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Simple Field Tests for Water Quality
Simple Field Tests for Water Quality By Josh Kearns January 2008. This document describes the procedures and equipment needed to conduct three Simple Water Quality assessments in the Field : measuring turbidity and dissolved iron concentration, and detecting the presence of potentially harmful microbial contaminants. ( testing for pesticides in source waters requires sophisticated laboratory equipment and specialized chemical reagents that are not readily available and are expensive and thus beyond the capabilities of on- site analysis.). Measuring turbidity1. Turbidity (cloudiness owing to suspended solids and/or organic matter) in the source Water may cause clogging of sand and charcoal filtration units. Turbidity also reduces transmittance of UV light through Water and thus markedly reduces the effectiveness of UV disinfection. Suspended particles in the Water absorb UV energy or shadow microbes from the UV radiation.
Simple Field Tests for Water Quality Page 2 of 6 The tube is marked along its length according to the scale: NTU stands for ÒNephelometric Turbidity Unit,Ó …
Tests, Quality, Water, Field, Simple, Simple field tests for water quality
Transcription of Simple Field Tests for Water Quality
1 Simple Field Tests for Water Quality By Josh Kearns January 2008. This document describes the procedures and equipment needed to conduct three Simple Water Quality assessments in the Field : measuring turbidity and dissolved iron concentration, and detecting the presence of potentially harmful microbial contaminants. ( testing for pesticides in source waters requires sophisticated laboratory equipment and specialized chemical reagents that are not readily available and are expensive and thus beyond the capabilities of on- site analysis.). Measuring turbidity1. Turbidity (cloudiness owing to suspended solids and/or organic matter) in the source Water may cause clogging of sand and charcoal filtration units. Turbidity also reduces transmittance of UV light through Water and thus markedly reduces the effectiveness of UV disinfection. Suspended particles in the Water absorb UV energy or shadow microbes from the UV radiation.
2 If turbidity is too high, Water passing under the lamp may not receive the minimum dosage necessary to inactivate microbial contaminants. There are several ways of quantifying turbidity in Water , the most common being some measure of the attenuation (reduction in strength) of light as it passes through a column of Water . Electronic turbidity meters are the most precise; however, they are expensive. A turbidity tube is inexpensive and easy to construct, and provides an approximate measurement of turbidity with sufficient accuracy for Field Water Quality assessments. A turbidity tube can be readily constructed using clear tubing (glass or plastic) 3 4 cm in diameter (~1 ! - 1 " in.). and ~ 70 cm (~ 28 in.) in length. The tube is capped at one end with PVC or plastic and sealed with silicone. A. Secchi disk is drawn on the inside of the cap using waterproof marker or black and white paint as shown: Page 1 of 6.
3 Simple Field Tests for Water Quality The tube is marked along its length according to the scale: Distance Turbidity cm NTU. 500. 300. 200. 100. 50. 19 30. 25 20. 10. 63 5. NTU stands for Nephelometric Turbidity Unit, a common unit for recording measurements of turbidity. Sand filters can accommodate occasional turbidity up to 50 NTU without excessive clogging; however, average turbidity over time must not exceed 20. 25 NTU to avoid frequent clogging problems. Allowing source Water to stand for several hours permits particles to settle out, reducing turbidity. Also, an upflow roughing filter using coarse media such as pea gravel can be used to remove excess turbidity. Source Water must have turbidity no greater than 5 NTU for disinfection by UV radiation to be effective. To measure turbidity, slowly add sample Water to the tube and record the depth (in cm) at which the Secchi disk becomes invisible.
4 It is helpful to stand with your back to the sun and rotate the tube as you look for the lines of the disk. Avoid creating bubbles when pouring Water into the tube as these interfere with accuracy. Rough estimates of turbidity in NTU can be read directly off the tube using these calibrated markings. More precise estimates can be made by imputing distance measurements (in cm) into the following equation and solving for turbidity: log(T) = (d) + where T is turbidity in NTU and d is distance in cm. Page 2 of 6. Simple Field Tests for Water Quality Empirical relationship between turbidity and visibility distance. Measuring dissolved iron concentration2. Excess iron in Water used for drinking, cooking and washing imparts unappealing color and taste, and reduces the effectiveness of UV disinfection by impairing transmittance of UV light through Water . If the amount of iron in a Water supply is above the US EPA and World Health Organization guideline of mg/l ( ppm), the Water can cause staining of laundry or discoloration of faucets and basins.
5 However, even high concentrations of iron are not considered a health problem. Simple , inexpensive iron Tests are commercially available in most places. The SenSafe Iron Check kit (catalog number 480125 ITS) is available from Industrial Test Systems (1-800-861-9712, ), costs about US $25 (inc. s/h within the US), and includes 30 test strips. If the source Water has iron concentration greater than the US EPA and World Health Organization guideline of ppm ( mg/L) then pretreatment is necessary to ensure complete UV disinfection. A slow-sand filter is an effective means for precipitating excess iron from solution. Page 3 of 6. Simple Field Tests for Water Quality Detecting microbial contaminants Of primary concern among the wide variety of potential microbiological contaminants of drinking Water are fecal coliforms. Fecal coliforms are present in the intestinal tracts of all mammals and frequently are detected in environmental waters exposed to feces.
6 Although most fecal coliforms are not harmful to humans in small concentrations, many coliforms at high concentrations can cause a variety of diseases such as typhoid fever and dysentery. Furthermore, some coliforms, such as strain 0157-H7, can be deadly even at low concentrations. Direct testing for bacterial pathogens is often impractical and requires lengthy and complex test procedures, making the use of indicator organisms routine. Indicator organisms are present when pathogens are present and absent when pathogens are absent. Indicator species are usually of fecal origin, though themselves are usually not pathogenic. Hydrogen sulfide-producing bacteria are often associated with the presence of fecal coliforms and thus can be used as indicator organisms. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a gas that reacts with iron in solution to form iron sulfide, and insoluble black precipitate.
7 This precipitate is easily visible and thus is taken to indicate a positive test. Care must be taken in the interpretation of test results as a number of conditions can result in a false positive result. The test detects the presence of H2S even if it is not produced by organisms of fecal origin. False positive results for fecal contamination in H2S Tests can come from a number of sources, including the presence of sulfides of non- biological origin and from the activities of microbes of non-fecal origin. H2S can be produced in the environment via abiotic chemical reactions, and also by non-fecal organisms associated with biological sulfate reduction. Sulfate reducing bacteria are a ubiquitous group of environmental bacteria that produce H2S and occur in a variety of habitats, including marine and freshwaters and their sediments, soils, biofilms, intestines of animals and fish, termite guts, and geohydrothermal environments ( , hot springs, subsurface and submarine hydrothermal vents, etc.)
8 H2S. also is produced by the decomposition of amino acids and other organic forms of sulfur in biomass, and through microbially-induced corrosion of iron, steel and other metals often associated with Water sources, treatment systems, conveyances and storage facilities. These are all widespread phenomenon in many environments and are carried out by many different kinds of microorganisms not necessarily of fecal Although there is significant probability of the H2S test giving a false positive result, a false negative result is unlikely owing to the sensitivity of the test. In addition to the hydrogen sulfide-producing bacteria Salmonella, Citrobacter, Proteus, Edwardsiella, and some species of Klebsiella, the H2S test can also detect some bacteria other than coliforms that are associated with fecal contamination, including Clostridium perfringens, which is one of the more resistant indicators of fecal contamination and can be found in drinking waters even when no coliforms can be found.
9 Therefore it is possible for the H2S test to give a positive result when fecal contamination is present even if no coliforms are Accordingly, a negative test result lends strong confidence that the Water source in question is free of fecal contamination. Page 4 of 6. Simple Field Tests for Water Quality The H2S test method does not detect viruses or parasites. A source for inexpensive, commercially available H2S Tests is the PathoScreen Field Kit, distributed by the Hach Corporation (catalog number 28591-00, ). The PathoScreen kit costs about US $55 (inc. s/h within the US) and includes materials for 100 Tests . The sample bottles are first sterilized with 6 % bleach solution and then rinsed several times with the sample Water before collecting the sample. The media is then added this is an iron-containing growth substrate for the hydrogen sulfide-producing indicator bacteria.
10 Microbial presence/absence test procedure: (1) sterilize the sample bottle; (2) rinse the sample bottle several times with the Water to be tested; (3) take the sample and add the media. 2. The sample is then incubated at 25 35 o C for 24 48 hours. Microbial metabolism slows down below 25 oC and thus may result in a false negative indication if incubation temperature is too low. Temperatures above 35 oC may inactivate target organisms, also resulting in a false negative outcome. A Simple incubator can be constructed out of a cardboard box fitted with a thermometer, using a low-wattage incandescent light bulb as the heat source. Flaps are cut in the cardboard box that can be opened and closed as needed to regulate incubation temperature. Page 5 of 6. Simple Field Tests for Water Quality (4) Incubate the sample at 25 35 o C for 24 48 hours; (5) Observe formation of a black precipitate.
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EXAMINING COMPRESSOR FAILURES IN THE FIELD
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text:
Charles Hoy Fort (August 6, 1874 – May 3, 1932) was an American writer and researcher who specialized in anomalous phenomena. The terms "Fortean" and "Forteana" are sometimes used to characterize various such phenomena. Fort's books sold well and are still in print. His work continues to inspire admirers, who refer to themselves as "Forteans", and has influenced some aspects of science fiction.

Fort's collections of scientific anomalies, including The Book of the Damned (1919), influenced numerous science-fiction writers with their skepticism and as sources of ideas. "Fortean" phenomena are events which seem to challenge the boundaries of accepted scientific knowledge, and the Fortean Times (founded as The News in 1973 and renamed in 1976) investigates such phenomena.

