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Many Things Considered Podcast
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Congress, Foreign Policy, Iran, Russia
The Risch Doctrine
Posted on January 10, 2020 by mjohnson
In 1965 when Arkansas Sen. J. William Fulbright publicly expressed the private concerns he had long harbored about growing U.S. military involvement in Vietnam, President Lyndon Johnson blew his top.
LBJ had known for some time that the influential chairman of the Foreign Relations Committee had profound misgivings about the president's policy, systematically shifting the burden of waging a Vietnamese civil war from the South Vietnamese army to American soldiers. Fulbright had been privately pressing his view on Johnson to little effect, so he went public.
Arkansas Senator J. William Fulbright and President Lyndon Johnson
Johnson, who could be almost as mean in private as President Donald Trump is in public, complained to an aide that Fulbright "is a cry baby — and I can't continue to kiss him every morning before breakfast." The public criticism by a Democratic senator of a Democratic president effectively ended Johnson's relationship with Fulbright.
But, occasionally history has an interesting way of rewarding political dissent. Today Fulbright is remembered as among the earliest and most prescient voices in opposition to the American tragedy in Southeast Asia. Johnson's presidency was destroyed over the war and the 58,000 Americans and the millions of Vietnamese who died will forever define his legacy.
The Johnson-Fulbright history is worth recalling in the context of how virtually every other senator who has chaired the Foreign Relations Committee in modern times viewed that role in relation to the White House. The words that define that relationship would be "independent" and "equal."
By contrast, a year into his tenure as chairman of the committee, the approach of Idaho's James Risch stands out like a skunk at a garden party. Risch contends his approach — maintaining access to Trump, but never publicly taking issue with anything — is working because as he put it during a recent interview with Boise's KTVB, "I think it's good for Idaho and it's good for me."
The chairman of the Foreign Relations Committee is among the most consistent endorsers of Trump foreign policy
But the evidence in plain view tells an entirely different story. If Risch really enjoys the vaunted influence at the White House he claims — "I have some influence on what happens in the White House," he told KTVB — it's difficult to see how that influence is impacting American foreign policy in any positive manner.
Trump's decision to kill Iranian Maj. Gen. Qassem Soleimani, a demonstrably evil influence in the Middle East, was immediately endorsed by Risch who parroted the shockingly thin administration assertions that Trump acted on information indicating the Iranians were planning imminent attacks on Americans.
"His death presents an opportunity for Iraq to determine its own future free from Iranian control," Risch said just hours before the Iraqi parliament voiced support for the withdrawal of U.S. forces from Iraq, a decision, should it happen, that would turn Risch's assertion on its head. Rather than diminish Iranian influence the administration has enhanced Iranian influence.
Meanwhile, while endorsing the "we must act" mantra of the administration, Risch has squandered a chance to help craft something approaching a coherent policy to replace Trump's ignorant, impulsive and frightfully dangerous policy of threat by tweet. Additionally, Risch has yet to answer why the attack on Soleimani, an option open to previous presidents but rejected by them, happened when it did.
As Bloomberg News put it: "If Soleimani presented an imminent threat, why was Trump given several retaliatory options that didn't include Soleimani? If there was an imminent threat, how would killing the top general end that threat? And if Team Trump has lied about everything, why wouldn't they lie now?"
The administration's justification for the attack has shifted with the news cycle and you can bet Risch will stay the course with Trump, no matter how scattered and incoherent the ration-ale becomes. Yet, the bigger question is simply: What now?
An independent chairman of the Foreign Relations Committee would have moved immediately to conduct hearings, sought the advice of experts on the region and attempted to shape what happens next. But Risch knows that any real effort to grapple with the reality of what Trump hath wrought would involve stinging bipartisan criticism of Trump's haphazard, dangerous "make it up as you go" foreign policy.
Trump, a thin-skinned, pseudo tough guy, would interpret any critique as disloyalty and almost certainly would lash back. So complete is the president's hold on people like Risch that the senator dares not utter an even remotely critical comment, even when the stakes amount to war and peace.
The funeral of Iranian General Qassem Soleimani in Teheran
Risch admitted as much in the Boise interview. "Look, I don't go out and criticize him publicly," he said, claiming "spirited conversation" takes place in private, where he's able to exercise influence. Yet, consider the facts behind Risch's assertion.
On Risch's watch, the efforts at detente with a North Korean dictator who sent Trump "beautiful letters" continues to unravel. Trump's precipitous decision to withdraw U.S forces from Syria has strengthened Russia in the region and enhanced Turkey's reach. Both countries, by the way, are close to Iran. Iran has resumed its nuclear weapons program after Trump's Risch-endorsed decision to abandon an international agreement to contain such an effort. NATO is weaker than it has been at almost any time in the post-World War II period. And the post-Soleimani turmoil seems almost certain to give ISIS a new lease on life.
If Risch truly has exercised positive influence behind the scenes, it's far from evident. In fact, the opposite seems more probable in that whatever influence he has is lost on Trump, a reality Risch came near to admitting in that recent interview. "He is different," Risch said of Trump, "his decision-making is different."
No kidding, which is why a person holding the premier position in Congress related to foreign policy must be more than a partisan determined to hold his tongue to maintain dubious "influence." Risch's servility enables, even encourages the reckless Trump activities we've seen in the first days of 2020.
"What is the point of having a Congress if it has no say about a new American war?" The Atlantic's George Packer asked recently. Good question. And why have a Foreign Relations Committee chairman if he's not willing to publicly engage the president?
Risch actually had an answer for that during his KTVB interview. "When I've (privately) disagreed with (Trump) he has never, ever treated me with anything but the greatest respect. Now, I'm sure that would change dramatically if I went out on TV and tried to take it on like that. But, but, you have to deal with it as it is."
By choosing to follow, not lead, the senator has made a historic, career-defining blunder. The mistake has never been more obvious than it was this week.
2016 Election, American Presidents, Baseball, Baucus, Foreign Policy, Iran, John Kennedy, Johnson, Middle East, Obama, Politics, Pope Francis, Truman, U.S. Senate, Visions, World Cup
Posted on August 27, 2015 by christian
There was bipartisan understanding that when the Iranians indicated a readiness to talk the U.S. would lead the negotiations to test Iran's seriousness. – Statement supporting the Iranian nuclear agreement signed by sixty bipartisan foreign policy and national security leaders.
Republican opposition to the Obama administration's historic nuclear deal with Iran has been visceral. Most Republicans disliked the idea even before negotiations commenced in earnest. They hated the deal when the preliminary details emerged months ago. Now they detest the final agreement.
U.S. and Iranian negotiators earlier this year.
Much of the opposition is purely partisan, some is based on historic rightwing Republican opposition to any foreign policy agreement, a good deal is based on both a concern about the deal's impact on Israel and a desire to curry favor with the Israeli-American lobby, and some is based – a minor consideration one suspects – on the belief that a better deal could be had if only there were better negotiators.
I wrote back in April about the traditional Republican skepticism about foreign policy agreements that dates back to the Treaty of Versailles, but the current visceral NO seems in an altogether new category of opposition.
Placed in the wide context of presidential deal making in the post-war period, the almost total Republican opposition to a deal, which is designed to prevent, or at the very least substantially delay, Iranian development of a nuclear weapons, is a distinct outlier. It is difficult to find an historic parallel to the level of partisan disdain for a major foreign policy initiative of any president, Republican or Democrat. It amounts to the emergence of a new political generation of what Harry Truman's Secretary of State Dean Acheson once called "the primitives."
Return of "the primitives…"
It took the administrations of Dwight Eisenhower and John Kennedy more than eight years to negotiate a test ban treaty with the Soviet Union. Kennedy doggedly pursued the negotiations – Great Britain was also a party to the talks – and finally signed the treaty in August 1963. A few weeks later the Senate ratified the agreement by the strongly bipartisan margin of 81-19 with fifty-six Democrats and twenty-five Republicans constituting the majority.
John Kennedy signs the limited test ban treaty in 1963 flanked by Senators Fulbright and Dirksen and, of course, LBJ.
The treaty came about in the wake of the Cuban missile crisis, hardly a moment in 20th Century history when trust in the Russians was at a high point. The same could be said for Richard Nixon's effort to craft the first strategic arms limitation treaty or Ronald Reagan's later efforts to strike a grand disarmament bargain with the Soviets that Reagan hoped would eliminate nuclear weapons.
