text:
\section{Introduction}
Networks of actin filaments (F-actin) constitute a key component of the cytoskeleton of most animal cells. This cytoskeleton governs the organization and mechanics of cells, as well as a variety of transport properties.
Actin filaments are double helical chains of globular actin monomers (G-actin). These filaments exhibit molecular polarity by their head-tail arrangement. Their two ends are referred to as barbed and pointed. This polarity is a key feature of filamentous actin in the cytoskeleton and is essential for a variety of cellular processes such as cell motility \cite{cooper_role_1991,pollard_cellular_2003}.
Actin filaments show dynamic association and dissociation from both their barbed and pointed ends \cite{pollard_rate_1986}. Under physiological conditions, there is net polymerization of the barbed end and net depolymerization of the pointed end, resulting in steady-state filament treadmilling \cite{bugyi_control_2010}, which we assume throughout this paper.
The polymerization, cross-linking, branching and dynamics of the actin cytoskeleton are governed by a variety of associated proteins.
Among these are severing proteins such as ADF/cofilin, which play an important role in the recycling and turn-over of actin monomers \cite{blanchoin_actin_2014,de_la_cruz_how_2009}.
Figure \ref{fig:1} shows a simplified sketch of an actin filament with the key reactions.
\begin{figure}[h!]
	\includegraphics[width=8.4cm]{fig1}
	\caption{\label{fig:1} Sketch of an actin filament and its key molecular reactions. The notation $P$ and $Q$ are used to track total filament length distribution and hence finding the stress relaxation behavior. In our model, we assume a constant net polymerization rate $r$ of $P$ filaments and a constant net depolymerization rate $\gamma$ of $Q$ fragments. ATP-actin is converted to ADP-actin at the same rate r, such that only a single ATP-actin subunit is present per filament and located at the filament barbed end. We assume a uniform severing rate of $\alpha$ along the length of the filament. Using the tube model of entangled polymeric systems, we claim that polymerizing new and stress-free subunits (The green section of tube) have no effect on relaxation of initial stress. As we will show, severing reaction has a large effect on changing the initial tube and relaxing the initial stress.}
\end{figure}

These polymerization, depolymerization and severing reactions result in a steady-state described by a time-independent distribution of filament length or molecular weight. This steady-state is necessarily dynamic; the length distribution is set by the steady-state reaction rates, which are themselves tuned by the concentrations of different components. Interestingly, the steady-state is also driven away from equilibrium. Conformational differences between actin monomers in filaments F-actin and actin monomers in solution G-actin result in a more than $10^4$-fold increase in the hydrolysis rate of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) bound to F-actin vs G-actin \cite{mccullagh_ATP_hydrolysis_2014}.
ATP hydrolysis on filaments introduces chemically distinct actin species into the system, which participate in the polymerization, depolymerization, and severing reactions with distinct rate constants.
Crucially, the effectively irreversible nature of ATP hydrolysis breaks detailed balance, resulting in a net flux of ATP-actin into filaments and thus non-equilibrium steady-state dynamics.
While this non-equilibrium flux, measured experimentally as the actin turnover rate, is typically very small for purified actin in the absence of regulatory proteins, the presence of ADF/cofilin has been shown to increase the steady-state flux more than 20-fold \cite{carlier_actin_1997,mccall_cofilin_2017}.

Recent experimental studies on reconstituted actin solutions have shed light on various aspects including the mechanical behavior of cytoskeletal systems undergoing non-equilibrium turnover \cite{mccall_cofilin_2017}. Specifically, rheological measurements of F-actin networks and solutions in the presence of various actin-associated proteins have revealed regimes with both elasticity and stress relaxation. Stress relaxation in solutions of high molecular-weight polymers typically depends on reptation, in which polymers diffuse along their contour, subject to the constraints provided by neighboring polymers \cite{degennes_scaling}. Stress relaxation due to reptation is typically very slow at high molecular weight or polymer length $L$, with a characteristic relaxation time $\tau_r\sim L^3$.  Polymerization/depolymerization reactions can also lead to stress relaxation. Since the resulting treadmilling is directed, the corresponding relaxation time is expected to vary as $\tau_r\sim L$, as previously shown \cite{liverpool_viscoelasticity_2001}.

By adding cofilin, however, a length-independent relaxation time is observed \cite{mccall_cofilin_2017}. In order to explain this experimental observation, we develop a minimal theoretical model of the actin length distribution depending on severing and (de)polymerization. We then extend this to determine the time-dependent stress relaxation from the dynamic filament length distribution. We find that our simple model predicts three distinct relaxation regimes, including two regimes in which the relaxation rate is expected to be independent of average filament length or molecular weight.
These regimes are summarized in Fig.\ \ref{fig:2}.
A natural characteristic length scale in a polymeric network is the \emph{entanglement length} $L_{e}$ where polymer chains shorter than this length move easily through the network without being constrained by neighboring chains \cite{degennes_scaling}.
Another characteristic length scale arises from the competition of the depolymerization reaction of $Q$ fragments (Fig.\ \ref{fig:1}) and the severing reaction of filaments: we define this \emph{depolymerization length} scale $L_{d} = \sqrt{\frac{\gamma}{\alpha}}$, where $\gamma$ is the net depolymerization rate (in units of length per time) of $Q$ fragments and $\alpha$ is the rate of severing per length. This is a length for which the depolymerization time is comparable to the time between consecutive severing events. Likewise, a characteristic polymer length can be identified as $\sqrt{\frac{r}{\alpha}}$, where $r$ is the net polymerization rate (in units of length per time) of $P$ filaments (Fig.\ \ref{fig:1}). For this length, the time between two consecutive severing events is comparable to the time to polymerize the filament.

We find that the stress relaxation behavior of actin solutions depends on the relative magnitudes of three characteristic length scales: the depolymerization length $L_d$, the entanglement length $L_e$, and the initial average filament length $\langle L \rangle$. In the limit of instant disassembly of fragments, the stress relaxation is length-dependent with a characteristic timescale inversely proportional to the initial average length (Regime \rom{1} in Fig. \ref{fig:2}). On the other hand, for very slow rates of fragment disassembly $\gamma$, the characteristic timescale during stress relaxation is inversely proportional to $L_e$ which is shown as regime \rom{3} in Fig. \ref{fig:2}. Moreover, for intermediate rates of fragment depolymerization where $L_{e} < L_{d} < \langle L \rangle$, the relaxation time behaves as $\tau \sim 1/\alpha L_d$ (Regime \rom{2} in Fig \ref{fig:2}). As the average filament length becomes comparable to or smaller than the entanglement length, the actin network behaves as a viscous fluid. This regime is denoted as a solution in Fig.\ \ref{fig:2}a and b. Moreover, for large depolymerization length $L_d$, i.e., for very small severing rate $\alpha \rightarrow 0$, and $\langle L \rangle > L_{e}$, the solution's behavior is dominated by \textit{reptation} \cite{degennes_scaling}. This regime is better understood by using the severing rate $\alpha$ directly in the phase diagram (see Fig.\ \ref{fig:2}b).
We estimate the boundaries between regimes \rom{1} \& \rom{2} and regimes \rom{2} \& \rom{3} by equating the relaxation time scaling relationships (displayed in Fig \ref{fig:2}a) for each regime pair, and solving for $\alpha$ as a function of $\langle L \rangle$. Similarly, we estimate the boundaries between the reptation regime and each of regimes \rom{1}, \rom{2}, and \rom{3} by equating the relaxation time scaling relationship for each regime with the reptation time $\tau_{r} = \langle L \rangle ^2/D_{r} $ where $D_{r} = k_B T/\zeta  \langle L \rangle$, $k_B$ is the Boltzmann constant, $T$ is temperature, and $\zeta$ is the drag coefficient per unit length.

In the following sections, we study both the steady-state length distribution, as well as the corresponding dynamics of stress relaxation. In both cases, we consider two limits: (1) very rapid fragment disassembly, corresponding to the limit $\gamma\rightarrow\infty$ and (2) finite disassembly.
The steady-state length distribution of F-actin with severing has been considered previously in Refs.\ \cite{edelstein-keshet_models_1998,ermentrout_models_1998,mohapatra_design_2016}.
Refs.\ \cite{edelstein-keshet_models_1998,ermentrout_models_1998} introduced a model for severing by Gelsolin, in which the two fragments ($P$ and $Q$ in Fig.\ \ref{fig:1}) were equivalent, corresponding to $\gamma=0$ in our model below.
The limit of instantaneous disassembly of fragments without an ATP-cap (fragment $Q$), corresponding to $\gamma \rightarrow \infty$ in our model, has recently been examined in Ref.\ \cite{mohapatra_design_2016}. In this limit, the average filament length $\langle L \rangle$ is proportional to the characteristic length $\sqrt{\frac{r}{\alpha}}$. We extend the approach introduced in Refs.\ \cite{edelstein-keshet_models_1998,ermentrout_models_1998} to account for finite disassembly rates $\gamma$ of unstable fragments.
The prior models, however, only considered the steady-state length distribution and not the dynamics of stress relaxation.
A simplified model for stress relaxation was recently introduced in Ref.\  \cite{mccall_cofilin_2017} for the limit of no disassembly ($\gamma=0$).
In the presence of disassembly, the two fragment species must be considered: those with ($P$) and without ($Q$) ATP-actin at the barbed ends.

\begin{figure}[htbp]
	\includegraphics[width=8cm]{fig2}
	\caption{\label{fig:2} Phase diagram of stress relaxation in actin solutions. (a) Schematic phase boundaries of stress relaxation behavior in terms of the solution's characteristic length scales, ignoring reptation. When the initial average length $\langle L \rangle$ is less than the entanglement $L_{e}$, the system is in the solution state which is understood by hydrodynamic laws. In the case of instant evaporation of short fragments, the stress relaxation strongly depends on the initial average length $\langle L \rangle$(Region \rom{1}). Region \rom{3} shows a length-independent relaxation behavior where entanglement length is less than the initial average length but larger than the depolymerization length $L_{d} < L_{e} < \langle L \rangle$, i.e., very slow disassembly rate $\gamma$ of fragments. In this regime, our model predicts a relaxation time which is inversely proportional to the entanglement length. By increasing the disassembly rate $\gamma$ to a point where $L_{e} < L_{d} < \langle L \rangle$, we find that the relaxation time is determined by $L_d$ as sketched in region \rom{2}.
		(b) Same phase diagram as in (a) but accounting for reptation and now in terms of experimentally-measurable severing rate $\alpha$ and initial average length $ \langle L \rangle$ in dimensional units. We used the entanglement length $L_e = 0.8\ \mu$m and net depolymerization rate of $\gamma = 0.1\ \mathrm{\mu ms^{-1}}$. The regime boundaries in (b) are estimated by equating the relaxation times for each pair of regimes and using the scaling relationships from (a) to determine the functional dependence of $\alpha$ on $\langle L \rangle$ for each boundary. The reptation timescale is estimated as $\tau_r = \zeta \langle L \rangle ^3 / k_{B}T$ with $\zeta = 3\pi \times 10^{-9}$ pN/nm$^2$ and $k_{B}T = 4.14$ pN nm.}

\end{figure}

\section{Steady state length distribution}
Assuming a constant pool of monomers, each of unit length, we calculate the steady-state length distribution of actin filaments resulting from the addition and subtraction of monomers by polymerization, depolymerization, and severing reactions (see Fig.\ \ref{fig:1}).
Two distinct limits of depolymerization rate $\gamma$ are studied here. In the case of very large depolymerization rate, the ADP-rich fragments formed by severing reactions dissolve rapidly and do not contribute to the filament length distribution. On the other hand, for finite $\gamma$ we obtain the distributions for both $P$ (stable filaments with ATP barbed end) and $Q$ (less stable fragments with ADP barbed end) as shown in Fig.\ \ref{fig:1}.

