text:
Evaluation of the International Health Grants Program (2008–09 to 2012–13)
Section 1: Evaluation of the International Health Grants Program (2008–09 to 2012–13) – Introduction
The evaluation of the Program was undertaken to meet the requirements of the Financial Administration ActEndnote 1, Treasury Board of Canada Secretariat's Policy on Transfer PaymentsEndnote 2 and its Policy on EvaluationEndnote 3.
The evaluation covers the period between 2008-2009 and 2012-2013. The evaluation was conducted between November 2012 and April 2013. The objective of the evaluation was to provide strategic advice to senior management on the relevance and performance of the Health Portfolio's Program and to contribute to decisions on the future direction of the Program in the newly combined Office of International Affairs for the Health Portfolio. The evaluation was also intended to inform program renewals, including the assessed contributionFootnote 5 to the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), which are in the process of being renewed.
1.1.Background and context
Since July 2012, the International Health Grants Program (which will be referred to as the "Program") has been situated in the Office of International Affairs for the Health Portfolio, located in the Public Health Agency of Canada. However, during much of the period covered by the evaluation, the responsibility for the Program resided with Health Canada. Much of the focus of this report, therefore, is on activities undertaken by Health Canada. Activities undertaken by the Office of International Affairs for the Health Portfolio are addressed for the period July 2012 to March 2013.
The Program is responsible for the administration of funding to facilitate Canada's membership in PAHO and for a project component that involves financial support and assistance to cover:
Canada's assessed contribution to IARC
a grant to fund the World Health Organization — Framework Convention on Tobacco Control
grants to international and national organizations and initiatives that support current federal priorities and emerging global health issues, commitments and obligations. The projects or initiatives selected for grants are solicited through a call for proposal process, and change annually.
The Program was the main mechanism within Health Canada for funding memberships in international organizations and/or facilitating the Department's participation in international health initiatives whose mandates are consistent with the Department's policy objectives and priorities.
By supporting the Health Portfolio's participation in a variety of international activities and fora, the Program serves as a mechanism to strengthen and maintain relationships with key bilateral and multilateral partners and is a vehicle for identifying and developing responses to key global health policy issues. The Program is intended to strengthen intersectoral collaboration, promote increased awareness and understanding of current and emerging global health issues of priority to Canada, promote Canadian values of equity and assist the Health Portfolio in advancing Canada's domestic health interests in order to maintain and improve the health of Canadians, to respond to Canada's international health commitments and obligations and to advance Canada's foreign policy objectives.
As illustrated in Figure 1, the Program is organized as two components:
the PAHO component that covers the assessed contribution for Canada's membership
a project component that covers Canada's assessed contribution to IARC and grants to cover other international commitments such as the World Health Organization — Framework Convention on Tobacco ControlFootnote 6, as well as other individual health initiatives and projects.
Figure 1: Organization of the International Health Grants Program (2008-2013)
Text Equivalent - Figure 1
Figure 1 describes how the International Health Grants Program is organized. The figure demonstrates that the program is organized under the following two components:
Pan American Health Organization component
Project Component
The Pan American Health Organization component covers the assessed contribution to the Pan American Health Organization.
The Project Component covers two areas of activity:
Commitments, including the assessed contribution to the International Agency for Research on Cancer and the contribution to the World Health Organization – Framework Convention on Tobacco Control
Individual projects, including contributions to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development Health Committee and the Global Health Research Initiative.
The Program currently falls under the Public Health Infrastructure Program (1.1) and the Public Health Information and Networks Sub Program (1.1.2) of the Public Health Agency of Canada's Program Alignment Architecture. It contributes to the Public Health Agency of Canada's strategic outcome "protecting Canadians and empowering them to improve their health" and ultimately to the Government of Canada strategic outcome of Healthy Canadians.
1.2.Program objectives, activities and outcomes
The evaluation team was unable to find overarching objectives or outcomes for the Program. As each component of the Program had a different focus, objectives and expected outcomes were different and were defined in their respective program authorities.Footnote 7
1.2.1.Component objectives and outcomes
According to program authorities, the objectives of Canada's engagement with PAHO were to:
advance Canada's global health priorities through strategic approaches
promote the common values of PAHO and Canada of equity through: universal access of quality, not-for-profit, health care services; equity for marginalized populations, including indigenous populations by promoting the population health/determinants of health approach
ensure effective management of Canada's policy and financial contributions to PAHO, including the effectiveness of Canada's portion of PAHO's program budget
increase Canada's participation and influence on PAHO's related policies, programs and projects within the Americas i.e. sharing Canadian knowledge, experiences (models and best practices) with other countries in the Americas
enhance Canadian awareness and knowledge of PAHO.Endnote 4
Canada's participation in PAHO furthers the Health Portfolio's broad global health objectives and promotes the following outcomes aimed at:
protecting the health of Canadians by enhancing regional health security multilaterally and bilaterally
advancing Canada's influence and interests in the region
contributing to the reduction of health disparities leading to greater economic stability to align with Canada's foreign policy objectives for the Americas. Endnote 5
In addition to the objectives specified in the program authorities, more explicit objectives, linked to Canada's expectations, are agreed upon during the development of budgets and strategic documents. For instance, specific objectives are articulated in the Framework for Cooperation between the Pan American Health Organization and the Department of Health of CanadaEndnote 6, signed by Canada and PAHO in 2010 (see Appendix 2) and in biennial work plan budgetsFootnote 8 between Canada and PAHO (see Appendix 3).
The objectives for the project component of the Program, as specified in the program authoritiesEndnote 7, were to:
identify, assess and promote approaches, models, and best practices that respond to Canada's global health priorities, and international commitments and obligations
increase knowledge on current and emerging global health issues to inform policy and program development and contribute to improving health outcomes within and outside Canada
increase collaboration and strengthen relationships with key partners and stakeholders on current and emerging global health issues of importance to the Health Portfolio
strengthen Canada's leadership on global health issues and ensure that Canada's priorities are reflected on the international health agenda
enhance global health capacity/participation in areas directly related to the Health Portfolio and/or Government of Canada priorities.Endnote 8
The expected immediate outcomes as identified in the logic modelEndnote 9 (see Appendix 1) were:
increased awareness of current and emerging priority global health issues and approaches, models and best practices
increased knowledge and understanding of current and emerging priority global health issues and approaches, models and best practices
improved collaboration on international responses to emerging and current priority global health issues
decreased domestic and international barriers to the development and implementation of global health responses for current and emerging issues
adoption/use of knowledge and information.
The expected intermediate outcomes as identified in the logic model were:
strengthened/reinforced government policies, programs, strategies and policy options;
improved international capacity/participation in addressing priority global health issues.
Health Canada, in consultation with the Canadian Institutes of Health Research, developed the following objectives for working with IARC:
utilize IARC's research findings in assessment of new or existing substances and products and in identifying potential carcinogens and their impact on the health of Canadians
influence the current and future research agenda of IARC
ensure effective utilization of resources provided by Canada and other participating states
participate fully on Governing Council sessions
ensure Canadian representation on the Science Council
enhance Canadian awareness of IARC and the utilization of its research products.Endnote 10
In the long-term, the Program was expected to contribute to improved health outcomes for Canadians.Endnote 11
1.2.2.Component activities and delivery instruments
PAHO componentFootnote 9
PAHO is the specialized health agency of the Organization of the American States in the Inter-American System and serves as the World Health Organization's Regional Office for the Americas. Member States include all 35 countries of the Americas, and Puerto Rico, Aruba, Curacao and Saint-Maarten as Associate members.Endnote 12 The mission of PAHO is "to lead strategic collaborative efforts among Member States and other partners to promote equity in health, to combat disease, and to improve the quality of, and lengthen the lives of peoples of the Americas."Endnote 13
Since July 2012, the focal point for Canada's relationship with PAHO has been the Public Health Agency of Canada. However, for most of the period covered by the evaluation (specifically, April 2008 to July 2012), Health Canada was the focal point and had the overall substantive lead for the Government of Canada in its relations with PAHO, including preparing for, and coordinating the Government of Canada's positions on policy, programming, and administrative issues. In addition to Health Canada, several other federal departments and agencieFootnote 10 worked with PAHO.
The Program's assessed contribution to PAHO enabled Canada to meet its financial obligations to the Organization and, by extension, to the Organization of American States and the United Nations. This membership gave Canada voting rights, and enabled Canada to further the federal government's health and foreign policy goals both within the Americas region and more broadly. Health Canada's responsibilities as the lead department included:
attending and leading the Government of Canada delegations to PAHO's three governing body meetings (the Directing Council, Executive Committee and the Subcommittee on Program, Budget and Administration)
providing strategic direction on key health policy, planning, governance and administration issues
providing in-kind contributions to PAHO. These primarily involved providing health experts and technical support for PAHO projects including participation on committees, working groups and meetings. There is currently no formal mechanism in place to capture all activities related to PAHO; however, a scan performed in early 2013 indicated that key areas of in-kind contribution include efforts to support preparedness, surveillance and response, and capacity building and cooperation in non-communicable diseases and infectious disease control.
supporting country offices of PAHO to strengthen their capacity with respect to communicable disease surveillance, and regional capacity to prevent, detect and respond to current and emerging public health threats, in line with their international responsibility under the International Health RegulationsEndnote 14. For example, in 2012 the Public Health Agency mobilized six epidemiologists to Caribbean countries in response to requests for assistance by PAHO and the Caribbean Epidemiology Centre. Another example is the Public Health Agency's support to the Caribbean Community Member States in the establishment of the Caribbean Public Health Agency.Endnote 15
managing sixFootnote 11 PAHO/World Health Organization Collaborating Centres.Footnote 12 Collaborating Centres are institutions which contribute to PAHO by conducting work in areas that support, or align with, PAHO's Strategic Plan.Endnote 16 However, as these collaborating centres were not funded through the Program, they were not included in this evaluation.
Health Canada's relationship with PAHO is described in the Framework for Cooperation between the Pan American Health Organization and the Department of Health of Canada, signed in May 2010. The purpose of this Framework is to "heighten a whole-of-government approach to Canada's relations with PAHO, and to promote joint actions aimed at strengthening Canada's and the Organization's capacity to contribute to the global and regional response to health and development issues of common concern."Endnote 17
For additional information on PAHO, including the Collaborating Centres, refer to the PAHO website.Footnote 13
The following describes the commitments, obligations and individual projects under the project component of the Program.
(a) International Agency for Research on CancerFootnote 14 IARC is an independently funded subsidiary of the World Health Organization. Its work generates evidence for cancer prevention around the globe. IARC plans, promotes, and develops research in all phases of the causation, treatment, and prevention of cancer; collects and disseminates information on the epidemiology of cancer, on cancer research, and on the causation and prevention of cancer; and trains researchers.
Through its membership in IARC, Canada supports the generation of evidence on the causes of human cancer, the mechanisms of carcinogenesis, and the development of scientific strategies for cancer prevention and control. Health Canada, and now the Office of International Affairs for the Health Portfolio, coordinated Canada's engagement with IARC. Canadian government officials actively participated in the deliberations of the Governing Council of IARC to ensure oversight for how resources were spent, what type of research was conducted and how information was disseminated. Canada also held a seat on IARC's Scientific Council — a body whose primary role is to ensure the scientific integrity of the activities of IARC, provide impartial scientific advice to the Director and to the Governing Council and provide direction on the scientific program of the Agency. The Canadian delegation attending meetings of the Scientific Council always included a scientific representative from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research.
(b) Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development Health Committee
Canada has had an ongoing relationship with the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development Health Committee since 2005. The mandate of the Health Committee is to provide leadership in the area of health data and statistics as well as providing analyses on the financial sustainability, efficiency and quality of health and long-term care systems in member countries. The Organization also examines other health related issues such as the implications of chemicals on health, evaluates the application of biotechnology to health care, and reviews the health systems of non-members.
(c) Global Health Research Initiative
The mission of the International Development Research Centre's Global Health Research Initiative is to fund research on global health problems, strengthen capacity to perform research and to use research findings to deal with global challenges.Endnote 18 The initiative was viewed as an integrated approach to global health research. Health Canada has not contributed funding to this partnership since March 2012, when the Memorandum of Understanding expired, due to its limited direct benefits to the health mandate. However, Health Canada has offered technical and policy advice through the Global Health Research Initiative Strategic Planning Committee.
As stated in the 2001 Memorandum of Understanding and the 2008 amendment, the initiative was a partnership of the following Canadian government agencies:
Health Canada, with its knowledge base and recognized leadership
International Development Research Centre, with its experience with research in developing country settings
Canadian Institutes of Health Research, with its strong tradition of excellence in research through the peer review process
Canadian International Development Agency, with its considerable development experience and its emphasis on evidence based health development
Public Health Agency of Canada with its role in helping build an effective public health system in Canada and responsibility for surveillance, monitoring, researching, investigating and reporting on diseases, injuries, other preventable health risks and their determinants, and the general state of public health in Canada and internationally.Endnote 19
(d) Grants to international organizations and initiatives
The project component of the International Health Grant Program provides financial assistance and support in the form of individual grants for projects that support the following:
current federal global health priorities and international commitments and obligations. Current issues of priority include food and product safety, health and the environment, and health system and capacity.
emerging global health issues that will change over time as new global health challenges and opportunities are identified.
Eligible recipients for grants are international and Canadian not-for-profit organizations and institutions (e.g., bilateral and multilateral international organizations and institutions with established relationships with Canada, federal crown corporations, non-governmental organizations and academic institutions). Projects were selected based on their alignment with established Government of Canada and departmental funding priorities for international health engagement/activities.
1.3.Program governance
Currently, the responsibility for the Program resides in the Office of International Affairs for the Health Portfolio, part of the Public Health Agency of Canada. However, from 2008-2009 to 2011-2012, accountability and supervision of the Program resided in the following two areas of Health Canada:
April to November 2008, the responsibility for the Program resided with the Strategic Policy Branch of Health Canada.
In December 2008 the program was transferred to the Regions and Programs Branch. For the period between December 2008 and July 2012, the responsibility for the Program was shared between Regions and Programs Branch and the Strategic Policy Branch.
Regions and Programs Branch paid the membership fees on behalf of Canada and had responsibility for managing the projects. The Strategic Policy Branch provided policy advice and analysis of international issues affecting health, including the identification of priorities for program-based projects. The Branch was also responsible for providing guidance to the Minister regarding Health Canada's participation in international organizations and initiatives.Endnote 20
Effective July 1, 2012, in support of Budget 2012, the Program was transferred to the Office of International Affairs for the Health PortfolioFootnote 15, located in the Public Health Agency of Canada. This occurred simultaneously with the transfer of Health Canada's international affairs function to the Public Health Agency to create a shared service for the international affairs function that would serve the Health Portfolio. This new entity, the Office of International Affairs for the Health Portfolio, provides policy advice, integration, and coordination of international affairs for the Health Portfolio to advance Canada's domestic health policy objectives and priorities internationally, and to ensure that Canada's interest and values are reflected in the global health agenda.
1.4.Resources
1.4.1.Health Portfolio
The Program was split into the following two envelopes of funding:
Funding to cover the payment of Canada's membership in PAHO (assessed contribution)
Funding of the project component of the Program.
Membership in PAHO had priority for Program funds. The next priority were the commitments to international organizations (IARC, and to the World Health Organization — Framework Convention on Tobacco Control). Finally, any remaining funds were granted to individual national and international projects that supported federal priorities and emerging global health issues.
Table 1 shows the actual spending between 2008-2009 and 2012-2013 for the two components of the Program.
Table 1: Spending breakdown of the International Health Grants Program:
2008-2009 to 2012-2013
2012-13Footnote 16
*Funding for the Global Health Research Initiative ended in 2012.
**In 2012-2013 a Request for Proposal was not issued.
(Sub Total)
$11,847,593 $12,974,726 $13,221,614 $12,375,290 $11,869,159 $62,288,382
$1,774,850 $2,462,242 $1,705,871 $2,483,691 $1,209,541 $9,636,195
International Agency for Research on CancerFootnote 17
Office of Economic Cooperation and Development Health Committee
$100,000 $100,000 $100,000 $100,000 $100,000 $500,000
Global Health Research Initiative
$138,553 $134,719 $171,946 $175,705 $0Footnote * $620,923
Individual projects (call for proposals)Footnote 18
$346,349 $1,042 699 $343,998 $1,024,597 $0Footnote ** $2,757,643
Most of the Program budget is used to pay for Canada's membership in PAHO. Taking 2011-2012 as an example, and as Figure 2 illustrates, the assessed contribution to PAHO represented 83 per cent of the Program budget.
Over the past five years, payments to support Canada's memberships in multilateral organizations (PAHO and IARC) have accounted for approximately 95 per cent of the total budget of the Program. The remaining 5 per cent was used to fund international commitments and projects. The membership fees were paid in foreign currency (US dollar and Euro) so fluctuations in the exchange rate also impacted on the amount subsequently available to individual projects.
Figure 2: International Health Grants Program 2011-2012 budget analysis
Figure 2 illustrates the breakdown for the International Health Grants Program spending for 2011-2012. The figure demonstrates that the largest proportion - $12,375,290 or 83 per cent - was spent on the assessed contribution for the Pan American Health Organization. The contribution to the International Agency for Research on Cancer was $1,183,389 or approximately 8 per cent of Program expenditures. The $175,705 to the Global Health Research Initiative and the $100,000 to the Office of Economic Cooperation and Development Health Committee each accounted for 1 per cent of Program expenditures. In 2011-2012, approximately $1,024,597 or 7 per cent was spent on individual projects.
Funding of the Pan American Health Organization component
The assessed contribution is determined by PAHO in accordance with a formula approved by Member States. Table 1 shows that Canada's assessed contribution totaled $62,288,382 over the five year period of the evaluation.Footnote 19 The average annual assessed contribution over this period was $12,457,676. During the period of the evaluation, Health Canada as the lead department for Canada's engagement with PAHO, assumed payment of Canada's assessed contribution through existing reference levels.
Canada's fee for membership in PAHO contributed to the Organization's on-going operational and administrative expenses and main activities. These included, for example, the salaries and benefits of professional and general staff, support for the Organization's programming, maintenance of the premises, costs associated with convening meetings of the governing bodies attended by member states, printing and supplies and travel.
Funding of the project component
Table 1 shows the breakdown of the funding of the Program project component between 2008-2009 and 2012-2013. During that period, 46 projects were funded totalling $9,636,195.
Canada's assessed contribution for membership in IARC is paid as a grant. The total cost for Canada's membership over the past five years was $5,757,629. Funding of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development's Health Committee and the Global Health Research Initiative for the five year period totalled $1,375,000 (USD).
In terms of individual projects, expenditures per project ranged from $20,000 to $150,000. Projects identified in the 2008-09 call for proposals were only funded in 2009-2010 as the solicitation and approval stage concluded late in the fiscal year. In 2012-2013 there were no calls for proposals as the Program was transitioning from Health Canada to the Public Health Agency of Canada. Table 2, shows that over the period of the evaluation, the most commonly funded individual projects were with multilateral organizations (41.3 per cent). Multilaterals include PAHO, the World Health Organization, the International AIDS Society, and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The second most commonly funded groups were non-governmental organizations which accounted for 39.1 per cent of the initiatives. Some examples of Non-governmental Organizations include Health Bridge Canada, the Canadian Treatment Action Control, and the Canadian Public Health Association. A list of funded projects is provided in Appendix 2.
Table 2: Breakdown of funded projects
# of projects
% of total projects
Multilateral Organizations
19 41.3%
Crown Corporation
(International Development Research Centre)
2 4.4%
1.4.2.Total Resources for the Pan American Health Organization (including those from other Federal departments, agencies and crown corporations)
PAHO's program budgetFootnote 20 is funded on a two year basis. For 2012 and 2013, the program budget was $626.7M (USD). This included $194.4M (USD) (31 per cent) in assessed contributions from Member States, and $339.6M (USD) (54 per cent) from other sources, including voluntary contributions.Endnote 21 Sources of voluntary contributions include Member States, philanthropic organizations, and industry. These funds are predominantly earmarked for specific purposes/projects within PAHO's program of work.
The Health Portfolio's assessed contribution to PAHO was complemented by funding and other support from Government of Canada departments, agencies, and crown corporations who work regularly with PAHO:
The Canadian International Development Agency
The Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade
The International Development Research Centre
Canadian Food Inspection Agency.
For example, in 2010 and 2011, Canada was the third largest contributor, among Member States, of voluntary contributions to PAHO. Canada's voluntary contributions amounted to $35.08M (USD) in 2010 and 2011 ($17.19M (USD) and $17.89M (USD), respectively). Of that total, the Canadian International Development Agency made the most sizable voluntary contributions, totaling $33.6M (USD) Endnote 22. The Canadian International Development Agency contributions were directed to PAHO's development assistance programs. These programs were primarily related to strengthening health systems and health information systems, infectious diseases, maternal and childhood health, emergency response to crises such as H1N1 influenza and natural disasters such as the earthquake followed by the cholera outbreak in Haiti.Endnote 23 In comparison, in this same period, the Health Portfolio's voluntary contributions to PAHO totalled $917,617 (USD)Footnote 21.
The development assistance partnership between the Canadian International Development Agency and PAHO is complemented by ongoing policy dialogue, which has allowed the Canadian International Development Agency to influence policy responses to key health and governance issues, while benefitting from health-related analysis provided by PAHO.
Similarly, the Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade is increasingly looking at the foreign policy aspects of global and regional health issues, and the Permanent Mission of Canada to the Organization of American States in Washington plays an important liaison role, gathering and transmitting relevant information and analysis back to Ottawa.
An "assessed contribution" is a transfer payment by the federal government occasioned by Canada's membership in a bilateral or multilateral organization.
An evaluation of the World Health Organization — Framework Convention on Tobacco Control Secretariat is outside the scope of this evaluation as it was evaluated in 2011 as part of the horizontal evaluation of the Federal Tobacco Control Strategy. The evaluation report is available on the Health Canada web site: http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/ahc-asc/performance/eval/ftcs-evaluation-sflt-eng.php.
With the renewal of program authorities, the following objective is being proposed to address both components of the International Health Grants Program — to support Canada's participation in select multilateral health organizations in line with Canada's international health commitments, obligations and priorities.
Each year Health Canada's International Affairs Directorate works with PAHO to identify approximately twenty small-scale projects that are financed through the Canada -PAHO Biennial Program Budget. The budget is PAHO's but the projects selected for implementation are aligned with Canada's priorities.
Additional descriptive information about PAHO is available on their website at http://www.paho.org/hq/index.php?lang=en.
Specifically, the Canadian International Development Agency, the Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade, the Canadian Food Inspection Agency, the International Development Research Centre and the Canadian Permanent Mission to the Organization of American States.
Three collaborating centres are managed by PHAC: Centre on Non Communicable Disease Policy, Centre for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases Detection, Diagnostics, Reference and Research and the Centre for Preparedness and Response to Enteric Pathogens and their Antimicrobial Resistance. Another three collaborating centres are managed by Health Canada: Centre on Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals, Centre on Water Quality and Centre on Food Contamination Monitoring.
In addition to the six Health Portfolio collaborating centres, there are currently an additional 20 PAHO/World Health Organization Collaborating Centres across Canada and 15 health networks which undertake important health research and project implementation throughout the Americas region.
General information about PAHO is available at the following location: http://www.paho.org/hq/index.php?lang=en. A list of PAHO/World Health Organization Collaborating Centres is available on the World Health Organization website at cc_code=CAN&
Additional information on the work of IARC is available on their website at http://www.iarc.fr/en/about/index.php.
The term Health Portfolio in the context of the Office of International Affairs for the Health Portfolio refers to Health Canada and the Public Health Agency of Canada.
The 2012-13 expenditures only relate to Health Canada and do not include expenditures made after June 2012.
The calculation of the amount of the contribution is subject to a methodology approved by the participating states and therefore, non-negotiable.
While Table 5 indicates what amounts were spent on the project component, there was no available data on the total amount of funding available for projects each year.
Canada was the second largest contributor of total assessed contributions to PAHO, accounting for approximately 13% (or $12,850,252 (USD) per year). The United States accounted for approximately 61%. Mexico, Brazil, and Argentina paid approximately 8%, 8%, and 3% respectively. Other Member States accounted for the remaining 7% of assessed contributions.
PAHO is funded through three main sources: membership fees from Member States, voluntary contributions from Member States and other organizations (e.g., foundations, non-governmental organizations) and the American Regional Office share, which is the portion of the World Health Organization's regular budget.
In 2010, the Health Canada funded Strengthening Policy and Partnership Process for Prevention and Control of Chronic Diseases in Central and South America (US$356,703) and Preventing Cervical Cancer in Latin America (US$142,653). In 2011, the Health Portfolio's voluntary contribution flowed to Preventing Cervical Cancer in Latin America (US$140,529) and Global Health Challenges, 21st Century/Multi Stakeholder Approach (US$207,611).


