A ski mountaineer on the Kahiltna glacier of Denali National Park in Alaska. Mount Foraker is in the background.
A male hiker is taking a bath in a mountain lake near Courmayeur in the Italian Alps, with Mont Blanc in the back ground.
A young male runner is sprinting over a mountain ridge near Chamonix with the spectacular Mont Blanc range in the background.
Two men are exploring the Krizna Jama cave. Karst region, Slovenia.
Two hikers over looking Cavusin, an old Greek village in Cappadocia Turkey. It has a 5th century church of Saint John, and a marvelous view into the Rose and Red Valleys.
Mountaineers are descending a sharp snow ridge from the Aiguille du Midi to the Vallee Blanche, a high altitude glacier in the Mont Blanc range above Chamonix in France.
Two runners are standing on top of a mountain, overlooking the Chamonix valley and Mont Blanc range. This region in the French Alps is popular for trail running or sky running.
Female runner Chrissy Roe on a trail in the valley of Chamonix with the Mont Blanc range in the background.
A hiker is jumping while his action posture is being reflected in a mountain lake above Grindelwald in the Swiss Alps.
A climber on a ladder of the Klettersteig to the top of the Schwarzhorn, a mountain above Grindelwald in the Swiss Alps.
A hiker is enjoying the view over fjords and mountains while sitting on a rock of the famous Besseggen ridge in Norway.
Three ski mountaineers ascending Denali, with sunset over Mount Hunter in the background.
A mountaineer descending Mount Capps, with views on Denali in Alaska.
A helicopter is removing waste from a camp on Denali by sling load.
A ski mountaineer is enjoying the evening view on Mount Hunter while standing next to his tent in 14.000 feet camp on the glacier of Denali.
A ski mountaineer is resting his tired feet in the vestibule of a tent on the glacier of Denali in Alaska.
A ski mountaineer on his way on Denali in Alaska, with 14.000 feet camp visible in the background.
Mountaineers on the summit of Mount Capps, a mountain close to Denali in Alaska.
Close up portrait of a a male trail runner is with sun rays in the back light.
A group of Italian mountain guides are dressed in traditional clothing of the Guide Alpine Courmayeur for a parade through the village of Courmayeur.
A hiker feeds his dog while enjoying the view on Monte Bianco, the highest peak in the Alps.
A solo male hiker descending a steep mountain ridge near Mont Joly in France, halfway the Tour du Mont Blanc.
A solo male hiker is standing on the steep mountain peak of Mont Joly in France, halfway the Tour du Mont Blanc.
Two hikers is are having lunch on the ridge of the Tete des Fours with Mont Blanc valley in the distance.
A solo male hiker is walking on the ridge of the Tete des Fours with Mont Blanc in the distance.
A male hiker is looking over the Val Veny, near Courmayeur, with Mont Blanc dominating the sky line.
A young male runner is jumping in the air on a mountain ridge near Chamonix with the spectacular Mont Blanc range in the background.
A young male runner is jumping in the air on a mountain ridge of a lake near Chamonix with the spectacular Mont Blanc range in the background.
A male hiker on a grassy mountain ridge, with clouds around the Grand Combin.
A man exploring the Krizna Jama cave by boat. Karst region, Slovenia.
Two explorers on a stone bridge at the bottom of a sinkhole of lake Cerknica in the Notranjska region, of Karst Slovenia.
Two explorers in the dried bottom of the Intermittent Lake Cerknica in the Karst region of Slovenia in summer.


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Henry David Thoreau - Download Audiobooks & eBooks for iPhone, Android, Kindle and more!
This was originally a lecture given by Thoreau in 1851 at the Concord lyceum titled "The Wild" . He revised it before his death and it was included as part of the June 1862 edition of Atlantic Monthly. This essay appears, on the surface, to be simply expounding the qualities of Nature and man's place therein. Through this medium he not only touches those subjects, but with the implications of such a respect for nature, or lack thereof.
On August 31, 1846, twenty-nine-year-old Henry David Thoreau left his cabin on Walden Pond to undertake a railroad and steamboat journey to Bangor, Maine, from where he would venture with his Penobscot guide Joe Polis deep into the backwoods of Maine. This account of his expedition, some think, is a profounder exploration of the philosophical themes of the more famous "Walden" than is the latter book, at least revealing his fundamental perspectives in embryonic form. Of particular interest is his sympathetic and penetrating observation of the Indian nations of Maine, especially the Penobscot and Passamaquoddy.


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Bulgaria to Launch Tender to Sell Belene Nuclear Project Next Year
Energy | August 15, 2017, Tuesday // 15:23| views
Bulgaria plans to launch a tender to sell its abandoned 2,000 megawatt nuclear power project Belene in early 2018, Energy Minister Temenuzhka Petkova said on Tuesday, quoted by REUTERS.
The previous government cancelled the Belene project in 2012 after failing to find foreign investors and under pressure from Brussels and Washington to limit its energy dependence on Russia.
The current government renewed the search for private investors to build the plant on the Danube River after an arbitration court ruled last June Bulgaria had to pay more than 600 million euros ($704.46 million) in compensation to Russian state nuclear company Rosatom when it cancelled the project.
"At the start of next year the procedure for the privatisation of the company for the project of Belene nuclear power project should start," Petkova told news conference.
Petkova reaffirmed Bulgaria's plans to keep a small stake in the estimated 10 billion euro project, and that investors should be willing to build it without state guarantees or long-term power purchase agreements.
Bulgaria has already spent over 3 billion levs ($1.8 billion) on the project, Petkova said, adding that the final shipment of nuclear equipment from Russia will arrive in Bulgaria by the end of September.
"We do not have the right to make any more mistakes in this project. We need to seek the best, economically viable solution for this equipment," she said.
She did not comment on potential investors.
Last year the government said that Industrial and Commercial Bank of China (ICBC) was ready to finance the project. China National Nuclear Corporation (CNNC) had also expressed an interest in investing in it.
Some economic analysts say Bulgaria does not need Belene, that its cost greatly exceeds the benefits and that such large-scale projects open the potential for corruption.
Prosecutors have already charged three former energy ministers over mismanagement linked to the project, which analysts and politicians say reflects the widespread graft in the European Union country. ($1 = 0.8517 euros) ($1 = 1.6649 leva)
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Tags: Belene, nuclear, Temenuzhka Petkova, dunabe river, investments
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Will the US War-for-Profit System Lead to Nuclear Annihilation
Day 253 of the Invasion of Ukraine: When will Russia use Nuclear Weapons?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Our cheap hotel deals help Papenburg travellers to make the most of their stay in this maritime city. We are conveniently located just minutes away from a variety of businesses and attractions. Guests enjoy services such as a fitness centre, a sauna, on-site parking and Wireless High-speed Internet.


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Prison officer recruitment picks up pace
/ On Probation, Prison
/ prison officer recruitment
Latest HMPPS workforce stats show a net increase of 715 frontline prison officers over the last three month period. However, experienced staff are still leaving at a rate of almost one in ten every year.
Net increase of 715 in last quarter
Last week (15 February 2018), Her Majesty's Prison and Probation Service published its latest Workforce Statistics Bulletin detailing staffing levels at 31 December 2017.
Overall the statistics are positive for a MoJ desperate to recruit frontline prison officers. Despite the leaving rate remaining high at nearly one in ten every year, there were 715 more prison officers in post on New Year's Eve compared to three months earlier.
These are the headline findings:
There were 19,925 FTE (full time equivalent) band 3-5 (frontline) prison officers in post – representing increases of 715 (3.7%) since 30 September 2017 and 2,038 (11.4%) compared to 31 December 2016. This is the highest number of officers in post since 30 September 2013.
There were 4,363 FTE band 2 operational support staff in post – a decrease of 59 (1.3%) compared to the previous quarter and 250 (5.4%) against the previous year.
There were 3,369 FTE band 4 probation officers in post – decreases of 65 (1.9%) over the quarter and 246 (6.8%) compared to the previous year. In contrast, there were 2,161 FTE band 3 probation services officers, an increase of 290 (15.5%) FTE over the quarter and 555 (34.6%) FTE over the past year.
Band 3-5 prison officers continue to leave the service at the rate of 9.7% per year, the same figure as the year ending 31 March 2017.
Frontline prison officers
The key operational grades in public sector prisons are the band 3 to 5 prison officers. They consist of band 3 prison officers, band 4 officer specialists, band 4 supervising officers and band 5 custodial managers.
As at 31 December 2017, there were 19,925 FTE band 3 to 5 officers, the highest number of officers in post since 30 September 2013. Over the last year, 4,563 band 3 officers were appointed which represents an increase of 161.8% compared to the 12 months to 31 December 2016.
In contrast, the number of band 2 operational support group (OSG) FTE staff decreased by 59 (1.3%) compared to the previous quarter and by 250 (5.4%) against the previous year to stand at 4,363 at 31 December 2017. This is the lowest number of OSG staff in the time series.
The importance of prison officer recruitmetn becomes abundantly clear when you look at the chart below where you can see that there are still nearly 5,000 fewer frontline prison officers compared to March 2010.
National Probation Staff
Key grades in the NPS include band 3 probation services officers, band 4 probation officers (collectively known as probation practitioners) as well as band 5 senior probation officers.
At 31 December 2017, there were 2,161 FTE band 3 probation services officers in post, an increase of 290 (15.5%) on the quarter and 555 (34.6%) over the last year; 3,369 FTE band 4 probation officers, representing decreases of 65 (1.9%) over the quarter and 246 (6.8%) compared to the previous year; and 635 FTE band 5 senior probation officers, showing increases of 3 (0.5%) since the last quarter and 26 (4.2%) over the last year.
In the last year, 586 probation services officers were appointed, an increase of 103 compared to the year ending 30 September 2017 whilst 174 left, an increase of 10 compared to the same period. Once a probation services officer undertakes and obtains the Professional Qualification in Probation (PQiP), they are eligible to apply for a probation officer role. Meanwhile, 199 probation officers left over the last year, a decrease of 3 compared to the year ending 30 September 2017.
HMPPS does not keep workforce statistics for the 21 private Community Rehabilitation companies where there have been very sifniciant reductions in the number of staff since the Transforming Rehabilitation reforms.
Joiners and Leavers
In the last year, 6,663 staff joined HMPPS, an increase of 991 (17.5%) compared to the year ending 30 September 2017. These joiners consisted of 5,483 across Public Sector Prisons (PSPs), 960 in the NPS and 220 in HMPPS HQ and Area Services.
Compared to the year ending 30 September 2017, these represent increases of 17.4%, 24.0% and 3.1% respectively.
There were 4,062 leavers in the year ending 31 December 2017, a decrease of 79 (1.9%) compared to the year ending 30 September 2017. This includes 3,138 leavers from PSPs (a decrease of 2.1%), 688 from the NPS (a decrease of 0.1%) and 236 from HMPPS HQ and Area Services (a decrease of 4.5%).
However, leaving rates remained high among key staff.
For band 3 to 5 prison officers, the 9.7% leaving rate in the year ending 31 December 2017 represented no change compared to the year ending 31 March 2017. The leaving rate for band 2 OSG staff was 9.9% in the year ending 31 December 2017, a decrease of 0.6 percentage points to the year ending 31 March 2017.
The leaving rate for staff at the NPS overall in the year ending 31 December 2017 was 7.0%, a 0.3 percentage point decrease compared to the year ending 31 March 2017. In the operational grades within the NPS, the leaving rate was highest amongst probation service officers at 8.7%, increasing by 0.3 percentage points from the year ending 31 March 2017. In contrast, leaving rates for probation officers and senior probation officers stood at 5.2% and 4.4% in the year ending 31 December 2017.
It is heartening to see the MoJ make very real progress in recruiting new prison officers (even if it remains somewhat alarming to realise how low numbers had become).
However, in my opinion, we won't know that there is real progress being made on staffing our prisons adequately and making them safer places to live and work again until the leaving rate starts going down substantially. The prison service needs its experienced staff now like never before.
On the probation front, it is also concerning that there were 6.8% band 4 probation officers compared to last year – is this one of the first concrete signs of the burn out that comes from working with a caseload consisting solely of high risk offenders?
Latest prison/probation staffing news Prison officer recruitment starting to work Prison officer recruitment meets target Latest prison safety figures still shocking The fall and fall of prison officer numbers
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Steve Dagworthy, founder of Prison Consultants Limited, talks about prison life.


