text:
Drug Assays
Drug Assay Numbers, All Over the Place
By Derek Lowe 3 May, 2013
There's a truly disturbing paper out in PLoSONE with potential implications for a lot of assay data out there in the literature. The authors are looking at the results of biochemical assays as a function of how the compounds are dispensed in them, pipet tip versus acoustic, which is the sort of idea that some people might roll their eyes at. But people who've actually done a lot of biological assays may well feel a chill at the thought, because this is just the sort of you're-kidding variable that can make a big difference.
Dispensing and dilution processes may profoundly influence estimates of biological activity of compounds. Published data show Ephrin type-B receptor 4 IC50 values obtained via tip-based serial dilution and dispensing versus acoustic dispensing with direct dilution differ by orders of magnitude with no correlation or ranking of datasets.
Lovely. There have been some alarm bells sounded before about disposable-pipet-tip systems. The sticky-compound problem is always out there, where various substances decide that they like the plastic walls of the apparatus a lot more than they like being in solution. That'll throw your numbers all over the place. And there have been concerns about bioactive substances leaching out of the plastic. (Those are just two recent examples – this new paper has several other references, if you're worried about this sort of thing).
This paper seems to have been set off by two recent AstraZeneca patents on the aforementioned EphB4 inhibitors. In the assay data tables, these list assay numbers as determined via both dispensing techniques, and they are indeed all over the place. One of the authors of this new paper is from Labcyte, the makers of the acoustic dispensing apparatus, and it's reasonable to suppose that their interactions with AZ called their attention to this situation. It's also reasonable to note that Labcyte itself has an interest in promoting acoustic dispensing technology, but that doesn't make the numbers any different. The fourteen compounds shown are invariably less potent via the classic pipet method, but by widely varying factors. So, which numbers are right?
The assumption would be that the more potent values have a better chance of being correct, because it's a lot easier to imagine something messing up the assay system than something making it read out at greater potency. But false positives certainly exist, too, so the authors used the data set to generate a possible pharmacophore for the compound series using both sets of numbers. And it turns out that the one from the acoustic dispensing runs gives you a binding model that matches pretty well with reality, while if you use the pipet data you get something broadly similar, but missing some important contributions from hydrophobic groups. That, plus the fact that the assay data shows a correlation with logP in the acoustic-derived data (but not so much with the pipet-derived numbers) makes it look like the sticky-compound effect might be what's operating here. But it's hard to be sure:
No previous publication has analyzed or compared such data (based on tip-based and acoustic dispensing) using computational or statistical approaches. This analysis is only possible in this study because there is data for both dispensing approaches for the compounds in the patents from AstraZeneca that includes molecule structures. We have taken advantage of this small but valuable dataset to perform the analyses described. Unfortunately it is unlikely that a major pharmaceutical company will release 100's or 1000's of compounds with molecule structures and data using different dispensing methods to enable a large scale comparison, simply because it would require exposing confidential structures. To date there are only scatter plots on posters and in papers as we have referenced, and critically, none of these groups have reported the effect of molecular properties on these differences between dispensing methods.
Some of those other references are to posters and meeting presentations, so this seems to be one of those things that floats around in the field without landing explicitly in the literature. One of the paper's authors was good enough to send along the figure shown, which brings some of these data together, and it's an ugly sight. This paper is probably doing a real service in getting this potential problem out into the cite-able world: now there's something to point at.
How many other datasets are hosed up because of this effect? Now there's an important question, and one that we're not going to have an answer for any time soon. For some sets of compounds, there may be no problems at all, while others (as that graphic shows) can be a mess. There are, of course, plenty of projects where the assay numbers seem (more or less) to make sense, but there are plenty of others where they don't. Let the screener beware.
Update: here's a behind-the-scenes look at how this paper got published. It was not an easy path into the literature, by any means.
Second update: here's more about this at Nature Methods.
47 comments on "Drug Assay Numbers, All Over the Place"
BHip says:
Speaking as someone on the assay side, I know this is the kind of thing that drives medicinal chemist's berserk.
Something obvious to keep in mind- the tips are not the only potential source of spurious compound binding in the assays (potency shifts due to the plates, beads, etc.??).
SP says:
You're more likely to have false positives in cell-based assays, where a pin tool or pipettor dumps a blob of concentrated compound in high percentage DMSO that sinks onto the cell monolayer at the bottom of the well before dispersing.
Aint no substitute for repeats. Different days, different biologists. Tends to pick up experimental error. And retesting from solid.
This emphasises the massive risks in the virtual, outsourced drug discovery model. It might be lean and capital efficient but if your scientists aren't talking to each other every day face-to-face these types of issues are going to bite you in the ass. Probably once you've spent all that lean cash.
ADCchem says:
Interesting study. My experience with nanomolar to picomolar greasy compounds is quite the opposite. That is picomolar dilutions tend to be more concentrated as the greasy compounds stick to the plastic tips and are transferred to the cellular assay at higher then diluted concentrations. In general greasy compounds IC50s tend to be lower then expected at these concentrations. It would be interesting to see how the acoustic based method performs on low concentration assays.
"3. JeffC on May 3, 2013 9:36 AM writes…
This is potentially where you can get caught out. The IC50s by both tip and acoustic dispencers are reproducible, just reproduciably different. So your n=3 might make you happy that you've got the right result, but you haven't. That's why your blood should run cold.
I agree to some extent with what you say but typically a biologists will use one pipette that is "theirs" but maybe completely different from another person in the same lab doing the same assay. This is a physical effect essentially and while it's beautifully repeatable across a single device if you have biologists using multiple devices I suspect that's when you'll see variation and the alarm bells will start ringing. Additionally, some biologists will dilute their samples one way, and another will do it slightly differently. The theoretical concentration is the same but how they get there is different. All of these things will increase the chance of you seeing odd results or things that don't quite make sense. But only if you are actually talking to the people doing the work. All the time.
I'm not disagreeing with you. This yet another way in which things can get messed up. But my point is that a good team that is talking about the results being generated all the time will stand a far better chance of picking this type of thing up before they find the compound tanks in the Phase 2 POC trial.
RD says:
Well, this explains a lot of pointless team meetings and SAR that went nowhere.
Computationally Entertained says:
It reminds me of the complaints I had for a recent paper titled "do medicinal chemists learn from activity cliffs? …"
http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/jm400147j
I think (hope) everybody in assay development is familiar with the sticky wall and volatile plate issues.
Our production folks certainly are. If I ask them to package 100µl of 1µg/ml (there aren't any moles in their lab) detector antibody they ask if that is for immediate use (fine) use any time after after 2 weeks @ 4°C (fine, they will adjust the conc.), or to be used anywhere between 12h and 14 days after bottling (good luck, you are on your own).
I completely agree with the second bit. And a good dialogue with the screener in the team can really help when the correlations get messy for other reasons too.
If you really are screening with a biologist and their favourite pipette then you might want to think about changing that. Using standardised automated processes can really help to minimise those kinds of differences.
Cellbio says:
Agree with ADCchem. Jeff, it is more about sticking to plastic and method than specific device or operator. Worked with a compound that showed 3 orders of magnitude difference in apparent IC50 depending upon whether one changed tips between dilution, with no tip change appearing more potent. For a really greasy compound, now a marketed drug, dilution in media without serum approached micromollar, low nanomolar with serum, sub-picomolar formulated in micelles. Came to conclude that just as mg/kg dosing is not a valid way to infer in vivo exposure, inferring intrinsic target potency from concentrations expected from dilution schemes is flawed, as many factors such as plastic binding, protein binding etc are integrated.
darwinsdog says:
3 May, 2013 at 12:04 pm
In additional to adhesion to plastic surfaces, I would wonder about aggregation of cmpds (think Brian Shoichet) or other physical effects related to the properties of each cmpd that manifest by diff. dispensation methods.
Never look at the IC50 curves; you will go mad.
12 – I thought the detergent-added runs were supposed to prevent that – are detergents generally unable to break aggregates already formed?
Cialisize Me says:
Isn't the best way to perform biochemical IC50s is to do your serial dilutions *first* into straight DMSO followed by addition of a small amt of these to your reaction well. That way you know that the actual amt of compound got into the well. This works for any method, pipette or acoustic. It solves your sticky pipette problem or crashing out at higher concs. Your enzyme has to be able to function in a percent or two DMSO, but most times this is OK. C-M
Algirdas says:
@14 Hap,
I wonder exactly how does adding detergent work? I have not done this myself, but I do have an assay featuring a greasy compound, which may benefit from added detergent. But… one might imagine two scenarios:
i) no detergent. Greasy compound aggregates, effective dissolved conc is tiny, assay shows no effect.
ii) with detergent, greasy compound partitions into mixed micelles, effective dissolved conc is tiny, assay shows no effect.
Are improvements seen with the addition of the detergent large? Like, orders of magnitude-large?
@ 17 they can be very large differences. And it depends on how your compounds are acting. It can either help stabilise compounds in solution and so you get an increase in potency or (this us the one I've seen more often) your cpds in the absence of detergent are forming aggregates and giving non-specific inhibition, in which case adding detergent gets rid of this activity.
Brian Shiochet's papers have a lot on assays with/without detergent.
17: I haven't done used detergen in drug assays (because I don't work in lab), but there has been a lot of discussion about it here. If using detergent doesn't help with aggregation in the pipet (doesn't break up already-formed aggregates), you might still have problems with your assays when you think you don't.
smurf says:
at 17, 18: orders of magnitude differences are possible.
Use Pluronics in your assay and solubilisation buffer, e.g. F-127. It is biocompatible, and actually not a detergent. Helps a lot.
Be careful how you dissolve the solid, the exact path from solid compound to assay data does matter. It's anal stuff, unfortunately still more art than science: most people don't care.
@16,19 First of all the paper in question is a meta analysis of data from other papers. So take it for what it is worth and realize that a lot more may be a variable here than just the dispensation method alone (usual list when changing assay protocols all the way to material lots over time) but it makes for a point to blog about and count as a PLOS publication (for whatever that gets you). But back to the detergent control – I do not know if the original papers included detergent controls in an attempt to address aggregation but I can tell you in general pharma companies (at least the ones I know about first hand) don't usually dedicate wells in a plate to this type of control (I guess the cmpd libraries are deemed to sufficiently cover the 'palmolive-space' :-).
I tend to use tween / triton and am with 15 in dissolving in DMSO then adding a small volume to the assay. I think that's what they do in the paper Derek blogged about too?
at 15: yes, that's the best way. From solid into DMSO, then sonication, then serialisation, then dilution in solubilisation buffer, then assay buffer. Acoustic dispensing works very well, still, for key compounds I used to repeat the data as described, often from different batches or from solid compound sources.
And stats matters, number of data points matter, multiple repeat experiments at different days matter: managers don't like it, but it DOES matter. Ideally the assay and screening biologists should be in daily contact with the chemists to ensure that key compounds are repeated again and again to establish a solid data set.
cdsouthan says:
Time for a CASFEAR competition "Critcal Assesment For Enzyme Assay Reproducability"
Just send a few reference compounds (with LogP spread) out to 20 to 50 labs and ask for the IC50s and Ki's back with some linearity curves thrown in. Then write the paper.
I can see why it wasn't in Science, but I wouldn't have agreed that it belonged in a medicinal chemistry journal.