Biography

Fort was born in Albany, New York, in 1874, of Dutch ancestry. His father, a grocer, was an authoritarian, and in his unpublished autobiography Many Parts, Fort mentions the physical abuse he endured from his father. Fort's biographer, Damon Knight, suggested that his distrust of authority began in his treatment as a child. Fort developed a strong sense of independence during his early years.

As a young adult, Fort wanted to be a naturalist, collecting sea shells, minerals, and birds. Although Fort was described as curious and intelligent, he was not a good student. An autodidact, his considerable knowledge of the world was due mainly to his extensive personal reading.

At age 18, Fort left New York to embark on a world tour to "put some capital in the bank of experience". He travelled through the western United States, Scotland, and England, until becoming ill in Southern Africa. When he returned home, he was nursed by Anna Filing, whom he had known since childhood. They were married on October 26, 1896 at an Episcopal church. For a few years, the newly married couple lived in poverty in the Bronx while Fort tried to earning a living writing stories for newspapers and magazines. In 1906, he began to collect accounts of anomalies.

Career as a full-time writer

His uncle Frank A. Fort died in 1916, and a modest inheritance gave Fort enough money to quit his various day jobs and to write full-time. In 1917, Fort's brother Clarence died; his portion of the same inheritance was divided between Fort and his other brother, Raymond.

Fort's experience as a journalist, coupled with his wit and contrarian nature, prepared him for his real-life work, ridiculing the pretensions of scientific positivism and the tendency of journalists and editors of newspapers and scientific journals to rationalize.

Fort wrote 10 novels, although only one, The Outcast Manufacturers (1909), a tenement tale, was published. Reviews were mostly positive, but it was unsuccessful commercially. During 1915, Fort began to write two books, titled X and Y, the first dealing with the idea that beings on Mars were controlling events on Earth, and the second with the postulation of a sinister civilization extant at the South Pole. These books caught the attention of writer Theodore Dreiser, who tried to get them published, but to no avail. Discouraged, Fort burnt the manuscripts, but soon began work on the book that would change the course of his life, The Book of the Damned (1919), which Dreiser helped to get published. The title referred to "damned" data that Fort collected, phenomena for which science could not account, and that was thus rejected or ignored.

Fort and Anna lived intermittently in London between 1920 to 1928, so Fort could carry out research in the Reading Room of the British Museum. Although born in Albany, Fort lived most of his life in the Bronx. He was, like his wife, fond of movies, and often took her from their Ryer Avenue apartment to a movie theater nearby, stopping at an adjacent newsstand for an arm full of various newspapers. Fort frequented the parks near the Bronx, where he sifted through piles of clippings. He often rode the subway down to the main Public Library on Fifth Avenue, where he spent many hours reading scientific journals, newspapers, and periodicals from around the world. Fort also had literary friends who gathered at various apartments, including his own, to drink and talk.

Death

Suffering from poor health and failing eyesight, Fort was pleasantly surprised to find himself the subject of a cult following. Talk arose of the formation of a formal organization to study the type of odd events related by his books. Jerome Clark writes, "Fort himself, who did nothing to encourage any of this, found the idea hilarious. Yet he faithfully corresponded with his readers, some of whom had taken to investigating reports of anomalous phenomena and sending their findings to Fort". Fort distrusted doctors and did not seek medical help for his worsening health. Rather, he emphasized completing Wild Talents.

After he collapsed on May 3, 1932, Fort was rushed to Royal Hospital. Later that same day, Fort's publisher visited him to show him the advance copies of Wild Talents. Fort died only hours afterward, probably of leukemia. He was interred in the Fort family plot in Albany, New York.

Fort and the unexplained

Overview
For more than 30 years, Charles Fort visited libraries in New York City and London, assiduously reading scientific journals, newspapers, and magazines, collecting notes on phenomena that were not explained well by the accepted theories and beliefs of the time.

Fort took thousands of notes during his lifetime. In his short story "The Giant, the Insect and The Philanthropic-looking Old Gentleman" (first published by the International Fortean Organization in issue No. 70 of the INFO Journal: Science and the Unknown), Fort spoke of sitting on a park bench at The Cloisters in New York City and tossing some 48,000 notes, not all of his collection by any means, into the wind. The notes were kept on cards and scraps of paper in shoeboxes, in a cramped shorthand of Fort's own invention. More than once, depressed and discouraged, Fort destroyed his work, but began anew. Some notes were published by the Fortean Society magazine Doubt, and upon the death of its editor Tiffany Thayer in 1959, most were donated to the New York Public Library, where they are still available to researchers. Material created by Charles Fort has also survived as part of the papers of Theodore Dreiser, held at the University of Pennsylvania.

From this research, Fort wrote four books: The Book of the Damned (1919), New Lands (1923), Lo! (1931), and Wild Talents (1932); one book was written between New Lands and Lo! but it was abandoned and absorbed into Lo!.

Fort's writing style
Fort suggested that a Super-Sargasso Sea exists, into which all lost things go, and justified his theories by noting that they fit the data as well as the conventional explanations. As to whether Fort believed this theory, or any of his other proposals, he himself noted, "I believe nothing of my own that I have ever written".

Notable literary contemporaries of Fort's openly admired his writing style and befriended him. Among these were: Ben Hecht, John Cowper Powys, Sherwood Anderson, Clarence Darrow, and Booth Tarkington.

After Fort's death, the writer Colin Wilson said that he suspected that Fort took few if any of his "explanations" seriously, and noted that Fort made "no attempt to present a coherent argument". He described Fort as "a patron saint of cranks" while at the same time he compared Fort to Robert Ripley, a popular contemporary cartoonist and writer who found major success publishing similar oddities in a syndicated newspaper panel series named Ripley's Believe It or Not!

Wilson called Fort's writing style "atrocious" and "almost unreadable", yet despite his objections to Fort's prose, he allowed that "the facts are certainly astonishing enough." In the end, Fort's work gave him "the feeling that no matter how honest scientists think they are, they are still influenced by various unconscious assumptions that prevent them from attaining true objectivity. Expressed in a sentence, Fort's principle goes something like this: People with a psychological need to believe in marvels are no more prejudiced and gullible than people with a psychological need not to believe in marvels."

Jerome Clark, though, wrote that Fort was "essentially a satirist hugely skeptical of human beings'—especially scientists'—claims to ultimate knowledge". Clark described Fort's writing style as a "distinctive blend of mocking humor, penetrating insight, and calculated outrageousness". Fort was skeptical of sciences and wrote his own mocking explanations to defy scientists who used traditional methods.

In a review for Lo!, The New York Times wrote: "Reading Fort is a ride on a comet; if the traveler returns to earth after the journey, he will find, after his first dizziness has worn off, a new and exhilarating emotion that will color and correct all his future reading of less heady scientific literature."

Fortean phenomena

Examples of the odd phenomena in Fort's books include many occurrences of the sort variously referred to as occult, supernatural, and paranormal. Reported events include teleportation (a term Fort is generally credited with inventing), falls of frogs, fishes, and inorganic materials, spontaneous human combustion, ball lightning (a term explicitly used by Fort), poltergeist events, unaccountable noises and explosions, levitation, unidentified flying objects, unexplained disappearances, giant wheels of light in the oceans, and animals found outside their normal ranges (see phantom cat).  He offered many reports of out-of-place artifacts (OOPArts), strange items found in unlikely locations. He was also perhaps the first person to explain strange human appearances and disappearances by the hypothesis of alien abduction, and was an early proponent of the extraterrestrial hypothesis, specifically suggesting that strange lights or objects sighted in the skies might be alien spacecraft.

Forteans
Fort's work has inspired some people to consider themselves "Forteans". The first of these was screenwriter Ben Hecht, who in a review of The Book of the Damned, declared, "I am the first disciple of Charles Fort... henceforth, I am a Fortean". Among Fort's other notable fans were John Cowper Powys, Sherwood Anderson, Clarence Darrow, and Booth Tarkington, who wrote the foreword to New Lands.

Precisely what is encompassed by the term "Fortean" is a matter of great debate; the term is widely applied to people ranging from Fortean purists dedicated to Fort's methods and interests, to those with open and active acceptance of the actuality of paranormal phenomena, a belief with which Fort may not have agreed. Most generally, Forteans have a wide interest in unexplained phenomena, concerned mostly with the natural world, and have a developed "agnostic skepticism" regarding the anomalies they note and discuss. For Hecht, as an example, being a Fortean meant hallowing a pronounced distrust of authority in all its forms, whether religious, scientific, political, philosophical, or otherwise. It did not, of course, include an actual belief in the anomalous data enumerated in Fort's works.

The Fortean Society was initiated at the Savoy-Plaza Hotel in New York City on January 26, 1931, by some of Fort's friends, including such significant writers as Hecht, Theodore Dreiser, and Alexander Woollcott, and organized by fellow American writer Tiffany Thayer, half in earnest and half in the spirit of great good humor, like the works of Fort himself. The board of founders included Dreiser, Hecht, Tarkington, Powys, Aaron Sussman, former Puck editor Harry Leon Wilson, Woollcott, and J. David Stern, publisher of The Philadelphia Record. Active members of the Fortean Society included prominent science-fiction writers such as Eric Frank Russell and Damon Knight. Fort, however, rejected the society and refused the presidency, which went to his friend Dreiser; he was lured to its inaugural meeting by false telegrams. As a strict nonauthoritarian, Fort refused to establish himself as an authority, and further objected on the grounds that those who would be attracted by such a group would be spiritualists, zealots, and those opposed to a science that rejected them; it would attract those who believed in their chosen phenomena—an attitude exactly contrary to Forteanism. Fort did hold unofficial meetings and had a long history of getting together informally with many of New York City's literati such as Dreiser and Hecht at their apartments, where they would talk, have a meal, and then listen to brief reports.