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Q: log4j.properties loaded but not used Weblogic 12c I have a war file (web-services) deployed on weblogic 12c that reads the log4j.properties file but doesn't use it. Below is the debug of log4j on application startup showing the parsing of the file and the setting but the logs are not being written to the log file specified and the ones in stdout do not match the pattern specified and the levels configured.
log4j: Reading configuration from URL file:////weblogic/apps/config/ws/log4j.properties
log4j: Parsing for [root] with value=[WARN, stdout, wslogfile].
log4j: Level token is [WARN].
log4j: Category root set to WARN
log4j: Parsing appender named "stdout".
log4j: Parsing layout options for "stdout".
log4j: Setting property [conversionPattern] to [%d %6.6p [%30.30c{1}][%10.10t] %m%n].
log4j: End of parsing for "stdout".
log4j: Parsed "stdout" options.
log4j: Parsing appender named "wslogfile".
log4j: Parsing layout options for "wslogfile".
log4j: Setting property [conversionPattern] to [%d %6.6p [%30.30c{1}][%10.10t] %m%n].
log4j: End of parsing for "wslogfile".
log4j: Setting property [file] to [/weblogic/apps/logs/ws.log].
log4j: Setting property [datePattern] to ['.'yyyy-MM-dd].
log4j: setFile called: /weblogic/apps/logs/ws.log, true
log4j: setFile ended
log4j: Appender [wslogfile] to be rolled at midnight.
log4j: Parsed "wslogfile" options.
log4j: Parsing for [com.app] with value=[DEBUG, stdout, wslogfile].
log4j: Level token is [DEBUG].
log4j: Category com.app set to DEBUG
log4j: Parsing appender named "stdout".
log4j: Appender "stdout" was already parsed.
log4j: Parsing appender named "wslogfile".
log4j: Appender "wslogfile" was already parsed.
log4j: Handling log4j.additivity.com.app=[false]
log4j: Setting additivity for "com.app" to false
log4j: Parsing for [com.comp] with value=[DEBUG, stdout, wslogfile].
log4j: Level token is [DEBUG].
log4j: Category com.comp set to DEBUG
log4j: Parsing appender named "stdout".
log4j: Appender "stdout" was already parsed.
log4j: Parsing appender named "wslogfile".
log4j: Appender "wslogfile" was already parsed.
log4j: Handling log4j.additivity.com.comp=[false]
log4j: Setting additivity for "com.comp" to false
log4j: Parsing for [org.springframework.ws.server.MessageTracing.received] with value=[TRACE, stdout, wslogfile].
log4j: Level token is [TRACE].
log4j: Category org.springframework.ws.server.MessageTracing.received set to TRACE
log4j: Parsing appender named "stdout".
log4j: Appender "stdout" was already parsed.
log4j: Parsing appender named "wslogfile".
log4j: Appender "wslogfile" was already parsed.
log4j: Handling log4j.additivity.org.springframework.ws.server.MessageTracing.received=[false]
log4j: Setting additivity for "org.springframework.ws.server.MessageTracing.received" to false
log4j: Finished configuring.