In order to remain analytically tractable in the face of the large number of distinct reactions, our model makes a number of simplifying approximations. Specifically, actin binding proteins (e.g. cofilin, profilin and formin) are treated implicitly via corresponding reaction rates, which are treated in a mean-field manner. The monomer pool is assumed to be exclusively ATP-bound G-actin and to be constant in time. Filaments are assumed to be composed of ADP-bound actin subunits, except for a single ATP-bound subunit located at the barbed end of each P filament. The rate of filament severing is assumed to be uniform along the chain and equal for P and Q filaments. Filament annealing is neglected and nucleation is assumed to occur in steady-state at a rate proportional to the monomer concentration. Many of these approximations are motivated by the conditions of recent experiments \cite{mccall_cofilin_2017} containing high concentrations of the proteins profilin and formin, which regulate actin assembly at barbed ends.

\subsection{Unstable Fragments: $\gamma\rightarrow\infty$}
By assuming rapid depolymerization of unstable fragments after severing, we are able to write the master equation for filament length distribution $P_{L}$. One of the key assumption in our model is a uniform rate of severing reaction along every fiber, i.e., we assume equal probability of severing event happening on any site between adjacent monomer units. Hence, the master equation in presence of severing reaction is as following
\begin{equation} \label{eq:1}
\dot{P}_L=-\alpha(L-1)P_L + \alpha \displaystyle\sum_{m=1}^{\infty}P_{L+m}-rP_L +rP_{L-1},
\end{equation}
where $P_{L}$ represents the number of filaments of length $L$ and $\alpha$ and $r$ are severing and polymerization rates, respectively. Here, for $L=1$ the final term in Eq. (1) is absent. The number $P_{L}$ of filaments of length $L$ decreases by severing, which can occur at any of $L-1$ sites along these filaments, or by polymerization to form filaments of length $L+1$. This number can also increase by severing of longer filaments, or by the addition of single monomers to a filament of length $L-1$. This master equation has been solved for the steady state condition (each $\dot P_L=0$) using a recursive method \cite{mohapatra_design_2016}. Here, we solve this using a continuous approach similar to Ref.\ \cite{edelstein-keshet_models_1998}. In addition to the steady-state solution, this method enables us to find the dynamic solution needed for the relaxation behavior in the subsequent section. The continuous form of Eq.\ \eqref{eq:1} using $F(\ell,t)$ as the continuous probability distribution is given by
\begin{equation} \label{eq:2}
\frac{\partial F(\ell,t)}{\partial t} = -\alpha \ell F(\ell,t) +  \alpha \displaystyle\int_{\ell}^{\infty}F(s,t) ds -r\frac{\partial F(\ell,t)}{\partial \ell}
\end{equation}
By defining a new variable, $V(\ell,t)=\int_{\ell}^{\infty}F(s,t)ds$, Eq.\ \eqref{eq:2} becomes
\begin{equation} \label{eq:3}
-\frac{\partial^2V(\ell,t)}{\partial t \partial \ell}=\alpha\ell\frac{\partial V(\ell,t)}{\partial \ell}+\alpha V(\ell,t)+r\frac{\partial^2V(\ell,t)}{\partial \ell^2}
\end{equation}
The steady state solution of this equation is obtained using the normalization condition for the probabilities $V(\ell=0,t)=1$ and also using the fact that the probability distribution is a bounded function
\begin{equation} \label{eq:4}
V(\ell)=\exp\big(-\frac{\alpha \ell^2}{2 r}\big)
\end{equation}
Thus, the continuous distribution is
\begin{equation} \label{eq:5}
F(\ell)=\frac{\alpha}{r}\ell \; \exp\big(-\frac{\alpha \ell^2}{2 r}\big)
\end{equation}

This is indeed a Rayleigh distribution with the scale parameter as $\sqrt{\frac{r}{\alpha}}$. Therefore, the average steady-state filament length is calculated as
\begin{equation} \label{eq:6}
\langle L \rangle= \displaystyle\int_{0}^{\infty} \ell F(\ell) d\ell = \sqrt{\frac{\pi}{2} \frac{r}{\alpha}}
\end{equation}
Higher polymerization rates or smaller severing rates results in a larger average length. This natural length scale is a key parameter for determining the overall stress relaxation behavior, as shown below.

\subsection{Role of fragments: finite $\gamma$}
At finite depolymerization rate, the fragments $Q$ contribute to the overall length distribution, which affects both steady state and dynamic length distributions. Although previous models have ignored these fragments \cite{mohapatra_design_2016,edelstein-keshet_models_1998,ermentrout_models_1998}, we show that including these fragments can strongly affect both steady state distributions and stress relaxation. In order to find the total length distribution of actin filaments, we track filaments $P$ and fragments $Q$ separately.
In addition to Eq.\ \eqref{eq:1}, which is unchanged, we also consider the master equation for $Q_{L}$:
\begin{eqnarray}\label{eq:7}
\dot{Q_{L}}&=&-\alpha(L-1)Q_{L}+\alpha \displaystyle \sum_{m=1}^{\infty}(2Q_{L+m}+P_{L+m}) \\ &&-\gamma Q_{L} +\gamma Q_{L+1} \nonumber
\end{eqnarray}
In contrast to $P_L$, the distribution $Q_{L}$ is affected by disassembly ($\gamma$), rather than assembly ($r$). Moreover, although stable filaments $P$ can only come from severing of stable filaments, fragments ($Q$) can arise from the severing of either stable filaments or fragments. The factor of $2$ in the severing term in Eq.\ \eqref{eq:7} is due to the fact that, unlike stable filaments, there are two sites on a fragment longer than $L$ which result in a fragment of length $L$ after severing.  The two sets of coupled master equations are needed for a complete model.
By subtracting two consecutive terms of $P$ in Eq.\ \eqref{eq:1} and also $Q$ in Eq.\ \eqref{eq:7}, we are able to establish the following recursive relations
\begin{eqnarray} \label{eq:8}
P_{L+1}&=&\bigg(\frac{\alpha (L-1)+2r}{\alpha (L+1)+r}\bigg) P_{L}\nonumber\\ &&- \bigg(\frac{r}{\alpha (L+1)+r}\bigg) P_{L-1}
\end{eqnarray}
\begin{eqnarray} \label{eq:9}
Q_{L+2}&=&\bigg(\frac{\alpha (L+2)+ 2\gamma }{\gamma}\bigg) Q_{L+1}\nonumber\\ &&- \bigg(\frac{\alpha (L-1) +\gamma}{\gamma}\bigg) Q_{L} +  \bigg(\frac{\alpha}{\gamma}\bigg)P_{L+1}
\end{eqnarray}

These recursion relations provide the steady-state length distribution of filaments. Each recursion relation requires two boundary conditions to fully specify the distributions. We generate the $P$ filament distribution by forward recursion of Eq.\ \eqref{eq:8}, and thus require boundary conditions on $P_L$ for two sequential and small values $L$. Rather than finding conditions on $P_1$ and $P_2$, we take advantage of the fact that $P_0$ is not physically meaningful and use $P_0 = 0$ as one boundary condition in Eq.\ \eqref{eq:8}. The second boundary condition is on $P_1$, which we specify below. We note that the steady-state length distribution of $P$ filaments is a function of $P_1$. To solve the equation for $Q$, we use backward recursion since we know that the tail of the $Q$ distribution goes to zero. As with similar recursion relations arising from second order linear differential equations, we can expect two solutions. Since only the growing solution under backward recursion (i.e., the decaying solution under forward recursion) is physical, the result should be insensitive to the initial choice apart from an overall prefactor, provided that the recursion is started sufficiently far into the tail. In particular, we use the two boundary conditions $Q_N = 0$ and $Q_{N-1} = 0$ for large $N = 5000$. Since the $Q$ distribution is coupled to the $P$ distribution through to the presence of the $P_{L+1}$ term in Eq.\ \eqref{eq:9}, and since the $P$ distribution is a function of $P_1$ as mentioned above, the steady state length distribution of $Q$ filaments is therefore a function of $P_1$ as well. Finally, $P_1$ is obtained by using the fact that the number of filaments and monomers is constant at steady-state, i.e., $\sum_{L=1}^{\infty}(P_{L}+Q_{L})=\mbox{ constant}$. We note that the normalization constant has no effect on the stress relaxation behavior due to the fact that the stress is measured relative to its initial value.
\begin{figure}
	\includegraphics[width=8cm,height=8cm,keepaspectratio]{fig3}
	\caption{ \label{fig:3} Steady state distributions of both filaments $P$ and fragments $Q$. (a) Comparing the corresponding distributions for finite depolymerization rate $\gamma = 1.0$ monomer/s (thin black curve) and instant depolymerization limit (thick black curve). The dashed curve corresponds to the fragment distribution $Q_{L}$ for the same $\gamma$ and decreases rapidly for large lengths. (b) The total length distribution for different $\gamma$ values are shown. By increasing the depolymerization rate, we clearly see that the total distribution shifts to the instant depolymerization limit shown by thick black curve. We used a polymerization rate of $r = 1.0$ monomer/s and a severing rate of $\alpha  = 10^{-4}$ event/monomer/s.}
\end{figure}

The steady state distributions are shown in Fig.\ \ref{fig:3} for both infinite and finite values of depolymerization rate $\gamma$. Figure \ref{fig:3} a shows that the fragment distribution $Q_{L}$ decays rapidly with the length, since long fragments are subjected to both severing and disassembly. The effect of fragments on the total length distribution ($P_{L} + Q_{L}$) can be clearly seen by comparing both limits of infinite and finite depolymerization rates (see Fig.\ \ref{fig:3} a). Fig.\ \ref{fig:3} b illustrates that by increasing $\gamma$, the total length distribution converges to the limit of immediate disassembly.

