text:
← Three identical and inaccurate reports on the South China Sea.
An obituary for our native flora,fauna and habitat. →
Ignorance or malice on new security laws for Hong Kong?
By Henry Litton | On 27 July 2020
The announcement made in May this year that Beijing would enact national security laws for Hong Kong aroused hysteria worldwide. One wonders whether this came from ignorance or malice.
Every country on earth has national security laws.
For more than 20 years, the Hong Kong government had failed to implement Article 23 of the Basic Law ( the regional constitution for Hong Kong ) which required the Region to enact laws "on its own" to prohibit a range of criminal acts aimed at endangering national security.
The announcement in May was against the background of extreme violence lasting many months in the streets of Hong Kong, to the terror of the general population.
Parts of Hong Kong resembled war-zones, with the police under constant attack. Loss to the ordinary citizen and to the Region measured in the hundreds of millions of dollars. When Covid-19 intervened in February this year, criminal activity continued though on a diminished scale.
The police force was over-stretched, the justice system overwhelmed. By October last year, after months of turmoil, thousands of arrests had been made but only a handful of persons had been charged and brought to court for trial. An attempt by the Chief Executive to assist the police in identifying culprits, by promulgating a law forbidding face-covering in public gatherings, was knocked back by the High Court.
The declared aim of the rioters was to destroy the police force and bring down the Hong Kong administration. There was firm evidence that external hostile forces were behind the movement, fuelling and funding the rioters.
Hong Kong had ( and still has ) in its statute book national security laws left over from the colonial era. But these were totally inadequate to deal with the situation.
The announcement made by the Standing Committee in May noted ( with remarkable restraint ) that national security risk in the Hong Kong SAR had "become a prominent problem".
Seeing that the Regional government was incapable of dealing with the dire situation, failing to protect the lives and livelihood of the ordinary citizen, what was the Central Government to do?
One solution was, obviously, to declare a state of emergency under Article 18.4 of the Basic Law and issue an order applying "national laws in the Region", bring in the armed police from across the border and thus end, in effect, the policy of One Country Two Systems as applied to Hong Kong.
The Central Government chose the opposite course. It enacted the new law. The declared aim was to "fully and effectively implement the principles of One Country Two Systems, the People of Hong Kong Governing Hong Kong and A High Degree of Autonomy for the Region."
The May announcement specifically mentioned that in enforcing the law through the Hong Kong courts, common law principles such as the presumption of innocence and other safeguards would apply.
Looking at that announcement broadly, and objectively, what it shows is this: All three branches of government in Hong Kong – the Executive, the Legislature and the Judiciary – had failed in their functions to safeguard national security. The situation called for urgent action. It thus became necessary for the Central Government, with sovereign responsibilities, to intervene.
Any calm and thoughtful reaction to the May announcement would have been: "Well, given the terrible situation in Hong Kong, that all sounds fair and reasonable"; the sceptical critic might have remarked: "let's see what the actual text of the law says" and he might even have added: "the devil is in the details".
But Lord Patten, former Governor of Hong Kong, even before the ink was dry, issued an immediate statement declaring this to be "a complete destruction of the joint declaration": referring to the agreement between Britain and China signed in December 1984 dealing with China's resumption of sovereignty over Hong Kong in July 1997. This was echoed by statements from other Western leaders. The global media then picked up the tune.
The text of the new law was eventually published on I July. A headline in the Economist of July 4-10, 2020 proclaimed: "Beijing's Assault on Hong Kong". A leading editorial in The Australian ( Australia's national newspaper, July 10 ) bore the title: "China scores crushing One Country One System blow".
Item after item, leading news outlets such as the BBC and the ABC voiced the same theme, referring to "pro-democracy demonstrators" as if the new law was aimed at suppressing peaceful protest, without the least reference to the murderous acts and large scale destruction being wrought in Hong Kong.
It is, of course, legitimate to analyse the new law and criticize aspects of it. But a law aimed at "crushing Hong Kong", one of China's most prosperous regions? To weaken a foremost financial centre of the world? What purpose would that serve?
The new law has 66 Articles, and is harsher in tone and substance than most people expected to see. Its terminology, in places, lacks the precision one finds in common law statutes. It leaves much room for judicial interpretation. In a sense, it creates a dynamic tension between its own wording and that found in the Basic Law for Hong Kong. This is likely to create particular challenges for the Hong Kong courts when dealing with enforcement later on.
The Office for Safeguarding National Security, an organ of the Central Government, established in Hong Kong, has a wide role to play, such as "collecting and analysing intelligence and information concerning national security": Article 49(3).
But it has also a less well-defined function: "overseeing, guiding, coordinating with and providing support to the Region in the performance of its duties for safeguarding national security": Article 49(2).
Hence the crucial question remains: Has the Office been given executive powers exercisable within the Hong Kong justice system?
Article 49(4) says that the mandate of the Office includes:
"handling cases concerning offence endangering national security in accordance with the law".
The expression "handling cases" is wide and amorphous. If it meant, for instance, prosecuting offenders in the Hong Kong courts, that would be contrary to the general principles set out in Article 1 of the law and would set up a clash with the Basic Law.
Leaving aside these reservations, one sees at the outset, in Article 1, the statement of general principles. The purpose of the law is to ensure:
"the resolute, full and faithful implementation of the policy of One Country Two Systems under which the people of Hong Kong administer Hong Kong with a high degree of autonomy".
The last stated general principle is "protecting the lawful rights and interests of the residents of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region".
These statements of principle inform all the following articles – including Article 49(4) referred to earlier.
Except in a very narrow category of cases ( to be dealt with later ) the entire process of investigation, prosecution and trial of cases under the new law is in the hands of the Hong Kong authorities.
This law is not concerned with crimes against the person or property as such. A case of arson, damage to public property, attempted murder, inflicting grievous bodily harm etc, standing alone, would not be processed under this law, unless it can be shown to damage national security – a much wider offence.
The crimes of subversion, terrorism, collusion with foreign entities etc are aimed at the state. Criminal intent is involved. These are very serious crimes attracting long terms of imprisonment. A prosecution is not to be lightly undertaken. To charge a person under the new law, the written consent of the Secretary for Justice is required: Article 41.2.
The notion that a young man doing nothing more than waving a banner in the streets could be prosecuted and convicted under this law is absurd, whatever that banner might say.
Whilst instances of arson, damage to public property, taking part in a riotous assembly, waving a banner etc, standing alone, would not come under the new law, they might constitute evidence of a more serious crime, such as a conspiracy to bring destruction to Hong Kong: this would, of course, be a crime against national security.
Chapter V of the new law deals with the Office for Safeguarding National Security. Within this Chapter is Article 55 which has aroused much hostile comment.
It deals with three very narrow categories of cases where, on the initiative of the Office for Safeguarding National Security, the prosecution takes place in the Mainland before a court designated by the Supreme People's Court. Investigation having been initiated by that Office in Hong Kong, "legal documents" issued by the Mainland authorities "shall have legal force" in Hong Kong: Article 57.
Assume, for instance, that the Mainland court issues an order that a suspect, residing in Hong Kong, be taken into custody and be transferred to the Mainland for trial; the Hong Kong police is dutybound to enforce the order; the suspect is taken into custody pending transfer to the Mainland.
The suspect is entitled to have legal representation from the outset: Article 58. Assume that the lawyer immediately takes out a writ of habeas corpus requiring the police to show cause why the defendant should not be released. Would it suffice for the police to simply produce the Mainland court order ? Assume, on the face of the court order, that the alleged crime clearly falls outside the three categories of cases under Article 55, can the Hong Kong court intervene and order the suspect's release ? This is a grey area, for Article 28 of the Basic Law is quite clear:
"The freedom of the person of Hong Kong residents shall be inviolable. No Hong Kong resident shall be subjected to arbitrary or unlawful arrest, detention or imprisonment …"
Assume, for instance, that the prosecution is based on Article 55(1):
"(1) The case is complex due to the involvement of a foreign country or external elements, thus making it difficult for the Region to exercise jurisdiction over the case".
Whether there is "involvement of a foreign country or external elements" is a plain matter of fact. Assume there is none: Surely, by any standards, the entire process initiated by the Office for Safeguarding National Security is unlawful.
But then there is Article 60 which says:
"The acts performed in the course of duty by the Office for Safeguarding National Security of the Central People's Government in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region and its staff in accordance with this Law shall not be subject to the jurisdiction of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region".
This immunity is confined to acts performed by the Office. It says nothing about acts of a Mainland court.
Here, then, is an example of the dynamic tension between the processes under the new law and the Basic Law which the Hong Kong courts may be required to resolve: upon that resolution will depend the direction in which the principle of One Country Two Systems is tilted.
There is this final point to be made. Article 65 says this:
"the power of interpretation of this Law shall be vested in the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress".
But, in the example given above, it is not a question of interpreting the new law. The law is clear enough: a prosecution under Article 55(1) involves either a foreign country or external elements. Without such factors, the legal foundation for prosecution is gone. Nothing in the new law suggests that arbitrary prosecution or arrest is lawful.
The principle of One Country Two Systems is a living concept. It evolves with changing times. What the Hong Kong Judiciary is called upon to do, in effect, is to calibrate the system so that it comfortably accommodates Hong Kong cultural values with national aspirations. This requires great sensitivity. No wonder that the new law has conferred additional responsibilities on the Chief Executive in the shape of Article 44.
Article 44 has aroused much controversy. It requires the Chief Executive to designate, in effect, a new panel of judicial officers – from magistrates on up to the judges of the Court of Final Appeal – chosen specifically to handle cases concerning offences endangering national security. The term of office is one year – necessarily short, as this is an innovation.
Critics have said that this interferes with judicial independence. The concept of "judicial independence" is much misunderstood. It has everything to do with the exercise of judicial power, the performance of judicial functions, and nothing to do with the institution of the judiciary as such. The judiciary does not stand apart from the other major organs of government. As Jonathan Sumption ( Lord Sumption, former judge of the English Supreme Court ) puts it in his book Trials of the State:
"It is a vice of lawyers that they think and talk about law as if it was a self-contained subject, something to be examined like a laboratory specimen in a test-tube. But law does not occupy a world of its own. It is part of a larger system of public decision-making. The rest is politics: the politics of ministers and legislators, of political parties, of media and pressure groups and of the wider electorate."
To reshape the function of the judiciary, to better accommodate it to the larger system of public decision-making, is an act of government. It has nothing to do with judicial independence.
The Basic Law Article 85 puts the position accurately when it says:
"The courts of the Hong Kong SAR shall exercise judicial power independently, free from any interference. Members of the judiciary shall be immune from legal action in the performance of their judicial functions".
As the Chief Justice in a statement published in early July points out, all judicial officers, past and present, have taken the judicial oath and have been appointed on the basis of their judicial and professional qualities. Political considerations have never come into the equation.
In summary, what can be said with confidence is this: The declared aim of the new law is to strengthen the application of One Country Two Systems in Hong Kong. This leaves the possibility – or, perhaps, more than the possibility – that the policy will endure long after 2047, with the common law as the governing system for Hong Kong during the life-time of the young people living today, and beyond. For this to eventuate, the common law must be seen to act effectively in coping with problems as events evolve. Hence, the judicial officers selected to be on the Article 44 panel have a huge responsibility. Upon their shoulders may well rest the long endurance of the One Country Two Systems formula as applied to Hong Kong.
Henry Litton
Henry Litton is a retired Hong Kong Court of Final Appeal judge and author of "Is the Hong Kong Judiciary Sleepwalking to 2047?"
This entry was posted in China. Bookmark the permalink.
How Steve Bannon tried to destroy Pope Francis (Counter Punch 3 Jan, 2021) 17 January 2021