I've been noticing more and more solar panels on schools! This is very exciting, and I want my children's school to use alternative energy too!
As a family, we live off the grid. In our community, nearly 25 percent of residents do as well. With so much knowledge and alternative energy around us, how do we find the funding to turn our school solar?
Our community is very small (about 230 people) and our school is taught by one teacher in grades K-8. There are only nine students in the whole school.
Regular grid power is unreliable often in the winter time in this mountain region. This past winter the town was without power for nine days. No power means no school. Not only would solar power be an educational and environmental bonus for the school, it would be a blessing as well for uninterrupted education.
I have looked for grants online specific to funding solar installations at schools. The only program I could find was Solar Schools from PG&E.
Unfortunately for us, you have to be in a PG&E service area to apply, and we are part of a public utility district. There is a self-funded grant option; however, the only application I could find was from 2008-2009. I've sent off emails to The Foundation for Environmental Education, as well as other rural schools with photovoltaic. Nothing has come to fruition.
If you have any other ideas, please let me know!


BeWell: Wellness and lifestyle education aimed at bringing to light areas that may be blocking wellness. This can manifest as illness, stress, anxiety and fatigue, the results of which negatively effect our lives and the lives of our family. Working together to determine strategies, You Are Wellness can assist you to move towards, and into, a new, more productive way of being.
SaveWell: Basic life support (CPR) and first aid training.
LearnWell: Women's health, general health and medical education and training aimed at providing the client with a greater knowledge and understanding of the chosen topic as well as strategies to prevent disease and illness, offset and/or treat symptoms.
BirthWell: Educating the pregnant woman and her partner on all aspects of pregnancy, childbirth and the postpartum period with the intent of facilitating a positive birthing experience for each couple.
You Are Wellness understands that every choice we make affects multiple aspects of our lives as well as the lives of others. As such, You Are Wellness believes that Wellness is an active process of becoming aware, of making informed choices and taking appropriate action.
If you desire a greater understanding of health and wellness and if you or your personal or professional community wish to be more productive, motivated and energetic, contact You Are Wellness today!


Will enable us to overcome disappointments.
Is the Character of Enthusiasm working in you?
How do I exhibit Enthusiasm in my daily life?
What can I do to develop a better attitude of Passion and Enthusiasm?
What blocks Enthusiasm from working and being exhibited in me?
How can I make Enthusiasm function better, stronger, and faster, even in times of uncertainly and stress?
Enthusiasm (Matt: 5:16; Rom. 12:11; Gal. 6:9; Colossians 3:23; 4:7-8) will enable us to overcome disappointments and setbacks, so we can be positive, optimistic, and keep up our interest, attitude, and zeal, even when things are harsh. Enthusiasm is the fuel that empowers the Christian, his/her testimony, and gives him/her the love for the call that he/she has been given. Enthusiasm is the pipe through which flows the earnest endeavor of our work and service. Along with this passion will come the natural desire that we do our best for God's glory.
Apathy, Indifference and Laziness are the opposites. Apathy is thinking the greatness is in the past. The vine becomes withered and there is no desire to impact ones self with Christ. Apathy destroys passion and devotion. When there is no effort to impact others, the church will stagnate, and eventually die. Laziness is a fear of change, because it requires one to grow beyond his/her comfort level. Resisting change becomes the prerequisite of an unwilling and unyielding heart to the Lord, or the energy to follow Christ; all it leaves is excuses. So, the diseases of apathy, gossip, pride, legalism, and slander--the list can go on and on--will take the place of enthusiasm!
How would you define Enthusiasm? Is it a duty, or does it flow naturally?
What are the things that cause you to be indifferent to others?
How does Apathy counteract Enthusiasm? How does--or can--passion help direct your worship?
What happens to our relationships with God and others when we are lazy?
When have you been filled with Enthusiasm the most?
In what situation did you fail to be Enthusiastic when you should have been?
What issue is in your life that would improve with more Enthusiasm?
Think through the steps you need to take to put Enthusiasm into action in a specific instance, such as motivating yourself, by the help of the Spirit, to seek more passion, directing it to His call on your life.
When someone becomes a Christian or when a church is started and grows, one of the primary growing factors is enthusiasm. This is a result of the joy and vigor that its new members have, and then spread to their friends and neighbors. They see the joy of serving the Lord, and the growth they are experiencing must be shared with those around them. So, they do this, and the new Christian is responsible for most of the new converts that cause the church to grow. When a new church is started, and it's members lack enthusiasm, it will wither quickly; they will give up, and close. There are many other factors that cause a church to grow or to die, but a big factor in it all is enthusiasm. Without enthusiasm, it is an uphill battle that cannot be won.
Somewhere on our Christian journey, many forget what it is all about. We can forget what is important, and the reason and purpose of our relationship with Him. Pastors sometimes think that since our call is a tangible, unyielding, permanent position, we do not need more training or time with our Lord; therefore, the main thing is neglected. We think we are protected, and since we are pastors, then the knowledge and intense training we have gained will carry us through the ministry.
But it does not. We lose site of our call because we lose site of the main thing, just as so many regular (we are all ministers together) Christians do. And, we need to keep the main thing the main thing, our main thing being our personal, growing relationship with Christ. Church politics and countless crises have replaced prayer and devotions, so we have dried up and burned out. When we realize it, it is to late, as we have fallen off the path our Lord had for us. The passion has been lost.
Enthusiasm plays a big part in our personal spiritual growth; without it, we are not motivated to read our Bible or spend time in prayer. We exercise our spiritual disciplines out of obligation, we become dry, and become unable to absorb what we are to learn. Or, we give it up and use all kinds of excuses, such as lack of time or fatigue. When our spiritual lives suffer, so does our ability to relate our Christian experience to others, and we become ineffective leaders and partakers in the building of the Kingdom of God.
When the leaders are not experiencing the wonders of the spiritual life and the Christian experience, the ineffectiveness trickles down to the rest of the body and spreads like malignant cancer. We, as fallen human beings, are always looking for excuses not to put forth the necessary effort for spiritual growth. I know I can get that way, and every pastor I have ever met sometimes feels that way. Just as we make excuses for not eating right or exercising, perhaps endangering our health, not exercising the spiritual life will endanger our spiritual health, and infect the rest of the congregation because it is tempting and contagious.
The principles of the Gospel must impact us so we are influenced and energized by them. If we are not excited, the message will drop off and fall flat. The learner, the hearer will not desire something irrelevant or unexciting. If they see no excitement in us, why would they want to be a part of it? The nature of the Christian life is the joy and excitement of being in Christ above all else, and this should be our greatest motivation. Consequently, the excitement of our growth becomes contagious to those around us. This is influence. Being in Christ means living our lives for Him with passion, at all times and in all places. This is influence.
Encouragement is the fruit of the mature walk of the Christian life. It empowers us to uplift each other, not put them down. It is the immature and ungodly individual that constantly puts down his/her fellow Christian, and a despicable and repulsive Christian who does it to the unbeliever. This is often the reason for the horrible reputation we Christians have in society.
Can you imagine Christ putting people down with insults so He could uplift Himself? Absolutely not! When we are called to model His character, and are created in the image of God, then we are to model that essence and attribute of our Lord. We are never to be critical, condescending, or belligerent to others, for this is a slap in the face of our Lord, a misrepresentation of how we are to be as His people to the world. We cannot excite, energize, or influence people by arrogance. There is nothing worse in the church than an arrogant leader. If Christ, as God and Creator of the universe, lived a life without arrogance, then how can we take that kind of attitude, unless we are greater than He?
The effective Christian, especially a leader, will not be a force of personality and power plays. We cannot be power-seeking controllers of the lives of others when it is the Lord who is in control. As a church, we must be relationship oriented, centered on building and mentoring others for Christ. The effective Church must ask this question, what is more important, my career and desire for control, or the discipleship of the people?
If your desire is self-seeking, then you are not a true leader of God's people. You need to get out and get help. You must re-boot yourself with God's purpose, not your own. Our true accomplishments are in the faith we build, not in the numbers we attract. The Encourager is powered by the Spirit, filled with enthusiasm, and knows the difference between being a relationship-builder and being a self-seeker.
Out of gratitude will come the desire to please God, and the desire to please will synergistically combine with the passion to produce the love of His call to fuel our eagerness and passion. When we love the Lord, then we are attentive to the needs and expectations of the people around us. Thus, our service is coming out of our love of doing it instead of out of an obligation. This is much like the person who loves his/her hobby and spends a majority of his/her time and desire on it, versus the person forced to do something he/she does not like to do.
God will give us His character if we are willing to receive it!


text:
Inzell è un comune tedesco di  abitanti, situato nel land della Baviera.