The magazine Fortean Times (first published in November 1973) is a proponent of Fortean journalism, combining humor, skepticism, and serious research into subjects that scientists and other respectable authorities often disdain. Another such group is the International Fortean Organization (INFO), which was formed during the early 1960s (incorporated in 1965) by brothers and writers Ron and Paul Willis, who acquired much of the material of the Fortean Society, which had largely ceased by 1959 with the death of Tiffany Thayer. INFO publishes the INFO Journal: Science and the Unknown and organizes the FortFest, the world's first continuously running conference on anomalous phenomena dedicated to the spirit of Charles Fort. INFO, since the mid-1960s, also provides audio CDs and filmed DVDs of notable conference speakers, including Colin Wilson, John Michell, Graham Hancock, John Anthony West, William Corliss, John Keel, and Joscelyn Godwin. Other notable Fortean societies include the London Fortean Society, Edinburgh Fortean Society, in Edinburgh and the Isle of Wight.

Scholarly evaluation
Religious scholars such as Jeffrey J. Kripal and Joseph P. Laycock view Fort as a pioneering theorist who helped define "paranormal" as a discursive category and provided insight into its importance in human experience. Consistently critical of how science studied abnormal phenomena in his day, Fort remains a point of reference for those who engage in such studies today.

Literary influence
More than a few modern authors of fiction and nonfiction who have written about the influence of Fort are sincere devotees of Fort. One of the most notable is British philosopher John Michell, who wrote the introduction to the edition of Lo!, published by John Brown in 1996. Michell says: "Fort, of course, made no attempt at defining a world-view, but the evidence he uncovered gave him an 'acceptance' of reality as something far more magical and subtly organized than is considered proper today." Stephen King also uses the works of Fort to illuminate his main characters, notably It and Firestarter. In Firestarter, the parents of a pyrokinetically gifted child are advised to read Fort's Wild Talents rather than the works of baby doctor Benjamin Spock. Loren Coleman is a well-known cryptozoologist, author of The Unidentified (1975) dedicated to Fort, and Mysterious America, which Fortean Times termed a Fortean classic. Coleman terms himself the first Vietnam era conscientious objector to base his pacificist ideas on Fortean thoughts. Jerome Clark has described himself as a "skeptical Fortean". Mike Dash is another Fortean, bringing his historian's training to bear on all manner of odd reports, while being careful to avoid uncritically accepting any orthodoxy, be it that of fringe devotees or mainstream science. Science-fiction writers of note including Philip K. Dick, Robert Heinlein, and Robert Anton Wilson were also fans of the work of Fort. Alfred Bester's teleportation-themed novel, The Stars My Destination, pays homage to the coiner of the term by naming the first teleporter "Charles Fort Jaunte".  Fort's work, of compilation and commentary on anomalous phenomena has been carried on by William R. Corliss, whose self-published books and notes bring Fort's collections up to date.

In 1939, Eric Frank Russell first published the novel which became Sinister Barrier, in which he names Fort explicitly as an influence. Russell included some of Fort's data in the story. In chapter 3 of William Gaddis's 1955 novel The Recognitions, protagonist Wyatt Gwyon twice quotes from Fort's The Book of the Damned--"By the damned, I mean the excluded";  "By prostitution, I mean usefulness"—and paraphrases him from the same book: "Charles Fort says maybe we're fished for, by supercelestial beings." Ivan T. Sanderson, Scottish naturalist and writer, was a devotee of Fort's work, and referenced it heavily in several of his own books on unexplained phenomena, notably Things (1967), and More Things (1969). Louis Pauwels and Jacques Bergier's The Morning of the Magicians was also heavily influenced by Fort's work and mentions it often. Author Donald Jeffries referenced Charles Fort repeatedly in his 2007 novel The Unreals. Joe Milutis writes a short chapter in his book Failure, a Writer's Life on Charles Fort, characterising Fort's prose as "well-nigh unreadable, yet strangely exhilarating".

Noted UK paranormalist, Fortean, and ordained priest Lionel Fanthorpe presented the Fortean TV series on Channel 4, between 1997 and 1998. Paul Thomas Anderson's popular movie Magnolia (1999) has an underlying theme of unexplained events, taken from the 1920s and '30s works of Charles Fort. Fortean author Loren Coleman has written a chapter about this motion picture, entitled "The Teleporting Animals and Magnolia", in one of his recent books. The film has many hidden Fortean themes, notably "falling frogs". In one scene, one of Fort's books is visible on a table in a library and an end credit thanks him by name. In the 2011 film The Whisperer in Darkness, Fort is portrayed by Andrew Leman.

American crime and science-fiction author Fredric Brown included an excerpt from Fort's book Wild Talents as an epigraph to his novel Compliments of a Fiend. In that quote, Fort speculated about the disappearance of two people named Ambrose and wondered "was someone collecting Ambroses?" Brown's novel concerns the disappearance of a character named Ambrose, and the kidnapper calls himself the "Ambrose collector" as an obvious homage to Fort.

In Blue Balliett's bestselling children's novel, Chasing Vermeer, Fort is given several mentions throughout the book, such as Fort's Lo! being found and thoroughly read by one of the book's protagonists, and being an inspiration to the main characters.

Bibliography
Fort published five books during his lifetime, including one novel. All five are available on-line (see External links section below).
 Many Parts (1901, unpublished autobiography)
 The Outcast Manufacturers (1909; B.W. Dodge), novel
 The Book of the Damned (1919), Reprinted by Ace Books, K-156, c. 1962, and H-24, c. 1966; Prometheus Books, 1999, paperback, 310 pages, .
 New Lands (1923), Reprinted by Ace Books, H-74, 1968, and later printings, mass market paperback.
 Lo! (1931), Reprinted by Ace Books, K-217, c. 1965, and later printings, mass market paperback.
 Wild Talents (1932), Reprinted by Ace Books, H-88, c. 1968, and later printings, mass market paperback.

Posthumous editions:
 The Books of Charles Fort (1941; Holt), intro by Tiffany Thayer, index by Henry Schlanger.
 Complete Books of Charles Fort, Dover Publications, New York City, 1998, hardcover,  (with introduction by Damon Knight)
 The Book of the Damned: The Collected Works of Charles Fort, Tarcher, New York City, 2008, paperback,  (with introduction by Jim Steinmeyer)

See also

 Ghost Stations
 Inoue Enryō
 Leonard George
 List of haunted locations
 List of magazines of anomalous phenomena
 T. Peter Park
 Philosophy of science
 Philosophical skepticism (Pyrrho, Sextus Empiricus)
 Scientism
 Committee for Skeptical Inquiry
 List of skeptics and skeptical organizations

References

Further reading
 Gardner, Martin has a chapter on Charles Fort in his Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science 1957; Dover; .
 Knight, Damon, Charles Fort: Prophet of the Unexplained (1970) is a dated but valuable biographical resource, detailing Fort's early life, his pre-'Fortean' period and also provides chapters on the Fortean society and brief studies of Fort's work in relation to Immanuel Velikovsky; intro by R. Buckminster Fuller.
 Magin, Ulrich, Der Ritt auf dem Kometen. Über Charles Fort is similar to Knight's book, in German language, and contains more detailed chapters on Fort's philosophy.
 Pauwels, Louis has an entire chapter on Fort, "The Vanished Civilizations", in The Morning of the Magicians.
 Pauwels, Louis, The Morning of the Magicians  (Stein & Day, 1964), pp. 91 et seq. Reprinted by Destiny in 2008, .

 Carroll, Robert Todd. "Fort, Charles (1874–1932)" (pp. 148–150 in The Skeptic's Dictionary, Robert Todd Carroll, John Wiley & Sons, 2003; )
 Clark, Jerome. "The Extraterrestrial Hypothesis in the Early UFO Age" (pp. 122–140 in UFOs and Abductions: Challenging the Borders of Knowledge, David M. Jacobs, editor; University Press of Kansas, 2000; )
 Clark, Jerome. The UFO Book, Visible Ink: 1998.
 Dash, Mike.  "Charles Fort and a Man Named Dreiser." in Fortean Times no. 51 (Winter 1988–1989), pp. 40–48.
 Kidd, Ian James. "Who Was Charles Fort?" in Fortean Times no. 216 (Dec 2006), pp. 54–55.
 Kidd, Ian James. "Holding the Fort: how science fiction preserved the name of Charles Fort" in Matrix no. 180 (Aug/Sept 2006), pp. 24–25.
 Lippard, Jim. "Charles Fort" (pp. 277–280 in Encyclopedia of the Paranormal, Gordon M. Stein, editor; Prometheus Books, 1996; )
 Skinner, Doug, "Tiffany Thayer", Fortean Times, June 2005.