Phase Eight Multi Dress Juliana Maxi Dress Material : 100% Polyester. Phase Eight Dress London is your smart choice.
Phase Eight Multi Dress Juliana Maxi Dress For a truly elegant design, opt for the Juliana Dress from Phase Eight.
The dress is cut to a beautiful wrap shape that finishes below the ankle. It's adorned with a colour-pop floral print and a ribbon tie detail on the waist.
Finish the look with delicate heels and a matching clutch.
Model Details : 5ft 7 inches/171cm and wears a size 6.


Sudan's state-run news agency says Darfur residents have begun voting on whether to unify the region's five states, in a referendum the U.S. said would "undermine the peace process."
The Khartoum government divided the region into three states in 1994, diluting the power of the Fur tribe, the region's largest. Darfur's division and the marginalization of the Fur were among the main factors behind the fighting that erupted in 2003, which led to the deaths of 300,000 people and allegations of crimes against humanity.
The government divided Darfur into five states in 2012.
The U.S. State Department has said the three-day referendum that began Monday is unlikely to be fair, saying "insecurity in Darfur and inadequate registration of Darfuris residing in internally displaced persons (IDPs) camps prohibit sufficient participation."


text:
Q: Vector.indexOf won't work for my class I'm building simple phonebook. Thus a have created a class "Person":
public class Person implements Comparable<Person> {
String Name;
String number;

public Person(String name,String Num) {
    Name=name;
    number=Num;
}

public String getNumber() {
    return number;
}

public String getName() {
    return Name;
}

@Override
public int compareTo(Person another) {
    return Name.compareTo(another.getName());
}

@Override
public String toString() {
    return Name;
}

@Override
public boolean equals(Object obj) {
    if(!(obj instanceof Person) && !(obj instanceof String))
    {
        return false;
    }
    else
    {
        if(obj instanceof Person)
            return Name.toLowerCase().equals(((Person)obj).getName().toLowerCase());
        else
            return Name.toLowerCase().equals(((String)obj).toLowerCase());
    }

}

@Override
public int hashCode() {
    return Name.hashCode();
} }

In some other part of the program i'm creating a Vector, populate it with "Person" objects but when i try to search a person BY NAME using vctPerson.indexOf("John") I always get -1 as result (not found). What's wrong with my code? I have implemented custom "equals" that should work with strings, and according to docs, "indexOf" is using "equals" to compare objects...
EDIT: I KNOW, I SHOULD SEARCH AFTER PHONE NUMBER, NOT NAME BUT IT's IRRELEVANT FOR THIS EXAMPLE

A: you called vctPerson.indexOf("John") . In this case, Vector call "John".equals( vctPerson.get( indexValue ) . As equals of String is called, String's equals compare "John" and Person object.
But as String's equals() does not return true when target object is not an instance of String, "John".equals( vctPerson.get( indexValue ) always return false. So result is always -1.
So, you can't use vctPerson.indexOf("John"). If you want to use vector, you need to traverse vector manually.

A: What Vector does in indexOf:
if (o.equals(elementData[i]))

where o would be "John". So you would have to override Sting.equals to do the right comparison (just kidding). Or you could use
vector.indexOf(new Person("John", null));

which will call your equals. Strictly speaking that will solve your question.
But in the long run you should not use Vector for that, because every indexOf call will iterate through the list - this is not very efficient.
A better way is a Map like HashMap where you can store key-value pairs. Lookup using the key is much cheaper than Vector.indexOf if here are a couple of entries.
Map<String, Person> map = new HashMap<String, Person>();
Person p = new Person("John", "1234");
map.put(p.getName().toLowerCase(), p);

// loopup
Person john = map.get("John".toLowerCase());

A: Your equals is broken: You objects may equal to a String (and that's what you're trying to exploit), but no String may ever equal to you object. Breaking symmetry of equals breaks everything.

A: Well, to be on the safe side you can always use
1) Map<String,Person> to make the relation between a person and his name
2) Make your own class that extends java.util.Vector and overrides its indexOf method
3) place a breakpoint in your equals method and see what's going on when indexOf gets called. Whatever's going on, though, it's better that you don't rely on the current implementation of indexOf that's specified in the JDK documentation since it may get changed upon the release of a next version of the JDK :)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Our non vintage Blanc de Blancs was made entirely from selected Chardonnay parcels from within our Bowral vineyards in the Southern Highlands, and is only made in small quantities when the fruit quality is exceptional.
Every vine is hand pruned and cropped very lightly, the fruit hand–picked and sorted, and then minimally handled in our state-of-the-art winery. The many individual base wines are aged until they harmonise and reveal their true character before blending to achieve the perfect balance.
The nose has complex aromas of ripe grapefruit/citrus, almond yeast, vanilla, and some nutty caramel biscuit.
The generous palate is ripe and full-flavoured, with pink grapefruit flavours, subtle vanilla, and juicy acid.
The complexity and creaminess reflect well the 47 months on lees.
Above all, this rich and complex sparkling is a wonderful expression of climate, nurture, and patience.
"From selected blocks in the estate vineyards in Bowral, aged for 42 months on lees prior to disgorgement. A vital and intense Blanc de Blancs, long and focussed; grapefruit, stone fruit and and some almond/creamy yeast nuances; a long and even finish. Diam. 12.5% alc. Rating 95 To 2015" James Halliday 2014 Australian Wine Companion.