Jimmy Carter's effort to sign and ratify the Panama Canal treaties in the late 1970's arguably contributed to his defeat in 1980, as well as the defeat of several Senate liberals – Idaho's Frank Church, for example – who courageously supported the effort to ensure stability around the vital canal by relinquishing control to the Panamanians. Senators from both parties supported the treaties or they never would have been ratified.
In each of these cases there was substantial political opposition to presidential action, but it is nearly impossible when looking closely at this history not to conclude that each of the "deals" were beneficial to long-term U.S. security. An underlying assumption in each of these historic agreements is that presidents of both parties act, if not always perfectly, always with desire to produce an outcome that is in the nation's – and the world's – best interest. Few reasonable people would suggest, given the intervening history, that Eisenhower or Kennedy, Nixon or Carter or set out to make a deal that was not ultimately in the country's best interest or that would imperil a long-time ally.
Yet, that is precisely what Republican critics of President Obama's agreement with Iran are saying. Representative Trent Franks, an Arizona Republican, called it "an absolute disgrace that this president has sacrificed the security and stability" of Israel in order to reach a deal. "This is a betrayal that history will never forget," Franks added. Franks is the same guy who introduced a resolution authorizing war with Iran back in 2013.
Illinois Republican Senator Mark Kirk.
Illinois Republican Senator Mark Kirk went even farther. "This agreement condemns the next generation to cleaning up a nuclear war in the Persian Gulf," Kirk said. "It condemns our Israeli allies to further conflict with Iran." Kirk continued: "This is the greatest appeasement since Chamberlain gave Czechoslovakia to Hitler." The senator predicted that Israel would now have to "take military action against Iran."
Idaho Senator James Risch, a Republican and member of the Foreign Relations Committee, said "the deal shreds the legacy of arms control and nonproliferation that the United States has championed for decades – it will spark a nuclear arms race in the Middle East that will be impossible to contain." Risch accused the president and Secretary of State John Kerry of going back on commitments to Congress and said, "The West will have to live with a nuclear Iran and will abandon our closest ally, Israel, under this horribly flawed agreement."
Senator Lindsey Graham, a GOP presidential candidate, said "This is the most dangerous, irresponsible step I have ever seen in the history of watching the Mideast. Barack Obama, John Kerry, have been dangerously naïve." Graham admitted on national television that he had not read the agreement, which was announced just an hour before the South Carolina senator pronounced his judgment.
OK…What's Your Suggestion…
When you sift through the various denunciations of the Iran deal you find a remarkable degree of consistence in the criticism: abandonment of Israel, a nuclear arms race in the Middle East, assurance that Iran would be locked into an absolutely certain path to attain nuclear weapons. What is also remarkably consistent is that among all the words used to denounce the deal are very few that actually address the details contained in the 150-plus page document. As a result, Republicans come dangerously close to suggesting that Obama and Kerry have consciously sold out Israel, made an already explosive Middle East more so and weakened U.S. national security all in the name of just naively making a deal.
There are legitimate questions about the best way to contain Iran in any quest for the ability to produce nuclear weapons. Would continuing sanctions against Iran without international inspections of Iranian facilities be better as an approach that what Obama suggests, which allows for detailed oversight that is backed by our allies the British, French and Germans, as well as Putin's Russia? That would be a real debate over effectiveness, a principled discussion over means and ends.
There are two men in Washington to watch closely as this "debate" reaches the end game. One is Tennessee Senator Bob Corker, the chairman of the Foreign Relations Committee, who has lately railed against the agreement, but remains a thoughtful, fair-minded voice on foreign policy deals. The other is Energy Secretary Ernest Moniz, one of the key members of the U.S. team that worked out the deal with Iran who all seem to agree actually knows something about the subject of nuclear weapons development.
In a recent NPR interview, Moniz offered a full-throated defense of the agreement. "I think we should realize that basically forever, with this agreement, Iran will be, in some sense, farther away from a nuclear weapon than they would be without it," Moniz said. "Now, clearly in the early years, in the first decade, first 15 years, we have lots of very, very explicit constraints on the program that roll back current activities. Whether it's in enrichment, whether it's in the stockpile of enriched uranium that they hold, whether it's in R&D, all of these are going to be rolled back, complemented by much, much stronger transparency measures than we have today."
While Congressional Republicans work to overturn the administration's Iran deal – Mario Rubio has pledged, for example, to undo the deal on his first day in office – much of the rest of the world has moved on. The most impressive leader on the current world stage, Pope Francis, has endorsed the deal and will speak to Congress just days before the vote. Germany's Angela Merkel, a politician who displays more grit and gumption than the entire United States Senate, strongly backs the deal. Great Britain has re-opened its long shuttled embassy in Tehran and French officials have spoken of a "new era" in its relations with Iran.
Rejecting the deal will serve only to strengthen the hand of the Iranian hardliners and the other hardliner who is party to the agreement, Vladimir Putin of Russia. Do Congressional Republicans, or for that matter Democrats like Chuck Schumer who oppose the deal, think for a minute that Putin will not find a way to fill the void that will be left if the Iranian agreement collapses in the huff of American domestic politics?
Perhaps the Europeans recognize what some American politicians fail to grasp. A fifteen year, highly monitored deal to prevent Iran from developing nuclear weapons is about as good as it gets in the modern Middle East. The critics who wonder what happens after fifteen years are missing the fact that the interval provides a window for young and more worldly Iranians to assert themselves as the country tiptoes back into the world community.
The pragmatic bottom line question is simply this: can the U.S. and the rest of the western world continue a policy of isolation for a country of 80 million people, more than 40 percent of whom are under 24 years of age? Obama's agreement isn't perfect, but this deal gives the west leverage to influence and indeed control the Iranian nuclear threat for a not insignificant number of years into the future.
Without a deal our leverage consists of two blunt instruments: continued sanctions that further alienate a whole new generation of Iranians and a pre-emptive military assault on Iranian nuclear facilities. Some folks casually invoke the "bomb, bomb Iran" option, but cooler heads know it would very likely mean a general war in a region where the United States' ability to turn its military might into political change has been a dismal failure.
Ironically, as the administration has now started saying, Iranian failure to live up to the terms of the nuclear deal would actually create the context and rationale for taking military action to end the threat of a nuclear Iran. The international community will never support unilateral U.S. military action, but could be made to support air strikes, for example, if the Iranians cheat on the agreement.
The president, I believe, will ultimately prevail on the Iran deal and we'll quickly return full attention to the political circus running up to another election. Still, it is worth considering the question Obama has persistently asked the critics of his diplomacy: What is your option? The answer is mostly crickets, but it is still a good question.
2014 Election, American Presidents, Baucus, Borah, Britain, Churchill, Congress, Coolidge, Foreign Policy, Iran, John Kennedy, Labor Day, McClure, Nixon, Obama, Reagan, Thatcher, U.S. Senate
Posted on April 6, 2015 by christian
By all accounts Barack Obama has his work cut out for him convincing Congressional Republicans – and some Democrats – that his proposed nuclear weapons control agreement with Iran is better than having no deal at all.
Republican skepticism about an Obama initiative certainly isn't surprising, since the president has seen something approaching universal disdain for virtually anything he has proposed since 2009. That Republicans are inclined to oppose a deal with Iran shouldn't be much of a surprise either. In the post-World War II era, conservative Republicans in Congress have rarely embraced any major deal- particularly including nuclear agreements – which any president has negotiated with a foreign government.
Republicans Have Long Said "No" to Foreign Deals…
Before they were the party of NO on all things Obama, the GOP was the party of NO on international agreements – everything from the Treaty of Versailles at the end of World War I to the Panama Canal Treaties during Jimmy Carter's presidency. Even when Ronald Reagan attempted a truly unprecedented deal in 1986 with Mikhail Gorbachev to actually eliminate vast numbers of nuclear weapons – the famous Reykjavik Summit – most conservative Republicans gave the idea thumbs down and were happy when it fell apart.
And, near the end of his presidency when Reagan pushed for a treaty limiting intermediate nuclear weapons, conservatives like North Carolina's Jesse Helms, Wyoming's Malcolm Wallop and Idaho's Jim McClure thought that Reagan, then and now the great hero of the conservative right, was plum crazy.