Altri progetti

Collegamenti esterni

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Bodíky (bis 1948 slowakisch "Bodak"; ungarisch Nagybodak) ist eine Gemeinde im Südwesten der Slowakei mit  Einwohnern (Stand ). Sie gehört zum Okres Dunajská Streda, einem Teil des Trnavský kraj.

Geographie

Die Gemeinde befindet sich im Mittelteil der Großen Schüttinsel, einem Teil des slowakischen Donautieflands. Von der übrigen Slowakei ist Bodíky durch den Kanal des Donau-Wasserkraftwerks Gabčíkovo abgeschnitten, während der Altverlauf der Donau die Staatsgrenze zu Ungarn markiert. Einen Großteil des Gemeindegebiets machen Donau-Auwälder, die zum Landschaftsschutzgebiet Dunajské luhy gehören, aus. Das Ortszentrum liegt auf einer Höhe von  und ist 24 Kilometer von Dunajská Streda sowie 45 Kilometer von Bratislava entfernt.

Nachbargemeinden sind Horný Bar im Norden, Trstená na Ostrove im Osten, Baka im Südosten, sehr kurz Lipót und dann Dunaremete im Süden, Kisbodak im Südwesten, Dunasziget im Westen sowie Vojka nad Dunajom und Rohovce im Nordwesten.

Geschichte

Der Ort wurde zum ersten Mal 1245 als Bodak schriftlich erwähnt. Die spätere Benennung Wamosbodak (1463) weist auf eine Furt hin, an der Maut zu entrichten war. Das Dorf gehörte im Mittelalter zum Herrschaftsgut der Pressburger Burg, danach bis zum Zerfall der Habsburgermonarchie überwiegend der adeligen Familie Pálffy. 1828 zählte man 87 Häuser und 625 Einwohner, die von Fischfang, Landwirtschaft und Viehhaltung lebten. Außerdem gab es Wassermühlen an der Donau: im Jahr 1881 arbeiteten insgesamt 14 Wassermühlen am Hauptstrom.

Bis 1919 gehörte der im Komitat Pressburg liegende Ort zum Königreich Ungarn und kam danach zur Tschechoslowakei beziehungsweise heute Slowakei. 1938–1945 lag er aufgrund des Ersten Wiener Schiedsspruchs noch einmal in Ungarn.

Von 1960 bis 1987 war Bodíky Teil der Gemeinde Horný Bar. Das Donauhochwasser 1965 richtete schwere Schäden im Ort an, wodurch viele Teile alter Bausubstanz entweder beschädigt oder vollständig zerstört wurden.

Bevölkerung
Nach der Volkszählung 2011 wohnten in Bodíky 288 Einwohner, davon 240 Magyaren und 45 Slowaken. Drei Einwohner machten keine Angabe. 263 Einwohner bekannten sich zur römisch-katholischen Kirche und vier Einwohner zur griechisch-katholischen Kirche. Sechs Einwohner waren konfessionslos und bei 15 Einwohnern wurde die Konfession nicht ermittelt.

Bauwerke
 römisch-katholische Kirche Mariä Heimsuchung aus dem Jahr 1991

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

 Eintrag auf e-obce.sk (slowakisch)

Ort in der Slowakei
Okres Dunajská Streda
Ersterwähnung 1245


Home / EVENTS / Wembleeee!
So the new Tottenham stadium is a no go this year.
That's right, we're headed to Wembley!
The (soon to be owned by Americans) Wembley will now host the game, as Tottenham won't be ready in time.
That means an extra 20000 tickets available for the game.
← Previous Story 4 Weeks!


The labor market in the common-currency bloc continued to strengthen in March as the region continues to recover. The number of unemployed persons fell by 226,000, which followed February's decrease of 39,000 job seekers. The unemployment rate in March was 10.2%, which was below the revised 10.4% registered in February (previously reported: 10.3%) and represented the lowest since August 2011, according to Eurostat.
Looking at the countries in the region, drops in the unemployment rate were observed almost across the board, with the only countries seeing a rise in the unemployment rate being Greece and Luxembourg. However, notable divergences persist in the labor market among core Eurozone countries and the peripheral ones. Greece is by far the economy in the Eurozone with the highest unemployment rate (24.4%, data refer to January), followed by Spain (20.4%) and Cyprus (12.1%).
On the other end of the spectrum, Germany (4.2%), Malta (4.7%) and Austria (5.8%) registered the lowest unemployment rates in the Eurozone in March. Among the remaining major economies, Italy had the highest unemployment rate with 11.4%, followed by France with 10.0%.
Note: Unemployment, % of active population. Data for Estonia refer to February. Data for Greece refer to January.


I never got the impression that you were pushing the idea that one should become a zen Buddhist, ever, in your blog. Your writing showed no signs of that. What I was reading were the words of a man of thought, looking into his inner self, pursuing the truth of our world as he has experienced and has read words of worldly visionaries.
As our society has been evolving, to the shock of many, and as we see how the growing number of pessimistic, hateful, "only I" deserve the right to this freedom, it is becoming ever more important to open the eyes of everyone to become more positive and to be compassionate in our day to day to everyone. Not ignoring the evils, but surrounding your inner self with compassion so that it will hopefully spread to others.
When I was young, we were living with my grandparents at Glen Lake. My Pa Jim was, to put it kindly was a grumpy man, and while we were all heading to church on Sunday morning, Pa Jim was doing his grumpy thing. I wasn't paying attention to their conversation, I was remembering the story of my cousin Mike getting bite by a rattlesnake near the railroad tracks which we just drove past. So I piped up with these words of wisdom, " if you are nice to rattlesnakes, they'll be nice to you" All the adults laughed hysterically. I had no idea what was so funny.
If only by one showing compassion, and in turn, someone can acknowledge their own ability to become compassionate and this can spread to more people, the world can maybe change their society , eliminating the growing hate and anger towards others who don't fit in their society.


text:
Q: Moving Line Items from my Cart into an Order to checkout - Ruby on Rails I followed this tutorial to build a shop with cart functionality. The tutorial ended there though and I am a bit woefully unprepared for this next step. If anyone could give me some direction on this, I would greatly appreciate it.
I currently have products I can add as line_items to a cart. I am unable to figure out how to take those line_items from the cart and pass them into an order. After the order is saved/placed, I want to destroy the cart and start again as the order is being processed.
My guess?: take the line items from the cart as an array/hash and add it to the order, but how?
Rails 6.0.2.2
ruby 2.7.1p83 (2020-03-31 revision a0c7c23c9c) [x86_64-linux]
rbenv 1.1.2-28-gc2cfbd1
Cart Model
class Order < ApplicationRecord
  has_one :cart

#  has_many :order_items, dependent: :destroy
#  has_many :products, through: :order_items

#  def add_cart(cart)
#    current_cart = Cart.find(session[:cart_id])
#    current_cart.line_items
#  end

#  def total_price
#    line_items.to_a.sum { |item| item.total_price }
#  end
end

CurrentCart Concern in Models
module CurrentCart

  private

  def set_cart
    @cart = Cart.find(session[:cart_id])
  rescue ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound
    @cart = Cart.create
    session[:cart_id] = @cart.id
  end
end

LineItem Model
class LineItem < ApplicationRecord
  belongs_to :product
  belongs_to :cart

  def total_price
    product.price * quantity
  end
end

Order Model
class Order < ApplicationRecord
  belongs_to :cart

#  has_many :order_items, dependent: :destroy
#  has_many :products, through: :order_items

#  def add_cart(cart)
#    current_cart = Cart.find(session[:cart_id])
#    current_cart.line_items
#  end

#  def total_price
#    line_items.to_a.sum { |item| item.total_price }
#  end
end

Cart Controller
class CartsController < ApplicationController
  rescue_from ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound, with: :invalid_cart
  #before_action :authenticate_user!, except: [:index, :show]
  before_action :set_cart, only: [:show, :edit, :update, :destroy]

  # GET /carts
  # GET /carts.json
  def index
    @carts = Cart.all
  end

  # GET /carts/1
  # GET /carts/1.json
  def show
  end

  # GET /carts/new
  def new
    @cart = Cart.new
  end

  # GET /carts/1/edit
  def edit
  end

  # POST /carts
  # POST /carts.json
  def create
    @cart = Cart.new(cart_params)

    respond_to do |format|
      if @cart.save
        format.html { redirect_to @cart, notice: 'Cart was successfully created.' }
        format.json { render :show, status: :created, location: @cart }
      else
        format.html { render :new }
        format.json { render json: @cart.errors, status: :unprocessable_entity }
      end
    end
  end

