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Alexander the Great (356-323 BC) is widely acknowledged to be the one of the greatest conquerors in history and the equal of any general who has ever lived. He campaigned successfully in Europe, Asia, and Africa and he was victorious in every battle. Perhaps his most audacious campaign was in modern Pakistan and north-west India. His conquests in this region proved to be fleeting. However, Alexander's Indian campaign was one that was to have very important repercussions for both the Hellenistic and the Indian World. The invasion of India by the great Macedonian was to lead to the establishment of a Greek population in India, increased contacts between the two great cultures and very important cultural exchanges, which influenced both the development of Hellenistic philosophy and Buddhism.
[[File: PtolemyCoinWithAlexanderWearingElephantScalp.jpg|250px|thumb|left| A coin commemorating Alexander's conquests in India]]
Alexander the Great (356-323 BC) is widely acknowledged to be one of the greatest conquerors in history and the equal of any general who has ever lived. He campaigned successfully in Europe, Asia, and Africa and he was victorious in every battle. Perhaps his most audacious campaign was in modern Pakistan and north-west India. His conquests in this region proved to be fleeting. However, Alexander's Indian campaign was one that was to have significant repercussions for both the Hellenistic and the Indian World. The invasion of India by the great Macedonian was to lead to the establishment of a Greek population in India, increased contacts between the two great cultures and significant cultural exchanges, which influenced both the development of Hellenistic philosophy and Buddhism.
In 333 BC Phillip II of Macedonia was assassinated and Alexander became king. He campaigned in Greece and the Balkans and after securing his kingdom's borders he launched an invasion of the Persian Empire. Alexander portrayed himself as avenging the two earlier invasions of Greece by the Persians <ref>Plutarch. Life of Alexander, 5, 17</ref>. In a series of devastating campaigns, he seized the Persian Empire and ended the Achaemenid Dynasty. Alexander then campaigned to extend his control over the former Persian satrapies in modern Uzbekistan and Afghanistan (328-327 BC). The Achaemenids had also established some satrapies in modern Pakistan and Alexander wanted to add these to his Empire. The Macedonian monarch was first drawn to the Indian sub-continent by the desire to complete the conquest of the Persian Empire. However, it seemed that at some date that he decided to invade India, which he like other Greeks, believed was the end of the world <ref> Plutarch, 6. 4</ref>. At this time, India referred to the territory occupied by the modern state of that name and also the present-day nation of Pakistan. It was one of the most populous and urbanized parts of the Ancient World and had a culture every bit as rich as that of Ancient Greece. There were a series of large of sophisticated states in the subcontinent. Much of Northern India was controlled by the powerful Nanda Empire, while in what is now Bengal, the Gangaridai Empire, reputedly could field a force of 3,000 war-elephants.
==Alexander's Invasion of India==
====Background====
The invasion of India was a logical step following the Macedonian's king's campaigns in Bactria. There had been a major rebellion launched against Alexander by a local warlord <ref>Arrian. Campaigns of Alexander, 12, 56</ref>. After the conqueror suppressed this revolt he turned his attention to war-like tribes in Afghanistan, who had aided the rebellious Bactrians. Alexander attacked tribal confederations in the Hindu Kush valleys of Afghanistan and Pakistan <ref>McCrindle, J. W. The Invasion of India by Alexander the Great as Described by Arrian, Q Curtius, Diodorus, Plutarch, and Justin. Westminster: Archibald Constable & Co, 1893), p 67</ref>. He conquered these tribes, with great loss of life and ravaged their lands and then marched his forces down the Indus River and he entered the powerful kingdom of King Paurava (or Porus to the Greeks). This king had a very large army and many war-elephants, and he took up a defensive position on the River Hydaspes in what is now modern Punjab. The river was swollen by heavy Monsoon rains, but Alexander was able to cross the river and surprise the Indians in the rear. There then followed a terrible battle, which Alexander won, but it came at a terrible human cost. Alexander made Paurava a subordinate ruler and he absorbed much of Punjab into his realms <ref>McCrindle, p 118</ref>. The great conqueror was determined to press on to the Indian heartland, the Gangetic plains, However, the Macedonian king, was forced to overcome war-like tribes in his rear and he captured the almost impregnable mountain fortress of Aornos (326 BC). After securing his rear and flanks, the king decided to invade Northern Indian. His soldiers were becoming restless, they had not seen their homes in years and were fearful of the powerful Nanda and Gangaridai armies, with their many war-elephants. His army mutinied at the Hyphasis River (the modern Beas River) and demanded that Alexander turn back and abandon the campaign. The king attempted to persuade them to continue but he failed and after a stand-off, he relented <ref>Plutarch, 7, 6</ref>. He retreated back into modern Pakistan and began to campaign against the powerful Malian tribe, who lived near modern Multan in Pakistan. After a siege, he subdued the Malians but received a near-fatal wound during the fighting. This wound is believed by many to have led to his death. Despite his severe wound Alexander conquered a large number of tribes and reached the Indian Ocean coast of modern Pakistan. He then returned to Persia via the Great Gedoresian Desert, during which he lost much of his army to thirst and hunger. He divided his conquests into four satrapies and he left behind a considerable army under Peithon <ref>McCrindle, p 115</ref>. After Alexander the Great's death, his generals fought a series of civil wars, as they tried to carve out independent states out of his Empire</ref> Bosworth, Albert Brian. Conquest and Empire: the reign of Alexander the Great (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1993), p 398</ref>. The Greek armies in India returned to the west to take part in these wars sometime in 316 BC. Chandragupta Maurya of Magadha founded the Maurya Empire, after he overthrew the Nanda Empire in 321 BC. The course of events after this are not certain, because of the fragmented nature of the sources. It appears that Chandragupta invaded the Macedonian territories in the Punjab and Sind. At this time Seleucus was the most powerful general in the eastern territories of the Alexandrine Empire, sought to reconquer the satrapies lost to the founder of the Mauryan dynasty. There followed the Seleucid–Mauryan War fought between 305 and 303 BC. Details of the war are not known but it appears that Chandragupta emerged as the victor. Seleucus ceded most if not all of the Alexandrine conquests in India to the Mauryan Empire and in return he received 500 war elephants<ref> A. B. Bosworth, The Legacy of Alexander (Oxford University Press, 2008), p 156</ref>. These elephants were used by Seleucus in his great victory at Ipsus (301 BC). Later there were extensive diplomatic and trading contacts established between the Hellenistic and Indian world.
In 333 BC Phillip II of Macedonia was assassinated, and Alexander became king. He campaigned in Greece and the Balkans, and after securing his kingdom's borders, he launched an invasion of the Persian Empire. Alexander portrayed himself as avenging the two earlier invasions of Greece by the Persians.<ref>Plutarch. Life of Alexander, 5, 17</ref> In a series of devastating campaigns, he seized the Persian Empire and ended the Achaemenid Dynasty. Alexander then campaigned to extend his control over the former Persian satrapies in modern Uzbekistan and Afghanistan (328-327 BC).
[[File: Gandhara, testa di buddha, I-III sec.jpg|200px|thumb|left| An example of Greco-Buddhist sculpture]]
==The Greeks in India==
There are several Indian sources that indicate that Alexander left a large number of Greek colonists in his newly acquired territories, who are referred to as Yavanas. It appears that there were a large number of Greek settlements in India. They continued to speak Greek and remained a distinct ethnic group in Northern India. The great Buddhist Emperor Asoka issued edicts in Greek <ref>. It is also believed that many Greeks were active in the government of this great Emperor. The descendants of the colonists transplanted by Alexander into India continued to flourish for many years. In 180 BC an army of Greeks returned to India, these were the descendants of the colonies established in Bactria. The Mauryan Empire fell after the death of Asoka and his left a power vacuum in north-west India. A powerful Greek Bactrian king Demeter 1 conquered a large area of Afghanistan <ref>Singh, Upinder A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century. Pearson Education India, 2008), p 118</ref>. Later kings ruled parts of the Punjab and Gujarat in the second century AD. The greatest Indo-Greco king was Meander I who ruled a large kingdom in what is now Pakistan and the Indian Punjab. After his death little is known about the Indo-Greek kingdoms, the last known was that located in eastern Punjab, that was ruled by a monarch called Strato I (10 BC). However, there were some small Indian Greek statelets that endured in remote areas until the 1st century AD. Alexander's invasion had resulted, directly and indirectly in the establishment of a Greek presence in North-West India for over 300 years.
[[File: Menander portrait.jpg|200px|thumb|left| A portrait of Meander I Soter c 160 AD]]
==Graeco-Buddhism ==
The Achaemenids had also established some satrapies in modern Pakistan, and Alexander wanted to add these to his Empire. The Macedonian monarch was first drawn to the Indian sub-continent by the desire to complete the conquest of the Persian Empire. However, it seemed that at some date that he decided to invade India, which he like other Greeks, believed was the end of the world.<ref> Plutarch, 6. 4</ref> At this time, India referred to the territory occupied by the modern state of that name and also the present-day nation of Pakistan. It was one of the most populous and urbanized parts of the Ancient World and had a culture every bit as rich as that of Ancient Greece. There were a series of large of sophisticated states in the subcontinent. Much of Northern India was controlled by the powerful Nanda Empire, while in what is now Bengal, the Gangaridai Empire, reputedly could field a force of 3,000 war-elephants.
The Mauryan Emperor Asoka was keen to spread the Buddhist faith and he sent missionaries to the Greeks who lived in his realms and in Bactria. It seems that many descendants of Alexander's colonists and soldiers became followers of the Buddha and that there are even documented examples of Greek Buddhist monks. Following the collapse of the Mauryan Empire, a unique Greco-Buddhism developed, a combination of Hellenistic and Indian elements <ref>Singh, p 118</ref>. This syncretic religion influenced the development of the Mahayana tradition in Buddhism and its pantheon of deities. The Indo-Greek kingdoms became important centres of Buddhism and they were instrumental in the spread of the religion into Central Asia and ultimately into China. The long-term consequences of Alexander's invasion were a chain of events that decisively influenced the development of Buddhism and helped the spread of that faith.
==Greek impact on India art==
====Alexander's Invasion of India====
The Greeks influenced every people that they encountered. The also had a profound impact on India culture especially its art and architecture. It seems that the Greeks continued to use architectural styles' such as the Ionian and this was to influence Indian designs. Columns found in the ruins of the Mauryan Palace clearly owe a debt to the Yavanas. There have even been suggestions that Greek temples influenced the development of Indian temples. The influence of Greek sculpture on Indian art is evident. Many Yavanas became Buddhists and they developed a unique artistic style, known as Greco-Buddhist. This was highly influential on the development of Indian artistic styles. It is widely held that the Bactrian Greeks were the first to represent the Buddha in human form and began a tradition that exists to this day. The Greeks in India were master of the numismatic art. Their coins are spectacular and influenced Indian coinage for many centuries. Some of the first representations of Hindu deities were represented on Greco-Bactrian coins and this has established a precedent that also exists to this day.
==India and Greek Philosophy==
The invasion of India was a logical step following the Macedonian's king's campaigns in Bactria. There had been a major rebellion launched against Alexander by a local warlord.<ref>Arrian. Campaigns of Alexander, 12, 56</ref> After the conqueror suppressed this revolt; he turned his attention to war-like tribes in Afghanistan, who had aided the rebellious Bactrians. Alexander attacked tribal confederations in the Hindu Kush valleys of Afghanistan and Pakistan.<ref>McCrindle, J. W. The Invasion of India by Alexander the Great as Described by Arrian, Q Curtius, Diodorus, Plutarch, and Justin. Westminster: Archibald Constable & Co, 1893), p 67</ref>
India is home to several major religions, which have strong traditions of metaphysical speculation. For example, it was the birthplace of Jainism, Buddhism and Hinduism. There is a strong tradition of asceticism in Indian thought and it has produced sophisticated theories of ethics and epistemology. Ancient histories inform us that the Greeks who invaded India were impressed by local ascetics and holy men, whom they called gymnosophists <ref>Plutarch, 5. 8 </ref> Alexander, who had been tutored by Aristotle, had an interest in philosophy and he was accompanied on his invasion by a number of philosophers. One of these was Pyrrho, and he was apparently influenced by Buddhist notions of epistemology. This led him to adopt a philosophical scepticism and his theories have been very influential. It is often held that Indian doctrines influenced the Cynic school of thought. There are undoubtedly many similarities between Cynics and Indian philosophies such as Jainism, especially in their rejection of society and materialism. However, the Cynics had developed in Athens before Alexander's invasion. The Cynic philosopher Onescrithes recorded his conversation with a Brahmin and possibly Jain monks and, it is possible that this influenced the development of later Cynics thought, which remained influential, in Antiquity, until the Christianization of the Empire <ref> Mc Evilly, Thomas. The shape of ancient thought. Comparative Studies in Greek and Indian philosophies" (Allworth Press, New York 2002), pp 290-298</ref>.
He conquered these tribes, with great loss of life and ravaged their lands and then marched his forces down the Indus River and he entered the powerful kingdom of King Paurava (or Porus to the Greeks). This king had a vast army and many war-elephants, and he took up a defensive position on the River Hydaspes in what is now modern Punjab. Heavy Monsoon rains swelled the river, but Alexander was able to cross the river and surprise the Indians in the rear. There then followed a terrible battle, which Alexander won, but it came at a terrible human cost. Alexander made Paurava a subordinate ruler, and he absorbed much of Punjab into his realms.<ref>McCrindle, p 118</ref>
Alexander had failed to achieve his objectives in India and his conquests were fleeting. Yet the Macedonian's campaign was to have far-reaching consequences. The Alexandrine invasion was to result in a Greek presence in Northern India for at least three centuries. Greek communities and later Indo-Greek Kingdoms played a very important role in the history of the region for centuries. The presence of Greeks was to have a profound cultural impact on India and influenced it in a crucial period. This is evident in the art, coinage and architecture of, first the Mauryan and later the Gupta Empires. However, the Greeks in India and in nearby Bactria came to be influenced by Indian culture and especially its religion. Many Greeks first in India and later in Bactria became Buddhists and this led to the creation of a distinct form of Buddhism. Greco-Buddhism was decisive in the development of the creed first preached by the Buddha and helped to spread it into Central Asia. Finally, it seems that Indian philosophy influenced Hellenistic philosophies, including that of Cynicism and Scepticism.
==Further Reading==
The great conqueror was determined to press on to the Indian heartland, the Gangetic plains, However, the Macedonian king, was forced to overcome war-like tribes in his rear and he captured the almost impregnable mountain fortress of Aornos (326 BC). After securing his rear and flanks, the king decided to invade Northern Indian. His soldiers were becoming restless, they had not seen their homes in years and were fearful of the powerful Nanda and Gangaridai armies, with their many war-elephants. His army mutinied at the Hyphasis River (the modern Beas River) and demanded that Alexander turn back and abandon the campaign.
The king attempted to persuade them to continue but he failed, and after a stand-off, he relented.<ref>Plutarch, 7, 6</ref> He retreated into modern Pakistan and began to campaign against the powerful Malian tribe, who lived near modern Multan in Pakistan. After a siege, he subdued the Malians but received a near-fatal wound during the fighting. This wound is believed by many to have led to his death. Despite his severe wound Alexander conquered a large number of tribes and reached the Indian Ocean coast of modern Pakistan. He then returned to Persia via the Great Gedoresian Desert, during which he lost much of his army to thirst and hunger. He divided his conquests into four satrapies, and he left behind a considerable army under Peithon. <ref>McCrindle, p 115</ref>
After Alexander the Great's death, his generals fought a series of civil wars, as they tried to carve out independent states out of his Empire.<ref>Bosworth, Albert Brian. Conquest and Empire: the reign of Alexander the Great (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1993), p 398</ref> The Greek armies in India returned to the west to take part in these wars sometime in 316 BC. Chandragupta Maurya of Magadha founded the Maurya Empire after he overthrew the Nanda Empire in 321 BC.
The course of events after this is not certain, because of the fragmented nature of the sources. It appears that Chandragupta invaded the Macedonian territories in the Punjab and Sind. At this time Seleucus was the most powerful general in the eastern regions of the Alexandrine Empire, sought to reconquer the satrapies lost to the founder of the Mauryan dynasty. There followed the Seleucid–Mauryan War fought between 305 and 303 BC. Details of the war are not known, but it appears that Chandragupta emerged as the victor. Seleucus ceded most if not all of the Alexandrine conquests in India to the Mauryan Empire, and in return, he received 500 war elephants<ref> A. B. Bosworth, The Legacy of Alexander (Oxford University Press, 2008), p 156</ref>. Seleucus used these elephants in his great victory at Ipsus (301 BC). Later there were extensive diplomatic and trading contacts established between the Hellenistic and Indian world.
====The Greeks in India====
Several Indian sources indicate that Alexander left a large number of Greek colonists in his newly acquired territories, who are referred to as Yavanas. It appears that there were a large number of Greek settlements in India. They continued to speak Greek and remained a distinct ethnic group in Northern India. The great Buddhist Emperor Asoka issued edicts in Greek. It is also believed that many Greeks were active in the government of this great Emperor. The descendants of the colonists transplanted by Alexander into India continued to flourish for many years. In 180 BC an army of Greeks returned to India, these were the descendants of the colonies established in Bactria. The Mauryan Empire fell after the death of Asoka and his left a power vacuum in north-west India. A powerful Greek Bactrian king Demeter 1 conquered a large area of Afghanistan.<ref>Singh, Upinder A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century. Pearson Education India, 2008), p 118</ref>
Later kings ruled parts of the Punjab and Gujarat in the second century AD. The greatest Indo-Greco king was Meander I who ruled a large kingdom in what is now Pakistan and the Indian Punjab. After his death little is known about the Indo-Greek kingdoms, the last known was that located in eastern Punjab, that was ruled by a monarch called Strato I (10 BC). However, some small Indian Greek statelets endured in remote areas until the 1st century AD. Alexander's invasion had resulted, directly and indirectly in the establishment of a Greek presence in North-West India for over 300 years.
====Graeco-Buddhism ====
The Mauryan Emperor Asoka was keen to spread the Buddhist faith, and he sent missionaries to the Greeks who lived in his realms and Bactria. It seems that many descendants of Alexander's colonists and soldiers became followers of the Buddha and that there are even documented examples of Greek Buddhist monks. Following the collapse of the Mauryan Empire, a unique Greco-Buddhism developed, a combination of Hellenistic and Indian elements.<ref>Singh, p 118</ref>
This syncretic religion influenced the development of the Mahayana tradition in Buddhism and its pantheon of deities. The Indo-Greek kingdoms became important centers of Buddhism, and they were instrumental in the spread of the religion into Central Asia and ultimately into China. The long-term consequences of Alexander's invasion were a chain of events that decisively influenced the development of Buddhism and helped the spread of that faith.
====Greek impact on India art====
The Greeks influenced every people that they encountered. The also had a profound impact on India culture especially its art and architecture. It seems that the Greeks continued to use architectural styles' such as the Ionian and this was to influence Indian designs. Columns found in the ruins of the Mauryan Palace owe a debt to the Yavanas. There have even been suggestions that Greek temples influenced the development of Indian temples. The influence of Greek sculpture on Indian art is evident.
Many Yavanas became Buddhists, and they developed a unique artistic style, known as Greco-Buddhist. This was highly influential in the development of Indian artistic styles. It is widely held that the Bactrian Greeks were the first to represent the Buddha in human form and began a tradition that exists to this day. The Greeks in India were master of the numismatic art. Their coins are spectacular and influenced Indian coinage for many centuries. Some of the first representations of Hindu deities were represented on Greco-Bactrian coins, and this has established a precedent that also exists to this day.
====India and Greek Philosophy====
India is home to several major religions, which have strong traditions of metaphysical speculation. For example, it was the birthplace of Jainism, Buddhism, and Hinduism. There is a strong tradition of asceticism in Indian thought, and it has produced sophisticated theories of ethics and epistemology. Ancient histories inform us that the Greeks who invaded India were impressed by local ascetics and holy men, whom they called gymnosophists <ref>Plutarch, 5. 8 </ref> Alexander, who had been tutored by Aristotle, had an interest in philosophy and he was accompanied by his invasion by a number of philosophers.
One of these was Pyrrho, and Buddhist notions of epistemology influenced him. This led him to adopt a philosophical skepticism, and his theories have been very influential. It is often held that Indian doctrines influenced the Cynic school of thought. There are undoubtedly many similarities between Cynics and Indian philosophies such as Jainism, especially in their rejection of society and materialism. However, the Cynics had developed in Athens before Alexander's invasion. The Cynic philosopher Onescrithes recorded his conversation with a Brahmin and possibly Jain monks and, it is possible that this influenced the development of later Cynics thought, which remained influential, in Antiquity, until the Christianization of the Empire.<ref> Mc Evilly, Thomas. The shape of ancient thought. Comparative Studies in Greek and Indian philosophies" (Allworth Press, New York 2002), pp 290-298</ref>
Alexander had failed to achieve his objectives in India, and his conquests were fleeting. The Macedonian's campaign was to have far-reaching consequences. The Alexandrine invasion was to result in a Greek presence in Northern India for at least three centuries. Greek communities and later Indo-Greek Kingdoms played a critical role in the history of the region for centuries. The presence of Greeks was to have a profound cultural impact on India and influenced it in a crucial period. This is evident in the art, coinage, and architecture of, first the Mauryan and later the Gupta Empires.
However, the Greeks in India and nearby Bactria came to be influenced by Indian culture and especially its religion. Many Greeks first in India and later in Bactria became Buddhists, and this led to the creation of a distinct form of Buddhism. Greco-Buddhism was decisive in the development of the creed first preached by the Buddha and helped to spread it into Central Asia. Finally, it seems that Indian philosophy influenced Hellenistic philosophies, including that of Cynicism and Scepticism.
====Further Reading====
Sidky, Homayun. The Greek Kingdom of Bactria: From Alexander to Eucratides the Great. (University Press of America, New York, 2000)
Seldeslachts, E., 2005. The end of the road for the Indo-Greeks?. Iranica Antiqua, 39(0), pp.249-296.
<div class="portal" style='float:left; width:35%'>
====Related Articles====
{{#dpl:category=Ancient Greek History|ordermethod=firstedit|order=descending|count=6}}
[[Category:Wikis]] [[Category:Indian History]] [[Category:Ancient Greek History]] [[Category:Alexander the Great]]
A coin commemorating Alexander's conquests in India
In 333 BC Phillip II of Macedonia was assassinated, and Alexander became king. He campaigned in Greece and the Balkans, and after securing his kingdom's borders, he launched an invasion of the Persian Empire. Alexander portrayed himself as avenging the two earlier invasions of Greece by the Persians.[1] In a series of devastating campaigns, he seized the Persian Empire and ended the Achaemenid Dynasty. Alexander then campaigned to extend his control over the former Persian satrapies in modern Uzbekistan and Afghanistan (328-327 BC).
The Achaemenids had also established some satrapies in modern Pakistan, and Alexander wanted to add these to his Empire. The Macedonian monarch was first drawn to the Indian sub-continent by the desire to complete the conquest of the Persian Empire. However, it seemed that at some date that he decided to invade India, which he like other Greeks, believed was the end of the world.[2] At this time, India referred to the territory occupied by the modern state of that name and also the present-day nation of Pakistan. It was one of the most populous and urbanized parts of the Ancient World and had a culture every bit as rich as that of Ancient Greece. There were a series of large of sophisticated states in the subcontinent. Much of Northern India was controlled by the powerful Nanda Empire, while in what is now Bengal, the Gangaridai Empire, reputedly could field a force of 3,000 war-elephants.
Alexander's Invasion of India
An example of Greco-Buddhist sculpture
The invasion of India was a logical step following the Macedonian's king's campaigns in Bactria. There had been a major rebellion launched against Alexander by a local warlord.[3] After the conqueror suppressed this revolt; he turned his attention to war-like tribes in Afghanistan, who had aided the rebellious Bactrians. Alexander attacked tribal confederations in the Hindu Kush valleys of Afghanistan and Pakistan.[4]
He conquered these tribes, with great loss of life and ravaged their lands and then marched his forces down the Indus River and he entered the powerful kingdom of King Paurava (or Porus to the Greeks). This king had a vast army and many war-elephants, and he took up a defensive position on the River Hydaspes in what is now modern Punjab. Heavy Monsoon rains swelled the river, but Alexander was able to cross the river and surprise the Indians in the rear. There then followed a terrible battle, which Alexander won, but it came at a terrible human cost. Alexander made Paurava a subordinate ruler, and he absorbed much of Punjab into his realms.[5]
The king attempted to persuade them to continue but he failed, and after a stand-off, he relented.[6] He retreated into modern Pakistan and began to campaign against the powerful Malian tribe, who lived near modern Multan in Pakistan. After a siege, he subdued the Malians but received a near-fatal wound during the fighting. This wound is believed by many to have led to his death. Despite his severe wound Alexander conquered a large number of tribes and reached the Indian Ocean coast of modern Pakistan. He then returned to Persia via the Great Gedoresian Desert, during which he lost much of his army to thirst and hunger. He divided his conquests into four satrapies, and he left behind a considerable army under Peithon. [7]
After Alexander the Great's death, his generals fought a series of civil wars, as they tried to carve out independent states out of his Empire.[8] The Greek armies in India returned to the west to take part in these wars sometime in 316 BC. Chandragupta Maurya of Magadha founded the Maurya Empire after he overthrew the Nanda Empire in 321 BC.
The course of events after this is not certain, because of the fragmented nature of the sources. It appears that Chandragupta invaded the Macedonian territories in the Punjab and Sind. At this time Seleucus was the most powerful general in the eastern regions of the Alexandrine Empire, sought to reconquer the satrapies lost to the founder of the Mauryan dynasty. There followed the Seleucid–Mauryan War fought between 305 and 303 BC. Details of the war are not known, but it appears that Chandragupta emerged as the victor. Seleucus ceded most if not all of the Alexandrine conquests in India to the Mauryan Empire, and in return, he received 500 war elephants[9]. Seleucus used these elephants in his great victory at Ipsus (301 BC). Later there were extensive diplomatic and trading contacts established between the Hellenistic and Indian world.
The Greeks in India
A portrait of Meander I Soter c 160 AD
Several Indian sources indicate that Alexander left a large number of Greek colonists in his newly acquired territories, who are referred to as Yavanas. It appears that there were a large number of Greek settlements in India. They continued to speak Greek and remained a distinct ethnic group in Northern India. The great Buddhist Emperor Asoka issued edicts in Greek. It is also believed that many Greeks were active in the government of this great Emperor. The descendants of the colonists transplanted by Alexander into India continued to flourish for many years. In 180 BC an army of Greeks returned to India, these were the descendants of the colonies established in Bactria. The Mauryan Empire fell after the death of Asoka and his left a power vacuum in north-west India. A powerful Greek Bactrian king Demeter 1 conquered a large area of Afghanistan.[10]
Graeco-Buddhism
The Mauryan Emperor Asoka was keen to spread the Buddhist faith, and he sent missionaries to the Greeks who lived in his realms and Bactria. It seems that many descendants of Alexander's colonists and soldiers became followers of the Buddha and that there are even documented examples of Greek Buddhist monks. Following the collapse of the Mauryan Empire, a unique Greco-Buddhism developed, a combination of Hellenistic and Indian elements.[11]
Greek impact on India art
India and Greek Philosophy
India is home to several major religions, which have strong traditions of metaphysical speculation. For example, it was the birthplace of Jainism, Buddhism, and Hinduism. There is a strong tradition of asceticism in Indian thought, and it has produced sophisticated theories of ethics and epistemology. Ancient histories inform us that the Greeks who invaded India were impressed by local ascetics and holy men, whom they called gymnosophists [12] Alexander, who had been tutored by Aristotle, had an interest in philosophy and he was accompanied by his invasion by a number of philosophers.
One of these was Pyrrho, and Buddhist notions of epistemology influenced him. This led him to adopt a philosophical skepticism, and his theories have been very influential. It is often held that Indian doctrines influenced the Cynic school of thought. There are undoubtedly many similarities between Cynics and Indian philosophies such as Jainism, especially in their rejection of society and materialism. However, the Cynics had developed in Athens before Alexander's invasion. The Cynic philosopher Onescrithes recorded his conversation with a Brahmin and possibly Jain monks and, it is possible that this influenced the development of later Cynics thought, which remained influential, in Antiquity, until the Christianization of the Empire.[13]
"The Edicts of King Asoka: An English Rendering" by Ven. S. Dhammika (The Wheel Publication No. 386/387)
Heckel, Waldemar, ed. Who's who in the Age of Alexander the Great: Prosopography of Alexander's Empire. John Wiley & Sons, 2008.
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↑ Plutarch. Life of Alexander, 5, 17
↑ Plutarch, 6. 4
↑ Arrian. Campaigns of Alexander, 12, 56
↑ McCrindle, J. W. The Invasion of India by Alexander the Great as Described by Arrian, Q Curtius, Diodorus, Plutarch, and Justin. Westminster: Archibald Constable & Co, 1893), p 67
↑ McCrindle, p 118
↑ Plutarch, 7, 6
↑ Bosworth, Albert Brian. Conquest and Empire: the reign of Alexander the Great (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1993), p 398
↑ A. B. Bosworth, The Legacy of Alexander (Oxford University Press, 2008), p 156
↑ Singh, Upinder A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century. Pearson Education India, 2008), p 118
↑ Singh, p 118
↑ Mc Evilly, Thomas. The shape of ancient thought. Comparative Studies in Greek and Indian philosophies" (Allworth Press, New York 2002), pp 290-298
Retrieved from "https://www.dailyhistory.org/index.php?title=What_were_the_consequences_of_Alexander_the_Great%27s_invasion_of_India&oldid=24484"