\section{Stress relaxation}

In order to characterize the relaxation of stress, we use the well-established model of entangled solutions of semiflexible polymers \cite{isambert_dynamics_1996,morse_viscoelasticity_1998,morse_viscoelasticity_1998-1,lang_disentangling_2018}, based on the \emph{tube} concept of topological entanglements that constrain the lateral motion of a polymer chain \cite{degennes_scaling,Doi_Edwards}. This model predicts a linear plateau modulus given by
\begin{equation}
G_0\sim\rho kT/L_e,
\end{equation}
where $\rho$ is the total length of (entangled) polymer per volume in the solution and $L_e$ is the characteristic length between entanglement points along a polymer that is assumed to be longer than this length.
We consider the time evolution of stress for such a solution that is subject to a step-strain experiment.
In general, this stress can relax by three mechanisms: (1) reptation or longitudinal diffusion of chains along their confining tube \cite{degennes_scaling} (2) treadmilling by combined polymerization at the barbed end and depolymerization at the pointed end and (3) the combination of severing and fragment dissolution. The first of these is known to lead to a relaxation time $\tau_r$ that grows approximately with the third power of the molecular weight or filament length $\langle L\rangle$ \cite{morse_viscoelasticity_1998-1,lang_disentangling_2018}.
Rheology in the presence of motile polar polymers, e.g., due to motors or active treadmilling, has been studied before and the resulting relaxation time is expected to grow linear in $\langle L\rangle$, as previously shown \cite{liverpool_viscoelasticity_2001}.
In both of these cases, the residual stress is determined by the total polymer length, $\rho$, per volume remaining in the original tube, since the polymer in newly explored regions, either by the diffusing or actively driven ends, can be expected to be stress-free on average.
In particular, newly added monomer by polymerization will not contribute to the stress.
Thus, for severing (3), we consider the time evolution of the original polymer at the instant of the applied step strain.
As sketched in Fig.\ \ref{fig:1}, severing and depolymerization reactions have large effects on changing the original tube and enhancing relaxation of the initial stress. Therefore, to find the dynamic length distribution of load-bearing filaments, we remove the assembly reaction from the dynamic master equation. Using our derived steady state solutions in the previous section as the initial condition, we are able to solve the dynamic equations and relate the remaining initial stress to the amount of load-bearing filaments. As above, we discuss the dynamics for both infinite and finite $\gamma$.

\subsection{Unstable Fragments: $\gamma\rightarrow\infty$}
The dynamic master equation of load-bearing filaments in the case of infinite depolymerization of fragments is
given by Eq.\ \eqref{eq:1} for $r=0$. We solve this in its continuous form by using Eq.\ \eqref{eq:5} as the initial condition, i.e., we assume the actin network is in its steady state before applying a step strain. The dynamic length distribution of load-bearing filaments is given by
\begin{equation} \label{eq:11}
F(\ell,t)= \big(\alpha t + \frac{\alpha \ell}{r}\big) \exp\big(  - \alpha \ell \; t    -\frac{\alpha \ell^2}{2 r}        \big)
\end{equation}
where $F(\ell,t)$ is the continuous form of the discrete length distribution $P(L,t)$.

Filaments shorter than $L_e$ diffuse easily through the network and do not contribute to the stress relaxation. Thus, we relate the residual stress in the system to the portion of the distribution with $L>L_e$:
\begin{equation} \label{eq:12}
\sigma(t)\sim\sum_{L=L_{e}}^{\infty} L P(L,t)
\end{equation}
or in continuous form
\begin{equation} \label{eq:13}
\sigma(t)\sim \int_{\ell=L_{e}}^{\infty} \ell F(\ell,t)
\end{equation}
Thus, we find the following relation for the stress in limit of infinite $\gamma$
\begin{eqnarray}\label{eq:16}
\sigma(t)&=&\exp{\bigg(- \frac{\alpha L_{e} (L_{e}+2rt)}{2r} \bigg) } \; \bigg[  L_e + \\&& \mbox{erfc}\bigg( \sqrt{\frac{\alpha}{2r}} (L_e+rt) \bigg) \sqrt{\frac{\pi r}{2\alpha}} \; \exp{\bigg(  \frac{\alpha (L_{e}+rt)^2}{2r} \bigg) } \bigg]\nonumber
\end{eqnarray}
where $\mbox{erfc}(x)$ is the \textit{complementary} error function, .

Fig.\ \ref{fig:4}  shows the length distributions calculated from Eq.\ \eqref{eq:11} at different times scaled by severing rate $(\tilde{t} \equiv \alpha t)$. As time increases, the length distribution of load-bearing filaments shifts toward shorter filaments due to severing events,
which leads to a stress relaxation as shown in the inset of Fig.\ \ref{fig:4}. The initial average filament length $\langle L \rangle$, which is obtained in Eq.\ \eqref{eq:6}, is a natural characteristic length scale relating polymerization to severing rate and governs the network relaxation behavior in the limit of instant depolymerization. We find that the initial stress relaxation is approximately single-exponential with relaxation time $\tau \sim \frac{\sqrt{\pi}}{\alpha \langle L \rangle}$. At longer times, however, we find an additional single-exponential relaxation time $\tau \sim \frac{1}{\alpha L_e}$ in this regime. The relaxation times are derived in Appendix A. This counter-intuitive, inverse length dependence of the relaxation time can be understood in terms of severing, the rate of which increases with length, due to the increased number of potential severing sites. The rapid dissolution of fragments means that each severing event results in an order of unity fractional reduction of stress per polymer. Thus, this instantaneous dissolution limit, as considered in Refs.\ \cite{mohapatra_design_2016,edelstein-keshet_models_1998,ermentrout_models_1998}, cannot account for the observed length-independent stress relaxation \cite{mccall_cofilin_2017}. With finite depolymerization of fragments, however, we observe qualitatively different relaxation regimes, as described in the following section.

\begin{figure}
	\includegraphics[width=8cm]{fig4}
	\caption{\label{fig:4} Dynamic length distribution in the limit of instant disassembly of fragments. Using Eq.\ \eqref{eq:11} in the text, length distributions of load-bearing filaments at infinite $\gamma$ and different scaled time are shown. For longer times, filaments get shorter due to the severing process. The red dashed line indicates the entanglement length $L_{e} = 100$ which is used to calculate stress. Also we used $\langle L \rangle = \sqrt{\frac{\pi}{2} \frac{r}{\alpha}} = 1253$. Inset: Showing the residual stress calculated from Eq.\ \eqref{eq:16} in the text normalized by the initial stress for three different values of $\langle L \rangle$ which are shown in the legend. The superposition of the curves during the first 90\% of the stress decay when time is rescaled by length indicates that the relaxation time is length-dependent.}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Role of fragments: finite $\gamma$}
By introducing a finite rate of depolymerization, we proceed solving coupled master equations for initially-stressed filaments. As we argued before, disassembly of actin filaments changes the hypothetical tube that constrains the filament's motion and affects the relaxation process. Therefore, the dynamic master equation for $P_{L}$ is again given by Eq.\ \eqref{eq:1} with $r=0$, since polymerization results in unstressed filament segments.
The equation \eqref{eq:7} for $Q_{L}$ is unchanged.
Using the derived steady state solution of Eq.\  \eqref{eq:8} and \eqref{eq:9} as the initial condition, we solve these coupled systems of linear differential equations numerically. The remaining initial stress is calculated using the total length distribution as following
\begin{equation} \label{eq:17}
\sigma(t)\sim\sum_{L=L_{e}}^{\infty} L \big(    P(L,t) + Q(L,t)      \big).
\end{equation}

As mentioned earlier, we define the depolymerization length scale as $L_{d} = \sqrt{\frac{\gamma}{\alpha}}$. This length scale together with the network's entanglement length $L_{e}$ provides two different regimes, $\langle L \rangle>L_{d} > L_{e}$ (\rom{2}) and $\langle L \rangle>L_{e} > L_{d}$ (\rom{3}). If the entanglement length $L_{e}$ is larger than $\langle L \rangle$, the system should exhibit simple viscous behavior. Thus, we focus on the limit $\langle L \rangle>L_e$. It is noted that the regime where  $L_{d}> \langle L \rangle > L_{e}$ (\rom{1}) has been investigated in the previous section where $\gamma \rightarrow \infty$.

Fig.\ \ref{fig:5} illustrates the effect of depolymerization length $L_{d}$ on the stress relaxation in the regime (\rom{2}) where $L_{e} < L_{d} < \langle L \rangle$. The inset of Fig.\ \ref{fig:5} shows that this regime is characterized by an approximate single-exponential relaxation, in this case with relaxation time $\tau \sim \frac{1}{\alpha L_{d}}$. We also find that the stress relaxation in this regime is independent of the initial average filament length $\langle L \rangle$ prior to applying a step strain (see Appendix B). This striking length-independent relaxation behavior can be understood by noting that, the time for significant stress relaxation is determined by the time at which the typical length of initial load-bearing filaments is reduced by severing to $L_d$, since the dissolution becomes very rapid for filaments of this length and shorter. Increasing depolymerization rate $\gamma$ (increasing $L_{d}$) shifts the length distribution $Q_{L}$ toward monomeric units and hence the stress relaxation becomes faster.
\begin{figure}[h!]
	\includegraphics[width=8cm]{fig5}
	\caption{ \label{fig:5} Relaxation curves for different depolymerization length. Showing normalized stress versus time scaled by severing rate ($\tilde{t} = \alpha t$) for different values of depolymerization length scale $L_{d}$ which are specified in the legend. We used entanglement length of $L_{e} = 20$ and initial average length of $\langle L \rangle =  \sqrt{\frac{\pi}{2} \frac{r}{\alpha}} =  1253$. Inset: Showing the collapse of stress curves versus $\tilde{t} L_{d}$, which indicates that the stress relaxation is determined by $L_d$ in this regime. The approximate straight line in this semi-log plot shows a single-exponential behavior.}
\end{figure}

