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JAʿFAR AL-ṢĀDEQ iv. And Esoteric sciences
JAʿFAR AL-ṢĀDEQ
iv. Esoteric sciences
Imam Jaʿfar al-Ṣādeq, a major figure in Shiʿite esotericism, is purported to be the founder of occult science in Islam. According to Imami-Shiʿite tradition, his knowledge concerned "the exoteric (al-ẓāher), the esoteric (al-bāṭen), and the esoteric of the esoteric (bāṭen al-bāṭen)" (Āmoli, p. 33; Corbin, pp. 188-89). "Our science, Jaʿfar is reported to have said, is immemorial and written in venerable books; it is engraved in the hearts and fixed in the ears. We have in our possession the red Jafr, the white Jafr, the Book of Fāṭema (Masḥaf Fāṭema) and al-Jāmeʿa (the "Encompassing")" (Shaikh Mofid, p. 274). These books, containing knowledge of all things past, present, and future, were transmitted from one prophet and imam to another, the Jafr even going back to Adam, and reached Jaʿfar al-Ṣādeq through Imam ʿAli b. Abi Ṭāleb and the other Shiʿite imams. Written on colored tablets made of pearl (white), ruby (red), emerald (green) or gold (yellow), they evoke both by their content and their material substrate the two esoteric sciences in which Imam Jaʿfar al-Ṣādeq is said to have excelled: divination and alchemy (Kolayni, I, pp. 344-46; Straface, pp. 347-49; Amir-Moezzi, pp. 186-88, 196-97, tr. pp. 73-74, 78).
Several pseudo-epigraphical works in Arabic, covering different sciences of divination, were transmitted under the name of Jaʿfar al-Ṣādeq (Sezgin, I, pp. 530-31; Ullmann, pp. 195-96). The Ketāb al-jafr deals with a Shiʿite science par excellence, being considered a privilege of the imams. It contains apocalyptic predictions on the advent of the Mahdi, the final triumph of Shiʿism, and the annihilation of Sunni rule, using divinatory techniques such as gematria (ḥesāb al-jommal) and the occult power of the letters of the alphabet. According to Ebn Ḵaldun, Jaʿfar al-Ṣādeq possessed its original copy written on the skin of a young bull. It allowed him to reveal the hidden meaning of the Qurʾān (Ebn Ḵaldun, pp. 264-65, tr. Monteil, pp. 524-25, tr. Rosenthal, II, pp. 209-10; Kolayni, p. 348; Fahd, "Djafr," p. 377; 1966, pp. 219-24). Closely related to the science of jafr are books on the "salutary properties" of the Qurʾān (Manāfeʿ sowar al-Qorʾān, Ḵawāss al-Qorʾān al-aʿẓam; Sezgin, I, p. 530), a method of divination based on the "mysterious letters" at the beginning of certain chapters (sura), the basmala or the names and attributes of God (Fahd, 1966, pp. 241-43). Jaʿfar al-Ṣādeq was also well versed in the ʿelm al-faʾl, the "science of omens," teaching how to interpret natural phenomena as good or bad presages (Fahd, 1966, pp. 450-83). To this discipline belongs hemerology (ektiārāt), a divinatory technique based on astrological calculations in order to determine the auspicious and inauspicious nature of specific years, months, days, or hours (Fahd, 1966, pp. 483-88; see Jaʿfar al-Ṣādeq, Faʾl-nāma; Eḵtiārāt al-ayyām wa'l-šohur). Moreover, Jaʿfar al-Ṣādeq is reported to have introduced in Islam the science of palmomancy (ektelāj al-aʿżāʾ), enabling one to take presages about the future of a given person from the spontaneous pulsations and contractions of all parts of his body (Fahd, 1966, pp. 397-402; see Jaʿfar al-Ṣādeq, Ketāb eḵtelāj al-aʿżāʾ, containing his predictions and those of Daniel, Alexander, and Persian and Greek sages).