The UMD Neuromechanics Research Core studies neural and mechanical mechanisms of human movements in general. The current research focus includes locomotion in persons with lower extremity amputations and footwear, hand and multi-digit actions of people with neurological disorders, and sensory processing mechanisms. The Core is equipped for biomechanical and physiological testing and analysis for human movements such as 11 Kistler force platforms, 23 Vicon motion capture cameras, electromyography sensors, movement speed sensors, electromagnetic sensors, a Biodex dynamometer, portable and stationary metabolic units, miniature 6-D force/torque sensors, etc. in over 7,000 sq ft space.
Dec 16, 2018 Dissertation Defense Dion Cunningham, a doctoral student in School of Music co-advised and co-chaired by Dr. Shim, had a successful dissertation defense and became "Dr. Cunningham". Congrats!!
April, 2018 Grant Drs. Shim, Miller, and Kwon with the help of our graduate students, Mia and Sara, receive grant funding from Korea Institue of Machinery and Materials (KIMM). The purpose of this proposed R&D effort is to investigate human-human interactions (IPMS) through motor tasks involving multiple co-working humans and apply the knowledge to physical human-robot collaboration (PHRC) control mechanisms.
Dr. Diane Damiano from National Institue of Health (NIH) presents at NRC Research Seminar.
2018, March New Member Dr. Serap Bastepe-Gray, MD, MM, OTR/L, CPAM joins NRC faculty. Her expertise comprises pain and playing related musculoskeletal and neurological upper extremity disorders that affect musical performers.
2018, Feb New Visiting Professor Dr. Moon Seok Park joins NRC as Visiting Clinical Professor from Seoul National University Bundang Hospital. Dr. Park is an orthopedic surgeon with expertise in cerebral palsy.
2017, Oct Grant Dr. Shim receives a research grant from Samsung Electronics.
Jenna Burnett ,Mia Caminita, and Gina Garcia join the lab as graduate students!
Liz Bell receives Edwin & Kathryn Arbogast Award from AOPA!
Dr. Shim has a keynote lecture at International Conference of Korean Society of Sport Biomechanics. Pusan, Korea.
2016, May Thesis Defense Congratulations to Ed Chu for successfully defending his Master's Thesis!
2016, May Travel Award Liz Bell recieves a Student Travel Award from the American Society of Biomechanics to present her work at the 2016 annual meeting in Raleigh, NC. Congratulations Liz!
2015, September New Student Jessica Hunter joins the lab as a PhD student.
2015, September New Student Rana Krimpour joins the lab as a PhD student.
2015, August Job Dr. Jaebum Park, Assistant Professor at Montana State University and a former graduate student from Neuromechanics Research Core, has accepted an Assistant Professor Position at Seoul National University, the #1 ranked college in Korea. Congratulations Dr. Park!
2015, August New Grant Dr. Miller is awarded a new grant from the Department of Defense (The Henry M. Jackson Foundation) to support his work entitled "Evaluation of knee joint loading in Service Members with unilateral lower extremity trauma"
2015, June New Grant Drs. Miller and Shim, in collaboration wth Dr. Klossner of the Department of Intercollegiate Athletics, are awarded a Tier I Seed Grant for the project entitled "The Elite Athlete as a Model for the Impact of Mechanical Loading on Human Knee Joint Health"
2015, May Invited Speech Dr. Shim is invited to present at the Korean Association for Health, Physical Education, Recreation and Dance in Seoul, Korea.
2015, April Travel Award Becky Krupenevich recieves a Student Travel Award from the American Society of Biomechanics to present her work at the 2015 annual meeting in Columbus, OH.
2015, March Invited Lecture Dr. Shim is invited to present at the International Research Forum on Biomechanics of Running-Specific Prosthesis in Tokyo, Japan.
2015, April Poster Presentation Award Congratulation to Dovin Kiernan for winning the Outstanding Academic Poster Award (First Place)! This award was given in recognition of outstanding presentation of innovative public health research and scholarship by a student at UMD's annual Public Health Research Day.
2015, April Scholarship Award Congratulations to Dovin Kiernan for receiving the Alexander Graham Bell Canada Graduate Scholarship (CGS-D) from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) for $105,000! The CGS-D is awarded to top-ranked applicants based on academic excellence, research potential, communication skills, and interpersonal and leadership abilities.
2014, October Admission to PT Program Undergraduate, Kevin Levi-Goerlich, is accepted into two Physical Therapy programs and commits to University of Maryland Eastern Shore.
2014, September Tenure Track Position Ph.D. Graduate, Brian Baum, receives a tenure track position at Regis University, School of Physical Therapy.
2014, August New Graduate Student Becky Krupenevich joins the lab as a Ph.D. student.
2014, August New Graduate Student Kelsey Christensen joins the lab as a Masters student.
2013, June Return Dr. Shim comes back from a year long sabbatical.
2013, March New graduate student Dovin Kiernan joins the lab as a Master's student.
Dr. Shim receives an NIH grant.
A new biomechanical model to examine joint control adaptations during running in individuals with lower extremity amputations. R03 Award.
2010, December Equipment Purchase Grant NML receives $90K from the three sources of UMD: UMD Division Research, School of Public Health, and Department of Kinesiology for multiple forceplates and portable gas analyzer purchase.
2010, December MIPS Award For the collaborative research with Under Armour, NML (Dr. Sraswat and Dr. Shim) received Maryland Industrial Partnerships Award. Total research budget is $689K.
2010, May 26th Southern Biomedical Engineering Conference Neuromechanics Lab group went to Southern Biomedical Engineering Conference. Dr. Shim chaired Neuromechanics & Rehab Session. Brian, Sohit, and Jaebum had presentations.
2010, April Distinguished Teaching Assistant Sohit Karol, PhD student, was selected as a 2009-1010 Distinguished Teaching Assistant from KNES Department.
2010, April Graduate Student Summer Research Fellowship Brain Baum, PhD student, was awarded a Graduate Student Summer Research Fellowship from UMD Graduate School ($5K).
2010, Feb Snow Storm The University and the Lab were closed more than a week because of snow storms.
2010, Feb MIPS Award NML received Maryland Industrial Partnerships Award ($300K).
2009, Dec Dr. Jaebum Park Mr. Jaebum Park became Dr. Jaebum Park. Dr. Park is the first PhD from Neuromechanics Lab. He is current a Postdoc at Penn State.
2009. Aug ASB Young Scientist Award Dr. Shim received ASB's Young Scientist Award at 2009 ASB Meeting at Penn State.
2009. July ISB Promising Young Scientist Award Dr. Shim received ISB's Promising Young Scientist Award at 2009 ISB Congress in Cape Town.
2009, July 2009 ISB Congress We participated in 2009 ISB Congress in Cape Town, South Africa.
2009, Sept DOD Award NML received Department of Defense Research Award ($200K).
2009, Feb MIPS Award NML received Maryland Industrial Partnerships Award ($2M).
2009, May Lab photos We took pictures of current NML members.
2009, May Lab visit Two retired soldiers with leg amputations visited NML and had a talk on their experiences at Dr. Shim's Biomechanics class.
Jeff, NML Masters student, received Jacob K. Goldharber Travel Award from UMD to attend Progress in Motor Control Meeting in France ($1K).
2009, March Dr. Jongkook Song's visit Dr. Song from Kyung Hee University visited NML.
2008, Nov Mr. Brian Frasure's visit Brian, the Paralympian with multiple gold, silver, and bronze medals visited NML for our amputee locomotion research.
2008, Sep Dr. Woosub Kim visit Dr. Kim visited NML and we went to our collaborator, Water Reed Army Medical Center for a tour.
2008, Sep Sohit Karol, Alex Hooke, James Lieu graduate Masters students, Sohit, Alex, and James graduated from NML.
2008, Aug Drs. Changsoo Yang and Beeoh Lim visit Drs. Yang and Lim from Korea visited NML and had a couple of beer.
2008, Aug Yonghyun Park from Seoul National University visit Younghyun, an exchange student from Seoul National University visited NML. We had a party at Dr. Shim's.
2008, Aug 2007 Progress in Motor Control We participated in 2007 ISMC meeting in Santos, Brazil.
2008, July Dr. Shim's Keynote at ISBS Dr. Shim delivered an invited lecture at ISBS, Korea. The picture was taken with a Taekwondo demonstration team from Kyung Hee University, Dr. Shim's UG school.
2008, March Visiting Professor, Dr. Chulsoon Choi Dr. Kim from Kwangwoon University joined NML as a Visiting Professor for a year.
2008, Feb MIPS Award NML received Maryland Industrial Partnerships Award ($300K: Phase II).
2007, July 2007 ISB Congress We participated in 2007 ISB Congress in Taipei, Taiwan. The picture has Dr. Shim's Masters and PhD advisors, Dr. Kwon and Dr. Zatsiorsky.
2007, March 2007 NEASB Conference NML organized the first Northeast American Society of Biomechanics (NEASB) Conference UMD.
2007, March ISB Travel Award Sohit, NML Masters student, received International Society of Biomechanics Travel Award ($1K) for his travel to World Congress of Biomechanics in Munich, Germany.
2007, March ISB Travel Award Jaebum, NML PhD student, received International Society of Biomechanics Travel Award ($1K) for his travel to World Congress of Biomechanics in Munich, Germany.
2007, March Visiting Professor, Dr. Chang Kook Kim Dr. Chang Kook Kim from Korea University joined NML as a Visiting Professor for a year.
2007, March ASB Conference Organization Award NML received a local conference organization grants from ASB and industry ($10K).
2007, Feb MIPS Award NML received Maryland Industrial Partnerships Award ($300K).
2006, July 2006 WCB We participated in 2006 World Congress of Biomechanics in Munich, Germany. The picture was taken at the Munich Science Museum.
2006, June CK's Lab Visit NML members visited Dr. Christopher Knight's Lab at University of Delaware.
2006, July KRF Award NML received Korea Research Foundation Award ($100K).
2006, July DHS Award NML received Department of Homeland Security Award ($915K).
2006, May Jacob Goldharber Travel Award Jaebum, NML PhD student, received Jacob K. Goldharber Travel Award from UMD to attend World Congress of Biomechanics in Munich, Germany ($1K).
2005, Sept Clark Fellowship Junfeng, NML PhD student, received Clark Fellowship from Department of Kinesiology for two years of financial support during his PhD study at NML.
2005, Aug 2005 ISB/ASB Meeting We participated in 2005 ISB/ASB joint conference in Cleveland. Picture was taken at the Cleveland Clinic.


Discussion in 'ScubaBoard Articles' started by BackscatterUW, Jul 12, 2018.
We DIVE, SHOOT, and SERVICE everything we sell!
What do you think of this ?
Great photographic work. All the pictures showing the excellence of photographer or divemaster. Really, appreciable work this is.


ADUs, commonly known as granny flats, backyard cottages, inlaw suites, and accessory apartments, are a form of residential infill housing on the precipice of a massive revitalization in the US.
Unique to this form of grassroots housing, both permitted ADUs and informal ADUs are typically developed by amateur homeowner developers rather than professional developers. This presents special challenges and opportunities.
Through interviews, images, first-hand anecdotes, literature, case studies, and data analysis, Backdoor Revolution covers these challenges and opportunities in detail.
This ADU book covers costs, financing, design, the development process, zoning barriers, and regulatory loopholes. It will help explain the expenses involved, financing strategies, and the legality of alternative dwellings on residential properties in general.
Backdoor Revolution provides a framework for understanding the large-scale, informal ADU housing phenomena that exists in cities throughout the United States. The presence of informal ADUs can be viewed as an ad-hoc housing response to restrictive municipal regulations for ADUs found in the vast majority of US cities and towns; regulations which have historically hindered homeowners from developing formally permitted ADUs. The book offers insightful analysis of the municipal and institutional barriers for permitted ADU development in American cities, and a succinct regulatory prescription for addressing these key barriers.
"Backdoor Revolution is an A–Z manual on how to create ADUs, written by one of the most passionate, knowledgeable and experienced people in this burgeoning movement. For anyone wanting to build or live in an ADU, or to include as a permitted use in a zoning code, this is the go-to book.
The author, Kol Peterson is an ADU expert based in Portland, Oregon, who has helped catalyze the exponential growth of ADUs in Portland over the last decade through ADU advocacy, education, consulting, policy work, and entrepreneurship. He is the owner of Caravan- The Tiny House Hotel, the first tiny house hotel in the world, and organizer of Portland's popular ADU Tour.
As an ADU developer, dweller and consultant in Portland with a background in both government and entreprenership, and a masters degree in environmental planning from Harvard's Graduate School of Design, Kol offers a unique and personal perspective on what a homeowner can do build wealth and lifestyle flexibility by building an ADU, and how doing this can incidentally address systemic policy challenges locally and globally.


Hi, I am interested in your 2019 Forest River Cherokee (stock #13061) listed on Autotrader for $32,995. I'd like to get more information about this vehicle and confirm its availability.
Get ready for any camping excursion with this single slide out Cherokee Wolf Pack 23PACK15 toy hauler travel trailer. There is 15 of storage space for your off-road toys. Once you reach your destination and your gear is unloaded then you can easily set up the dinette and lower the Happijac power bed. This kitchen area features all of the amenities that you would expect to find at home, from the convection microwave to the three burner range and the refrigerator. When you are ready to turn in for the night come to the private front bedroom where you will find a queen bed with storage below. Outside you will find more storage, a fuel station, plus a 15 awning and more!
With any Cherokee Wolf Pack toy hauler travel trailer it is easy to keep the outdoor fun going all weekend long! There is plenty of room for a few dirt bikes, a four wheeler, or an ATV - whatever your favorite riding toy is there is space! You can clean up before coming indoors with the convenientoutside shower. Inside you will find conveniences such as tongue and groove plywood floors,real wood doors and drawers, wood blinds, and an8 cu. ft. refrigerator. TheLimited Packageincludes a few more upgraded items such as a kitchen appliance package, a hypoallergenic Evergreen mattress, USB charging stations, a drop in cooktop with glass cover and so much more!