As the effects of fragment dissolution become less important, $L_e$ can exceed $L_d$. Here, we also find that the stress relaxation has no dependence on the initial average length $\langle L \rangle$ (see Appendix B). The preceding arguments concerning $L_d$ apply in this limit for $L_e$. In the limit of slow or absent dissolution of fragments (small $\gamma$), to a first approximation severing simply reduces the average length of load-bearing filaments, while conserving the total length of these. Only when a significant portion of the initial length distribution shifts from longer filaments to filaments shorter than $L_e$ will the stress begin to relax significantly. This will occur when filaments of length $\sim L_e$ are severed with significant probability, i.e., for times $t\sim(\alpha L_e)^{-1}$ (see inset of Fig.\ \ref{fig:6}). Both of the regimes \rom{2} and \rom{3} are consistent with the recent experiments on reconstituted actin solutions in the presence of cofilin showing a length-independent relaxation process.
\begin{figure}[h!]
	\includegraphics[width=8cm]{fig6}
	\caption{\label{fig:6} Relaxation curves for different entanglement length. Normalized stress versus time scaled by severing rate ($\tilde{t} = \alpha t$) for three different $L_{e}$ as shown in the legend for depolymerization length $L_{d} = 20$ and initial average length of $\langle L \rangle =   \sqrt{\frac{\pi}{2} \frac{r}{\alpha}} = 1253$. The inset shows a collapse of the relaxation curves versus $\tilde{t} L_{e}$, which implies that $L_e$ determines the relaxation behavior in this regime. Also the approximate straight line in this semi-log plot shows a single-exponential stress relaxation.}
\end{figure}
Combining our results in different regimes of length scales, we are able to construct a phase diagram for stress relaxation behavior of F-actin networks (see Fig.\ \ref{fig:2}). These regimes are, in principle, experimentally accessible by varying reaction rates via actin-binding proteins such as profilin, cofilin, and formin \cite{pollard_rate_1986,blanchoin_actin_2014}. By increasing concentration of profilin, as a nucleation inhibitor, the initial average length of actin filaments $\langle L \rangle$ decreases. On the other hand, adding formin promotes nucleation and increases $\langle L \rangle$. Cofilin concentration also controls the rate of severing reaction \cite{mccall_cofilin_2017}. However, one important caveat when comparing the model with experiments is that reaching a true steady state of actin solutions during the experiments may be slow, particularly if diffusive length fluctuations are relevant \cite{mohapatra_limiting-pool_2017}, making it likely that the experimental filament length distributions are collected in a quasi-steady state.

\section{Limitations of the model}

Due to the multiple molecular reactions occurring in F-actin solutions, it has been a challenge to model even their (dis)assembly, let alone the consequences of this for stress relaxation.  We present above a minimal model of stress relaxation based on the temporal evolution of the length distribution of load-bearing filaments. In order to make the model tractable, we make a number of simplifying assumptions. In particular our model is a coarse-grained one, appropriate for sufficiently high molecular weight. The model considers all filaments to be composed of ADP-bound actin subunits, with the exception of a single ATP-bound terminal monomer at the barbed end of each $P$ filament. Thus, we do not resolve the finite size of an ATP-cap. This simple nucleotide distribution ensures that exactly one $P$ and one $Q$ filament are formed as a result of severing of $P$ filaments, consistent with experiments \cite{mccall_cofilin_2017,wioland_adf/cofilin_2017,suarez_cofilin_2011}. Similarly, filament nucleation is not treated in detail in our model, although the final term in Eq.\ (\ref{eq:1}) for $L=2$, i.e., $rP_1$ represents the nucleation rate, with $P_1$ being an implicit additional parameter to account for nucleation. Changing $P_1$ has a trivial multiplicative effect on the amplitude of the length distribution and does not affect the time dependence of stress relaxation.

Furthermore, we neglect filament annealing \cite{mccullough_cofilin-linked_2011}, as was deemed appropriate in recent experimental studies of actin solutions in presence of formin and profilin \cite{mccall_cofilin_2017}. The presence of formin at barbed ends is sufficient to suppress annealing of elongating filaments \cite{kovar_fission_2003}, and the binding of profilin to ADP-bound barbed ends of depolymerizing filaments generates a steric clash we expect to inhibit annealing at barbed ends exposed by severing. We note that by including filament annealing at zero depolymerization rate $\gamma=0$, our model becomes similar to the viscoelastic model for worm-like micelles \cite{cates_statics_1990}.

Rather than an explicit treatment, the activities of actin binding proteins are implicitly included in the model through reaction rates. Although the reaction rates depend on the concentrations of different components in the solution \cite{roland_stochastic_2008,de_la_cruz_kinetics_2010}, we simplify our model by assuming constant reaction rates. In particular we assume a uniform and equivalent severing rate along both filament types $P$ and $Q$. The possible non-uniform severing reaction in the vicinity of an ATP-cap (on filament $P$) should be characterized by a local interaction on the scale of monomers, which can be neglected for high molecular weight. We also note that various reaction rates in actin solutions can depend on each other, e.g., in the observed synergy effect of cofilin and Arp2/3 in actin solutions \cite{ichetovkin_cofilin_2002,desmarais_synergistic_2004,tania_modeling_2013}, which is not incorporated in our simplified model. Moreover, we assume that the monomer pool consists only of ATP-bound G-actin in complex with profilin and is constant in time. This is indeed the major species in reconstituted actin solutions in presence of profilin and cofilin at steady state  \cite{mccall_cofilin_2017,didry_synergy_1998}.

\section{Conclusion}
Considering all of these assumptions and limitations, our model takes into account polymerization, depolymerization, and also severing reactions with constant rates and phenomenologically relates the magnitude of remaining stress after applying a step strain to the amount of initially-stressed large filaments. Depending on the relative values of different reaction rates, we observe both length-dependent and length-independent relaxation process.

Assuming instantaneous disassembly of unstable fragments ($Q$ in Fig.\ \ref{fig:1}) after severing events gives a Rayleigh distribution for filament length in steady state. This peaked distribution was indeed investigated in previous works \cite{mohapatra_design_2016,edelstein-keshet_models_1998,ermentrout_models_1998}. Moreover, using the dynamic length distributions, we find that the stress relaxation has a strong and surprisingly inverse dependence on the initial average filament length $\langle L \rangle$.

By including finite disassembly of fragments in our model, we find a significant change in both steady state and dynamic length distributions and hence the resulting relaxation behavior. For finite fragment disassembly rate $\gamma$, there is an enhancement of short filaments, compared to the limit of instant disassembly $\gamma \rightarrow \infty$. This is due to the presence of fragments with ADP barbed ends (Fig.\ \ref{fig:1}). As we increase $\gamma$, this distribution tends to the length distribution without fragments.
In the limit of very slow rate of disassembly $\gamma$ where $L_d<L_e<\langle L \rangle$ (regime \rom{3} in Fig.\ \ref{fig:2}), stress relaxation of F-actin solutions is independent of initial filaments length. Interestingly, the characteristic timescale in this regime is inversely proportional to the entanglement length of the network $L_e$.
For the intermediate $\gamma$ values in which $L_d$ becomes larger than $L_e$ but still smaller than $\langle L \rangle$ (regime \rom{2} in Fig.\ \ref{fig:2}), we also find a length-independent stress relaxation with a characteristic timescale as $(\alpha L_d)^{-1}$.

Recent rheological experiments on reconstituted actin solutions show a length-independent relaxation behavior \cite{mccall_cofilin_2017}, consistent with regimes II and III in the present model. Further experiments will be needed to determine which, if either of these regimes is observed. One way to explore this, for instance, would be to vary the concentration of actin and, thereby the entanglement length $L_e$.

\section*{Conflicts of interest}
There are no conflicts to declare.

\section*{Acknowledgments}
S.\ A., J.\ F.\ and F.\ C.\ M.\ were supported, in part, by The Center for Theoretical Biological Physics (NSF PHY-1427654). S.\ A.\ and F.\ C.\ M.\ were also supported in part by NSF (DMR-1826623). P.\ M.\ M.\ and M.\ L.\ G.\ were supported by University of Chicago Materials Research Science and Engineering Center (NSF DMR-1420709). P.\ M.\ M was also supported in part by an ELBE postdoctoral fellowship.

\section{Appendices}

\subsection{Appendix A: Timescales in the case of unstable fragments ($\gamma\rightarrow\infty$)} \label{Appendix_2TimescaleExpression}
By rewriting Eq.\ (\ref{eq:16}) in terms of the two length scales, i.e., the entanglement length $L_e$ and the initial average length $\langle L \rangle$, we obtain
\begin{eqnarray}
	\sigma(t) &=& L_e \; \exp{ \big(-R^2 - t/\tau_1 \big) }\nonumber  \\&& + \; \langle L \rangle \; \mbox{erfc}\big( R + t/\tau_2 \big) \; \exp{ \big( ( t/\tau_2 )^2 \big) }
\end{eqnarray}
where $R = \frac{\sqrt{\pi}}{2} \frac{L_e}{\langle L \rangle}$, $\tau_1 = \frac{1}{\alpha L_e}$, and $\tau_2 = \frac{\sqrt{\pi}}{\alpha \langle L \rangle}$.
This expression gives two different timescales $\tau_1$ and $\tau_2$ indicating that in the regime where $L_e < \langle L \rangle < L_d$, stress initially decays as $\frac{1}{\langle L \rangle}$ (see inset of Fig.\ \ref{fig:4} in the main text) and then relaxes as $\frac{1}{L_e}$.