Imam Jaʿfar al-Ṣādeq is known in Islamic esoteric tradition as the father of Arabic alchemy. According to Ebn al-Nadim (p. 420, tr. II, pp. 853-54), the Shiʿites claim that he was the master of Jāber b. Ḥayyān. The alchemical corpus transmitted under Jāber's name is indeed presented as written under the direct inspiration of Jaʿfar al-Ṣādeq, who initiated his disciple into the secrets of alchemy. The historical relations between Jaʿfar al-Ṣādeq and Jāber b. Ḥayyān remain very controversial, as they are linked to still unresolved questions about dating, composition, and authorship of the texts attributed to Jāber. Scholars such as Julius Ruska, Paul Kraus, and Pierre Lory consider Jaʿfar al-Ṣādeq's involvement in the transmission of alchemical knowledge as a literary fiction, whereas Fuat Sezgin, Toufic Fahd, and Nomanul Haq are rather inclined to accept the existence of alchemical activity in Medina in Jaʿfar al-Ṣādeq's time, although they remain cautious regarding the authenticity of the attribution of the Jaberian corpus to Jāber b. Ḥayyān and of the alchemical works to Jaʿfar al-Ṣādeq (Ruska, 1924, pp. 40-52; 1927, pp. 264-66; Kraus, I, pp. LV-LVII; Lory, pp. 14-21, 57-59, 101-7; Sezgin, I, p. 529, IV, pp. 128-31; Fahd, 1970, pp. 139-41; Nomanul Haq, pp. 3-47). Among several apocryphal works attributed to Jaʿfar al-Ṣādeq figures a Resāla fi ʿelm al-senāʿa wa'l-ḥajar al-mokarrem, also known under the title Resālat al-wasāyā lesayyedenā al-Emām Jaʿfar al-Ṣādeq (for manuscripts, see Sezgin, I, p. 531, IV, p. 131; Ullmann, pp. 195-96, 221). Ruska, who translated this text (in Ruska, 1924), showed that it is nearly identical with the Ketāb taʿwiḏ al-Ḥākem fi ʿelm al-sanʿat al-ʿāliya, containing two receipts for the elaboration of the elixir, allegedly transcribed from the bracelet of the Fatimid caliph al-Ḥākem, who inherited it from his ancestors and thus ultimately from Jaʿfar al-Ṣādeq (Ruska, 1924, pp. 67-113, combines both texts in his German translation and gives a facsimile edition of the Taʿwiḏ from a Gotha manuscript).
Jaʿfar al-Ṣādeq is supposed to have revealed his esoteric knowledge to a small circle of privileged disciples, such as Abu'l-Ḵaṭṭāb Moḥammad Asadi and Mofażżal b. ʿOmar Joʿfi (eponyms of Khattabiyya and Mofazzaliyya), both considered by later Imami-Shiʿite tradition as extremists (see ḡolāt). Jaʿfar al-Ṣādeq's "secret revelations" to Mofażżal are transmitted in the Ketāb al-haft wa'l-aẓella (partial Ger. tr. in Halm, 1982, pp. 246-74) and in the Ketāb al-ṣerāṭ (ed. Capezzone, pp. 318-415). These texts played an important role in the elaboration of the esoteric doctrine of the Nosayris (Halm, 1978, pp. 253-65;1981, pp. 72-84; Capezzone, pp. 265-73), who consider Jaʿfar al-Ṣādeq one of their main authorities (Bar-Asher and Kofsky, pp. 8, 22-23, 26-27, 32, 37, 80, 84, 129, 134).
Mohammad Ali Amir-Moezzi, Le guide divin dans le Shiʿism e originel, Lagrasse, 1992; tr. David Steight as The Divine Guide in Early Shiʿism: The Sources of Esotericism in Islam, New York, 1994.