Much of the criticism of Reagan from the hard right in the late 1980's sounds eerily like the current critique of Obama, which basically boils down to a belief that the administration is so eager for a deal with Iran it is willing to imperil U.S. and Israeli security. As Idaho's McClure, among the most conservative GOP senators of his day, warned about the Reagan's deal with Gorbachev in 1988, "We've had leaders who got into a personal relationship and have gotten soft – I'm thinking of Roosevelt and Stalin," but McClure was really thinking about Reagan and Gorbachev.
Howard Phillips, the hard right blowhard who chaired the Conservative Caucus at the time, charged that Reagan was "fronting as a useful idiot for Soviet propaganda." Helms actually said Reagan's negotiations with Gorbachev put U.S. allies in harms way, just as Mario Rubio, Ted Cruz and Scott Walker say today Obama is putting Israel at risk. "We're talking about, perhaps, the survival of Europe," Helms declared in 1988.
Walker, who was 20 years old when Helms' was preaching apocalypse, told a radio interviewer last week that the Iranian deal "leaves not only problems for Israel, because they want to annihilate Israel, it leaves the problems in the sense that the Saudis, the Jordanians and others are gonna want to have access to their own nuclear weapons…" Never mind that the whole point of the Iranian effort is to prevent a nuclear arms race across the Middle East.
Date the GOP No Response to FDR and Yalta…
Historically, you can date the conservative Republican opposition to almost all presidential deal making to Franklin Roosevelt's meeting with Stalin at Yalta in 1945 where FDR's critics, mostly Republicans, contended he sold out eastern Europe to the Reds. "The Yalta agreement may not have been the Roosevelt administration's strongest possible bargain," Jonathan Chait wrote recently in New York Magazine, "but the only real alternative would have entailed continuing the war against the Soviets after defeating Germany."
By the time of the Yalta summit, Red Army troops had "liberated" or were in place to occupy Poland and much of central Europe, which Roosevelt knew the United States and Great Britain could do little to stop. The alternative to accommodation with Stalin at Yalta, as Chait says, was making war on Stalin's army. Roosevelt's true objective at Yalta was to keep Stalin in the fold to ensure Soviet cooperation with the establishment of the United Nations, but the "facts on the ground" in Europe provided a great storyline for generations of conservatives to lament the "sellout" to Uncle Joe.
That conservative narrative served to propel Joe McCarthy's hunt for Communists in the U.S. State Department and cemented the GOP as the party always skeptical of any effort to negotiate with the Soviet Union (or anyone else). Many conservatives contended that "negotiations" equaled "appeasement" and would inevitably lead American presidents to mimic Neville Chamberlain at Munich in 1938. Illinois Senator Mark Kirk dusted off that old chestnut last week when he said, "Neville Chamberlain got a better deal from Adolf Hitler," than Obama did from the Iranians. The Iranian deal is certainly not perfect, but worse than a pact with Hitler?
Conservatives became so concerned about "executive action" on foreign policy in the early 1950's that Ohio Republican Senator John Bricker proposed a constitutional amendment – the Bricker Amendment – that said in part: "Congress shall have power to regulate all executive and other agreements with any foreign power or international organization." Dwight Eisenhower opposed Bricker's effort certain that his control over foreign policy, and that of subsequent presidents, would be fatally compromised. When Bricker, who had been the Republican candidate for vice president in 1948 and was a pillar of Midwestern Republicanism, first proposed his amendment forty-five of forty-eight Senate Republicans supported the idea. Eisenhower had to use every trick in the presidential playbook, including working closely with Senate Majority Leader Lyndon Johnson, to eventually defeat Bricker and other conservatives in his own party.
A logical extension of McCarthy's position in the early 1950's was Barry Goldwater's opposition in the early 1960's to President John Kennedy's ultimately successful efforts to put in place a nuclear test ban treaty outlawing atmospheric or underwater nuclear tests.
A test ban treaty was, Goldwater said, "the opening wedge to disastrous negotiations with the enemy, which could result in our losing the war or becoming part of their [the Soviets] system." In Senate debate Goldwater demanded proof of the Soviet's "good faith" and argued, directly counter to Kennedy's assertions, that a treaty would make the world more rather than less dangerous. The treaty was approved overwhelmingly and has remained a cornerstone of the entire idea of arms control.
Later in the 1960's, and over the profound objections of conservatives, the U.S. approved the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT) designed to prevent the expansion of nuclear weapons. Ironically, as Jonathan Chait notes, the NPT today provides "the legal basis for the international effort to prevent Iran from obtaining nukes." But the idea was denounced at the time with William Buckley's National Review saying it was "immoral, foolish…and impractical," a "nuclear Yalta" that threatened our friends and helped our enemies.
When Richard Nixon negotiated the SALT I agreement, interestingly an "executive agreement" and not a treaty, conservatives worried that the United States was being out foxed by the Kremlin and that Nixon's focus on "détente" with the Soviet Union was simply playing into naïve Communist propaganda. Congressional neo-cons in both parties, including influential Washington state Democrat Henry Jackson, insisted that any future arms control deal with the Soviets be presented to the Senate for ratification.
Republican opposition to international agreements is deeply embedded in the party's DNA, going back at least to the successful Republican efforts to derail Senate ratification of the agreement Woodrow Wilson negotiated in Paris in 1919 to involve the United States in the League of Nations, end the Great War and make the world "safe for democracy."
The GOP's DNA Dates to Woodrow Wilson…
The most effective and eloquent opponent of that agreement was Idaho Republican Senator William E. Borah who, it was said, brought tears to the eyes of Senator Henry Cabot Lodge when he spoke against Wilson's ideas on the floor of the United States Senate on November 19, 1919.
Addressing treaty supporters, but really talking to Wilson, Borah said, "Your treaty does not mean peace – far, very far, from it. If we are to judge the future by the past it means war." About that much the Idahoan was correct.
Without U.S. participation and moral leadership the League of Nations was little more than a toothless tiger in the two decades before the world was again at war, the League unable to prevent the aggression that ultimately lead to World War II. It is one of history's great "what ifs" to ponder what American leadership in a League of Nations in the 1920's and 1930's might have meant to the prevention of the war that William Borah correctly predicted, but arguably for the wrong reason.
Jaw, Jaw Better Than War, War…
Many Congressional Republicans have spent months – or even years – chastising Obama for failing to provide American leadership on the world stage, and for sure the president deserves a good deal of criticism for what at times has been a timid and uncertain foreign policy. But now that Obama has brought the United States, Britain, France, Germany, the European Union and Russia to the brink of a potentially historic deal with Iran, the conservative critique has turned back to a well-worn line: a naïve president is so eager to get a deal he'll sell out the country's and the world's best interests to get it. Ted Cruz and other Republican critics may not know it, but they are dusting off their party's very old attack lines. Barry Goldwater seems to be more the father of this kind of contemporary GOP thinking than the sainted Ronald Reagan.
No deal is perfect, and doubtless some down through the ages have been less than they might have been, but the history of the last 75 years shows that presidents of both parties have, an overwhelming percentage of the time, made careful, prudent deals with foreign adversaries that have stood the test of time. In that sweep of recent American history it has not been presidents – Republicans or Democrats – who have been wrong to pursue international agreements, but rather it is the political far right that has regularly ignored the wisdom of Winston Churchill's famous admonition that "To jaw-jaw is always better than to war-war."
The U.S. and Iran in One Long Sentence
Just two months before handing the keys to the Oval Office over to Dwight Eisenhower, Harry Truman insisted that all covert action in Tehran be put on hold. "We tried to get the block-headed British to have their oil company make a fair deal with Iran," Truman complained privately, but "no, no, they could not do that." — Historian Douglas Little on U.S.-Iranian relations
By way of providing historical context for the just announced U.S. – Iranian "framework" for a deal on Iran's nuclear capability, let's see if I can reduce more than 100 years of history between the two countries to one, very, very long sentence. Hang on.