 Wilson, Colin. Mysteries, Putnam,
 Ludwigsen, Will.  "We Were Wonder Scouts" in Asimov's Science Fiction, Aug 2011

External links

 International Fortean Organization
 The Charles Fort Institute

 Mr. X, Consulting Resologist – contains links to Fort's works

1874 births
1932 deaths

American fortean writers
American writers on paranormal topics
Writers from Albany, New York
American people of Dutch descent
19th-century American people
20th-century American novelists
American male novelists
20th-century American male writers
Novelists from New York (state)
20th-century American non-fiction writers
American male non-fiction writers
Writers from the Bronx

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text:
Innovacorp Board Names New President and CEO
Innovacorp
Innovacorp's board of directors announced today, Aug. 30, the appointment of Malcolm Fraser as the organization's new president and chief executive officer.
Mr. Fraser has been a leader in Canada's digital sector for the last 20 years, earning recognition and awards for innovation, management and community leadership. He will begin his new role Oct. 2.
"After an extensive search which generated interest from across Canada, we've landed a fantastic new leader for Innovacorp," said Rodney Burgar, Innovacorp's board chair. "Malcolm is an entrepreneur, through and through. He's built and led a technology company and he's hustled to acquire clients and to raise capital. Recently he led his company through a successful acquisition by a national company. Malcolm joins us at an exciting time as the startup ecosystem in Nova Scotia expands."
Mr. Fraser started ISL Internet Solutions Ltd., later rebranded as MODE, in 1995, and grew the company to be Atlantic Canada's top digital agency. ISL coached many businesses through digital transformation including Stanfield's, the Toronto Symphony Orchestra and Tourism Nova Scotia. In 2016, ISL was acquired by Vancouver-based digital marketing agency FCV Interactive and Mr. Fraser joined the firm's executive team.
"I am very excited about this role," said Mr. Fraser. "I'm eager to dive in, get to better know all the players in our startup ecosystem and strengthen Innovacorp's contribution to the community."
The Nova Scotia native has a bachelor of commerce in marketing and economics from Mount Allison University. He is board chair at the Art Gallery of Nova Scotia, research committee chair at Destination Canada, a board member with the Dalhousie Medical Research Foundation and Sobey Art Foundation, and past chair of ITANS, now Digital Nova Scotia.
Mr. Burgar extended the board's appreciation to Stephen Duff, who served as Innovacorp's president and CEO since 2013.
"We're grateful for Steve's strong leadership over the last four and a half years," said Mr. Burgar. "He delivered on all of our strategic goals, including recapitalizing Innovacorp's venture capital fund, partnering to create COVE and deepening our expertise and delivery of startup incubation services and acceleration programs."
Innovacorp is Nova Scotia's early stage venture capital organization. It works to find, fund and foster innovative Nova Scotia startups that strive to change the world. The goal is to help those companies commercialize their technologies and succeed in the global marketplace.
FOR BROADCAST USE:
Malcolm Fraser a leader in Canada's digital sector for the last 20 years, is Innovacorp's new president and chief executive officer.
Born in Nova Scotia, Mr. Fraser has a bachelor of commerce in marketing and economics from Mount Allison University. He is board chair at the Art Gallery of Nova Scotia, research committee chair at Destination Canada, a board member with the Dalhousie Medical Research Foundation and Sobey Art Foundation, and past chair of what is now Digital Nova Scotia.
Rodney Burgar, Innovacorp's board chair, says Mr. Fraser is a hustling entrepreneur who knows how to acquire clients and raise capital.
Mr. Fraser will begin his new role October 2nd.
Dawn House
Innovacorp 902-424-8670 ext. 1189 Cell: 902-456-9705 Email: dhouse@innovacorp.ca
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Brave Brand of the Year 2020: cast your vote
In association with Campaign and sponsored by IBM iX
This year our Brave Brand of the Year Award feels more fitting than ever as marketers have had to take courageous risks (both creative and commercial). They have had to do this at speed and in the face of uncertainty.
Getting to this shortlist was no mean feat. We were particularly interested to showcase the agility and pace at which brands reacted to the disruption as well as how they diversified to adapt to changing needs in order to not only serve but support their customers and wider community
With the help of a panel of brilliant marketing leaders we have identified the standout stories of true marketing excellence for this year so far. Last year's worthy winner was Cancer Research UK. It's down to you to vote for your brand of 2020.
The top five will go through to a live vote and the winner decided at our virtual Evening of Celebrations, Connections and Conversations 6-8pm on 25 November.
Head to our Brave Brand of the Year 2020 site to cast your vote. Voting closes midnight GMT on Sunday 15 November.
Aldi became the first UK supermarket to use TV advertising to curb panic-buying, a campaign lauded by Kantar as the most effective of lockdown. The ad assured shoppers that Aldi was "trying our best" to supply "low priced, quality food" and to help key workers. Aldi's compassionate (and business savvy) response, - including donating to Age UK, auctioning brand mascots to support NHS charities and launching fixed-price emergency packages for the vulnerable - has translated into income too, with sales up 10% on last year.
BrewDog is brave, often cheeky. But during COVID-19, its marketing has been exemplary. When shop shelves were being depleted of hand sanitiser, the brewer stepped into the fray, shifting its production lines to produce a "Punk Sanitiser", which it gave away for free. Not content with fighting the spread of the virus itself, it sought to combat loneliness with the opening of virtual bars, fostering a sense of community via the likes of home-brewing masterclasses, pub quizzes and comedy.
Back in the halcyon days of the late 90s, Budweiser's "Whassup?" ad became a sort of proto-meme, referenced in popular culture and winning awards. In April 2020, Budweiser resurrected and remixed the ad for a generation "in quarantine, having a Bud". It was a move that didn't jar - the original riffed on friendship, while the latest reinforced the importance of mates during trying times, with the endline: "Buds support buds. Check on yours." This was reinforced with a June ad that showed a puppy reunited with its horse friends accompanied by possibly the most feel-good track of all time, Queen's Don't Stop Me Now.
As a food brand, making your product look less than appetising is typically a no-go. But that's just what Burger King did in its "Mouldy whopper" ad, in which its flagship burger literally decays, highlighting Burger King's commitment to remove artificial preservatives by the end of 2020. Less divisively, this May saw Burger King create giant crowns that people could wear to help with social distancing and the next month it sent out hundreds of free Whoppers across the UK, encouraging people to share within their communities. On the other side of the pond, Burger King actively saluted frontline and "couch potatriots" with its very-much tongue in cheek-with-a-serious-point "Stay Home of the Whopper".
In February, Coca-Cola announced it was suspending its marketing spend, and focusing instead on empathy. It was no mere lip service, with Coke donating $120m to organisations to help support COVID relief efforts, providing front-line workers with drinks and donating ad space, including at London's Piccadilly Lights, to charity partners. But as lockdown restrictions were relaxed, Coke did not revert to type. On the contrary, its "Open like never before" ad fronted by George the Poet asked: "Who says we have to go back to normal?", urging consumers to "keep social distance from bad energy".
The delivery sector was clearly an area of business that would benefit from lockdown. But that didn't mean Deliveroo would rest on its laurels and reap the benefits. On the contrary, the brand went out of its way to support its consumers, its restaurant partners and the hospitality sector as a whole. This was demonstrated by its March pledge to give away 500,000 meals to NHS workers. It hit the target in June, before promising to give away another 100,000. It also partnered with Visa to offer financial packages to new partners, and advice on how restaurants could convert to delivery-only, as well as running February's "Ride to find" campaign that played poignantly on the issue of missing kids and its partnership with charity Missing People.
Ikea ads are both weird and cool. It's an approach epitomised by the Swedish retailer's summer 2020 "Conquer the great indoors" ad featuring a partially anamorphic lion ruling over the wilds of the household. That ad was followed up with an edgy and witty campaign promoting sleep as a source of energy, a TV ad that served as a prequel to Aesop's famous story "the Tortoise and the Hare", and accompanied to the tones of British rapper Roots Manuva. Stylish and standout.
Today's ITV is a more progressive force than ever before. The channel continues to win plaudits for its socially-conscientious marketing. It has taken a brave stance on racism, emphatically supporting dance act Diversity after receiving complaints around their Black Lives Matter-themed performance on Britain's Got Talent. It is also investing in media and entertainment businesses targeting 16-34-year-olds, joined up with BBC, Channel 4 and Channel 5 to promote TV's ability to unite people and kicked off mental health week and in March, the emotive "Apart. But never alone" kicked off, with celebs and their family, including Gordon Ramsay and Davina McCall, checking up on their families while respecting lockdown regulations.
Sometimes it takes guts just to hold out. Which is what Just Eat did with its new campaign in which rapper Snoop Dogg creates a new version of the brand's jingle. Rather than run it, Just Eat decided to wait until the UK's social climate improved once lockdown rules were relaxed. In the meantime, the brand supported ITV's "Britain get talking", with customers thanking restaurant partners for delivering meals during lockdown, offering 25% off for NHS workers. Since then, Just Eat has been connecting with younger audiences through collaborations with TikTok influencers and the launch of Instagram stickers.
After "Night workers" in March, an ad that depicted those awake when the world is sleeping (from nurses and firefighters, to McDonald's staff), McDonald's went uber-celebratory in the summer when it announced with great fanfare – and Mark Morrison's 1996 hit Return of the Mack – that it was returning to business on Britain's' high-streets. It stood out from the more sober, virtuous messaging of yore. McDonald's joyful ad depicted an excited public, anticipating and then relishing their favourite McDonald's order, the Big Mac.
Nationwide exemplifies the notion of brand bravery. Whether that's by confronting online hate or boycotting Facebook over the platform's apparent refusal to condemn hate speech. Fronted by CMO and Marketing Society 2020 Bravest Marketing Leader of the Year, Sara Bennison, Nationwide donated media spend to Shelter and reunited with Channel 4 for an ad break highlighting the abuse faced by customer-facing staff. Defying tropes, April's "Voices" work envisaged a progressive and enlightened future beyond coronavirus, at a time when most people's vision was mired in a seemingly interminable present.
After decades of telling consumers to "Just do it", Nike made the brave decision to mess with its brand heritage, inverting its own slogan in a bid to combat racism and support racial equality. "For once, don't do it," the sportswear label told consumers. Never one to cower from saying the right thing, however political, Nike's tribute to late basketball player Kobe Bryant, saw Kendrick Lamar telling the world to "be better".
Pret A Manger
Remaining agile during unprecedented times is clearly not going be easy, especially when you're forced into axing around a third of your workforce. But Pret has maintained a nimble approach to business, adapting to challenging times, while also donating food and drink to the NHS and homeless. Its YourPret Barista subscription service is a case in point, charging consumers £20 a month for up to five drinks a day. The scheme has paid off, accruing 16,500 sign-ups by 3pm on the day of launch.
Tesco's newly-appointed chief executive Ken Murphy, said recently that store experience is far more valuable in shaping brand perceptions than advertising. His words are reflected in the supermarket's approach during lockdown, when it more than doubled its delivery capacity to accommodate 1.5 million online orders every week, serving around 670,000 vulnerable customers. In July, research from the Internet Advertising Bureau UK and YouGov named it as the brand that made the most positive contribution during the pandemic. Meanwhile, Tesco dealt effectively with some controversy over featuring halal meat in its 'Food Love Stories' with the Advertising Standards Authority seeing no reason for investigation. Tesco also delved into mental heath, encouraging children to eat more veg and defeat the defeat demons.
Both in the run-up to, and during the pandemic, TikTok has experienced massive growth in the UK, with reach among adults more than doubling, from 5.4 million in January to 12.9 million in April. It is also now courting brands more emphatically, launching its TikTok for Business platform, while it has recently called for a social media coalition to address the spread of harmful content and in October launched a campaign supporting Black History Month, celebrating cultural roots and black artists in a content and outdoor campaign.
When the whole premise of your content hinges on literally going out on the town and a global pandemic strikes, you could be forgiven for giving up. Not Time Out though, which in response to lockdown in March, neatly side-stepped the issue by renaming itself "Time In" and continuing to attract advertisers. Its efforts to innovate, such as a tie-up with Instagram for a virtual festival supporting small businesses owned by BAME individuals, women and the LGBT+ community, speak emphatically of a brand that never shies away from existential challenges.
Top Cuvée
After north London restaurant Top Cuvée was forced to close its doors to business in March, after a moment's deliberation its founders decided to "pivot", reinventing the business as an online store. Using the restaurant as a base and Instagram Stories to spread the word, the business biked same-day deliveries of wines, cocktails, craft beers and shucked oysters to people at home or chilling in the park. Shop Cuvée proved such a success as a concept that the brand is opening a permanent physical site in addition to its now reopened restaurant.
University Arts London
University Arts London – Europe's largest specialist art and design university, with more than 19,000 students – had its hand forced in February, when the looming prospect of lockdown meant it had to cancel its annual fashion show. Rather than leave it at that, the university created an online platform and hosted 50 virtual events in July. The UAL Graduate Showcase was created with IBM and hosted the final collections of graduating students from all its six colleges.
With lockdown looming, Virgin Media realised the importance of its services and that its customers required a much-needed dose of certainty in uncertain times. Users were donated free minutes, increased data allowances, NHS and key workers were prioritised and extra channels to its TV offering, all at no extra charge. In March, the company launched a heartfelt campaign, "Stay home, stay safe, stay connected". It featured video diary snippets made by people sharing their lockdown experiences, including footage of neighbours clapping for the NHS. It also hooked up with ITV to run an at-home version of its V Festival, with acts Olly Murs, Anne Marie and Dizzee Rascal headlining.
The Zoological Society of London
Approaching Sir David Attenborough to front a TV ad was a bold move but one that proved quite the coup for the Zoological Society of London, whose London and Whipsnade zoos had been forced to close due to lockdown. Using existing assets, ZSL brought the veteran natural historian onboard to front "Don't let ZSL go extinct", outlining the organisation's contributions to animal conservation during the past two centuries. It's a great example of a campaign born of desperation but executed with anything but.
How Formula 1 is winning the digital content race
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A reflection on Jeremy Bullmore