My log4j.properties is as below
log4j.rootLogger=WARN, stdout, wslogfile
log4j.logger.com.app=DEBUG, stdout, wslogfile
log4j.additivity.com.app=false

log4j.logger.com.comp=DEBUG, stdout, wslogfile
log4j.additivity.com.comp=false

log4j.logger.org.springframework.ws.server.MessageTracing.received=TRACE, stdout, wslogfile
log4j.additivity.org.springframework.ws.server.MessageTracing.received=false

log4j.appender.wslogfile=org.apache.log4j.DailyRollingFileAppender
log4j.appender.wslogfile.File=/weblogic/apps/logs/ws.log
log4j.appender.wslogfile.DatePattern='.'yyyy-MM-dd
log4j.appender.wslogfile.layout=org.apache.log4j.PatternLayout
log4j.appender.wslogfile.layout.ConversionPattern=%d %6.6p [%30.30c{1}][%10.10t] %m%n

log4j.appender.stdout=org.apache.log4j.ConsoleAppender
log4j.appender.stdout.layout=org.apache.log4j.PatternLayout
log4j.appender.stdout.layout.ConversionPattern=%d %6.6p [%30.30c{1}][%10.10t] %m%n

Sample output of the logs (only showing in stdout)
Sep 28, 2022 11:42:17 AM org.springframework.web.servlet.FrameworkServlet initServletBean
INFO: FrameworkServlet 'spring-ws': initialization started
Sep 28, 2022 11:42:17 AM org.springframework.context.support.AbstractApplicationContext prepareRefresh
INFO: Refreshing WebApplicationContext for namespace 'spring-ws-servlet': startup date [Wed Sep 28 11:42:17 AST 2022]; root of context hierarchy
Sep 28, 2022 11:42:17 AM org.springframework.beans.factory.xml.XmlBeanDefinitionReader loadBeanDefinitions
INFO: Loading XML bean definitions from ServletContext resource [/WEB-INF/spring-ws-servlet.xml]
Sep 28, 2022 11:42:17 AM org.springframework.beans.factory.xml.XmlBeanDefinitionReader loadBeanDefinitions
INFO: Loading XML bean definitions from ServletContext resource [/WEB-INF/service-context.xml]
Sep 28, 2022 11:42:18 AM org.springframework.beans.factory.xml.XmlBeanDefinitionReader loadBeanDefinitions
INFO: Loading XML bean definitions from ServletContext resource [/WEB-INF/stmt-client-context.xml]

My pom.xml is as below
    <!-- Logging with SLF4J & LogBack -->
    <dependency>
        <groupId>org.slf4j</groupId>
        <artifactId>slf4j-api</artifactId>
        <version>1.7.12</version>
    </dependency>
    <dependency>
        <groupId>org.slf4j</groupId>
        <artifactId>jcl-over-slf4j</artifactId>
        <version>1.7.12</version>
    </dependency>
    <dependency>
        <groupId>org.slf4j</groupId>
        <artifactId>slf4j-log4j12</artifactId>
        <version>1.7.12</version>
        <scope>runtime</scope>
    </dependency>
    <dependency>
        <groupId>log4j</groupId>
        <artifactId>log4j</artifactId>
        <version>1.2.14</version>
    </dependency>

A: So the issue got solved by updating the weblogic.xml file under the war file to specify the "prefer-application-packages" of log4j.properties as below
<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>
<weblogic-web-app xmlns="http://xmlns.oracle.com/weblogic/weblogic-web-app" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://xmlns.oracle.com/weblogic/weblogic-web-app http://xmlns.oracle.com/weblogic/weblogic-web-app/1.3/weblogic-web-app.xsd">
    <session-descriptor/>
    <jsp-descriptor/>
    <container-descriptor>
        <prefer-application-packages>
            <package-name>org.apache.commons.*</package-name>
            <package-name>org.slf4j.*</package-name>
        </prefer-application-packages>
    </container-descriptor>
    <context-root>test-context-root</context-root>
</weblogic-web-app>

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Despite a much-covered data hack on health insurer Anthem, the answer to the title question is "friend", though we're still navigating the early, halcyon days of the relationship.
Two articles in Nautilus this month point to the potential great rewards and the looming risks of having so much data -- and specifically genetic data -- at our collective fingertips. In the first article, Tim McDonnell cautiously posits data as the "New Drugs." In the piece, he marvels at scientists' ability to collect and analyze genomic data faster and cheaper than ever before to uncover the tangled roots of diseases and conditions like premature birth, autism, diabetes, and a variety of cancers.
The "hook"in his piece is the story of a healthy newborn baby girl and her parents whose genomes have been sequenced to help researchers figure out why roughly a half million babies are born too early in the United States. The exciting thing is that unlike a decade ago when sequencing was slow and prohibitively expensive, researchers no longer have to hunt through individual genes in search of "broken" ones. Today, they can see the whole genomic picture and easily spot the difference between that of a healthy newborn and that of a preterm infant.
"The fear: A future in which your genetic information is as readily available as your Google searches to marketers, police departments, and identity thieves, not to mention health insurance companies and employers looking to lower their risk at your expense."
He cautions that even though the data has been de-identified, someone with nefarious (or commercial) intent could reconstruct the identities of all of those de-identified genomes. It can be done.
Last spring, Nature published an article by MIT data scientists Yaniv Erlich and Arvind Narayanan who'd done just that when they re-identified several individuals using their DNA.
In the second Nautilus article, author Chip Rowe tells us all to relax because Your DNA is Nothing Special.
Rowe points out that most people have an over-inflated sense of what can happen if their DNA falls into the wrong hands. He assures us that a future resembling The Minority Report isn't exactly on the horizon.
According to Rowe, the problem is that we are too prone to fall for the idea of genetic exceptionalism: the notion that our genetic information is so defining of our very selves, that it must be protected at all costs. He says that "...too many people believe [genes] define who we are by "determining" our personality, intelligence, appearance, behavior, and health."
He reminds the reader that genes are not destiny and so possessing a marker for, for instance, diabetes, might not mean anything if you've also got a marker that overrides the disease or that your lifestyle choices preclude you from developing it. Rowe's point seems to be that a more nuanced understanding of genomics that catches up to the technology used to collect genetic information could reduce the public's suspicions that big data is the enemy.


text:
Fritz Bethke (Juli 1841 in Berlin – 2. Mai 1890 in Britz) war ein deutscher Theaterschauspieler.