  # PATCH/PUT /carts/1
  # PATCH/PUT /carts/1.json
  def update
    respond_to do |format|
      if @cart.update(cart_params)
        format.html { redirect_to @cart, notice: 'Cart was successfully updated.' }
        format.json { render :show, status: :ok, location: @cart }
      else
        format.html { render :edit }
        format.json { render json: @cart.errors, status: :unprocessable_entity }
      end
    end
  end

  # DELETE /carts/1
  # DELETE /carts/1.json
  def destroy
    @cart.destroy if @cart.id == session[:cart_id]
    session[:cart_id] = nil
    respond_to do |format|
      format.html { redirect_to root_path, notice: 'Cart was successfully destroyed.' }
      format.json { head :no_content }
    end
  end

  private
    # Use callbacks to share common setup or constraints between actions.
    def set_cart
      @cart = Cart.find(params[:id])
    end

    # Never trust parameters from the scary internet, only allow the white list through.
    def cart_params
      params.fetch(:cart, {})
    end

    def invalid_cart
      logger.error "Attempt to access invalid cart #{params[:id]}"
      redirect_to root_path, notice: "That cart doesn't exist"
    end
end

LineItem Controller
class LineItemsController < ApplicationController
  include CurrentCart
  before_action :set_line_item, only: [:show, :edit, :update, :destroy]
  before_action :set_cart, only: [:create]

  # GET /line_items
  # GET /line_items.json
  def index
    @line_items = LineItem.all
  end

  # GET /line_items/1
  # GET /line_items/1.json
  def show
  end

  # GET /line_items/new
  def new
    @line_item = LineItem.new
  end

  # GET /line_items/1/edit
  def edit
    @line_item = LineItem.find(params[:id])
  end

  # POST /line_items
  # POST /line_items.json
  def create
    product = Product.find(params[:product_id])
    @line_item = @cart.add_product(product)

    respond_to do |format|
      if @line_item.save
        format.html { redirect_to @line_item.cart, notice: 'Item added to cart.' }
        format.json { render :show, status: :created, location: @line_item }
      else
        format.html { render :new }
        format.json { render json: @line_item.errors, status: :unprocessable_entity }
      end
    end
  end

  # PATCH/PUT /line_items/1
  # PATCH/PUT /line_items/1.json
  def update
    respond_to do |format|
      if @line_item.update(line_item_params)
        format.html { redirect_to @line_item, notice: 'Item was successfully updated.' }
        format.json { render :show, status: :ok, location: @line_item }
      else
        format.html { render :edit }
        format.json { render json: @line_item.errors, status: :unprocessable_entity }
      end
    end
  end

  # DELETE /line_items/1
  # DELETE /line_items/1.json

  def destroy
    @cart = Cart.find(session[:cart_id])
    @line_item.destroy
    respond_to do |format|
      format.html { redirect_to cart_path(@cart), notice: 'Item successfully removed.' }
      format.json { head :no_content }
    end
  end

  def add_quantity
    @line_item = LineItem.find(params[:id])
    @line_item.quantity += 1
    @line_item.save
    redirect_to root_url
  end

  def reduce_quantity
    @line_item = LineItem.find(params[:id])
    if @line_item.quantity > 1
      @line_item.quantity -= 1
    end
    @line_item.save
    redirect_to root_url
  end

  private
    # Use callbacks to share common setup or constraints between actions.
    def set_line_item
      @line_item = LineItem.find(params[:id])
    end

    # Never trust parameters from the scary internet, only allow the white list through.
    def line_item_params
      params.require(:line_item).permit(:product_id)
    end
end

OrderController
class OrdersController < ApplicationController
  before_action :set_cart, only: [:new, :create]
  before_action :set_order, only: [:show, :edit, :update, :destroy]

  # GET /orders
  # GET /orders.json
  def index
    @orders = Order.all
  end

  # GET /orders/1
  # GET /orders/1.json
  def show
  end

  # GET /orders/new
  def new
    @order = Order.new
    @order = @cart.line_items
  end

  # GET /orders/1/edit
  def edit
  end

  # POST /orders
  # POST /orders.json
  def create
    @order = Order.new(order_params)

    respond_to do |format|
      if @order.save
        format.html { redirect_to @order, notice: 'Order was successfully created.' }
        format.json { render :show, status: :created, location: @order }
      else
        format.html { render :new }
        format.json { render json: @order.errors, status: :unprocessable_entity }
      end
    end
  end

  # PATCH/PUT /orders/1
  # PATCH/PUT /orders/1.json
  def update
    respond_to do |format|
      if @order.update(order_params)
        format.html { redirect_to @order, notice: 'Order was successfully updated.' }
        format.json { render :show, status: :ok, location: @order }
      else
        format.html { render :edit }
        format.json { render json: @order.errors, status: :unprocessable_entity }
      end
    end
  end

  # DELETE /orders/1
  # DELETE /orders/1.json
  def destroy
    @order.destroy
    respond_to do |format|
      format.html { redirect_to orders_url, notice: 'Order was successfully destroyed.' }
      format.json { head :no_content }
    end
  end

  private
    # Use callbacks to share common setup or constraints between actions.
    def set_order
      @order = Order.find(params[:id])
    end

    # Only allow a list of trusted parameters through.
    def order_params
      params.fetch(:order, {})
    end
end

Schema
ActiveRecord::Schema.define(version: 2020_04_22_162713) do

  create_table "carts", force: :cascade do |t|
    t.datetime "created_at", precision: 6, null: false
    t.datetime "updated_at", precision: 6, null: false
  end

  create_table "line_items", force: :cascade do |t|
    t.integer "product_id", null: false
    t.integer "cart_id", null: false
    t.datetime "created_at", precision: 6, null: false
    t.datetime "updated_at", precision: 6, null: false
    t.integer "quantity", default: 1
    t.index ["cart_id"], name: "index_line_items_on_cart_id"
    t.index ["product_id"], name: "index_line_items_on_product_id"
  end

  create_table "orders", force: :cascade do |t|
    t.datetime "created_at", precision: 6, null: false
    t.datetime "updated_at", precision: 6, null: false
    t.integer "cart_id"
    t.index ["cart_id"], name: "index_orders_on_cart_id"
  end

  create_table "products", force: :cascade do |t|
    t.string "product_type"
    t.datetime "created_at", precision: 6, null: false
    t.datetime "updated_at", precision: 6, null: false
    t.integer "length"
    t.integer "width"
    t.decimal "price", precision: 10, scale: 2
    t.decimal "depth", precision: 3, scale: 3
  end

  create_table "themes", force: :cascade do |t|
    t.datetime "created_at", precision: 6, null: false
    t.datetime "updated_at", precision: 6, null: false
  end

  create_table "users", force: :cascade do |t|
    t.string "email", default: "", null: false
    t.string "encrypted_password", default: "", null: false
    t.string "reset_password_token"
    t.datetime "reset_password_sent_at"
    t.datetime "remember_created_at"
    t.datetime "created_at", precision: 6, null: false
    t.datetime "updated_at", precision: 6, null: false
    t.index ["email"], name: "index_users_on_email", unique: true
    t.index ["reset_password_token"], name: "index_users_on_reset_password_token", unique: true
  end

  add_foreign_key "line_items", "carts"
  add_foreign_key "line_items", "products"
  add_foreign_key "orders", "carts"
end

Routes
Rails.application.routes.draw do
  resources :orders
  devise_for :users
  resources :themes
  resources :line_items
#  resources :carts
  resources :products
  # For details on the DSL available within this file, see https://guides.rubyonrails.org/routing.html

root "themes#index"

  get 'carts/:id' => "carts#show", as: "cart"
  delete 'carts/:id' => "carts#destroy"

  post 'line_items/:id/add' => "line_items#add_quantity", as: "line_item_add"
  post 'line_items/:id/reduce' => "line_items#reduce_quantity", as: "line_item_reduce"
  post 'line_items' => "line_items#create"
  delete 'line_items/:id' => "line_items#destroy"

end

A: I would recommend trying to seperate Cart and Order by creating another model similar to LineItem and call it something like OrderItem. This new model should have the same attributes of LineItem such as product_id and quantity. You will need to set up as similar belongs_to / has_many relationship here.
You need someway of determining what your current cart is through something like a current_cart helper stored on your session, I would recommend following this video for help on that -it will also take you away from scaffolding which may help you get more control over your code:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rPmlA_T_J84
Equipped with current_cart you could in the OrdersController#create action copy line_items to order_items over like this:
def create
    if @order = Order.save(order_params) # this will save the order

       current_cart.line_items.each do |line_item|
          # using the bang (!) to save to the DB and raise any errors
          # rather than failing silently
          @order.order_items.create!(
             product_id: line_item.product_id,
             quantity:   line_item.quantity
          )
          end

        redirect_to @order, notice: 'Order was successfully created.'
    else
        redirect_to root_path, notice: 'Something went wrong saving the order.'
    end
 end