The U.S. and Iran: History in a Sentence
As long ago as 1900 the U.S. and Britain coveted Persian (as it was then called) oil, a valuable commodity that became critical to powering the Royal Navy during World War I; some guys in Persia decided that locals weren't getting a fair share of the oil revenue from the Anglo-Iran Oil Company – we call it BP today – so they set up a fellow called the Shah; this first Shah flirted with Nazi Germany in the 1930's – some people still say the Iranians are "Nazi-like" – and alarmed the western allies, so Churchill and Stalin secretly plotted to depose him and they installed the Shah's son in his place, Iran was then occupied by Allied and Russia forces and after the second World War the U.S. cozied up to this new Shah – Mohammed Reza Pahlavi – believing he would be a good buffer against Soviet designs on the region (and the oil), but in 1949 an Iranian politician named Mossadegh – he never
liked the Shah – complicated things when he started arguing for more
local control over the oil (he wanted a 50-50 split with Britain, that's what Harry Truman was referring to above) and then he became the democratically elected prime minister, but, fearing Mossadegh was a dupe of the Russians, the CIA sponsored a coup in 1953 to force him out – Teddy Roosevelt's grandson was the CIA officer in charge and the Shah just happened to be out of town – and the reformist prime minister (Mossadegh again) was arrested and imprisoned (he died under house arrest in 1967), the Shah was now fully in control and could return to town, while his secret police (with CIA support) cracked down on all dissent, but the U.S. still liked the Shah and kept him on the diplomatic A-list (he was anti-communist, after all), even while Iranian clerics termed him a puppet of the United States; an impression Richard Nixon seemed to confirm when he gave the Shah a big load of military equipment in the 1970's believing that the Shah and his army would help create "stability in the region" (he was anti-communist, after all), but finally things got really shaky for the Shah, even after Jimmy Carter toasted him on New Years Eve in 1977 and called his regime "an island of stability in one of the more troubled areas of the world," but the Iranians were restless and the clerics demanded change, and before long the U.S. had to tell the Shah it was time for him to go and he left for Egypt, but he was sick with cancer and the United States – for humanitarian reasons it was said – let him come to New York for treatment, which dredged up old memories of that U.S. coup back in '53 when the Shah was conveniently out of town, and twelve days later the U.S. embassy in Tehran was overrun by students and a bunch of U.S. citizens were held hostage for 444 days, while an ancient Ayatollah started really running things in Iran, a hostage rescue mission failed pretty much sealing Carter's re-election defeat and cementing the power of the clerics, then a few minutes after Ronald Reagan became president in 1981 the hostages were released, which may have been the least of Iranian concerns at the time since they were locked in a hugely bloody war with their neighbors in Iraq and, of course, the U.S. backed a guy named Saddam in that war, which ended in a stalemate in 1988, but when the U.S.'s one time friend Saddam then invaded Kuwait in 1990 the Iranians suddenly didn't look all that bad, but there was a lot of history here and when the U.S. subsequently invaded Iraq in 2003, the Iranians were opposed to "the great Satan" messing around in their back yard – even though they hated Iraq and fought a war against Saddam they considered the U.S. a bigger threat (maybe history had something to do with it) and they also wanted to "bring stability to the region" by supporting their guys in Iraq – and, about the same time, Iran really started supporting an outfit called Hamas – terrorists to some – and they hated the idea of Israel, but that was a long-standing deal going back to that first World War, and Iran didn't care much for Saudi Arabia either, a U.S. ally, and some U.S. guys – Dick Cheney comes to mind – welcomed a pre-emptive Israeli attack on Iran to prevent them from acquiring nuclear weapons and, oh yes I nearly forgot, when Reagan was president some smart guys in the U.S. government came up with the idea of engineering a complicated trade of weapons for hostages with money from the deal then going to support the Nicaraguan Contras (they were anti-communist, after all), but the whole deal – illegal in any event – got botched up by a Marine Corps Lt. Colonel named North and Congress investigated what we started to call the "Iran-Contra affair," and Reagan apologized, and a couple of guys went to jail, and then in 2008 the United States elected a new president who seemed to be saying "since we're so worried about an Iranian nuke, and since the Israelis already have nukes, and rather than stabilizing the region the Iraq war, where we not only didn't find weapons of mass destruction, but just helped make things in the region crazier, maybe – all the history aside – maybe we should just talk to these people rather than default to another war that might not bring stability to the region," and the Iranians might be forgiven for thinking (after all this history): what the heck, can we trust these guys?
A Simpler Sentence…
There is a simpler sentence to explain the long and troubled relationship. Let's just say: It is complicated, very, very complicated.
Education, Higher Education, Iran, Kramer
America's Great Problems
The verdict is in. I haven't done any scientific analysis, but I'm confident of what I am about to assert – the American attention span is shorter than the time it takes for Auburn to score a touchdown after a missed Alabama field goal.
In other words – short. Very short.
For a few moments earlier this fall we were consumed by the news of a humanitarian crisis and chemical weapons use in Syria. Then the Obamacare website didn't work. Then Iran seemed to be coming to the international table to negotiate over its nuclear weapons program and then China started issuing orders about disputed airspace in the Far East. Oh, yes, throw in a train wreck, a few tornadoes and an NFL lineman who is a bully. So much news and so much noise that much of the media and most policy makers seem to consistently miss the truly great issues confronting the nation.
Most of us continue to look – silly us – to our political leaders to help us understand what is really important, but people in elected office, even the smartest, most dedicated seem more victims than masters of the nation's collective attention deficit disorder. We certainly don't lack for controversy and crisis. We do lack a leadership that helps define a sense of national priorities. What might we agree on as a nation that would really make a difference?
Syria, Iran, China and inadequate health insurance websites are all legitimate problems to be sure, but they are truly dwarfed by two more fundamental issues that, at the risk of hyperbole, really threaten the nation's long-term viability. For the most part political leadership is missing in action. The issues are growing income inequality and the profound challenges confronting the nation's education system at every level. As if to render the issues even more complicated, we need to recognize that income inequality and educational attainment are actually two sides of the same coin.
A few statistics to put the great problems in sharper focus:
State-level funding for education at all levels, and particularly higher education, has been tumbling since the 1980's and at the same time – if you're putting kids through college you know this – tuition rates have spiked. In Idaho, in-state tuition is up by about 45 percent in less than a decade. There have been comparable increases in Oregon and Washington. Arizona led the nation with a 70 percent increase in the last five years, while the national average increase has been 27 percent. Little wonder there is a mounting crisis – $1.2 trillion worth – of college loan debt.
The American Council on Education, a respected advocacy group of college and university presidents, said in a recent report appropriately entitled A Race to the Bottom, "The 2011 funding effort [for higher education] was down by 40.2 percent compared with fiscal 1980. Extrapolating that trend, the national average state investment in higher education will reach zero in fiscal 2059. In other words, states are already 40 percent of the way to zero. At this rate of decline, it will take another 48 years to finish off the remaining state support for higher education."
Another data point: The country's standing in terms of the number of young people completing post-secondary education is in decline compared to much of the rest of the developing world. As the Washington Post reported in September, "Instead of gaining ground, the United States has fallen from 12th to 16th in the share of adults age 25 to 34 holding degrees, according to the report from the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. It trails global leaders South Korea, Canada and Japan and is mired in the middle of the pack among developed nations."
The attainment rate for college graduates in the United States has actually crept up to 41 percent, but as the Post noted, "in South Korea, which has become the world leader, the rate has reached 63 percent. Canada and Japan rank second and third, respectively, with attainments of about 56 percent."
In terms of college attainment the United States now trails Russia, Ireland, Norway, New Zealand, Australia, Denmark, Israel and Belgium — as well as Luxembourg, the United Kingdom, France and Sweden, all of whom passed the U.S. in the latest rankings.
No doubt you've heard that a college degree, more costly than ever, just isn't worth all that much in terms of economic value. It's just not true.
Eduardo Porter, a very well educated fellow, writes the Economic Scene column for the New York Times and recently wrote this: "On a pure dollars-and-cents basis, the doubters are wrong. Despite a weak job market for recent graduates, workers with a bachelor's degree still earn almost twice as much as high school graduates. College might be more expensive than ever, but a degree is worth about $365,000 over a lifetime, after defraying all the direct and indirect costs of going to school. This is a higher payoff than in any other advanced nation, according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development."
Now let's try to connect the dots of educational attainment and income inequality.
In September – you remember September, we were focused on shutting down the government, I think – the Census Bureau reported that 15 percent of Americans now live in poverty and a typical American family is making less on an annual basis in 2013 than it was in 1989. From about 1993 until about 2000, median household income was increasing steadily, but that upward trend ended and has, with the exception of brief uptick in 2007, been headed down…and down.
