text:
.. somewhat surprisingly the "bash" highlighter gives nice results with
   the pseudo-code notation used in the "Encryption" section.

.. highlight:: bash

========
Security
========

.. _borgcrypto:

Cryptography in Borg
====================

Attack model
------------

The attack model of Borg is that the environment of the client process
(e.g. ``borg create``) is trusted and the repository (server) is not. The
attacker has any and all access to the repository, including interactive
manipulation (man-in-the-middle) for remote repositories.

Furthermore the client environment is assumed to be persistent across
attacks (practically this means that the security database cannot be
deleted between attacks).

Under these circumstances Borg guarantees that the attacker cannot

1. modify the data of any archive without the client detecting the change
2. rename, remove or add an archive without the client detecting the change
3. recover plain-text data
4. recover definite (heuristics based on access patterns are possible)
   structural information such as the object graph (which archives
   refer to what chunks)

The attacker can always impose a denial of service per definition (he could
forbid connections to the repository, or delete it entirely).

Structural Authentication
-------------------------

Borg is fundamentally based on an object graph structure (see :ref:`internals`),
where the root object is called the manifest.

Borg follows the `Horton principle`_, which states that
not only the message must be authenticated, but also its meaning (often
expressed through context), because every object used is referenced by a
parent object through its object ID up to the manifest. The object ID in
Borg is a MAC of the object's plaintext, therefore this ensures that
an attacker cannot change the context of an object without forging the MAC.

In other words, the object ID itself only authenticates the plaintext of the
object and not its context or meaning. The latter is established by a different
object referring to an object ID, thereby assigning a particular meaning to
an object. For example, an archive item contains a list of object IDs that
represent packed file metadata. On their own it's not clear that these objects
would represent what they do, but by the archive item referring to them
in a particular part of its own data structure assigns this meaning.

This results in a directed acyclic graph of authentication from the manifest
to the data chunks of individual files.

.. rubric:: Authenticating the manifest

Since the manifest has a fixed ID (000...000) the aforementioned authentication
does not apply to it, indeed, cannot apply to it; it is impossible to authenticate
the root node of a DAG through its edges, since the root node has no incoming edges.

With the scheme as described so far an attacker could easily replace the manifest,
therefore Borg includes a tertiary authentication mechanism (TAM) that is applied
to the manifest since version 1.0.9 (see :ref:`tam_vuln`).

TAM works by deriving a separate key through HKDF_ from the other encryption and
authentication keys and calculating the HMAC of the metadata to authenticate [#]_::

    # RANDOM(n) returns n random bytes
    salt = RANDOM(64)

    ikm = id_key || enc_key || enc_hmac_key
    # *context* depends on the operation, for manifest authentication it is
    # the ASCII string "borg-metadata-authentication-manifest".
    tam_key = HKDF-SHA-512(ikm, salt, context)

    # *data* is a dict-like structure
    data[hmac] = zeroes
    packed = pack(data)
    data[hmac] = HMAC(tam_key, packed)
    packed_authenticated = pack(data)

Since an attacker cannot gain access to this key and also cannot make the
client authenticate arbitrary data using this mechanism, the attacker is unable
to forge the authentication.

This effectively 'anchors' the manifest to the key, which is controlled by the
client, thereby anchoring the entire DAG, making it impossible for an attacker
to add, remove or modify any part of the DAG without Borg being able to detect
the tampering.

Note that when using BORG_PASSPHRASE the attacker cannot swap the *entire*
repository against a new repository with e.g. repokey mode and no passphrase,
because Borg will abort access when BORG_PASSPRHASE is incorrect.

However, interactively a user might not notice this kind of attack
immediately, if she assumes that the reason for the absent passphrase
prompt is a set BORG_PASSPHRASE. See issue :issue:`2169` for details.

.. [#] The reason why the authentication tag is stored in the packed
       data itself is that older Borg versions can still read the
       manifest this way, while a changed layout would have broken
       compatibility.

Encryption
----------

Encryption is currently based on the Encrypt-then-MAC construction,
which is generally seen as the most robust way to create an authenticated
encryption scheme from encryption and message authentication primitives.

Every operation (encryption, MAC / authentication, chunk ID derivation)
uses independent, random keys generated by `os.urandom`_ [#]_.

Borg does not support unauthenticated encryption -- only authenticated encryption
schemes are supported. No unauthenticated encryption schemes will be added
in the future.

Depending on the chosen mode (see :ref:`borg_init`) different primitives are used:

- The actual encryption is currently always AES-256 in CTR mode. The
  counter is added in plaintext, since it is needed for decryption,
  and is also tracked locally on the client to avoid counter reuse.

- The authentication primitive is either HMAC-SHA-256 or BLAKE2b-256
  in a keyed mode. HMAC-SHA-256 uses 256 bit keys, while BLAKE2b-256
  uses 512 bit keys.

  The latter is secure not only because BLAKE2b itself is not
  susceptible to `length extension`_, but also since it truncates the
  hash output from 512 bits to 256 bits, which would make the
  construction safe even if BLAKE2b were broken regarding length
  extension or similar attacks.

- The primitive used for authentication is always the same primitive
  that is used for deriving the chunk ID, but they are always
  used with independent keys.

Encryption::

    id = AUTHENTICATOR(id_key, data)
    compressed = compress(data)

    iv = reserve_iv()
    encrypted = AES-256-CTR(enc_key, 8-null-bytes || iv, compressed)
    authenticated = type-byte || AUTHENTICATOR(enc_hmac_key, encrypted) || iv || encrypted

Decryption::

    # Given: input *authenticated* data, possibly a *chunk-id* to assert
    type-byte, mac, iv, encrypted = SPLIT(authenticated)

    ASSERT(type-byte is correct)
    ASSERT( CONSTANT-TIME-COMPARISON( mac, AUTHENTICATOR(enc_hmac_key, encrypted) ) )

    decrypted = AES-256-CTR(enc_key, 8-null-bytes || iv, encrypted)
    decompressed = decompress(decrypted)

    ASSERT( CONSTANT-TIME-COMPARISON( chunk-id, AUTHENTICATOR(id_key, decompressed) ) )

The client needs to track which counter values have been used, since
encrypting a chunk requires a starting counter value and no two chunks
may have overlapping counter ranges (otherwise the bitwise XOR of the
overlapping plaintexts is revealed).

The client does not directly track the counter value, because it
changes often (with each encrypted chunk), instead it commits a
"reservation" to the security database and the repository by taking
the current counter value and adding 4 GiB / 16 bytes (the block size)
to the counter. Thus the client only needs to commit a new reservation
every few gigabytes of encrypted data.

This mechanism also avoids reusing counter values in case the client
crashes or the connection to the repository is severed, since any
reservation would have been committed to both the security database
and the repository before any data is encrypted. Borg uses its
standard mechanism (SaveFile) to ensure that reservations are durable
(on most hardware / storage systems), therefore a crash of the
client's host would not impact tracking of reservations.

However, this design is not infallible, and requires synchronization
between clients, which is handled through the repository. Therefore in
a multiple-client scenario a repository can trick a client into
reusing counter values by ignoring counter reservations and replaying
the manifest (which will fail if the client has seen a more recent
manifest or has a more recent nonce reservation). If the repository is
untrusted, but a trusted synchronization channel exists between
clients, the security database could be synchronized between them over
said trusted channel. This is not part of Borgs functionality.

.. [#] Using the :ref:`borg key migrate-to-repokey <borg_key_migrate-to-repokey>`
       command a user can convert repositories created using Attic in "passphrase"
       mode to "repokey" mode. In this case the keys were directly derived from
       the user's passphrase at some point using PBKDF2.

       Borg does not support "passphrase" mode otherwise any more.

.. _key_encryption:

Offline key security
--------------------

Borg cannot secure the key material while it is running, because the keys
are needed in plain to decrypt/encrypt repository objects.

For offline storage of the encryption keys they are encrypted with a
user-chosen passphrase.

A 256 bit key encryption key (KEK) is derived from the passphrase
using PBKDF2-HMAC-SHA256 with a random 256 bit salt which is then used
to Encrypt-*and*-MAC (unlike the Encrypt-*then*-MAC approach used
otherwise) a packed representation of the keys with AES-256-CTR with a
constant initialization vector of 0. A HMAC-SHA256 of the plaintext is
generated using the same KEK and is stored alongside the ciphertext,
which is converted to base64 in its entirety.

This base64 blob (commonly referred to as *keyblob*) is then stored in
the key file or in the repository config (keyfile and repokey modes
respectively).

This scheme, and specifically the use of a constant IV with the CTR
mode, is secure because an identical passphrase will result in a
different derived KEK for every key encryption due to the salt.

The use of Encrypt-and-MAC instead of Encrypt-then-MAC is seen as
uncritical (but not ideal) here, since it is combined with AES-CTR mode,
which is not vulnerable to padding attacks.

.. seealso::

   Refer to the :ref:`key_files` section for details on the format.

   Refer to issue :issue:`747` for suggested improvements of the encryption
   scheme and password-based key derivation.