Tainan is a special municipality of Taiwan. It faces the Formosan Strait or Taiwan Strait in the west and south. This is the oldest city on the island of Taiwan and also called the "Capital City" for its over 200 years of history as the capital of Taiwan under Koxinga and later Qing dynasty rule. It has a complex history of comebacks, redefinition and renewals thus being nicknamed as "the Phoenix City". This city is on Taiwan's southwest coast. It was the island's capital from 1683–1887 under the Qing dynasty.
It has a tropical savanna climate. Throughout the year there is high relative humidity and temperatures except for the winter during the months of April to September and a comparatively dry season between the months of October and March.


text:
1934 National Parks Sc 742-9 MH 16 plate number singles Hebert CV $46
1934 National Parks Sc 744 MNH 12 plate number singles Hebert CV $36
National parks 750 S/S sheet Farley APS Exposition Mt. Ranier mh Fresh VF
1934 National Parks Sc 740 thru 749 MNH plate number set Hebert CV $37
1935 Yosemite Sc 756 FARLEY unused NGAI left arrow blocks
honestyplus (20129 )
honestyplus has no other items for sale.
Details about 1934 FARLEY Parks Sc 756-64 unused NGAI 14 plate number singles Hebert CV $60
1934 FARLEY Parks Sc 756-64 unused NGAI 14 plate number singles Hebert CV $60
"All unused, no gum as issued"
Guaranteed by Sat. Jan. 25 | See details
Perryville, Arkansas, United States
On or before Sat. Jan. 25 Estimated by eBay FAST 'N FREE help icon for Estimated delivery date - opens a layer
Year of Issue: 1931-1940 Quality: Mint No Gum/MNG
Certification: Uncertified Denomination: Mixed
Place of Origin: United States Grade: Ungraded
Topic: National Park
Burchett Enterprises
US Stamps & Covers
Coins Tokens Medals
World Stamps & Covers
Sterling silverware
Item location: Perryville, Arkansas, United States
Excludes: South America, Russian Federation, Albania, Andorra, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Estonia, Gibraltar, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Macedonia, Malta, Moldova, Montenegro, Romania, San Marino, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Svalbard and Jan Mayen, Ukraine, Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Aruba, Barbados, Belize, Dominica, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Martinique, Montserrat, Netherlands Antilles, Nicaragua, Saint Kitts-Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Macau, Taiwan, Bermuda, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Algeria, Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde Islands, Chad, Congo, Democratic Republic of the, Congo, Republic of the, Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast), Djibouti, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gabon Republic, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritius, Mayotte, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Reunion, Rwanda, Saint Helena, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, Western Sahara, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Bahrain, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, United Arab Emirates, Yemen, Afghanistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan Republic, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Maldives, Mongolia, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, American Samoa, Cook Islands, Fiji, French Polynesia, Kiribati, Micronesia, Nauru, New Caledonia, Niue, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu, Vanuatu, Wallis and Futuna, Western Samoa
Change country: -Select- Australia Austria Bahamas Belgium British Virgin Islands Canada Cayman Islands Central African Republic China Comoros Costa Rica Croatia, Republic of Czech Republic Denmark Egypt Finland France Germany Greenland Guam Guernsey Hong Kong Iceland India Ireland Israel Japan Jersey Kenya Korea, South Luxembourg Malaysia Marshall Islands Mauritania Mexico Monaco Netherlands New Zealand Norway Panama Philippines Poland Portugal Puerto Rico Seychelles Singapore Spain Sweden Switzerland Thailand Trinidad and Tobago Turks and Caicos Islands United Kingdom United States Vatican City State Vietnam Virgin Islands (U.S.)
FAST 'N FREE Guaranteed by Sat. Jan. 25
Thank You for your purchase! LEWIS BURCHETT
With Number Plate Window for Dodge Challenger,
Unbranded Motorcycle Number Plate Lights for Yamaha,
Right Transmission CV & Parts for Buick Park Avenue,
Front Transmission CV & Parts for Buick Park Avenue,
Unbranded Motorcycle Number Plate Lights for Honda CBR600RR,
South Park Nintendo 64 Video Games,
195/60/14 Car & Truck Tires,
Pressure Plates for Mercury Park Lane,
205/60/14 Car & Truck Tires

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


HomeUncategorizedWhat's on Savoy Theatre in April?
What's on Savoy Theatre in April?
Dreamgirls tells the story of a trio of women from Chicago, Illinois who dream of making their mark on the music world. Dreamgirls follows the rise to fame of the Dreamettes, later The Dreams.
Curvaceous and opinionated Effie teams up with Lorrell and Deena to become the Dreams. Eventually, as the girls start to make their way in the business they have to decide how much compromise they are willing to make to hit it big. Effie is replaced by the slimmer, more commercially appealing Deena and The Dreams hit their stride.
Dreamgirls is full of glitz, glamour and show-stopping numbers such as "And I'm Telling You I'm Not Going" "I am Changing," "Listen" and "One Night Only". The show is directed and choreographed by Tony and Olivier winner Casey Nicholaw (Book of Mormon, Aladdin) with a book and lyrics by Tom Eyen. Costume design by Gregg Barnes with Sets and Music by Tim Hatley and Henry Krieger respectively.
For further information on timings or to purchase ticket please visit the official Savoy Theatre website.


I've spent the last 6 months all-in with vim. At Chargify, we use vim when doing remote pairing, so it's been necessary to get up to speed for that reason alone. To shorten the learning curve I uninstalled TextMate on my personal laptop and have been using vim for all TalentSoup development as well. My vim knowledge was basic when I joined Chargify, and while I am far from expert at this point, I am productive and learning more each day.
Given the experience of needing to go from 0 to productive in a short period, I'd offer that the best way to learn vim is with someone else. Whether you use someone's dotfiles (I use a fork of my colleague Jeremy Rowe's dotfiles) or not is a secondary concern. Nothing will speed up your vim education like having someone watch you attempt to do something, and suggest another, more efficient way. A great set of dotfiles is super helpful, but more important is that you have someone offering guidance.
More and more I am becoming convinced that the pairing model is the best way to get better at software development. If you can find someone to be a mentor to you, you're in a great spot.
P.S. - If you can't find someone to pair with to learn vim, I recommend watching the Destroy All Software screencasts. You'll see Gary do a lot of crazy things, which will lead you to ask "how did he do [X]", which will start you on the right path.


text:
Improving the accuracy of predicting secondary structure for aligned RNA sequences
Michiaki Hamada, Kengo Sato, Kiyoshi Asai
Considerable attention has been focused on predicting the secondary structure for aligned RNA sequences since it is useful not only for improving the limiting accuracy of conventional secondary structure prediction but also for finding non-coding RNAs in genomic sequences. Although there exist many algorithms of predicting secondary structure for aligned RNA sequences, further improvement of the accuracy is still awaited. In this article, toward improving the accuracy, a theoretical classification of state-of-the-art algorithms of predicting secondary structure for aligned RNA sequences is presented. The classification is based on the viewpoint of maximum expected accuracy (MEA), which has been successfully applied in various problems in bioinformatics. The classification reveals several disadvantages of the current algorithms but we propose an improvement of a previously introduced algorithm (CentroidAlifold). Finally, computational experiments strongly support the theoretical classification and indicate that the improved CentroidAlifold substantially outperforms other algorithms.
https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkq792
Published - 2011 Jan
10.1093/nar/gkq792
Fingerprint Dive into the research topics of 'Improving the accuracy of predicting secondary structure for aligned RNA sequences'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
Untranslated RNA Medicine & Life Sciences
Computational Biology Medicine & Life Sciences
Hamada, M., Sato, K., & Asai, K. (2011). Improving the accuracy of predicting secondary structure for aligned RNA sequences. Nucleic acids research, 39(2), 393-402. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkq792
Improving the accuracy of predicting secondary structure for aligned RNA sequences. / Hamada, Michiaki; Sato, Kengo; Asai, Kiyoshi.
In: Nucleic acids research, Vol. 39, No. 2, 01.2011, p. 393-402.
Hamada, M, Sato, K & Asai, K 2011, 'Improving the accuracy of predicting secondary structure for aligned RNA sequences', Nucleic acids research, vol. 39, no. 2, pp. 393-402. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkq792
Hamada M, Sato K, Asai K. Improving the accuracy of predicting secondary structure for aligned RNA sequences. Nucleic acids research. 2011 Jan;39(2):393-402. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkq792
Hamada, Michiaki ; Sato, Kengo ; Asai, Kiyoshi. / Improving the accuracy of predicting secondary structure for aligned RNA sequences. In: Nucleic acids research. 2011 ; Vol. 39, No. 2. pp. 393-402.
@article{ca8a3fc4079048c98a01b87fcd9c35f2,
title = "Improving the accuracy of predicting secondary structure for aligned RNA sequences",
abstract = "Considerable attention has been focused on predicting the secondary structure for aligned RNA sequences since it is useful not only for improving the limiting accuracy of conventional secondary structure prediction but also for finding non-coding RNAs in genomic sequences. Although there exist many algorithms of predicting secondary structure for aligned RNA sequences, further improvement of the accuracy is still awaited. In this article, toward improving the accuracy, a theoretical classification of state-of-the-art algorithms of predicting secondary structure for aligned RNA sequences is presented. The classification is based on the viewpoint of maximum expected accuracy (MEA), which has been successfully applied in various problems in bioinformatics. The classification reveals several disadvantages of the current algorithms but we propose an improvement of a previously introduced algorithm (CentroidAlifold). Finally, computational experiments strongly support the theoretical classification and indicate that the improved CentroidAlifold substantially outperforms other algorithms.",
author = "Michiaki Hamada and Kengo Sato and Kiyoshi Asai",
note = "Funding Information: {\textquoteleft}Functional RNA Project{\textquoteright} of the New Energy Technology Development Organization (NEDO), Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Innovative Areas (in parts). Funding for open access charge: Computational Biology Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST).",
doi = "10.1093/nar/gkq792",
journal = "Nucleic Acids Research",
T1 - Improving the accuracy of predicting secondary structure for aligned RNA sequences
AU - Hamada, Michiaki
AU - Sato, Kengo
AU - Asai, Kiyoshi
N1 - Funding Information: 'Functional RNA Project' of the New Energy Technology Development Organization (NEDO), Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Innovative Areas (in parts). Funding for open access charge: Computational Biology Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST).
N2 - Considerable attention has been focused on predicting the secondary structure for aligned RNA sequences since it is useful not only for improving the limiting accuracy of conventional secondary structure prediction but also for finding non-coding RNAs in genomic sequences. Although there exist many algorithms of predicting secondary structure for aligned RNA sequences, further improvement of the accuracy is still awaited. In this article, toward improving the accuracy, a theoretical classification of state-of-the-art algorithms of predicting secondary structure for aligned RNA sequences is presented. The classification is based on the viewpoint of maximum expected accuracy (MEA), which has been successfully applied in various problems in bioinformatics. The classification reveals several disadvantages of the current algorithms but we propose an improvement of a previously introduced algorithm (CentroidAlifold). Finally, computational experiments strongly support the theoretical classification and indicate that the improved CentroidAlifold substantially outperforms other algorithms.
AB - Considerable attention has been focused on predicting the secondary structure for aligned RNA sequences since it is useful not only for improving the limiting accuracy of conventional secondary structure prediction but also for finding non-coding RNAs in genomic sequences. Although there exist many algorithms of predicting secondary structure for aligned RNA sequences, further improvement of the accuracy is still awaited. In this article, toward improving the accuracy, a theoretical classification of state-of-the-art algorithms of predicting secondary structure for aligned RNA sequences is presented. The classification is based on the viewpoint of maximum expected accuracy (MEA), which has been successfully applied in various problems in bioinformatics. The classification reveals several disadvantages of the current algorithms but we propose an improvement of a previously introduced algorithm (CentroidAlifold). Finally, computational experiments strongly support the theoretical classification and indicate that the improved CentroidAlifold substantially outperforms other algorithms.
U2 - 10.1093/nar/gkq792
DO - 10.1093/nar/gkq792
JO - Nucleic Acids Research
JF - Nucleic Acids Research