Leben
Bethke war ein beliebter Bonvivant und von 1868 bis 1888 Hofschauspieler in Braunschweig. Sein Bruder war der Schauspieler Franz Bethke.

Literatur
 Ludwig Eisenberg: Großes biographisches Lexikon der Deutschen Bühne im XIX. Jahrhundert. Verlag von Paul List, Leipzig 1903, S. 78, ().

Theaterschauspieler
Deutscher
Geboren 1841
Gestorben 1890
Mann

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


With over 20 years of training, teaching, and public speaking experience, Gary David brings a range of topics to help guide you on achieving integration and alignment within your organization and all points of contact. Regarded as entertaining, educational, and engaging, Gary's style is fun and informative, drawing on the ability to translate social science concepts into everyday language to help guide their application. Workshops and training programs can be tailored to your individual needs.
Most cultural training programs focus on differences between workers, often based on national origin. While appreciation of difference can be important, tolerance of difference does not equal acceptance of others. By moving from identifying difference and toward finding commonality, we can create a better foundation for mutual understanding, acceptance, and collaborative work. We can teach workers how to find commonality in their everyday workplace encounters. We create help workers create rapport, whether they are working in the same location or separated by thousands of miles. Ultimately, we help to move workers from conflict to collaboration for a better overall employee experience.
Communities are more than people existing in the same location; communities are built when people come together with a shared identity, collective purpose, reciprocal ties, and the desire to work together. Through using strategies found in social movements and community organizing, we can help to create a context of collaboration and a workplace community.
We can work with you to create a customized training program to suit your organizational and industry needs. This approach can help improve customer experience, employee experience, and any other type of engagement. We can give seminars to your workforce to raise awareness of these features of our relationship development, and design and implement a strategy to create the foundation for successful group work and engagement.


text:
1879 (MDCCCLXXIX) byl rok, který dle gregoriánského kalendáře započal středou.

Události

 11. ledna – 4. července – Britsko-zulská válka
 22. ledna – porážka britské armády v bitvě u Isandlwany
 26. dubna – V australském Novém Jižním Walesu byl založen Royal National Park, první chráněné území na světě, které užilo termín "národní park". Je také druhým nejstarším národním parkem na světě po Yellowstonském národním parku v USA.
 2. května - Vzniká PSOE, Španělská socialistická dělnická strana
 7. října – Vznik Dvojspolku mezi Německem a Rakousko-Uherskem. Itálie se připojila v roce 1882.
 Chile bylo ve válce s Bolívií (do roku 1883) a Peru (do roku 1884). Peru a Bolívie ztrácejí území ve prospěch Chile.

Předlitavsko
 15. února – nastupuje vláda Karla von Stremayra
 12. srpna – nastupuje vláda Eduarda Taaffeho (do 11. listopadu 1893)

Probíhající události
 1879–1884 – Druhá tichomořská válka

Vědy a umění
 Wilhelm Wundt vybudoval první experimentální psychologickou laboratoř v Lipsku.
 Francouzský malíř William-Adolphe Bouguereau namaloval jeden ze svých neznámějších obrazů Zrození Venuše
 Byly objeveny chemické prvky thulium a skandium.
 Zřízena telefonní síť v Paříži.

Knihy
 Gottlob Frege – Begriffsschrift
 Adolf Heyduk – Dědův odkaz
 August Strindberg – Červený pokoj
 Jules Verne – Číňanovy trampoty v Číně
 Jules Verne – Ocelové město
 Jules Verne – Vzbouřenci na lodi Bounty

Narození
Automatický abecedně řazený seznam viz :Kategorie:Narození v roce 1879

Česko

 13. ledna – Julius John, československý politik německé národnosti († ?)
 18. ledna – František Stupka, dirigent, houslista a pedagog († 24. listopadu 1965)
 21. ledna – František Mencl, mostní stavitel († 27. ledna 1960)
 23. ledna – Leopolda Dostalová, herečka († 27. června 1972)
 29. ledna – Gustav Roob, hudební skladatel († 11. září 1947)
 14. února – Albín Polášek, sochař († 19. května 1965)
 16. února – Miloš Nový, herec, režisér a divadelní ředitel († 3. září 1932)
 21. února
 Igor Hrušovský, politik († 24. května 1937)
 Josef Syrový, malíř († 22. srpna 1956)
 22. února – Bohuslav Kindl, politik († 23. února 1956)
 25. února – Otakar Ostrčil, hudební skladatel a dirigent († 20. srpna 1935)
 5. března
 Bedřich Váška, český violoncellista († 9. prosince 1978)
 Jindřich Fleischner, sociální pracovník a překladatel († 14. srpna 1922)
 8. března – Bedřich Macků, fyzik a politik († 14. srpna 1929)
 17. března – Eduard Šimek, politik († 12. února 1936)
 21. března
 Otakar Bas, právník a politik († 18. března 1939)
 Heřman Tausik, politik († 10. února 1961)
 22. března – Richard Teschner, malíř, řezbář, libretista a hudební skladatel († 4. července 1948)
 25. března – Otakar Zich, hudební skladatel a estetik († 9. července 1934)
 29. března – Josef Matějka, spisovatel († 31. července 1909)
 1. dubna
 František Mašata, politik († 28. února 1943)
 Hugo Liehm, československý politik německé národnosti († 1958)
 2. dubna – Tomáš Koutný, novinář a politik († 7. února 1958)
 7. dubna – František Nosál, armádní generál a politik († 27. července 1963)
 9. dubna – Wenzel Staněk, československý politik německé národnosti († 3. října 1926)
16. dubna – Anežka Hrůzová, švadlena a oběť rituální vraždy († 29. března 1899)
 20. dubna – Václav Sladký, politik († 10. dubna 1940)
 25. dubna
 Karel Horký, novinář, fejetonista, spisovatel, kritik a vydavatel († 2. března 1965)
 František Weyr, právník, právní filosof a státovědec († 29. června 1951)
 29. dubna – Antonín Šolc, politik († 23. srpna 1951)
 3. května – Alice Masaryková, dcera Tomáše Garrigua Masaryka († 29. listopadu 1966)
 4. května
 Antonín Engel, architekt a urbanista († 12. října 1958)
 Jan Remiger, pomocný biskup pražský († 21. května 1959)
 Florian Tománek, československý politik slovenské národnosti († 25. března 1948)
 6. května – Bedřich Hrozný, orientalista († 12. prosince 1952)
 7. května – Arnošt Vykoukal, opat kláštera benediktinů v Praze na Slovanech (Emauzy) († září 1942)
 8. května – Adolf Horváth, československý politik slovenské národnosti († 10. června 1934)
 11. května – František Josef Kinský, šlechtic († 1. září 1975)
 14. května – Josef Bubník, politik († 4. července 1957)
 18. května – Gustav Frištenský, zápasník († 6. dubna 1957)
 21. května – Magda Bílá, sociální pracovnice, spisovatelka, malířka († 30. srpna 1958)
 23. května – Václav Mařan, sochař a keramik († 17. února 1962)
 26. května – Svatý Gorazd II., pravoslavný biskup († 4. září 1942)
 1. června – Pavol Žiška, slovenský kněz a československý politik († 17. září 1947)
 3. června – Antonín Srba, politik († 13. srpna 1943)
 21. června – Jaromír Špaček, politik († 4. února 1953)
 22. června – Jozef Pajger, československý politik slovenské národnosti († 25. července 1951)
 24. června – Jaroslav Kallab, právník, rektor Masarykovy univerzity († 10. února 1942)
 3. července – Marie Hoppe-Teinitzerová, textilní a průmyslová výtvarnice († 18. listopadu 1960)
 4. července – Cyrill Pivko, československý politik slovenské národnosti († 3. června 1933)
 6. července – Emil Pavel Lány, šlechtic, právník a historik († 5. května 1945)
 16. července – Viktorin Vojtěch, profesor fotochemie a vědecké fotografie († 11. července 1948)
 19. července – Alfréd Justitz, malíř († 9. února 1934)
 23. července – Jan Hrouda, politik († 31. října 1937)
 26. července
 Vladislav Brdlík, zemědělský odborník, ministr československé vlády († 28. ledna 1964)
 František Kopřiva, politik († 29. prosince 1935)
 28. července – Inocenc Arnošt Bláha, sociolog, filosof a pedagog († 25. dubna 1960)
 7. srpna – Oswald Hillebrand, československý politik německé národnosti († 4. června 1926)
 18. srpna – Dominik Filip, spisovatel, redaktor a vědecký pracovník († 28. listopadu 1946)
 8. září – Rudolf Chlup, hudební skladatel († 12. listopadu 1961)
 18. září – Augustin Petrášek, československý politik slovenské národnosti († 28. listopadu 1963)
 24. září – František Čapka, politik († 3. listopadu 1949)
 25. září – Engelbert Šubert, politik († 20. ledna 1946)
 10. října – František Peroutka, čs. ministr průmyslu, obchodu a živností († 3. února 1962)
 24. října – Čeněk Vaněček, politik († 2. března 1946)
 25. října – Karel Němec, malíř a grafik († 17. června 1960)
 31. října – Karel Hašler, herec, skladatel, spisovatel, dramatik a režisér († 22. prosince 1941)
 8. listopadu – Josef Votruba, generál († 7. října 1959)
 13. listopadu – Jaroslav Bouška, politik († ?)
 14. listopadu – Leopold Pölzl, starosta Ústí nad Labem († 1. září 1944)
 17. listopadu – Jindřich Kamenický, ministr protektorátní vlády († 27. března 1959)
 18. listopadu – František Záviška, teoretický fyzik († 17. dubna 1945)
 23. listopadu – Leopold Procházka, jeden z prvních českých buddhistů († 29. března 1944)
 25. listopadu – Zdeněk Bažant, profesor stavební mechaniky, rektor ČVUT († 1. září 1954)
 2. prosince – Rudolf Friml, americký skladatel českého původu († 12. listopadu 1972)
 4. prosince – Rudolf Krupička, básník a dramatik († 20. října 1951)
 7. prosince – František Horký, malíř († 21. března 1936)
 14. prosince – Emanuel Chalupný, právník, sociolog, spisovatel a jazykovědec († 27. listopadu 1958)
 16. prosince – Hans Watzlik, česko-německý spisovatel († 24. listopadu 1948)
 18. prosince – Josef Stivín, spisovatel a politik († 12. října 1941)
 25. prosince
 Vojtěch Dundr, politik († 7. září 1957)
 Igo Etrich, rakouský letecký konstruktér († 4. února 1967)
 5. března – Jindřich Fleischner, sociální pracovník a překladatel († 14. srpna 1922)
 ? – Julius Komrs, politik († 1954)
 1. dubna – Hugo Liehm, československý politik německé národnosti († 1958)