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


The Long Nose of the Law . . .
In just a few minutes, I'll be driving to Alexandria, Louisiana to speak and perform music for the winners of the Northeast Louisiana Young Authors' Contest. Entries are judged at the school level in grades K-8 (regular ed. & special ed.) and in three categories – poetry, fiction, and non-fiction. This year the district is honoring 77 district winners at a reception. I want to encourage young authors of any age. That's why part of my program always involve telling them how to write and submit and answering any questions they have about writing. Here is some advice I'd give any young author today.
B. Read voraciously. Good writers are good readers. You be the bookworm, the one who finds a corner during recess and reads or writes in your little notebook/journal.
C. Build your library and network. Develop your people skills. Read the biographies of writers you admire. You'll get ideas and inspiration.
D. Enter every contest you can. The right contest can be a good break for your career. There are hundreds of contests that award money, prizes and publication. You have a much better chance of publication by entering contests than you would by blindly sending it into the slush pile of a publishing company or agent.
I'm going to start collecting place names with "Pittman." Here is the first one that a friend just sent me.
1. Do a road map of your life, a money biography, looking especially at your last 12 years as a teacher. What has it done for you and what is it likely to do? Trying harder, working more is not the answer. You only have so much time and energy. This was a jolt. All teaching had done was get me more in debt and NOTHING would change if I stayed the way I was. I learned that nothing changed unless I did.
2. Get ready for a wild ride. If it's not scary, it's not a challenge. Boy, has this proved true!
3. Conventional methods don't work. It's time to take massive action to change. However, know your mission of you will be spending time on what doesn't matter.
4. Don't be discouraged. Everything looks like a failure in the middle of it.
5. Imagine you had plenty of money. How would your day be different?
6. The person you become determines what you are handed next. Shape the plan of your life and create order out of the chaos.
If you'd like to pre-order this book, drop me a note at rickeyp@bayou.com and I'll give you the details.
I finished up my two days at Prairie Vista Middle School with my Civil War Program. I've started a scrapbook on my school programs, and the comments of the students who signed it are so funny and so encouraging. I actually feel like I'm doing something good with these programs. The school Librarian, Tanya Plocica, is really a first rate librarian who is doing so much for the school there. As soon as she gets me the photos of our event, I'll post them.
After I packed up there, I went on to the Grapevine Public Library for the children's program there. These were little ones, so I did a story time using my Jim Limber Book and played several kid's songs. The parents were there with them and were very pleased. It was encouraging for me to see parents spending so much time with their little ones at the library, taking them home with their arms full of books.
Tomorrow, I'll be at the Sundance Barnes & Noble in Downtown Fort Worth. I've also got some projects I've got to wrap up for my sponsors. Saturday, I'll be at the Hasting's Bookstore in Mount Pleasant in the morning, then Paris, Texas Hastings Bookstore in the afternoon. From there I'll drive to Oklahoma.
I'm learning so much from my book-signing and program adventures.
In addition to the metafiction and psychological realism techniques the novel incorporates, I found the novel mesmerizing, the themes deeply touching. Like Kite Runner, Atonement deals with a character haunted by personal failure. There are several points of view presented, but the most interesting is that of Briony's.
Once again, I have a busy week ahead of me. This afternoon I'm off to Lafayette, for L.J. Alleman Middle School's Parent Night. From there, I'll drive (long night ahead) to the Forth Worth area for two days at Prarie Vista Middle School, then a signing Friday at the downtown Barnes & Noble, then Hastings Bookstores Saturday in Mount Pleasant and Paris. I'll spend Sat. night with my parents in Kemp, Oklahoma and return to Monroe sometime Monday. I'll make posts as I can with the exception of Sunday as my parents do not have Internet.
Some TLA Photos: Here are just a few of the librarians and folks I met in Dallas at TLA. I had a grand time there.
Here are Amy and Courtney. They both attend Texas Woman's University and Courtney is an assistant librarian in Dublin, Texas. They are both part of the part of the PELSC Cohort program.
Here are Marti & David Chrisp. Marti is a writer herself with a children's book that is sure to soon find a publisher!
I still weep when I think of you.
On your memory with my poems.
Or an Elysium or Paradise or Valhalla.
And take care of our parents.
Much more than you know.
Say it ain't so . . .
Just when you think there's hope for the human race, you read or see something that makes you slap your head. Like these stories for example, as told by a local political pundit.
Church of the Big Government Is Hard at Work: I haven't used tobacco in six months now. Quitting has been good for me. However, I am against organized efforts to force people to quit. For example, take the Kick Butts Day conducted in schools across America where kids walked around painted as dead, marked with "Killed by Tobacco." There were also some crime scene chalk outlines of bodies marked "Murdered by Big Tobacco." I wonder about the efficacy of efforts like this in an educational setting. It seems like another government agenda and another sign of intolerance and an effort to weaken the rights of the individual. What do we really want to teach children in public schools? I'm just thinking out loud here, but does Big Government view public schools as a means of social control?
If you are a writer who uses a POD publisher, according to Booklocker, "here is a developing situation you need to be aware of.
Myths of American Slavery by Walter Donald Kennedy is a fine example of how commonly accepted beliefs can be challenged. Kennedy is the author of The South Was Right! (Pelican Publishing), a book that is in the best-seller category, having sold over 100,000 copies. The Foreword is written by Bob Harrison, a black Southern writer. The book's introduction begins with an epigraph of Jefferson Davis that says, "No subject [slavery] has been more generally misunderstood or more persistently misrepresented." The text is well-researched and documented with an impressive bibliography and index.


text:
HomeAVEVA, BHP Join to Accelerate Digitalization
AVEVA, BHP Join to Accelerate Digitalization
LONDON, UK, May 28, 2021 – AVEVA, a global leader in industrial software, driving digital transformation and sustainability, today announced that it has strengthened its strategic partnership with global resource company BHP to deliver increased productivity across multiple assets.
AVEVA's Flex Subscription program will provide BHP with flexibility in how it purchases, designs, and uses industrial software thereby removing the traditional barriers to adoption, responding to evolving market demands faster and enhancing business agility.
"Adopting this technology will help BHP better support our operating assets around the globe," said Pat Bourke, BHP Vice President of Technology, Minerals Australia. "With greater visibility of operational data from sites, including at our remote operating canters, we can improve our decision making and efficiency. And, we will also be able to better manage our products across assets by tracking production of ore and inventory. Working collaboratively with AVEVA, we have put in place a commercial framework and partnering model that leverages their capability and solutions, unlocks our own latent capacity, improves data quality, and mitigates cyber security risks in BHP's operational technology (OT) environments."
As well as providing flexibility in the use of industrial, engineering and operations software, the AVEVA Flex Subscription program also simplifies the consumption of new capabilities and makes digital transformation easier change to adopt.
"The recent global pandemic has accelerated the adoption of digitalization and organizations that have leveraged this fundamental change have seen immediate benefit. AVEVA Flex eliminates the traditional barriers to the adoption of technology and digital assets by ensuring that our industry partners can choose from a scalable set of solutions aligned to specific business goals and objectives," said AVEVA's Vice President, Pacific, Damien McDade.
"Flexibility and the need for business agility are driving the demand for subscription licensing. AVEVA is the only industrial infrastructure software vendor to offer full portfolio coverage within a subscription, alongside the flexibility to maintain perpetual licensing in the deployment mix. AVEVA will help BHP deploy innovative solutions across its value chain from the conceptualization of technology and process through to decommissioning legacy systems," McDade concluded.
About BHP
BHP is a world-leading resources company. We extract and process minerals, oil, and gas, with more than 80,000 employees and contractors, primarily in Australia and the Americas. Our products are sold worldwide, with sales and marketing led through Singapore and Houston, United States. Our global headquarters are in Melbourne, Australia. Our corporate purpose is to bring people and resources together to build a better world. We do this through our strategy: to have the best capabilities, best commodities, and best assets, to create long-term value and high returns. We are among the world's top producers of major commodities, including iron ore, metallurgical coal, and copper. We also have interests in oil, gas, and energy coal. For more details visit: www.bhp.com
About AVEVA
AVEVA is a global leader in industrial software, driving digital transformation and sustainability. By connecting the power of information and artificial intelligence with human insight, AVEVA enables teams to use their data to unlock new value. We call this Performance Intelligence. AVEVA's comprehensive portfolio enables more than 20,000 industrial enterprises to engineer smarter, operate better and drive sustainable efficiency. AVEVA supports customers through a trusted ecosystem that includes 5,500 partners and 5,700 certified developers around the world. The company is headquartered in Cambridge, UK, with over 6,500 employees and 90 offices in over 40 countries. Learn more at www.aveva.com.
Materialise, EOS Become First to Supply PA-FR Parts as Airbus Onboards New 3D Printing Technology
PTC Releases Vuforia Instruct to Streamline the Creation of 3D CAD-Based AR Work Instructions


text:
Lindsell is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Augustine Lindsell (died 1634), English classical scholar and Bishop of Hereford
Harold Lindsell (1913–1998), evangelical Christian author and scholar
Stuart Lindsell (1892–1969), British actor
Wilfrid Gordon Lindsell (1884–1973), British Army logistics officer


Faculty of the College of Eastern Utah's Art Department is pleased to announce the annual juried Student Art Show, held from April 10 – May 1, at Gallery East. The art show is open to all CEU students and includes all art forms and media. This includes but is not limited to: drawing, painting, printmaking, photography, graphic arts, ceramics and sculpture. Entries will be accepted April 6-7 at Gallery East said Noel Carmack, Gallery East director.
The general rules of entry are as follows: all work must be ready to hang or install, all works on paper must be framed and/or matted or mounted to a stiff backing, paintings must be dry. Each painting must be equipped with a hanging wire capable of supporting its own weight. Sculpture/ceramics must be ready to install.
Carmack said students can pick up rejected work on Thursday, April 9, from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m.
The opening reception for the exhibit is Friday, April 17, from 7-9 p.m.
He said students can pick up accepted work on Friday, May 1 & Saturday, May 2 (after commencement). Work not picked up will be landfill-bound, he quipped.
Entry forms are available at the Gallery East reception or they can be obtained from any of the art department faculty. For information and questions, please contact Carmack at: (435) 613-5241 or noel.carmack@ceu.edu.


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Martin Hsu Art: Thank You, 2016 and Hello 2017!
For the first time, I had the honor of working with the Asian Art Museum, published two books simultaneously, and created a 6 ft by 10 ft original painting for a large technology company in San Francisco.
Truth be told. Couldn't have done it without the support from family and friends.
A daily sketch project from January 1st to March 31st, 2016 to explore the origins of Dragon Boy by confronting demons, slaying egos, and following my bliss.
Over 100 pages of personal illustrations inspired by Oblique Strategies created by Brian Eno and Peter Schmidt.
and the temporality of life.
Nice to know folks like it. Thanks Salesforce!
at home... where the heart is.
and brought a childhood companion back to life.
and extraordinary beings I get to call friends.
Thank you for having me in your lives.


text:
Melanapamea is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae.