Howdy, I have nothing but respect for the people working to end negligent gun deaths. I don't think anyone argues that unlocked guns are a problem. The only safe place for a gun is either locked away and unloaded or on your person at all times. I'm glad to see the shift away from gun control and restrictive laws and more gun safety coming from the "Anti-gun" crowd. Gun safety is paramount and anyone who handles guns in a slight or dis-respective manner is a fool. That is a part of the reason why I detest to see actors in movies handling guns. They are never handled correctly and NEVER safely. The actors are always running around with fingers on triggers, grasping the gun too low on the grip and sweeping others with the muzzle. It is unfortunate they do not lead by example and handle the on set firearms correctly.
j.Edwards; the "Anti-gun" crowd uses the term "gun safety" instead of "gun control" because it sounds less "restrictive" I wish it was for the reasons you stated because we all want guns handled in a safe manner, but sadly it is not the case.
It is sad that so many gun owners don't handle guns safely. The "anti-gun" crowd or those of us who are anti gun violence want everyone to handle their guns safely and to stop shooting people. Seems like a good idea to me. I'm sure you can agree with that one. We are unsafe when so many gun owners shoot people intentionally or unintentionally.
Commongunsense, you are absolutely right. Safe gun handling should be taught more often and in more places. We have guns in our country and they are useful tools but too many folks misuse them or are ignorant of how to safely handle them. As with most issues, the answer is in education. There are many dangerous things in life. We should not shun or ban these things because that makes us a different kind of extremist. We should recognize the danger guns represent and handle them respectfully. There is no such thing as an accidental discharge of a firearm. Someone has to load it, and pull the trigger. It can only be done by negligence, stupidity, or on purpose.
Too many people do not practice safety. Guns are treated cavalierly as if nothing could possibly go wrong. As to your comment about banning or shunning, not sure I get that one- " a different kind of terrorist"? What does that mean?
Not sure I get that either, paladin.
I think what j.Edwards is trying to say is there are many kinds of extremist's, we just happen to like our guns. Others like whatever it is they are "over the top" about. He doesn't want to see guns banned because of a few dumb people. You cant force people to have common sense, not everyone can drive a car correctly either. Lots of people I see driving that I would not like to see driving, nothing I can do about it but watch out for my own @ss and not infringe on other drivers.
Hmmmm. I hope Mr. Edwards thinks it's OK for you to speak for him. Are you a gun extremist? No one is talking about banning guns by the way. But if these dumb people keep it up, you gun guys are going to need to think about what to do to stop them. No you can't force common sense. But at least cars are registered and people are licensed to drive and we have a bunch of driving laws and drunk driving laws and car safety rules to keep people safe from their own mistakes and from hurting themselves or others as much as is possible. What would be an infringement on drivers by the way? Taking away their license after they have killed someone in an accident caused by drunk driving? Driving while drunk too many times in a row? Not paying child support payments? Are those infringements or do they just make common sense?
Well, commongunsense, the difference is that you right to drive a car is not protected by constitution, or to be more precise, the constitution does not prevent government from curbing you from driving without licenses like it does in case of firearms. That is why I said before that you need to have a 2A discussion first before you get to anything else on gun control.
In the Czech Republic, where I live, we have actually gun license system that is basically on par with driving licensing. And it works, and I am really happy for it.
2) what is a gun extremist anyway? I like guns and I have more than one. Does that make me one? just curious.
3) just because people are licensed to drive doesn't mean that they are capable.
4) an infringement on drivers would be to not allow them to drive just because "I" think they drive stupid. what I need to do is mind my own business and drive my vehicle in a safe manner and let those around me go on their way.
When I said extremist I meant that the banning of an object just because it is dangerous is extreme. As for people talking about taking all gun away there are a rare few who hold that belief. Unfortunately they get all the publicity. The same goes with the open carry fools. They get all the publicity. The same goes for America's LEOs. There are close to $765,000 sworn police officers right now in the US. 95% of them are honest, hardworking people that just want to do their job and go home to their family at night. Unfortunately it is that small percentage of them that we see on the TV brutalizing people.
Thank you for this article. I saw on gun blogs that this event is happening, but I had no idea what is it actually about.