Implementations used
--------------------

We do not implement cryptographic primitives ourselves, but rely
on widely used libraries providing them:

- AES-CTR and HMAC-SHA-256 from OpenSSL 1.0 / 1.1 are used,
  which is also linked into the static binaries we provide.
  We think this is not an additional risk, since we don't ever
  use OpenSSL's networking, TLS or X.509 code, but only their
  primitives implemented in libcrypto.
- SHA-256 and SHA-512 from Python's hashlib_ standard library module are used
- HMAC, PBKDF2 and a constant-time comparison from Python's hmac_ standard
  library module is used.
- BLAKE2b is either provided by the system's libb2, an official implementation,
  or a bundled copy of the BLAKE2 reference implementation (written in C).

Implemented cryptographic constructions are:

- Encrypt-then-MAC based on AES-256-CTR and either HMAC-SHA-256
  or keyed BLAKE2b256 as described above under Encryption_.
- Encrypt-and-MAC based on AES-256-CTR and HMAC-SHA-256
  as described above under `Offline key security`_.
- HKDF_-SHA-512

.. _Horton principle: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horton_Principle
.. _HKDF: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5869
.. _length extension: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Length_extension_attack
.. _hashlib: https://docs.python.org/3/library/hashlib.html
.. _hmac: https://docs.python.org/3/library/hmac.html
.. _os.urandom: https://docs.python.org/3/library/os.html#os.urandom

Remote RPC protocol security
============================

.. note:: This section could be further expanded / detailed.

The RPC protocol is fundamentally based on msgpack'd messages exchanged
over an encrypted SSH channel (the system's SSH client is used for this
by piping data from/to it).

This means that the authorization and transport security properties
are inherited from SSH and the configuration of the SSH client and the
SSH server -- Borg RPC does not contain *any* networking
code. Networking is done by the SSH client running in a separate
process, Borg only communicates over the standard pipes (stdout,
stderr and stdin) with this process. This also means that Borg doesn't
have to directly use a SSH client (or SSH at all). For example,
``sudo`` or ``qrexec`` could be used as an intermediary.

By using the system's SSH client and not implementing a
(cryptographic) network protocol Borg sidesteps many security issues
that would normally impact distributing statically linked / standalone
binaries.

The remainder of this section will focus on the security of the RPC
protocol within Borg.

The assumed worst-case a server can inflict to a client is a
denial of repository service.

The situation were a server can create a general DoS on the client
should be avoided, but might be possible by e.g. forcing the client to
allocate large amounts of memory to decode large messages (or messages
that merely indicate a large amount of data follows). The RPC protocol
code uses a limited msgpack Unpacker to prohibit this.

We believe that other kinds of attacks, especially critical vulnerabilities
like remote code execution are inhibited by the design of the protocol:

1. The server cannot send requests to the client on its own accord,
   it only can send responses. This avoids "unexpected inversion of control"
   issues.
2. msgpack serialization does not allow embedding or referencing code that
   is automatically executed. Incoming messages are unpacked by the msgpack
   unpacker into native Python data structures (like tuples and dictionaries),
   which are then passed to the rest of the program.

   Additional verification of the correct form of the responses could be implemented.
3. Remote errors are presented in two forms:

   1. A simple plain-text *stderr* channel. A prefix string indicates the kind of message
      (e.g. WARNING, INFO, ERROR), which is used to suppress it according to the
      log level selected in the client.

      A server can send arbitrary log messages, which may confuse a user. However,
      log messages are only processed when server requests are in progress, therefore
      the server cannot interfere / confuse with security critical dialogue like
      the password prompt.
   2. Server-side exceptions passed over the main data channel. These follow the
      general pattern of server-sent responses and are sent instead of response data
      for a request.