Ḥaydar Āmoli, Jāmiʿ al-asrār wa manbaʿ al-anwār/La philosophie shiʿite, eds. Henry Corbin and Oṱmān Esmāʿil Yaḥyā, Bibliothèque Iranienne 16, Tehran and Paris, 1969.
Meir M. Bar-Asher and Aryeh Kofsky, The Nusayrî-ʿAlawî Religion: An Enquiry into Its Theology and Liturgy, Jerusalem Studies in Religion and Culture 1, Leiden, Boston, and Cologne, 2002.
Leonardo Capezzone, "Una nuova fonte per lo studio dell'eterodossia islamica: Il Kitāb al-ṣirāṱ attribuito a Mufaḍḍal b. ʿUmar al-Ğuʿfî," Rivista degli Studi Orientali 67, 1993, pp. 265-73.
Henry Corbin, En Islam iranien: Aspects spirituels et philosophiques I – Le shîʿisme duodécimain, Paris, 1971.
Rifaat Y. Ebied and M. J. L. Young, "A Treatise on Hemerology Ascribed to Ğaʿfar al-Ṣādiq," Arabica, 23, 1976, pp. 296-307.
Ebn Ḵaldun, al-Moqaddema, tr. Franz Rozenthal as The Muqaddimah: An Introduction to History, 3 vols., Princeton, 1967; tr. Vincent Monteil as Discours sur l'histoire universelle: Al-Muqaddima, Paris, 1997.
Ebn al-Nadim, Ketāb al-fehrest, ed. Reżā Tajaddod, Beirut, 1988; tr. Bayard Dodge as The Fihrist of al-Nadīm, 2 vols., New York, 1970.
Toufic Fahd, "Djafr," EI2 II, pp. 375-77.
Idem, La divination arabe: Etudes religieuses, sociologiques et folkloriques sur le milieu natif de l'islam, Leiden, 1966.
Idem, "Ğaʿfar as-Ṣādiq et la tradition scientifique arabe," in Le Shîʿisme imāmite: Colloque de Strasbourg (6-9 mai 1968), Paris, 1970, pp. 131-42.
Heinz Halm, Die islamische Gnosis: Die extreme Schia und die ʿAlawiten, Bibliothek des Morgenlandes, Zürich and Munich, 1982.
Idem, "Das Buch der Schatten: Die Mufaḍḍal Tradition der Gulat und die Ursprünge des Nuṣairiertums," Der Islam 55, 1978, pp. 219-66; 58, 1981, pp. 15-86.
Imam Jaʿfar al-Ṣādeq (attr. to), Eḵtiārāt al-ayyām wa'l-šohur, eds. and trs. Rafaat Y. Ebied and M. J. L. Young as "A Treatise on Hemerology Ascribed to Ğaʿfar al-Ṣādiq," Arabica 23, 1976, pp. 296-307.
Idem, Eḵtelāj al-aʿżāʾ, trs. Julius Lippert and Friedrick Kern as Arabische Zuckungsliteratur, in Hermann Diels, ed., Beiträge zur Zuckungsliteratur des Okzidents und Orients, Berlin, 1907-8, II, pp. 57-91.
Idem, Faʾl-nāma, ed. Robert Amberlain as Le fal nameh, ou, Livre des sorts, Paris, 1984.
Mofażżal b. ʿOmar Joʿfi (attr. to), Ketāb al-haft wa'l-aẓella: talmiḏ al-Emām Jaʿfar b. Moḥammad al-Ṣādeq, ed. ʿĀref Tāmer, Beirut, 1960, new ed., Beirut, 1981; ed. Moṣṭafā Ḡāleb as Ketāb al-haft al-šarif men Mawlānā Jaʿfar al-Ṣādeq, Beirut, 1964.