text:
Evidence of the devastating effects COVID jabs have on male and female fertility (LifeSite News)
The first COVID shots rolled out in December 2020, and it didn't take long before doctors and scientists started warning of possible reproductive effects, as the jab may cross-react with syncytin and reproductive genes in sperm, ova, and placenta in ways that might impair reproduction.
According to one recent investigation, 42 percent of women with regular menstrual cycles said they bled more heavily than usual after vaccination; 39 percent of those on gender-affirming hormone treatments reported breakthrough bleeding, as did 71 percent of women on long-acting contraceptives and 66 percent of postmenopausal women.
Other recent research has found the Pfizer COVID jab impairs semen concentration and motile count in men for about three months.
Miscarriages, fetal deaths, and stillbirths have also risen after the rollout of the COVID shots. In November 2021, Lions Gate Hospital in North Vancouver, British Columbia (BC), delivered 13 stillborn babies in a 24-hour period, and all of the mothers had received the COVID jab.
Many countries are now reporting sudden declines in live birth rates, including Germany, the U.K., Taiwan, Hungary, and Sweden. In the five countries with the highest COVID jab uptake, fertility has dropped by an average of 15.2 percent, whereas the five countries with the lowest COVID jab uptake have seen an average decline of just 4.66 percent.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
package jsettlers.common.menu.messages;