\subsection{Appendix B: Length-independent stress relaxation for finite $\gamma$} \label{Appendix_LengthIndependence}
Figure \ref{fig:7} shows the stress relaxation for two different initial average length $\langle L \rangle$ in the regime where $L_e < L_d < \langle L \rangle$ (regime \rom{2} in Fig.\ \ref{fig:2}a and b in the main text). As expected, the stress relaxation is length-independent in this regime. The deviation of the curve corresponding to the smaller length is due to numerical errors.
Likewise, by plotting stress relaxation curves for two different $\langle L \rangle$ in the regime where $L_d < L_e <  \langle L \rangle $ (regime \rom{3} in Fig.\ \ref{fig:2}a and b in the main text), which is shown in Fig.\ \ref{fig:8}, we clearly see a length-independent relaxation.
\begin{figure}[h!]
	\includegraphics[width=7cm]{fig7app}
	\caption{\label{fig:7}  Stress relaxation for two different $\langle L \rangle$ as shown in the legend in the regime where $L_e < L_d < \langle L \rangle$ for $L_e = 20$ and $L_d = 150$. }
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[h!]
	\includegraphics[width=7cm]{fig8app}
	\caption{\label{fig:8} Stress relaxation for two different $\langle L \rangle$ as shown in the legend in the regime where $L_d < L_e < \langle L \rangle$ for $L_e = 150$ and $L_d = 20$. }
\end{figure}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
OneTrust Expands in Australia and New Zealand with New Melbourne Office and Integrated ANZ Privacy Laws into Industry Leading Privacy Management Platform
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Expansion includes new office, local data centres and updated product offerings to meet new and amended Australia and New Zealand privacy laws
MELBOURNE - 08/20/2018 -
OneTrust, the global leader in privacy management and marketing compliance today announced its expansion in Australia and New Zealand. OneTrust is the most widely-used privacy management and marketing compliance software with 1,500 customers, including 200 of the Global 2,000, 500 employees and six global offices across Atlanta, London, Munich, Bangalore, Hong Kong and Melbourne.
OneTrust's commitment to the Australia and New Zealand markets (ANZ) includes:
A new local office in Melbourne to serve as a HQ for the region, led by technology veteran Robinson Roe as managing director
Integration of Australia and New Zealand privacy laws into the OneTrust platform to support privacy compliance operations beyond the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)
Two new local data centres in the region to support data residency preferences
Expansion of PrivacyConnect, OneTrust's widely attended privacy workshop event series, in Australia
Local presence at Gartner Security and Risk Sydney and IAPP ANZ events
OneTrust is already working with dozens of well-known organisations across Australia and New Zealand to operationalise their privacy programmes. Sydney-based Cochlear Limited, the global leader in implantable hearing solutions, uses OneTrust technologies for privacy compliance in ANZ and across the globe.
"As a global company with customers and employees in over 100 countries, keeping up with various privacy regulations is an ongoing and essential process," said Stephen Bolinger, Chief Privacy Officer at Cochlear. "Having used OneTrust from the outset of developing our privacy compliance programme, we are excited to see their investment in the ANZ region and their integration of the region's specific data protection requirements into the software. OneTrust is an essential element of our privacy compliance efforts locally and globally."
Meet with OneTrust in Sydney:
20-21 August: Visit OneTrust at Gartner Security & Risk Management Summit Sydney stand #PR2 and hear OneTrust and Cochlear discuss "How to Tackle the GDPR: A Typical Privacy and Security Roadmap" at the Hilton Sydney on Tuesday, 21 August at 11:30 AEST
22 August: Register for PrivacyConnect Sydney, a Free, In-Person ANZ, GDPR and International Privacy Law Workshop at the Hilton Sydney
Supporting Privacy Reform in Australia and New Zealand
Jurisdictions around the world, including Australia and New Zealand, have amended or created privacy legislation with the goal of adapting to the continuing technological advancements and reinforcing rights of individuals. Australia just named a new privacy commissioner, and recently amended the Australian Privacy Act introducing mandatory notification procedures for data breaches. According to the latest Notifiable Data Breaches Quarterly Statistics Report there were 242 notifications during the last quarter with the health and finance sectors reporting the highest number of data breaches. In March, New Zealand's government introduced a Privacy Bill to replace its Privacy Act from 1993. The Bill's explanatory notes the changes will align New Zealand's privacy law with international developments, such as the GDPR. The Bill gives individuals the right to access and correct their personal information, imposes strict requirements for privacy breach notifications and data transfer limitations.
Read the report: OneTrust is the largest and most widely used dedicated software provider in privacy management, and according to Ovum Research, is positioned as a strategic leader in global privacy beyond the GDPR
These recent legislative changes, as well as consumer's increased awareness and expectations around privacy, attest to the significant need for privacy management tools to enable companies in the ANZ's region to automate their processes. OneTrust is committed to supporting these new and updated ANZ privacy regulations. OneTrust will integrate these specific privacy guidelines into the award-winning privacy technology and marketing compliance platform. Customers will be supported by OneTrust's new Melbourne office led by Robinson Roe, privacy solutions experts with deep knowledge about local and global privacy laws and two new local data centres in Australia and New Zealand.
"The GDPR, and more broadly, consumer awareness of privacy risks, are sparking businesses across sectors and jurisdictions to continuously reassess their privacy compliance across a growing matrix of regulatory requirements," said Robinson Roe, Managing Director of ANZ, OneTrust. "I am thrilled to lead OneTrust's new Melbourne offices and expanded ANZ support to further empower customers to meet both local and global privacy regulations. As the privacy landscape continues to mature, we remain committed to incorporating new data protection regulations and the most up-to-date guidance as it becomes available."
"Our expansion in Australia and New Zealand shows our commitment to innovating and developing our technology, research, services and user community to serve the changing global privacy market," said Kabir Barday, OneTrust CEO and Fellow of Information Privacy (FIP). "With the most comprehensive solution supported by the largest team in the privacy industry, our customers can rely on OneTrust to serve them both locally in their regions and with regulations across the globe. OneTrust is the comprehensive privacy management and marketing compliance solution that customers can grow into, and not out of, as the global privacy market continues to evolve."
Register for PrivacyConnect Sydney on 22 August, a Free, In-Person ANZ, GDPR and International Privacy Law Workshop at the Hilton Sydney
Visit OneTrust at Gartner Security & Risk Management Summit Sydney stand #PR2 and hear OneTrust and Cochlear discuss "How to Tackle the GDPR: A Typical Privacy and Security Roadmap" at the Hilton Sydney on Tuesday, 21 August at 11:30 AEST.
Register for OneTrust PrivacyTECH on 8-10 October in London, the OneTrust's annual global user conference, where 500+ industry leaders breakdown the latest technology innovations driving global privacy compliance
Connect with OneTrust onTwitter, LinkedIn, Facebook and Google+
For additional information, or to request a live OneTrust Privacy Management Software demo, visit OneTrust.com or email [email protected].
About OneTrust
OneTrust is the global leader in privacy management and marketing compliance software. More than 1,500 customers, including 200 of the Global 2,000, use OneTrust to comply with data privacy regulations across sectors and jurisdictions, including the EU GDPR, ePrivacy (Cookie Law) and California Consumer Privacy Act. An additional 10,000 organisations use OneTrust's technology through a partnership with the International Association of Privacy Professionals (IAPP), the world's largest global information privacy community.
The software, available in 50+ languages, is backed by over 20 awarded patents and can be deployed in an EU cloud or on-premise. The comprehensive platform is based on a combination of intelligent scanning, regulator guidance-based questionnaires, automated workflows and developer plugins used together to automatically generate the record keeping required for an organisation to demonstrate compliance to regulators and auditors. The platform is enriched with content from hundreds of templates based on the world-class privacy research conducted by our 100+ in-house certified privacy professionals.
OneTrust helps organisations implement GDPR, California CCPA, and global privacy requirements, including Data Protection by Design (PbD), Data Protection Impact Assessments (PIA/DPIA), Vendor Risk Management, Incident and Breach Management, Records of Processing (Data Mapping), Universal Consent and Preference Management, ePrivacy Cookie Consent, Data Subject Access Rights, Portability and Right to Be Forgotten.
PrivacyConnect, OneTrust's global user community, hosts in-person workshops in 85 international cities, and is attended by thousands of privacy professionals to share best practices.
OneTrust is co-headquartered in Atlanta, GA and in London, UK, with additional offices in Munich, Bangalore, Hong Kong and Melbourne. The fast-growing team of privacy and technology experts surpasses 500 employees worldwide. To learn more, visit OneTrust.com.
Gabrielle Ferree

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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text:
Top Trump Admin Members Resign Post Capitol Siege, More Expected
American news agencies report that the staffers are 'disgusted by President Trump's behaviour'.
Updated: 08 Jan 2021, 5:25 PM IST
The outgoing Donald Trump administration in the United States saw a string of resignations after Trump supporters stormed the US Capitol building on Wednesday, 6 January.
While four White House staffers have already tendered their resignations, more are mulling over the same, say reports by American news agencies.
Meanwhile, Trump's former Chief of Staff Mick Mulvaney, who had been appointed special envoy for Northern Ireland, told CNBC television that he had informed Secretary of State Mike Pompeo he was resigning from his diplomatic post.
"I called (Secretary of State) Mike Pompeo last night to let him know I was resigning. I can't do it. I can't stay," Mulvaney said.
"Those who choose to stay, and I have talked with some of them, are choosing to stay because they're worried the president might put someone worse in," he said, indicating that other members of the Trump administration were also eyeing exits.
Top Officers Hand in Resignations
On Thursday, Education Secretary Betsy DeVos handed in her resignation to President Trump in a letter, saying she would step down on Friday over the violence, reported The New York Times. DeVos was also one of the first of Trump's cabinet secretaries to condemn the incident.
In her resignation letter, DeVos lamented that instead of being able to celebrate the achievements of the Trump administration, "We are left to clean up the mess caused by violent protesters overrunning the US Capitol in an attempt to undermine the people's business."
"That behaviour was unconscionable for our country," she added in the letter, accessed by The New York Times.
Apart from DeVos, Transportation Secretary Elaine Chao also announced that she was resigning over the violence, CNN reported. In a statement announcing her decision, Chao wrote that she was "deeply troubled" by the "entirely avoidable" incident and her resignation would be effective on Monday.
According to Bloomberg, Deputy National Security Adviser Matt Pottinger has resigned on Wednesday.
He said, "There was very little to consider," CNN reported.
National Security Adviser Robert O'Brien and deputy chief of staff Chris Liddell are also considering resignations, said reports by CNN and Bloomberg.
"While there are only 14 days left in Trump's administration and many aides' final days will come before 20 January, many are disgusted by the President's behaviour and no longer believe they can serve him," the CNN report added.
Democratic Process Can't Be Subverted: PM Modi on US Capitol Siege
Melania Trump's Chief of Staff, 2 Long-Serving Members of White House Quit
The network also reported that Stephanie Grisham, former White House communications director and press secretary and current chief of staff for first lady Melania Trump, resigned on Wednesday afternoon.
White House social secretary Anna Cristina 'Rickie' Niceta also resigned on the same day.
Grisham and Niceta were two of the longest serving members of the Trump administration.
"It has been an honour to serve the country in the White House. I am very proud to have been a part of Mrs Trump's mission to help children everywhere, and proud of the many accomplishments of this administration," Grisham said to CNN.
White House press aide Sarah Matthews also resigned on the same day.
"As someone who worked in the halls of Congress I was deeply disturbed by what I saw today," said Matthews in a press statement.
"Our nation needs a peaceful transfer of power," she added.
What's Behind Trump Supporters' Brazen Storming of the Capitol
More Resignations Expected
The New York Times' White House Correspondent, Maggie Haberman also tweeted saying that more resignations are expected in the next 24 hours.
The US Congress met on Wednesday to certify the Electoral College votes for President-elect Joe Biden.
The session, however, was interrupted by the violence. There was a standoff between police and rioters, both of whom were armed. Further, Trump supporters broke into lawmakers' offices and left notes. As per latest reports, at least four people have lost their lives in the violence, including a woman who was shot by the police.
(With inputs from CNN, Bloomberg and New York Times)
Published: 07 Jan 2021, 12:24 PM IST