text:
Title: The Most Wanted List
Subtitle: International Terrorism
Author: Noam Chomsky
Topics: Israel, Lebanon, terrorism, Tunisia
Source: Retrieved on 19th February 2022 from tomdispatch.com
The Most Wanted List
International Terrorism
Following the Terror Trail
Car Bomb
"Terrorist Villagers"
Killing without Intent
On February 13, Imad Moughniyeh, a senior commander of Hizbollah, was assassinated in Damascus. "The world is a better place without this man in it," State Department spokesperson Sean McCormack said: "one way or the other he was brought to justice." Director of National Intelligence Mike McConnell added that Moughniyeh has been "responsible for more deaths of Americans and Israelis than any other terrorist with the exception of Osama bin Laden."
Joy was unconstrained in Israel too, as "one of the U.S. and Israel's most wanted men" was brought to justice, the London Financial Times reported. Under the heading, "A militant wanted the world over," an accompanying story reported that he was "superseded on the most-wanted list by Osama bin Laden" after 9/11 and so ranked only second among "the most wanted militants in the world."
The terminology is accurate enough, according to the rules of Anglo-American discourse, which defines "the world" as the political class in Washington and London (and whoever happens to agree with them on specific matters). It is common, for example, to read that "the world" fully supported George Bush when he ordered the bombing of Afghanistan. That may be true of "the world," but hardly of the world, as revealed in an international Gallup Poll after the bombing was announced. Global support was slight. In Latin America, which has some experience with U.S. behavior, support ranged from 2% in Mexico to 16% in Panama, and that support was conditional upon the culprits being identified (they still weren't eight months later, the FBI reported), and civilian targets being spared (they were attacked at once). There was an overwhelming preference in the world for diplomatic/judicial measures, rejected out of hand by "the world."
In the present case, if "the world" were extended to the world, we might find some other candidates for the honor of most hated arch-criminal. It is instructive to ask why this might be true.
The Financial Times reports that most of the charges against Moughniyeh are unsubstantiated, but "one of the very few times when his involvement can be ascertained with certainty [is in] the hijacking of a TWA plane in 1985 in which a U.S. Navy diver was killed." This was one of two terrorist atrocities that led a poll of newspaper editors to select terrorism in the Middle East as the top story of 1985; the other was the hijacking of the passenger liner Achille Lauro, in which a crippled American, Leon Klinghoffer, was brutally murdered. That reflects the judgment of "the world." It may be that the world saw matters somewhat differently.
The Achille Lauro hijacking was a retaliation for the bombing of Tunis ordered a week earlier by Israeli Prime Minister Shimon Peres. His air force killed 75 Tunisians and Palestinians with smart bombs that tore them to shreds, among other atrocities, as vividly reported from the scene by the prominent Israeli journalist Amnon Kapeliouk. Washington cooperated by failing to warn its ally Tunisia that the bombers were on the way, though the Sixth Fleet and U.S. intelligence could not have been unaware of the impending attack. Secretary of State George Shultz informed Israeli Foreign Minister Yitzhak Shamir that Washington "had considerable sympathy for the Israeli action," which he termed "a legitimate response" to "terrorist attacks," to general approbation. A few days later, the UN Security Council unanimously denounced the bombing as an "act of armed aggression" (with the U.S. abstaining). "Aggression" is, of course, a far more serious crime than international terrorism. But giving the United States and Israel the benefit of the doubt, let us keep to the lesser charge against their leadership.
A few days after, Peres went to Washington to consult with the leading international terrorist of the day, Ronald Reagan, who denounced "the evil scourge of terrorism," again with general acclaim by "the world."
The "terrorist attacks" that Shultz and Peres offered as the pretext for the bombing of Tunis were the killings of three Israelis in Larnaca, Cyprus. The killers, as Israel conceded, had nothing to do with Tunis, though they might have had Syrian connections. Tunis was a preferable target, however. It was defenseless, unlike Damascus. And there was an extra pleasure: more exiled Palestinians could be killed there.
The Larnaca killings, in turn, were regarded as retaliation by the perpetrators: They were a response to regular Israeli hijackings in international waters in which many victims were killed — and many more kidnapped and sent to prisons in Israel, commonly to be held without charge for long periods. The most notorious of these has been the secret prison/torture chamber Facility 1391. A good deal can be learned about it from the Israeli and foreign press. Such regular Israeli crimes are, of course, known to editors of the national press in the U.S., and occasionally receive some casual mention.
Klinghoffer's murder was properly viewed with horror, and is very famous. It was the topic of an acclaimed opera and a made-for-TV movie, as well as much shocked commentary deploring the savagery of Palestinians — "two-headed beasts" (Prime Minister Menachem Begin), "drugged roaches scurrying around in a bottle" (Chief of Staff Raful Eitan), "like grasshoppers compared to us," whose heads should be "smashed against the boulders and walls" (Prime Minister Yitzhak Shamir). Or more commonly just "Araboushim," the slang counterpart of "kike" or "nigger."
Thus, after a particularly depraved display of settler-military terror and purposeful humiliation in the West Bank town of Halhul in December 1982, which disgusted even Israeli hawks, the well-known military/political analyst Yoram Peri wrote in dismay that one "task of the army today [is] to demolish the rights of innocent people just because they are Araboushim living in territories that God promised to us," a task that became far more urgent, and was carried out with far more brutality, when the Araboushim began to "raise their heads" a few years later.
We can easily assess the sincerity of the sentiments expressed about the Klinghoffer murder. It is only necessary to investigate the reaction to comparable U.S.-backed Israeli crimes. Take, for example, the murder in April 2002 of two crippled Palestinians, Kemal Zughayer and Jamal Rashid, by Israeli forces rampaging through the refugee camp of Jenin in the West Bank. Zughayer's crushed body and the remains of his wheelchair were found by British reporters, along with the remains of the white flag he was holding when he was shot dead while seeking to flee the Israeli tanks which then drove over him, ripping his face in two and severing his arms and legs. Jamal Rashid was crushed in his wheelchair when one of Israel's huge U.S.-supplied Caterpillar bulldozers demolished his home in Jenin with his family inside. The differential reaction, or rather non-reaction, has become so routine and so easy to explain that no further commentary is necessary.
Plainly, the 1985 Tunis bombing was a vastly more severe terrorist crime than the Achille Lauro hijacking, or the crime for which Moughniyeh's "involvement can be ascertained with certainty" in the same year. But even the Tunis bombing had competitors for the prize for worst terrorist atrocity in the Mideast in the peak year of 1985.
One challenger was a car-bombing in Beirut right outside a mosque, timed to go off as worshippers were leaving Friday prayers. It killed 80 people and wounded 256. Most of the dead were girls and women, who had been leaving the mosque, though the ferocity of the blast "burned babies in their beds," "killed a bride buying her trousseau," and "blew away three children as they walked home from the mosque." It also "devastated the main street of the densely populated" West Beirut suburb, reported Nora Boustany three years later in the Washington Post.
The intended target had been the Shi'ite cleric Sheikh Mohammad Hussein Fadlallah, who escaped. The bombing was carried out by Reagan's CIA and his Saudi allies, with Britain's help, and was specifically authorized by CIA Director William Casey, according to Washington Post reporter Bob Woodward's account in his book Veil: The Secret Wars of the CIA, 1981–1987. Little is known beyond the bare facts, thanks to rigorous adherence to the doctrine that we do not investigate our own crimes (unless they become too prominent to suppress, and the inquiry can be limited to some low-level "bad apples" who were naturally "out of control").
A third competitor for the 1985 Mideast terrorism prize was Prime Minister Peres' "Iron Fist" operations in southern Lebanese territories then occupied by Israel in violation of Security Council orders. The targets were what the Israeli high command called "terrorist villagers." Peres's crimes in this case sank to new depths of "calculated brutality and arbitrary murder" in the words of a Western diplomat familiar with the area, an assessment amply supported by direct coverage. They are, however, of no interest to "the world" and therefore remain uninvestigated, in accordance with the usual conventions. We might well ask whether these crimes fall under international terrorism or the far more severe crime of aggression, but let us again give the benefit of the doubt to Israel and its backers in Washington and keep to the lesser charge.
These are a few of the thoughts that might cross the minds of people elsewhere in the world, even if not those of "the world," when considering "one of the very few times" Imad Moughniyeh was clearly implicated in a terrorist crime.
The U.S. also accuses him of responsibility for devastating double suicide truck-bomb attacks on U.S. Marine and French paratrooper barracks in Lebanon in 1983, killing 241 Marines and 58 paratroopers, as well as a prior attack on the U.S. Embassy in Beirut, killing 63, a particularly serious blow because of a meeting there of CIA officials at the time.
The Financial Times has, however, attributed the attack on the Marine barracks to Islamic Jihad, not Hizbollah. Fawaz Gerges, one of the leading scholars on the jihadi movements and on Lebanon, has written that responsibility was taken by an "unknown group called Islamic Jihad." A voice speaking in classical Arabic called for all Americans to leave Lebanon or face death. It has been claimed that Moughniyeh was the head of Islamic Jihad at the time, but to my knowledge, evidence is sparse.
The opinion of the world has not been sampled on the subject, but it is possible that there might be some hesitancy about calling an attack on a military base in a foreign country a "terrorist attack," particularly when U.S. and French forces were carrying out heavy naval bombardments and air strikes in Lebanon, and shortly after the U.S. provided decisive support for the 1982 Israeli invasion of Lebanon, which killed some 20,000 people and devastated the south, while leaving much of Beirut in ruins. It was finally called off by President Reagan when international protest became too intense to ignore after the Sabra-Shatila massacres.
In the United States, the Israeli invasion of Lebanon is regularly described as a reaction to Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) terrorist attacks on northern Israel from their Lebanese bases, making our crucial contribution to these major war crimes understandable. In the real world, the Lebanese border area had been quiet for a year, apart from repeated Israeli attacks, many of them murderous, in an effort to elicit some PLO response that could be used as a pretext for the already planned invasion. Its actual purpose was not concealed at the time by Israeli commentators and leaders: to safeguard the Israeli takeover of the occupied West Bank. It is of some interest that the sole serious error in Jimmy Carter's book Palestine: Peace not Apartheid is the repetition of this propaganda concoction about PLO attacks from Lebanon being the motive for the Israeli invasion. The book was bitterly attacked, and desperate efforts were made to find some phrase that could be misinterpreted, but this glaring error — the only one — was ignored. Reasonably, since it satisfies the criterion of adhering to useful doctrinal fabrications.
Another allegation is that Moughniyeh "masterminded" the bombing of Israel's embassy in Buenos Aires on March 17, 1992, killing 29 people, in response, as the Financial Times put it, to Israel's "assassination of former Hizbollah leader Abbas Al-Mussawi in an air attack in southern Lebanon." About the assassination, there is no need for evidence: Israel proudly took credit for it. The world might have some interest in the rest of the story. Al-Mussawi was murdered with a U.S.-supplied helicopter, well north of Israel's illegal "security zone" in southern Lebanon. He was on his way to Sidon from the village of Jibshit, where he had spoken at the memorial for another Imam murdered by Israeli forces. The helicopter attack also killed his wife and five-year old child. Israel then employed U.S.-supplied helicopters to attack a car bringing survivors of the first attack to a hospital.
After the murder of the family, Hezbollah "changed the rules of the game," Prime Minister Rabin informed the Israeli Knesset. Previously, no rockets had been launched at Israel. Until then, the rules of the game had been that Israel could launch murderous attacks anywhere in Lebanon at will, and Hizbollah would respond only within Israeli-occupied Lebanese territory.
After the murder of its leader (and his family), Hizbollah began to respond to Israeli crimes in Lebanon by rocketing northern Israel. The latter is, of course, intolerable terror, so Rabin launched an invasion that drove some 500,000 people out of their homes and killed well over 100. The merciless Israeli attacks reached as far as northern Lebanon.
In the south, 80% of the city of Tyre fled and Nabatiye was left a "ghost town," Jibshit was about 70% destroyed according to an Israeli army spokesperson, who explained that the intent was "to destroy the village completely because of its importance to the Shi'ite population of southern Lebanon." The goal was "to wipe the villages from the face of the earth and sow destruction around them," as a senior officer of the Israeli northern command described the operation.
Jibshit may have been a particular target because it was the home of Sheikh Abdul Karim Obeid, kidnapped and brought to Israel several years earlier. Obeid's home "received a direct hit from a missile," British journalist Robert Fisk reported, "although the Israelis were presumably gunning for his wife and three children." Those who had not escaped hid in terror, wrote Mark Nicholson in the Financial Times, "because any visible movement inside or outside their houses is likely to attract the attention of Israeli artillery spotters, whoÉ were pounding their shells repeatedly and devastatingly into selected targets." Artillery shells were hitting some villages at a rate of more than 10 rounds a minute at times.
All of this received the firm support of President Bill Clinton, who understood the need to instruct the Araboushim sternly on the "rules of the game." And Rabin emerged as another grand hero and man of peace, so different from the two-legged beasts, grasshoppers, and drugged roaches.
This is only a small sample of facts that the world might find of interest in connection with the alleged responsibility of Moughniyeh for the retaliatory terrorist act in Buenos Aires.
Other charges are that Moughniyeh helped prepare Hizbollah defenses against the 2006 Israeli invasion of Lebanon, evidently an intolerable terrorist crime by the standards of "the world," which understands that the United States and its clients must face no impediments in their just terror and aggression.
The more vulgar apologists for U.S. and Israeli crimes solemnly explain that, while Arabs purposely kill people, the U.S. and Israel, being democratic societies, do not intend to do so. Their killings are just accidental ones, hence not at the level of moral depravity of their adversaries. That was, for example, the stand of Israel's High Court when it recently authorized severe collective punishment of the people of Gaza by depriving them of electricity (hence water, sewage disposal, and other such basics of civilized life).
The same line of defense is common with regard to some of Washington's past peccadilloes, like the destruction in 1998 of the al-Shifa pharmaceutical plant in Sudan. The attack apparently led to the deaths of tens of thousands of people, but without intent to kill them, hence not a crime on the order of intentional killing — so we are instructed by moralists who consistently suppress the response that had already been given to these vulgar efforts at self-justification.
To repeat once again, we can distinguish three categories of crimes: murder with intent, accidental killing, and murder with foreknowledge but without specific intent. Israeli and U.S. atrocities typically fall into the third category. Thus, when Israel destroys Gaza's power supply or sets up barriers to travel in the West Bank, it does not specifically intend to murder the particular people who will die from polluted water or in ambulances that cannot reach hospitals. And when Bill Clinton ordered the bombing of the al-Shifa plant, it was obvious that it would lead to a humanitarian catastrophe. Human Rights Watch immediately informed him of this, providing details; nevertheless, he and his advisers did not intend to kill specific people among those who would inevitably die when half the pharmaceutical supplies were destroyed in a poor African country that could not replenish them.
Rather, they and their apologists regarded Africans much as we do the ants we crush while walking down a street. We are aware that it is likely to happen (if we bother to think about it), but we do not intend to kill them because they are not worthy of such consideration. Needless to say, comparable attacks by Araboushim in areas inhabited by human beings would be regarded rather differently.
If, for a moment, we can adopt the perspective of the world, we might ask which criminals are "wanted the world over."