How do journals get all the pretty biological data they show? In some cases (maybe a lot), there aren't exogenous components in the assays or their standards and so aggregation/other issues during dispensing aren't issues, but in the remaining cases components which may not behave correctly are added exogenously. Without further data, you can't assume that all compounds behave like this (maybe the set of compounds used was funny in some way that led to the observed behavior), but I'd not be betting the house, its furniture, or even the toys that this doesn't happen elsewhere. Doesn't that possibility make an awful lot of biological data look less secure? If it does, that would be important to a lot of people.
MedChemGradStudent says:
@17: Check out the below linked recent article by Davis and Erlanson on fragment screening. It is mainly focused on fragment based screening concerns, but it has a section on use of detergents and other important general points to keep in mind when it comes to screening (not just for fragment based screening)
Seems like the authors had some fun getting the paper published, too…
http://www.collabchem.com/2013/05/03/what-it-took-to-get-the-paper-out/
@25 Well Hap welcome to the world of in vitro screening. To answer your first question – "graphing software". To answer your second question – "yes, yes it does" but everybody in the field knows this intimately. Medicinal chemists, well all drug devpt scientists for that matter, view the screen as the means to the end or the back-story about how the pharmacophore came to be with the pharmacophore being the thing of interest. So other than in-house use, HTS data is mainly used as claims in patent filings and has all the robustness and validation implied by that. Said another way, if you have a critical decision to make on your own research don't base it on screening data that someone else has published.
well, you shouldn't get too excited anyway until you get confirmatory activity in a totally different, low-throughput, manually pipetted assay
but still it affects what "best" compounds ever go into those
Jose says:
I think it's an important finding, but did they seriously think it was Science worthy enough to submit not once, but TWICE?
Lars Duelund says:
Two things here:
First I think PLoS One is a good place for studies like this. Everybody can get access to this work, also the people working in small organisation.
Second, and I know it is a bit ot I know, but the pipettes with disposable tips are probably the most misused piece of lab equipment around. Just recently I have encountered a post doc, complaining to me that when he pipetted 1.5 mL chloroform into a 2 ml vial there was more than 2 ml of solvent… First off, CHCl3 in single use plastic tip will not give the right volume, never. The second mistake was that the knob was pushed all the way down, as for emptying the tip, both when filling and emptying it, hence the more than 2 ml solvent. And I was also told about the professor with several PNAS papers who also had done the same all hes carrier.
@Lars: I vividly remember the moment, during my very first lab research experience (the summer after freshman year of college), when I realized that I had been pipetting incorrectly all summer, pushing the knob down fully to pull up small quantities of a very expensive drug. This explained why I had run out of the drug so quickly (though as this was 2006 my boss had no problem dropping a few thousand on another batch). I then had to recalculate the actual drug dosages I had used in my experiments, and my data ended up being labeled as "high" and "normal" concentrations… I was profoundly embarrassed and terrified to tell my boss. Luckily he was kind and understanding I'm just glad I realized this at such an early and low stakes stage of my research career. I can't imagine making it to postdoc, much less professor, without knowing how to pipet properly…
Sean Ekins says:
Thank you Derek for highlighting the paper and the blog. Also a thank you to the conmmentors. I would like to respond to them all but I just do not have the time or the knowledge on some of the issues raised to..so I hope this suffices. I have added a bit more analysis behind why this work gives me nightmares on my blog and (http://www.collabchem.com/2013/05/06/why-does-this-issue-still-give-me-nightmares/) and answered just a few of the comments relating to the visibility of the "stickiness/ leaching" issue and also why we tried "Science" so rather than repeat myself…Would be happy if people can find any other datasets that we could analyze using multiple dispensing methods, also anyone at AZ want to send us the compounds in the paper and we can probably find collaborators that would test many of the hypotheses set forth in the comments above? I sense this is just the begininng of trying to get to the cause of what we and others have seen. I regret we are the ones that are getting attention when really those in the figure Derek used should be the ones we look to and thank for bringing the issue to the public attention.
sgcox says:
~20 smurf:
never tried Pluronics before.
What concentration would you recommend?
Should it be used in addition to detergent or instead ? thank you.
A blog from Nature Methods comments on the original PLOSONE paper at http://blogs.nature.com/methagora/2013/05/serial-dilution-woes.html
DaveK says:
Acoustic dispensing makes a difference? Oh no, maybe the homeopaths were onto something with their succussion all along! 😉
Comparative characteristion of the basic dilution linearity could be useful, before layering on the complications of compounds and proteins. Manual Gilson vs tip vs acoustic robots could be run with a robust chromophoric reagent and even corroborated by uHPLC to check in = out
KA1OS says:
The somewhat scary thing about dilutions in various solutions is that they can be extremely reproducible. Low variation tells you nothing about whether the results are accurate. What we end up doing is increasing the number of mix cycles until the variation goes away. Without an independent control or way of measuring, you can't know.
#15 Cialize Me, #23 smurf — I agree. If your compounds start in DMSO, keep all manipulations in that solvent as far into the process as possible. Note that acoustic dispensing often still requires three to four intermediate pre-dilution steps to compensate for the limit dispense range of these instruments (Acoustic dispensers typically provide 2.5 nL – 250 nL dispense volumes, only a 100-fold working range). The HP 'inkjet' dispenser provides a wider range but still cannot cover that needed for a 10-point, half-log curve.
I am familiar with the AZ studies which compare Echo dispensing against aqueous dilution (the latter case being significantly bad), but if anyone has a comparison against tip-based serial dilutions in DMSO, I'd appreciate any reference. I can say that we have seen differences between acoustic dispensing and serial-dilutions in DMSO *if* there is an aqueous buffer step just prior to final plating.
I've also wondered for years how much pre-dispensed (or dry-dotted) plates created before adding assay reagents may exhibit problems. This would be tested against assay runs where the compounds are added after many of the reagents.
I suppose the ultimate would be running assays in electrostically-suspended droplets with no external surfaces to bind compounds.
– Tim
RB Davis says:
Decades ago in my analytical chem days (HPLC) I worked with hazardous and toxic industrial and agrichemicals. Some of them very much preferred sticking to a plastic pipetter tip over going into the alcohol, acetonitrile, or MECl2 they were supposed to be dissolved in.
The GC guys down the hall had long-since standardized on positive displacement micropipetters with a clear glass tube and PTFE piston. They were a little fiddlier to work with than the plastic wonders favored by the bio lab people, but they delivered outstanding accuracy and it was easy to visually verify that the gunk of interest was indeed no longer stuck to the piston or tube before pitching the tube and washing the piston with a squirt bottle.
The air void plastic pipetters were always wildly inaccurate by our standards and the chemical affinity and contamination issues of the tips made them untrustworthy for our assays (purity, and concentration work, mostly) anyway.
While this is "truly disturbing" and probably means that a lot of time and money has been wasted – and it also explains all the disappointing news on drugs which were thought to be great candidates (until they failed efficacy in clinical trials)…to me this also sounds like the dawn of a new era, sort of a potentially looming gold-rush.
All those compounds which could have been the desired next block-buster and which have escaped discovery so far due to simply how they were dispensed – they are still out there. Waiting to be identified, to become new drugs.
Andrew Ray says:
Sylvia – Be careful not to make too many assumptions in the other direction…that is, don't assume that sticky walls and other pipette-related "errors" explain all efficacy failures. For example, those recent Alzheimer's antibody failures are probably more likely the result of theoretical problems due to our still-limited understanding of AD. Sometimes, too, you'll run into 100% water soluble, nonsticky compounds where differences in animal model/human metabolism causes them the impress during preclinical tests, then fail during clinical tests.
@20, @34. Note that Pluronics, contrary to earlier beliefs, do have biological affects on their own and with other drugs. See some of the papers by Alexander Kabanov on the impact of Pluronics on cells
@4 I agree that people often believe that hydrophobic compounds are transferred at higher concentrations than expected in serial dilutions. Michael Berger(https://www.researchgate.net/post/Have_you_had_experiences_of_dispensing_processes_affecting_your_high-throughput_screening_results#rg-injektor-generated-rg_modules_publictopics_actions_PostCommentItemProxy519e58e6d11b8bf57e000002-) definitely agrees with you. However, the data in the patents from AstraZeneca suggest that tips are doing the exact opposite of this–they are reducing the concentration of the test compound as the dilutions are attenuated. This is also seen in Harris D, Olechno J, Datwani S, Ellson R, Gradient, contact-free volume transfers minimize compound loss in dose-response experiments. J Biomol Screen 2010 15: 86–94. Data from Bristol-Myers Squibb (Spicer T, Fitzgerald Y, Burford N, Matson S, Chatterjee M, Gilchrist M, Myslik J and O'Connell J. 2005 Pharmacological evaluation of different compound dilution and transfer paradigms on an enzyme assay in low volume 384-well format. Drug Discovery Technology. Boston) suggests that the compound that exhibited the greatest loss of material during transfer had a logP value of 2.87.
I think that dilutions, an area that one might expect to be simple, are actually fraught with complications and deserve more attention. I hope that researchers will read the PLOS ONE article and that pharmaceutical companies (the holders of much similar data) will release the data for subsequent analyses.
Anne Carpenter says:
In response to the request for other studies of dispensing methods, this one compares acoustically-prepared pre-plated compounds vs pin tool:
http://jbx.sagepub.com/content/18/1/14.abstract
ben schenker says:
I didn't see anything in the PLoS one publication that references that the compounds may be 'sticking' to the tips. It does mention leachates, but then cites 4 pubs which say leachates come from all plasticware (including plates which acoustic devices use for storage and dispensing) and that leachates inhibit biological pathways, leading to greater perceived potency. This would seem to contradict what the authors are suggesting. The major difference would seem to be the use of high volume versus low volume liquid handling for setting up the dilution and assay plates, with the former potentially causing compounds to partially crash out of solution – this is not really a new idea though.
Just to point out the 'nice' table showing the 4 comparative studies between acoustic and tip-based dispensing (Table 3) in the PLoS ONE paper contains only 1 study that is peer reviewed! In addition the 'published data' that are the basis of the whole paper is data from patent applications NOT peer reviewed publications – call me old fashioned but if it isn't peer reviewed then I don't take much notice of it….not that all peer reviewed papers are perfect either!
Olechno says:
In response to Sarah (@46), I am one of the authors of the PLOS ONE paper. I agree that patent data is not always the best source. I have seen patents suggesting that dowsing rods work. But one works with the data one has. As we pointed out in our peer-reviewed paper, we would be very excited to see someone do a comparison of a larger number of compounds. I suppose that it is possible that both AZ and BMS independently generated errors that trend in the same ways despite using different targets, different libraries and different assays. This, however, seems to be inventing reasons why not to believe the work is meaningful. It seems odd to discount the non-peer-reviewed patent data when we show that the direct dilution pharmacophore from that data was very similar to the pharmacophore from X-ray crystallography while the pharmacophore from serial dilution was both very different and non-predictive. I know that I can speak for my co-authors and state that we would be delighted to work with you or any others to run comprehensive tests and to nail down the effect (or non-effect) that we reported. I have asked groups to extend the work presented at the podium or at posters. I have been told that the research groups have made their decisions and see no reason to publish. They seem to see the results as an advantage that they might lose upon publication.
Concerning peer review, you may be interested in reading the article by John Smith, former editor of BMJ: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1420798/.
Also, consider that excellent science has appeared in non-peer-reviewed books (De Revolutionibus, Principia, Origin of Species). And the original Einstein paper on relativity did not undergo formal peer-review but were printed because the editor liked them. And arXiv.org is particularly open to non-peer-reviewed work.