Species
 Melanapamea mixta (Grote, 1881)

Hadeninae


text:
THE ARTS SOCIETY CROSBY
About Us Joining Us Where We Meet Committee Documents
Future Lectures Previous Lectures
Future Visits Previous Visits
Future Events Previous Events
Young Arts Heritage Volunteers
Click here for previous lectures
12 February 2020 Piero della Francesca
11 March 2020 How to Pick a Favourite Church
08 April 2020 The Art of Dance
13 May 2020 Tantrums and Tiaras
10 June 2020 Three Great Families and their Gardens: A History of the Astors, the Rothschilds and the Sackville-Wests
09 September 2020 Gilt and Gorgeousness: A Celebration of the 200th Anniversary of King George IV`s Accession to the Throne
14 October 2020 Undressing Antiques
11 November 2020 The Very Model of English Entertainment: The Works of W. S. Gilbert and Arthur Sullivan
13 January 2021 Powder and Poison: Cosmetics, Beauty and the Art of Portraiture
10 February 2021 `Debo` - Mitford, Cavendish, Devonshire Duchess, Housewife 1920-2014
Click on a row and scroll to display more details about the lecture
Piero della Francesca Hugh Hollinghurst Wednesday 12 February 2020
Himself a member of our society, as well as secratary of St. Michael`s Parochial Church Council, Hugh Hollinghurst will be well known to most if not all of his audience. A Cambridge Clsasics graduate, Hugh was Deputy Head of Chesterfield High School for seventeen years until 1998, and even in `retirement` he continued to teach Classics there and at both the Merchant Taylors` senior schools. He has published eleven books, mostly on local history, as befits the chairman of the Crosby and District Historical Society.
Hugh is something of a Renaissance man, with areas of expertise ranging from the ancient world to the Liverpool Overhead Railway. It is therefore appropriate that his lecture is on one of the Renaissance`s finest artists, Piero della Francesca. As well as painting, Piero also wrote technical works on mathematics and geometry, which perhaps explains the perfection of form and perspective that characterises his art.
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Later this month the National Library of Malta will be holding its last public lecture as part of the 'Urban Landscapes' series. The lecture will be delivered by Mevrick Spiteri and is entitled 'Malta's harbour in 1798 – the transformation of a new urban landscape'. Spiteri's lecture will focus on how Malta's main harbour underwent continuous change since the arrival of the Knights.
The urban form pictured in several fortification maps shows uninterrupted change occurring in the harbour since the arrival of the Order of St John in Malta. Urban life developed within the harbour, revolving around its waters, along its fortifications and in the cities. In Valletta's case, the city came to define what we now understand to mean 'a built-structure' in which social, economic and political dynamism impel the transformation of the new urban space. The transformation of the new urban space restructured the older notion of building spacious edifices for the habitation of knights and the ensuing multi-use and re-purposing of property thus dilutes today's emphasis on the definition of 'original designs'. In the long durée, Valletta's co-existing social groups and 'nations' achieved changing human tastes and lifestyles as seen amongst knights, the middle class, servants and merchants.
This lecture brings to a close a series of 8 public lectures held at the National Library in 2018-2019. The series, 'Cities, Harbours, and Artefacts: transformations of an early modern landscape' coordinated by the same Mevrick Spiteri and Maroma Camilleri, focused on Malta's urban landscapes, archives and archaeology.
The lecture, which is free of charge, will be held on Friday 28 June 2019 at 18:30 at the National Library, Valletta.
Further information can be found on the National Library of Malta facebook page.
For queries, email: events.library@gov.mt.
Public Lecture: Herbal Tea Manual
Discoveries from the Past: Promoting Research Findings
Gender, Politics, News: Research Trends and Shifting Interests
Msida, MSD 2080
© University of Malta. All Rights Reserved. Reproduction/Copying in whole or part is strictly prohibited.


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Jay Z & Beyonce' Partner With HBO For 'On The Run' Concert Special
ezstreetshow
If you haven't seen the "On The Run' Tour live, or if you got so much life that you want to see it again, make sure your cable bill is paid because 'On The Run' is coming to television thanks to HBO. According to Billboard.com, HBO is expanding its partnership with Beyonce and Jay Z. The duo is teaming with the premium cable network to bring a concert special for their current worldwide On the Run Tour.
Filming for the "On the Run Tour: Beyonce and Jay Z" special will be done during the Sept. 12 and 13 dates at Paris' Stade de France and will feature Beyonce and Jay Z performing more than 40 songs from their catalogue.
"This is a major musical event that belongs on HBO," said Michael Lombardo, president of HBO programming. "It's going to be a night to remember."
The On the Run Tour, which features 19 dates in the U.S. and two in Paris, marks the couple's first time touring together on the same bill. It began June 26 in Miami.
It's clear that HBO and the Carters work well together as Beyonce is currently appearing on the network in Beyonce: X10, a 10-episode series of four-minute segments debuting before new episodes of True Blood. She previously appeared in her feature documentary Life Is But a Dream, which aired in February 2013.
Jay Z's "Picasso Baby: A Performance Art Film" premiered on HBO in August 2013.
Get your DVR's ready!
beyonce	, EZ Streetshow	, HBO	, jay z	, on the run tour	, SavvyCherise
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We started broadcasting just once a week and now we are broadcasting six nights a week using Facebook Live!
We have seen people in over 10 states and 3 countries watch our videos.
We have uploaded over 25 messages on our YouTube channel.
We now have our main Facebook Page and a Closed Group that allows our members to have a safe place to post prayer requests, questions about the Bible and Biblical living, and fellowship with memes and jokes and causal conversation and posts.
We have developed friendships with many that we would never have met without being obedient to God's call.
We have heard many great testimonies about what God is doing in the lives of those who are connected to this ministry.
We have developed a Partnership with Johnny MacAllister and Impact Evangelism and are proud to have him teaching on Tuesday Night Bible Study.
We have basically started the "iChurch" that we mentioned in January of 2018 based on Acts 5:42. Our plan is to expand this year to having occasional get-together for those in driving distance and have at least a monthly live service with music that will be broadcast on our Social Media pages.
We have been asked by US31RADIO.com (and our friend Clay Barnes) to start developing a segment that will play on their station.
We are praying about starting a Podcast and the format that would be used to help reach even more people.
As you can see – God has been doing great things and we are excited to see what is is store for House2Hope Ministries in the coming months! Thanks for keeping us in your prayers!


What impact has the #MeToo movement had over the last year?
Changes in the law, administrative enforcement and the workplace?
What is sexual harassment according to the law?
Is this sexual harassment or unwelcome conduct?
How do state and federal law compare?
Are there steps we should be taking to prevent this?
What should we have in our policy and procedures?
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Srinivasan C.R. The global financial crisis of 2008 was a piercing wake-up call for the financial industries of the world. It brought several regulatory and legislative changes in its wake, all aimed at preventing the recurrence of such an event.
BANGALORE, INDIA: SunTec today announced the availability of its customer experience suite, Xelerate on Demand Service (XoDS) on Microsoft Azure. XoDS significantly reduces a bank's Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) on the IT infrastructure by paying for what they use.


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HRA History
The Hull Redevelopment Authority was created in 1961 via a Special Town Meeting to accept a charter from the Federal and State Government to redevelop the parcel of land that was deemed to be substandard, decadent or blighted open areas for industrial, commercial, business, residential, recreational, education, hospital, or other purposes. The initial funding arrived at the end of 1967 in the amount of $4.7 million to take, by eminent domain the 76 buildings on the property. Click here to learn how the HRA is defined under MA general law today.
During the years since the HRA was formed, there have been multiple development opportunities that have not come to fruition. These include Consultants Inc. in 1979, A.J. Lane in 1989, and Nantasket Beachfront Condos in 2004.
As of October 2018, the HRA has received two (2) developer proposals to our RFP and these will be reviewed by our Board and the Board of Selectmen over the next weeks and months. In the near future, both developers will present their proposals to the community in open meetings at the Nantasket Beach Hotel and Conference Center. We are presently engaged in our due diligence, research, and discovery, preparing the HRA Board for evaluating the proposals.
What is the goal of the Hull Redevelopment Authority?
The Hull Redevelopment Authority is charged with creating a "Sense of Place" in our community through development that provides tax revenue, open space recreation, job growth, improved business environment, event venues, and parking for Nantasket Beach within an effective and efficient traffic pattern for Hull citizens and visitors. In order to do so, we have established the following principles for our board:
We will maintain public confidence and trust in the HRA via transparent communication.
We will recognize the value and intention of citizens who offer feedback, both positive and critical.
We will communicate board meeting minutes and news with clarity and in a timely manner.
Click here to learn how the HRA is defined under MA general law.
The HRA board meetings are open to the public and are held on a monthly basis.
Bartley Kelly, Chair - Term Expires 2022
Bartley Kelly is a lifelong resident of the Town of Hull, he grew up in the Atlantic Hill/ Gun Rock area and is a graduate of The Hull Public School system. He has operated businesses and completed some rehab/developments in Hull. He has been an elected member of The Hull Redevelopment Authority since 1992 and currently serves as Vice-Chair. He is an employee of the Town of Hull working as The Assistant Building Commissioner. He is a member of The Green Hill Improvement Association and former President. Bartley lives in Hull with his wife Tracey and two children.
Spencer O'Loughlin, Vice-Chair - Term Expires 2021
Spencer O'Loughlin has been a resident of Hull since 1984 where he and his wife Sarah raised four sons. He has served on the HRA board since 2001 and is currently the Vice-Chairman. He has also served as President of the Point Allerton Association. He enjoys playing and coaching basketball, ocean swimming, and enjoying the beauty and energy of Hull.
James Tobin, Treasurer - State Appointee
James M. Tobin, treasurer, is the state-appointed member to the HRA. He has served on the Board of Assessors for 13 years. He was elected to the Board of Selectman for four years. He also served on Hull's Finance Committee for 10 years. Jim was appointed by the Governor for a three year term as Vice Chairman of the Massachusetts Board of the Environmental Management.
Jim worked for 25 years as a Forman with the AC&S Co., a nationwide industrial construction company. Before retired, he was a the department head of customer service at the Registry of Deeds in Plymouth for 10 years. Jim resides in the Hampton Circle area of town where he enjoys kayaking with his five granddaughters.
Dennis Zaia, Clerk - Term Expires 2019
Dennis Zaia has been a resident of Hull since 1976. He most recently served as President of the Board of Directors of the Friends of the Paragon Carousel and prior to that he served as President of the Hull-Nantasket Beach Chamber of Commerce. He has also served on the Advisory Board, The Parking Study Committee and the very first Beach Management Committee. He is actively involved with the Hull Lifesaving Museum in the Adult Rowing Program and the Nantasket Hull Rotary Club. Dennis lives in the Allerton Hill Neighborhood of Hull.
Evan Shuman, Member - Term Expires 2023
Evan Shuman is a new resident of Hull having moved to town from the Boston area in 2017. Originally from Massachusetts, he spent 7 years in Los Angeles working in the hospitality and entertainment industries working with clients to develop a strategic vision and plan for their companies and employees. He returned to New England 3 years ago. He and his partner Matt enjoy taking their dog, George, to the beach and getting to know this incredibly unique town.