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: s4s-elt-must-match.1: The content of X must match (annotation?, (simpleType | complexType)?, (unique | key | keyref)*)) <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"  ?>
<xsd:schema xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema">
    <xsd:element name="City">
        <xsd:complextype>
            <xsd:sequence>
                <!--BUILDING ELEMENT //1 - Skyscraper-->
                <xsd:element name="Skyscraper">
                    <!--A city can have a total of 50 skyscrapers-->
                    <xsd:complextype>
                        <xsd:sequence>
                            <!--SKYSCRAPER ATTRIBUTE //1 - Material-->
                            <xsd:attribute name="PrimaryMaterial" use="required">
                                <xsd:simpletype>
                                    <xsd:restriction base="xsd:string">
                                        <xsd:enumeration value="concrete"/>
                                        <xsd:enumeration value="steel"/>
                                        <xsd:enumeration value="aluminium"/>
                                        <xsd:enumeration value="glass"/>
                                        <xsd:enumeration value="wood"/>
                                    </xsd:restriction>
                                </xsd:simpletype>
                            </xsd:attribute>
                            <!--SKYSCRAPER ELEMENT //1 - Height-->
                            <xsd:element name="Height" type="xsd:integer"/>

                            <!--SKYSCRAPER ELEMENT //2 - ConstructionStarted-->
                            <xsd:element name="ConstructionStarted" type="xsd:integer"/>

                            <!--SKYSCRAPER ELEMENT //3 ConstructionStopped-->
                            <xsd:element name="ConstructionStopped" type="xsd:integer"/>

                        </xsd:sequence>
                    </xsd:complextype>
                </xsd:element>
            </xsd:sequence>
        </xsd:complextype>
    </xsd:element>

</xsd:schema>

ERROR s4s-elt-must-match.1: The content of 'City' must match
  (annotation?, (simpleType | complexType)?, (unique | key | keyref)*)).
  A problem was found starting at: complextype.

A: XML and XSD are case-sensitive, so you'll have to make (at least) the following corrections to your XSD:

*

*xsd:complextype ⟶ xsd:complexType

*xsd:simpletype ⟶ xsd:simpleType

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Our Blue Fox Co Founder gave a speech against the cruel activity of cub hunting alongside the CEOS of the League Against Cruel Sports, Brian May's Save Me and the Badger Trust before campaigners in Westminster on the 30th September.
The Care2 petition to stop illegal fox cub hunting signed by 225,000 members of the public was handed in by campaigners to DEFRA amongst a press and photo shoot to help raise awareness on this cruel sport.
'Thank you to everyone for coming here today to show their support against cub hunting.
Cubbing is an exceptionally cruel aspect of hunting.it involves training young hunt hounds to be set upon fox cubs. It is a barbaric practice.
Foxes are wild members of the dog family. We all condemn setting dogs onto dogs in dog fighting. There is no place for the brutal practice of cub hunting in modern society. There is no justification to return outmoded fox hunting.
We have seen in the latest poll today for the League Against Cruel Sports that 73% of Conservative supporters do not want to see a return to fox hunting. Well Done to the League on this. Blue Fox represents the majority of Conservative supporters against hunting with dogs . There are now over 55 Conservative MPs against the repeal of the ban . WE encourage more Conservative MPs to represent the majority opinion against repeal and say no to a return of fox hunting. Blue Fox has 5 MP Patrons including 2 Govt Ministers- the Minister for Sport and the Minister for Equalities and two knights of the realm, Sir David Amess and Sir Roger Gale.
"When it comes to concern for animals, party affiliation is irrelevant. Is there anything more fundamentally British than caring for those around you? For us, that quintessentially British sense of duty must also be extended to those who also feel pain and fear. The sight of a fox chased to exhaustion and killed by a pack of hounds, is repugnant whether you are blue, red, yellow, or of any other or no political persuasion. It speaks to the strength of British politics that members of all parties can come together to defend the most vulnerable,whether human or animal, in our society.
Keep the ban. Thank you!


The distribution of major vegetation types in the Bay Area captures the strong climatic gradients from coastal to inland areas, the variable topography of valleys and mountain ranges, and the impact of more than two centuries of logging, grazing, agriculture and urbanization. As the dominant vegetation creates the template for other plant and animal species, it plays a central role in conservation planning and in the ways that we as humans understand and interact with the landscape. In the Conservation Lands Network planning process, dominant vegetation was used as a 'coarse filter', with the goal of stratifying conservation priorities across the region in a way that captures a significant portion of existing vegetation types.
One of the most consistent lessons of ecological history is that episodes of significant climate change, such as the end of the last ice age, cause widespread shifts in species distributions, and the plant communities occupying any one location change dramatically. For example, around Clear Lake (Lake Co.), the forests changed from cedar-dominated about 20,000 years ago, to a period of pine dominance 15-18,000 years ago, and then oaks in the past 10,000 years. The rate of climate change in the next century is expected to be considerably faster than the changes that occurred at the end of the last ice age, but we don't know how quickly vegetation will be able to respond. Increased fragmentation of the landscape due to agriculture and urbanization will also slow down responses, as it disrupts seed dispersal and provides fewer places for species to establish as conditions change.
In the short term (decades), the impacts of climate change may be felt primarily as episodes of drought, wildfire and disturbance to local ecosystems. In the long-term (100s of years), vegetation is expected to shift in response to climate change, and the landscape as we know it today, including our favorite parks and open space reserves, may look very different. As part of our TBC3 research projects, we have modeled vegetation distributions under a range of future climates. These projections force us to consider the long-term context of our conservation efforts today, and the kinds of vegetation transitions that we may want to accommodate or even actively promote as we re-evaluate conservation and stewardship practices in an era of climate change.
Overall, the model projects an expansion of vegetation types that currently occupy hotter and drier, interior portions of the Bay Area. Under different modeling approaches, this expanding vegetation may be dominated by woody communities including blue oak woodlands and chamise chaparral, or by hot, interior grasslands that currently occupy the fringes of the Central Valley. Many factors will influence the actual changes that transpire over the coming decades, and fire, fire suppression and grazing practices may be especially important influences on the future distribution of woody vs. grassland vegetation. Given the uncertainties inherent in climate change projections and vegetation modeling, we feel that the model results should be considered at regional scales, such as counties and landscape units, rather than drilling down to individual landscape facets or parcels.
View technical details of the model and results for different regions of the Bay Area.
Working directly with North Bay city and county resource management staff, TBC3 developed reports on how climate is likely to impact vegetation at specific locations in Sonoma, Marin and Napa counties. Read more about Climate Ready Vegetation Reports and other products of this collaborative project.