Keywords appearing and disappearing in Google!
Thread: Keywords appearing and disappearing in Google!
We were working on certain keywords which had found positions in the 1st two pages of google. All of a sudden, all the keywords (about 60 of them) disappeared from the search engine.
We changed the site address from .com to .org and then worked for those keywords again. Once again these keywords found positions in the 1st two pages. Now, a couple of days back, most of them have disappeared from Google.
We have no clue why? Can anyone help to identify the problem and also give us suggestions that we can use to rectify it?
Note: We had mailed google to find out the reason, but they have said that there are no issues from their side regarding our website.
your site is amazingly similar to oral miracle which redirects to amazon. My guess is you are an affiliate marketer screwing with doorway pages and sneaky redirects and Google hates you.
I think you are working with some kind of software with which google hates.
You just have to add some content in your website with using those keywords which are disappeared in google list and you need to get your site structure analysis so that you can have better techniques for your keyword I advise you to work very slow on your keyword and don't make rush with them so that search engine like to visit your site.
Thanks for your answer. Oral Miracle was our domain as well but we scrapped it sometime back before gumpedia was launched. I guess you have helped with ur answer, friend. Thank you so much.
Can you plz tell me why redirects to amazon for oral miracle would have an implication on our site?


text:
module Azure::Network::Mgmt::V2018_11_01
  module Models
    #
    # Rewrite rule of an application gateway.
    #
    class ApplicationGatewayRewriteRule

      include MsRestAzure

      # @return [String] Name of the rewrite rule that is unique within an
      # Application Gateway.
      attr_accessor :name

      # @return [ApplicationGatewayRewriteRuleActionSet] Set of actions to be
      # done as part of the rewrite Rule.
      attr_accessor :action_set

      #
      # Mapper for ApplicationGatewayRewriteRule class as Ruby Hash.
      # This will be used for serialization/deserialization.
      #
      def self.mapper()
        {
          client_side_validation: true,
          required: false,
          serialized_name: 'ApplicationGatewayRewriteRule',
          type: {
            name: 'Composite',
            class_name: 'ApplicationGatewayRewriteRule',
            model_properties: {
              name: {
                client_side_validation: true,
                required: false,
                serialized_name: 'name',
                type: {
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              action_set: {
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                required: false,
                serialized_name: 'actionSet',
                type: {
                  name: 'Composite',
                  class_name: 'ApplicationGatewayRewriteRuleActionSet'
                }
              }
            }
          }
        }
      end
    end
  end
end

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BSU Soccer to host Peacocks and Warriors this weekend
The Bemidji State University soccer team will host Upper Iowa University and Winona State University this weekend at Chet Anderson Stadium.
Bemidji State will open the weekend with a 3 p.m. matchup against Upper Iowa Friday. Sunday, Winona State arrives for a 1 p.m. match.
The Beavers come into the weekend 2-2-1 after a tie at St. Cloud State University and a 2-1 win at University of Minnesota Duluth. The match versus SCSU went into double overtime with neither team scoring. Goalkeepers, Alyssa Stumbaugh and Emma Riedi totaled five saves to combine for their first clean sheet of the season. At UMD, Sara Wendt scored both goals for BSU and earned Northern Sun Intercollegiate Conference Offensive Player of the Week honors.
UIU owns a 0-3-2 overall record and are 0-1-1 in NSIC play. The last time the Beavers and Peacocks met, BSU defeated UIU, 5-1. The Beavers are 10-5 versus the Peacocks since they first met in 2004.
Winona State is currently 1-4 overall and 0-2 in conference play. BSU is 7-11-2 versus WSU and 3-3 in the last six matches. Last time the two teams met, the Beavers, Sept. 5, beat the Warriors, 2-1.
Sunday's game will be broadcast on the BRN.
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text:
Home Multifamily News NKF Chosen to Market 17-Asset Multifamily Portfolio
NKF Chosen to Market 17-Asset Multifamily Portfolio
WASHINGTON DC – Newmark Knight Frank has been selected to represent the sole proprietorship of the marketing of Washington Intern Student Housing's portfolio of 17 properties.
The portfolio includes a collection of apartment buildings, townhouses and townhouses that the WISH Foundation has acquired over the past 30 years to provide students with a safe place to live in the country's capital.
"In the late 1990s, my husband and I discovered that all these students came to DC with no money to buy food or the subway. So we started buying properties that would offer affordable housing without paying more than what was charged back in their hometowns, "explains Jackie Lewis of the WISH Foundation. "We bought prime properties because we had safety concerns for the students and realized that we didn't have to charge a lot of rent as we could use the property's appreciation to subsidize their rents."
The WISH portfolio comprises 122 units in 17 buildings and includes a range of traditional apartment buildings and individual properties. Each of the properties is in the Capitol Hill neighborhood of Washington DC, with the exception of one property in Chinatown. An additional 38-unit property is being offered separately from the portfolio and is located at 2807 Connecticut Ave. in Woodley Park.
The Lewis-owned properties have housed more than 25,000 students in Washington DC.
Christine Espendshade, Vice Chairwoman of Newmark Knight Frank, and Lisa Benjamin, Senior Managing Director, represent the owners of the offering.
"The WISH portfolio offers investors several options, including turnkey housing solutions, shared apartments, company apartments or furnished short stay apartments, in addition to operating the properties as luxury rental or sales apartments," says Benjamin.
The proceeds from the sale of the portfolio will be used by the foundation to provide university scholarships and donations for students in need.
The master lease structure of the WISH portfolio offers the buyer the opportunity to avoid delays and uncertainties due to the Rental Opportunities Act.
"This is a unique opportunity for investors to acquire a portfolio of orders of magnitude for luxury apartment buildings, condominium conversions or cohabitation in Washington's most prestigious locations," said Espenshade. "The history of these assets and the care that has been taken to maintain their place in the neighborhood is priceless."
323 Maryland Ave. NE, Washington DC.
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More exotic cars to grace Gran Turismo 5
Whether you're a gamer or a gearhead, this is for you
The Gran Turismo franchise for the Playstation console has given gearheads-slash-gamers many sleepless nights living out their car racing fantasies flooring exotic cars they'll never get to drive on tracks they'll never set foot on in real life.
With Amazon.com putting up a pre-order page for the fifth installment of the game franchise coupled with the abundance of game images being leaked online, Gran Turismo 5 is already whetting everyone's appetite, particularly with the number of exotic cars being made available for the first time.
Gran Turismo 5 is out to top its predecessor with a vehicle lineup of 1,000 cars, 107 of which are being made available for the first time. Gran Turismo 4 only had more than 700 cars from 80 manufacturers.
Among the most eagerly anticipated of the new cars is Ferrari's selection topped off by the yet-to-go-on-sale 458 Italia.
Aside from the Ferrari 458 Italia, another sports car set to make Gran Turismo 5 more exciting is the Mercedes-Benz SLS AMG.
Concept cars will also be available in Gran Turismo 5, including the GTbyCITROËN, a collaboration between French automaker Citroën and Gran Turismo developer Polyphony Digital; the Toyota Prius, the world's best-selling hybrid; and Audi's futuristic and all-powerful (3,319 lb-ft of torque!) e-tron concept electric vehicle, which will be available in the Playstation Home online community.
Gran Turismo 5 players can also try the 70 unique circuits in the game on board Ferrari's F2007, the same car driven by Kimi Raikkonen when he claimed his world championship.
Motor Image Pilipinas to unveil new Subaru Legacy, Outback
Toyota,
Mercedes-Benz,
Audi,
Citroen,
Gran Turismo 5,
Sony PlayStation,
video games,


