Home Page > Publications > Briefings > Jails matter. But who is listening?
Jails matter. But who is listening?
Most of the people who go to prison or jail in a year go to jail, so why don't policymakers pay more attention to jails?
One out of every three people who are locked up tonight are sitting in a local jail, not a state or federal prison. There are 3,283 jails in America, yet jails receive scant attention. The legislative, judicial and executive decisions that have fueled the explosion of our state prison populations are becoming well-known; but the myriad of subtle policy decisions that have sent our jail populations upwards are off the public's radar.
Jails need to be a policy focus, as the Vera Institute of Justice recently argued in its aptly-titled report Incarceration's Front Door: The Misuse of Jails in America.
Jail churn is particularly high because at any given moment most of the 722,000 people in local jails have not been convicted and are in jail because they are either too poor to make bail and are being held before trial, or because they've just been arrested and will make bail in the next few hours or days. The remainder of the people in jail — almost 300,000 — are serving time for minor offenses, generally misdemeanors with sentences under a year.
Addressing the problem of jails means grappling with the tremendous churn through jails. How can we lessen the numbers who enter jails and reduce the time that 11 million people spend there each year?
Virtually all of the growth in the jail population has been in the number of legally innocent people who are detained in jails.
These people are legally considered innocent until proven otherwise in court. But if they don't have the money to post bail, the principle that they are legally innocent is not enough to keep them from being locked up until trial. A recent New York Times feature found that poverty is a frequent cause of pre-trial detention: in New York City even when bail is set at $500 or less, 85% of defendants were unable to afford bail.
Besides the injustice of our jails resembling modern day debtor's prisons, excessive bail can have other harmful effects. Family life is disrupted, jobs and housing can be lost, and the combined effects can literally be fatal. Pre-trial detention also coerces people to plead guilty to minor offenses, including people who are factually innocent like the man featured in the New York Times article. Studies have also shown that people who are detained pretrial are more likely to be convicted than those who are able to afford bail.
Fortunately, the movement for bail reform is growing in places like New York City and the state of Massachusetts. But at the same time as we work to fix bail, we really should admit that the problem starts even before a bail hearing.
And the truth is, even meaningful bail reform is just the beginning. The real work is asking why we're arresting so many people on low-level offenses in the first place, and why so many of them come from poor black and brown communities. Bail is easy.
Or to be more precise: fixing bail should be easy. Why it's taking so long is a good question and getting to the bottom of this country's jail problem is going to depend on both reducing the number of people we send to jail each year and making it far easier for those who have been arrested to resume their lives while the judicial process proceeds.
Many of the people sitting in jails are there because of the incompetence of a public employee, a prosecutor or an uninformed Grand Jury. Sometimes all of the above! Plus you can probably add greed, benefits and revenue. All have broken their Oath of Office.


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text:
namespace COMISO {

//== IMPLEMENTATION ==========================================================

/// Constructor
LinearConstraintHandlerPenalty::LinearConstraintHandlerPenalty() : penalty_(10000) {}

//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------

/// Destructor
LinearConstraintHandlerPenalty::~LinearConstraintHandlerPenalty()
{}

//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------

// penalty weight
double& LinearConstraintHandlerPenalty::penalty()
{ return penalty_; }

//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------

// number of variables
int LinearConstraintHandlerPenalty::n()
{return n_;}

//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------

// number of linearly independent constraints (n-n_reduced)
int LinearConstraintHandlerPenalty::n_constraints()
{ return m_;}

//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------

void
LinearConstraintHandlerPenalty::
initialize( const std::vector<double>& _c)
{
 if( _c.size() )
   initialize( (double*) &(_c[0]));
}

//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------

void
LinearConstraintHandlerPenalty::
initialize( double* _c)
{
  for(unsigned int i=0; i<b_.size(); ++i)
    b_[i] = _c[i];

  penalty_grad_b_.resize(n_);
  gmm::mult(gmm::transposed(C_), b_, penalty_grad_b_);
  gmm::scale(penalty_grad_b_, -2.0*penalty_);
}