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The Ventroom Web Design is Iron Design Award winner in 2017 - 2018 Website and Web Design Award Category.
The Modern Dating Ventroom is a fully interactive web page designed to present common online dating dilemma through a satirical approach with the goal of gathering user feedback, opinions and anecdotes, which will be incorporated in a future book project about the complexity of millennial adult life. The web page took the user through the complete online dating journey in three simple steps: apps, profiles and messages. Users are constantly encouraged to share their opinions as they browse through the submit button that is always present in each section.
Stella Guan is an award-winning visual designer with experience spanning across multiple disciplines and industries. Started her career in broadcast design, Stella has been pushing the boundaries between the specialist and generalist role with her diverse experience in creating effective visual solutions for marketing agencies, advertising agencies, technology companies and global financial services firms. She is a winner of the 2017-2018 A' Design Award in Web and Web Design Category. Currently, she leads major brand initiatives for J.P. Morgan, where she directs and creates impactful visual design for interactive webpages, videos, animations and brand guidelines. She is a proud member of the Academy of Interactive & Visual Arts and a judge for the A' Design Award, CSS Design Awards, Communicator Awards, W3 Award and Creativity International Awards.
SGCG Studio is an independent design studio based in New York City, United States. We create beautiful visual designs for web, mobile and print. We specialize in minimalistic and modern design styles that deliver impactful visual solutions to practical problems. In addition to visual design, we're also experts in video production and animation. No comprehensive campaign is finished without a full suite of multimedia creative assets and we're here to help clients make that happen.


text:
"Major PS Vita titles will be announced soon" - Sony
Sony has addressed the recent PS Vita dry spell and confirms another PS Vita game heaven, more details inside........
Pulled from an interview by Famitsu, Andriasang reports that Sony Computer Entertainment Japan CEO Hiroshi Kawano has confirmed that another Vita Game Heaven event will take place soon. The last Game Heaven brought about the reveal of Soul Sacrifice and Phantasy Star Online 2, but that was way back in March. Now, we're left wondering: what does Sony have up its sleeve for the next one?
Apparently, good stuff. Kawano is reported to have said that major titles will be announced, but he didn't want to reveal any more than that. Furthermore, Kawano says that September's Tokyo Game Show will be a place of great focus for PS Vita, which I couldn't be more excited for after the portable's rather lukewarm E3 showing.
Let us know what games Sony has up their sleeves in the comments below!
http://andriasang.com/con1yq/game_heaven_part_2/


You might be surprised of all of the things Vaseline can do for you.You can use it for lip care, rough elbows and ankles, but have you ever tried it on breasts. If you answer is NO, then you definitely should read this article! The answer is here!
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SCIENCE HAS FOUND A PLANT THAT CURES HIV, FIGHTS DIABETES AND CANCER, BUT BIG PHARMA DOESN'T WANT YOU TO KNOW!


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So I tried using other data as the filter - the unique reference number generated earlier in the same workflow, but I have the same issue.
I've included some screenshots of the action in case it helps.
This is because you misused the "Filter" (your screen : update2.png).


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When clients are scheduling appointments in OCS, Rosy matches up the services being scheduled with the client's retail history to make meaningful Product Suggestions, then the client can reserve products for the appointment. Sales increase, and you'll know exactly what products to order.


text:
Home Music Archives Live: To Live and Shave in L.A., in Chapel Hill
Live: To Live and Shave in L.A., in Chapel Hill
by Justin Farrar
Photo by Walter Wlodarczyk
To Live and Shave in L.A.'s Tom Smith
To Live and Shave in L.A.,Holly Hunt, Clang Quartet, Jim Capps and Severed+Said
Nightlight, Chapel Hill
Tom Smith has long been one of the underground's most imposing performers. Gasping, twisting, moaning, contorting, chanting and frowning, he's a large, gnarled coil of energy and muscle. You can't take your eyes off him.
Not unlike John Lydon during Public Image Limited's earliest and finest years, he plays both clown and devil, madman and genius. These qualities were on fine display last night, when To Live and Shave in L.A.'s 25th anniversary tour—their first full trek in seven years—rolled through Nightlight, the Triangle's premier club for experimental fare. It was the final appearance of the 13-date jaunt.
The fact that Smith and cofounder Frank "Rat Bastard" Falestra have steered the Shave into its third decade
echoed in the cross-generational audience, a very cool balance of older bohemians and younger freaks. As someone who counts himself among the former, I was stoked to see the latter so captivated. I once stood in their shoes.
Over the course of their 40-minute set, the Shave proved to still possess the rare talent to push music to new expressive limits. As I pointed out in my preview for the INDY, the outfit's only constants are Smith and Falestra, who enlist different collaborators for each album and tour. The 25th anniversary incarnation found them teaming up with Graham Moore (the dude behind the Blossoming Noise label) and Patrick Spurlock, another musician with extensive roots in harsh noise, power electronics and sound design. Historically, the Shave utilizes some degree of rock instrumentation. (Falestra is a master of freely improvised noise-guitar damage). This quartet, however, deployed tables smothered in electronics, wires and blinking lights. While Smith's vocals performed their violent gymnastics, the hands moving about all that gear generated finely chiseled loops of distortion, with various oscillations, tones and waves exploding at spaced intervals. Woven throughout the din were splinters of percussion and stuttering vocal samples that seemed informed by Smith's love for footwork.
Though the music wasn't rhythmic in any conventional sense, it did possess weight and movement. To better drive home this admittedly abstract point, I have to once again reference PiL. On 1979's Metal Box, the band invented a revolutionary permutation of art rock featuring tactics imported from cutting-edge dance music and cold squalls of feedback. To Live and Shave in L.A., mind you, didn't sound anything like PiL. Rather, they nicked their basic aesthetic thrust (i.e. art rock pretense and the hijacking of club music and noisy madness) and transformed it into a 21st-century sound steeped in intense electronic manipulation. It was aggressively modern music.
Toward the end of their set, the Shave somehow dialed up the intensity by inviting tourmates Holly
Hunt (who opened) back on stage for a mega-jam that had nearly every face in the crowd, both ancient and fresh, grinning with delight. Holly Hunt are a two-piece from Florida specializing in a fusion of neo-Amphetamine Reptile "scum" and doom-fueled stomp 'n' roll. When they began working their megalithic grooves into the Shave's seething fuzz, the pummeling landed on the far side of early Godflesh. Smith became even more dramatic, swinging and swaying spasmodically while spitting garbled barks and howls like a drill sergeant. The maelstrom finally, deliciously imploded.
Hearty shout outs also go to additional openers Jim Capps (destructo-noise aktion), Severed+Said (Robert Turmanesque synth-jams) and Clang Quartet (North Carolina's favorite Christian noise artist). It was an awesome night all around.
To Live and Shave in L.A. Nightlight Chapel Hill Clang Quartet Holly Hunt Doom Asylum Issue: 2015-06-03 Blogs Music


Such is the craziness of CES … at 6 p.m., I was listening to Peter Frampton at the NBCU party in the Gibson tent; now, I'm at The Venetian for the CEA Leaders in Technology dinner. During the reception, I did an impromptu interview with FCC Commissioner Michael Copps, who was pleasantly surprised by FCC Chairman Kevin Martin's comments today that he has asked for an investigation into net neutrality. This annual dinner, as CEA's Gary Shapiro just reminded us, is the largest gathering of technology leaders and policy makers.
Cisco (NSDQ: CSCO) CEO John Chambers is tonight's keynote. He's a rover, stepping off the stage and walking through the room. The group. (Now he's behind me.) Chambers has spoken at various CES events so many times since 1999, he's using the record from those projections about the internet's impact as a foundation. Chambers, not surprisingly, says the next phase will be about the network on every level and every portion of his rapid-fire speech is meant to back that up.
— "Time magazine got it backwards (last year with You as person of the year). It shouldn't have been you .. it should have been our. The future is really about us.