import jsettlers.common.position.ShortPoint2D;

/**
 * This is a message for the user, that is displayed at the users screen.
 *
 * @author michael
 */
public interface IMessage {
	/**
	 * Number of messages that queue can hold at largest.
	 */
	public static final int MAX_MESSAGES = 16;
	/**
	 * Longest duration for which messages should remain in queue, in milliseconds.
	 */
	public static final long MESSAGE_TTL = 90000;
	/**
	 * Map grid distance beyond which two messages should be considered sufficiently different to be prompted separately.
	 */
	public static final int MESSAGE_DIST_THRESHOLD = 24;

	/**
	 * Gets the type of this message.
	 *
	 * @return The type the message has.
	 */
	EMessageType getType();

	/**
	 * Gets the age of the message, that is the time since it was sent.
	 *
	 * @return The time it was sent in milliseconds.
	 */
	int getAge();

	/**
	 * Gets the message content. Only used for chat messages.
	 *
	 * @return A string that can be displayed to the user. Never null.
	 */
	String getMessage();

	/**
	 * Gets the Player that send the message, as byte. If the message is a status message for the current user, the sender is -1. For attack messages,
	 * this is also used.
	 *
	 * @return The sender.
	 */
	byte getSender();

	/**
	 * gets the position where the event occured.
	 *
	 * @return A point describing the message position on the map. May be outside the map.
	 */
	ShortPoint2D getPosition();

	/**
	 * Compares this message to another one and decides whether they are redundant.
	 *
	 * @param m The message to compare to.
	 * @return true, if redundant.
	 */
	boolean duplicates(IMessage m);