Do students have First Amendment rights to free speech in school?
According to two landmark Supreme Court decisions, 1943's West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette and 1969's Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District, they do.
Since Tinker, though, Supreme Court decisions on the topic have tended towards limiting, rather than expanding, student speech rights.
24 years ago today, the Supreme Court decided one of the most significant of such rulings on school speech – Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier.
Hazelwood involved a school principal deleting two articles from a school paper.
One article described school students' experiences with pregnancy and another article discussed the impact of divorce on students at the school.
Before publication, page proofs were submitted to the principal, who objected to the content of the articles.
Believing that there was not enough time to make changes before publication, the principal ordered the articles to be deleted.
Several high school students sued, claiming a First Amendment violation.
The district court disagreed, but it was overturned on appeal.
The Supreme Court then reversed the appeals court, finding that the school district had not violated the students' free speech rights.
In making this decision, the majority first found that the school paper did not qualify as a "public forum," which is the platform of speech that previous Court decisions have ruled warrants the highest level of speech protection.
Thus, school officials were free to impose "reasonable restrictions" on student speech in the paper.
Exactly what "reasonable" means, though, was determined by the Court with no precedential support.
Instead, the majority examined the facts in more detail.
The Court found it reasonable that the principal cut the pregnancy story because the pregnant students, although not named, might be identified from the text (testimony from a teacher revealed that she would have been able to identify at least one, if not all three pregnant students).
Further, the principal believed that the article's references to sexual activity and birth control were inappropriate for 14-year-old freshmen.
Lastly, the principal objected to the divorce article because the page proofs he was furnished identified by name a student who complained of her father as an inattentive parent (as one who chose "playing cards with the guys" over family).
The majority found the principal's rationale – that the father was entitled to an opportunity to defend himself as a matter of journalistic fairness – reasonable and upheld the restriction (the final draft, which the principal supposedly hadn't seen, removed the student's name).
Thus, the school ruled that no First Amendment violation had occurred.
In so doing, the Court cemented Hazelwood as one of the most significant decisions in school speech jurisprudence.
Recently, the Supreme Court relied heavily on Hazelwood in deciding Morse v. Frederick – the "BONG HiTS 4 JESUS" case.
The Court ruled in Morse the same way it ruled in Hazelwood – no First Amendment violations occurred.
Considering recent Supreme Court jurisprudence on free speech (excluding campaign finance laws, of course), it is likely that this tightening of restrictions on student speech will continue.
Luckily, high school only lasts four years, so students can look forward to full First Amendment speech rights after they graduate.


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Home Arts Theatre department premiering reimagined 'Peter Pan' centered on Indigenous identity
Theatre department premiering reimagined 'Peter Pan' centered on Indigenous identity
Marion Jacobs, center, a Squamish actor, plays Wendy, who in "The Neverland" is a Mohegan girl. Also shown are Ben Mathew as John, Madelyn Childress as Mary 1/Karilagan, Jailene Torres as Mary 2/Andrea, Kim Fernandez as Mary 3/Chesa and, left, Emily Albert-Stauning as Tink. Photo by Darrell Hoemann
By Jodi Heckel
A modern-day adaptation of "Peter Pan" imagines Neverland as a refuge for marginalized people who are told there is no place for them in the world.
"The Neverland," by playwright Madeline Sayet, takes the original escapist journey told from a colonial viewpoint and makes it a work of Indigenous futurism about building a world where all people and cultures are valued.
Playwright Madeline Sayet is the guest director and an artist-in-residence in the theatre department. Photo by Bret Hartman
The University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign theatre department commissioned Sayet to write the play and hosted a workshop for the production. Performances will be April 7-9 and April 13-16 at Krannert Center for the Performing Arts.
Sayet is a resident guest artist and guest director with the theatre department during the production of "The Neverland." She is the executive director of the Yale Indigenous Performing Arts Program and a citizen of the Mohegan Tribe in Connecticut. She often reimagines classic stories in her work.
"I love coming-of-age stories, magical realism and big, transformative stories that take you on adventures. I would love to direct a play about flying children, yet 'Peter Pan' is horribly racist when it comes to Native people. I wanted to do it as a positive experience that centers Indigenous identity and reimagines the world in new, positive ways," Sayet said.
Kenny Ramos, a Kumeyaay actor, plays Pan, who is a Native American character in "The Neverland." Photo by Darrell Hoemann
While not the "Peter Pan" story, "The Neverland" retains familiar characters from the classic, including fairies and pirates.
"I took the parts of the story I feel passionate about and used them to build a new adventure," Sayet said.
The character Wendy in Sayet's story is Mohegan. She attends a strict religious school, influenced by the residential school systems in the U.S. and Canada that were designed to indoctrinate Native children to non-Native society. Her teacher has given her an English name and told her that her culture is gone.
Kim Fernandez as Mary 3/Chesa, Marion Jacobs as Wendy and Jailene Torres as Mary 2/Andrea. Their characters attend a strict religious school that is suppressing multiple kinds of identities. Photo by Darrell Hoemann
In Sayet's story, the school is suppressing multiple kinds of identities, including Native, homosexual and transgender. She imagines Neverland as a refuge for everything told it can't exist anymore.
The play begins and ends with songs, the first asking who remembers where their stories came from and the final song declaring, "It's time to listen to voices we were told to forget."
Theatre students are designing, performing and managing the play. Sayet said it is important to her that the students learn the history of where they live, including that there are no federally recognized Native tribes in Illinois because they were forced off their land.
Gabrielle DeMarco plays Hook. Photo by Darrell Hoemann
They also should see Native Americans as part of the world today, not just existing in the past, she said. Marion Jacobs, the actor playing Wendy, is Squamish; Kenny Ramos, who plays Pan, is Kumeyaay; and composer Ed Littlefield is Tlingit. In theatrical productions of "Peter Pan," the Native characters were never portrayed by Native American actors onstage, but by white actors in redface, Sayet said.
"All people have seen is caricatures," she said.
She also wants to expose students to different ways of working besides the Eurocentric theater model, she said.
"Native theater operates in a more decentered model where lots of people are contributing their voices. It's everyone's story. It's about community rather than one person, and how things affect the entire world instead of one person," Sayet said. "I'm hoping students also are learning about themselves and their voices, and who they want to be in the world."
Sayet said audience members who come to "The Neverland" should know they are not seeing the original "Peter Pan" story, but "they will go on an adventure and open their minds to new things. There's magic, songs and flying. Ultimately, it's about celebrating everyone's identity and that everyone has value."
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The low pay salaries in ministry.
Obviously, there is a sacrifice and cost on education.
Most young leaders would rather grow through experience and find education through "hands on" training rather than pay for school.
Education is not contextualized. The importance of having a formal degree in education fails to deal with real life ministry.
We live in an informational age. We can find anything we want/need on the internet. With that said, information can overwhelm us, bombard us and confuse us to a point of being paralyzed BY information.
More and more people are finding contextualized resources through social media, relationships, podcasts and common "interests." This is a great model to learn, yet, has its limitations on character development for a young leader.
1. Education helps leaders to think critically. Education helps train leaders to think critically and builds a culture of objectivity, not subjectivity. For example, we see Apostle Paul use his critical thinking skills when he argues the importance between Law and Grace (see Gal 1:6:7).
2. Education helps you go further faster in ministry. Too often, young leaders focus too much on the short-term gains versus the long-term effects and realities of ministry. Education helps you think long-term. Paul, for example, had to rethink his theology after his encounter with Jesus in Acts 9. He went away for 3 years to really examine himself before he went back into ministry. Because of those three years, we have Paul writing ⅓ of the New Testament.
3. Education grows leaders. If you look at New Testament reality, the Apostle Paul did more for the Gospel and the Kingdom than any other NT leader. Why? Because he was a leader, he had competent ministerial skills and his educational background made him a confident, powerful witness of Christ. Paul was the foundational vessel who reached the known world with the Gospel.
As leaders, we need to continue to grow. Why?
Because experience is subjective. Experience will help you grow but not for the long haul. You need to continue to reinvent yourself, realign yourself and readjust yourself as a leader to continue to build Kingdom impact and influence in other people.
Education helps you remain sharp. Yes, you can work really hard because of your experience, your talents and your abilities, but it is going to be education that will help you work smart. Ecclesiastes 10:10.
Education keeps you humble. Education focuses on how to better yourself, focus on the mission versus ministry and bring out the best in how God created you to be.
Education is NOT about pride, titles or certificates. It is about growing to be more like Christ so you can reach MORE people for Christ.
So, if you're reading this post today, I encourage you to rethink, reimagine and maybe apply for the #ANewMe Mentorship Journey so that you will be sharper, remain humble and go further faster in the long haul in ministry.