text:
Roberto Capucci: Art into Fashion at the Philadelphia Museum of Art
Charlie Sheen buys Beverly Hills home for $7.5 million
Roberto Capucci: Art into Fashion
The Philadelphia Museum of Art
Roberto Capucci, a master of color, form, and innovative silhouettes, was one of the founders of modern Italian fashion in the early 1950s. Today, after six decades of creative achievement, he remains one of Italy's most influential and imaginative artist-couturiers. Capucci (b. 1930) captured the attention of the international press at an early age, drawing praise from designers such as Christian Dior when he was still a teenager. His work has appealed to Italian aristocrats like the noblewoman Maria Pace Odescalchi, Italian actress Elsa Martinelli, whom he helped project to fame, and American actresses Marilyn Monroe, Esther Williams, and Gloria Swanson. Today, Capucci fascinates and inspires contemporary designers such as Ralph Rucci, who admires Capucci's dedication to the purity of his art. Covering his couture designs from the 1950s to his recent sculptures, Roberto Capucci: Art into Fashion (March 16 – June 5, 2011) is the first major survey of his work in the United States. It is organized by the Philadelphia Museum of Art and the Fondazione Roberto Capucci in Florence and will be seen only in Philadelphia.
Timothy Rub, The George D. Widener Director and CEO of the Philadelphia Museum of Art, stated: "Roberto Capucci breaks down the boundaries between art and fashion. The architectural and sculptural quality of his work, his innovative techniques and his extraordinary use of color will have exceptionally wide appeal to those interested in style and design."
"Capucci is what every designer aspires to be—an artist who is true to himself," added Dilys Blum, the Jack M. and Annette Y. Friedland Senior Curator of Costume and Textiles at the Museum. "While he was considered an international 'boy wonder' during the 1950s, creating wonderfully exciting pieces in the aesthetic tradition associated with the work of Cristobal Balenciaga and Charles James, he ultimately chose to leave the commercial world to pursue interests that went well beyond fashion. In his work one can see the pure joy of creativity."
Capucci frequently finds inspiration in nature, sculpture and architecture. He considers his dresses to be "habitats" and thus does not restrict his work to the shape of a woman's body.
Roberto Capucci: Art into Fashion is comprised of nearly 90 works spanning the artist's career, with supplementary film clips and historical photographs that document the parallels between his designs and the Italian fashion world. The exhibition will trace Capucci's artistic career chronologically, from his discovery in 1951 to his sculptures from 2007. Early works include a cocktail dress with train from 1952-1953, and the Rosebud dress from 1956, as well as the iconic Nine Dresses (1956), inspired by the rings of water produced by tossing a stone. His revolutionary box silhouette—shaped with four seams instead of the usual two—represented a bold departure from the traditional fitted form of the period and garnered him the prestigious Filene's Fashion Award in 1958. The international press declared him to be Italy's best designer and the New York Times lauded his "vigor, imagination, and uninhibited originality."
Museum at Home: A Brief Guide to Collecting Art
Capucci was born in Rome in 1930 and studied at the Accademia delle Belle Arti. He briefly worked as an apprentice to the designer Emilio Schuberth and opened his first atelier in Via Sistina in Rome in 1950, moving to Via Gregoriana in 1955, where he remains today. During this time, Capucci was introduced to Giovan Battista Giorgini, a buying agent for high-end American department stores who became his champion. Giorgini organized the first Italian high-fashion show in Florence in 1951 and continued to produce shows until 1965. Capucci presented his first collection in the second of Giorgini's fashion shows in July 1951.
From 1962 to 1968, Capucci presented his collections in Paris to much acclaim and was praised for his inventive use of plastic, his Op Art-inspired designs made from woven ribbons (the 1965 Optical dress) that paid homage to the artist Victor Vasarely, and embroidered evening dresses that glowed in the dark. Upon his return to Rome in 1968, Capucci continued his experimentation with commonplace materials such as raffia, wire, and stones in the tradition of the Italian Arte Povera movement of the same period. In 1978, he created the white satin Colonna dress, modeled after a Doric column. The dress represented a key turning point in Capucci's career, as he started to explore the idea of dress as actual sculpture. The exhibition will contain dramatic sculpture dresses from the 1980s and early 1990s, such as the intricate Bougainvillea (1989) that reveal the striking use of pleating and exploration of color and form that are now his signature.
As he continued to explore new directions in the use of line, color, texture, and volume, Capucci refused to compromise his vision in the service of purely commercial concerns, and in 1980, he resigned from the Italian couture system. Instead, he presented a singular collection each year in a different city including Tokyo, New York, and Berlin. Since 1992, he has continued to conceive and exhibit unique sculptures, including a landmark series presented at the 1995 Venice Biennale. Among the works on view will be the series of eight dress sculptures, Return to Origins: Homage to Florence, from 2007.
The accompanying exhibition catalogue, Roberto Capucci: Art into Fashion (ISBN 978-0-87633-229-0; $50), written by organizing curator Dilys Blum, consists of 220 pages with 22 black-and-white illustrations and 182 color illustrations.
This exhibition is organized by the Philadelphia Museum of Art and the Fondazione Roberto Capucci, and funded by The Women's Committee of the Philadelphia Museum of Art, The Pew Charitable Trusts, The Annenberg Foundation Fund for Exhibitions, the Robert Montgomery Scott Fund for Exhibitions, and The Kathleen C. and John J. F. Sherrerd Fund for Exhibitions.. Additional funding is provided by The Wyncote Foundation as recommended by Frederick R. Haas and Daniel K. Meyer, M.D., Barbara B. and Theodore R. Aronson, Mr. and Mrs. Jack M. Friedland, and Martha McGeary Snider, and by members of Le Capuccine, a group of generous supporters including Marla Green DiDio, Mr. and Mrs. Robert A. Fox, and Mrs. and Mrs. Bernard Spain. Promotional support is provided by NBC 10 WCAU.
Philadelphia Museum of ArtRoberto Capucci
Alex Carter March 15, 2011
Set In Style: The Jewelry of Van Cleef & Arpels at the National Design Museum
Frank Lloyd Wright: Organic Architecture for the 21st Century at the Milwaukee Art Museum


Arches Housing Limited was founded on 1st April 1975 by local people who were concerned with the physical decay of housing in the north and east of Sheffield. People remembered the days of slum clearance and by the early 1970's considered that it had gone too far. The objectives for the association were formed to provide affordable decent homes for rent and the regeneration and revival of communities in the North and East of Sheffield.
The 1974 Housing Act provided the impetus for funding housing associations with the introduction of Housing Association Grants (HAG). The government agency, the then Housing Corporation, provided both grants and loans with the support of local authorities to build or acquire housing for affordable rent.
Arches initially employed three staff who were funded by the Manpower Services Commission job creation programme. At that time the organisation managed 16 tenancies. A collective/cooperative equal pay structure was in place from the association's foundation until 2003 when, to improve efficiency, the board decided to introduce a traditional management structure with jobs being paid according to the market.
In 2005 Arches became a recognised specialist housing provider for Black and Minority Ethnic (BME) Communities. This was as a result of a majority of our existing and new tenancies being from BME backgrounds. Where possible, we use a new homes building design matrix which takes account of the needs of local communities. We also use specific new-build design standards including lifetime homes, secure by design certification, sustainability and the Homes England space standards.
For many years the association was given grant funding to mitigate against the payment of corporation tax, but this was withdrawn and as a result this became a cost. In 2010 HM Revenue approved charitable status in consideration of our objective of providing affordable housing.
We look forward to an independent future continuing to provide homes to meet Britain's acute housing shortage. To do this we will use our resources, provide value for money and work in partnership with local authorities in our region to maximise development of homes, while investing to upgrade our existing homes.


While going through verses in Jeremiah, Paul leads us to examine ourselves in light of His Word. For sin is an abomination to the Lord and His very nature demands justice be served.
Description: Paul continues his teachings on God's love, but with an emphasis on our response. Are you giving Him all of you or are you just giving Him activity? Description: Brother Paul Washer here lays down the foundation for a biblical and solid marriage.
Underpinning the whole matter is a proper regard for Biblical authority in the home and the church, the very foundations laid in the first meeting.
(76 minutes) Description: In this, the first of two meetings devoted to studying Biblical courtship, Paul Washer uses several scripture passages to lay the foundations for his teaching.
He teaches how God has chosen us to be a revelation to His creation of His love and glory. While he tears down the secular mindset that has crept it's way into the church like lists of conditions for a spouse and dating, he also sets up the framework for what can truly help anyones marriage.
Many wonderful principles from years of experience are relayed in this sermon, if you are thinking of courtship or marriage, this teaching will greatly benefit the glory of God in that respect.
Learn how only God's perfect Son could satisfy the Father's need for justice. Description: A confronting word on true salvation and genuine conversion.
Are you walking a life where the discipline of the Lord is evident?
Listen to freely downloadable audio sermons by the speaker Paul Washer in mp3 format.


text:
Northbrook: Former District 30 students killed in New Zealand volcanic eruption
Former Northbrook/Glenview School District 30 students Berend and Matthew Hollander were victims of a volcanic eruption in New Zealand that killed at least eight people. (Photo Courtesy of The Sydney Morning Herald)
Martin Carlino, Contributing Editor
1:41 pm CST December 16, 2019
Two former Northbrook/Glenview School District 30 students were victims of a volcanic eruption in New Zealand that occurred just after 7 p.m. CST Sunday, Dec. 8, according to a report from The Associated Press.