	/**
	 * Grow older by the specified number of milliseconds.
	 *
	 * @param milliseconds Number of milliseconds this message is to get older by.
	 * @return resulting age in milliseconds.
	 */
	int ageBy(int milliseconds);
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Q1 Are you a Counselling Agency?
No. 3CCS is an individual private practice offered by Peter Eldridge.
Q2 What will it cost?
I may offer a discount to those on income support, where requested. In particular, students learning to become counsellors are invited to enquire about reduced prices if they must receive long-term counselling as a qualification requirement.
Counselling fees are payable one session in advance (i.e. you will pay twice at the first session but not at all at the last session). Non-attendance is chargeable in full unless notified a minimum of 24 hours beforehand.
EAPs (Employee Assistance Programmes) and companies using me directly to provide counselling to their employees at company discretion and expense, are charged an extra £5 per employee session to cover my additional administrative costs.
Q3 How many sessions will I need?
Only you will be able to determine that, but you will be free to stop at any time. Some problems and issues can be resolved reasonably quickly (e.g. 6-12 sessions). Others may take rather longer especially if several issues are grouped together (e.g. 13-25 sessions). Some clients benefit from even longer term counselling because they need ongoing support to cope with life's challenges. I will be sensitive to your needs, your goals and your ability to invest your time and money to get the help you seek.
Q4 Which days and time of day can I come?
I try to operate on each day of the week, except Sundays and Bank Holidays, but only during Monday to Friday daytimes (e.g. 09h00 to 18h00). Couples (and, occasionally, individuals with significant scheduling constraints) may be seen on Saturday mornings. I shall try to begin seeing you as soon as my existing client load will permit.
Q5 How will I know where to come for counselling?
I will respond as quickly as I can to your initial enquiry by phone or e-mail. If location is important in your choice of counsellor, you can see where I practise by clicking on the place name links in Our Counsellors, which also gives my personal mobile number. Because Jeanne Skipper and Mary Collins are no longer part of 3CCS, but are still practising individual counsellors, I include information to help past clients make contact if they wish to see them again.
Q6 How do I know you will keep what I say confidential?
a) If you tell me you intend physically to harm yourself or another person (or you tell us that you intend a terrorist act!).
b) If a judge in court (and only a judge in court) orders me to divulge my notes or face imprisonment! (This is very rare, and I have never experienced this, nor know personally any other counsellor who has).
c) If I should need to talk about my work with you during my own regular Counselling Supervision (though I would always take great care not to reveal your true identity in any way to a Supervisor, who offers me the same ethical duty of care as I offer you).
Q7 What is a Counselling Supervisor?
Every ethically practising counsellor or psychotherapist in Great Britain is obliged to meet regularly with his or her Counselling Supervisor as a condition of membership of their major professional bodies. This brings objective support and guidance to the counsellor and promotes good practice to the benefit of the client. If your own counselling is discussed in Supervision, I will keep your identity from the Supervisor (and will disguise any facts which might conceivably otherwise identify you).
Q8 Do you offer Christian or other Religion-specific Counselling?
No, but I am sensitive to the importance of faith in the lives of my clients and empathise with any religious point of view that they may hold or need to discuss.
Q9 Do you have facilities for those with Activity Limitation?
I do my best to accommodate those with access restrictions. I practice from my own home. I have a ground floor counselling room with a nearby ground floor cloakroom. However, regretfully, my home does not have a toilet specifically designed for wheelchair access or use by those with any physical disability requiring special equipment.
Q10 Can you counsel in languages other than English?
I can work in French as well as English. Otherwise, you are welcome to bring a translator with you, but are advised to consider the implications of that for your confidentiality during the counselling sessions.
Q11 Do you offer Couples Counselling?
Yes, I am a trained Couples Counsellor. I see couples at my home in Fleet, Hampshire on weekday daytimes, and Saturday mornings.
Q12 Do you offer Youth Counselling?
No. I work only with clients over the age of 18.
Q13 Do you offer EMDR (and what is that)?
Yes, I am a trained, qualified and EMDR Europe Accredited EMDR Practitioner. EMDR is Eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing – a relatively new (under 30 years old) and highly effective therapy originally used to help people with Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, but subsequently discovered to help with many other mentally disturbing conditions including abuse/neglect/bullying memories, phobias, toxic shame, OCD, depression, binge-eating and low self-esteem.
Q14 Do you offer Supervision for other Counsellors?
Yes, I am trained and qualified to offer either individual or group supervision to both trainee and qualified counsellors.
Q15 Do you offer counselling for Senior Citizens?
Yes. I understand that older people can benefit from talking to a counsellor because counsellors are good listeners. If you feel you have concerns about any areas of your life, sharing them with a counsellor can give you a better understanding of them and help you cope with them. It is not a sign of personal weakness to ask for help – it is a sign of self-esteem, courage and strength.
Q16 Do you offer EAP and Company Counselling?
Yes. Whilst large companies may afford to contract annually with big EAP (Employee Assistance Programme) providers – with whom I am pleased to work when asked - many small to medium size businesses cannot afford the sizeable, regular, advance payments they require.
3CCS requests no advance payments. I simply add £5 per employee session to my fees to cover the additional communication, invoicing and accounts receivable costs I incur, either working with EAPs or when bringing employee counselling provision, with all its benefits of reduced employee absence and key-worker availability assurance, within the means of any company.
Q18 How do I contact you?
To find out more, or to make an appointment, telephone 07802 177642.
This number may go to voicemail overnight or if I am busy (e.g. counselling). If so, please leave a contact number and I'll call you back as soon as possible. Or e-mail an enquiry to [email protected], ideally including a phone number and your preferred time for call back.


The squadron was formed at Richmond RAAF Station in NSW on 9 March 1942 but it was several months before all personnel and aircraft were assembled at Richmond. Initially the ground crews began arriving in March followed by the aircraft in April with the aircrew being the last to arrive during May. A temporary CO S/L Charles Reid was in charge until W/C Brian Walker took command of the squadorn on 4 June 1942. The 24 aircraft were split into three flights those in 'A' Flight having been flying instructors, those in 'B' Flight having flown Beaufighters in England, while 'C' Flight was made up of pilots who had completed a local Beaufighter conversion course. Regardless how experienced they all were, it was still hazardous flying as the aircraft flew all over the north and south of Australia. During their time at Richmond one aircraft A19-12 was lost and the crew killed when they crashed at Whittlesea in Victoria on 5 August 1942.
On Tuesday 11 August 1942 around 300 squadron personnel in full tropical kit assembled on the parade ground at Richmond and following an inspection by the Station Commander they boarded a train for Bohle River in Queensland. On the morning of 17 August all 24 aircraft left Richmond and many flew direct to Bohle River arriving there that afternoon.
On 17 August 1942 the squadron set up tent camp at Bohle River in Queensland with trucks being used to transport those who had arrived in Townsville by train. During its time at Bohle River some squadron aircraft were deployed overnight to Townsville to intercept any approaching Japanese aircraft.
On 6 September 1942 three Beaufighters from 'A' Flight were deployed to Milne Bay also known as Fall River but on the second day at Milne Bay A19-13 was written off. During take off the pilot Len Vial noticed an access panel was open so he landed and closed the panel however he was not lined up directly down the strip for takeoff and in attempting to correct this by applying power he slid sideways on the slippery metal surface and collided with a parked Hudson bomber (see A19-13 for photos).
The squadron aircraft departed Bohle River on 12 September and landed at various strips in the Port Moresby area, not being able to find Wards Strip using the unclear instructions they had been given. Late on the afternoon of 12 September 1942 other squadron personnel and equipment arrived at Port Moresby in New Guinea on board the SS 'Taroona' and were taken to a campsite at Wards Strip. However within a few days they moved to June Valley where they established their permanent camp which consisted of tents scattered around the valley.
On arrival in New Guinea squadron aircraft were identified by their A19 number however in November a single letter was painted on the side of each aircraft. The first operational flight from Wards took place on 17 September 1942 being an attack on Japanese barges at Sanananda Point and only a few days later the first aircraft and crew was lost with A19-1 being shot down over Lae on 22 September. A second loss followed soon after with A19-68 shot down over Kokoda on 13 October 1942.
Wards strip was narrow and short and a number of aircraft were damaged or written off during take off or landing accidents between September and December 1942. These included A19-4, A19-10, A19-35, A19-36 and A19-39 with perhaps the most spectacular being the unusual sight of seeing A19-36 standing on its nose after being damaged by AA over Lae on 15 November 1942.


Essential oils are extremely powerful herbal concentrates that have been used in traditional medicine for thousands of years. It is best to avoid using these in high levels over large areas of the body during pregnancy.
It is considered safe to apply low concentrations (less than 0.3%) of essential oils in skin care products on the face only or in rinse-off products such as shampoos and cleansers. Avoid applying them over large areas (over 10% of body surface) during pregnancy. Never apply undiluted essential oils directly on the skin.
Don't think you'll be able to remember everything? Here is a PDF that you can download of the oils to avoid.


Taking calcium supplements doesn't seem as benign as thought, say doctors who've found the pills may increase the risk of heart attack.
European cancer and nutrition project. For decades, doctors routinely prescribed calcium supplements to prevent and treat osteoporosis, particularly for postmenopausal women.
The risk of having a heart attack almost doubled among calcium supplement users compared with non-users, after taking into account other factors that were likely to influence the results.
Overall, the risk was small and 354 heart attacks occurred.
"This study suggests that increasing calcium intake from diet might not confer significant cardiovascular benefits, while calcium supplements, which might raise [heart attack] risk, should be taken with caution," Professor Sabine Rohrmann of the division of cancer epidemiology and prevention at the University of Zurich and her co-authors concluded.
The latest findings add momentum to the pendulum starting to swing away from taking supplements and further toward dietary calcium.
Prof. Ian Reid of Auckland University in New Zealand made the suggestion in 2010.
"The conclusion we came to was that calcium supplements were probably not a good idea because the cardiovascular problems they cause were greater than the benefits that arose in terms of fracture prevention," Reid said in an interview from Stockholm.
Calcium supplements have been widely embraced by doctors and the public on the grounds that they were considered a safe way to prevent fractures.
"It is now becoming clear that taking this micronutrient in one or two daily boluses is not natural, in that it does not reproduce the same metabolic effects as calcium in food," Reid concluded in a journal editorial accompanying the study.
The effect may result from unnatural spikes in calcium in the bloodstream after taking supplements, said Dr. Aliya Khan, director of the calcium disorder clinic at McMaster University in Hamilton.
"Dietary calcium is more slowly absorbed whereas these concentrated calcium supplements may potentially contribute to calcification in the blood vessels," Khan said in an interview from a meeting in Winnipeg.
Osteoporosis Canada's most recent guidelines recommend getting about 1,200 milligrams every day of calcium, preferably from diet, Khan said. One glass of milk has about 300 milligrams of calcium.
At a fitness class in Toronto, many women said they were taking calcium supplements along with their workouts for bone and muscle strengthening, cardiovascular benefits and mental health relief.
Shoshana Strigberger now sticks with diet and fitness instead of pills.