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Bigg Boss Kannada Winners List of All Seasons: 1, 2, 3, 4
Reality Show Santosh • March 22, 2016 • No Comments •
Ever thought of putting a few celebrities in a place for around 3 months and see what to conjure up. Add the lack of internet connection, phones, newspaper and more, certainly the game gets interesting enough. That's what Bigg Boss is all about.
Having had its inspiration from the Big Brother show, this show has been racking up the TRP charts for long now. Bigg Boss Kannada is the South Indian version of Bigg Boss.
Today we're looking to shed light onto the past winners of the show in our post. We'd be listing out the winners of all 3 seasons till date. Read along.
Bigg Boss Kannada
Bigg Boss Kannada follows the format of Bigg Boss or the Big Brother show.
The program has been aired for 3 seasons now and has been a TRP magnet.
The show is strictly based on Kannada language and the participants are briefed to converse in the Kannada language as it is for the regional market.
The house for the show is setup at Pune, Maharashtra and features modern amenities like gym, garden, pool and more.
However the house has no TV connection, no phones, and no internet connection.
Rules of the show
There are a few rules pertaining to the show as no contestants are allowed to sleep at daytime, everyone has to be involved in house chores and more.
The non-compliance with the rules may result in eviction or ejection to the participants from the show.
Having had a look at the show rules and overview, we'd look to move onto the winners of the show for past seasons. Read along, then.
1) Bigg Boss KannadaSeason 1 (2013)
The show was aired from 24th March to 30th June of 2013. The show featured 15 inmates and ran its course for 98 days.
The winner's title for the first season of the show went to Vijay Raghavendra. Apart from the trophy, he took home the cash prize of Rs.50 lakhs.
The show was hosted by Kiccha Sudeep and was broadcasted on ETV Kannada.
2) Bigg Boss Kannada Season 2 (2014)
The show aired from the month of June to August. The show ran its course for 98 days.
The show featured 15 inmates and features Kiccha Sudeep as the host.
The winner's title was won by Akul Balaji. He also received Rs.50 lakhs as the prize money.
The show was aired on Suvarna TV.
3) Bigg Boss Kannada Season 3 (2015-16)
The show was aired from 25thOctober 2015 to 31st January of 2016. The third edition of the show featured 18and ran for 98 days.
The winner of the third season of the show was Shruti. She also received Rs. 50 lakhs as the prize money.
The show was hosted by Kiccha Sudeep and was aired on Colors Kannada.
4) Bigg Boss Kannada Season 4 (2016-2017)
The show starting date is 9th october 2016. Its aired on Colors Kannada.
The show is again hosted by film star Kiccha Sudeep. 14 contestants are participating this time. lets see who wins bigg boss kannada 4 season.
With that entry, we reach the end of our post. The show featured a great concept of coming together of different celebrities alike in a house for such duration. The show garnered rave reviews and has received multiple accolades. We'd be back when the next season kicks off.
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MTV Splitsvilla Winners List of All Seasons: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10
Santosh • September 27, 2017 • Reality Show


Convergence, pay TV, and developments in digital TV.
BuddeComm's latest Latin America Annual Publication, 2007 Telecoms, Mobile and Broadband in Latin America – Overview, profiles Mexico, the Caribbean, and the countries of Central and South America. The Latin American region has been making giant strides in the field of telecommunications since it recovered from the 1999-2003 economic recession. There are wide differences among the various nations, and indeed within each nation, due to the pronounced inequalities between rich and poor, and between urban and rural areas.
The Latin American economy grew by 5.0% in 2006. Forecasts for 2007/08 show a slowing down of economic growth, to 4.3% and 3.9% respectively.
Despite a low 17% average teledensity, fixed-line growth in Latin America continues to stagnate.
There is a marked trend towards the use of alternative systems in fixed-line telephony, especially WLL and VoIP.
Broadband grew at an annual rate of around 54% in 2006, making Latin America one of the world's fastest growing regions in terms of broadband uptake. But broadband penetration at end-2006 was only 2.5%, considerably less than the global average of 5.4%. With its level of GDP per capita, Latin America should in principle have ended 2006 with a broadband penetration of 3.5%.
By early 2007, broadband subscribers exceeded dial-up accounts in all of Latin America's major markets.
ADSL continues to be the prevalent broadband technology in Latin America, retaining a 73% share of the broadband market.
The Latin American broadband leaders are Brazil, Mexico, Argentina, and Chile. In early 2007, these four countries accounted for around 80% of all broadband subscribers in the region.
Latin America is at the forefront of global WiMAX deployment. WiMAX Forum certified networks have been launched in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala, and Venezuela, while pre-WiMAX systems are operating in Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Jamaica, Mexico, Peru, Puerto Rico, and Uruguay.
Several companies are planning to launch IPTV, but some must wait for regulatory reforms because in a few countries (eg, Argentina) telcos are not allowed to offer pay TV services. Telefónica, in particular, is hoping to launch IPTV in Chile, Argentina, and Brazil, where it could replicate the service it already offers in Spain under the brand name Imagenio. Other companies with plans to launch IPTV include UNE-EPM and ETB in Colombia, and Telemar and Brasil Telecom in Brazil.
TV companies in Mexico began to offer Latin America's first HDTV services in 2005 and 2006, following the government's formal approval of the ATSC standard for DTTV in July 2004.
In June 2006, the Brazilian government officially adopted the Japanese digital TV standard, known as Integrated Services Digital Broadcasting (ISDB).
Honduras was the third country in Latin America and the first in Central America to elect a standard for digital terrestrial TV. It officially adopted the ATSC digital TV standard in January 2007.
There has been much disagreement in Latin America on the issue of DTT standards, since there is a strong lobby that favours the ATSC system, while supporters of Europe's Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB) are also active, and of course, Brazil is exerting pressure on its neighbours to adopt the ISDB standard.
Mobile telephony is one of the most dynamic industries in Latin America, growing 37% in 2005 and 28% in 2006. Subscriber additions were slowing down towards the end of 2006, however, which could be an indication that the region's largest markets are nearing maturity.
Mobile phones have overtaken fixed-lines in service in every Latin American country except Cuba. In early 2007, there were 308 million mobile subscribers in Latin America compared with 96 million fixed-lines. Paraguay leads the trend, with ten mobile phones for every fixed line in service.
By early 2007, mobile penetration in the region had surpassed the 50% milestone, but there are considerable variations from country to country. Apart from a few small Caribbean islands with mobile penetration is over 100%, the highest rates are found in Chile, Jamaica, and Argentina, with 80.5%, 80.4%, and 74.8% penetration respectively. Cuba continues to stagnate at 1.4% mobile penetration, while Haiti shot up by 323.1% in 2006 to 19.8% penetration, thanks to the launch in May 2006 of Digicel's low-priced GSM phones.
Seven countries – Brazil, Mexico, Argentina, Colombia, Venezuela, Chile, and Peru – claim around 84% of the region's mobile subscribers. Brazil and Mexico together account for 51% of all mobile subscribers in Latin America.
GSM is the preferred technology by far, with a market share of around 69%, CDMA continues to increase sluggishly, and TDMA is on its way out. Every country in Latin America and the Caribbean (including, since 2006, Haiti) enjoys GSM-based mobile services.
3G spectrum auctions are expected to begin in Brazil and in Chile before the end of 2007. Differently from Europe and Japan, Latin American countries do not anticipate expensive 3G licences.
Mobile Average Revenue per User (ARPU) in Latin America has stabilised at around US$17, increasing slightly during 2006 in some of the major markets.
América Móvil and Telefónica Móviles (jointly with Portugal Telecom in Brazil) compete with each other in all of Latin America's major economies. Between them, they serve around 65% of the region's mobile subscribers.
Verizon pulled out of the Dominican Republic in December 2006 and out of Puerto Rico in March 2007. It sold both Verizon Dominicana and Telecomunicaciones de Puerto Rico to América Móvil.
In April 2006, Verizon had also agreed to sell Venezuela incumbent CANTV to América Móvil and Telmex, but in February 2007, the Venezuelan government moved to re-nationalise the operator, and offered approximately US$572 million for Verizon's 28.5% stake in CANTV.
Telecom Italia had been toying with the idea of selling its 50% stake in Entel, Bolivia's long-distance incumbent operator, since 2004. But in April 2007, the Bolivian government issued a presidential decree setting a 30-day deadline to negotiate Entel's re-nationalisation.
Mossel's Digicel continued its expansion, adding new operations in Martinique, Guadeloupe, French Guiana, Guyana, Trinidad & Tobago, Haiti, and Turks & Caicos. By early 2007, it was active in about 20 Caribbean markets. It entered El Salvador in October 2006 – this being Digicel's first incursion into the mobile market of Central America.