Idem, Ketāb al-serāt, ed. Leonardo Capezzone as "Il Kitab al-sirat attribuito a Mufaḍḍal b. ʿUmar al-Guʿfi: Edizione del ms. unico (Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale) e studio introduttivo," Rivista degli Studi Orientali 69/3-4, 1995, pp. 318-416; ed. Monṣef b. ʿAbd-al-Jalil, Beirut, 2005.
Abu Jaʿfar Moḥammad b. Yaʿqub Kolayni, al-Oṣul men al-Kāfi, ed. and tr. with commentary Sayyed Jawād Moṣṭafawi, 4 vols. in 2, Tehran, n.d.
Paul Kraus, Jābir Ibn Ḥayyān: Contribution à l'histoire des idées scientifiques dans l'islam I– Le corpus des écrits jābiriens, Mémoires de l'Institut d'Égypte 44, Cairo, 1942.
Julius Lippert and Friedrick Kern, "Arabische Zuckungsliteratur," in Hermann Diels, ed., Beiträge zur Zuckungsliteratur des Okzidents und Orients II: Weitere griechische und ausser-griechische Literatur und Volksüberlieferung, Berlin, 1909, pp. 53-91.
Pierre Lory, Alchimie et mystique en terre d'Islam, Lagrasse, 1989.
Shaikh Moḥammad Mofid, Ketāb al-eršād, Najaf, 1962; tr. I. K. A. Howard as The Book of Guidance into the Lives of the Twelve Imams, Elmhurst, New York, 1981.
Syed Nomanul Haq, Names, Natures and Things: The Alchemist Jābir ibn Ḥayyān and his Kitāb al-Aḥjār (Book of Stones), Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 158, Dordrecht, Boston, and London, 1994.
Julius F. Ruska, Arabische Alchemisten II: Ğaʿfar Alsādiq, der sechste Imām, Heidelberger Akten der Von-Portheim-Stiftung, Arbeiten aus dem Institut für Geschichte der Naturwissenschaft 10, Heidelberg, 1924.
Idem, "Ğābir ibn Ḥajjān und seine Beziehungen zum Imām Ğaʿfar as-Ṣādiq," Der Islam 16, 1927, pp. 264-66.
Fuat Sezgin, Geschichte des arabischen Schrifttums, 8 vols., Leiden, 1967-82.
Antonella Straface, "Simbolismo ermetico e letteratura religiosa shiʿita," in Paolo Lucentini, Ilaria Parri, and Vittoria Perrone Compagni, eds., Hermetism from Late Antiquity to Humanism/La tradizione ermetica dal mondo tardo-antico all'umanesimo, Instrumenta Patristica et Mediaevalia 40, Turnhout, 2003, pp. 339-53.
Manfred Ullmann, Die Natur-und Geheimwissenschaften im Islam, Handbuch der Orientalistik, Abt. I, Der Nahe und der Mittlere Osten Ergänzungsband VI/2, Leiden, 1972.
(Daniel De Smet)
Last Updated: April 5, 2012
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In the fifty years after Nixon's presidency, drug use and overdose rates grew steadily, with the last decade seeing exponential growth from the widespread use of synthetic drugs, a phenomenon commonly known as the opioid crisis. This has frustrated the American government since the sixties, with drug use rates rising faster than lawmakers can respond with new regulation.  The answer that Americans have been looking for does not lie in strict penalization and regulation, but in rehabilitation and the relaxing of laws. There is mounting evidence that the decriminalization of personal use possession for marijuana, cocaine, heroin and other drugs is much more effective at reducing overdose rates than strict regulation, and this paper seeks to explore this concept as well as advocate for its adoption in America.
The common element among countries that have very low drug overdose rates is that the punishment is very light, and there is a push towards rehabilitation instead of penalization. Drug users in high-punishment countries overdose because there is no access to therapy and rehabilitation, and along with this, no way to better themselves. If drug users are collectively able to "unhook" themselves sooner than before, then the chance they will overdose goes down too. Therefore, the countries that focus on rehabilitation during prison time instead of punishment are more effective at preventing overdose, because they actually stop a person from abusing drugs. The state mandates therapy for those arrested, and this in turn decreases overdose rates.