text:
A big turnout for the Right2Rest, voted down 6 to 5 (property against democracy)
Yesterday was a huge turnout at the State Legislature, and many eloquent speakers , particularly Ray, a leader of Resurrection City, Dawn Riley Duval, the representative of the ALCU, the leader of Colorado Coaltion for the Homeless, a lawyer who works on homeless issues across the country from Washington, but many others as well. The lawyer from Washington pointed out that criminalization policies, in addition to their sheer depravity, do nothing to solve the problem. Those who wish to live in a decent society need to act differently about this.
Yet the Committee voted down a right to rest – a basic human right – on behalf of narrow-minded private ownership. Yes, businesses don't want the unhoused sleeping or resting on their doorstep. But the solution is to provide places to sleep, stop police brutality and routing of the unhoused, provide public funding to put people to work and give people a chance to get educated, and with a decent society – one with a common good for all – have some time, place and manner restrictions on sidewalks in front of businesses. Leave out all the rest and one gets the crass private enterprise – private property – society of the very few with no affordable housing and a camping ban – all over Colorado where human beings have been criminalized for resting (Ray, among others, described eloquently, hope the cops push and kick you and force you to move along; how the unhoused are unable to sleep for fear of this and for their belongings – often confiscated by the police. A backpack with a birth certificate…
Dawn Duval spoke of an uncle with a drug problem whom she thought died in police custody in another city this weekend (it turned out that the uncle's close friend had died). Her uncle was a soldier long ago. Again, think of the treatment of homeless veterans…
A man named Sekou spoke of an uprising about this. Those who voted against doing anything about this horrible situation would help to provoke this. Thank you to representatives Salazar and Melton and the others who voted for the right to rest. Denver Homeless Outloud has a speak out tonight that goes toward continuing the work to create here a society with some baseline of decency…
From: Denver Homeless Out Loud <admin@denverhomelessoutloud.org>
Date: February 25, 2016 at 11:46:11 AM MST
To: Denver Homeless Out Loud <admin@denverhomelessoutloud.org>
Subject: Committee Votes 5-6 Against the Right to Rest – We press on…Join us TODAY for Speaking out for the Right to Rest Event
Colorado Legislative Committee Votes 5-6 Against the Right to Rest
Yesterday, February 24th 2016, the Local Government Committee of the Colorado State Legislator voted 5 for 6 against the Right to Rest. We were one vote short of passing this committee.
We are very sad. Because this bill did not pass the people of Colorado will continue to be awakened and moved about the city with no place to legally rest; the people of Colorado will continue to be ticketed and later thrown in jail for covering up with a blanket to stay warm; the people of Colorado will continue to hear taps on their window from officers telling them they can't sleep in their own car. Laws will continue to be used to attempt to hid, to move "away," the fact we live in a State and a Country with mass homelessness and poverty.
But we cannot be hidden and forced "away." We are here and we will continue to exist in public space. And just as we must continue to exist, we will continue to join together and fight for our rights to exist…!
So much gratitude goes to Representatives Salazar and Melton for their incredible, dedicated, and deep hearted leadership in this fight!!
Together we ran the Right to Rest Act last year and were voted down 3-8; we ran the Right to Rest Act this year and were voted down 5-6; we will keep coming back to the legislator year in and year out until we have the Right to Rest!
Following yesterday's hearing we are not stopping! Join us TODAY Thursday 2/25 for
Speaking Out For The Right to Rest
Denver Homeless Out Loud In Partnership With People Rising Against Poverty
When: February 25th 5:30-8:00pm
Where: Denver Inner City Parish; 1 21 2 Mariposa St, Denver CO
The day after the committee hearing, we are holding our Speaker's Bureau with People Rising Against Poverty in order to raise the voices of those impacted by the criminalization of homelessness and mobilize to build the movement even stronger…
-Hear directly from houseless people affected by the brutal policies of criminalization
-Discuss strategy with most affected people and DHOL organizers on paths forward.
-Learn how to get involved
-Eat food!
Please also join on our Facebook event invite page and help spread the word by inviting your friends!
http://www. facebook.com/events/76951 82031 79377/
info@denverhomelessoutloud.org
denverhomelessoutloud.org


If you have purchased properly you can derive monthly cash flow or income. Over time rents will rise and your cost basis with will increase at a slower rate. This will result in more cash in your pocket.
This is a big tax advantage of owning real estate. The IRS considers the property as a depreciating asset (i.e. the building) and this can be expensed against any income generated by the property.
Over time the mortgage being paid by the tenants will reduce the principle balance. The equity built up over time will be realized once the property is sold. It can also be realized through refinancing.
Real estate will appreciate over time. This means your property will increase in value over time, patience is the key. The appreciation can be realized upon sale or through refinancing.
This is a concept where a small amount of money can control a large asset. The benefit of leverage is the smaller the down payment the larger the percentage return on your money based on the appreciation. Example: 10k invested in a 100k property with a 5% appreciation equals a 50% return. 100k invested in a 100k property with a 5% appreciation equals a 5% return.
Your property value can go up and down but you will not see the wild swings like you do in the stock market. Even if the property value drops you are still receiving income so you will be less likely to panic.
Real estate can't be easily liquidated. I will take time to unload your property.
Real estate requires active management, you will be involved in decision making unless you turn over all management of the property to a property management company.


Sorry if this has been posted before. This is not a thread about sewing, but rather what type of thread do you use to sew your hammock together. It seems to me in a gathered end hammock any thread will do, as were a bridge my require something stronger. What do you think?
Gutermann is the most popular, but any quality polyester thread is the way to go.
Polyester thread for sure, cotton thread will deteriorate over time. Gutterman is the most popular option and the good stuff is available from several of us vendors here at HF that supply high quality gear for DIY.


In this audio sample from the Create a Culture of Hospitality MP3 download, I share other evidences that your church hospitality is not working.
Church hospitality systems break down where there is lack of vision for welcoming the visitors that God brings you. Proper vision casting will help your whole church increase it's impact.
"So many fantastic ideas on how to be more welcoming" – R. Wade.
The Rest of the Talk.
What to do when the worship service is over.
Price: $10.00 USD for instant download.
You will have a 5 day window to download this recording in case you are unable to do so right away.
The download is instant. You should be directed to a download page right away. If you get directed to another page by chance, please don't panic. Computers take breaks sometimes. Send me an email, and I will send you an alternate link and you will be able to download your product without a problem.


Are you looking for some delicious Keto recipes that are prefect for summer? These 40 Keto summer recipes are absolutely amazing and will make it easy to stick to a Keto lifestyle.
Have you heard of the Keto diet. Short for the Ketogenic Diet, this eating plan focuses on getting plenty of healthy fats and very few carbs. The idea behind it, is you train your body to use fat for fuel and it is very effective as a weight loss plan for some people.
I got curious about the Keto diet after my dad used it to lose almost 80 pounds. He's healthier than I've ever seen him and seeing his success has inspired me to make some changes of my own.
I've been trying to lose weight since my twins were born almost 4 years ago. I never struggled with my weight until I started having kids. I've tried so many different diet and exercise plans and it has been a huge struggle to find anything that works. I've been eating sugar free and low sugar recipes as often as I can, so the Keto diet is a natural transition.
What I love about the Keto diet is you aren't supposed to be hungry. You can fill up on as many veggies and healthy fats as you want. I do a very lose Keto diet (I'm still learning) and when I stick to it I definitely see success.
These Keto recipes are perfect for summer and are such a tasty way to stick to your healthy eating goals. I'm giving the Keto diet a solid try before I have to fit into my swimsuit (although if you need some great modest swimsuit ideas, we LOVE these).
What a great list! I sure will be making lots of these delicious recipes!
Love round up posts – thank you for finding all these!
Thank you for the list, I like especially the fresh vegetable and berry recipes. I can already feel the summer coming when scrolling through those.


Note Somewhat obsolete information, these days Rufus is the easiest way to create a bootable device. Our collection of programs and settings may still be helpful.
Why ? FreeDOS is useful for low level debugging, BIOS upgrades etc.
Problems Normal FreeDOS installation procedures are not very convenient, and don't work from other operating systems such as Windows.
Traditional method Use a normal PC system board with floppy or CD drive + IDE to CF adapter. Boot the system from floppy or CD, install the operating system on the CF card.
Image copy See freedos.zip for an example image. This works for the cf128al CF card, but not for cards with a different geometry. Use Linux dd, or dd for Windows (special version included in the package).
File copy See freedos2.zip for an example tree. This method will work on Windows only (tested on XP). Unzip the archive to your hard disk. Run install f: (where f: is the drive letter of the CF card in the USB card reader). Then copy the latest BIOS upgrade files to the CF card.
LBA image Courtesy of sbyoon / pfsense forum. Download freedos3.zip image file, unzip and write the image to CF card using physdiskwrite. Update any files as needed, then install the CF card on ALIX. Enter setup (press S during memory test), enter L (LBA) Q (quit) Y (yes). The system should boot from the CF card, run sb.com to reprogram flash.
Caveats: Make a backup of the blank CF card with dd if you want to reuse it - repartitioning CF cards is tricky. The LBA image works on CF cards of 16 MB or larger, but only gives you 16 MB total space no matter what size your card is.
Not working... makebootfat did not work in my tests, messes up disk geometry. The FreeDOS SYS utility will not run under Windows.


text:
Q: Meaning of Graph from tensorBoard Can someone please help me to interpret the graph from tensorBoard. I have attached the screenshot herewith.