It is not terribly surprising that educational attainment is generally the worst in communities with the worst economic conditions. One example from Las Vegas where, as the Review-Journal reported recently, "With rare exception, school ratings are higher district wide when the surrounding neighborhood has a higher median household income and more college-educated residents, regardless of whether parents have degrees.
"Schools do progressively worse when their neighborhoods have higher rates of high school-only educated residents, families falling below the poverty line, and minorities." In other words, education equals better economic conditions.
To summarize: state-level support for education at all levels (but higher education particularly) has been plummeting, more Americans than ever are acquiring education beyond high school (in part because the recession sent many folks who were out of work back to school), but most of the rest of the developed world – our economic competitors – are getting more advanced education then we are, and more education is still the surest path to a better economic life, particularly when real family income in the United States is as flat as a pancake.
The progressive "think tank" Think Progress says this about the growing economic divide in America. "Income inequality has been growing since the 1970s, as the richest 20 percent of Americans saw their income grow much faster than the bottom 20 percent. But things have accelerated in the economic downturn. For the past three years, those at the top of the income ladder saw their incomes grow by 5 percent while everyone else's income dropped. The top 10 percent of the country's earners took home half of the income in 2012, the largest amount on record.
"And things at the bottom have been declining. The bottom 60 percent of earners have experienced a 'lost decade' of wage growth, seeing their compensation fall or stagnate. Many forces have contributed to this trend, but the growth of low-wage jobs that replace middle class work during the recovery has helped it along."
It's hard to escape the conclusion that more education for more Americans – college degrees, technical skills training, even an English degree – is the one sure path to a better standard of living and, I would argue, a stronger, more diverse economy. It is past time that our budget and policy priorities got in sync with this reality.
Christie, Economy, Egan, Higher Education, Idaho Politics, Iran
Higher Ed, Lower Expectations
Posted on March 8, 2013 by christian
Idaho is about to lose another high value educational asset. The loss is coming, in part I suspect, because the state has engaged in prolonged and systematic disinvestment in education at all levels and higher education has been particularly hard hit.
University of Idaho President Duane Nellis apparently will depart shortly for Texas Tech University in Lubbock; a 30,000 student, major research university that competes athletically in the Big 12. Nellis was named late last week as the "sole" finalist for the desirable Texas Tech job.
Nellis' departure comes four years after University of Idaho supporters prevailed upon him to take the job at Idaho's land grant university by sweetening the salary offer with private dollars above and beyond what the State Board of Education was prepared to pay. The Nellis move marks the second departure of a high value U of I president to a place where education is clearly a higher priority than it is in Idaho. Tim White, Nellis' predecessor, left the Moscow school in 2008 to head the University of California-Riverside and since has since been promoted to head the entire 23-campus California State University system. Talk about a brain drain.
(Full disclosure: my firm has had a long-standing client relationship with the University of Idaho and know and admire both Nellis and White. I have also done volunteer work for years with the Andrus Center at Boise State University.)
It's clear that Nellis was recruited for the Texas Tech job and White's rapid rise in the huge Cal State system speaks for itself. Both men are quality leaders with national reputations who, in the whole scheme of things, had barely a cup of coffee as they passed through educational penny-wise and pound-foolish Idaho. One can hardly blame them for leaving for states where admittedly educational budgets have been whacked, but where higher education is still seen as the surest path to economic growth.
At California-Riverside White helped open the first new medical school in the state in four decades, while during his tenure in Idaho Nellis launched a major fundraising campaign and continued to grow the U of I's research budget. Nellis moves to a Texas Tech system that boasts a law school, a health sciences center, a big graduate school and a national/international foot print in agriculture and trade.
(Political junkies will note that the Texas Tech system's Chancellor is former U.S. Representative Kent Hance, a conservative Democrat-turned-Republican who holds the distinction of having beaten one George W. Bush in a congressional race in the 1970's. Hance is a major player in Texas politics who, among other things, as a House Democrat, helped then-President Ronald Reagan pass the Reagan tax cuts in 1981.)
California's bizarre budget and spending constraints required that Gov. Jerry Brown take a measure to the ballot last November to raise taxes, part of which he sold as a break with the state's recent history of disinvestment in higher education.
As the New York Times recently noted, "Governor Brown holds a position on the board of trustees for both Cal State and [the University of California]. Since November, he has attended every meeting of both boards, asking about everything from dormitories to private donations and federal student loans. He is twisting arms on issues he has long held dear, like slashing executive pay and increasing teaching requirements for professors — ideas that have long been met with considerable resistance from academia. But Mr. Brown, himself a graduate of University of California, Berkeley, has never been a man to shrink from a debate."
Like Idaho, spending on colleges and universities is down in California and in Texas, and enrollment is up. What seems different, however, is that some states in the post-recession period are finally starting, however tentatively, to invest again. And of equal importance these states actually demonstrate a genuine commitment to higher education by exploring real reform. For example, Oregon Gov. John Kitzhaber is pushing forward with a major reworking of the state's university governance system that will likely lead to more independence and spending flexibility. Other states are linking state support to educational outcomes, hoping to change incentives from merely enrolling students to keeping them in school.
Idaho, on the other hand, seems content not even to discuss new models, while maintaining a top-down command structure enforced by a part-time board that generally sees it's job as policing the higher education budget rather than growing it. A legislator who might be inclined to dust-off old ideas about a single university system, a chancellor for Idaho higher education or a higher education board devoted to policy would get laughed out of the Statehouse.
As the National Conference of State Legislatures (NCSL) noted in a recent report 20 years ago the United States "topped the world in the percentage of adults age 25 to 34 with college degrees. Our elementary and secondary schools might have been cause for concern but, with students from around the world wanting to enroll, our colleges and universities were above reproach." No longer.
"Today," the NCLS report says, "the United States ranks 10th among developed nations in the percentage of young workers holding a post-secondary credential or degree. It's not that today's young people are less educated than their elders. Rather, it's that other nations are doing all they can to boost college participation and attainment and have surpassed the United States."
Another study, the Times World Higher Education study, concludes that elite United States colleges – Harvard, Stanford, etc. – continue to be among the very best in the world, but the rest of the world is catching up to the rest of American higher education and catching up quickly.
"New forces in higher education are emerging, especially in the East Asian countries that are investing heavily in building world-class universities, so the traditional elite must be very careful," according to Phil Baty, editor of Times Higher Education. "In the three years that the World Reputation Rankings have been running, we have clear evidence that the U.S. and the U.K. in particular are losing ground."
So place all this in this global context and recognize that the bean counters in the Idaho legislature have, after a decade of disinvestment, succeeded in downsized state government to a place many of them have long dreamed about. At the same time they seem entirely content to let higher education patch and scratch its way forward. This year there will apparently be no new money to allow the University of Idaho to expand its law school offerings in the business and government center of the state and no new money to work on critical programs to retain kids in school once they have gotten there. The vast majority of the extremely limited new money for higher education – so far the legislature has approved less than the governor requested – will barely allow the state's colleges and universities to keep up with new enrollment and occupy a few new buildings. This hardly signifies a strategic view of how to apply the essential grease of quality higher education to the sticky gears of a still lagging state economy.
You have to wonder how Idaho will attract the jobs of the 21st Century when the state continues to have one of the most dismal percentages in the country of high school grads going on to college or skills education. Meanwhile, study after study shows the unmistakable connection between the level of educational attainment by Americans and how well they do on measures of economic security and income. It's not difficult to conclude that while Idaho education policy in recent years has centered on various "reforms" that have often promised improvements without more money, the state's per capita personal income has fallen from 41st in the country in 2000 to 49th in 2011.
Most state policy makers seem entirely content with the steadily diminished status quo and they scarcely speak as another proven higher education leader leaves for a greener pasture. You won't hear many speeches from Idaho political leaders about how the state should aspire to lead the nation (or even the region) in some academic area or find the resources to build a world-class research capability. Quite to the contrary the view seems to be that things in Idaho are just good enough and budgets and aspiration best be held in check. One doubts Duane Nellis or Tim White heard such sentiments in Texas or California when they made decisions to move on.
At the same time, new forces in higher education indeed are emerging. The Chinese, the Koreans and the Indians, just to mention the obvious, understand the links between robust, continually improving higher education and a growing 21st Century economy. Higher education shrinks income disparity, provides one sure path from poverty to a better life and, not insignificantly, creates better, critically thinking citizens. It's one thing to be ideologically blind to the need for new investment in higher education that might require new resources. It's quite another thing to be willfully ignorant of the way the world works.