//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------

double
LinearConstraintHandlerPenalty::
add_penalty_f( double* _x, const double _f)
{

  temp_.resize(b_.size());
  gmm::mult(C_, VectorPT(_x, n_), temp_);
  gmm::add(gmm::scaled(b_, -1.0), temp_);

  double fp = ( penalty_* (gmm::vect_sp(temp_, temp_)) );

  return _f + fp;
}

//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------

void
LinearConstraintHandlerPenalty::
add_penalty_gradient( const std::vector<double>& _x, std::vector<double>& _g)
{
  _g.resize(n_);
  if( _x.size() && _g.size())
    add_penalty_gradient( (double*)&(_x[0]), &(_g[0]));
}

//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------

void
LinearConstraintHandlerPenalty::
add_penalty_gradient( double* _x, double* _g)
{
  gmm::add( penalty_grad_b_, VectorPT(_g, n_));
  gmm::mult_add(penalty_H_, VectorPT(_x, n_), VectorPT(_g, n_));
}

//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------

void
LinearConstraintHandlerPenalty::
add_penalty_hessian( RMatrix& _H)
{
  gmm::add(penalty_H_, _H);
}

//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------

//=============================================================================
} // namespace COMISO
//=============================================================================

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Don't Get Rusty - Regional Physical Therapy, Inc.
Much like a piece of machinery that can get rusty while sitting too long. The parts of a machine that are made to move loses the lubricant if left sitting still causing rust and friction. Your body is made to move, created for motion. Motion keeps everything working from you bowels to your joints.
Movement of the joints and muscles allows nutrition to be brought into the area via the blood stream. Many times when you get an injury, you need to rest the injured part, but that does not mean you need to stop moving it. Stopping movement literally stops up the healing process. Stopping movement reduces blood flow to the area and doesn't allow the blood to carry away the waste material from the injury. Much like stopping up a toilette, the body gets a build-up of waste material that can create a lasting injury to that area. You need motion to heal properly.
Don't move into a painful range of motion.
Don't move the part against resistance.
Allow the muscle to contract gently avoiding pain during the contraction.
Use heat before starting the movement exercises.
Use cold following the movement exercises.
Seeking help from a physical therapist can speed the recovery process by teaching you the correct movement patterns and avoiding motions that can reinjure the area. Physical therapists are training to treat injuries in a safe manner while utilizing other machines and manual therapy techniques to assure that the injury heals faster. Give us a call to schedule your free consultation!


text:
Need for Speed Payback Will Make You Feel Like An Action Movie Hero – Ghost Games
Slick and stylish.
Posted By Shubhankar Parijat | On 17th, Jun. 2017 Under News | Follow This Author @shubhankar2508
Hey, that new Fast and Furious game looks pretty cool, right? Just in case you didn't know, it's called Need for Speed Payback, for some reason.
If you think we're making fun of the game, we're really not. Payback looks explosive and slick and stylish, and that's exactly what has us so excited about it. And Ghost Games know that- the developers working on the game claim that with their upcoming racer, they want to make the player feel like an action movie hero.
"What we wanna do is we wanna make you feel like an action movie hero," said creative director William Ho in an interview with PlayStation Blog. "When you look back at the history of TV and movie car chases, the best moments are when you barrel down on someone, and you make them crash. And then you get that presentation- you get cars flying, flipping, parts flying off; you get the camera, slow-mo, and the sonic treatment around that that makes you feel like you did that. You made that action hero moment happen."
It has to be said, Need for Speed Payback does look very action-y. And we mean this in the best way possible. As someone who was a big Burnout fan growing up and knows that a new Burnout game is probably never going to happen, Payback has definitely caught my attention.
Tagged With: EA, Ghost Games, Need for Speed Payback, pc, ps4, Xbox One
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Madden NFL 20 Gets Four New Inductees Into The "99 Club"
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Destiny 2 Xur Exotics: Hard Light, Gemini Jester, Wings of Sacred Dawn
Monster Hunter World – All Seasonal Events Return Starting July 26th

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
using System;
using NUnit.Framework;
using Packager.Extensions;

namespace Packager.Test.Extensions
{
    [TestFixture]
    public class ExceptionExtensionTests
    {
        [Test]
        public void GetFirstMessageShouldReturnCorrectResult()
        {
            var firstException = new Exception("first message");
            var secondException = new Exception("second message", firstException);
            var thirdException = new Exception("third message", secondException);

            Assert.That(firstException.GetBaseMessage(), Is.EqualTo("first message"));
            Assert.That(secondException.GetBaseMessage(), Is.EqualTo("first message"));
            Assert.That(thirdException.GetBaseMessage(), Is.EqualTo("first message"));
        }
    }
}


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