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Interesting argument that the government's proposed crackdown on limited liability partnerships (LLPs) will, according to City firms, increase systemic risk to the financial sector. How so? If partners in an LLP cannot show that they have a financial stake in the partnership, are not rewarded by way of profits, and do not play an active part in management, in what way are they partners and not employees or consultants?


text: Rails.application.config.session_store :cookie_store, key: '_homeBase_session'


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Gail, you never did answer me. Did you take offense because I showed you the Writ of Possession statutes in GA?
This thread needs your expertise.
Hey Gail, I am doing this privately because you do give great advice to people and I don't want to correct you in public. It's not a big mistake anyway but I thought you might want to know. In Ga the request is for a Writ of Possession and it is done by an Affidavit during a complaint. There is no such thing as a Affidavit of possession. You file a complaint with a sworn statement OCGA 44-7-50 and if you prevail you are granted a "Writ of Possession" OCGA 44-7-53.
Anyway, I again don't mean to make a big deal about it but I figured you take so much pride in what you do that you might want to know. I added you on the friends list. I'm in Acworth, where do you live?
Hi Gail, thank you for yout response last week to my issue of the landlord holding our money. I posted a continuation today as to what he is up to and was hoping someone could share some insight as to what, if any, possible recourse we might have. Throughout the start of this whole mess they were claiming we had a legal binding contract by way of the lease. They still locked us out of the property and denied us access. As of the 18th, the story is that they never signed the lease so there is no contract and that we won't be able to prove we gave them any money because they never gave us any receipts. We have this statement in the form of a text message. To me, this sounds like an intentional act on their part, but it's all he said, she said.
Before receiving that particular text, the police wouldn't file a report and told us it would have to go through civil court or small claims. Now that we have that admission of choosing not to sign the lease, could we now file a police report for theft or fraud, or conspiracy to commit fraud? There has got to be something we can do to rattle their cage but they have been totally unreasonable about talking to us or working with us to at least come to an agreement that would be at least a little bit fair to us.
Thank you in advance for any helpful information you could give us.
I read quite a few of your posts, and like your advice. I am a landlord for a multi-tenant house and have a situation with a problem tenant. Are you registered in the state of Georgia. Do you consult? If so what is your hourly fee?
I was recently renting a station in a salon in Atlanta,GA on a weekly basis with a lease agreement.
Due to several unexpected issues I fell 2 weeks behind on my rent.
Without any sort of notice or attempt to contact me the owner changed the locks and took all of my property to his home. He refuses to return it until I pay him for the two weeks I was behind plus 2weeks i recieved free in the beginning, and 4 weeks after he changed the locks since I didn't give him notice. What can I do?
Since he removed my property from the salon and took it to his residence, shouldn't that be theft by taking? He has all of my tools, my client records, my portable hard drive for work, appointment book and everything I need to earn a living, thus preventing me from being able to earn an income and doing irrepairable damage to my business.
I found an apartment at the beginning of the month and was approved. I was asked to put down a $200.00 deposit, to hold the apartment, which would then be put toward the first month's rent. This was a written agreement, an Agreement to Execute Lease. The agreement stated the monthly rent, along with the start and end dates of the lease, which was 12 months in duration. Last week, a few days before I was to move-in, the apartment complex called and said they didn't have anymore 12 month leases to offer, only a 10 or 13 month lease was available. I advised them that our agreement was in writing, and that they needed to honor that, which they did. I was told my apartment would be ready on 12/19. I went in to sign the lease and performed a walk through of the unit. This place was disgusting as there was dog hair around various areas of the apartment, a dirty toilet, which included urine stains, and dirty shower caulking that had not been replaced. These were the major issues, but the apartment had other things wrong with it. I took detailed pictures of the unit as well and have not been back, since the unit was not ready. After going through this, I do not want to relocate to the apartment complex. In your opinion, is there any way to terminate the lease without penalty? If so, could I also get all of the money that I put toward the transaction back? I plan on talking to the apartment manager about this tomorrow, but I wanted a heads up. Thanks for your time!
Hello. i have a serious issue here. i read one of your responses to another question similar to mine, so i figured that you might be able to assist me. Me and my recently ex-girfriend have a timeshare together. i have been the only one making the payments on it since we had it, and now that we have broken up, i am still the only one making payments on it because i dont want to mess my credit up. and she knows that. mentally, she is not capable of working right now, and i dont think she has any plans of going back to work anytime soon. her credit is shot, so she has no way of acquiring or making payments on the property. i know she is going to make this a difficult process for me. i was wondering if there is anything i can do about this so that my credit wont be messed up. i am in no position to refinance at this moment, but i dont want to keep making payments on the timeshare that she continues to use. i dont mind giving up rights to it, but i wish there was a way i can get my name of the financing. no ones name is on the deed as of yet. my absolute last resort is to stop paying and just let it go because i would rather do that than keep paying for something that she is going to benefit from. i plan on contacting a lawyer soon to help me with this process. if you have any suggestions, please let me know. thanks.