Books, Football, Higher Education, Iran
It's the Money
Posted on September 19, 2011 by christian
College Football…the Case for Reform
Taylor Branch is a serious historian, a man who has made his considerable reputation as perhaps the most important historian of the civil rights movement. Branch's superb Parting the Waters: America in the King Years, 1954-1963 deservedly won the Pulitzer Prize and it is just about the best thing in print on the politics, history and turmoil that roiled the country as Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. pulled America forward, forcing us to confront our racist past and our unequal present.
Branch is an outstanding reporter and he has now turned his impressive investigative and analytical skills to the business of college football. His story – the cover piece in the current Atlantic – is an absolute must read for any fan, any skeptic, anyone who even occasionally wonders what big time college football has to do with big time higher education.
The Columbia Journalism Review said, "Taylor Branch's cover story in the new Atlantic is a devastating indictment of the NCAA…a superb synthesis of the history of the NCAA, the hypocrisy of keeping athletes from getting paid while the commercialization of college sports (football and basketball, that is) runs amok, and why a reckoning may be in store."
Frank Deford, who has long lamented the crass commercialism of college athletics, devoted his recent NPR commentary to Branch's article that he called "the most important article ever written about college sports."
I read Branch's piece last week and came away with that once-in-a-while feeling that you have just read something really important, truly insightful and that you really learned a thing or two. His distillation of the history of the NCAA is simply fascinating. His insights into the business of big-time college football should be enough to make any big corporate sponsor blush. His characterizations of the scandals rippling through the game should make every college president in America queasy. But, since we're really talking money and hypocrisy here, it will take something more than Ohio State firing a football coach or Boise State sacking an athletic director, to reform this system. It will happen, Taylor Branch forecasts, in a courtroom. He make a very compelling case.
Branch's fundamental indictment of college football rests to two pillars: the NCAA is today, and long has been, a corrupt "cartel" determined to control as much of college athletics as it possibly can and that the so-called "student-athlete" is a fiction dreamed up by a long line of NCAA leaders who were determined to treat young athletes as indentured servants, while college coaches and the institutions themselves are enriched beyond the wildest dreams of most of the young men who labor for free.
As Branch says: "The term student-athlete was deliberately ambiguous. College players were not students at play (which might understate their athletic obligations), nor were they just athletes in college (which might imply they were professionals). That they were high-performance athletes meant they could be forgiven for not meeting the academic standards of their peers; that they were students meant they did not have to be compensated, ever, for anything more than the cost of their studies. Student-athlete became the NCAA's signature term, repeated constantly in and out of courtrooms."
He goes on to recount, in painful detail, stories where "student-athletes" have been seriously injured playing for respected colleges only to lose appeals that they be granted the basic protections of worker compensation laws.
"The NCAA today is in many ways a classic cartel," Branch writes. "Efforts to reform it—most notably by the three Knight Commissions over the course of 20 years—have, while making changes around the edges, been largely fruitless. The time has come for a major overhaul. And whether the powers that be like it or not, big changes are coming. Threats loom on multiple fronts: in Congress, the courts, breakaway athletic conferences, student rebellion, and public disgust. Swaddled in gauzy clichés, the NCAA presides over a vast, teetering glory."
In 1939, Robert Maynard Hutchins, then the young president of the University of Chicago, did what a college president would likely get tarred and feathered for today – he dropped football. Hutchins famously said, "To be successful, one must cheat. Everyone is cheating, and I refuse to cheat."
Hutchins confronted the fundamental question: just what does ultra expensive college football, complete with lucrative sponsorship deals, high rolling boosters who play by high rolling rules and inevitable scandal have to do with education, scholarship and research. Hutchins answer was just as valid in 1939 as it is today – nothing.
Since reading Taylor Branch's piece, I've read to other pieces of reporting on college football that strangely make his fundamental point in vastly different ways. The University of Chicago, Maynard Hutchins long in the grave, resurrected its football program thirty years after it was eliminated.
As the New York Times noted recently, "In 1969, football returned as a varsity sport, oddly enough during the Vietnam War era when many rebellious students were comparing blocking and tackling to bombing and strafing.
"Since then, the game has been thriving on its own measured terms in N.C.A.A. Division III, free of the highest level of competition. Winning is a preference and not an obsession. Players, though zealously recruited, are not given athletic scholarships. Championships are won but little noticed.
"Chicago presents its own kind of parable: going from all to none before settling on a path in between.
"We're just a teaspoon in a larger sandbox," said Dick Maloney, the team's head coach since 1994. "There are places where football is more like a giant shovel, but I prefer it when everything is kept in perspective."
In a front page piece, the Times also reported on the latest trends in college football uniforms, noting that the University of Maryland has done a deal with edgy gear manufacturer Under Armour to create a series of game jerseys, pants and helmets that the team will surprise fans with every week. Of course, four of the new jerseys are on sale by the college.
Just to connect the dots, as Branch does in his reporting, while the University of Maryland and dozens of other schools make a bundle on deals to sell college football jerseys and other team goodies, Ohio State University players are serving suspensions and have had four figure fines imposed for selling their own jerseys, rings and awards.
As Branch, Deford and others have pointed out, the NCAA never really goes hard after a big time football program. They're simply afraid that real sanctions to clean up the college football cesspool might force the Ohio State's and Miami's to pick up their footballs and unite under a different banner. The NCAA can't stand that thought. It needs the money. So, the NCAA spends about one percent of its budget on enforcement and typically only gets really snarly with some kid who may have trouble scrapping together the cash to get the oil changed in his car.
The University of Chicago's Hutchins once joked that a student could get twelve letters in college without learning to write even one. Today the University that produced the first Heisman Trophy winner and then abandoned the Big Ten Conference is best known for its 85 Nobel laureates.
The entire system of college football – the organization, the big money, the ruse of the "student-athlete" – is eventually going to come tumbling down. There is truly a scandal here and like almost every scandal its ultimately about money and what the corruption of too much money and too little integrity can do to even the noblest of intentions.
Higher Education, Iran, Judicial Elections, State Budgets
Educated?
Posted on June 13, 2011 by christian
How Educated are State Legislators?
The Chronicle of Higher Education is out with fascinating new research about the educational attainment of all of the country's 7,000 state legislators.
Key nuggets in the report: while only about 28% of adult Americans have an undergraduate degree, in no state – New Hampshire is dead last as a percentage – do less than 53% of legislators have a degree. It also doesn't make much difference to a legislator's support for higher education where they went to college and most, like most college going Americans, went to a public school.
The Chronicle also ranks the most and least educated state legislatures. If you think your elected officials have to be the best (or the worst), you can now confirm or deny that opinion. By the measure of having earned at least a bachelor's degree, California has the most educated legislature with nearly 90% of lawmakers have a degree. Oregon checks in at 84.5%, Utah is nearly 80%, Washington at nearly 75%, Idaho just over 73% and Montana, Nevada and Wyoming are all in the mid-60% range. The Chronicle's profiles of each state are fascinating including detail on the schools where most lawmakers attended and how many stayed home for college and how many went out of state.
The Chronicle says: "Like most American students, the vast majority of state legislators went to public colleges. And most of them stayed close to home. In Louisiana, four out of five legislators never went to college outside the state. Across the nation, many lawmakers attended community colleges. Over all, about one in four don't have bachelor's degrees."
This finding will send a shudder down the back of any president of a public college or university: support for higher education budgets seems to have very little to do with where lawmakers went to school.
More than a third of South Carolina's state legislators went to the University of South Carolina, but it hasn't stopped them from cutting the university's budget by 25% over the last five years.
As Utah's Commissioner of Higher Education William A. Sederburg told the Chronicle: "My conclusion is that higher education has won the academic argument with policy makers. However, we haven't been able to convert the academic argument into political action. The big question is, Why not? One Utah legislator answered that he simply doesn't hear from constituents about supporting higher education, because they're more concerned with roads, unemployment, and taxes."
All this insight from the Chronicle just makes the dilemma swamping higher education all the more obvious. Shrinking state budgets have forced colleges to turn to higher tuition and fees in a wicked race to keep current. Meanwhile, financial aid is dwindling, with loans picking up the slack. As one observer noted recently, it is not inconceivable that today's college students will be paying off loans when their kids are in school.