text:
City of Laredo responds to food expenditures
By Brenda Camacho
LAREDO, TX. (KGNS) - During a KGNS' On Your Side report, we took a dive into what's eating your tax dollars.
During our findings, we discovered that nearly $40,000 was spent by the City of Laredo on just food alone within a ten month period.
A representative for the city is explaining what some of the purchases were used for.
A total of $39,396.97 was the exact amount of money the city credit card holders spent between October 2020 and august of this year, with the exception of April because those records weren't provided by the city.
Under the city's credit card policy and procedures manual, food is as an allowable purchase for business meeting, city council meeting, travel and emergencies.
During our research, we found that thousand of dollars were spent at the Taco Palenque franchise, Chick-Fil-A, Longhorn Steakhouse and Whataburger.
We also identified the highest spenders as Maria Tina Martinez from the community development department, assistant city manager Riazul Mia, and Deputy City Manager Rosario Cabello.
After crunching the numbers, we also found that February was one of the big purchase months at around $7,264.
The city says in February that money was spent on food for the warming shelters that were set up as a result of the winter freeze.
Laredo's Communications administrator Noraida Negron says, "We did open a warming center at the Sames Auto Arena that was open all the way for two weeks."
Negron says they fed them three meals a day for about two weeks and fed the volunteers who helped during that time.
The city also says that some of the food they purchased within the ten month period was for people assisting with vaccine drives or COVID-19 clinics.
We asked what percentage of the $39,000 was used for food for volunteers but no answer has been provided at this time.
Negron says, "We have so many people and organizations that can help us their volunteers and even our own employees as well that were working day in day out, long hours. Therefore, we do of course we would like to give that to our community."
As far as April's records, we've just received those from the city and after crunching the numbers we found that it was one of the least food purchase months.
A non-food purchase we noticed in the data that's important to note was over an over $2,000 purchase to Wayfair, the online furniture store by Riazul Mia.
The city says that the purchase was made to update furniture in the city.
Schools return to remote learning amid covid surge
Schools return to remote learning for the week


Cooling fan always running ?
Red84, the fan switch in the head may be bad, the fan relay may have gone bad, or the shop may have shorted out a wire when they were servicing your car. Do you have a shop manual to trouble shoot the fan relay?
Thanks for your reply HWoods. I got a chance to trouble shoot it today. I found that the wires from the fan switch in cylinder and the air conditioner that both go to the fan relay when grounded activate the relay and turn the fan on. The deal is when the air conditioner is turned on the fan runs all the time. When the air conditioner is turned off the fan operates from the fan switch in the cylinder block on at 200 off at 185. The wire to the air conditioner has a connector on the end which plugs into a single pin on the air conditioner. I found this pin to be bent and crimped but most of all it is loose and moves all around. I think it should be tight where it comes out of the air conditioner body. Maybe it is grounding out because it is loose. If it is grounding out all of the time than the fan would run all the time. I unconnected this wire and the fan now runs off the fan switch in block the way it should with air off. I will show this to the shop guys when I take it back. It looks like the shop did this when they where replacing the water pump. The air conditioner compresser was put on new last year and every thing had worked fine since.
Quick Reply: Cooling fan always running ?


text:
McDonald's on Life Support, Corporate Food Forced to Take Notice
Where it started is anybody's guess. As McDonald's corporation grew and shareholders demanded higher profit, cheaper ingredients were continually sourced to meet that need. In 2015, putting profit margin over people's health is proving to be a dangerous plan for companies still clutching this failed business model. Some may say, if you want healthy food, don't go to McDonalds. Through the work of Vani Hari, Morgan Spurlock, and many other independent investigators throughout the world the public found out it wasn't just about healthy or unhealthy food. There was a bigger battle taking place in our communities and individual lives. The fight was against a food industry that knowingly uses toxic ingredients and known cancer carcinogens. A moral and ethical struggle has started to materialize. Corporations who, like sociopaths, have no empathy or humanity by their very nature have, and still are making anti-human decisions. When individual petitions didn't work and occasionally watered down press from the mainstream failed to make a dent, the people picked up historically proven tactics whose effects were boosted by social technology.
The writing has been on the wall for years concerning McDonald's decline as they floundered amidst a continually educated consumer base. As McDonald's "struggled to connect with health conscious millennials" as reported by the Washington Times back in April, a bigger trend was afoot. In typical corporate fashion, McDonald's first unsuccessfully attempted to put the squeeze on their employee's wages to slow the outflow of capital. Shortly after, McDonald's announced they were closing 700 stores globally. When the mainstream press started to report the corporation's devastating profit plunges, the burger slingers days appeared numbers. McDonald's announced they would stop reporting "monthly same-store sales data." Business Insider has now ran the headline, "McDonald's franchisees say the brand is in a 'deep depression' and 'facing its final days.' In the article, individual franchise owners publicly slammed their corporate leadership saying things like:
"I have been in this business since the early 1970s but have not seen us this leaderless in all my time."
"…we continue to jump from one failed initiative to another."
"They are throwing everything they can against the wall to see what will stick…"
Perhaps the real lesson here is karma. Perhaps no matter what large, abusive corporations scramble to put together attempting to satisfy The People's needs at this point makes no difference. Somewhere, somehow, in the past, decisions were made from such corporations to use inferior ingredients, toxic compounds, and abusive practices. Whether those decisions were made from ignorance, for financial gain, because the law allowed, or simply from willful neglect seems to make little difference at this point. The people are continually speaking with their monetary votes and community education. Their amplified voice has become deafening and their financial influence is tsunami-like. No single corporation attempting to stand alone against such forces will sustain these gail-force winds of change. While still boasting "billions and billions" served on their franchise sign, it appears McDonald's future relevance is now on the menu...and consumers are ignoring that as well.
Click To Support


text:
Эмиль Фаге́ (; 17 декабря 1847, Ларош-сюр-Йон, деп. Луара — 7 июня 1916, Париж) — французский критик и историк литературы.

Среди французских критиков Фаге занимает видное место по своей эрудиции, живости изложения и сравнительной объективности. В четырёх объёмистых сборниках критических этюдов, посвящённых XVI, XVII, XVIII и XIX вв., он характеризует деятельность многочисленных французских писателей, стараясь сделать их более доступными и понятными для читающей публики, но не проводя в своих этюдах никакой определённой тенденции. Особые труды посвящены им французской трагедии XVI в. («La tragédie au XVI siècle», 1883) и драме («Drame ancien, drame moderne»). Большой популярностью пользуются три серии его критических очерков, озаглавленные «Politiques et moralistes du XIX siècle» (существует в русском переводе). В коллекции «Classiques populaires», издаваемой фирмой Lecène, Oudin et C-ie, Фаге принадлежит том, посвящённый Вольтеру. Им же написаны некоторые отделы в обширной «Истории французского языка и литературы», выходившей под редакцией Пти де Жюльвилля, — между прочим, общее предисловие к двум последним томам, посвящённым XIX в. (русский перевод этих томов начал выходить в 1899 г.). Этюд о Флобере, написанный Фаге для серии «Grands écrivains français» (изд. Hachette), явился первой обстоятельной и солидной работой об этом писателе. Фаге известен и как театральный критик, каждую неделю помещавший свои обзоры новинок главных парижских театров в «Journal des Débats»; его театральные хроники и рецензии (три серии) образовали к 1894 г. 8 томов (1885—1894). Обладая большими знаниями, безусловной наблюдательностью и ясным, логическим миросозерцанием, Фаге принадлежит к числу наиболее рассудочных, трезвых и спокойных умов, почти никогда не увлекается, не поддается чрезмерно субъективным личным симпатиям, как это делают критики-импрессионисты, чаще объясняет и излагает, чем резко критикует, и не всегда оказывается на должной высоте лишь в тех случаях, когда ему приходится затрагивать сферу фантазии, воображения, чувства. Одной из отличительных особенностей критических оценок Фаге является предпочтение, отдаваемое им XVII в. перед XVIII, к которому он не всегда относится справедливо. Мнения Фаге о текущих вопросах современной жизни изложены в двух сборниках статей: «Questions politiques» и «Problèmes politiques du temps présent». Слог Фаге отличается живостью и ясностью; его этюды читаются весьма легко, хотя автор и не заботится особенно об отделке своего стиля. В 1901 г. Фаге избран членом Французской академии. Ср. Georges Pellissier, «Le mouvement littéraire contemporain» (П., 1901).

Примечания

Библиография
 Эмиль Фаге, «Культ некомпетентности», Москва, Evidentis, 2005 г., ISBN 5-94610-032-7

Персоналии по алфавиту
Выпускники Высшей нормальной школы (Париж)
Театральные критики Франции
Литературоведы Франции
Родившиеся в 1847 году
Умершие в 1916 году
Члены Французской академии
Похороненные на кладбище Монпарнас

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Q: jquery/jquery-storageapi.js missing in Luma (Magento 2.0.3) Chrome dev tools shows me this error:

require.js:1895 GET
  http://www.yy.ch/pub/static/frontend/Magento/luma/de_CH/jquery/jquery-storageapi.js

This file is not there: jquery-storageapi.js
I checked it on another Magento 2 installation, there it works and looks for:
jquery.storageapi.min.js

It also can't find http://www.yy.ch/pub/static/_requirejs/frontend/yy/yy/de_CH/requirejs-config.js
The File 14 kb is there, I can see it. But if I open that url in a browser it shows me: The "/home/zizzowa1/public_html/" file doesn't exist or not a file
It happen also in Magento 2.0.4, directly after installation without any change on it. And also in blank theme.