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Live Ops
Chiefs and Commissioners
Seaford Fire District
Archived Documents
Junior Firefighters Program
Featured Safety Topics
Seasonal Safety Topics
The fire district budget for 1930 was $7,230.
Charles Kiefer now serves as fire commissioner but also holds officers rank within the Fire Company.
A special meeting of the fire district was convened to discuss the purchase of a new chassis to replace the present Packard chassis owned by the Fire Company. By unanimous vote the commissioners agreed to purchase a new Dodge chassis from Haff Motors of Seaford for $945.00 delivered. The plan was to shift the Packard body to the new Dodge chassis. The plan was approved and the Seaford Hook, Ladder and Engine Co. # 1 was paid $25.00 by the fire district for the old Packard truck. On April 20, 1931 it was recorded that the old Packard chassis was sold to Mr. Theodore Bedell for$10.00. On May 18, 1931 the new Dodge truck was placed into service.
At a regular meeting of the Fire District, a group accident insurance policy was purchased for the protection of the members of the Seaford Hook Ladder & Engine Co. #1 for a principal sum of $3,000, with $20.00 per week indemnity and $20.00 per week for hospital confinement. The insurance was to cost the Fire District $238.75 for one year. It should be noted that the Fire District considers the Seaford Hook Ladder & Engine Co. #1 as the Fire Department, this, of course, would change in years to come.
The fire commissioners at their regular monthly meeting voted to repair the old fire gong, 200 feet of hose was purchased and a new fire well was to be driven on Washington Avenue, 995 feet south of Jerusalem Ave. Chief Stahle reported one still alarm since last meeting.
A communication from the Wantagh Fire District was read concerning boundary line agreements. The agreement was returned to Wantagh without being signed. There were many boundary line disagreements with the Wantagh Fire Department since 1903. The Fire Company prior to 1924 had requested that Wantagh respect our boundary line agreements even to the point of obtaining legal counsel to address the issue.
At the Fire District meeting, a motion was made and seconded that a committee of one be appointed to investigate the possibility of having a telephone line connected to the siren. On May 16, 1932, the installation of a telephone line was approved.
A committee of taxpayers from Merrick Road appeared before the commissioners requesting that the Fire District take over the fire hydrants on Merrick Road. The request was laid over for further discussion. On July 18, 1932, the fire district secretary was instructed to inform Mr. Frank Raynor that the fire district could not take over the fire hydrants without a public vote. Fire wells were the primary source of water supply for our district in 1932.
Chief Stahle reports two fire alarms since last meeting.
Records indicate that C. Kiefer is serving as both a fire department captain and as a fire district commissioner.
The drivers and lieutenants of the fire department appeared before the Board of Fire Commissioners to request that windshields be installed on the trucks. The committee of drivers was asked to obtain more information and present same at the next commissioners meeting which they did. Open cabs were common in the fire service at this time and even into the 1950's. This practice was a tradition and served no practical purpose. On January 15, 1934, this issue was laid over due to financial conditions and final approval to have Mack International Truck Company install windshields on the American LaFrance and two Dodges was made on August 19, 1935.
The application of S.N. Harwood for membership into the Seaford Hook Ladder & Engine Co. #1 was read and approved by the Fire District. Mr. Harwood (Sam) was a former member of the Seaford Harbor Fire Department, an independent fire company within the Wantagh Fire District, joined our fire department after the Seaford Harbor Fire Company disbanded. Sam Harwood was the father of Roger Harwood, a Dispatcher in the Wantagh Fire Department and grandfather to present Senior Dispatcher Roger Harwood, also of the Wantagh Fire District.
Also on this date, the Fire Commissioners accepted the Advisory Board's report to appoint a Deputy Chief. Motion was made and carried to appoint Captain Charles Kiefer Deputy Chief for the year 1934. It appears that Charles Kiefer continued to serve as both Commissioner and now Deputy Chief.
On March 19, 1934, the Advisor Board recommends the appointment of a Second Deputy Chief. Commissioner Henry Haff was appointed by the Commissioners to the position of Second Deputy Chief.
Purchase of new Hook and Ladder Truck … At a special meeting, Mr. C. Haff appeared before the Board of Fire Commissioners with specifications for a Dodge Hook and Ladder Truck. Frank Howland of the Woodhouse Manufacturing Company also appeared before the Board. A roll call vote was held and all commissioners agreed to purchase a Mack Model 50 Hook and Ladder at a purchase price of $5616.87. This new truck would replace Seaford's original Hook and Ladder that was originally pulled by a horse before being mounted by the Fire Company on a motorized chassis.
Board of Fire Commissioners moved and seconded that W. Stahle be elected Chief. C. Kiefer, Deputy Chief, H. Haff, Assistant Chief. Both Kiefer and Haff are serving as Commissioners.
The Advisory Board of the Seaford Hook Ladder & Engine Company #1 reported to the Board of Fire Commissioners that the company has appointed members as Fire Police.
Also on this date, Chief Stahley reported the following: Two still alarms, February 22, a grass fire on Jackson Avenue and Sunrise Highway; and on March 5, another grass fire on Jackson Avenue, Sunrise Highway. There were two regular alarms on March 15 … overheated oil stove fire at Will Wanser's house located on Seamans Neck Road and Waverly Avenue, Damage $5.00, and a grass fire on Seamans Neck Road and Tiana Street. The Chief further reports all apparatus in working order.
Also of importance on this date was the purchase by the Fire District of an American Flag and a Fire District Flag from Annin and Company of New York for the purchase price of $53.75.
At a regular meeting of the Board of Fire Commissioners, Chief Stahley reported that a test of the school's fire alarm system and hose was conducted on October 5th. The Chief found two valves in bad condition and the pressure on the fire tank regulated to cut in and fill the tank at about 30 pounds pressure. The hose was found to be in bad condition and it was recommended that new hose been purchased with couplings interchangeable with our fire department couplings. It would appear that the school, the Jackson Avenue School, was equipped with a stand pipe system.
Howard Weeks requested that he be buried in his uniform. Howard Weeks was already dead.
At a special meeting of the Board of Fire Commissioners, a new siren with a deeper tone was purchased from the Federal Electric Company. The old siren was sold to the North Merrick Fire Department for $75.00.
At a fire district meeting, it was reported that the by-laws of the Seaford Hook Ladder and Engine Company #1 were being revised. The Fire Commissioners requested that the by-laws Committee incorporate the following law therein: That any fireman deserving to advance to a Line Officer must have at least two years' experience as an active fireman.
November 15, 1937 (F A System)
The Fire Commissioners on this date voted to withdraw $4,000 from the Seaford National Bank to a fund known as the Seaford Fire District Special Fund. The Special Fund was for the construction of a Fire Alarm system within the Seaford Fire District. On June 3, 1938, Littlefield and Alger were awarded the Fire Alarm contract. The contract was signed on July 13, 1938.
The system consisted of three zones, North – Middle – South. The system was a battery powered loop system with ground return. Each pull box when activated would tap out a code at the firehouse and activate the fire siren. As time went on, air horns were added to the system at headquarters and the North and South Zones. The ability for a resident to phone in an emergency was later incorporated in to the alarm system.
During the term of Chief Robert Powell the firebox alarm system was discontinued.
At a regular meeting of the Board of Fire Commissioners, a contract for adding an extension to the truck house was awarded to the lowest bidder, Ketchum and Birchard. Mr. Van Nostrand was authorized to do the electrical work.
At a regular meeting of the Board of Fire Commissioners, Wesley Weeks was asked to report to the next Commissioners meeting to be placed on the active list as a houseman.
The Board of Fire Commissioners approved the election of Charles Kiefer to Chief, A. Meadows to First Assistant Chief and John H. Strickroth to Second Asst. Chief. Charles Kiefer was still serving as a Fire Commissioner.
SEAFORD FIRE DEPARTMENT
2170 Southard Ave
Sunny, with a high near 28.
All content, including all images and photography except as specifically noted. Copyright 2023 Seaford Fire Department


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Lou Gehrig Memorial Award
The Lou Gehrig Memorial Award was created by the Phi Delta Theta Fraternity in honor of the former Major League Baseball player Lou Gehrig, who was a member of the fraternity at Columbia University. It is given to players who best exemplify his character and integrity both on and off the field. Since the award was created in 1955, the name of each winner has been placed on the Lou Gehrig Award plaque in the Baseball Hall of Fame in Cooperstown, New York.
* [http://www.baseball-almanac.com/awards/aw_lg.shtml baseball-almanac]
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Lou Brock — Infobox MLB retired name=Lou Brock position=Outfielder bats=Left throws=Left birthdate=birth date and age|1939|6|18 city state|El Dorado|Arkansas debutdate=September 10 debutyear=by|1961 debutteam=Chicago Cubs finaldate=September 30… … Wikipedia
New York Yankees award winners and league leaders — This is a list of award winners and league leaders for the New York Yankees professional baseball team. Contents 1 Baseball Hall of Famers 2 Awards 2.1 Most Valuable Player 2.2 … Wikipedia
Seattle Mariners award winners and league leaders — American League MVP= *Ken Griffey, Jr. (1997) *Ichiro Suzuki (2001)American League Cy Young*Randy Johnson (1995)American League Rookie of the Year*Alvin Davis (1984) *Kazuhiro Sasaki (2000) *Ichiro Suzuki (2001)All Stars*1977 Ruppert Jones *1978… … Wikipedia
Atlanta Braves award winners and league leaders — AwardsMVP AwardJohn Evers (1914)Robert Elliot (1947)Hank Aaron (1957)Dale Murphy (1982, 1983)Terry Pendleton (1991)Chipper Jones (1999)Cy Young AwardWarren Spahn, (1957)Tom Glavine (1991, 1998)Greg Maddux (1993, 1994, 1995) (Also won the award… … Wikipedia
Major League Baseball Most Valuable Player Award — (MVP) The … Wikipedia
J. P. Small Memorial Stadium — Jacksonville s First Municipal Baseball Stadium Former names J. P. Small Memorial Stadium (1985 Present) Barrs Field (1912 1926) Joseph E. Durkee Athletic Field (1926 1985) Myrtle Avenue Ball Park (local name) Location 1701 Myrtle Avenue… … Wikipedia
Academy Award for Best Actor — Awarded for Best Performance by an Actor in a Leading Role Presented by Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences Country United States First awarded 1929 (for performances in films released during … Wikipedia
Don Mattingly — Los Angeles Dodgers No. 8 First baseman / Mana … Wikipedia
Curt Schilling — Schilling with the Red Sox in October 2007 Pitcher Born: November 14, 1966 (1966 11 14) (age 45) … Wikipedia


Anyway, I put them all here for ease of access! If you want to see more, just give me a holler. I'm usually down to write ALL the things. 🙂 Enjoy!
Lieutenant Liam escapes the fall of Lynwood Keep and deals with the aftermath of the Calorin invasion and the fall of Aredor.
Separated by war, Tristan and Trey believe they will never see each other again. But fate and the elusive Hawk have other plans.
Corin enjoys a quiet moment in the castle gardens following a battle with the Calorins.
Adela and Lidia spend an afternoon in Celedon Forest.
Felix and Rafael work together to make the perfect gift for Damian.