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← The Battle of Bentonville: March 20, 1865
The Monuments at Bentonville →
Meeting "Old Joe" on the Battlefield
Posted on March 20, 2015 by Chris Mackowski
The first time I met Joe Johnston on the battlefield, he was pointing dramatically at something indistinct off in the distance. He was also out of position.
It was a gloomy day. Johnston stood like a silhouette against the clouds, a dark gray man against a slate gray sky.
I was nonetheless pleased to see him. For all the love sculptors have given Robert E. Lee and Stonewall Jackson, Johnston has registered nary a blip. He was quite literally not one of the Confederacy's marble men–or bronze or granite or anything else.
Mostly Johnston's remembered as the guy Robert E. Lee replaced. Sometimes he's remembered as the guy John Bell Hood replaced. When remembered in his own right, it's usually for his peevish relationship with Jefferson Davis. It's not such a shining legacy.
Johnston's defensive-mindedness was essentially a repeat of George Washington's philosophy "I don't have to win; I just have to not lose." It was the kind of shrewd generalship that was exactly wrong for the political environment of the Confederacy, brimming as it was with offense and bombast.
At Bentonville, Johnston showed that he, too, could be offense-minded when the situation presented itself. It was one of his best moments as a commander, tarnished as it was by his B-team of subordinates who could not execute effectively.
After the war, inspired by William T. Sherman's personal magnanimity, Johnston devoted himself to reconciliation. Cozying up to the former enemy earned him last enmity from his fellow former Confederates. Johnston never backed down from their challenges, but he also kept his eye fixed forward.
To find the Johnston statue at Bentonville surprised me—pleasantly so. Here was an overlooked commander getting his due where he deserved it. One other Johnston statue exists—in Dalton, Georgia, where Johnston took command of the Army of Tennessee for the first time. It was erected back in 1912. For 98 years, it stood as Johnston's only monument.
The statue in Bentonville was erected in 2010 by Sons of Confederate veterans, although Johnston was not known to have ever visited the spot himself during the battle. At the time of the statue's creation and installation, though, this was as close as supporters could get Johnston to the actual battlefield. The statue now sits a plot of private property.
Crafted by Carl Regutti, the monument cost around $100,000. A "Walk of Honor" leads from the parking area to the monument, making Old Joe easily accessible to battlefield visitors who wish to pay their respects. The bricks in the walk have been inscribed with the names of soldiers who served in the Confederate army. A plaque on the monument calls "Old Joe" a "Defender of the Southland to the End."
What I find most impressive about the statue is that it's life sized and approachable. He's not mounted on a war horse, cast in larger-than-life dimensions. He's no marble man. He's planted firmly on the ground, one foot on a rock to add to the drama of the pose. His gaze fixed resolutely at whatever it is he's pointing at.
It could be the future
This entry was posted in Battlefields & Historic Places, Leadership--Confederate, Memory and tagged Bentonville, Joe Johnston, Joseph E. Johnston, monuments. Bookmark the permalink.
1 Response to Meeting "Old Joe" on the Battlefield
John Maginn says:
Very much appreciate your commentary. During my study of the 'Battles for Atlanta' I sensed a negative assessment of Johnston's defensive posture ahead of the Sherman juggernaut. He wanted to preserve his Army and hoped to wear down the rising tide against him and his ill-supplied army. I don't see that Hood did much better. The battle of Franklin stands as the Confederate 'Cold Harbor' or worse. I don't think 'Old Joe' would have done that. Some of my friends are at Bentonville this weekend. I'm there in spirit, to be sure!


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Rebekah Brooks: I felt 'horror' at Dowler hacking
LONDON (AP) - Former News of the World editor Rebekah Brooks says she never sanctioned phone hacking, and was horrified when she learned the tabloid had targeted the phone of a missing teenager.
LONDON (AP) � Former News of the World editor Rebekah Brooks says she never sanctioned phone hacking, and was horrified when she learned the tabloid had targeted the phone of a missing teenager.
Brooks answered "no" when asked by her lawyer whether she had ever approved eavesdropping on voicemails for a story.
She said Tuesday that as editor of the Rupert Murdoch-owned tabloid between 2000 and 2003 she didn't know phone hacking was illegal, but would have considered it a serious breach of privacy.
Brooks said she only learned in 2011 that the paper had hacked the phone of 13-year-old Milly Dowler, who was abducted and murdered in 2002. She said her reaction was "shock, horror, everything."
Brooks and six others are accused of phone hacking and other wrongdoing. They deny all charges.


STAFFORD – Last week at Stafford Motor Speedway it was a Fearn Family sweep of the Late Model and Limited Late Model events at Stafford Speedway.
Friday the names in victory lane changed slightly, but it was another sweep at Stafford for the First Family of Fenders.
Tom Fearn scored his second consecutive win and 12th victory overall in 19 starts, in the process clinching a Late Model championship in the 30-lap feature for the division.
But before Fearn grabbed his fifth championship overall at Stafford it was his cousin Ryan Fearn of East Longmeadow getting his fourth victory of the season in the Limited Late Model feature.
It's been a rollercoaster season of highs and lows for Ryan Fearn, but he said his goal of finding more patience on the track is paying dividends.
Matt Clement of Wethersfield was second and Duane Provost of Palmer, Mass. third.
Ryan Fearn's older sister Alexandra Fearn won the Limited Late Model feature on Aug. 31.
George Bessette Jr. of Danbury held off the challenges of Johnny Walker on the closing lap to win the R.A.D. Auto Machine Street Stock 30.
Walker, of Agawam, Mass., held on to finish second. Travis Hydar of Woodbury was third.
It's so nice to see someone comment on the Streets. And it was a terrific race wasn't it. The only division that seems to be gaining strength as the long, long season grinds on. We forget Wicker winning most everything last year and this year there is racing and drama. Congrats to Stafford for making the Streets a major contributor to the evenings entertainment.
Oh Ryan, what did you say. Something about getting by the "riff raff" on your way to victory. The "riff raff" apparently being Clement, Surdel and Patnode. Obviously that sort of reference could be used as a bases for a menu of derisive comments with young Fearn's demeaning view of his competition as the foil. Then there have been Ryans unfortunate choices on the track this season not the least of which involved his sister.
Suffice it to say you might want to park the "riff raff" adjective permanently in future victory lane visits.
Have to agree Doug that was a poorly chosen phrase, I think Ryan meant the chaos of the starts and restarts, especially starting on the outside. Not one person (except maybe Alexandra lol) in any fender car wants to start on the outside.
One suggestion. No one wants to admit it but a lot of people read the comments here on racedayct. Teams and drivers especially. Were Ryan to make the clarification himself he might just gain a ton of new fans. Dad doing what dad's do not so much.
Most people knew that eluding to riff raff was a poor choice of words.
The street stocks have been good this year. They seem to have better car counts and hold more interest then in years past. There are multiple story lines to follow. The women in the division, Bassette Jr and the 01 when he is racing are all among fan favorites. I am not sure if adding the laps or something else is responsible for the divisions improvement but I like the progress. Stafford has a nice entry level racing division here.
Does anyone know what the plans are for Bassette Jr going forward? Is he going to stay in the streets or move up into another Stafford division or maybe go Pro Stock racing like his father ran? Anyone, have any insight as to who is changing divsions, or coming or leaving the Stafford weekly racing for next year.


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including dishwasher and microwave. The living room has a beautiful natural tongue and grove wood ceiling. Walk out onto a huge covered deck that over looks the App State campus. Then climb the staircase to the huge 3rd floor den/rec room with a natural tongue and grove wood vaulted ceiling. In addition to it's great location, this upstairs duplex apt features a washer/dryer, central heat and AC. Talk about a convenient location, choose from a variety of nearby restaurants to eat at. If you need groceries or a pharmacy the Earth Fare grocery store and King Street pharmacy are less than 2 blocks away. Downtown Boone, NC is just a 10 minute (.6 miles) walk and it offers a variety of entertainment, dining and shopping choices. Walk or ride the "Free" AppalCART bus to other parts of the the App State campus or all over Boone NC. *Included in the rent is parking for up to 3 small to medium size cars belonging to tenants (valued at $900 yr. per parking space).
Rental Rates: 1 Person N/A 2 People N/A 3 People N/A 4 People $745 ea.


text:
Касти́льський замок () — герб Кастильського королівства та його королів. У червоному щиті золотий замок з трьома баштами, вікнами і брамою. Вікна і брама зображуються відкритими — синіми, або чорними. Використовується в іспанській геральдиці з ХІІ століття. Після унії Кастилії з Леоном в 1230 році, став основою герба Кастильської Корони (Кастильсько-Леонського королівства), а згодом — Іспанського королівства. Присутній на гербах сучасної Іспанії, іспанських провінцій, ряду іспанських міст та шляхетних родин тощо. Різновид промовистого герба.

Галерея

Кастилія

Провінції

Португалія
Як бризура, геральдична фігура з гербу матері, дружини тощо:

Див. також
 Леонський лев

Джерела
 Menéndez-Pidal De Navascués, Faustino: El Escudo de España, Real Academia Matritense de Heráldica y Genealogía, Madrid, 2004. PP. 64-78. ISBN 84-88833-02-4.

Посилання

 El pendón de Castilla
 El escudo de Castilla – Blog de heráldica

Штучні негеральдичні фігури
Замки
Іспанська геральдика
Іспанські геральдичні фігури


Their best acquisition would be a couple hundred billion dollars worth of AAPL.
Great synergy. Fits their business model.
For me, one of the best things about Apple is that they don't squander capital on large acquisitions, which almost always end up a bad deal for shareholders in the acquiring firm.