Svět

 1. ledna
 Edward Morgan Forster, anglický spisovatel († 7. června 1970)
 Ernest Jones, britský neurolog a psychoanalytik († 11. února 1958)
 Petar Živković, srbský generál a první jugoslávský premiér († 3. února 1947)
 2. ledna – Rudolf Bauer, maďarský olympijský vítěz v hodu diskem († 9. listopadu 1932)
 3. ledna – Grace Coolidgeová, manželka 30. prezidenta USA Calvina Coolidge († 8. července 1957)
 9. ledna – Mořic Arnold de Forest, francouzský automobilový závodník a britský politik († 6. října 1968)
 10. ledna – Max von Behr, důstojník Waffen-SS († 27. prosince 1951)
 11. ledna – Antonio Beltramelli, italský spisovatel († 15. března 1930)
 14. ledna – František Jehlička, slovenský kněz a politik († 3. ledna 1939)
 15. ledna – Mazo De la Roche, kanadská spisovatelka († 12. července 1961)
 17. ledna – Karol Kočí, slovenský entomolog († 7. prosince 1956)
 19. ledna – Guido Fubini, italský matematik († 6. června 1943)
 21. ledna – Hugo Schmölz, německý fotograf († 27. dubna 1938)
 22. ledna – Francis Picabia, francouzský malíř a básník († 30. listopadu 1953)
 25. ledna – Helge von Koch, švédský matematik († 11. března 1924)
 27. ledna – Pavel Bažov, ruský spisovatel († 3. prosince 1950)
 31. lednaBoris Savinkov, ruský spisovatel a revolucionář († 7. května 1925)
 4. února – Jacques Copeau, divadelní režisér, producent, herec a dramatik († 20. října 1949)
 5. února – Pinchas Rutenberg, ruský podnikatel, socialistický revolucionář († 22. prosince 1942)
 8. února – Adolf Lindfors, finský zápasník († 6. května 1959)
 9. února – Arthur Kobus, německý důstojník († duben 1945)
 11. února – Jean Gilbert, německý skladatel a dirigent († 20. prosince 1942)
 16. února – Gustav Gräser, rakousko-německý malíř a básník († 27. října 1958)
 22. února – Johannes Nicolaus Brønsted, dánský umělec a fyzikální chemik († 17. prosince 1947)
 25. února – Ernst von Niebelschütz, německý historik umění († 12. února 1946)
 1. března – Aleksandar Stambolijski, premiér Bulharska († 14. června 1923)
 8. března – Otto Hahn, německý chemik, nositel Nobelovy ceny († 28. července 1968)
 10. března – Hans Luther, německý říšský kancléř († 11. května 1962)
 12. března – Viktor Tausk, rakouský filozof a psychoanalytik († 3. července 1919)
 13. března – Karl Caspar, německý malíř († 21. září 1956)
 14. března – Albert Einstein, teoretický fyzik († 18. dubna 1955)
 17. března – Ernesto Eugenio Filippi, vatikánský diplomat († 23. srpna 1951)
 20. března – Maud Leonora Menten, kanadská lékařka a biochemička († 26. července 1960)
 22. března
 Wilhelm Schlenk, německý chemik († 29. dubna 1943)
 Borisav Stanković, srbský spisovatel († 22. října 1927)
 27. března
 Sándor Garbai, prezident komunistické Maďarské republiky rad († 7. listopadu 1947)
 Edward Steichen, americký fotograf a malíř († 25. března 1973)
 1. dubna – Frank Dixon, kanadský hráč lakrosu († 29. listopadu 1932)
 4. dubna – Gabriel Grovlez, francouzský klavírista, skladatel a dirigent († 20. října 1944)
 7. dubna – Angelo Dibona, italský horolezec a horský vůdce († 21. dubna 1956)
 12. dubna – Ernst Wandersleb, německý fyzik, fotograf, vzduchoplavec a horolezec († 2. května 1963)
 16. dubna – Léon Théry, francouzský automobilový závodník († 8. března 1909)
 17. dubna – Mirko Dmitrij Petrović-Njegoš, černohorský princ († 2. března 1918)
 20. dubna – Italo Gariboldi, italský generál († 3. února 1970)
 26. dubna – Owen Willans Richardson, anglický fyzik, nositel Nobelovy ceny za fyziku († 15. února 1959)
 27. dubna – Mária Kupčoková, slovenská spisovatelka a překladatelka († 1. listopadu 1941)
 30. dubna – Richárd Weisz, maďarský zápasník, olympijský vítěz († 4. prosince 1945)
 19. května – Nancy Astor, první ženou, členka britské Dolní sněmovny († 2. května 1964)
 21. května – Pablo Luna, španělský hudební skladatel († 28. ledna 1942)
 22. května – Symon Petljura, prezident Ukrajiny († 25. května 1926)
 27. května – Karl Bühler, německý psycholog († 24. října 1963)
 28. května – Milutin Milanković, srbský geofyzik († 12. prosince 1958)
 29. května – Richard Hamann, německý historik umění († 9. ledna 1961)
 30. května – Vanessa Bell, britská malířka († 7. dubna 1961)
 1. června
 Max Emmerich, americký olympijský vítěz v trojboji († 29. června 1956)
 Freeman Wills Crofts, britský spisovatel detektivních románů († 11. dubna 1957)
 4. června – Theodor Haecker, německý katolický spisovatel († 9. dubna 1945)
 5. června – René Pottier, francouzský cyklista († 25. ledna 1907)
 7. června
 Knud Rasmussen, grónský polární badatel a antropolog († 21. prosince 1933)
 Jegor Sozonov, ruský revolucionář († 10. prosince 1910)
 8. června – Ethel Thomsonová Larcombeová, anglická tenistka a badmintonistka († 11. srpna 1965)
 9. června – Joseph Avenol, francouzský diplomat, druhý generální tajemník Společnosti národů († 2. září 1952)
 20. června – Vladko Maček, chorvatský politik († 15. května 1964)
 29. června – Zsigmond Móricz, maďarský spisovatel († 5. září 1942)
 1. července – Léon Jouhaux, francouzský odborář, nositel Nobelovy ceny za mír († 28. dubna 1954)
 3. července – Alfred Korzybski, americký filozof († 1. března 1950)
 5. července
 Wanda Landowska, cembalistka polského původu († 16. srpna 1959)
 José Millán Astray, zakladatel Španělské cizinecké legie († 1. ledna 1954)
 6. července – Karl Maybach, německý konstruktér († 6. února 1960)
 9. července – Ottorino Respighi, italský skladatel († 18. dubna 1936)
 18. července – Karol Wojtyła st., poručík Rakousko-uherské armády, otec papeže Jana Pavla II. († 18. února 1941)
 19. července – Eugen Lanti, francouzský, v esperantu píšící spisovatel († 1. ledna 1947)
 26. července – Otto Hieronimus, rakouský konstruktér automobilů a motorů, pilot a automobilový závodník († 8. května 1922)
 27. července – Jean-Baptiste Laviolette, kanadský hokejista († 10. ledna 1960)
 8. srpna – Emiliano Zapata, mexický revolucionář († 10. dubna 1919)
 16. srpna – Douglas Clifton Brown, britský politik († 5. května 1958)
 18. srpna – Manuel Arce y Ochotorena, tarragonský arcibiskup a kardinál († 16. září 1948)
 20. srpna – Robert William Seton-Watson, britský historik († 25. června 1951)
 22. srpna - José Pijoan, katalánský historik a kritik umění († 16. června 1963)
 31. srpna
 Alma Mahlerová, rakouská autorka memoárové literatury († 11. prosince 1964)
 Taišó, 123. japonský císař († 25. prosince 1926)
 1. září – Bruno Granichstaedten, rakouský hudební skladatel († 30. května 1944)
 6. září
 Johan Nygaardsvold, premiér Norska († 13. března 1952)
 Joseph Wirth, německý říšský kancléř († 3. ledna 1956)
 14. září – Margaret Sangerová, americká feministka († 6. září 1966)
 26. září – Tadeusz Michejda, polský lékař a politik († 18. května 1956)
 27. září
 Hans Hahn, rakouský matematik a filozof († 24. července 1934)
 Frederick Schule, americký olympijský vítěz v běhu na 110 metrů překážek († 14. září 1962)
 30. září – Johan Falkberget, norský spisovatel a politik († 5. dubna 1967)
 2. října – Wallace Stevens, americký básník († 2. srpna 1955)
 5. října – John Erskine, americký spisovatel († 2. června 1951)
 9. října – Max von Laue, německý fyzik († 24. dubna 1960)
11. října – Marie Luisa Hannoverská, hannoverská, britská a bádenská († 31. ledna 1948)
 13. října – William Beveridge, britský ekonom, politik a sociální reformátor († 11. května 1963)
 25. října – Fritz Haarmann, německý sériový vrah († 15. dubna 1925)
 29. října
 Otto Lange, německý malíř († 19. prosince 1944)
 Franz von Papen, německý říšský kancléř († 2. května 1969)
 1. listopadu
 Oskar Barnack, průkopník fotografické techniky († 16. ledna 1936)
 Nikolaj Někrasov, poslední generální guvernér Finského velkoknížectví († 7. května 1940)
 7. listopadu
 Mordechaj Nurok, lotyšský a izraelský politik († 8. listopadu 1962)
 Lev Davidovič Trockij, bolševický revolucionář a marxistický teoretik († 21. srpna 1940)
 10. listopadu – Patrick Pearse, irský politik, spisovatel a revolucionář († 3. května 1916)
 24. listopadu
 Eli Heckscher, švédský ekonom a historik ekonomie († 26. listopadu 1952)
 Jicchak Gruenbaum, izraelský a polský politik († 7. září 1970)
 14. prosince – Karl Becker, generál Wehrmachtu († 8. dubna 1940)
 18. prosince – Paul Klee, švýcarský malíř († 29. června 1940)
 24. prosince – Alexandrina Meklenbursko-Zvěřínská, dánská královna († 28. prosince 1952)
 25. prosince – Sergej Melgunov, ruský historik († 26. května 1956)
 29. prosince – Witold Wojtkiewicz, polský malíř († 14. června 1909)
 30. prosince – Ramana Maharši, tamilský mudrc († 14. dubna 1950)
 31. prosince
 Horacio Quiroga, uruguayský spisovatel († 19. února 1937)
 Józef Unszlicht, ruský revolucionář polského původu († 28. července 1938)
 ? – Alí ibn Husajn, král Hidžázu a emír Mekky († 4. června 1935)
 ? – Kosta Pećanac, srbský četnický vojvoda († 25. května 1944)