text:
Ed Sheeran photo by Ros O'Gorman
Australian Charts: Ed Sheeran Collaboration No 6 Project spends 3rd week at no 1
by Gavin Ryan on August 4, 2019
in News,Noise Pro
It's a third week at the top in Australia for Ed Sheeran's fourth No.1 set "No.6 Collaborations Project", with the album also at the top again in New Zealand, England (also 3rd week), America and Canada (2nd week in both regions).
Ed's third week at the top here pushes his tally of overall weeks at No.1 in Australia to now 39 weeks from his four chart-topping albums, which means he moves up on the listing for 'Accumulated Weeks at No.1: Albums; 1965 to 2019' to now equal seventh alongside the 39 weeks racked up by ABBA (from four #1's), while if he stays again for next week he will tie with Adele's 40 weeks (from two #1's) for sixth place, but also the equal-top of the listing for this decade (2010 to 2019), as he sits just behind her at No.2 for this decade's tally of weeks at No.1.
Billie Eilish holds at No.2 with her debut set "When We All Fall Asleep…", while last weeks peaking soundtrack for 'The Lion King' is down one spot to No.4 and the second and final film score within the Top 10 is for 'a Star is Born', back up one spot to No.9. Elton John's collection of hits in "Diamonds" is down two places to No.6 and the third Ed Sheeran album "÷ (Divide)" also dips down two spots to land at No.8 while the biggest fall within the Top 10 is Pink's "Hurts 2B Human" which halves its position from last week and falls five spots to No.10.
There are three albums which enter within the Top 10 this week, firstly coming in at No.3 is the fourth album for U.S. rapper NF (Nathan Feuerstein) called "The Search", which instantly becomes his first Top 10 placing in Australia and now his second chart entry, as his previous and third set "Perception" made it to No.73 in 2017. The two other Top 10 entries are both debut albums from artists, coming in at No.5 is "Salt" for local Victorian (Alphington in Melbourne) female singer Angie McMahon, the album featuring her 2019 APRA nominated song ('Rock Work of the Year' and 'Song of the Year') from a couple of years ago "Slow Mover". The third and final new entry to the ten comes in at No.7, "The Big Day" by Chance the Rapper, which is based around his recent marriage and features guest acts such as John Legend, Death Cab for Cutie, DaBaby, En Vogue, Gucci Mane, Shawn Mendes, Randy Newman, SWV and Nicki Minaj among the 22 tracks.
* With Conrad Sewell in the middle of his Australian tour at the moment his debut album "LIFE" leaps up for a second week, this time up a massive twenty-four places to No.14.
* Dua Lipa and her self-titled set climbs again this week, up three to No.25 in it's 88th week.
* Adele's third album "25" is now under $13 and this week rebounds thirty-six spots to No.29, while her "21" set rises four to No.94.
* Both entries for The Hilltop Hoods rise back up, their latest studio set "The Great Expanse" is up three to No.31 and their remix set "Walking… Drinking… Restrung" rises nine places to No.64.
* Eminem's collection of songs in "Curtain Call: The Hits" rebounds ten spots to No.34, with other rising best of sets being for INXS (41 to 40), Maroon 5 (stable at #50), The Wiggles (82 to 65), Green Day (81 to 69), Bon Jovi (96 to 79), Foo Fighters (returns at #81), Jason DeRulo (returns at #92) and The Killers (re-entry at #95).
* Pink (like Adele's "25′) and her "Beautiful Trauma" set is now under $15 and again rebounds twenty places to No.38.
* The 2CD expanded edition of "?" for XXXTentation came out last week and the set is up only one spots to No.42.
* Travis Scott celebrates one-year on the albums chart (52 weeks) with "Astroworld" by rising one spot to No.48.
* The BTS soundtrack for their video game "BTS World" returns to the chart at a new peak of No.55 this week, ahead of it's physical CD release on Friday (2nd of August), originally the set made it to No.73 at the start of July.
* After being certified last week the fourth and self-titled Shawn Mendes album is up this week four spots to No.58.
* Lee Kernaghan kicks off his upcoming national tour in just under two weeks time (15th of August) and this week his latest album "Backroad Nation" rise back up nine spots to No.62.
* The recent screening of part one and two of the movie 'Guardians of the Galaxy' helps the Vol.1 soundtrack to rise this week eighteen places to No.66, while the 'Moana' soundtrack is up five to No.67, plus there's a return at No.80 of the 'Stranger Things: Series 3′ album (HP-69).
* Bazzi's current tour of Australia helps his previous album "Cosmic" to rise back up nine spots to No.86.
* Further returning albums this week are "Chiaroscuro" for Ocean Alley (#89), "The Eminem Show" (#96) and "Blue" for Jonas Blue (#100).
* Three albums leave the Top 10 this week, starting with "Beerbongs & Bentleys" for Post Malone (HP-1×2, WI10-38a, 9 to 12), followed by the Khalid set "Free Spirit" (HP-2, WI10-14a, 8 to 13), with his other album is also down four in "American Teen" (47 to 51), while the biggest fall from last weeks Top 10 was the only debuting set within last weeks' ten, "The Great War" for Sabaton (HP-7, WI10-1, 7 to 76) to be the biggest dropping album of the week (down 69 places).
* Falling soundtracks this week are for 'Bohemian Rhapsody' (11 to 16), 'Aladdin' (27 to 35), 'Yesterday' (26 to 36) and 'Rocketman' (46 to 57).
* The Lil' Nas X EP "7" drops ten places this week to No.24.
* Queen also slip down with their "Greatest Hits" set (19 to 26) and "Platinum Collection" (79 to 88), with other sliding collections being by The Beatles (69 to 75) and Kylie Mingoue (64 to 90).
* The Thelma Plum debut album "Better in Blak" falls twenty spots to No.37.
* Bruce Springsteen's "Western Stars" rides down the chart twenty-one places to No.43.
* The J. Cole collaboration album "Revenge of the Dreamers III" falls this week fifteen spots to No.44.
* The Beyoncé debut from last week in 'The Lion King: The Gift' tumbles thirty-seven places this week to No.47.
* Jimmy Barnes plummets twenty places to No.53 with his set "My Criminal Record".
* Local rapper AllDay sees his latest album "Starry Night Over the Phone" fall twenty-three spots to No.68, while U.S. rapper Machine Gun Kelly and his set "Hotel Diablo" drops twelve to No.78.
* The Black Keys fall eleven spots to No.71 with their five week old entry "Let's Rock".
* Hillsong United and their set "People" tumbles nineteen places to No.82.
* The Jonas Brothers album "Happiness Begins" drops down twenty-four spots to No.85.
* Tyga sees a twelve place slide to No.87 with his "Legendary" set.
* Mark Ronson falls twenty-three spots to No.93 with his latest album "Late Night Feelings".
* The older of two entries for Imagine Dragons and "Evolve" drops thirteen places this week to land at No.99, while their new set "Origins" is back up six places to No.83.
* Three albums leave the Top 100 from last weeks Top 50, starting with the returned Thom Yorke set "Anima" (#23), which might return again next week after this Friday's (2nd of August) limited edition vinyl was issued; followed by "Conduit" for Gravemind (#30) and the vinyl return for the Crowded House set "Very Very Best of" leaves from #36, while further debuts from last week to depart were by Iggy Azalea (#52, physical issued at the end of August) and Sum 41 (#55).
FURTHER NEW RELEASES:
* #11 (LP#5) – Human Target by Thy Art is Murder is the fifth album and fifth overall chart entry (4 LP's, 1 EP) for the Sydney deathcore band, while it's their first album not to make it into the Top 10 first week, the band having previously charted with "Hate" (LP#2, HP-35, late Oct 2012), "Holy War" (LP#3, HP-7, early July 2015), "The Depression Sessions" (EP#2, HP-28, August 2016) and their last studio album and highest charted was "Dear Desolation" (LP#4, HP-5, late August 2017).
#21 (LP#3) – Fever Dream by Of Monsters and Men is also the Icelandic indie-pop bands first of three albums not to make it into the Top 10 (yet), and is their bands first new material in just over four years as they last charted with "Beneath the Skin" (LP#2, HP-4, June 2015) and their first set "My Head is an Animal" (LP#1, HP-1×1, peaked mid-Feb 2013).
* #27 (LP#1) – The Lost Boy by YBN Cordae (born Cordae Dunston) is a part of the 'Young Boss N*ggaz' hip-hop collective from Alabama in the U.S., with this being his first album, the set featuring guests such as Chance the Rapper, Anderson .Paak, Ty Dolla $ign, Pusha T and Meek Mill.
* #72 (LP#5) – Fallen Idols by Lord is the fifth released studio album, and now the first charted for the Wollongong, Australia heavy metal band led by 'Lord Tim' Grose. The band issued their first set in 2003 called "A Personal Journey", followed by "Ascendance" (2007), "Set in Stone" (2009) and their last release was six years ago with "Digital Lies" (2013).
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Gavin Ryan reports with thanks to Australian-Charts.com
Tagged as: 00s, acoustic, Australian charts, Ed Sheeran, pop, songwriter, UK


The present work is a second version of the important painting in the Kiev Museum of Ukrainian Art.
The Kosomol was the All-Union Lenin Communist Union of Youth, a political youth organisation. It was created during the First All- Russian Congress of Worker and Peasant Youth in 1918, with the aim of involving the worker youth in the communist struggle at an early age.
In this picture, a young girl stands in her outfit as she applies for membership and is interviewed by the Committee. A senior member of the military, medals strung across his chest, sits behind her listening in whilst a portrait bust of Stalin looks on.
112 × 149 cm; 44 × 58¾ in.


Studies show that children and families who are connected to nature are healthier, happier, and smarter. Inside the Outdoors Community Programs cultivate a bond with nature that lasts a lifetime. Our family environmental education events include hands-on programs such Get Outdoors events, Summer Day Camp, Astronomy Hikes, Night Hikes, and more!