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Data Visualization Spring 2015
JOUR 72312
Data Viz Checklist
Festival of Data
Story 1 Final
Story 1 Pitch
Story 1 Revision
Story 1 Rough
Story 1 Storyboard
Festival of Student Loans
Michaela Ross
May graduates might be celebrating this month, but next month many will have another thing coming: student loan repayments. Student loan debt in the U.S. has skyrocketed in the last decade, from a total balance of $350 billion in 2004 to nearly $1.2 trillion dollars in 2014, according to the Federal Reserve Bank of New York. The Fed reports that the average student loan debt now stands at $26,700 per borrower. The New York Times has partnered with the Institute for College Access and Success and other debt research and advocacy groups to create useful tools and visualizations to track this growing burden:
The Student Debt Repayment Calculator:
My favorite visualization is the student loan repayment calculator, created in May 2014. The user is able to enter their student debt owed, or search for the average debt owed by graduates of their alma mater in 2013. Next, they enter the interest rate of their loan and finally they chose if they'd like to pay it off over the standard period of 10 years, or a shorter or longer period.
The real magic comes in the "monthly payment" slider. Borrowers can increase or decrease this payment amount and instantly see in the graphic how it will shorten or lengthen their years of repayment. It also displays how the total interest paid on the loan will increase or decrease with this variable. The right side of the screen displays the salary amount one needs to make in order to keep payments at 20% of their discretionary income.
I think this visualization/calculator epitomizes a service-orientated approach to data. The Times has taken a calculation that many borrowers find very difficult to compute on their own and simplified it in a user-friendly format. It actually could affect if people choose to take out loans or how they choose to budget their repayment, and may even save some of them from defaulting.
http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2014/your-money/student-loan-repayment-calculator.html?_r=0
What works:
-Highly individualized
-Highly interactive
-Aesthetic is simple
-Dashboard-like format makes all data visible at once
-Labels are used sparingly, but aid in understanding because of close proximity
-Incredibly simple
-Practical use
What doesn't:
-Colors used don't show enough contrast to make them pop out (especially since the colors used in the triangular graphic match the colors of the corresponding values in the sidebar)
-School search bar doesn't appear to function
-Quotes from expert sources clutter the right side of the graphic
Average Graduate Debt and Tuition Costs Tracker:
This second graphic, created in May 2012, is a bit more complicated to understand and use. The landing page shows a chart with blue dots (representing public colleges and universities) and orange dots (representing private schools) on a grid pattern. By rolling over the dots, one sees the name of the school the dot represents as well as the average student debt at graduation and average tuition and fees for 2010. The x axis displays the annual cost of tuition and fees, and the y axis displays the average graduate debt. The dots are therefore laid out on the grid according to where they fall with these two measures. The size of the dots reflects the schools' enrollment.
There are several ways to manipulate the chart. One can search for their college or university in the search bar and its corresponding dot is highlighted. One can also limit the amount of dots shown on the chart by public or private, enrollment size, graduation rate, share of graduates with debt or athletic conference of the school. These options are in drop-down menus to the left of the chart.
A timeline slider above these drop-down lists allows the viewer to watch the dots in their customized chart to shift over time from 2004-2010.
A zoom slider on the right side of the screen lets the viewer get a closer look at dots that are close together.
In the lower left portion of the screen, one can enter their personal debt upon graduation and their graduation year. A horizontal line is drawn across the chart representing where one's school would fall. The dots above the line represent schools where graduates average higher debt.
The graphic can also be switched from chart to map mode. The drop-down menus still allow one to limit the dots shown by private or public schools, enrollment, etc. The map mode does not allow for customization according to the viewer's personal debt, like chart mode does.
http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2012/05/13/business/student-debt-at-colleges-and-universities.html
-The chart mode allows viewers to pick up on trends quickly, like the concentration of public schools at -the low end of the debt/tuition spectrum.
-Fairly strong level of personalization
-Timeline slider dramatizes trends clearly for viewer
-The learning curve for the user to understand and interact with the chart is more challenging, and some people might lose interest
-The map mode seems to add another layer of complexity without adding real value to understanding the data
-The data is limited to schools that reported their data to the research institute used, so it excludes many graduates
Although these two visualizations by the Times were made in different years, they compliment each other in their content. They also allow viewers to get a better idea of where they stand compared to other graduates in the U.S. and their student debt.
May 8th by Michaela Ross in	Festival of Data
Where Does Money Come From? — Exploring who is donating to each candidate and how they may affect policies
Money plays an important role in politics. All of the five presidential candidates, who have officially announced their candidacy for the 2016 Presidential Election, is serving or have served at US Senate. Natasha and Ken will look at the candidates' donors while working as senators — how much each candidate have received based on organizations and industries, and possibly how those donations might affect his/her policies.
Clinton: https://www.opensecrets.org/politicians/contrib.php?cycle=Career&type=I&cid=N00000019&newMem=N&recs=20
Cruz: https://www.opensecrets.org/politicians/contrib.php?cycle=Career&type=I&cid=N00033085&newMem=N&recs=20
Paul: https://www.opensecrets.org/politicians/contrib.php?cycle=Career&type=I&cid=N00030836&newMem=N&recs=20
Rubio: https://www.opensecrets.org/politicians/contrib.php?cycle=Career&type=I&cid=N00030612&newMem=N&recs=20
Sanders: https://www.opensecrets.org/politicians/contrib.php?cycle=Career&cid=N00000528&type=I
www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/us/elections/2016-presidential-candidates.html
May 1st by Ken Aragaki in	Uncategorized
Trends in Voting By Race
By Marguerite Ward and Cole Rosengran
Our story will examine the racial breakdown of voters for the past three presidential elections (2000, 20004, 2008) to show which racial groups are voting more and which groups are voting less, and how the numbers have changed over time. We'll use current demographic data along with projections based on the latest studies we can find to project/estimate how much different racial groups will show up at the polls for 2016.
Our first chart will show if certain groups are voting more over time – perhaps in a bar format, but also perhaps in a more visually interesting way like a group of circles that change size based on what year the viewer selects, in order to show, for example, if the number of female voters is increasing or decreasing over time. It will compare voter turnout for the past three presidential elections and include an estimate bubble for 2016.
Our second chart will show how these groups have voted – democrat or republican or independent. If we can find more data on issues they are most concerned with, perhaps we could also break that down as well. We envision a alluvial diagram or something that relies more on words than numbers.
Some preliminary data sources:
Comprehensive Election Data often cited by major media outlets
http://www.electionstudies.org/studypages/download/datacenter_all_NoData.php
https://www.census.gov/prod/2010pubs/p20-562.pdf
https://www.census.gov/hhes/www/socdemo/voting/publications/p20/2008/tables.html
Who voted in 2012 election
http://www.gallup.com/poll/154559/us-presidential-election-center.aspx
Both years
http://www.ropercenter.uconn.edu/polls/us-elections/how-groups-voted/
Deep Demographic Data
Party affiliation by various factors: http://www.people-press.org/2015/04/07/a-deep-dive-into-party-affiliation/
Latino voting: http://www.pewhispanic.org/2012/10/11/latinos-and-the-2012-presidential-election/
Gender gap: http://www.gallup.com/poll/158588/gender-gap-2012-vote-largest-gallup-history.aspx
May 1st by Marguerite Ward in	Story 3 Pitch
Show Me the Money: Presidential Campaign 2016
By: Lena Masri and Mia Garchitorena
Money is likely to play a big role in the 2016 presidential election.
This month The Supreme Court lifted restrictions on election spending, removing a decades-old cap on the total amount any individual can contribute to federal candidates in a two-year election cycle.
In 2012, Barack Obama and Mitt Romney, who were the two major party candidates for president spent close to $1.12 billion — not counting the millions more spent by the parties and outside groups, according to OpenSecrets.org. Overall, the presidential race cost more than $2.6 billion in that cycle. But next year's election is expected to be even more expensive. Hillary Clinton, the U.S.'s first female presidential candidate, raised over $9 million in contributor funds in 2014 and has set a $2.5 billion fundraising goal for 2016.
So who are the donors so far?
We want to create a chart that shows all the 62 groups that are so far known to be associated with potential 2016 presidential candidates.
Here is a link to the data: https://www.opensecrets.org/pres16/outsidegroups.php
We would also like to make charts that show how much money was spent back in 2012 just to give an idea of how much money can be spent on the 2016 election now that even more money has been allowed to pour into politics. Here is a link to the data:
https://www.opensecrets.org/pres12/
http://www.fec.gov/data/DataCatalog.do
Potential sources:
Lawrence Lessig, the Roy L. Furman Professor of Law and Leadership at Harvard Law School, and director of the Edmond J. Safra Center for Ethics at Harvard University.
Dr. Timothy Lukes, Professor of Political Science at Santa Clara University
Deborah Hellman, Professor of Law, University of Virginia
Dr. Thomas R Marshall, Professor at Political Science, University of Texas Arlington
Chris Arterton
Professor of Political Management
Founding Dean of the Graduate School of Political Management, George Washington University
MEDIA CONTACTS: George Washington University
John Brandt
202-994-3199; johnbrandt@gwu.edu
Jill Sankey
202-994-6466; jpsankey@gwu.edu
May 1st by lenamasri in	Story 3 Pitch
May 1st by miagarchitorena in	Uncategorized
Is America ready for a female president?
by Andrea González-Ramírez and Desiree Mathurin
The first female head of state in the modern era not to inherit the title was Khertek Anchimaa-Toka. In April of 1940 she became president of the Tuvan People's Republic, a former state of the Soviet Union now known as the Tyva Republic of the Russian Federation.
Today, 75 years later, a record of 22 countries around the world have had female presidents, prime ministers and heads of state.
The U.S. is not part of that list.
On April, Hillary Rodham Clinton announced her candidacy for the 2016 Democratic nomination for President of the United States.
We believe this is a good moment to reflect on the women before her that have blazed a path toward the White House and to look at what's the chance of a woman taking the oath of office in the next couple of years.
This story would look at historical data of the relationship between women and politics in the United States, comparing it to other countries that have had female heads of state since a long time ago. After all, the question that remains to be answered in the next 18 months is clear: is America ready for a female president?
We're going to use:
This list and this one to create a explanatory timeline of women in politics through history— including female candidates for the vice-presidency and presidency.
These results of polls on the general question of how Americans feel towards a woman being a presidential candidate.
This resource to show women in leadership around the world and how it compares to the U.S.
Other sources.
Possible sources:
Susan J. Carroll – professor of Political Science and Women's and Gender Studies at Rutgers University and senior scholar at the Center for American Women and Politics (CAWP) of the Eagleton Institute of Politics.
Jill S. Greenlee – associate professor of Politics at Brandeis University who specializes in women and politics.
Jennifer Lawless – professor of at the Department of Government in the School of Public Affairs of American University and director of the Women and Politics Institute of said institution.
May 1st by Andrea Cristina Gonzalez-Ramirez in	Story 3 Pitch
Black Votes Matter
Damian Geminder and Michaela Ross
Nut graf/news hook: The 2016 presidential election is likely to be the first since 2004 where a black candidate is not on the ballot. The national dialogue on race relations has been intensifying in recent months as case after case of police brutality targeting black males has stoked massive protests, both peaceful and violent. Criminal justice reform is almost certain to become a major issue in the next election. But will this debate affect black voter turnout, and will these black votes matter?
We will ask political scientists at Baruch College if they feel the racial tension surrounding the criminal justice reform debates will stimulate black voter turnout, despite the lack of a major-party black candidate. We will also visualize the election data from four crucial states that swung from voting Republican in 2004 to voting Democratic in 2008 – leading to the election of our current president, Barack Obama – because of strong black voter turnout.
By examining the shift between these elections, we can see just how much black votes matter. In 2004, the Republican incumbent, George W. Bush, won the presidency with 11 percent of the black vote, to Democratic challenger John Kerry's 88 percent. But in 2008, the election swung to the Democratic candidate, Barack Obama, who won 95 percent of the black vote and the presidency. Blacks made up 11 percent of the 2004 electorate and increased their share to 13 percent in 2008.
We plan to show black voter trends over the last few elections using a line graph, with a particular focus on the four swing states Ohio, Indiana, North Carolina and Virginia. We will also present a state map showing how black votes correlate with Democratic support county-by-county.
The Data:
http://www.cnn.com/ELECTION/2004/pages/results/states/US/P/00/epolls.0.html
http://www.cnn.com/ELECTION/2008/results/polls/#USP00p1
http://elections.nytimes.com/2012/results/president/exit-polls
http://uselectionatlas.org/
http://elections.nytimes.com/2008/results/president/national-exit-polls.html
http://elections.nytimes.com/2008/results/president/exit-polls.html
Specialists we have contacted:
The following are Baruch College professors:
http://www.baruch.cuny.edu/pressroom/sme/politics.htm
Micheline Blum: Director of Baruch College Survey Research (BCSR). Before founding her own firm, Blum was manager of Polling & Election Operations at NBC News for 11 years. She is President-Elect of the New York Chapter of the American Association for Public Opinion Research (AAPOR) and teaches survey research at Baruch. She has also served on the national AAPOR Council and is an elected member of the Market Research Council.
Doug Muzzio: Professor of Political Science. He has taught courses in U.S. urban politics and government, leadership and strategy, campaigns and elections, and public opinion and public policy.
David Birdsell: Dean of the Baruch College School of Public Affairs. He serves on the New York City Broadband Advisory Committee and on the boards of the VCG Governance Matters and the New York Census Research Data Center. He is a member of the National Association of Schools of Public Affairs and Administration's Executive Council.
Their press relations contacts are:
Manny Romero, 646-660-6141, Manuel.Romero@baruch.cuny.edu
Mercedes Sanchez, 646-660-6112, Mercedes.sanchez@baruch.cuny.edu
May 1st by Michaela Ross in	Story 3 Pitch
Rosengren Data Presentation
FiveThirtyEight broke down the data around airline delays last month in a very detailed interactive graphic with an accompanying article. According to the Bureau of Transportation Statistics, which collects all of this information, the 6 million domestic flights in 2014 took an extra 80 million minutes to reach their destinations. Out the major airlines, United and American were the worst offenders.
http://fivethirtyeight.com/interactives/flights/
-This clearly took a lot of work in terms of data organization and analysis. While it's still a little confusing at first, the methods are explained thoroughly in an accompanying article.
-The visualizations are clear and engaging. Having the box for entering specific flights at the top works well to draw readers in.
-The map itself is fun to play with. Both charts do a good job of displaying the key points.
What could be improved:
-It would be better if the airport information card popped up automatically when you hover over an airport on the map. Right now, with so many dots, it's hard to tell what you're looking at unless you click on one.
-The graph plotting out times by month is confusing. Flipping the axes, so months are on the bottom along the x axis and times are on the lefthand side along y, would have been easier to understand. Right now it just looks like a bunch of lines.
Overall, a strong interactive piece that makes me happy to fly Virgin America!
May 1st by Cole Rosengren in	Festival of Data
The Politics of Women's Money
The big donors to political candidates have largely consisted of men, however, in the past couple presidential elections the role of women donors has grown. They are now donating almost as much as men. There are still more large donations from men (more than $5,000), but there are more women donating smaller amounts, especially for the democrats in the 2008 and 2012 elections. We will show the change in women donors in the 2008 and 2012 presidential elections and predict the role women's donations will play in the 2016 election. Considering Hillary draws a lot of the female vote, she may also draw money from these female donors. Bernie Sanders, the most recent 2016 candidate, also drew one of the highest percentages of female donors in his 2012 Senate bid.
Human sources:
Andrew Polski, American politics Hunter College prof, apolski@hunter.cuny.edu
Charles Tien, women in politics Hunter College prof, ctien@hunter.cuny.edu
Corey Robin, modern political/economic thought CUNY Grad Center prof, corey.robin@gmail.com
Donna Hoffman, University of Northern Iowa, 319-273-5916, donna.hoffman@uni.edu
May 1st by alisonkanski in	Story 3 Pitch
Suspended: NYC's Discipline Code Problem
http://digitalstorage.journalism.cuny.edu/marguerite.ward/public_html/interactive/Suspended_NYC/
April 24th by Marguerite Ward in	Story 2 Final
World's Digital Divide — Revision
Dollar's Surge Against Euro: Now's the Time For A Europe Vacation
Festival of Data – Homicide Monitor
Paying Down the Plastic
More Puerto Ricans are leaving the island and relocating to the South
Anonymous on Tracking Suicide Rates
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Die Sabalana-Inseln (, ehemals Postilloninseln) sind eine indonesische Inselgruppe in der Floressee. Sie liegen auf halben Wege zwischen Sulawesi (Celebes) im Norden und Sumbawa im Süden.