Úmrtí
Automatický abecedně řazený seznam existujících biografií viz :Kategorie:Úmrtí v roce 1879

Česko

 14. ledna – Mathias Pangerl, historik a archivář (* 10. března 1834)
 25. ledna – Robert Lichnovský z Voštic, kanovník olomoucké kapituly (* 7. listopadu 1822)
 26. ledna – David Kuh, pražský německý novinář a politik (* 11. dubna 1819)
 7. února – Karel Daniel Gangloff, lesník a vynálezce (* 1809)
 4. března – František Havelec, poslanec Českého zemského sněmu a Říšské rady (* 8. října 1837)
 14. května – Gottfried Menzel, katolický kněz a přírodovědec (* 7. června 1798)
 7. června – Siegfried Kapper, český a německý básník, spisovatel a lékař (* 21. března 1820)
 8. června – Alois Hille, generální vikář litoměřické diecéze (* 29. ledna 1812)
 24. června – Franz Xaver Chwatal, klavírista a hudební skladatel (* 19. června 1808)
 4. července – František Kralert, lékař a politik (* 27. listopadu 1812)
 5. července – Franz Stradal, advokát, železniční podnikatel a politik německé národnosti (* 25. října 1812)
 1. srpna – Václav Babinský, loupežník (* 1. srpna 1796)
 11. srpna – Jan Swerts, vlámský malíř, ředitel Akademie výtvarných umění v Praze (* 25. prosince [1820])
 23. srpna – Jan Bohumil Ceyp z Peclinovce, psychiatr (* 8. prosince 1835)
 2. října – Josef Dionys Halbmayr, rakouský a český politik německé národnosti (* 11. března 1813)
 11. října – Eberhard Jonák, právník, ekonom a politik (* 12. dubna 1820)
 18. listopadu – Michal Antonín Kotler, podnikatel a cestovatel (* 29. září 1800)
 22. listopadu – Eduard Schubert, rakouský a český právník a politik německé národnosti (* 21. června 1800)
 10. prosince – Josef Jiří Stankovský, dramatik a spisovatel (* 11. listopadu 1844)
 25. prosince – František Josef Řezáč, kněz, pedagog, spisovatel a politik (* 6. ledna 1819)

Svět

 14. ledna – Mathias Pangerl, český historik, archivář a profesor (* 10. března 1834)
 19. ledna – Émilie Evershedová, francouzská básnířka (* 1. července 1800)
 21. ledna – Ljuben Karavelov, bulharský spisovatel (* 7. listopadu 1834)
 26. ledna – Julia Margaret Cameronová, byla britská fotografka (* 11. června 1815)
 10. února – Honoré Daumier, francouzský malíř a sochař (* 26. února 1808)
 23. února – Albrecht von Roon, pruský válečník a státník (* 30. dubna 1803)
 28. února – Hortense Allart de Méritens, francouzská spisovatelka (* 7. září 1801)
 3. března – William Kingdon Clifford, anglický matematik a filozof (* 4. května 1845)
 4. března – László Paál, maďarský malíř a impresionista (* 30. července 1846)
 13. března – Adolf Anderssen, německý šachový mistr (* 6. července 1818)
 23. března – Eduardo Abaroa, bolivijský národní hrdina (* 13. října 1838)
 27. března – Hércules Florence, francouzsko-brazilský malíř a vynálezce (* 29. února 1804)
 30. března – Thomas Couture, francouzský malíř (* 21. prosince 1815)
 12. dubna – August von Fligely, rakouský důstojník a kartograf (* 26. září 1810)
 16. dubna – Bernadette Soubirous, katolická světice z Lurd (* 17. února 1844)
 20. dubna – Ljudevit Gaj, chorvatský politik a lingvista (* 8. července 1809)
 22. dubna *
 Ernst Leopold von Kellersperg, rakouský šlechtic a politik, český místodržící (* 20. ledna 1822
 George Walker, anglický šachový mistr (* 13. března 1803)
 26. dubna – Andrej Ľudovít Radlinský, slovenský kněz, fyzik, jazykovědec, pedagog (* 8. července 1817)
 7. května – Charles de Coster, belgický, francouzsky píšící spisovatel (* 20. srpna 1827)
 9. května – August Grisebach, německý botanik (* 17. dubna 1814)
 12. května – Ludwig Angerer, rakousko-uherský fotograf (* 15. srpna 1827)
 15. května
 Gottfried Semper, německý architekt (* 29. listopadu 1803)
 Heinrich von Scholl, ministr zeměbrany Předlitavska (* 1815)
 19. května – Jules Anspach, belgický politik a starosta Bruselu (* 20. července 1829)
 20. května – Peter Michal Bohúň, slovenský malíř (* 29. září 1822)
 1. června
 Karl Giskra, ministr vnitra Předlitavska (* 29. ledna 1820)
 Charles Marville, francouzský fotograf (* 17. července 1813)
 Napoleon Evžen Bonaparte, pretendent francouzského trůnu jako syn císaře Napoleona III. (* 1856)
 7. června – Siegfried Kapper, český a německý romantický básník, spisovatel, cestovatel a lékař (* 21. března 1820)
 11. června – Vilém Oranžský, nizozemský následník trůnu (* 4. září 1840)
 19. června – James Valentine, skotský fotograf, litograf a vydavatel (* 12. června 1815)
 24. června – Franz Xaver Chwatal, český pianista, hudební skladatel a pedagog (* 19. června 1808)
 7. července – George Caleb Bingham, americký malíř (* 20. března 1811)
 15. července – Johann Friedrich von Brandt, německý přírodovědec (* 25. května 1802)
 16. července – Marie Tereza Savojská, princezna savojská a jako manželka Karla II. vévodkyně z Parmy a Luccy (* 19. září 1803)
 17. července – Thomas Maclear, anglický astronom (* 17. března 1794)
 11. srpna – Jan Swerts, vlámský malíř (* 25. prosince 1825)
 27. srpna – Henriette Nissen-Saloman, švédská operní mezzosopranová zpěvačka (* 18. ledna 1819)
 29. srpna – Jeanne Jugan, katolická světice (* 25. října 1792)
 8. září – Felice Frasi, italský varhaník a hudební skladatel (* 16. března 1806)
 17. září – Eugène Viollet-le-Duc, francouzský architekt (* 27. ledna 1814)
 16. října – Sergej Michajlovič Solovjov, ruský historik (* 17. května 1820)
 2. listopadu – Abbondio Sangiorgio, italský sochař (* 16. července 1798)
 3. listopadu – Joseph Poelaert, belgický architekt (* 21. března 1817)
 5. listopadu – James Clerk Maxwell, fyzik v oboru elektromagnetického pole (* 13. června 1831)
 19. listopadu – Josef Lasser von Zollheim, ministr vnitra Předlitavska (* 30. září 1814)
 7. prosince – Jón Sigurðsson, islandský politik, vůdce islandského hnutí za nezávislost v 19. století (* 17. června 1811)
 22. listopadu – Manuela Kirkpatricková, matka poslední francouzské císařovny Evženie (* 24. února 1794)
 30. prosince
 Jean-Baptiste Alphonse Dechauffour de Boisduval, francouzský lékař a přírodovědec (* 17. června 1799)
 López de Ayala, španělský dramatik, básník, prozaik, historik a politik (* 1. května 1828)
 ? – Friedrich Adolph Müller, německý optik (* 1838)
 ? – Ján Ruman Driečny, horský vůdce v Tatrách (* 1840)

Hlavy států

 České království – František Josef I. (1848–1916)
 Papež – Lev XIII. (1878–1903)
 Království Velké Británie – Viktorie (1837–1901)
 Francie – Patrice de Mac-Mahon (1873–1879) / Jules Grévy (1879–1887)
 Uherské království – František Josef I. (1848–1916)
 Rakouské císařství – František Josef I. (1848–1916)
 Rusko – Alexandr II. (1855–1881)
 Prusko – Vilém I. (1861–1888)
 Dánsko – Kristián IX. (1863–1906)
 Švédsko – Oskar II. (1872–1907)
 Belgie – Leopold II. Belgický (1865–1909)
 Nizozemsko – Vilém III. Nizozemský (1849–1890)
 Řecko – Jiří I. Řecký (1863–1913)
 Španělsko – Alfons XII. (1875–1885)
 Portugalsko – Ludvík I. Portugalský (1861–1889)
 Itálie – Umberto I. (1878–1900)
 Rumunsko – Karel I. Rumunský (1866–1881 kníže, 1881–1914 král)
 Bulharsko – Alexandr I. Bulharský (1879–1886)
 Osmanská říše – Abdulhamid II. (1876–1909)
 USA – Rutherford B. Hayes (1877–1881)
 Japonsko – Meidži (1867–1912)

Externí odkazy

Digitalizované noviny a časopisy z roku 1879:
 Národní listy –
 Pražský deník –
 Moravská orlice –
 Opavský Týdenník –
 Budivoj (České Budějovice) – ročník 15 rok 1879 (odkaz vede na přehled ročníků)
 Květy –
 Časopis Musea království Českého –
 Lumír – ročník 7 rok 1879 (archiv ÚČL AV ČR) nebo  v NK ČR
 Světozor – ročník 13 rok 1879 (archiv ÚČL AV ČR) nebo  v NK ČR
 Vesmír –
 Osvěta (red. Václav Vlček) – ročník 9 rok 1879
 Humoristické listy – ročník 21 rok 1879 (archiv ÚČL AV ČR) nebo  v NK ČR
 Paleček (humor) –
 Říšský zákoník (česká verze) – rok 1879
 Bohemia (deník pražských Němců) –

19. století


text:
Q: How can I size a dygraph widget properly within a flexdashboard tabset layout in shiny? In R, I'm creating a shiny app with a flexdashboard layout that uses tabs.
I want to include a dygraph in one of the tabs but the chart goes out of the container.
I tried changing the width and the height both in the dygraph and in the output but none of them seem to work.
Minimum working example:
---
title: "Example"
output:
flexdashboard::flex_dashboard:
orientation: columns
vertical_layout: fill
runtime: shiny
---

```{r global, include=FALSE}
library(dygraphs)
data=data.frame(x=1:10,y=11:20,val=21:30)

ymin=min(data$y,na.rm=TRUE)
ymax=max(data$y,na.rm=TRUE)

```

TABS {.tabset}
-----------------------------------------------------------------------

### Tab1

```{r singleSlider }
sliderInput("sliceval", "Observation:",
            min = ymin, max = ymax,step=1,
            value = 11,width="90%")

```

```{r dygraph}

# Tried also changing height width to px
output$sliceGraph <- renderDygraph({
  dygraph(data[input$sliceval>=data$y,c("x","val")],height="50%",width="80%")
})

# Tried also changing height width to %
dygraphOutput("sliceGraph",height='100px',width='100px')

```

### Tab 2

Some stuff here

Is there a way to fit the dygraph properly in such a layout?