Obviously – and the Chronicle research supports this – there are a lot of smart lawmakers in state capitols. Yet, all these college grads turned state legislators seem, through their votes at least, to devalue the very higher education that most of them have used to help get ahead in life. I continue to wonder how we build the 21st Century economy we say we want, and create the next big wave of good jobs, without a national commitment to invest more and more wisely in higher education.
Higher Education, Iran
Our Disinvestment in Higher Education
Posted on October 11, 2010 by christian
No 21st Century Economy Here
The United States has been engaged over the last 20 years or so in a systematic disinvestment in higher education. It may be the least understood and most profound economic issue we face.
Google "disinvestment in higher education" and you'll find it is a story in Oregon, Idaho, Montana, Iowa, California and nearly everywhere else.
University of Idaho President Duane Nellis was part of a panel at Montana State University recently. He talked, as he always does, about the connection between a growing – in quality and in students – higher education system and a vibrant economy.
As reported by the Bozeman Daily Chronicle, "Nellis said one of his biggest challenges as a leader today is communicating to the public how important the university is, at a time of state 'disinvestment in higher education, at a time we're losing our competitiveness in the world.'"
The University of Idaho, along with other state institutions, the newspaper noted "has had a 23 percent cut in state funding in two years, and it's worse in California, Washington and Oregon." State universities, Nellis said, are "critical to economic development and quality of life." Exactly.
(Full disclosure: my firm has a long-time relationship with the University of Idaho and two family members are grads.)
As much as the state of Idaho needs to step up its funding game, the need to improve higher education attainment – the numbers attending and completing postsecondardy education – is a critical national need that is profoundly effected by public and private spending on higher education. According to the Lumina Foundation, an Indiana-based outfit committed to improving the percentage of Americans with some higher education, less than 38% of us in 2008 had a two or four-year degree. Lumina's goal is to get that number to 60% by 2025, but at the current pace we'll never make it.
Lumina pegs Idaho's current percentage meeting the two or four-year goal at less than 35%, nearly three percentage points below the national average. Every state bordering Idaho, except Nevada, is doing better. Some states, like Washington – 42% with some postsecondary degree – are doing substantially better than Idaho.
Why is it so important to get more Idahoans – and Americans – in postsecondary education and on a path to a degree? Another recent study from the Georgetown University Center on Education and the Workforce provides the answer. By 2018, 61% of Idaho's jobs will require some postsecondary education. The math here is easy, if disconcerting – no skilled workforce, no 21st Century jobs.
Idaho's task of improving postsecondary performance is even more daunting when you consider that our high school dropout rate remains unacceptably high at about 23% and the number of Hispanic youngsters, one of the fastest growing segments of Idaho's population, who don't make it through high school is even more unacceptable. So too the number of Hispanic youngsters who don't go on to higher education. Other recent analysis in Idaho shows that we can't even agree on how to calculate the dropout numbers. Not a particularly encouraging fact.
While the U.S. struggles to improve higher education attainment numbers, the rest of the world is catching us in what has always been a reliable strength – science, technology and engineering. China and Korea, to name just two global competitors, are granting engineering degrees at five times the U.S. rate and university research by these rapidly developing economic competitors is leaping ahead with much of the research funded by the private sector.
Boise State University's wise and politically savvy president, Bob Kustra, recently called for an Idaho Consensus to "appreciate and support higher education." Kustra is precisely correct. The Idaho higher education leadership, the political class, the Idaho business community, alums and everyone who cares about the economic and cultural future of Idaho need to get it together. We need a consensus about what to do, what to spend, where to invest and how to compete.
It is an old cliche, but that doesn't mean that its not true, to say that Idahoans can wildly value the football accomplishments of Boise State's Broncos, but can't seem to muster anywhere near the same enthusiasm for an equally accomplished higher education system backed by a smart investment and attainment strategy.
No football in Korea or China, I guess, but if we keep calling the same plays here those skillful and aggressive competitors are just going to run up the score. No one is going to like that game plan or where we'll rank in a intellectual poll that will mean a lot more than who plays for a national championship on the gridiron.
It Was a Deadly Stunt…
The Death of the GOP
OK, I Blew It…
A Pandemic and Political Failure…
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Any outdoor space is better than none. In this article, we will share some easy tips to transform outdoor space into the cheerful spot.
The outdoor fire pit comes in many looks and styles. There are mainly two types – gas ones and wood ones. Set your fire pit at the center of the round area. This way everyone will feel like they are part of the group. You can have a cozy feeling in the fall with a beautiful fire pit.
Vertical gardening is the best idea when you run out of space in your yard. Beautify your outdoor space with beautiful gardens. In vertical gardening, you don't have to about tasks like pest control, taking care of weeds etc.
Your outdoor space can look beautiful with hand-painted floors. With a two-toned floor, you can break up a small deck into separate rooms. One room for eating and one room for lounging. Choose your favorite colors and paint your floors.
Flowy curtains offer a nice backdrop. You can pull back thick drapes during the day. Curtains also give privacy when you want it. In the summertime, you can have launch with beautiful white curtains on. When you feel bored with the same layout of outdoor space, try putting up some colorful curtains.
Find a place with trees around you to enjoy swinging. Sit there with your loved ones, read or just have a good little sleep. Enjoy the breezy air along with swinging. This swing can be your favorite place for an afternoon nap spot. Have a cup of coffee with your friends at the swing.
You must be having rocks in your outdoor garden space. To decorate your space, grab on some colors. Decorate the rocks with beautiful paintings. Make all the rocks as pretty as possible. You can even have theme sized rock paintings in your outdoor space. No need to paint all the rocks. Skip some to give simple look to your space.
There are various furniture options available to use in your outdoor space. Hooded chairs and cushioned sofa are the perfect choice for your outdoor space. Hooded chairs can be your favorite spot to read. It is totally comfy and gives stylish look to your outdoor space.
You can always make good use of your old stuff. For example, you have extra old drums. Take out your brush and color it up. You can create a sitting space out of old drums. If you have old ladder then use it in your outdoor space to display beautiful plants.
When it comes to outdoor décor, bistro lights can give cute punch to your space. At night, you will love the warm glow experience. You can try out different types of lights to make your outdoor space brighter and beautiful.


text:
L'observatoire de la Sorbonne est un ancien observatoire astronomique, situé sur le toit de la Sorbonne (Panthéon-Sorbonne), rue Saint-Jacques, dans le  de Paris. Il comprend une lunette d'observation de 153 mm de diamètre et 2 300 mm de longueur focale. Cette lunette appartient à la Société astronomique de France (SAF). Des observations publiques sont organisées les lundis et vendredis. L'atelier d'optique de la SAF se situe deux étages plus bas. Il est constitué de deux parties, un atelier d'ébauchage, et un atelier de polissage situé sous la coupole qui abritait jadis une lunette méridienne (l'ouverture de celle-ci est partiellement visible sur la gauche de la photo).

Tournage
Certains plans de la vidéo officielle de la chanson Sur la lune, un des titres de l'album studio La Vie de rêve, sorti en 2018, du duo de rappeurs français Bigflo et Oli, sont tournés sous la coupole haute de l'observatoire.

Notes et références

Voir aussi
 Liste des plus grandes lunettes astronomiques
 Liste d'observatoires astronomiques

Liens externes
 Informations et photographies sur l'observatoire de la Sorbonne
 Site de la commission des instruments (Atelier d'optique de la Sorbonne)
Présentation de l'observatoire sur le site de la Société astronomique de France

Sorbonne
Sorbonne
Sorbonne
5e arrondissement de Paris

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Comfort and style work hand-in-hand with the must-have nununu Skull Mask Yoga Overall.
Cap-sleeved one-piece crafted from a soft cotton fabrication and features a fun skull mask print throughout.
Raglan seaming at the sleeves.
Gathered waistband offers a contoured fit.
Inseam snaps offer easy dressing.


Another woman from Chris Soules' season of The Bachelor has joined the Bachelor in Paradise season 2 cast. On Saturday, the franchise's creator and producer, Mike Fleiss, confirmed that viewers will see Ashley Salter on the upcoming season.
In response to a viewer who asked what's going on with Ashley during filming, Mike replied that she got the first kiss.
Ashley apparently wasn't the only person who got a kiss on the first night of filming. Mike also tweeted that there were multiple make-out sessions.