Facilitative, Determinative, Transformative…or whatever the parties want?
I was speaking at a conference recently and a question was asked of another speaker who worked for an ADR provider offering commercial mediation. The question was along the lines of "What type of mediation do you do? Are you strictly facilitative or are you determinative or are you transformative…" You get the idea.
The answer was that I am facilitative, but...I will mediate in accordance with the needs and requirements of the parties. I contest that I am skilled and experienced to mediate however required of me.
Mediator skills training as I have seen it, and I have been trained and accredited by two of the leading mediation training bodies, is like learning to drive. You may learn some new skills, though often you have them already, but with training you learn how to apply them at mediation. You then go off, if you are lucky, and mediate, and you develop your own style. In fact, you develop your own styles, as no mediation is the same and you, as mediator, may be required to be different things to different people in the same mediation.
Learning to drive doesn't teach you how to drive on the M6 at 1.40am in snow and ice. That comes with driving, and dare I say it, life experience. It is the same for mediation – mediators can be facilitative and determinative in the same mediation. A good mediator will adapt and should all be able to do the job they are hired to do regardless of any labels.


Rod photoreceptor cGMP-specific phosphodiesterase (PDE) is a key enzyme of the phototransduction cascade. Mutations in the gene encoding the β-subunit of PDE (βPDE) have been implicated in two distinct human retinal disorders; autosomal recessive retinitis pigmentosa (arRP) and autosomal dominant congenital stationary night blindness (adCSNB).
We examined the βPDE gene in 101 unrelated patients with arRP from Germany for sequence changes by single strand conformation polymorphism analysis. Band shifts were detected in 17 different gene fragments amplified by polymerase chain reaction. Direct sequencing revealed 11 single base substitutions that were considered being most likely polymorphisms. Of the remaining six, and most likely disease related exonic mutations, three (225C→T/Arg74Cys, 226insC, and 660T→C/Tyr219His) have been found in patients with only one (heterozygous) βPDE-mutation identified so far. In two patients, both βPDE-alleles carried potentially pathogenic mutations; one patient was homozygote for the 1585T→C/Leu527Pro change while the other one was a compound hetrrozygote for 897C→T/Gln298stop and 2565C→G/Leu854Val. This latter patient, a 19-year-old female, presented with typical clinical, electrophysiological, and psychophysical symptoms of a rod-cone degeneration.
We have recently described a large multigeneration Danish pedigree with adCSNB, in which the photoreceptor dysfunction was cosegregating with a heterozygous His258Asn mutation of the βPDE gene. Here we report two further Danish pedigrees with adCSNB and the His258Asn mutation. Both families were shown to be unrelated to the original pedigree for (at least the last) 6 generations. Nevertheless, genotyping for 11 different intragenic DNA polymorphisms revealed that night blind subjects in the three families shared the same βPDE haplotype suggesting that the His258Asn allele originated from a common ancestor. Assuming that the three families were linked in the seventh generation, a maximum lod score of 28.615 at theta = 0.00 was obtained for the linkage relationship between the loci for adCSNB and βPDE. These data provide strong support for the hypothesis that the mutant βPDE is responsible for CSNB in this family, i.e. that the molecular defect is in the phototransduction cascade and at the photoreceptor level.
On leave of absence from the Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Estonia.


If you love seafood and have a bit of time on hand then I recommend paying Addiction Aquatic Development (ADD) a visit. I happened to chance upon this venue while Googling for a place for lunch, and boy, what a discovery! My visit lasted 2.5 hours but one can easily spend a whole day at this place.
Upon reaching the establishment I knew I was in for a treat. Greeting me was an open-air closed canopy charcoal grilling section sandwiched between two buildings, the right building seems like your typical seafood restaurant, known as Tresors De La Mer, while the left building house the main attraction of my visit, ADD.
I did not try their service but their reviews on Tripvisor seems spot on. Here are some photos I snapped just outside the restaurant.
We tried grilled Alaskan crab legs (NTD$750 per claw), abalones (ranges from NTD$250-$1,000 depending on size), and miso fish soup. You make your order from their display carts on the side and they will grill it before bringing the cooked product to your table, placing them on top of a heating charcoal pot lined with small black pebbles. Pretty gimmicky as the charcoal pot is only meant to keep your food warm. No complaints from me though, the abalones was grilled to perfection and the crab legs were pretty darn sweet.
If you enter the building from the charcoal grill section, you will be ushered to walk all the way down to the end where the main entrance to ADD is located. Along the walkway you will find customers standing around tables enjoying their purchased goods. As you enter you will be greeted by several live tanks, housing different varieties of crabs such as Alaskan King crabs, Snow crabs, and Hairy crabs, as well as abalones, clams, and prawns. This section is meant for take-away order.
Next is the grocery section, this is where you buy prepackaged sushis and sashimis. They are all fresh as they fly off the shelves pretty fast. Also available are vegetables, fruits as well as dried and canned goods from Japan though in limited quantity and varieties. Located within the grocery section are sushi bar, seafood bar and deli. If you are not up for grocery shopping or standing around the bars then try their hotpot restaurant on the 2nd floor. Regrettably we did not get to try as the waiting list was more than an hour long, next time perhaps.
I doubt this is my last visit to ADD, I am already looking forward to giving Tresors De La Mer a try. So much food selection, I need an extra stomach please!


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Tag Archives: World War II
Under An English Heaven
Posted by victoriacorby in Books, Reading
Bombers, Phoenix Book Sale, Robert Radcliffe, World War II
Books that have World War II bombers on the cover really aren't my sort of thing, so when my husband handed me Under An English Heaven by Robert Radcliffe, one of the books I'd bought for him at the Phoenix Book Sale *, and said I must read it, I made polite noises and put it to one side. I might well have continued making weak excuses every time he asked me if I'd got around to reading it yet if I hadn't been tidying the piles of books in our bedroom and picked it up. Among the quotes from reviews at the bottom of the cover was 'Enthralling – Kate Atkinson'. She's one of my favourite authors, someone whose books I buy without even bothering to see what they're about or read the reviews, so on the basis that if she'd enjoyed it I ought to at least give it a go, I did. The husband then sat around for the next two days as I buried myself in the book, looking smug and saying, 'I knew you'd enjoy it…'
The basic plot isn't so very different from many other war books. The time is the summer of 1943, the place Bedenham in Suffolk where a base has been built for an American squadron of the huge Flying Fortress B17 bombers that go deep into Germany on bombing raids. John Hooper, a pilot who can't bring himself to face up to why he survived a crash and all his crew didn't, is assigned to a new crew whose pilot was killed on their first mission. His official mission is to meld his new crew into an efficient fighting machine, his personal mission is to make sure they survive their tour of duty – a statistical improbability. There's a street-wise evacuee with secrets of his own who can't stay away from the base, the family he lodges with – the husband, the local blacksmith, still can't come to terms with his own war 25 years before, the village schoolmistress who made a wartime marriage and has had no news of a husband she barely knew for over 18 months, her parents in law who live in 'the Big House' in the village and don't really think she's good enough for their son…
Most books set in wartime have the war as the focus, they're about missions, battles, being bombed and the characters often act as a means of telling the war story; what makes Under An English Heaven so different is that this book is all about people, the war is almost reduced to a background for the characters – it's there of course, it brings them together, it puts them in acute danger at times but there's no grand overview, we see events through their eyes – usually how it affects them and not in terms of the big picture. The bomber crew fly the missions they're told to, they don't speculate about what they're bombing; one of them is caught in London during an air raid and he wonders if their bombs fall on civilians, but that's it, he, and the rest of the crew are far more concerned about the next mission and if they're going to survive it. The villagers get on with life, try to make do, a teenage girl dreams of beiing old enough to join the ATS so that she can get away from the boredom of rural life.
Robert Radcliffe is obviously knowlegeable about his subject but he wears it very lightly, there aren't pages of technical descriptions of machinery – there's a diagram of the bomber on one of the first pages so you can check the details for yourself if you feel like it, instead he concentrates on what it felt like to fly in one of those bombers. (Not comfortable, freezing cold and frequently terrifying.) His writing is so vivid that you can feel the dread of the crew as they're woken at 5 am and told to attend a briefing for their next mission, mortality rates were horrifyingly high so you can understand the constant fear they lived under, likewise you feel the lift to the spirits when the word goes round that the chippy in the village is opening for one night only. The owner has been saving fat and potatoes for weeks so everyone, villages and staff at the base, can have a treat. The letter from one of the crew to his parents about his first taste of fish and chips was wonderful.
It's a marvellously uplifting book and as Kate Atkinson so rightly said, enthralling. In fact the only quibble I've got with it is that the final chapter, set in the 1980's, is just too pat. But never mind, this is a book which can easily overcome one fault. The last major scene of the book in which the crew fly their final mission is almost unbearably tense. Good books paint a picture that you can see in your mind's eye, better ones make you enter into their worlds, and with very few you feel that you can remember everything that happened because you lived it, you were there.
This is one of those books.
* The next Pheonix Book Sale, for any of you who are within reach of Bergerac, is on Saturday May 5th, 10 am – 3 pm in the Salle Municipale in Campsegret, on the RN21 between Bergerac and Perigaux. 15,000 second hand books in English for 1€ each.


text:
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The Scout Association is the UK's biggest mixed youth organisation with over 520,000 members.
Here at Holmfirth, we provide Scouting to young people in and around the Holmfirth area of West Yorkshire. We are a very active group located in the centre of the Last of the Summer Wine country.
We change lives by offering young people fun and challenging activities, unique experiences, everyday adventure and the chance to help others so that we make a positive impact in communities.
Internationally, we have over 28 million young people enjoying the benefits of across 216 countries.Personal development means promoting the physical, intellectual, social and spiritual well-being of the Scouting individual, helping them achieve their full potential. In Scouting, we believe that young people develop most when they are 'learning by doing,' when they are given responsibility, work in teams, take acceptable risks and think for themselves.