A: I'd take a look at the documentation for using flexdashboard again and use their recommended fillCol or fillRow to exercise more control.  Specifically, try this layout:
```{r singleSlider, echo=FALSE}
fillCol(height = 600, flex = c(NA, 1),
  sliderInput("sliceval", "Observation:",
            min = ymin, max = ymax,step=1,
            value = 11,width="90%"),
  # Tried also changing height width to %
  dygraphOutput("sliceGraph",height='400px',width='100%')
)

# Tried also changing height width to px
output$sliceGraph <- renderDygraph({
  dygraph(data[input$sliceval>=data$y,c("x","val")],height="50%",width="80%")
})
```


Last night WP Beginner sent out a Tweet asking how many plugins people used on their sites. This is one of my favorite questions, simply because I always love to see the response people send back. As I've mentioned quite a few times, I'm an avid opponent to the idea that a lot of plugins inherently cause problems.
How many plugins do I run? Currently there are 48 active plugins on this site. The number has stayed pretty consistent for the last year with just a few changes here and there.
Though Will was mostly joking when he asked he that, he does bring up a good point: as someone will only writes plugins (I dabble in themes occasionally), how many of the 48 active plugins did I write? The answer is 17.
@pippinsplugins oh wow, I was just joking, but I know those 49 are probably the most trusted and supported in the WP community, got a list?
That's what brings me to this post now. Since I write about plugins a lot, and I advocate quality over numbers, I do feel that I should share my list of active plugins. I will be up front and say that there are at least three plugins active on my site that I don't actually use, they're just activated for demonstration purposes. I use this anytime I need to upload a large video file for member-only tutorials.
If you have ever tried to upload a large file to the media library, you will know that WordPress typically doesn't allow larger than 32 – 64MB files. Add From Server lets you upload files via FTP and then import them (after they're uploaded) into your Media Library.
This plugin needs no introduction and helps fight spam.
A great plugin for podcasters; it allows you to embed audio files directly onto your site. I use it primarily for my Plugin Thoughts podcast, for the times that I do audio only.
Every site, without exception, should have a backup system, whether it's through the hosting company, a cron job, or a plugin. BackupBuddy is by far the single greatest WordPress backup system I have ever used. It does automated / scheduled backups, creates easy restore points, and lets me easily migrate the site to a new host anytime I want (if needed).
When you write a lot of content, post revisions (the automatic version control system built into WordPress) quickly stack up and increase the size of your database. This little plugin helps keep your database small(er) by automatically removing revisions after a certain point and limiting the total number of revisions that are kept in storage.
This is one of my own plugins that I use for showing recent tutorials, plugins, and other posts in widget areas on the site. It greatly expands on the default Recent Posts widget by adding support for custom post types, taxonomies, thumbnails, and a myriad of other options.
Another of my plugins, this is a simple widget for showing related posts/pages to the currently viewed item. It includes support for showing related items from specific taxonomies and everything is cached to better performance.
A great plugin from Justin Tadlock for improving the standard WordPress gallery output. It also adds support for opening gallery images in a variety of different lightbox-type effects.
More than anything, I just really like this plugin. It lets you color code posts in the dashboard list tables based on their status. All posts that currently saved as drafts, for example, on this site show up with a subtle yellow background in the admin. This makes it really easy to identify work-in-progress posts. You can set a color for every status.
This is a simple plugin I wrote to add comment status options as sub menu items to the dashboard Comments menu. It provides quick navigational access to your approved comments, pending comments, spam comments, and trashed comments.
The WordPress mail system fails a lot, usually (I think) due to hosting configurations or limitations. Configure SMTP is a simple plugin that reroutes all out going email from your site to an SMTP server, such as Gmail, providing a much more reliable email system.
A sweet little plugin for tracking searches performed on your site. It records each search and allows you to see which keywords are most often searched for.
This is a real gem of a plugin that improves the default dashboard comments widget by adding in the option to expand a comment and view the entire content of a comment. By default only comment excerpts are shown.
Another plugin that I wrote that allows you to display the avatars for all users that have contributed to a Github project.
Contact forms on steroids, Gravity Forms is by far one of the most robust form-creation plugins available. I use it for all contact forms, donation forms, polls, and more.
The Mail Chimp add-on for Gravity Forms powers my newsletter signup that you can see in the footer of the site.
The PayPal add-on for Gravity Forms powers my Support the Site page where I accept donations to help improve the site.
There are a lot of pieces to the Jetpack plugin, but I use it primarily for visitor stats tracking. The subscribe to comments / blog is also a great module in the plugin.
One of the first plugins I wrote when I started the site, this is a simple contact form. It remains active only for demonstrative purposes. Note, this plugin is not up to par with WordPress standards and should probably be removed.
Another plugin that I wrote, Love It Pro is what powers the "Love It" system you can see at the top right of all posts on the site.
This is a utility plugin that simply provides a class for creating meta boxes on posts, pages and custom post types. I tie into this plugin from my custom functions to create some meta boxes that are used to add some standard information, such as premium videos, to posts.
A really sweet little plugin, this lets you create a tag map that shows all tags on your site sorted alphabetically. You can see this in action by going to the Tag Index page.
This is the ajaxed login form that you see in my sidebar. The version running on this site has been modified a bit to add in the "My Account" link and the bookmarks, and the original version also includes a simple registration form.
A really slick little plugin for create series of posts. This is what I use for creating my tutorial series.
I use this plugin for redirecting old or broken URLs to other pages. One case where this is really useful is for tutorials/plugins that I moved from my old site, Pippin's Pages and the post slug is no longer the same.
This is one of the very rare plugins that I will actually say is just about a must-have for every single site. The only WordPress site that doesn't need this (at least one) is a site that doesn't use a single image. Anytime you adjust your image sizes, or your theme does it during an update, this plugin will allow you to recreate thumbnails for every image in your media library.
Another of my plugins, Restrict Content Pro powers the membership system on the site. The plugin includes support for creating subscription levels, managing users, creating discount codes, and more.
This is an add-on for Restrict Content Pro that adds a checkbox to the registration form asking the user to verify they are at least 13 years of age or older. I wrote this plugin specifically for CG Cookie.com and myself and it has not been officially release.
Another add-on for Restrict Content Pro, this plugin adds a Graphs page to the Restrict Content Pro menu in your Dashboard and shows graphs of your monthly earnings, members per subscription level, signups per day, and earnings per day.
Yet another add-on for Restrict Content Pro, this one adds a checkbox to the registration form that allows members to opt into signing up for my email newsletter, which I send via Mail Chimp.
And one more add-on for Restrict Content Pro, this plugin adds a simple math problem to the registration form that users must complete correctly before they will be allowed to signup. This helps tremendously in spam prevention.
I really don't like captchas, but this one adds a captcha to the default WordPress registration form, which keeps the bot registrations at bay. This plugin can also add captchas to the login and comment forms, if that is something you need.
This is a simple plugin for letting people like, follow, or fan you on any of your social network profiles via a widget. You can see this running (a slightly modified version) in my sidebar.
In an admin page, this plugin will show you the social stats for every post on your site. In a list on one page, I can easily see exactly how many times a post has been tweeted, liked on Facebook, and shared on Google+. I can also post any post to any of my three primary networks from that page.
On occasion I will write a review of another developer's plugin; this is the plugin that I use for showing the number of stars I have rating the plugin I am reviewing at the bottom of the post. It's very simple and really lightweight.
This is the predecessor to Easy Digital Downloads and is the plugin I use for selling plugins directly through my site. At some point I will replace this Easy Digital Downloads, but I haven't gotten around to it. Update: Easy Digital Downloads now powers the plugin store.
An FAQ plugin I wrote for showing your frequently asked questions in a nice accordion style. This plugin is only active for demonstrative purposes.
Another plugin that I wrote for creating and displaying modal windows throughout your site. This plugin is also active only for demonstrative purposes.
This takes the default tag cloud widget and expands on it. You can see it active in the footer of this site.
A plugin that I originally wrote for CG Cookie, INC., this plugin allows your logged-in users to bookmark their favorite posts and pages on your site. This is the same plugin I use for my bookmarks system here on this site.
Another of the very rare "essential" plugins (in my mind), this plugin is absolutely a must have for anyone that runs a membership site. It allows you to easily "switch" to any other user on your site, meaning that you essentially log into their account and see the site exactly as they would. It's a phenomenal tool for testing membership areas.
There are several highly recommend caching plugins out there, but this is the one I prefer and recommend. I do not have any specific reasons for saying this one is better than the others, except for that I'm used to it and it works very well for me. One of the things I really like about it is the easy integration with CDNs for hosting media files for improved performance.
This is one of the plugins that is just sheer genius. It allows you to conditionally apply widgets to certain areas of your site, but without requiring a dozen or more different widget areas. Using simple conditional tags, you can easily limit a widget to only pages, only categories, or even specific pages or categories. Any conditional tag available to WordPress can be used.
This plugin lets you easily add download files to your site and then track who downloads them and how many times each one is downloaded. I use it for the free downloads I often attach to tutorials.
If you use HTTPS on your site, but only conditionally on a few pages, then you should absolutely be using this plugin. It helps validate SSL certificates by getting rid of the nasty "there are unsecure elements on this page" warning. It allows you to enable HTTPS on a page-by-page basis.
Another plugin that needs no introduction. Yoast SEO is one of the best things you can do for your site in terms of search engine optimization, coming just after writing good content.
As someone who uses a lot of code in my posts, WP-Syntax is one of my best friends by providing me a simple way to embed code into a WordPress post or page. It takes care of escaping all special characters as well, so all I have to do is paste it from my editor.
Alright, I've shared the plugin I use day to day on this site, now it's your turn.
Very interesting list, i think i am going to add a few more plugins !
User switching sounds really cool! I just did a huge membership site that gets over 30,000 unique visits a month. You can bet I spent a lot of time logging in as different sample users during testing. I think I had 4 browsers open at one time with different user roles.
One question, I do not notice any security plugins like log in limiting attempts, etc.
I was wondering if you just implement your own modifications?
I like to see plugin lists from people I respect so thanks!
(sidenote) I have been really liking this blog since only recently following on RSS. You have moved up quickly along my iGoogle page to the #3 spot in my 3rd column, hehe. Thought you might like to know.
I use User Switching extensively on a client site that I do a lot of work on. It really is awesome.
I personally don't really like those security plugins. They definitely serve their purpose and work well for some sites / users, but I have never personally had a need for them.
I'm so glad to hear you enjoy the site!
And thats it. Most of the plugins above are complex and provide a complete solution for certain functionality (I preffer that over lot's of small plugins).
I also use lots of custom functions included in my starting theme that are focused on admin cleanup, customization and branding that work together to make WordPress a CMS I need.
That's a good list. I have used most of them.
Thanks for the link – great article and very interesting discussion.
O and I will def be adding more from your list as well!
Hi, thanks for this post, really great.
I recommend a great file like your "Widget Logic" recomendation.
This is the link in CodeCanyon.
Is really powerful WordPress Tool.
I especially like the add from server.
This is a really great list, I use a lot of these as well, but not as many and even learned about a few I had never come across, all from a tweet. BTW sorry it took so long to post on this article I was getting married and on my honeymoon the day after. Awesome list again and thanks for sharing, you gonna be at WordCamp Baltimore or Philly coming up?
Sorry for not commenting? LOL, getting married is a dang good excuse to not do anything else 🙂 Congrats!
No, unfortunately I won't be making it to either of those. I did three WordCamps in August and have to take a break for a bit.
Quick question. Presumably quite a few of these will have their own stylesheets and js scripts. Do you normally write conditional code to selectively load them? Or just let the plugins do their thing?
You can remove subscriptions from your WordPress.com account settings.
Love the site it's really great, I wish I found you before I submitted my WordPress plugin… That's me renaming all the functions with a prefix….
Out of interest do you still use post series because it's not available any more, shame because it would be great for my site !!
Anything else you can say does the same job?
Please keep up the great plugin tutorials, I'm really loving them… It really helps me, php is relatively new for me because I'm from a background of writing predominantly 'monster bash scripts' to solve problems, got to say php really is growing on me!
I do still use it, though I've customized it a bit for my own needs and to fix some bugs with it.
It's a bummer it looks like that Series plugin: https://codecanyon.net/item/post-series/239344 is no longer available on codecanyon.
I'm looking for a sleek solution to post series.