Yesterday I posted what seemed to me to be a short series of commonsense assertions that don't even need stating. However, these obvious claims have now been supported by empirical research. The earth-shattering claims made by this research?
Earth shattering claim no. 1: Students who develop meaningful relationships with their professors are much more likely to do better in life.
Earth shattering claim no. 2: MOOCs probably don't provide an optimal learning experience so shouldn't be offered for college credit.
This response mistakes the general principle, for one thing. My claim wasn't about "human interaction" in a broadly general sense, but about a specific type of mentoring relationship between students and faculty described in one specific study.
2. "This one MOOC has a great deal of interaction among students, the instructor, and assistants." The first mistake being made here is the belief that exceptions somehow disprove the rule. Once I got this point across, respondents starting saying, "Yes, most MOOCs I've taken don't involve any direct, individual interaction between the instructor and his or her students." Right. That was my only point. By no means do I mean to criticize any MOOC that is in fact an exception. I think those deserve praise and recognition.
I will say I found it very encouraging to see a couple of students and the instructor rush to the defense of this one course, which was Al Filreis's Modern and Contemporary American Poetry course on Coursera. I believe this particular course is exceptionally well run by a highly qualified and committed instructor. I've even signed up for it myself and plan to take it next Fall, if I have the time, because the course covers some relatively recent developments in poetry that I have yet to engage.
But I'm not done responding to this point yet, as it involves another mistake.
I have been a college instructor for fourteen years, full time for ten. I have been teaching online graduate humanities courses since the Spring of 2008 as part of my full time teaching load. These online courses are all at the graduate level, and the ones that I have developed and regularly taught have included Creative Writing: Poetry, Literary Theory, Survey of British Literature, the Capstone Project, the Comprehensive Exam, and British History (I, II, III).
I teach a 4/4 load over Fall and Spring semesters. My seated and online classes are capped at 25 students each, and all but one of my classes require students to write at least 20 pages of finished academic writing per semester. So, yes, if all four of my classes are ever full, I will have 2000 pages of grading to do in a single semester, every semester. According to institutional policy, I am required to respond to all emails within 24 hours of receiving them, which I would do anyhow apart from this policy. In addition, I keep office hours, and any student at any time can walk in to see me during those times, not to mention my meeting them informally around campus at campus events.
b. How many of those who finished had direct, individual attention from a tutor?
c. How many of those who finished had direct, individual attention from the instructor?
d. How often did that direct, individual attention go beyond a response to one or two emails?
e. How many of those 30,000 students feel that they are now in a mentoring relationship with the instructor or a tutor?
I've been doing this college teaching thing for too long to believe that the answer to any of those questions is anything other than "not many." If the instructor replied to 2000 emails over the course of a ten-week term, which would be remarkable, that's still only a 6.7% response rate to those who initially enrolled. That would be equivalent to me responding to only about 7 out of the 100 possible students that I teach every semester. No, that would not be me doing my job or running my classes very well at all. It might get me fired. But of course, if I had a 96% drop rate I'd only be teaching four students a semester anyhow. And I'd certainly get fired.
4. One last one: "We don't have to fear MOOCs." Neither should we have to fear clear reasoning about them. This response diverts attention from clear reasoning from specific detail.
Now I want to be very clear: I'm not knocking this MOOC or this instructor. I believe it is exceptional, and I have enrolled in it. But my point is that it is, in fact, exceptional, and that the rule for most MOOCs is in fact far worse than even what I've described here. And most importantly, we're just talking about sending an email, not the individual attention given to a student by a teacher in a mentoring relationship. Even an exceptional MOOC doesn't come close to the attention made possible by teachers in face to face settings.
So no, MOOCs should not be offered for college credit as a general rule. Am I saying that MOOCs are bad? No, just that they shouldn't be offered for college credit as a general rule. As a means of distributing knowledge for free or cheap they're wonderful. Am I saying that no one can learn or have meaningful learning experiences, even meaningful human interaction, in a MOOC? No, just that they shouldn't be offered for college credit as a general rule. While these experiences are possible, they are rare, and hardly the norm.
It may be that some math and computer science courses for some student populations may be able to use MOOCs for college credit, but I would like to see research measuring learning outcomes and assessments in these courses first. Generally, they will only work well for higher performing students, I suspect, as remedial, and even many average students, need in-person guidance. If people could process a lot of text and just learn from that, all that they would need to do to learn is read a book. But, unfortunately, most kids coming out of high school aren't there yet.
Now I would like to conclude by asking you to view the introductory video for Al Filreis's Modern and Contemporary American Poetry course and then ask yourself one question: Would you rather be sitting in the room with these students or sitting in front of a computer screen watching them interact? I find it amusing that proponents of "traditional" education (which, you know, was responsible for every advancement in human knowledge from antiquity to the present) are called out for wanting more "seat time" when all that MOOC students do is sit in a seat in front of a computer instead of in a classroom. Until we can learn by jogging or by swimming, all learning comes from "seat time." It's just a matter of where the seats are located.
But that doesn't matter. What matters is this question: which is the better learning experience? The videotaped course material itself, I think, demonstrates how MOOCs can't really compare to a seated classroom. Small online courses that involve regular, direct interaction with the instructor are better, but face to face courses are best of all.
We do in fact have the money to pay for the education that our children and young adults need. About fifteen percent of the US military budget would double our education spending on the federal level. What's going on is that a very few people who do not care for this country or its people are trying to gut education so that they don't have to pay taxes to support it, so they're pushing MOOCs for college credit. That's really all that's going on. The MOOC developers themselves may be idealistically wanting to widely and freely disseminate knowledge, but they are being used for other purposes as well.
If you don't think face to face instruction is better than a MOOC, watch the video and decide for yourself. Again: would you rather be in the room with these students, or just watching them interact? How would you better learn?
Again, I think this course looks great, I think the instructor is committed, and I plan to take the course myself next fall. But let's think clearly about what MOOCs can and cannot do.
Yes, MOOC learning is usually passive learning.
And no, MOOCs don't help remedial students much, and most of those taking them already have advanced degrees.
Less than 10% of people enrolling complete MOOCs.
And if you want to blame colleges for rising tuition, take note that "48 states still spend less on education than before the recession at an average of 23%." That's not to say that colleges and universities can't do more to curb costs, but we're looking at massive cuts in a short period of time. Those cuts are state governments taking away your tax dollars for education and giving them to businesses in the form of tax incentives.
At the same time, employers are still worried about a skills gap.
That's because employers want educated graduates without having to pay for them. Of course. So here we are — MOOC time!


If you love the game they play in heaven, Foxtel brings you more rugby than ever before. We've got the best games from the Northern and Southern hemispheres with Bledisloe Cup, Wallabies internationals, 2019 Vodafone Super Rugby, 2019 Rugby Sevens World Series plus the best European rugby including the NatWest Six Nations, French Top 14 and Aviva Premiership.
The fast and furious HSBC WORLD RUGBY SEVENS SERIES 2019 launches in December, with the world's best set to square off across three huge events during the month. FOX SPORTS' LIVE coverage of the series begins with the season opening event in Dubai on December 1 and 2. It all kicks off across two action-packed days as the Aussie men, led by Ben O'Donnell, launch their campaign. The competition then moves to Cape Town the following weekend for the South African leg.
Stream Rugby LIVE even when you're on the move with Foxtel GO - included with your Foxtel package and available on a number of mobile and tablet devices1.
The FOX SPORTS app gives you detailed team and player stats, live match updates, breaking news, plus live scores for over 140 sports series.


So the big long continuous loop or infinity scarves are all the rage now. I have had customers bringing in pictures and people describing them to me. The easiest way to make them is to just knit a long scarf, give a twist and then stitch the two ends together. I decided however that this is the perfect time to learn how to do Cat Bhordi's moebius cast on. I have been wanting to teach myself for awhile so I grabbed her book A Treasury of Magical Knitting and sat down with it. I must say it was kind of fun to just blindly follow the book's description. I decided to try my hand at Fringed Cedar Bark Scarf. It is made out of Colinette Giotto which is soft to my neck. The technique and the scarf ranked an A+ in my book...quick , easy and classy.


Mercedes Chauffeur Hire is a premier executive car service and the first choice for efficient, timely London 2012 Olympic games chauffeur service transportation. Luxurious and practical, an experienced London Olympics chauffeur is the only way to ensure your arrival at each event is stress-free.
The largest sporting event in the world will take place in London during the summer, with the 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games. Thousands of tourists and visitors from all over the world will descend on the capital, putting a strain on the transport system. Tubes, buses and trains will be very busy for the fortnight of the Games, meaning it's important to plan your transportation to and from venues in advance.
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With detailed, first-hand knowledge of the complex London road system, with its network of closures and one way systems, Mercedes Chauffeur Hire's highly proficient London chauffeurs are an ideal companion to your Olympic experience. Thanks to up-to-the-minute traffic reports, you're guaranteed to arrive at the Olympic stadiums via the quickest route, avoiding jams and road works where possible during what will be a very busy time.
For corporate groups, a London 2012 Olympic games chauffeur is the only way to present a professional front, free from any embarrassing last minute hitches caused by inexperienced drivers unfamiliar with the special traffic systems put in place for the event, and free from the stress of navigating the city while also attempting to cultivate commercial relationships.
For those travelling for pleasure, enlisting the services of London Olympics Chauffeur can add an additional luxurious edge to the experience, ensuring you get the very most out of the coveted tickets.


Les Deuxluxes are armed to the teeth with powerful vocals, primal rhythms and two raging guitars. Hailing from Montreal, the two-piece band has attitude and the chops to back it up as they mix glitter and sweat into their own fiery blend of rock 'n roll.
Anna Frances Meyer (vocals, guitar) and Étienne Barry (drums, guitar & vocals, simultaneously) released their 6-song mini-album Traitement Deuxluxe in May 2014 to critical acclaim. Voir's Mickaël Bergeron wrote [their] rock'n'roll is damn efficient while Huffington Post's Mélissa Pelletier has praised Anna Frances' immense, almost golden voice and multi-instrumentalist Étienne's impressive, natural talent. Since then, they've stolen the show at many large-scale Quebec events, including the Montreal International Jazz Festival, the Festival d'été de Québec, POP Montreal and M for Montreal. Notably, they've opened for Lisa LeBlanc and Jon Spencer (Heavy Trash), and in 2015 they took their powerhouse performance on the road to the USA and the Maritimes.
The one-of-a-kind duo promises a hell-fire of a show, and will have the entire room enamoured by their unique and powerful classic sounds (Franca G. Mignacca, Bucket List) in a matter of seconds. Winners of the Télé-Québec award for their show at the FME (Rouyn-Noranda) and nominees for Breakthrough Band of the Year and Rock Album of the Year at the 2014 GAMIQ, Les Deuxluxes' sensual, wild performances are guaranteed to shake you to the core.


Can you have a waterbirth at a hospital with Midwife?
I am not pregnant yet, but I am investigating midwifes for my second pregnancy. This time I want to try a water birth, but would like it in a hospital setting, with a midwife. Will this be possible?
It depends on the hospital, I believe. I'm pretty positive you can, My local hospital gives you every option that you want for your birth to make you conformable :) My hospital gives you the option of a water birth, call and ask :) they will be more than likely to. :) Good luck!
Yes you can but you have to check with your insurance and the hospital-not all hospitals have waterbirth baths. If your pregnancy runs into complications then your midwife may switch you to an ob.


In order to complement/reinforce its research endeavors in an inspiring, collaborative and cutting-edge environment, the CBI is seeking new talented group leaders, addressing Computational Modeling and Data Analysis, Cellular and Developmental Biology & Biology of Microorganisms.
The Center for Integrative Biology of Toulouse (CBI) is an institute regrouping five research centers in the field of Biological Sciences, at the University of Toulouse and the French National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS). It is located in Toulouse, southwest France, on the main Campus of the Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, which offers a multidisciplinary education in the fields of science, health, engineering, and technology, developing one of the most important scientific research clusters in France.
a summary of achievements and future research interests.
Mid-September: Interview of preselected candidates by the selection committee and presentation of the research project at the CBI.


Soft fluffy sponge cake rolled with abundant cheese filling that I just couldn't get enough with. I always love to ask her to make me her cheese roll cake and no matter how busy or tired she was, she always bakes it for me.
Inspired by my mom, I decided to bake my own version of roll cake for her. I used three color, yellow (original), green (pandan) and pink (strawberry) in one batter of cake so it will look prettier and unique.
Note: make sure you use clean and dry bowl to beat the eggs in order to get the best fluffy result.
The roll cake turned out to be very pretty with a combination of three color. Even though the cake is very easy to make and it does not require oven. It tastes just as good as the normal roll cake baked in oven. Soft fluffy spongy and sweet roll cake with sweet yet savory cheese filling, delish!
Now it is my turn to give back to my mom, I can make roll cake for her any time she wants it since I already have the ultimate roll cake recipe in my recipe book. How about you? Any plan or story about giving back to your parents? Please share the story with me at http://www.kejumooo.com and get a chance to win special prizes from KRAFT.


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