If one wishes to make the argument that there are too many differences between America and other countries in Europe, and that comparing the differing laws will not yield accurate or actionable information, then comparisons can be made within America itself-between states that are very strict on drug policy and those that are not. Tennessee, Kentucky, and Utah are all in the top ten for highest overdose death rates; they also have some of the strictest drug policy in the country.  All of these states still have marijuana fully criminalized, and Kentucky stands out even among these, having the harshest punishments for drug possession charges in the country. A first time possessor in Kentucky can end up with a $10,000 fine and 3 years in prison, as well as the label of "felon".  When considering the aspect of mass incarceration that goes along with drug policy, it should come as no surprise that these states also boast some of the higher rates of incarceration.  On the other side of the spectrum lies the states of California, Minnesota, and Oregon. California and Oregon have fully legalized marijuana, and all three have relatively soft punishments for drug offences, with California having laws that will not charge someone with a felony for marijuana possession, regardless of amount possessed. [10; 9] Consequently, these states also have some of the lowest overdose rates in the country.  It should be readily apparent that the closer the laws are to decriminalized in a given location, the better that place does in terms of drug overdose rates, providing compelling evidence that the entirety of America should follow suit.
If all the empirical data is to be ignored, there is still very strong logical support for the decriminalization of drugs The fact that such a drug is illegal is no deterrent, which is analogous to how underage drinking is so common that it is accepted at colleges across the country. People who do not use drugs choose not to because they are aware of the health and lifestyle costs that come with the use. Similarly, those who do want to try drugs are not put off by the punishments, as supported by the high usage rates already in America. The strict punishments for the possession of drugs does not stop their use or do anything to help abusers. As explained before, the strict punishments actually work against the abusers, and it has been shown that rehabilitation is the most effective method of solving this issue. In fact, the current drug policy in America has created a cycle of recidivism that has resulted in mass incarceration; America has, by far, the largest prison population on earth.
The main reason that imprisonment doesn't work for drug abusers is the lack of rehabilitation. Setting aside what happens to abusers after release, the process of going through prison only worsens things for them. Relative to other countries' prison systems, America has almost no rehabilitation programs, especially for those with drug abuse problems. By putting an abuser in prison, they simply suffer the withdrawal or find a way to get drugs on the inside, and come out with no new skills on how to be healthy; rather, the extremely poor conditions of most American prisons can foster an even greater dependence on drugs.
The prison system in America is one of a positive feedback loop; those who go to prison are almost guaranteed to return. Getting caught with a small amount of some drug for personal use results in that person going to prison. Once they are released, they forever have "felon" hovering above their head, making it all but impossible to find a job other than that of unskilled labor. They also have not received any help for the drug issue that put them in prison in the first place, meaning that upon release, they are very likely to continue abusing drugs. These two factors result in a person who is likely to be homeless or commit crimes to stay alive, and this, in combination with the drug abuse, is likely to get them arrested again. Since repeated offenses carry heavier sentences, a person who is convicted once is likely to go into a spiral of more and more severe punishments.  The purpose of sending someone to prison is to isolate them from society because they have been judged to be a danger to that society. This makes sense with murder, drug trafficking, and any other crime that infringes on others' rights or harms them. But a person who possesses a small amount of drugs for personal use does not harm anyone else, does not infringe on anyone's rights, and is no danger at all to society. To go into depth on why private prisons are profitable is beyond the scope of this paper, but it stands that there is no defendable reason to send someone to prison for minor possession charges.