SmartPM Technologies, Inc., an Atlanta, GA-based real estate technology company, secured $1.1m in seed funding.
The company intends to use the funds to continue to advance the technology, hire key employees to increase sales, and manage its customer base.
Led by Michael Pink, CEO and founder, SmartPM provides real estate developers and construction managers with real-time insights into the progress, performance and financial risk associated with their commercial construction projects. It provides an analytical process through a proprietary software that analyzes the data contained in construction project schedules issued regularly on large commercial construction projects.


The staff here were fantastic and very friendly, they went out of their way to make us feel welcome. The hotel is centrally located and close to the beach. We could not have been happier with the hotel and will definitely stay here again and tell all of our friends in Australia how fantastic this hotel is. - Excellent ! Owner Gonzalos and his fa... was die leute sagen » mily go the extra mile for their guests: Catalan breakfast with daily specials, beach parasols available. In the city center, literally next to the beach and still quiet. Second time we came to LED, and we will sure come again.
super lage, ruhig - Perfekte Lage. Das Frühstücksbuffet war eine nette Überraschung.
Location is amazing, 2 minutes walk from the beach or old town. Good sized twin room, and clean, comfortable beds. Breakfast was exactly as they promised both on the web site, and at check in, fresh toast, coffee, and juice. Nice touch, not sure why people are complaining when they get exactly what they were promised? - I got a very last minute d... was die leute sagen » eal for 3 nights, and i couldn't have been more pleased. the location was excellent, and the room quite spacious with a roof terrace above. I can't praise this quest house enough, for what is a very expensive town to stay in.
The best thing about Parrots hotel is its location. At the center of the main gay bars street in Sitges. It was so convenient and comfortable to be literally few steps away from the best gay restaurants, bars, and clubs in Sitges. It is also a 2 minute walk to the beach. We also enjoyed the small gym the hotel had, as well as the gay Sauna which ... was die leute sagen » were perfect for us as a young couple looking to have fun, stay fit, meet people, and enjoy ourselves. The Parrots restaurant and bar are also great - Friendly staff, modern furniture and decor, free and fast WiFi inside every room. Nice big comfy beds too and a nice little balcony with romantic views. Very clean and centrally located would give it 10 out of 10.
schöne poolanlage, große zimmer,gutes frühstück - Das Hotel und die Anlage sind wirklich wunderschön.
great kitcsh Hotel very back to the 50s. Refurbed rooms are minimalist but nice. Very Clean. The lower floors and the reception/ bar and restaurant areas are totally 50s style which is fabulous in my view but not to everyone's taste. I loved this hotel and would definitely go back. - Very friendly and helpful staff. The proximity to Barcelona is ... was die leute sagen » great. Beautiful setting in Sitges. Very clean.


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The Last Match: AWA World Champions
In this post we take a look at The Last Matches of former World Champions of the American Wrestling Association.
Verne Gagne
June 29, 1986 AWA Denver, Colorado
with Greg Gagne & "Superfly" Jimmy Snuka defeated Boris Zhukov, North The Barbarian, & Sheik Adnan Al-Kaissie
Ten time AWA World Champion for a combined reign of 4,677 days
Gagne was a celebrated amateur wrestler including being an alternate for the 1948 US Olympic Wrestling team. He turned pro in 1949 founding the AWA in 1960. Gagne awarded current NWA Champion Pat O'Connor the AWA World Championship stating that if he didn't defend it against Gagne in 90 days he would be stripped of the title. O'Connor didn't so the AWA awarded the championship to Gagne.
I recommend watching the WWE's documentary The Spectacular Legacy of the AWA for a detailed history of the Gagne and his promotion. Gagne passed away April 27, 2015 at the age of 89.
Nick Bockwinkel
May 23, 1993 WCW Slamboree 1993, Atlanta, Georgia
wrestled Dory Funk Jr. to a 15 time limit draw
Four time AWA World Champion for a combined right of 2,990 days
To me Mr. Bockwinkel is the most sophisticated wrestler there has ever been. His dress, his demeanor, his promo style, and even his in ring style displayed this in all footage I have ever seen of him. Trained by Lou Thesz he debuted in 1955 and traveled around the country including feuding with Dory Funk Jr over the NWA World Heavyweight Championship.
In 1970 he joined the AWA teaming with Ray Stevens being managed by Bobby "The Brain" Heenan. He won his first AWA World Championship on November 8, 1975 holding it for 1,714 days and during this title run he wrestled WWF Champion: Bob Backlund to a double count out in a unification match on March 25, 1979 in Toronto. Bockwinkel passed away on November 14, 2015 at the age of 80.
February 15, 1988 WWE, Omaha, Nebraska
with Ken Patera defeated Demolition: Ax & Smash by disqualification
Three time AWA World Champion for a combined reign of 122 days
The first blur collar wrestler and arguable to most famous wrestler from Milwaukee The Crusher began his career in 1949. The Crusher started as a heel, but in the mid 1960's became a babyface for the remainder of his career achieving a level fandom few do. He had a very unique and entertaining promo style. If you're not familiar take the time to YouTube some of them. The Crusher died October 22, 2005 from a brain tumor at the age of 79.
Dick The Bruiser
February 4, 1988 AWA, Minneapolis, Minnesota
defeated Sheik Adnan Al-Kassie by disqualification
AWA World Champion November 12 - 19, 1966.
The Bruiser wrestled for thirty years starting in the mid 1950's primarily known for his tag team with The Crusher the duo are 12 time tag team champions. The Bruiser also ran his own Indianapolis based World Wrestling Association promotion from March 1964 until his death November 10, 1991 at the age of 62.
Labels: American Wrestling Association, AWA, AWA World Heavyweight Champion, Dick The Bruiser, Nick Bockwinkel, The Crusher, the last match, Verne gagne
Signed Trading Cards: Robert Gibson, Abbey Laith, ...
The Last Match: The Moondogs
They Wrestled in TNA II
WWF at the LA Sports Arena December 17, 1988
Wrestlecade 2017 Recap – The SuperShow (Part 3 of ...
Wrestlecade 2017 Recap – Saturday's Fanfest (Part ...
Wrestlecade 2017 Recap – The Showcase of Champions...


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text:
The Mysterious Village of Alt-Bergfeld
April 15, 2019 Erin Unger Places 0
This is a private site. Very private. Not public at all. So how did we get here? Ernie Braun led us here, that's how. He went to the effort of contacting the owner of this property and obtaining permission to visit the cemetery… which is all that remains today of what was once the village of Alt-Bergfeld.
This village is mentioned a lot in the Historical Atlas of the East Reserve. I think that's because it's of particular significance to Ernie — this is where his family was from. (I'm pretty sure he said that he'd spent a portion of his boyhood here.)
Because of how much it was mentioned in the Atlas, I'd somehow assumed there would be more left of the village than there actually is.
We followed a trail used frequently by tractors, and I think Ernie said that had been the village street… I found looking at it quite depressing. I didn't take a photo because I wanted to respect the property owner.
At this location, I found it difficult to imagine the bustling village that had existed right here.
As me, Andrew, and Ernie stood reflecting upon what was once Alt-Bergfeld, Ernie took a few steps back, and suddenly declared with surprise, "WOW! Look at that tree! " He said that he had not noticed it to be so large the last time he had been at the site. Just the way that oak amazed him, I had to take a photo. That was fantastic, I think we should all react similarly to trees.
On the marble cairn, it's called Old Barkfield. But you know, from the beginning to the end of the village's life, it's inhabitants spoke German. None of them would've called it "Old Barkfield". The translation seems unnecessary. I mean, we don't call Kleefeld "Clover Field", do we? (Pretty sure that's what it translates to…)
In spite of the anglicized name, the memorial stone has a lot of German on it — even weirdly making "Falk" into "Falken" and "Toews" into "Toewsen". I am not sure why the "en" has been added to some names in this way.
Do you see where it says "3 kleine kinder" below? Three small children. We paused, contemplating the sadness of this statement in a cemetery.
On the back of the Historical Atlas of the East Reserve, is the Alt-Bergfeld village plan. The details, complete with trails and bridges, bushes and pasture… Gnadenfeld Lands, Joubert Creek, and a trail to Neu-Bergfeld. All of this makes me want to explore the land, the way it had been… back in the days of the villages. (Or, better yet… to see it the way it had been, pre-settlement.) But, I think this is largely impossible at this point, as all lands are extremely private.
However, there are those creeks… right?
Looking inside at the Atlas' table of contents, you can see that Alt-Bergfeld (1876-1924) receives it's own four-page chapter. Stunningly, you can see a 1946 photo from the National Air Photo Library, next to the map of Bergfeld from 1912. The comparison ignites the imagination!
The Historical Atlas of the East Reserve also contains this poem, attributed to G.G. Kornelson, published in the Steinbach Post on October 20th, 1926. Translated by Ernie Braun:
Bergfeld, what happened to you!
How things look in your yards now!
How you stand there completely forsaken!
Yet once careful diligence
And simple uprightness
Were stamped on your village plan
Now weeds grow mightily there,
Fence and gate are fallen into ruin.
What once stood in such fine order
Cultivated, looked after for at least 50 years,
All that now lies ruined–
Because of the siren songs of speculators!
Bergfeld, how you are undone!
Discovering Magic in Giroux
All About That Janzen (Cairn)