Despite not making it very far with Chris Soules, Ashley Salter made quite the impression thanks to her frequent incoherent ramblings and love of wandering around by herself. Her antics certainly amused host Chris Harrison. During the Women Tell All special, he asked her whether she was just faking her weirdness for the cameras. Ashley explained that she can't help but be silly when cameras are filming. Chris then begged her to go on the spin-off show.
Ashley kept Chris, the audience and viewers guessing. "It's so weird. Just that we're on TV," she said.
As previously reported by the Inquisitr, Mike previously revealed that filming for the second season started last week in Mexico. He also revealed that Jade Roper and Juelia Kinney are part of the cast.
Will viewers also see Ashley Iaconetti and Kelsey Poe have another face-off in Mexico? In an interview with AfterBuzz TV in March 2015, Chris Harrison said that he would love to see Ashley I. and Kelsey on the spin-off, as well as from older seasons of The Bachelor and The Bachelorette.
Viewers likely won't see Michelle Money, who left season 1 of the spin-off coupled up with Cody Sattler but then split from him afterwards, competing on the show again. In early March, she said that she would rather be on the show in some other capacity.
The other couple who left Bachelor in Paradise season 1 in love, Lacy Faddoul and Marcus Grodd, seem to still be doing well. Last Tuesday, Marcus tweeted a photo of Lacy and another friend at dinner. Perhaps they'll make an appearance on the spin-off to give the contestants advice on finding and staying with the one?


TIP! Try labeling your stress with numbers, from 1-10. The lower the number, the less stress it gives you, so one would be the lowest kind of stress while a ten would be worse case scenario.
Are you sure about how to cope with the stress you are experiencing, so that you can stop it from taking over your life? Stress can wreak havoc on you both physically and emotionally. Undoubtedly, the proper way to deal with stress is to be properly informed about stress. The advice below is geared to helping you learn ways to manage your stress, which translates into better mental health.
TIP! Avoid unneeded stress by keeping your belongings in good repair. Keeping up with repairs to your life will make things easier, and lessen your stress.
For the health of your mouth, stop grinding your teeth. Different people allow stress to manifest itself in different areas of the body. For many people, stress affects the jawline. Whenever you are feeling particularly stressed, take a deep breath through your clenched jaw, and then relax it as you exhale. This is a neat tip that will immediately help you feel less stressed.
TIP! Consider using a different word when you want to refer to "stress". When you tell yourself that you're starving all the time, your body will quickly decide that it must eat.
Use your nose to become stress-free. Certain things can be soothing when you smell them. You can smell chamomile, lavender, peppermint and rose to soothe your senses for example. Using a small vial, combine a few drops of oil that you like with rock salt. Use this pleasant aroma to calm yourself down in times of stress.
TIP! Music is one of the best ways to relieve stress. Music has a very powerful effect on us.
A professional massage can help reduce stress. It is very common for people to carry their stress as extremely tight muscles in the neck, jaw, shoulders and back. A professional massage will alleviate the tension in your muscles, and help you feel much better. You will be more relaxed, and your stress levels will go down.
Music is a great stress reliever. Music has the ability to affect us in various ways. It has been proven through recent studies that simply listening to music can help calm us. Of course, everyone has their own musical preferences; it is important to find a certain type of music that can help reduce your stress levels.
TIP! Living life stress-free seems like an impossible task, but it can happen. Take a hard look at the things that cause you anxiety, and tackle those things you can do something about.
Make sure that you inform the people whom you are with regularly that they are not the cause of your stress. Frequently, spouses, and particularly children, feel like they are at fault. Your stress is your problem, so you shouldn't make those around you feel as if it is their fault, because they are the ones that love you the most.
TIP! Try and figure out how you are currently dealing with stress, so that you can see whether or not there are ways to improve. Try writing down stressful events and situations you have come across, and how you responded to them.
If you are doing unhealthy things to deal with your stress, find other ways to do it. If you drink or eat too much when stressed, for example, take up exercise. If you cope with stress by doing healthy activities instead of unhealthy ones, your body will become stronger and more resilient as you deal with stress everyday.
TIP! When you are very stressed, watch for areas of your body that you clench. Typically, people clench the muscles in their hands, jaw, lower back or shoulders.
Spearmint is one of the herbal treatments for stress. It can be used as a tea or as an essential oil. Dab a bit on your neck and temples when you feel stressed. Little steps like this can really make a difference, so give it a try!
TIP! In today's on-the-go society, it is easy to move and think too fast. It's very important that you slow yourself down, take a breath, and put things into proper perspective.
Treating yourself to a luxurious, lengthy bath can be an excellent way to relieve tension. Make your stress-relief bath a luxurious one by using sweet-smelling oils, salts and special soap. You can also listen to soft music or indulge in a book. You can melt your tension away and relax your muscles by giving your brain a breather while soaking in a warm tub.
TIP! When you are facing the stress associated with a difficult course at school, consider hiring a tutor. Tutors will help to prepare you in advance, reducing stress and procrastination over time.
Deep breathing techniques can put you back in control of any stressful event. Remove yourself from the situation at hand and give yourself time to breathe deeply. After counting to ten, you should be able to rejoin the setting with no ill effects. You can calm yourself by taking control and being proactive about the situation as opposed to becoming defensive and stressed.
TIP! Work on just staying no if you are feeling overwhelmed. Do not try too hard to please everyone you know.
If you use this advice, you may find a way to have a less stressful life. Make sure you get the information you need and use it wisely to prevent the stronghold of stress.


If you haven't heard of Kickstarter yet, it's an online threshold pledge system for funding creative projects and it's where we found the Tembo Trucks project that we pledged to. They are portable, non-electrical silicon rubber amplifier for Apple ear buds. It's the simplicity and low tech aspect of this product that drew our attention. The whole experience from the pledge to the delivery of the Tembo Trucks was really interesting. Now that we have had a chance to use them, will they replace a dock? no. But that is not what we expected of them. They are a unique and great option for a quick, easy and portable way to amplify sound from a portable player.


Usually when I go to the movies, I come home with stuff. Normally, it's mostly popcorn kernels stuck in my bra. This most recent time at the theatre, I came home with a lot more.
I'm a problem solver. I wrap a lot of my mommy identity up in my behind the scenes work to make my child's life easier. Like the Wizard of Oz, but with goldfish crackers, "Pay no attention to that Mom behind the curtain!" I kiss booboos. I arrange our schedule to be free of conflict. I try to keep things harmonious and stress free. I don't want my child to feel sadness.
I learned recently, I can't kiss every booboo. It's impossible. We lost my grandpa and the process of losing him was a careful balance of age appropriate information timed to minimize discomfort and surprise. I didn't want him to feel sadness or be caught off guard clutching false hope. What could sadness possibly accomplish? I watched, with my insides eviscerated, as my child went through the grieving process.
It was excruciating to see him overwhelmed with sadness. He went on vacation with his dad and was distracted, but came home and reality hit again. It hit us both, to be honest. I distracted myself in his absence and made little time to sit with sadness. A few weeks later, we went to the movies and saw Inside Out and our perspectives changed.
Joy was a lot like me: trying to save Riley from experiencing Sadness, going to impossible lengths to prevent discomfort at tremendous personal cost. Joy didn't see the value of Sadness either. I get Joy completely but in the darkness, we found understanding watching an animated representation of our inner lives.
We learned to see Sadness in a different light. We saw how Sadness brought people together. We saw how sitting with Sadness for a little while makes you feel better and lets you get through things. We saw that you can get through sadness and be okay.
I talked to my son about it after and asked him how he felt. He said "It made me feel good to know that Sadness is doing it's job." I asked him what he thought Sadness' job was. He smiled thoughtfully.
As usual, I came home with popcorn kernels stuck in my bra, but I came home with a lot more. I came home with Joy and Sadness, and a greater appreciation of both. Joy shouldn't come at such a great personal cost, and Sadness helps us move on if you just sit with it.
After your review I'm eager to see this movie.


This BBC radio programme looks at how the number of people diagnosed with dementia in the UK has reached 700,000, and how, often close relatives step into the role of being the main carer.
Julie Heathcote is a trainer in reminiscence-based approaches for the Alzheimer's Society which are proving to be successful in helping both carers and the cared for to spend more quality time together. Felicity Finch joins her with a group of carers at The Lowestoft and Waveney branch of the society where she ran a Reminiscence Activities session.