It can be argued that a person who is using drugs is indeed harming others, because they give money to groups that traffic and make the drugs, which are commonly violent and hurt many people in the process of getting the drugs to the users. These traffickers only exist because there is such high usage in places like America, and these high usage rates only exist because the current laws are ineffectual at lowering them. If laws similar to those of countries that have low usage rates are adopted, then the overall demand for drugs would go down, and these trafficking groups would shrink. There would be no need to put drug abusers in prison in the first place. Even in America's current situation, throwing abusers in prison does not help the abusers nor society. As explained before, the mass incarceration of these abusers is actively making the problem worse, and the only way to solve it is to stop putting them in prison.
The most destructive and violent aspect of drugs are the groups that create and move the drugs; the traffickers, the cartels, the gangs that murder and steal in order to supply drugs and make money. The traditional way that American law enforcement has tried to fight these groups was with force; a quite literal war on drugs has been taking place in the American continents for many decades. But as long as demand has existed in America, and the demand has only been going up, these groups have only grown in size and power. The only way to reliably fight back against these groups, and therefore stop the violence that they bring, is to cut the demand through decreasing drug usage rates by decriminalizing for personal possession. Although it seems counterintuitive, decriminalization can indeed decrease drug usage rates. It is difficult to draw parallels between this aspect and Prohibition, as the effects of alcohol and certain drugs are fundamentally different. As mentioned before, most people who choose not to consume drugs do so for the health effects, not for its illegality. And as such, the decriminalization would not result in everyone trying any drug they can find, as the health effects are still there. And finally, after the rehabilitation of current drug users, with less new drug users, the overall rate of usage will go down.
There should be no relaxation of the laws for those who possess with intent to distribute, as they actually are causing harm to others. This situation is analogous to the prohibition of alcohol in America. When the 21st amendment was put into place, various groups such as the mafia saw the opportunity to illegally sell alcohol, and grew to be very powerful. The only reason the mafia became powerful was because they took advantage of something that was illegal, which is the same situation that the gangs and cartels find themselves in.  When something is made illegal, it is still used and sold, but the money instead goes to groups that are willing to get increasingly violent in order to stay competitive. Governments that are trying to stop the poaching of endangered animals in the East are not hunting down all the poachers, but enacting laws that prevent people from using the products that come out from the poaching. The effectiveness of this method has been much higher than older methods of persecuting the poachers.  There is no reason for why poaching and the prohibition of alcohol have different results from drugs, and why the solution isn't the same.
The last part of this new system would be to redirect the funding of the prison rehabilitation to outside, voluntary rehabilitation centers as the drug use rate goes down and less people go to prison for drug use. This is necessary because it both helps those who are currently in prison get out, but keeps the systems still there for the uncommon case of someone completely failing rehabilitation repeatedly. The outside centers serve as means of helping drug users without having to send them to prison in order to get this help, so that mass incarceration does not turn into mass (unnecessary) rehabilitation.
As important as the law is in determining how drug users are dealt with, how the society of the country views drug abusers is also very important. In most case, the decriminalization of drugs in all of the example countries has followed after a dramatic shift in the society itself. Instead of being viewed as "Degenerates" or "Junkies", drug abusers have come to viewed as those with a sickness or a disorder. This sympathetic view lets the abuser keep their dignity while they seek help, and be supported by their society and those close to them. In America, abusers are viewed as problem people rather than people with a problem. This has come to mean that an abuser in America is an embarrassment to those close to them, and they will be shamed by society as a whole. They are not encouraged to seek help because most Americans simply don't view substance abuse as something separate from the abuser as a person. A change in society is just as important as a change in the law.
Taking into account that other countries and the few states with very relaxed drug laws have lower overdose rates than America as a whole, that imprisoning drug abusers is making the situation worse, and that it has been proven that rehabilitation is more effective than punishment with drug abuse, it seems like American lawmakers are doing everything they can to make the situation worse. It can be very hard to change an entire society's mind on something as emotional and problematic as drug abuse, but America needs to adopt both a societal mindset and a set of laws that are more sympathetic and focused on rehabilitation rather than punishment, so that all of the problems that the opioid crisis presents can be tackled. It may seem counterintuitive, but the decriminalization of all drugs is the solution to the opioid crisis. If the inertia that American drug policy has can be overcome, and American laws start going in the opposite direction, then America can join the growing group of nations that are seeing their drug issues be defeated.