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Empire Studies Magazine
T O P I C S I N T H E R I S E A N D F A L L O F E M P I R E S
What Could Lee See at Gettysburg?
by Stewart Snyder · September 20, 2013
A NEW METHOD OF CONSIDERING HISTORY
A Sense of Where You Are
by Anne Knowles
EDITOR'S INTRODUCTION
Early in his career one of our finest writers, John McPhee, wrote a memorable book about Bill Bradley called A Sense of Where You Are. In it, the writer developed an idea that Bradley, the best college basketball player in the country, succeeded because of his "extraordinary range of vision." This constant and accurate sense of where he was in relation to the shifting patterns of his teammates, the opposing players, and the basket gave him an edge as important as any physical talent.
Lee on his horse Traveller.
It is this same idea that Professor Anne Knowles now takes into a fascinating new approach to history. Robert E. Lee, she argues, did not have a clear sense of where he was, and paid the price for it. That is, his limited understanding of the battlefield topography was a significant influence on the decisions he made during those three days at Gettysburg. Had he known more accurately where the Union positions were, for example, he might have endorsed Longstreet's recommendation to swing south and attack the Union from behind. If we don't stand where he stood and see what he saw, Prof. Knowles argues, then we really don't get it.
In the essay "What Could Lee See at Gettysburg?" Prof. Knowles looks at Gouvernour Kemble Warren's experience mapping the Sioux Territory as well as Lee's background on the Mississippi River and in the Mexican-American War. She sets the battle in context and finds that Lee took his men into Pennsylvania "without [reliable] geographical information," and paid a price for it.
There is a deep well of wisdom in Prof. Knowles' approach. A growing number of scholars are discovering that we are all like Robert E. Lee: each of us is influenced by our geography. Richard Florida, Jared Diamond, Robert D. Kaplan and Benjamin Schwarz are just a few of the people measuring how the powers of place can affect our cities, our careers, our health, our food, and much more.
Perhaps equally important is Prof. Knowles' conviction that only a collective approach to history – where many disciplines work together – can begin to approach recreating an accurate representation of any event.
I strive to write spatial narratives, which may hover over a given time or place to give a broader view that explains the geographical context of events.
When I taught for a week at the Navy War College, there was a vote for the most valuable lesson; the SEALs and SWICs unanimously chose the "Geography is Destiny" lesson plan. You can see why – in any battle, thorough knowledge of the terrain is going to provide one side or the other an advantage.
My cadets instantly see the usefulness of geography. We apply it to John Steinbeck and Barbara Kingsolver as well as the cadets' home towns, Omaha Beach, the Kingdoms of Benin, and the success of Google. There is almost always something of value to gain when you add a consideration of place into the mix..
GIS, or Geographical Information Systems, is an approach to history that uses new technologies in an effort to take history beyond the book, into new representations and new forms of analysis. This is technology impacting the traditional study of history. The idea is to use computers to change how we view people and events, to experiment with different ways of organizing historical data. GIS and "spatial histories" have been developing over roughly a decade and a half. A densely written 2008 collection of essays entitled Placing History (which Prof. Knowles edited) is the first book I can find to set forth this viewpoint. One of the essays, by Peter K. Bol, describes GIS as "a platform for organizing data with temporal and spatial attributes – population, tax quotas, military garrisons, religious networks, religious networks, regional economic systems, family history, and so on – representing them graphically and analyzing their relationships." Extremely ambitious. You can begin to see how these historians think when you read some of Richard White' Foreword to Placing History:
The map is good at representing some kinds of space but not very good at tracing relationships through time. The historical form – the narrative – is not very good at expressing spatial relationships. Relationships that jump out when presented in a spatial format such as a map tend to clog a narrative …
GIS is a much larger methodology than just using geography – it incorporates new mapping software and datasets, adding quantitative history to narrative history in ways I don't really understand. This much I do know: once you see the pervasive power of place, you begin to see it everywhere. I have listed in the lesson plans a number of topics with links to the use of geography in a wide array of circumstances.
In this interview and in the following excerpt, Prof. Knowles uses the methods of GIS to cast new light on this most familiar battle and the way decisions were made. She discusses the general tenets of GIS as well as the specific lessons for us waiting in a new look at the three fateful days of Gettysburg.
Interview with Prof. AnnE Knowles
1. What is "quantitative history"? How does it complement or contrast with narrative history?
I wouldn't make this distinction. History is the study of the past. There are many ways to do historical research, including quantitative and qualitative methods, which one can also think of as being to varying degrees textual, visual, or numerical. Geographical approaches to history tend to draw on more than one method to answer both historical and spatial questions. As for narrative, that word refers to how one writes, not one's method of investigation. I strive to write spatial narratives, which sometimes describe and explain events (this is what most people think of as narrative history) but may also hover over a given time or place to give a broader view that describes and explains the geographical context of events.
2. How can you explain Geographical Information Systems (GIS) as a subset of quantitative history? What is a GIS database? What new techniques have allowed us to understand the "historical construction of space"?
Historical GIS studies are so varied that they really shouldn't be categorized as a subset of quantitative history. I would call historical GIS a trans-disciplinary method that can be quantitative or qualitative or both. As a digital framework for locating people, places, historical conditions, and events, a GIS is fundamentally quantitative because it assigns location according to geographical coordinates that are linked to a mathematical projection that transforms the three-dimensional sphere of the Earth into a two-dimensional plane. A GIS database may also contain quantitative information, such as census data, land values, and numerical codes for other kinds of information.
But a GIS database can also contain many kinds of qualitative information, such as the languages people speak, the emotions associated with particular places, the materials from which buildings were made, and so forth.
The GIS databases typically used in historical research consist of a spreadsheet, or a relational database, that contains "attributes" or characteristics that are linked to the locations of the places, people, or regions you are studying.
This project has made me a great believer in the value of interdisciplinary research.
A GIS project may also include what are called "raster" layers, which may be satellite images or scans of historical maps or layer of terrain elevations – any information contained in a grid. One of the great things about GIS is that you can layer different kinds of information that apply to the same geographical space and display, or analyze them, together. "The historical construction of space" is a huge subject! But a few basic techniques have proven really useful in visualizing past landscapes and analyzing their structure. One is using digital scans of historical maps that you then "georeference" so that they align with actual locations on the ground. If you georeference a series of maps that show the same region at several points in time, you can then use transparency to make each period appear in turn, so that you can see change over time. You can also digitally trace, or extract, particular features from georeferenced historical maps to combine in a GIS database. For example, if you had maps of the highway system in Los Angeles in, say, 1950, 1970, and 1990, you could trace the lines and combine them in a single map in GIS to show highways' tremendous growth and how it is related to the explosion of LA suburbs.
3. One of the premises of your article is that Robert E. Lee might have made an entirely different set of decisions had he seen the battlefield topography clearly, from every angle. Because his view was limited, so was his decision-making. What might he – or McLaws, Warren, or Longstreet, or any of the commanders – have done differently?
I am currently working with a number of researchers to create a more detailed digital rendering of the battlefield, with troop positions and (we hope) 3D views from a number of viewpoints to assess the limits on commanders' views at a number of decisive moments. It is easier to estimate what they could not have seen, and to assess the wisdom or daring of the decisions we know they made, than to answer the counterfactual question of what they would have done differently had they had perfect information about the battlefield and the disposition of the enemy. If Robert E. Lee had been able to see the entire battlefield from every angle, he would not have been a Civil War general – he would be a 21st-century general operating drones from a fully equipped digital war room with live-feed, high-resolution, fixed satellite imagery and radar and so on.
If Lee had looked longer and harder, from more vantage points, at the Union position … he might have been more willing to swing south below the Round Tops to attack the Union from behind.
In the spirit of your question, I think, is the question of what Lee or other commanders might have done differently had they known somewhat more than they did. I'm inclined to believe that if Lee had looked longer and harder, from more vantage points, at the Union position at Gettysburg on Day 2 or even Day 3, with better scouting information about the strength of the Union forces, he might have been more willing to follow Longstreet and Hood's recommendation to swing south below the Round Tops to attack the Union from behind, rather than making frontal assaults from problematic positions.
A more typical and limited view at Gettysburg, obscured by hills and trees.
Photo: Hundredfold Farms
4. For young scholars, what is the most accessible way to understand and apply the "added value" of GIS to conventional narrative histories?
The greatest single value GIS adds to history is that it situates history in the places where it happened. Working with GIS makes you very aware of physical circumstances, of distance and proximity, of obstacles and avenues. Combined with fieldwork, it brings a heightened sense of the physical reality of historical places that improves one's ability to imagine, and so to write, vividly.
5. Iwo Jima is often cited — at least it is in my classes – as a clear example of battlefield geography being battlefield destiny. What are other historical battles where an outcome might have been different had topography been fully understood?
Custer's last stand jumps to mind, and the Battle of Saratoga in the Revolutionary War.
I see the addition of sound, and analyzing what people may or may not have been able to hear, as an approaching frontier in historical research.
6. Now that modern militaries have satellites and drones, is military science entering a new age of near-perfect geographical awareness? Will there be fewer and fewer tactical errors due to limited knowledge of the battlefield/ Will there even be conventional battlefields in future wars?