A: I ran into this problem when using HTTPS.
When using HTTPS an environment variable HTTPS="on" needs to be set. You can also set it as you run the static deploy command HTTPS="on" php magento setup:static-content:deploy.
I found this out from this forum answer https://community.magento.com/t5/Installing-Magento-2/404-s-Missing-JS-error-in-stock-Luma-Theme/td-p/30109#messageView2_4

A: This appears to be a permission issue. Follow the steps on this page to fix: http://devdocs.magento.com/guides/v2.0/install-gde/prereq/file-system-perms.html#install-perms-set

A: You can follow below steps and it will be fix.
1) Set deploy mode to production - php magento deploy:mode:set production
       (js and css minification will works with production mode.If you are in developer mode with code minified above issues will show up as I experienced it. Also verify using echo the print_r($_SERVER) in index.php that production mode is set before load the website)
2) Clear all the caches setup in server

*

*/etc/init.d/nginx restart

*/etc/init.d/php5.6-fpm restart

*/etc/init.d/varnish restart
3) Clear the browser cache and view it in incognito mode. That's it!
Cheers!


text:
Justia › US Law › US Case Law › US Supreme Court › Volume 508 › Sullivan v. Louisiana
Sullivan v. Louisiana, 508 U.S. 275 (1993)
Primary Holding
A constitutionally deficient reasonable-doubt instruction cannot be harmless error.
OCTOBER TERM, 1992
SULLIVAN v. LOUISIANA
CERTIORARI TO THE SUPREME COURT OF LOUISIANA No. 92-5129. Argued March 29, 1993-Decided June 1, 1993
The jury instructions in petitioner Sullivan's state-court trial for first-degree murder included a definition of reasonable doubt that was essentially identical to the one held unconstitutional in Cage v. Louisiana, 498 U. S. 39 (per curiam). The jury entered a verdict of guilty, and Sullivan was sentenced to death. In upholding the conviction on direct appeal, the Supreme Court of Louisiana held that the erroneous instruction was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.
Held: A constitutionally deficient reasonable-doubt instruction cannot be harmless error. Pp. 277-282.
(a) Sullivan's Sixth Amendment right to jury trial was denied by the giving of a constitutionally deficient beyond-a-reasonable-doubt instruction. The Fifth Amendment requirement of proof beyond a reasonable doubt, see, e. g., In re Winship, 397 U. S. 358, 364, and the Sixth Amendment requirement that the jury, rather than the judge, reach the requisite finding of guilty, are interrelated: The required jury verdict is a verdict of guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. The Court's opinion in Cage, which held that an instruction of the sort given here does not produce such a verdict, is controlling. Pp. 277-278.
(b) The giving of a constitutionally deficient reasonable-doubt instruction is among those constitutional errors that require reversal of a conviction, rather than those that are amenable to harmless-error analysis. See Chapman v. California, 386 U. S. 18,24. Consistent with the jurytrial guarantee, Chapman instructs a reviewing court to consider the actual effect of the error on the guilty verdict in the case at hand. Since in petitioner's case there has been no jury verdict within the meaning of the Sixth Amendment, the premise for harmless-error analysis is absent. Unlike an erroneous presumption regarding an element of the offense, see Sandstrom v. Montana, 442 U. S. 510, a deficient reasonable-doubt instruction vitiates all the jury's factual findings. A reviewing court in such a case can only engage in pure speculationits view of what a reasonable jury would have done. When it does that, the wrong entity judges the defendant guilty. Moreover, denial of the right to a jury verdict of guilt beyond a reasonable doubt, the consequences of which are necessarily unquantifiable and indeterminate, is certainly a "structural defec[t] in the constitution of the trial mechanism, which def[ies] analysis by 'harmless-error' standards" under Arizona v.
Fulminante, 499 U. S. 279, 309 (opinion of REHNQUIST, C. J., for the Court). Pp. 278-282.
596 So. 2d 177, reversed and remanded.
SCALIA, J., delivered the opinion for a unanimous Court. REHNQUIST,
John Wilson Reed, by appointment of the Court, 506 U. S. 996, argued the cause for petitioner. With him on the briefs were William J. Keppel, Michael J. Wahoske, Christopher
Jack Peebles argued the cause for respondent. With him on the brief was Harry F. Connick. *
JUSTICE SCALIA delivered the opinion of the Court.
The question presented is whether a constitutionally deficient reasonable-doubt instruction may be harmless error.
Petitioner was charged with first-degree murder in the course of committing an armed robbery at a New Orleans bar. His alleged accomplice in the crime, a convicted felon named Michael Hillhouse, testifying at the trial pursuant to a grant of immunity, identified petitioner as the murderer. Although several other people were in the bar at the time of the robbery, only one testified at trial. This witness, who had been unable to identify either Hillhouse or petitioner at a physical lineup, testified that they committed the robbery, and that she saw petitioner hold a gun to the victim's head. There was other circumstantial evidence supporting the conclusion that petitioner was the triggerman. 596 So. 2d 177, 180-181 (La. 1992). In closing argument, defense counsel argued that there was reasonable doubt as to both the identity of the murderer and his intent.
* Barry S. Simon filed a brief for the National Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers as amicus curiae urging reversal.
Full Text of Opinion
The jury instructions in petitioner Sullivan's state-court trial for firstdegree murder included a definition of reasonable doubt that was essentially identical to the one held unconstitutional in Cage v. Louisiana, 498 U. S. 39 (per curiam). The jury entered a verdict of guilty, and Sullivan was sentenced to death. In upholding the conviction on direct appeal, the Supreme Court of Louisiana held that the erroneous instruction was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.
In his instructions to the jury, the trial judge gave a definition of "reasonable doubt" that was, as the State conceded below, essentially identical to the one held unconstitutional in Cage v. Louisiana, 498 U. S. 39 (1990) (per curiam). See 596 So. 2d, at 185, and n. 3. The jury found petitioner guilty of first-degree murder and subsequently recommended that he be sentenced to death. The trial court agreed. On direct appeal, the Supreme Court of Louisiana held, consistent with its opinion on remand from our decision in Cage, State v. Cage, 583 So. 2d 1125, cert. denied, 502 U. S. 874 (1991), that the erroneous instruction was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. 596 So. 2d, at 186. It therefore upheld the conviction, though remanding for a new sentencing hearing because of ineffectiveness of counsel in the sentencing phase. We granted certiorari, 506 U. S. 939 (1992).
The Sixth Amendment provides that "[i]n all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury .... " In Duncan v. Louisiana, 391 U. S. 145, 149 (1968), we found this right to trial by jury in serious criminal cases to be "fundamental to the American scheme of justice," and therefore applicable in state proceedings. The right includes, of course, as its most important element, the right to have the jury, rather than the judge, reach the requisite finding of "guilty." See Spar! v. United States, 156 U. S. 51, 105-106 (1895). Thus, although a judge may direct a verdict for the defendant if the evidence is legally insufficient to establish guilt, he may not direct a verdict for the State, no matter how overwhelming the evidence. Ibid. See also United States v. Martin Linen Supply Co., 430 U. S. 564, 572-573 (1977); Carpenters
What the factfinder must determine to return a verdict of guilty is prescribed by the Due Process Clause. The prosecution bears the burden of proving all elements of the of-
fense charged, see, e. g., Patterson v. New York, 432 U. S. 197, 210 (1977); Leland v. Oregon, 343 U. S. 790, 795 (1952), and must persuade the factfinder "beyond a reasonable doubt" of the facts necessary to establish each of those elements, see, e. g., In re Winship, 397 U. S. 358, 364 (1970); Cool v. United States, 409 U. S. 100, 104 (1972) (per curiam). This beyond-a-reasonable-doubt requirement, which was adhered to by virtually all common-law jurisdictions, applies in state as well as federal proceedings. Winship, supra.
It is self-evident, we think, that the Fifth Amendment requirement of proof beyond a reasonable doubt and the Sixth Amendment requirement of a jury verdict are interrelated. It would not satisfy the Sixth Amendment to have a jury determine that the defendant is probably guilty, and then leave it up to the judge to determine (as Winship requires) whether he is guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. In other words, the jury verdict required by the Sixth Amendment is a jury verdict of guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. Our per curiam opinion in Cage, which we accept as controlling, held that an instruction of the sort given here does not produce such a verdict. * Petitioner's Sixth Amendment right to jury trial was therefore denied.
In Chapman v. California, 386 U. S. 18 (1967), we rejected the view that all federal constitutional errors in the course of a criminal trial require reversal. We held that the
*The State has argued in this Court that the Cage standard for review of jury instructions, which looked to whether a jury "could have" applied the instructions in a manner inconsistent with the Constitution, was contradicted in Boyde v. California, 494 U. S. 370, 380 (1990), and disapproved in Estelle v. McGuire, 502 U. S. 62, 72-73, n. 4 (1991). In view of the question presented and the State's failure to raise this issue below, we do not consider whether the instruction given here would survive review under the Boyde standard. See Granfinanciera, S. A. v. Nordberg, 492 U. S. 33, 38-39 (1989); Washington v. Confederated Bands and Tribes of Yakima Nation, 439 U. S. 463, 476, n. 20 (1979).
Fifth Amendment violation of prosecutorial comment upon the defendant's failure to testify would not require reversal of the conviction if the State could show "beyond a reasonable doubt that the error complained of did not contribute to the verdict obtained." Id., at 24. The Chapman standard recognizes that "certain constitutional errors, no less than other errors, may have been 'harmless' in terms of their effect on the factfinding process at trial." Delaware v. Van Arsdall, 475 U. S. 673, 681 (1986). Although most constitutional errors have been held amenable to harmless-error analysis, see Arizona v. Fulminante, 499 U. S. 279, 306-307 (1991) (opinion of REHNQUIST, C. J., for the Court) (collecting examples), some will always invalidate the conviction. Id., at 309-310 (citing, inter alia, Gideon v. Wainwright, 372 U. S. 335 (1963) (total deprivation of the right to counsel); Tumey v. Ohio, 273 U. S. 510 (1927) (trial by a biased judge); McKaskle v. Wiggins, 465 U. S. 168 (1984) (right to self-representation)). The question in the present case is to which category the present error belongs.
Chapman itself suggests the answer. Consistent with the jury-trial guarantee, the question it instructs the reviewing court to consider is not what effect the constitutional error might generally be expected to have upon a reasonable jury, but rather what effect it had upon the guilty verdict in the case at hand. See Chapman, supra, at 24 (analyzing effect of error on "verdict obtained"). Harmless-error review looks, we have said, to the basis on which "the jury actually rested its verdict." Yates v. Evatt, 500 U. S. 391, 404 (1991) (emphasis added). The inquiry, in other words, is not whether, in a trial that occurred without the error, a guilty verdict would surely have been rendered, but whether the guilty verdict actually rendered in this trial was surely unattributable to the error. That must be so, because to hypothesize a guilty verdict that was never in fact rendered-no matter how inescapable the findings to support that verdict might be-would violate the jury-trial guarantee. See Rose
v. Clark, 478 U. S. 570, 578 (1986); id., at 593 (BLACKMUN, J., dissenting); Pope v. Illinois, 481 U. S. 497, 509-510 (1987) (STEVENS, J., dissenting).
Once the proper role of an appellate court engaged in the Chapman inquiry is understood, the illogic of harmless-error review in the present case becomes evident. Since, for the reasons described above, there has been no jury verdict within the meaning of the Sixth Amendment, the entire premise of Chapman review is simply absent. There being no jury verdict of guilty-beyond-a-reasonable-doubt, the question whether the same verdict of guilty-beyond-areasonable-doubt would have been rendered absent the constitutional error is utterly meaningless. There is no object, so to speak, upon which harmless-error scrutiny can operate. The most an appellate court can conclude is that a jury would surely have found petitioner guilty beyond a reasonable doubt-not that the jury's actual finding of guilty beyond a reasonable doubt would surely not have been different absent the constitutional error. That is not enough. See Yates, supra, at 413-414 (SCALIA, J., concurring in part and concurring in judgment). The Sixth Amendment requires more than appellate speculation about a hypothetical jury's action, or else directed verdicts for the State would be sustainable on appeal; it requires an actual jury finding of guilty. See Bollenbach v. United States, 326 U. S. 607, 614 (1946).
Insofar as the possibility of harmless-error review is concerned, the jury-instruction error in this case is quite different from the jury-instruction error of erecting a presumption regarding an element of the offense. A mandatory presumption-for example, the presumption that a person intends the ordinary consequences of his voluntary acts-violates the Fourteenth Amendment, because it may relieve the State of its burden of proving all elements of the offense. Sandstrom v. Montana, 442 U. S. 510 (1979); Francis v. Franklin, 471 U. S. 307 (1985). But "[w]hen a jury is instructed to presume malice from predicate facts, it still must
find the existence of those facts beyond a reasonable doubt." Rose v. Clark, supra, at 580. And when the latter facts "are so closely related to the ultimate fact to be presumed that no rational jury could find those facts without also finding that ultimate fact, making those findings is functionally equivalent to finding the element required to be presumed." Carella v. California, 491 U. S. 263, 271 (1989) (SCALIA, J., concurring in judgment). See also Pope, supra, at 504 (SCALIA, J., concurring). A reviewing court may thus be able to conclude that the presumption played no significant role in the finding of guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. Yates, supra, at 402-406. But the essential connection to a "beyond a reasonable doubt" factual finding cannot be made where the instructional error consists of a misdescription of the burden of proof, which vitiates all the jury's findings. A reviewing court can only engage in pure speculation-its view of what a reasonable jury would have done. And when it does that, "the wrong entity judge[sJ the defendant guilty." Rose, supra, at 578.
Another mode of analysis leads to the same conclusion that harmless-error analysis does not apply: In Fulminante, we distinguished between, on the one hand, "structural defects in the constitution of the trial mechanism, which defy analysis by 'harmless-error' standards," 499 U. S., at 309, and, on the other hand, trial errors which occur "during the presentation of the case to the jury, and which may therefore be quantitatively assessed in the context of other evidence presented," id., at 307-308. Denial of the right to a jury verdict of guilt beyond a reasonable doubt is certainly an error of the former sort, the jury guarantee being a "basic protectio[nJ" whose precise effects are unmeasurable, but without which a criminal trial cannot reliably serve its function, Rose, supra, at 577. The right to trial by jury reflects, we have said, "a profound judgment about the way in which law should be enforced and justice administered." Duncan v. Louisiana, 391 U. S., at 155. The deprivation of that right,
with consequences that are necessarily unquantifiable and indeterminate, unquestionably qualifies as "structural error."
The judgment of the Supreme Court of Louisiana is reversed, and the case is remanded for proceedings not inconsistent with this opinion.
CHIEF JUSTICE REHNQUIST, concurring.
In Arizona v. Fulminante, 499 U. S. 279 (1991), we divided the class of constitutional violations that may occur during the course of a criminal proceeding, be it at trial or sentencing, into two categories: one consisting of "trial error[s]," which "may ... be quantitatively assessed in the context of other evidence presented," id., at 307-308 (opinion of REHNQUIST, C. J., for the Court), and are amenable to harmlesserror analysis; the other consisting of "structural defects," which "affec[t] the framework within which the trial proceeds," id., at 310, and require automatic reversal. There is a "strong presumption" that any error will fall into the first of these categories. Rose v. Clark, 478 U. S. 570, 579 (1986). Thus, it is the rare case in which a constitutional violation will not be subject to harmless-error analysis. See Fulminante, supra, at 309-310 (listing examples of structural errors).
The Court holds today that the reasonable-doubt instruction given at Sullivan's trial, which (it is conceded) violates due process under our decision in Cage v. Louisiana, 498 U. S. 39 (1990) (per curiam), amounts to structural error, and thus cannot be harmless regardless of how overwhelming the evidence of Sullivan's guilt. See ante, at 281-282. It grounds this conclusion in its determination that harmlesserror analysis cannot be conducted with respect to error of this sort consistent with the Sixth Amendment right to a jury trial. We of course have long since rejected the argument that, as a general matter, the Sixth Amendment prohibits the application of harmless-error analysis in determin-
ing whether constitutional error had a prejudicial impact on the outcome of a case. See, e. g., Rose, supra, at 582, n. 11. The Court concludes that the situation at hand is fundamentally different, though, because, in the case of a constitutionally deficient reasonable-doubt instruction, "the entire premise of Chapman [harmless-error] review is simply absent." Ante, at 280.
Where the jury views the evidence from the lens of a defective reasonable-doubt instruction, the Court reasons, there can be no factual findings made by the jury beyond a reasonable doubt in which an appellate court can ground its harmless-error analysis. See ante, at 280-281. The Court thus distinguishes our cases in which we have found jury instructions that create an unconstitutional presumption regarding an element of the offense subject to harmless-error review. In Rose v. Clark, supra, for example, we held that harmless-error analysis may be applied in reviewing instructions that violate the principles of Sandstrom v. Montana, 442 U. S. 510 (1979), and Francis v. Franklin, 471 U. S. 307 (1985). The "malice instruction" in Rose shifted the burden of proof on the issue of intent, in violation of due process under our decision in Sandstrom. Because the jury was instructed to presume malice from certain predicate facts, and it was required to find those facts beyond a reasonable doubt, we held that the Sandstrom error was amenable to harmlesserror analysis. 478 U. S., at 580. See also Connecticut v. Johnson, 460 U. S. 73, 96-97 (1983) (Powell, J., dissenting).
There are many similarities between the instructional error in Rose and the one in this case. In the first place, neither error restricted the defendants' "opportunity to put on evidence and make argument to support [their] claim[s] of innocence." 478 U. S., at 579. Moreover, "[u]nlike [structural] errors such as judicial bias or denial of counsel, the error[s] ... did not affect the composition of the record." Id., at 579, n. 7. Finally, neither error removed an element of the offense from the jury's consideration, id., at 580, n. 8,
or prevented the jury from considering certain evidence. (In this regard, a trial in which a deficient reasonable-doubt instruction is given seems to me to be quite different from one in which no reasonable-doubt instruction is given at all.) Thus, in many respects, the Cage violation committed at Sullivan's trial bears the hallmark of an error that is amenable to harmless-error analysis.
One may question whether, even in the case of Sandstrom error, the ability to conduct harmless-error review is dependent on the existence of "beyond a reasonable doubt" jury findings. In the typical case, of course, a jury does not make explicit factual findings; rather, it simply renders a general verdict on the question of guilt or innocence. Thus, although it may be possible to conclude from the jury's verdict that it has found a predicate fact (or facts), the reviewing court is usually left only with the record developed at trial to determine whether it is possible to say beyond a reasonable doubt that the error did not contribute to the jury's verdict. Moreover, any time an appellate court conducts harmless-error review it necessarily engages in some speculation as to the jury's decisionmaking process; for in the end no judge can know for certain what factors led to the jury's verdict. Cf. Pope v. Illinois, 481 U. S. 497, 503, n. 6 (1987). Yet harmless-error review has become an integral component of our criminal justice system. See Delaware v. Van Arsdall, 475 U. S. 673, 681 (1986); Chapman v. California, 386 U. S. 18, 22 (1967).
Despite these lingering doubts, I accept the Court's conclusion that a constitutionally deficient reasonable-doubt instruction is a breed apart from the many other instructional errors that we have held are amenable to harmless-error analysis. See, e. g., Carella v. California, 491 U. S. 263 (1989) (per curiam) (instruction containing erroneous conclusive presumption); Pope v. Illinois, supra (instruction misstating an element of the offense); Rose v. Clark, supra (instruction containing erroneous burden-shifting pre sump-
tion). A constitutionally deficient reasonable-doubt instruction will always result in the absence of "beyond a reasonable doubt" jury findings. That being the case, I agree that harmless-error analysis cannot be applied in the case of a defective reasonable-doubt instruction consistent with the Sixth Amendment's jury-trial guarantee. I join the Court's opinion.
Oral Argument - March 29, 1993
Ken Chan Mountain View, CA