text:
Being vocally proactive at uni with a stammer
School & University
With a love of interaction, Nilima Akhtar (pictured above with a friend) talks passionately about becoming a student ambassador and not letting anxieties over public speaking and introductions stop her from realising her ambitions.
Throughout most of my education I have always been one of those students, the ones you see everywhere — that really, really proactive student who gets involved in everything. Needless to say that mentality hasn't changed throughout college and into university. However, being an active, vocal student with a stammer has its trials and tribulations.
During my undergraduate degree I was a Student Ambassador, a job role that I absolutely loved and I will forever appreciate the skills and opportunities that came from that. Being an ambassador requires you to engage in public speaking, and in the role I worked at a number of events where I interacted with people. Whether during open days or internal and external events, they all involved having to make some form of introduction. Having a stammer means it is difficult to introduce myself, which evidently had also had an impact on my mental health.
I will never forget this one event I worked at during my final year. It was a campus taster day, a school-wide event where a group of ambassadors, myself included, were stood in front of 200+ school kids and of course, as per usual, we had to introduce ourselves. I panicked, then they laughed, and I walked out for some air. I made a beeline for the ladies' bathroom and I cried. That could've broken me, torn me apart but I chose not to let it affect me in any way whatsoever.
The biggest anxiety I had was my stammer - but I knew not to let it overpower me and overtake my ability to do some good public speaking. Yes, I stammered, and it was fine.
Of course there have been times where I've stumbled and blocked on my name, which resulted in a group of people laughing in my face. That just taught me to not shy away from the fact that I do have a stammer and that it's a part of me. Acknowledgement and acceptance of your stammer only makes you stronger internally as well as externally. What I know now is my stammer is a part of me; it has made me who I am and that is just never going to change.
Not an obstacle
Years have gone by and I am still impacted by my stammer. It's become more obvious now, doing my Masters. But I went into that with the mindset that I would refuse to let my stammer be an obstacle to any future achievements or success. The reason I keep going is because of the love for the job and for the people I work with.
Before the COVID-19 outbreak started, I was working as a Postgraduate Student Ambassador at the University of Birmingham and I played a pivotal role during a postgraduate open day. I found myself becoming more active and involved as ever and I was given the opportunity to do a talk on student experience and wellbeing. Thankfully I wasn't doing it alone and was working alongside another ambassador. We got on so well and delivered an incredible insight into student life. The biggest anxiety I had was my stammer — but I knew not to let it overpower me and overtake my ability to do some good public speaking. Yes, I stammered, and it was fine. Advice from friends and family meant that I did not let it affect me in any way. I kept reminding myself of my long-term goal: that one day I would work in higher education (within the realms of student outreach, recruitment, and widening participation). It worked out so well in the end and I have never been more confident in my capabilities as I am now.
Pride in myself
Overall I'm so proud of myself for being able to achieve something like this. As a person who stammers, it just goes to show that you can do anything you set yourself. My future and ideal career means that there will be a lot of public speaking and interaction happening; it's what I love to do and I'm ready for it.
I'm so proud of myself for being able to achieve something like this. As a person who stammers, it just goes to show that you can do anything you set yourself.
I have my own story when it comes to my stammer and like thousands of others, I don't want to feel ostracised or isolated in any way due to my stammer. I am blessed with the opportunities I have received to enhance my self-confidence when it comes to public speaking, and I will continue to pursue those.
I want to end this article with a quote I came across - I just think this is worth reading, and remembering: "I may have stumbled and stammered at your unexpected push, but the breeze anchored me and I learnt the art of survival" ― Vijaya Gowrisankar.
If you're at university, either as a student or a member of staff, see our College & Universities page for information on getting support when you stammer. See also the Stammerers Through University Consultancy (STUC) website.
Would you like to write something for the site? Tell us how you're getting on at university or in the workplace. Find out how you can Share Your Story.
Going to college or university can be daunting: there are new friends to make and possibly a move away from home. So, how can you get the most out of your experience?
Stammerers Through University Consultancy (STUC)
Claire Norman, founder of the network for students and university staff who stammer, explains why she set it up.
Sharing stories is powerful. We'd love to hear yours. Or have you got something to say? Let's hear it.
School & University — 09.10.19
I don't let my speech define me
Bethan Owen talks about how she built confidence at university after finding it terrifying, and how she dealt with someone who used the 'Did you forget your name?' line.
You have so much more to contribute
India Ramkissoon talks about the anxiety of starting university and how being kind to herself helped stop the overthinking.
Don't be afraid of the student disability service
In the first in our series of articles about starting university, Kyle Lambe talks about the challenges of leaving behind old support networks and making it on your own, and encourages new students to seek out help for their stammering.


Savage is not too strong a word to describe the 2010 Conservative Party Conference. The Tories (along with Nick Clegg, the third most influential right-winger in British politics) have certainly started with a vengeance which is no doubt how they intend to continue.
And it's not just about child benefit where Cameron's political antennae seemed to disappear down a very large hole. Cutting child benefit for higher rate taxpayers was always going to create a storm, made much worse in this instance by the insanity of allowing couples where both worked and both earned less than the higher rate tax threshold to both keep their child benefit. This would have meant that a double earner family would receive vastly more child benefit that one where one parent stayed at home to look after the children.
Cameron and Osborne got it so badly wrong that I see that they are now having to make amends.
Sadly and tragically, it's not just about what went on at the Tories' annual conference. The BBC website today reports that Universities UK (UUK), with whom I have had quite a bit of contact over the years, warn that cuts proposed for the higher education sector could see the UK lose its position as a world leader in education. In their submission to the government's comprehensive spending review (CSR), they also state that "misplaced and "mistimed" cuts would impact on future economic growth and prosperity.
I think this is more than enough damage and destruction to be getting on with, especially since it impacts so enormously on our future as a country and on our children. But this is obviously not the Tories' view.
Yesterday, National Theatre head Sir Nicholas Hynter joined his colleague Sir Nicholas Serota, warning in the Evening Standard that cuts to arts funding could destroy our cultural life. Thirty years ago 60 percent of the National Theatre's funding came from public sources; it's now only 30 percent. Sir Nicholas also believes that regional and "fringe" institutions will close if there are swingeing cuts.
Culture and the arts are enormously important for their own sake, for the pleasure they bring and the way they enhance the quality of the way we live. However, there are also strong economic reasons for a vibrant cultural and artistic life. Culture generates money. The cultural industries in London are the second largest employer after financial services. Cameron, Osborne and the Culture Secretary Jeremy Bunt would do well to bear this in mind before they turn this country into a complete cultural desert.


Julio Giulietti, S.J., is a research fellow at the Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs. He was the coordinator of the Myanmar Leadership Institute, which provides a transformative education to youth adults of Myanmar to prepare them for leadership roles. Prior to assuming this role, he founded the Loyola Vietnam Center, the educational enterprise of Loyola University Chicago in Vietnam. The center shares expertise with Vietnamese professionals in the areas of higher educational curriculum design, advanced nursing, medical and surgical education, and small business development. Giulietti has previously served as president of Wheeling Jesuit University, as a member of the faculty at Boston College and director of its Center for Ignatian Spirituality, and as director of Georgetown University's Center for Intercultural Education and Development. He has master's degrees in world religions and counseling, as well as a doctorate in theology.


SMS API for multi recharge / Topup. Customised plan as per requirement MTN, GLO, AIRTEL, ETISALAT VOUCHER.
11 Digit Virtual Number, Dedicated to you. All the incoming SMS will be forwarded at your account/API/Email.
Long code service is primarily used for lead generation or receiving feedbacks from the customers. In a shared long code environment every company which wants to avail this service will be provided with a Keyword (Keyword is an unique identifier for your company on our shared Long code. e.g. if, your companies name is ABC Ltd and you took a keyword say ABCL on our long code then every message which starts with ABCL and a blank space will be forwarded to your panel. In short we recognize the incoming messages on the basis of keywords and forward it to the respective companies account/API or Email).


text:
9314.0 - Sales of New Motor Vehicles, Australia, Jun 2002
New motor vehicle sales showing decline: ABS (Media Release)
This publication contains monthly information on sales of new motor vehicles in each State/Territory in original, seasonally adjusted and trend estimated terms. The original data are sourced from the Federal Chamber of Automotive Industries. Sales data are available for passenger vehicles, other vehicles and total vehicles at the State/Territory and National levels.
JUNE 2002 KEY POINTS
The trend figures indicate that total new motor vehicle sales have declined slightly over the last four months with June 2002 figures falling by 0.7%. The main component of this decline is new passenger vehicle sales which have declined for the fifth consecutive month. Sales of new passenger vehicles fell 1.1% in June to record a fall of 4% since January 2002. Sales of other vehicles have remained steady over the last two months.
Seasonally adjusted sales of total new motor vehicles fell by 4.4% in June 2002 with falls in passenger vehicles and other vehicles of 2.2% and 8.3% respectively. Of the States and Territories only South Australia, Western Australia and the Australian Capital Territory recorded rises.
CHANGES IN THIS ISSUE
There are no changes in this issue.
Table 1: New Motor Vehicle Sales
Passenger vehicles (No.)
Other vehicles (No.)
Total vehicles (No.)
Change Passenger vehicles (%)
Change Other vehicles (%)
Change Total vehicles (%)
Table 2: New Motor Vehicle Sales by State/Territory of Registration
NSW (No.)
Vic. (No.)
Qld (No.)
SA (No.)
WA (No.)
Tas. (No.)
NT (No.)
ACT (No.)
Aust. (No.)


text:
Pointe Magazine
Pittsburgh Ballet Theatre's Julia Erickson on Her Farewell Announcement and Why the "Stage Is Like One Big Playground"
Erickson as Odile. Photo by Rich Sofranko, Courtesy PBT.
By Steve Sucato
Elton John, Neil Diamond and the band Rush—2018 just got underway and it already feels like the year of the beloved star retiring. Joining that list today is one of Pittsburgh Ballet Theatre's longest tenured principal dancers, Julia Erickson. The 38-year-old Seattle native trained at the Pacific Northwest Ballet School and spent two years with Texas Ballet Theater before joining PBT in 2001. Starting in 2010, she was the co-owner of Barre, a line of nutrition bars for dancers, until the company's hiatus in 2015. She was also the 2014 recipient of the BRAZZY Award for outstanding female dancer, chosen by Pittsburgh's dance writers. The audience and critics' favorite will close out her 17-year career with PBT in October. Pointe spoke with Erickson about her career and what's next.
You appear to be at the top of your game, so why retire now?
I am not full-on retiring, just leaving PBT in the capacity I'm in. I plan to dance more. Guesting with [Santa Monica-based] Barak Ballet this summer was an eye-opening experience. I was able to discover that nowadays there are a lot more opportunities out there to dance that are not necessarily available to someone dancing under contract in a resident company.
So this is more of a career move?
I've had an amazing career at PBT dancing some amazing roles with a great group of artists. I feel so fortunate but I am at a juncture in my career where I feel I need to take a leap and see what else is out there. I want more, even if it is not in dance.
This article appeared first on Pointe Magazine's website on February 1, 2018. Copyright Steve Sucato.
artsair February 3, 2018 March 9, 2018 Barak Ballet, BRAZZY Award, Julia Erickson, Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh Ballet Theatre School, Seattle, Swan Lake, Texas Ballet Theater
Previous Previous post: Pittsburgh's Kelly Strayhorn Theater to Host 2018 National Performance Network / Visual Artists Network Conference
Next Next post: BalletMet's New 'Giselle,' a Fresh Restaging of a Story Ballet Classic


Financial News is a bug bearer of market data helping the investor to make good portfolio choices. Your own analysis might, thus, provide you with the benefits of investing as an 'early chook' which might mean that you would be able to purchase the inventory at its initial worth. MNP is an actual-time, electronic publisher of each news release from every publicly-traded company in Canada, including all stock exchanges, the Cdn Dealers Network, and a bunch of US firms. If it outpaces the overall stock market, that may be a sign of a BULL market. Stock market tickers present not just inventory quotes but in addition market information as properly.
Stock funding is an unbelievable source of making fast revenue, however the excessive income does not come with out high risks of losses. Daily updates on the efficiency of the Jakarta Composite Index (Indonesia Stock Exchange) are actually offered in our Today's Headlines part. The Fly staff scours all sources of firm information, from mainstream to chopping-edge, then filters out the noise to deliver quick-form tales consisting of only market moving content material. Sometimes a company's earnings and development potential point out that it's share price must be larger than it is at the moment buying and selling at. These inventory are mentioned to be Value Stocks. Most stock charts have the worth scale on the y-axis and the time-scale on x-axis.