Geographie
Die Inseln gehören zum Distrikt () Liukang Tangaya im Regierungsbezirk () Pangkajene dan Kepulauan der Provinz Südsulawesi ().

Der Archipel hat etwa eine Breite und Länge von jeweils 45 Kilometern. Die Lage der Inseln kann mit der Form eines Saxophons verglichen werden. Im Südosten befindet sich eine Untiefe von 20 × 8 Kilometern Größe. Auf dieser befindet sich Sabalana, die größte Insel der Inselgruppe und eines der größten Atolle des Landes. Südöstlich liegen die Inseln Pamolikang, Pattayangang und Gusung Bira, nordöstlich befinden sich Banawaya, Lilikang und Gusung Lilikang. Nach Südwesten hin zieht sich eine Inselkette mit Sanana Kecil und Sanana Besar, Meong, Matalaang (Matalang), Balaloho (Balalohong), Manukang, Sadulangang und ein gutes Stück entfernt das Inselchen Sarege hin. Südlich dieser Kette liegen die Inseln Suruabu (Soroabu) und Santigiang. Richtung Nordwesten zieht sich von Sabalana aus eine weitere Inselkette mit Laiya (Laija), Makarangana (Makarangang), Sumanga, Balobaloang Kecil, Balobaloang Besar, Sabaru und schließlich Jailamu (Djailamu) im äußersten Nordwesten hin. Südlich von Balobalong Besar liegen die Inselchen Pelokang und Longko.

In zwei Regionen im Westen der Inselgruppe liegen größere Riffe, die zwischen 8 und 20 Metern bis nah an die Oberfläche reichen und im Indonesischen Taka genannt werden. Auch die offenen Gewässer im Süden und Westen sind mit einer Tiefe von 55 Metern relativ flach. Auf der Ost- und Südostseite fallen die Riffe stufenweise auf Tiefen unter 546 m Tiefe herab. Der tiefste Punkt liegt bei 3089 Metern, etwa 50 Kilometer südöstlich des Archipels.

Die Sabalena-Inseln bilden das elftgrößte Korallenriff der Welt. Es verfügt über eine artenreiche Flora und Fauna. Illegale Dynamit- und Giftfischerei schädigen diese schwer. Während lokale Fischer in der Regel strengen Regeln folgen, um den Fischbestand zu bewahren, bestechen auswärtige Fischer korrupte Beamte mit "Schutzgeldern", um ihre zerstörerischen Methoden anwenden zu können.

Einwohner
Das administrative Dorf (desa) Sabalana, dem die Inseln südlich von Makarangana zugeordnet sind, hat 3.609 Einwohner (Zensus 2010). Im Kepulauan Balo Baloang, zu dem Balobaloang Besar, Balobaloang Kecil, Sumanga, Pelokang und Longko gehören, leben 3.059 Menschen. Im Desa Sabaru, mit Sabaru und Jailamu wohnen 884 Personen.

Die Bewohner der beiden Balobaloang-Inseln sind traditionelle Bugis-Händler, die mit ihren Segelbooten die Gewässer befahren. Die Einwohner von Sumanga, ethnisch zu den Makassaren gehörend, sind dagegen kommerzielle Fischer. Sie haben während der japanischen Besetzung im Zweiten Weltkrieg das Dynamitfischen begonnen, um ihre Erträge zu steigern. Man nutzte die zurückgelassene Munition der Japaner. Gift verwenden Fischer aus der Nähe von Makasar, die den Hafen Sumangas benutzen. Die wenigen Fischer von Balobaloang, die für den Eigenbedarf und nur teilweise für den Weiterverkauf fischen, benutzen weder Dynamit noch Gift und erzielen daher auch einen geringeren Fang.

Einzelnachweise

Inselgruppe (Indonesien)
Inselgruppe (Asien)
Inselgruppe (Floressee)
Geographie (Sulawesi Selatan)