor any reciprocity between the two countries, the application should be rejected.
Since China is not a signatory to any international treaty on recognition and enforcement of foreign court judgments nor is there any treaty between China and the U.S. regarding judgment enforcement, the only possible way to get a U.S. judgment enforced in China would be if there were reciprocity between the two countries, but there isn't.
In considering the question of reciprocity, a Chinese court will consider whether there is any precedent indicating reciprocity. In other words, the court will seek to determine whether there are any prior cases where a U.S. court recognized or enforced a Chinese court's decision. If there are no examples of a U.S. court having enforced a Chinese judgment, the Chinese court will almost certainly rule against enforcing the U.S. judgment because the reciprocity requirement will not have been met.
In 1994, the Dalian Intermediate People's Court considered a Japanese party's application to recognize and enforce a Japanese judgment and two rulings. The application was eventually referred to the SPC for guidance and the SPC held that given that there was no multilateral or bilateral treaty governing such matters between China and Japan and given that the two countries had not established reciprocity, the Japanese judgment would not be recognized or enforced by a Chinese court. This case confirms China requires factual reciprocity, not presumed reciprocity.
But are there any examples of a U.S. court enforcing a Chinese Judgment? On August 12, 2009, the United States District Court for the Central District of California issued a judgment enforcing a $6.5 million dollar Chinese judgment against an American corporate defendant under California's version of the Uniform Foreign Money Judgments Recognition Act and in 2011, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed the district court's decision. The plaintiffs in that case were Hubei Gezhouba Sanlian Industrial Co. Ltd. and Hubei Pinghu Cruise Co. Ltd., two PRC companies located in Hubei Province. The plaintiffs won a judgment against Robinson Helicopter Company Inc., a California corporation, at the Higher People's Court of Hubei Province. The United States District Court for the Central District of California held that the PRC judgment was final, conclusive and enforceable under PRC laws and the plaintiffs were therefore entitled to an issuance of a domestic judgment in the amount of the PRC judgment.
This was the first time a U.S. Court recognized and enforced a PRC judgment, but it does not necessarily mean a Chinese court will automatically invoke the principle of reciprocity and recognize and enforce a U.S. court judgment. First, the enforcing court in that case is in California (though it was federal court), and the laws usually differ from state to state in the U.S., so it's uncertain whether a Chinese court will deem the U.S., as a country, to have established a reciprocal relationship with China. Second, since the enforcing court was a federal court, it's also not clear whether a Chinese court will deem a state court's judgment enforceable in China. Third, the enforcing court is not the U.S. Supreme Court, thus, a Chinese court may not deem it to amount to reciprocity at the highest judicial level between the two countries. Finally, that case involved a U.S. defendant who had previously argued that only China had jurisdiction over the case, so it hardly could be deemed unfair for a U.S. court to rule on enforcing the Chinese judgment.
Chinese courts tend to be more willing to recognize and enforce foreign divorce judgments involving Chinese citizens so they don't have to initiate a separate divorce proceeding. However, since this is not a divorce case, it almost certainly is not relevant.
We have not been able to find a single instance where a Chinese court enforced a U.S. non-divorce judgment.
This memorandum does not address the possibility of your suing the Chinese company directly in China and there are times where doing so makes sense.
In conclusion, a U.S. court judgment against ______________ will almost certainly not be recognized or enforced in China. Unless ___________ has assets in the U.S. or in some country other than China that enforces US judgments, a US judgment will probably not be collectable against this company in any way.