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text:
Q: Easymock.expect throws IllegalStateException I see that in this piece of code,
expect(myService.getAll(anyBoolean())).andReturn(objectList).anyTimes();
replay(scopeService);

That expect statement statement is throwing
IllegalStateException - missing behavior definition for the preceding method call:
myService.getAll(true)
Usage is: expect(a.foo()).andXXX()
I understand that if it throws this exception if I dont have the andReturn, or if I missed calling the  replay, or if my object is not a mock. I have checked all of that and it is not the case! Can someone please let me know if something else could be wrong?
I have around a 50 expect/replays before and nothing has an issue.

A: You haven't provided more code so I assume that your code looks like this more or less:
import static org.easymock.EasyMock.*;

public class SomeTests {
    static class Foo {
        public List<Integer> getAll(boolean value) {
            throw new RuntimeException();
        }
    }

    public void someTestCase() {
        Foo mock = createMock(Foo.class);
        List<Integer> ret = Collections.singletonList(1);
        expect(mock.getAll(anyBoolean())).andStubReturn(ret);
        replay(mock);

        mock.getAll(true); // returns a list with single element 1 rather than throwing an exception
    }
}

my advice is that:

*

*Check if myService instance is created by one of mocking methods

*Reply should be called on myService as it switches mode of a mock

A: I figured out the issue. The issue was that the mock myService was being used to create the object that was being tested(since it has it as a member) and to create another mock object needed for the tests.
When I changed them to use two different myService(myService, myService1) it worked! I am not sure how that would help, but it did!


text:
Home > Graduate Research & Artistry > Theses & Dissertations > 1209
Graduate Research Theses & Dissertations
An essay on the pictorial imagery of Francis Bacon
Carl Melanchthon Allen
Blizzard, Allan||Carey, John T. (Professor of English)||Myers, C. Mason
M.A. (Master of Arts)
LCSH
Bacon; Francis; 1909-
Francis Bacon was born in 1910 in Dublin, Ireland. He began to paint in 1930 upon his arrival in London. Most of his early work, however, was destroyed four years prior to his first one-man show in 19ij.9 (at the Hanover Gallery in London). Bacon's aesthetic is related to the Surrealists' with regard to his reliance upon naturalism in the representation of objects and their particular arrangement, as a means of producing the picture's psychic content. The chimerical imagery in his pictures derives from Masterpieces, contemporary news- events and photography. The development of tension on the surfaces of his essentially two-dimensional canvases, indicate his concern with motion. The tension is generated by the contra- postic attitudes of energy and inertia both operative in a single figure. This explosive surface is relieved with more static pictorial elements that hold the figure tenaciously in position, When Bacon composes a serial (a series of several interrelated pictures) the tensions are resolved in the serial as a whole, not singularly in any one of ite pictures. The serial then becomes a narrative of tensions, and when Bacon 'presses out of focus' natural detail, of obscurities. With these two pictorial qualities, Bacon has developed his aesthetic of partial revelation, fully comprehensible to us at some point between optics and the mind's eye.
Includes bibliographical references.||Includes illustrations.
Allen, Carl Melanchthon, "An essay on the pictorial imagery of Francis Bacon" (1961). Graduate Research Theses & Dissertations. 1209.
https://huskiecommons.lib.niu.edu/allgraduate-thesesdissertations/1209
viii, 37 pages
Northern Illinois University
Rights Statement 2
NIU theses are protected by copyright. They may be viewed from Huskie Commons for any purpose, but reproduction or distribution in any format is prohibited without the written permission of the authors.


Event Description: An intriguing, pastoral place for a corporate teambuilding scavenger hunt, Upcountry –with its rolling hills and misty mountains — is one of the most beautiful and "authentic" areas on the island of Maui. Perched on the slopes Haleakala volcano, the Upcountry area is dotted with active ranches, quaint towns and expansive farmlands. From Keokea and its strong Chinese heritage to the paniolo (cowboy) town of Makawao-now home to art galleries, boutiques and eateries-Upcountry Maui is a taste of the old Maui, and the perfect place for a treasure hunt!
During your corporate teambuilding treasure hunt… expect to explore art studios and rodeos, hidden statues, exotic gardens and little-known authentic cafes. These hills are filled with mystery-and surprises around every turn! Note: This is a driving treasure hunt. One vehicle is required for every team of 4-5 participants. Rental car fees are not included in the program pricing.


text:
Q: Systemd ignores After and Requires for my service I've created a service that runs a Bluetooth server application and is started like this:
[Unit]
After=bluetooth.service
Requires=bluetooth.service

[Service]
Type=simple
ExecStartPre=/usr/bin/sdptool add SP
ExecStartPre=/bin/sleep 0.5
ExecStartPre=/bin/hciconfig hci0 piscan
ExecStart=/usr/local/bin/my-service.py
ExecStartPost=/usr/bin/bluetoothctl discoverable on
Restart=always
RestartSec=15

[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target

When I look at the logs for this unit after a system boot, I always see the first start failed and the second succeeds. When looking at the full log, I see that my service is started first, then fails, and later only the bluetooth service is started. My service is retried after that and then the required dependencies are there.
Why does Systemd ignore the After and Requires options in my service?
I've read other web texts, man pages and questions here that suggest using exactly these options for my task. But it's not working for me.
The device is a Raspberry Pi 3B+ with Raspbian OS, Linux kernel 5.4.51 and Systemd 241.

A: Seems to be some quirks with the bluetooth.service from bluez (see this issue). I don't fully understand the reasons behind it. But changing the service WantedBy from multi-user.target to bluetooth.target has fixed it for me.
[Install]
WantedBy=bluetooth.target


text:
Iran says it has detained U.S.-based opposition leader over 2008 bomb attack
Aug 1, 2020 11:35AM EDT
Iran said on Saturday its intelligence services have detained a U.S.-based leader of a pro-monarchist group whom it accused of being behind a deadly 2008 bombing and of plotting other attacks, and that he is being held in Iran.
Adds U.S. State Department comment
Aug 1 (Reuters) - Iran said on Saturday its intelligence services have detained a U.S.-based leader of a pro-monarchist group whom it accused of being behind a deadly 2008 bombing and of plotting other attacks, and that he is being held in Iran.
An intelligence ministry statement cited by state television did not say how, where or when the detention took place.
"Jamshid Sharmahd, the ringleader of the terrorist Tondar (Thunder) group, who directed armed and terrorist acts in Iran from America, was arrested following a complicated operation, and is now in (our agents') powerful hands," it said.
Television showed a video of a man identifying himself as Sharmahd and giving his date of birth. The man was later shown with a blindfold, saying: "They needed explosives and we provided it."
Tondar did not confirm the detention. In reaction to what it said were reports of Sharmahd's "abduction", the group said on its website it did not confirm "stories being told by various networks".
However it said in an earlier posting on social media that "Tondar ... will continue to fight even in the absence of a commander".
A U.S. State Department spokeswoman said on Saturday that the U.S. government was "aware of reports related to the detention of Mr. Sharmahd. The Iranian regime has a long history of detaining Iranians and foreign nationals on spurious charges. We urge Iran to be fully transparent and abide by all international legal standards."
Based in Los Angeles, the little-known Kingdom Assembly of Iran, or Tondar, says it seeks to restore the Iranian monarchy that was overthrown by the 1979 Islamic revolution. It runs pro-Iranian opposition radio and television stations abroad.
According to the group's website, Sharmahd is an Iranian-German electronics engineer who was born in 1955 and lived in Germany before moving to Los Angeles in 2003.
No comment was immediately available from the German foreign ministry.
The Iranian ministry statement said Sharmahd planned and directed an explosion at a religious center in the southern city of Shiraz in 2008 that killed 14 people and wounded 215.
It said Iranian intelligence had prevented several other plots in more recent years, including one, at an unspecified date, to blow up the shrine of Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, the late founder of the Islamic Republic.
'VIOLENCE-PRONE' GROUP
Intelligence Minister Mahmoud Alavi called Tondar the "most violence-prone" royalist opposition group.
"Despite our complaint to Interpol, Sharmahd would travel everywhere under his own name. This shows how empty anti-terror slogans by Americans and their Europeans allies are," he told state TV.
In 2019, Iran detained Ruhollah Zam, a Paris-based journalist turned activist, after apparently luring him to neighbouring Iraq, according to Iranian media reports at the time. Zam was sentenced to death on security charges in June.
Sharmahd's detention came at a time of particularly tense relations between longtime foes Washington and Tehran.
Iran's Foreign Minister Mohammad Javad Zarif urged the West in a Twitter post to "cease financing and harboring terrorists" who from "safe havens in U.S. and Europe ... promote hatred, agitate & organize murder & mayhem, and shamelessly claim responsibility for the murder of innocent Iranian civilians".
The Iranian foreign ministry earlier said in a statement that Washington should be held accountable for backing "this terrorist group and other groups and criminals responsible for sabotage, armed and terrorist operations" from within the United States.
Tondar has claimed responsibility for some attacks, saying on its website it was behind the bombing of a seminary used by Revolutionary Guards in Shiraz in June 2019, and an explosion in a refinery in 2016.
In 2009, Iran executed three men convicted of involvement in the 2008 bombing.
(Additional reporting by David Shepardson in Washington; Editing by Frances Kerry, Jan Harvey and Daniel Wallis)