Ever wonder how many gardeners seem to have a continuous flow of blooms all throughout the growing season? Many of us employ a technique called "deadheading". No, it does not include riding around in an old VW bus chasing some rock bank around. It is a method is lightly pruning your repeat blooming roses.
Shrub RosesThis technique encourages new growth and loads of new blooms.
It is from this point down that you want to deadhead. Please note that you will never get a new stem any larger from the one you are cutting from, so you want to deadhead at least at the 5-leafset point to ensure a strong rebloom. I try to move down the stem far enough so I cut at a point where the stem is about the circumference of a #2 pencil.
You want to keep the inside of your rose-bush as open as possible to promote good air circulation, so when you cut do so from an outward facing leaflet. Notice the dot at the joining point of the leaflet and the stem? That is called a bud-eye. It will be the point from which a new stem will grow.
Keeping your rose beds free of cuttings and fallen leaves and blooms will help keep disease to a minimum. As mentioned earlier, I use a trash can lid to collect my cuttings. I filled this lid up in about 15 minutes. Once you get the hang of basic deadheading, you can deadhead about 20 rose bushes in 10 minutes or so.
Following this technique really will inrease the number of rose you see during the growing season. Enjoy your new blooms!
This is excellent information from the expert!
My pleasure, Susan. Were you able to deadhead some of your neighbors roses?
That's a gorgeous photo of Don Juan. My roses are doing terrible this year. It's really sad.
Thanks for the excellent detailed pictures – they helped me know where to cut.
You got it right, Redneck! Keep up the great blog.
Terrific tips! I will definitely put these into practice!!
Thanks! I did not know this. I only cut of the petalnobs.
So glad you discovered my blog and hope you enjoy following my Greenbenchramblings.
Excellent writing and photos. As experienced rosarians, we sometimes forget that everyone does not know this.
Thank you for the tips – I will have to be brave and deadhead as you suggest (rather than just pinching off the flower head).
i rip them off with my bare hands. I guess i shouldn't be doing that!
Love this post. I spent all day Saturday working in the garden and deadheading. Your idea of using the trash can lid to accumulate the waste is so clever.
Thank you for liking my blog post on yellow roses today. It is much appreciated. Come back again. I post on flowers and roses quite often. Have a wonderful week.
This is well done. What surprises me is that I would never have considered cutting flowers so soon. I always remove them after their dead…brown, dry, really dead. You appear to cut the blooms before they're even shriveling. Why is that? Aren't the blooms what you want?
Thanks for stopping. I dead head the blooms as they begin to fade or soon there after. This keeps the shrub looking nice and also invigorates the rose bush and places it in "GROW:" mode to produce more blooms for you…. I live in a very warm climate (zone 8a, in Central Alabama) and we see blooms from early April until November but using this method.
Great blog post, Chris! I've learned so much from you!
Thank you for showing straight forward with pictures….I was getting frustrated with all the reading and their being too wordy and not getting to the point…like how far and how much and how when…that's what I like to know…it's frustrating to get a history lesson and not straight forward instructions….Thank you sooooo much!
I agree. I have also used this method in a pinch.
Chis has good ideas here to encourage that fall flush of roses.
So happy to be able to help!
Fascinating! I never knew how pruning the roses was done.
Thanks Chris – while I'd rather go chase an aging rock band in a VW bus, I will get out my pruners and trash can lid! I really appreciate the pictures in your description.
So glad to help. Happy Gardening!
Great information! My roses thank you from the garden!
Great info. In PA, my roses are struggling. Terrible winter, wet rainy spring, & now humidity & BUGS!
Thanks for stopping by. Bless your heart, the Polar Vortex took its toll on our garden too. Lost 10 roses and many others debilitated. We press on on the hope of some good blooms and better weather conditions….
Please do! Sometimes the best of neighbors need a little nudge!
Nice How-To Chris. I always enjoy seeing what you're up to in that garden of Eden of yours. Warm regards, from the cooler Pacific Northwest!
Awww, Shucks…… Eden? Ha…. It my own little piece of heaven….. It's done got hot here in Alabama. Enjoy the cool temps….
Very good explanation about dead-heading! We all want as many roses as possible in the garden!
Thanks for visiting my blog and thanks for the kind words. Deadheading is a great way to keep those roses in blooms!
There is nothing that will make you more efficient in dead-heading your roses than The Gardener's Hollow Leg, the debris and harvesting bag that you wear. It's a five-gallon fabric sack with an adjustable belt attached. Great capacity, incredible efficiency!
Chris, your pictures are so helpful! I sometimes cut at a three leaf, is this wrong?
Not wrong, it will just likely produce a new bloom on a weakened stem. The further down the stem you go the thicker the cane will be.
Thank you for such a great explaination and the pictures. This was very helpful.
Would be glad to try to identity it for you. Just send me a picture.
Very helpful, it's nice to have pictures attached to the directions for beginners such as myself!


input: A 4-D tensor. The dimension order is interpreted according to the value of data_format, see below for details.
strides: 1-D tensor of length 4. The stride of the sliding window for each dimension of input. The dimension order is determined by the value of data_format, see below for details.
Output: A 4-D tensor. The dimension order is determined by the value of data_format, see below for details.
Optional attribute setters for Conv2D.


Your front yard is the first thing that people see when they first walk up or drive up to your home. Therefore, it is important to make a good impression. After all, it makes little sense to keep a perfectly neat household if the outside of your home is a mess. The first step that you will need to take is to come up with a landscape design for your garden. By using plants, layouts, and other elements you can create a truly distinctive yard.
The first thing that you need to plan out is the pathway from the front gate or curb to your home. It is best to do construct a route that is hassle-free and takes a few twists and turns as possible. You should avoid using steps or similar features unless they are absolutely necessary. Once you have determined what the best path is, it is time to lay down the stone, brick or another hardscape. You should use a material that is eye-catching but is also durable and easy to maintain.
Regardless of what you want the final product to look like, you need to be smart about your plant choices. If you have space, it is great to have a mixture of large trees, bushes, and flowering plants.
What you need to keep in mind, however, is that each type of vegetation grows at a different rate. So, in the beginning, you are going to need a greater number of fast-growing or flowering plants. These will need to be in place until the trees that you have planted begin sprouting. This means that in the beginning at least, you will have slightly more upkeep to manage in your front yard due to the more high maintenance flowering plants.
What many people forget is that plants create more than one visual effect. They are not just for rich greens and vibrant colors. Plants also offer up the texture. This is why it is important to plant the vegetation in such a manner that there is a repeating pattern. For instance, you can have plants that mirror one another on either side of the walkway. Or, you can create an interesting mix of trees and plants. Either way, you will need to be aware of the final effect.
Of course, it is important to remember that your house exterior also plays a huge role in the overall look of the place. New windows is a deal in improving things around the house exterior now as well as later. This means that in addition to the yard, you will also need to work on the windows Winnipeg (specializes in vinyl windows and main doors replacement and installation services), the walls, and other aspects.
The contractor will discuss with you about the possible design show you some samples images, and in general assist, you make the best design option. There is little sense in working hard on your garden and completely ignoring the house.
There is a lot you can do to refresh the exterior of your home. You can paint walls, improve your home's atmosphere with the popular Canadian choice windows by replacing windows in Barrie, use interesting fixtures, and even update the doors. While it may appear to be an extra effort, the end result will prove that it is worth it.
These are some important tips for you to follow when planning out the design of your front garden.


Are you the kind of movie fan who digs Attack of the 50 Foot Woman as much as The Godfather? Need to learn some choice tidbits about Abbott & Costello Meet Frankenstein, From Russia With Love, or The Wild Bunch? Well, I've got the perfect movie site for you. It's Trailers From Hell, co-founded by director Joe Dante, best known for his films Gremlins, The Howling and Matinee. Trailers From Hell features "coming attractions" clips backed with commentaries from filmmakers like Dante, John Sayles, and Guillermo Del Toro. The decades of cinema covered on the site range from the 1920s to the present. There are trailers for pretty much every movie genre, from comedy to horror, and from westerns to crime dramas to sci-fi.
The wonderful thing about Trailers From Hell is that these movie "gurus" are passionate about sharing their love of movies. It's clear that they enjoy watching these films and love them just as much as we do. The observations they make often have a personal aspect. Are you a Jerry Lewis fan? Writer-director Allan Arkush gives us a wonderful intro to Lewis' The Geisha Boy while providing an amusing anecdote about his movie-going childhood. Maybe you love 1950s sci-fi? Director Ernest Dickerson talks about his experience seeing Ray Harryhausen's It Came From Beneath The Sea. Love film noir? Writer-director Larry Cohen's got you dead to rights with The Big Sleep. You'll learn about movies from directors as diverse as Roger Corman, Douglas Sirk, and Orson Welles, and have a lot of fun along the way.
Trailers From Hell is also home for the work of outstanding film writers like Glenn Erickson (aka CineSavant) and Dennis Cozzalio. Their excellent work is thoughtful, informative and incisive. But the site's best feature is the entertaining companion podcast entitled The Movies That Made Me co-hosted by screenwriter Josh (A History of Violence) Olson and Joe Dante. This cinematic "dynamic duo" sits down for informal chats with a variety of filmmakers, actors, and artists, including William Friedkin, Allison Anders, Gilbert Hernandez, and Ron Perlman. The talks are insightful and revealing. The relaxed and easygoing nature of the conversations ensures that you'll learn a lot — and have fun, too. The results are surprising and unpredictable.
Trailers From Hell isn't some stuffy, highbrow library of academic minutiae. The content on the site is fascinating, fanciful and delightful. It's also completely addictive. You'll find a lot of your favorites there (especially if you're a sci-fi, horror and fantasy fan) and you also might find yourself discovering a whole lot of new films to love. By the way, you can also view the trailers without commentary, if you wish. Episodes of The Movies That Made Me podcast are available on the main site, as well as on iTunes, Spotify and Google Play.
Bottom line, Trailers From Hell is a fun movie site for the true fan, a treasure trove of great information, delivered with a lot of heart. I guarantee you'll find yourself spending more time there than originally planned. Stock up on the popcorn!
the site has cost me many hours, and I love it.