Great questions. I have a sense from people I have met from West Point that geographical training is more important than ever in educating officers for the field.
While digital systems, including GIS, provide enormous amounts of tactical information, the speed of warfare is also changing, with decisions made in a click that can have enormous consequences. Warriors have much better knowledge of terrain, but since Viet Nam it has become increasingly difficult to know who the enemy is and how to stop them decisively. Machines still cannot provide all the intelligence commanders need to avoid errors.
7. How much does "aurality" have to add to our understanding of these great battles?
So much! I see the addition of sound, and analyzing what people may or may not have been able to hear, as an approaching frontier in historical research, which a few pioneers are already working on today. I also think scholars will soon be adding voice to their digital interpretations of the past, including military history.
Since Viet Nam it has become increasingly difficult to know who the enemy is and how to stop them decisively.
The eye – the human mind – still struggles to read text and visual images. Our brains jump from one more to the other, with momentary disconnects between each kind of thinking. Movies grab and hold us partly because simultaneous sound and sight simulate our experience of the real world. Historical interpretation should strive for that simultaneity.
8. What three things would you like the new generation of college students to take away from your work?
Learn digital technologies, but don't let yourself be entirely beguiled by how "cool" they are. Think critically about what they genuinely add to your understanding and what they conceal or cannot show. Don't mistake "cool" for "real."
Read, read, read. Understanding the past is a never-ending quest, because we can never, ever recapture it entirely. The more you read about the historical subjects that interest you, the better you will be able to think about them from your own perspective.
Keep an eye out for historical maps. Maps contain kinds of information that no other historical sources contain. And try making your own maps, to keep track of complex events, as a graphic form of note-taking, and as a way to present your findings. Maps enrich every step of historical research and story telling.
9. Since you wrote this, has the field of study changed?
GIS generally has passed through at least two technical generations since I wrote "What Could Lee See at Gettysburg." There are now excellent freeware GIS programs; 3D and virtual reality programs are more available to ordinary computer users; GoogleEarth and GoogleMaps have made maps and mapping much more common; and historical GIS continues to grow.
"The historical construction of space" is a huge subject!
There are now many historical websites with all kinds of fascinating information and images. But it's still not easy to do really innovative, revelatory HGIS, because doing that requires having a question no one has asked before and finding a compelling way to answer it.
10. What new directions do you hope GIS will take you (and other scholars)?
Most ground-breaking GIS projects require collaboration, because they are labor intensive and call on a range of skills. I hope the new generation of historical scholars will retain the strong focus of independent scholarship while being more open to collaboration with other historians, geographers, computer scientists, and graphic artists to develop deeply researched, visually powerful new explanations of important historical events. Since "What Could Lee See," I have been working with a team of historians and geographers studying the geographies of the Holocaust. This project has made me a great believer in the value of interdisciplinary research, if everyone involved can let the members of the team play to their strengths and all contributions can be valued. We have so much to learn from one another.
Pickett's Charge, disastrous for the South, as re-enacted at the Battle of Gettysburg's 145th anniversary.
Review "What could lee see at Gettysburg?"
Lord Wellington famously asked that no one ever attempt to write a history of the Battle of Waterloo. If you were not there, he argued, you cannot possibly understand all that happened; it is better to leave it alone than to disrespect the lives lost by portraying it incompletely.
Ann Knowles' 9,000-word essay, "What Could Lee See at Gettysburg?" (the full text of which appears in the anthology Placing History) is a pioneering look at a new method with which we can make our histories more accurate. The new perspective she brings is a broad and deep view of the many ways geography influences us. Scholars have debated several key points about the three-day battle that changed the war, in particular why Lee chose to attack the Union in a frontal assault (the fateful Pickett's Charge on Day Three).
By closing reading the topography and lines of sight as they existed that day, Prof. Knowles and her team of collaborators reveal valuable new insights. Yet Prof. Knowles mini-study of Gettysburg is also the harbinger of a new brand of historical method, Geographical Information Systems (GIS), which brings databases about everything from psychology to weather to sound to population, tax quotas, religious networks, economic systems and family histories — into our consideration of historical events and decisions. As Richard White puts it in his introduction to "Placing History:"
The major geographical form – the map – is good at representing some kind of space but not good at tracing relationships through time. The historical form – the narrative – is not very good at expressing spatial relationships. Relationships that jump out when presented in a spatial form … tend to clog a narrative.
Prof. Knowles' use of GIS is about much more than geography – it about bringing the entire range of new tools in information science to bear on history. New databases can change and amplify the traditional linear narratives of most historical scholarship. As White states, "GIS offers the ability to experiment with different ways of organizing historical data." This widened lens can give us new ways to interpret the decisions made by people so long ago.
"Of all the ways geography served as the 'handmaiden of power' in the nineteenth century," Knowles begins one of the early sections in her essay, "none as more important than the role of topographical mapping in military campaigns." She goes on to consider Lee's own extensive background in the Sioux campaign and the Mexican-American War. She cites Ulysses S. Grant as a leader with "an intuitively brilliant grasp of the lay of the land and an ability to swiftly exploit advantageous conditions."
The lay of the land would play a key role at Gettysburg. "What McLaws, Longstreet, Warren and Lee actually saw … has received little attention. Scholars have basically accepted the participants' written statements about what they saw at key moments as recorded in official reports and personal statement."
Mapping history …showed me how history resides in the landscape.
Knowles finds that there were, in fact, huge gaps in the leaders' sense of where they were, a "fundamental lack of appreciation by both North and South of terrain intelligence … which lead to strategic blunders and consequently unnecessary deaths" (Gulley and de Vorsey as quoted by Knowles). The oral reports from scouts gave commanders an understanding of terrain which lacked scope. Lee, she concludes, took "approximately seventy-five thousand men into Pennsylvania without [reliable] geological information." Jeb Stuart did not help, since he failed to send a single dispatch regarding the disposition of Union troops.
Robert E. Lee after the war. (The Civil War Playlist)
What then, Prof. Knowles asks, were Lee's lines of sight? What was his field of vision? "Can the evidence of sight be used to test the credibility of the generals' post-hoc justifications, such as Longstreet's explanation of his long countermarch on July 2?" Her conclusion is that Lee's decision to press a frontal assault at Gettysburg was flawed:
How could such an exceptional commander, expert in reading terrain, fail to recognize the attack would be a disaster? The traditional explanation, favored in particular by Lee admirers, is that his underling, Gen. James Longstreet, failed to properly execute Lee's orders and marched his men sideways while Union forces massed to repel a major Confederate assault. "Lee's wondering, 'Where is Longstreet and why is he dithering?'" Knowles says.
Her careful translation of contours into a digital representation of the battlefield gives new context to both men's behavior. The sight lines show Lee couldn't see what Longstreet was doing. Nor did he have a clear view of Union maneuvers. Longstreet, meanwhile, saw what Lee couldn't: Union troops massed in clear sight of open terrain he'd been ordered to march across.
Rather than expose his men, Long-street led them on a much longer but more shielded march before launching the planned assault. By the time he did, late on July 2, Union officers—who, as Knowles' mapping shows, had a much better view of the field from elevated ground—had positioned their troops to fend off the Confederate advance.
From Tony Horwitz, "Looking at the Battle of Gettysburg Through Robert E. Lee's Eyes," Smithsonian magazine December 20012
This research helps vindicate Longstreet and demonstrates the difficulties Lee faced in overseeing the battle.
"Good ground" means defensible terrain with a field of vision that minimizes the chances of being surprised by the enemy.
She is careful to call it "an exploratory methodology," but the potential in a new, data-enriched approach is easy to see. She herself has applied the method to two new subject areas since her essay on Gettysburg. Her newest book, Mastering Iron, uses new methods to take a closer look at the American iron industry. For this project, according to a recent profile of her in Smithsonian magazine, Prof. Knowles first created a detailed database of every ironworks she could find. She then "mapped factors such as distances from canals, rail lines, and deposits of coal and iron ore." The results? "Patterns and individual stories that emerged ran counter to earlier, much sketchier work on the subject. Most previous interpretations of the iron industry cast it as relatively uniform and primitive, important mainly as a precursor to steel. Knowles found instead that ironworks were tremendously complex and varied, depending on local geology and geography." Her current project is mapping the Holocaust, in collaboration with the U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum and a team of international scholars. There will be more innovative historical works like hers, and I think we might all benefit from learning how to read the land as she does.
View the online Smithsonian.com Gettysburg website, which has Bachelder's changing troop positions and 3D renderings of what Union and Confederate commanders could (and could not) see at six key moments in the battle.
November 27, 2013 at Nov 27, 2013
As someone who enjoys the subject of history, this is such a remarkable topic. First of all I did not realize that we could now map previous events. The idea of mapping out the past allows scholars to view history, even more now than ever, with their own methodology. GIS seems to allow such a vivid description of what the layout of war battles were, that it can change how history books may be written, because maybe historians will realize what they may have not before. Based on the land and regions, it seems like just a new viewpoint for historians to calculate the story of history.
Two Spatial History Projects: 2D & 3D – SEÁN MICHAEL SOURKE
[…] 'What Could Lee See at Gettysburg?' Journal of Empire Studies, 20 Sept. 2013, https://empirestudies.com/2013/09/20/what-could-lee-see-at-gettysburg/. […]
A thorough evaluation of a spatial humanities project (2) – SEÁN MICHAEL SOURKE
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