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Buckle your real estate safety belts, butter beans, because those busy beavers at Curbed snagged another mouth watering snippet of the recently released documentary The Queen of Versailles, a feature length film that chronicles the bizarro plight of recession-affected time share mogul David Siegel and his publicity lovin' wife Jackie to build the largest house in America. In Orlando. For reals.
The unfinished, palace-sized pad (shown finished in renderings, above) sits on 1,250 feet of everglade-y water front in an affluent, gated enclave on Lake Butler, spans somewhere around 90,000 square feet and was custom designed with a slew of such necessary features as 13 bedrooms and 21 full and 2 half bathrooms. Let's not forget the triple-height, hangar-sized grand ballroom with twin floating staircases (below); all ten kitchens and a sushi bar; four fireplaces; and a 10,000 square foot health spa with indoor swimming pool. And that's just the start...
When finished the still-unfinished house will be equipped with a two-lane bowling alley and arcade; an indoor roller rink that converts to an ice rink in the basement; two movie theaters—one for the kids one for the grown ups; a 4,000 square foot closet in the master bedroom; and a 20-car garage.
Naturally the planned interior architectural details and day-core, as seen in renderings included with marketing materials for the over-blown property (above), push and bully their way well beyond opulent and deep into the decoratively dangerous territory of gaudy and grotesque. But that isn't really a surprise, is it now? No, it's not.
The 10-plus acre grounds were designed with a piazza-like, half acre terrace off the back of the house that wraps around three sides of a resort-scaled, infinity edge swimming pool. Mister Siegal is in the resort bizness after all. Also planned also three grotto spas; two tennis courts—one, for some reason, with stadium seating; a private dock with (an also not finished) open-air boat house; and a full-sized baseball field designed to do double duty as a parking large for large parties and events.
The Siegels have had the bloated mega-mansion on the market since 2010 when it came up for sale unfinished with a $75,000,000 price tag or finished with all it's finey with a $100,000,000 asking price. It's now listed for $65,000,000 (uncompleted) and $90,000,000 (completed).
If the house doesn't sell, so Missus Siegel recently told the crew at The Today Show, with filmmaker Lauren Greenfield sitting right next to her, she and Mister Siegel, their 8 children and whatever live-in staff they maintain will move into the elephantine house.
The spectacular story of real estate schadenfreude gets even more preposterous, children. Are you ready for this? While Missus Siegel—sometimes alongside Miz Greenfield—goes around and chit-chats with The Media about the movie, the house and her family, Mister Siegel has done filed a lawsuit against the filmmaker (and others) for alleged defamation. He says the film doesn't tell the whole story, which is that his recession-hobbled time share operation is now on the mend and that he and the missus plan to continue and complete construction on their hyper-huge mansion, Versailles. They call it Versailles. Of course they call it Versailles.
Listen, chickens, these people can do whatever they want with whatever money they have. Fair or not, it's their money to do as they please. What puzzles and perplexes Your Mama is why someone would do this with all that money. Mister Siegel himself said the exterior design of the house was "kind of copied" from top three floors of the Paris Las Vegas hotel and casino in Las Vegas. Seriously, he said that. Watch the clip.
Before any of you people get all hot under the collar and smart-mouthed with Your Mama and start hollerin' about how we're a socialist (or some shit) and ought to clam up our brazenly opinionated flap-trap, keep in mind Mister and Missus Siegel signed up for all the publicity and nonsense. They could have told all us crazy property gossips, "It's a very large home we intend to occupy as a family. We have no other comment. Thank you." Instead, they allowed a prominent filmmaker to follow them around for three years in order to make a movie about them and that house. Harsh as it may seem—and actually be—the Siegels invited whatever criticisms (and congratulations) they get as a result of their very public and unapologetically profligate real estate ways. We don't make the rules, but them is the rules of the modern day media world.
listing photos: Florida Ranch Lands
Posted by Your Mama at 11:51 AM
Mama, there's an S at the end of VERSAILLES.
No Words!
4 fireplaces?!?!?! I know they are in Florida and people may not use them often, but if I was spending millions... i think just about everyone room...bedrooms, dining room, family room, living, library, etc etc should have a fireplace.
Ten kitchens?!?!?! I would love to see their justification for that. It's obvious these two have egos that are out of this world and crammed everything they could think of and then some into this place just to make it the biggest.
Look, I can understand wanting a big house. But at least be clever with the way you use the space. They obviously ran out of ideas and used the kitchens to fill space. Absurd.
Shopgirl said...
Pathetic that you start something of that scale and run out of bucks to complete it. Want - be - supremes. I hope they lose it all!
Candy Spelling said...
White trash with some cash.
Still, after watching the trailer, I somehow find these two strangely endearing.
Gawd-ugly! How is this anything like Versailles?
MarkyMark said...
Its like a documentary version of The Beverly Hillbillies updated to 2012. And the public is expected to PAY to see this documentary in theaters??!!?? AND its getting excellent reviews??!!?? Just when you think that the world cannot get any weirder...
This house is the definitive proof that money cannot by class or taste...
Rugby E. Root said...
It's beautiful! It's like San Simeon crossed with the Winchester Mystery House! They should donate it to the the state of Florida as a tourist attraction.
Question, Mama: is it indeed larger than the Biltmore estate? Last I checked, no one was really sure what its square footage was, but estimates are usually north of 125,000 sq ft.
I seriously hope they burn in hell
Yak said...
Why all the hate and disgust? If you only knew how the super rich wasted their money on a daily basis, you'd choke to death. The old adage "fools and their money are soon parted" seems to apply here though.
On the plus side, they've employed hundreds of workers and purchased tens of millions of $ worth of materials, all of which benefits the economy. Spend away fools.
midTN said...
HAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHA.......and lol
MamasBoy said...
Good comments all, my peers!
I have mixed feelings. The house is obviously absurd, but they're free people...
Well isn't that...green. The earth is dying, see y'all in hell! Thanks, Mr. Siegel.
Jonmpsn said...
All original content and material © 2006-2014 Real Estalker


text:
El Tejero peut désigner :

Toponymes

El Tejero : l'une des deux divisions territoriales et l'unique paroisse civile de la municipalité d'Ezequiel Zamora dans l'État de Monagas ;
 El Tejero : capitale de la paroisse civile d'El Tejero de la municipalité d'Ezequiel Zamora dans l'État de Monagas.

Homonymie de toponyme

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Magazine > Contributors > Bernhard Odehnal
Bernhard Odehnal
Correspondent for the Zürcher Tagesanzeiger
Bernhard Odehnal was born in Vienna in 1966. After studying Slavistics (Russian, Serbo-Croatioan) at university he was working as an editor for the Vienna city-newspaper Falter for five ears. After that he was active as a freelance journalist with a focus on Eastern Europe and the Balkans. In his coverages, he reported on Bosnia and the Rest of Yugoslavia for media outlets like Profil, Format, News, Berliner Zeitung, Die Zeit and Weltwoche. From 1999 until 2000 he was working as press spokesperson in Priština for the OSCE Mission to Kosovo and starting from 2000 for the foreign desk of Weltwoche in Zurich. Since 2004, Odehnal has been a correspondent for the Zürcher Tagesanzeiger located in Vienna. Awards: Zürcher Journalistenpreis 2003 (Zurich Journalistic Award) for a coverage on Bosnian war refugees ("Mejra, was wird aus uns?" / 'Mejra, what will become of us?') in the Swiss weekly magazine Weltwoche. The Bruno-Kreisky-Award 2011 for his book "Aufmarsch – die rechte Gefahr aus Osteuropa" (together with Gregor Mayer).
Stories by Bernhard Odehnal
The media situation in Central and Eastern Europe


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Marilyn Manson Entertainment sued for sexually assaulting minors
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text:
Q: Java frame for displaying always fullscreen game? Currently I have JFrame that is always set to fullscreen, JPanel with a resolution that can be changed and a BufferedImage which is drawn onto the JPanel and is a fixed resolution of my game. I feel like this is very inefficient since there can be like three different resolutions, the fullscreen used for the JFrame being a screen resolution, a custom resolution for JPanel set by the user and the game's resolution could be different to both where I would be resizing twice before drawing.
How do modern games like Battlefield allow you to change resolution, they're always fullscreen and they're not just resizing in the window when they resize since I have a dual screen with one a TV and it actually shows me changed resolution due to changing the resolution of the game eventhough my TV can take the max of 1920 x 1080 but it's still fullscreen? All I need is really drawing to pixels, I don't even need adding buttons from swing or anything like that, I'll do that myself. My game is should always be fullscreen. I've been making my game and I'm really comfortable with using JFrame and JPanel but I really want to switch to something else if it's more efficient. What do you think I could do?