A: The histogram plot is just a stack of ordinary histograms, arranged by the global_step value that you supplied to the tensorboard writer. One way to think about it is that if the global_step value increases in time (such as logging as training proceeds) is that the histogram shows you how the values evolved over time.
The distribution plot is kind of like a pdf arranged by global_step. The darker color indicates that the values are closer to the center of the distribution, the paler colors are farther away.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
AUA Lecture
The theme of this year's lecture series is related to Sustainable Development Goal 7: Affordable and Clean Energy. In reaching the targets for Goal 7, Asian countries developed their national energy strategies and energy policies based on domestic energy demand and the international energy situation. Asia has abundant and promising clean energy resources, which is an important foundation for achieving a clean, diversified, reliable and economical supply of energy in the future.
Experts from each AUA university will be invited to introduce the energy strategies of their home countries, including scenario planning, and guide students and other attendees to rethink how to "ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all."
COVID-19 and Output in Japan
Associate Prof. Taisuke Nakata
Graduate School of Economics and Graduate School of Public Policy
The University of Tokyo
Date: 16 September 2021 (Thursday)
Time: 19:00-20:30 (UTC+8)
Main points
u Earlier departure from the State of Emergency(SOE) leads to a quicker rebound and higher risk for another SOE, which means economic loss and cumulative deaths are both higher than otherwise.
u Short-run trade-off between economic activity and infection control does exist, but in the long-run, containing infection to a sufficiently low level is good for the economy.
COVID-19 and suicide in Japan
u In Japan, suicide and the unemployment rate have kept a strong positive correlation for long. The pandemic strongly affected economic development and thus increase cases of suicide.
u Excess suicide concentrated on younger generations, contrary to the age distribution of deaths from infection.
u Rise in suicides is likely to continue after the pandemic.
Since the outbreak of COVID-19 pandemic in early 2020, Japan has implemented non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) such as stay-at-home orders and city-wide lock-downs to control the spread of coronavirus. Associate Professor Taisuke Nakata and his colleague conducted a model-based analysis in which they built a tractable Susceptible-Infected–Recovered (SIR-macro) model with time-varying parameters to explore various policy questions such as when to lift SOE. The result demonstrates that earlier departure from the SOE results in smaller output loss and more deaths in the short-run. However, if the SOE is lifted too early, the number of new cases will surge and another SOE may need to be issued in the future, possibly resulting in both larger output loss and more deaths. Thus, the trade-off between output and infection that exists in the short-run does not necessarily exist in the long run. During 2020, the analysis has been frequently reported by media and presented to policymakers on many occasions, playing a unique role in the policy response to the COVID-19 crisis in Japan.
Associate Prof. Nakata also shows how the model predicts the impact of Covid-19 pandemic on the unemployment rate and suicide rate in different gender and age categories in Japan. The analysis result shows that: 1) various factors have contributed to the increasing number of suicide, while unemployment has only explained half of that; 2) there were more suicides among younger generations, which is sharp contrast to the age distribution of deaths from infection; 3) the rise in suicides may continue after the pandemic since social and economic damage at the individual level is likely to be prolonged.
https://covid19outputjapan.github.io/
https://www.covid19-ai.jp/en-us/
(written by program assistant Huang Ruihan and program student Prisma Gita Puspapuan)
*The views and opinions expressed in this lecture series are those of the guest lecturers. They do not purport to reflect the opinions or views of the AUA or its members or its Secretariat.
Attachment:【Profile of Taisuke Nakata.pdf】
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The American Heart Association recommends one hundred fifty minutes per week, or 30 minutes five times per week, of moderate-intensity exercise, or 75 minutes per week of vigorous-intensity exercise to decrease the recurrence of cancer, and to improve overall cancer survival.
Shaw's exercise physiologists conduct fitness assessments and develop customized exercise programs that meet each individual's needs and goals to get "Fit for Survival." Participants in the program are instructed in aerobic conditioning, strength training, balance and flexibility to increase fitness and overall well-being. The Fit for Survival gym sees an average of 200 patient visits per month for both individualized exercise and group classes and offers punch passes to gyms and yoga studios in Eagle County and the surrounding regions.
To consult with an oncology-certified exercise physiologist, please contact either Sarah Giovagnoli or Erin Lepper by calling (970) 569-7493 or emailing fitforsurvival@vailhealth.org.
The Fit for Survival program is made possible by the generosity of participants and donors of Pink Vail.
ALL classes offered at Jack's Place are FREE for all patients and caregivers.
Pilates, Yoga, and Stretch & Relax classes at Jack's Place are open to the public. Punch cards can be purchased at Jack's Place. $11/drop-in or purchase a punch card: Five punches for $50, 15 punches for $130.
Gentle Yoga is a class structured around rejuvenating and healing the body. This class is held at a slower pace and focuses on stretching all areas of the body, while releasing stress and tension from joints and muscles. Yoga props such as blocks, bolsters, chairs and straps can be used for safe practice, and to allow the body to fully achieve each position comfortably. Modifications are taught, and the class includes a combination of seated and standing exercises.
Benefits of yoga for men may include: improved functioning pertaining to areas such as urinary symptoms, sexual function, fatigue, and in some cases, incontinence.
The Stretch and Relax class focuses on slow stretches and the opening of tight muscles to restore and rejuvenate. The focus of this gentle class is working inward to unite mind and body, while also increasing flexibility, balance, and an overall sense of deep relaxation. The Stretch and Relax class emphasizes integrating the mind, body, and spirit, and is open to all levels. With a focus on breath and quieting the mind, this slower-paced class ranges from gentle stretches to balancing exercises, and also includes opportunities for meditation. Come learn to relax and unwind in a supportive environment.
Restorative yoga is a wonderful way to calm, rejuvenate and release tension in the body and mind. With the aid of bolsters, eye pillows, music and blankets, a soothing environment for deep relaxation is created. As the body lingers in soothing and restful poses, tension is relieved while the mind and body begin to relax. In each session participants are guided slowly and gently into the most supportive and comfortable positions for relaxation. The poses will be held for several minutes or as long as the experience is comfortable.
Our gentle Pilates mat classes focus on developing core strength, improved posture, and balance. Students learn to be aware of breathing patterns and spinal alignment while engaging the deep muscles of the core throughout a range of exercises. Various props (e.g. flex bands, foam rollers, rings, light weights, and balls) are often used to enhance the workout. No previous Pilates experience is necessary.
Learn how to safely strength train in a positive, encouraging environment. All are welcome from any fitness level and all adult ages. We will build on the exercises each week and every week there will be a new and different workout. Learn proper form and repetition pattern, gain fitness as you learn technique. Class meets weekly.
This morning meditation class focuses on breathing and visualization techniques. This 30 minute seminar teaches us how to use our breath to calm, center, and relax our body and mind, leaving us refreshed and ready to start the day.
Using the principles of taijiquan, this gentle class emphasizes movement designed to assist each individual in making a mind-body connection. This class also focuses on increasing the participant's strength, balance and flexibility. Throughout this hour class, movement is used to address physical, mental and emotional well-being.
Lie flat on your back with knees bent, hands at your side and feet flat.
As you inhale, tighten lower abdominals by pulling belly button to spine, and flattening lower back against mat.
During your exhalation, press heels firmly into the ground, and slowly lift pelvis off the mat, lifting one vertebrae at a time. Lift only as high as you can without feeling any strain in your back.
Pause for several seconds, inhaling and squeezing glutes.
During your next exhalation, slowly lower back to the mat, one vertebrae at a time.
Relax abdominals and then repeat exercise, 6-8 times.
Marching (not pictured): At the top of your bridge, lift one foot at a time six inches off the ground while keeping pelvis stable. Repeat 6-8 times, alternating feet, then roll back down to starting position.
Leg hold: At the top of your bridge, straighten one leg, holding for 5-10 seconds. Return leg to starting position, and extend opposite leg. Roll back down to starting position.
Leg lowering: From the top of your bridge, extend one leg straight to ceiling, and then lower and lift 6-8 times while keeping pelvis stable. Return to starting position. Roll up into a bridge again, and then complete 6-8 leg lifts on opposite side.
Start in quadruped position on hands and knees, neck and spine in neutral position.
Tighten abdominals by pulling belly button in to spine.
Extend one leg directly back, tightening glutes (do not arch your back, and keep hips level, with no rotation).
While maintaining abdominal contraction, raise opposite arm.
Hold position for 5-10 seconds, repeat on other side.
Complete six times on each side.
I'm going to physical therapy already. Should I also do Fit for Survival?
Your physical therapy program is a component of your customized Spirit of Survival program. You may need physical therapy to regain functional strength in specific areas.
Is Fit for Survival an exercise class?
Fit for Survival is not an exercise class. It is a specific fitness program designed to help patients regain wellness and promote a better quality of life. Exercise classes are offered to patients as part of the program.
What exercises classes are offered at the Shaw Cancer Center?
Currently, we offer yoga and tai chi to patients under treatment and cancer survivors. Please visit our fitness page for a complete listing of classes.
Who will I work with during Fit for Survival?
You will work with our certified exercise physiologists, and in some cases, our physical therapist and certified lymphedema therapist.
I just received a cancer diagnosis. When should I start Fit for Survival?
Patients can begin Fit for Survival even right after diagnosis. Studies show that the sooner patients start exercising or being physically active, the better their chance at reducing the negative side effects of cancer and its treatment. Fatigue is a very common issue with patients who undergo radiation or chemotherapy or who have previously gone through either treatment. Not all patients experience fatigue, and those who do report different levels, ranging from debilitating to mild. When your body is better conditioned and more efficient at performing daily activities, it will be better suited to battle any level of fatigue.
I've never exercised regularly before. Is it too late to start?
It is never too late to start an exercise program. The sooner you start, the sooner you and your body will reap the benefits of regular exercise. Even if you have never exercised before, our exercise physiologists will build a program around you and your specific needs. We will start slowly and gradually build up the muscular and cardiovascular strength to your personal tolerance. Ultimately, the program will help increase energy, make you think more clearly, rid your body of stress, increase endorphins, and help you feel good about your body.
How does losing weight help cancer patients?
Losing body fat helps cancer patients in many ways, both directly and indirectly. Decreasing body fat is a direct result of increased activity. A study by the American Cancer Society showed that women who were more active (participated in six hours/week of vigorous activity, such as jogging, swimming or running) decreased their risk of breast cancer by 30 percent. Another study showed that men and women who jogged the equivalent of five hours/week lowered their risk of colorectal cancer by 40 to 50 percent.
Losing weight also decreases the risk of developing complications from surgery. The time needed for recovery from surgery also decreases, allowing you to get back to your daily routine sooner. Shorter recovery times lead to less protective posturing by the body to compensate for the weakened areas.