Peter Wittenburg, long-standing head of the MPI's technical group and senior advisor and first head of The Language Archive, received an honorary doctorate from the University of Tübingen, Germany. The honorary doctorate was conferred because of Wittenburg's significant contribution to building an intelligent European infrastructure for the creation and scientific use of (endangered) language corpora. On November 8, there was an official ceremony at Schloss Hohentübingen.
Peter Wittenburg received the honorary doctorate from Dean Jürgen Leonhardt of the Faculty of Philosophy of the University of Tübingen (Eberhart Karls Universität Tübingen). Wittenburg was honoured for his significant accomplishments in digital speech documentation and building an intelligent European infrastructure for the scientific use of language corpora, as the certificate states in Latin.
John Nerbonne, professor of Information Science at the University of Groningen, portrayed Wittenburg in his laudatory speech as dedicated and hard-working, very popular among colleagues and famously modest. He also praised his passionate leadership.
Through the years, Peter Wittenburg has been active in many projects, boards and (European) organisations, such as CLARIN (Germany, NL, ERIC), EUDAT and now the Research Data Alliance. Since the early nineties, when MPI director Stephen Levinson joined the institute, Wittenburg and his technical staff were confronted with an increasing interest for small and endangered languages, which implied archiving linguistic material from all over the world. Documenting endangered languages not only imposed technical challenges, but also political, legal and ethical challenges.
These activities gained an enormous momentum with the Program Documentation of Endangered Languages (DOBES), funded by the Volkswagen-Foundation, where the technical group functioned as the central archive and technical centre for the whole program, from 2000 to 2016. The collected DOBES material, together with corpora from the institute and other external research projects form the basis of the data collection at The Language Archive.
"We are very proud of him," Wolfgang Klein, director of MPI's former Language Acquisition Department and now responsible for The Language Archive, concludes.