A: you could try this:
Toolkit.getDefaultToolkit().getScreenResolution();

or
GraphicsEnvironment ge = GraphicsEnvironment.getLocalGraphicsEnvironment();
GraphicsDevice gd = ge.getDefaultScreenDevice();
gd.setFullScreenWindow(app);

Also take a look at this post:
In JAVA, changing resolution with setDisplayMode for fullscreen application

A: Rendering to a BufferedImage of fixed size is somewhat defeating the purpose, unless you explicitly want scaling (e.g. because you can't render the full res fast enough).
All you need to do is resize your back buffer when the frame size changes (and render into it according to its current size, of course).
You can detect the changes easily by using either a WindowListener attached to the JFrame, or a ComponentListener attached to the contained panel. For flexibility, I personally would prefer the ComponentListener on the panel, because that enables you to use the same panel and listener for either windowed or full screen mode. Be cautious though that the listener will be called on the Swing event dispatch thread, so depending on the threading architecture of your game you may need some thread synchronization to communicate the change safely.

A: The way games like battlefield do it is with 3D world coordinates that are independent of the screen resolution using OpenGL or DirectX. Developers feed world coordinates into a rendering engine that then converts to screen coordinates. This is done with whatever the current screen resolution is set to. You will notice though that the HUD size will change depending on your selection of resolution. This is because the HUD is usually a 2D construct that is tied directly to screen coordinates. If you want to do some 3D stuff I would recommend LWJGL. Your only option with Swing is to look into using AffineTransform to scale your display. This however is inefficient compared to 3D and could be slower than you would desire.


text:
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Brenda has assisted in various types of negotiated agreements and settlements, including on and off reserve projects and developments, modern self-governance and resource management, impact-benefit agreements, economic development, government to government agreements and specific claim settlements. In 2011, after decades of hard work and negotiations, Brenda assisted the St'at'imc Chiefs Council reach their historic agreement with BC Hydro and the Province of BC regarding the footprint and ongoing impacts of hydroelectric projects in their Territory.
She provides legal, policy and negotiating advice to First Nations on small and large scale projects, including assisting in environmental assessments, consultation and regulatory processes. Brenda was senior counsel for the First Nations Coalition in the Cohen Inquiry on Fraser River Sockeye and has represented First Nation clients before the National Energy Board and Joint Federal and Provincial Review Panels.
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Traditional Ecological Knowledge and Decision Making: Observations from the Field (Powerpoint Presentation Prepared for First Nations Fisheries Council Workshop, February 17, 2015).
Multi-Government Management (Powerpoint Presentation Prepared for Pacific Business Law Institute Conference , Aboriginal and Environmental Law, January 19-20, 2015).
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Recent Decisions Informing Environmental Assessments and Regulatory Processes for the Review of Proposed Projects (Powerpoint Presentation Prepared for the CLE Aboriginal Law Conference 2014, November 13, 2014).
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Steward of Equinox Gardens, Gabriola Island, a sanctuary for meditation, retreat, ritual, music and dance.


text:
Q: Writing real time opengl-es game for android - some question (optimizing) 1.
TIMING in a game:
Is there a way to use other then System.Currentmillis()-starttime>XX to update anything in a game? Is it safe or CPU expensive?
2.
In my game I have 20 items (moving square vertexes), when it comes up to 60-70 vertex, the FPS drop down to 30-40 FPS, from 60 FPS. (testing on a galaxy S i9000 phone).
Is there a way to my game FPS will be 30FPS? Is it good for update my game to 30 FPS, or I dont need to handle this? (because there will be a lagg on lower FPS - it will be slow)
How I can do to my objects run on the same speed, at any time?
3.
what is the best way: do the phisyx, and all the stupp in onDrawFrame, or: start a Thread what is made the mathematics for me? What is faster and better?

A:
TIMING in a game: Is there a way to use other then System.Currentmillis()-starttime>XX to update anything in a game? Is it safe or CPU expensive?

You should use a time delta system. There are a lot of tutorials about this. This is a very good tutorial: deWiTTERS Game Loop.

In my game I have 20 items (moving square vertexes), when it comes up to 60-70 vertex, the FPS drop down to 30-40 FPS, from 60 FPS. (testing on a galaxy S i9000 phone). Is there a way to my game FPS will be 30FPS? Is it good for update my game to 30 FPS, or I dont need to handle this? (because there will be a lagg on lower FPS - it will be slow)

That's depending on which method you're using. If 3D, you should consider using Vertex Buffer Objects (VBO:s) (like a Vertex Array but in your device's GPU memory). That makes a huge difference since the CPU doesn't need to copy the data from CPU to GPU every iteration.
If 2D, you can still use VBO:s but if draw_texture is supported on the device that's recommended.
However, the options are:

*

*Vertex Arrays (slowest).

*Vertex Buffer Objects (fastest in 3D, slower than draw_texture in 2D).

*draw_texture extension (fastest in 2D, but doesn't render 3D stuff).

You can support all of this methods to cover the whole range of Android devices but remember to check the extensions of the device's OpenGL drivers. Some might support all of these, but there can be devices that only support Vertex Arrays and VBO:s (for example).
I've answered a related question here, but just to show you; here's a print from one of Chris Pruett's lectures at Google I/O:

How I can do to my objects run on the same speed, at any time?

You can't. Android is a multi-processing operating system and you have no idea what's going on (maybe another Service application is updating?). What you can do is to use a time delta system, like I mentioned above.

what is the best way: do the phisyx, and all the stupp in onDrawFrame, or: start a Thread what is made the mathematics for me? What is faster and better?

It's recommended to multi-threading (two Thread's running in parallel). Shortly, do your drawing stuff inside onDrawFrame and update stuff inside your own created Thread/Runnable.
Recommended resources:

*

*Google I/O 2009 and Google I/O 2010

*Game Development for Android: A Quick Primer


text:
Star NFL QB retires on feast of athletes' patron saint
Pastors, volunteers learn about aid available from CSS
By Lou Baldwin
Special to The CS&T
SPRINGFIELD – Needs assessment and referral services. Counseling services. Pregnancy and parenting services. Elder care services. Budgeting classes. Supportive services for the homeless. Food cupboard referrals. A baby cupboard. Youth mentoring.
These services and more can be accessed either in-house or through referrals at the various Catholic Social Service Centers in the Archdiocese. All of the above were discussed Nov. 13 at the Springfield, Delaware County, Family Service Center during an open house attended by approximately 30 pastors, parish workers and volunteers engaged in the social ministry of the Church.
In the past fiscal year about 4,200 clients were served in Delaware County; 2,500 in Springfield and another 1,700 at the center in Chester, according to Gail McCoach, program manager in Springfield.
"The majority of our clients are coming out of material or financial needs. The elderly come to us because of life situations – losses they have experienced, changes that have come about medically, physically or emotionally that we can help them with," she said.
Delaware County is becoming more and more spanerse, with people of many nationalities represented, and both the Springfield and Chester centers have bilingual staff who can assist clients who have limited English skills.
In today's economy, the needs have become ever greater and CSS does everything it can to stretch available funds.
"We use volunteers as much as we can so that any donations that come to us are really maximized," she said.
Area food cupboards are low, she noted, and "we are hoping that the holidays will bring out the generosity in people. Our clients' needs increase as the economy worsens."
The open house was suggested by Father George A. Majoros, regional vicar for Delaware County, after he made a visit himself. "I thought, we have to share this information," he said. "The most important aspect of the centers is that all of the services to help people in need are really wrapped in our faith. When we help people in need they experience the compassionate and merciful Jesus reaching out to them."
St. Joseph Sister Marge Drueding, director of Parish Services at St. Philomena Parish in Lansdowne, was already aware of most of the services available through the centers, but said, "I found it very informative and it was good to hear of them again. I work with a lot of elderly people with needs. They are lonely; they face financial needs, health needs, things of that sort."
Deacon John Betzel from St. Joseph Parish, Aston, was looking at the lower end of the age spectrum.
"I'm mostly concerned about programs that affect young people, for example the mentoring program," he said. "We are blessed, we don't have as many needs as other communities. What I want to do with this is take it back to our young people, show them how they can reach out in their abundance and blessings to help in some way those who are less fortunate.
"I found this helpful," said Irene McKenzie, who works in the psychiatric field and also volunteers at Sacred Heart Parish, Manoa. "I learned a lot about what's available for parishioners in the parishes," she said.
Lou Baldwin is a member of St. Leo Parish and a freelance writer.
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