text:
'ONLY YOU' – A few words on Art and Life In London, by Art Writer Paul O'Kane
61.'Sand In My Eyes' (Photographing 'others')
One of your first really successful artworks was a series of photojournalistic pictures taken at a Buddhist monastery in Sussex. You'd approached the monks there, and at first they asked you not to come, but being young, ambitious and insufficiently considerate of the perspective of others, you'd persisted until they allowed your visit. One of the reasons they cited for not wishing you to come was that the presence of a photographer would make them unduly conscious of their own image and perhaps nurture unwelcome narcissism.
Your photography soon moved on to other concerns, but photojournalism, which often involves making creative and composed representations of subjects thereby rendered 'other', was one of the ways you gained confidence as well as access to higher education in the subject of Photography, Film & Television – your sideways entry into art by means of the arts of mechanical reproduction.
Photo by Enikö Nagy
Today your own students struggle with dissertations that discuss the difficult problem of how to appropriately represent 'others' with photography. It's all too easy for a privileged gaze to patronise and reduce those it portrays, and to use a powerful piece of expensive equipment to come between and stand-in for any real human empathy, thus leaving only a 'beautiful' or 'tragic' image where a more meaningful human connection might have taken place.
Renzo Martens' infamous film 'Episode III' illustrated the crude mechanics of media journalism with regard to The Congo while implicating the ethical problems of representing and patronising impoverished parts of Africa in general. The late and great Susan Sontag wrote a sophisticated essay on the subject titled 'Regarding The Pain of Others.' Today many photographers spurn or deny the kinds of promises and claims once made for photojournalism, e.g. that it might be used to bring humanity together by means of its special lingua franca that allows all to see others as also similiars – as famously promoted by the idealistic 'Family of Man' exhibition that toured the world in the period immediately following the end of World War Two.
As these references dominate your view of photojournalism it was a valuable experience to have them challenged, refreshed and renewed this week by stumbling upon Enikö Nagy's exhibition 'Sand In My Eyes' at The Brunei Gallery. The Brunei's audience won't be surprised to find that the vivid, high definition documents of Sudanese life here show details of very different place, people and way of life, but what starts to draw you into the show's very own 'difference' is an overwhelming and welcome sense of celebration which genuinely seems to break down and break through the usual 'exoticising' 'objectifying' and 'patronising' habits that haunt photojournalism as its own immanent critique.
One reason for Nagy's success is the enthusiastic incorporation of words in the show. The artist (who BTW doesn't describe herself primarily as a 'photographer') later explained that this 'oral literature' in fact inspired the images, rather than acting merely as captions and adornments to photographs. That re-balancing of text and image, and that particular role of the artist/researcher are perhaps some of the factors that make this show so different.
If an abundance of words sounds like a put-off to those tired of art that is accompanied by extensive curatorial advice on how to 'use' or 'access' it, you can be reassured that Nagy's most valuable selections are short phrases, wise sayings, maxims and witticisms of the Sudanese people which act as life-affirming gifts to the reader.
They also allow you to see the photographs themselves operating as something like a 'motto', particularly as the English translations are accompanied by their original Arabic script, which can't help but appear – to the uninitiated- pictorial, decorative, 'beautiful' in itself. Thus, a photograph reclaims -by comparison – its own status as a kind of pictogram, a meaningful and enduring assembly of forms that aspires to the poetics and wisdom of the word.
By the time you have fully digested the show -and received some guidance from the artist whom you were fortunate enough to meet there- you realise that describing the show as 'photojournalism' is in fact inaccurate and reductive. It is rather an epic research exercise (involving five years of travel) and culminating in a sumptuous book safeguarding intangible heritage, and a touring exhibition with related events and responses.
No doubt Nagy can and will still have a whole book of ethical directives thrown at her for being 'on safari among others' – as one academic recently put it to you – but this particularly thorough and passionate project succeeds where others fail and, in fact, goes far beyond photojournalism.
Nagy spent several years and travelled for thousands of kilometers living in and with the people she photographed and as a result comes away with far more than just the kind of stunning and spectacular photographic record that you might be over-used to receiving in your Sunday supplement magazine.
In many ways this show, its accompanying publication, and the artist herself, all seek to reverse or re-phrase the usual gaze created by the tradition of photojournalism to show that, as well as its bad news, wars, famines and disease, Sudan is a country and a culture with much to offer the 'rich West' in terms of wisdom, way of life, joys, tolerance, economics and more.
Nagy is also reminding us that all of this is endangered but that it is a resource for humanity as a whole. Sudan contains a society that, far from being 'underdeveloped' or 'barbaric', has valuable contributions and solutions to all of our futures.
The show ultimately reminds you just how reductive, narrow, demonising and disempowering are the usual raft of images used by media to portray 'others' in terms of negative problems, dangers and fears.
Nagy's own kind of positive response may run the risk of exoticism, and of celebrating a colourful surface that overlooks 'grim realities', but the dancing and smiling, laughing and chatting, travelling and trading people in her photographs are 'realities' too.
Thus Nagy succeeds in extending, going beyond, and exposing the ultimately oppressive attitudes and outcomes of much 'serious' photojournalism, which can be seen as a kind of weapon holding down 'others' under the yoke of carefully selected, edited and widely distributed negative imaging.
Nagy's own photographs, by contrast, emphasise the gifts that so-called 'others' have to share with you, and all they have to teach you in different ways of thinking, speaking and living.
You leave the show wondering if the philosophically weilded cultural term 'others' is not in itself outmoded, wrung-out and anachronistic. Despite all the fears and tensions that face you today you are still living on the brink of the first truly global society, in which there can perhaps be no 'others' any more. Nagy's extensive research, her photographs, exhibition, and texts help you to reach this point in your thoughts.
'Sand In My Eyes' Brunei Gallery LINK
Posted on January 22, 2016 January 25, 2016 by pbpokane Bookmark the permalink.
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7 thoughts on "61.'Sand In My Eyes' (Photographing 'others')"
we are all artists , we are all others, we swallow hegemony as Steyerl puts it…I m happy to read your balanced essay Paul …for me the whole thing revolves , not around social reconciliation , but the nature informed consent, that too may be more 'available' than it was
pbpokane says:
Tim Ridley says:
For me the ghost of Don McCullin haunts these images. He stayed and worked in war zones for many months and years at a time, and came back with very powerful images, that will forever be in my minds eye. These works made in a similar and committed way show a lust for life that we all know is prevalent the world over, but is often hidden by news reports of disaster, famine and war.
Thank you TIm!
aliciaheimat says:
It reminded me of the street photographers in Asunción, who would wander around, take pictures of the people in the parks. There is such a joy in this photos.
taghreed1 says:
While the Sand in my eyes photography is beautiful it is also constructing the Sudanese tribes and communities photographed as subjects for a salvage ethnography, this is highly problematic because the lived context of these subjects is airbrushed to remove all signs of their lives in the 21st century … I appreciate the desire to learn from their way of life. However, it is important to show the dynamics by which they as historical beings are rethinking that way of life.
Furthermore, it is too idealistic to contend that we are now in a post 'others' age. Our global society is rife with structural and historical inequality where authors and subjects rarely meet on an equal plane and where subjects rarely have the opportunity to become authors of their own discourse. Rather than attempting to sidestep the problematics of representing 'others' those problematics should be constructively grappled with and addressed. For example, this sincere but problematic work should have been juxtaposed by an exhibition of photography by contemporary Sudanese photographers. Sharing the platform with Sudanese artists (from a curating perspective) would have opened a rare opportunity for western audiences to experience the Sudanese not just as subjects of art but as producers also. This was a missed opportunity to engage with what 'art' is for in contemporary Sudanese context and the extent to which Sudanese creative expressions are constitutive of cultural and political conditions at this time.
Thank you for this. I know my image of a 'post-others' world is an idealistic gambit, but I like to use artworks as springboards for previously un-thought ideas, and I was also suggesting, implicitly, here that we are are also trapped by language and terminology, even when it is deployed virtuously for better understanding and for liberal, progressive purposes. I was simply asking us to 'Imagine' (as John Lennon once said) a world without 'others' – for real and in terms of the way we address each 'other' (the thought of Emmanual Levinas was also on my mind here. thanks for your contribution and your expert perspective.


The big news of the day is that my computer is back! Turns out, one of my friends IS married to a computer genius, and he was able to diagnose and fix the problem for us. I am still waiting on one part, but the important thing is it's back! And it works! And I didn't lose anything! Yay!
My files are a little bit jumbled up though, so I will have to sort through them and reorganize them. But they're THERE.
In other news, we've gone from needing hoodies to needing coats. I even got out our box of hats and gloves today. I think my kids are so cute in their winter gear.
The other person I think is so cute in their winter gear is the DadGuy. He has a military style jacket that transforms him from ho-hum to hotness. It's magical. And when he slips it on, I can't help but smile. It's so amazing what a piece of clothing can do for a person.