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Lorde unveils tracklist, release date, and tour dates for Solar Power
We proclaim this the summer of Lorde!
By Chelsea Quezada On Jun 22, 2021
Less than two weeks after the release of her lead single "Solar Power," Lorde is ringing in the summer solstice with a few major announcements: the tracklist and release date of Solar Power, and her 2022 tour.
Solar Power — Tracklist. pic.twitter.com/YbdPRHrmIP
— Lorde Daily (@LordeDaily) June 21, 2021
The album is set to be released on Aug. 20, with 12 songs and two bonus tracks. A standard vinyl and a deluxe, sky-blue vinyl are available for preorder on her store now, along with exclusive signed vinyl and eco-friendly merch.
For this album cycle, Lorde opted not to sell physical CDs. "I didn't wanna make something that would end up in a landfill in 2 years," she explained in her newsletter. "But more than that, I wanted to make something that symbolised my commitment to asking questions of our systems, and making stuff with intention and sensitivity." Instead, she created a "music box," which is a plastic-free alternative with exclusive photos, handwritten notes, and a digital download card.
The Solar Power Tour, starring Lorde.
North America, UK, Europe, New Zealand and Australia tour dates have been posted on Lorde's website.
Turning it on in a new kind of bright in 2022. https://t.co/B2kXsUYHbA pic.twitter.com/LF3RtIpK0m
Lorde is also going back on tour in 2022, starting in New Zealand and wrapping up in Europe. She'll be performing in intimate theatres and open air venues across the world. Presale for the Solar Power Tour starts this Thursday for UK, Europe, and North American shows, and June 30 for the New Zealand and Australia shows.
She previously noted that there is still a lot more to come this summer, and that fans should pay attention to the natural calendar for clues. We just know that whatever she has planned will definitely be worth the wait.
Lorde's third studio album, Solar Power, is available to preorder or presave here.
Chelsea Quezada 46 posts 0 comments
Chelsea is a recent journalism graduate from Southern California and an aspiring culture writer. She's a left-handed Virgo, much like her favorite artist, Niall Horan. In her free time, you can catch her watching competition-based reality shows.
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Jonny Garza Villa on their stunning debut novel, Fifteen Hundred Miles from the Sun


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Q: Android OCR Application Using Tesseract I am currently developping an android application based on OCR (Optical Character Recognition). I've downloaded the "tesseract- android" project that contains tools for compiling the Tesseract, Leptonica, and JPEG libraries for use on Android. I am developping via Eclipse on Windows Vista OS.
I've also downloaded the necessary tools (android-ndk;apache ant..), and I've done carefully all the steps to build this project and add it as a library to my basic application.
My app consists of opening the camera for taking a picture and then processing this picture via tesseract API in order to transform it into text.
My question is:
 1. Is it true that this procedure doesn't work under Windows OS?
 2. When compiling, I am having the following error:
    "java.lang.IllegalArgumentException: Data path must contain subfolder tessdata!"
What could be the potential error? The concerned portion of the java code is:
File myDir = getExternalFilesDir(Environment.MEDIA_MOUNTED);
TessBaseAPI baseApi = new TessBaseAPI();
baseApi.init(myDir, "eng");

I've also tried to use "/tess-two/external/tesseract-3.01/tessdata/tessconfigs" instead of "myDir", but the error remains the same.
I would highly appreciate any help.
Thanks in advance.

A: Q1. It should work on any operating system, I've been able to ndk-build on Win7, Mac OS Lion, and Ubuntu without any issues.
Q2. Make sure that you have permissions to write to the external storage, and have sufficient space to do so.
If that still fails, have a look at the DDMS and see the file explorer and double check your application is setting up the directory structure and copying over the traineddata.
I had an odd issue where it was creating the eng.traineddata file, but it was 0 bytes which led to all sorts of odd issues.
You could also create the directory structure manually to get you progressing, and fix this initialisation issue later on (but don't forget it!)

A: I was facing the same problem. Worked for me when I removed "tessdata" from the path.
Before (fail): path = "/mnt/sdcard/tesseract/tessdata";
After (success): path = "/mnt/sdcard/tesseract/";

Then, baseApi.init(path, "eng") worked with no exceptions.
Of course, tessdata folder should be in the path with the desired.traineddata file.

A: Path errors while compiling native stuff usually is not related with your java code.   Your java code would be responsible for runtime problems.   Check your build scripts and post more log messages.