 Baum, Dan. "Legalize It All." Harper's Magazine, Harper's Magazine Foundation., Apr. 2016, harpers.org/archive/2016/04/legalize-it-all/.
 "National Center for Health Statistics." Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 12 Sept. 2018, www.cdc.gov/nchs/nvss/vsrr/drug-overdose-data.htm.
 Ingraham, Christopher. "Fentanyl Use Drove Drug Overdose Deaths to a Record High in 2017, CDC Estimates." The Washington Post, WP Company, 15 Aug. 2018, www.washingtonpost.com/business/2018/08/15/fentanyl-use-drove-drug-overdose-deaths-record-high-cdc-estimates/?utm_term=.5521cc7c95ed.
 "Drug-Related Deaths and Mortality in Europe ." EMCDDA, European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, 1 Oct. 2017, www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/poster/drug-related-deaths-and-mortality-europe-poster_en.
 Decriminalization of Narcotics. Washington, Law Library of Congress, Global Legal Research Center. Print. HeinOnline, https://heinonline.org/HOL/P?h=hein.intyb/decnrcts0001&i=2.
 "Drug Report 2017." EMCDDA, European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, www.emcdda.europa.eu/countries.
 Ferreira, Susana. "Portugal's Radical Drugs Policy Is Working. Why Hasn't the World Copied It?" The Guardian, Guardian News and Media, 5 Dec. 2017, www.theguardian.com/news/2017/dec/05/portugals-radical-drugs-policy-is-working-why-hasnt-the-world-copied-it.
 "Drug Overdose Mortality by State." Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 10 Jan. 2018, www.cdc.gov/nchs/pressroom/sosmap/drug_poisoning_mortality/drug_poisoning.htm.
 "Controlled Substances: Scheduling Authorities, Acts, and Schedules." THE NATIONAL ALLIANCE FOR MODEL STATE DRUG LAWS, Office of National Drug Control Policy, 2 Nov. 2015, www.namsdl.org/library/7FD99F95-F6F2-5D27-5B6BBFA598F35DF4/.
 "California." Drug Policy Alliance, www.drugpolicy.org/california.
 Wagner, Peter. "States of Incarceration: The Global Context 2018." States of Incarceration: The Global Context 2016 | Prison Policy Initiative, Prison Policy Initiative , June 2018, www.prisonpolicy.org/global/2018.html.
 Dorsey, Tina, United States, Congress, and The Office of Justice Programs. "Drugs and Crime Facts." Drugs and Crime Facts, Bureau of Justice Statistics.
 Roberts, Dorothy E., "The Social and Moral Cost of Mass Incarceration in African American Communities" (2004). Faculty Scholarship. Paper 583.
 "Black (African-American) History Month: February 2015." Census Bureau QuickFacts, US Census Bureau, 21 Jan. 2015, www.census.gov/newsroom/facts-for-features/2015/cb15-ff01.html.
 Trends in U.S. Corrections. Trends in U.S. Corrections, The Sentencing Project, 0AD.
 Sandbrook, Dominic. "How Prohibition Backfired and Gave America an Era of Gangsters and Speakeasies." The Guardian, Guardian News and Media, 25 Aug. 2012, www.theguardian.com/film/2012/aug/26/lawless-prohibition-gangsters-speakeasies.
 Nagle, Gabrielle. "Whistleblowers: Our Secret Weapon in the Fight Against Wildlife Trafficking." Whistleblower Protection Blog, The National Whistleblower Center Legal Defense and Education Fund , 30 June 2017, www.whistleblowersblog.org/2017/06/articles/environmental-whistleblowers/whistleblowers-our-secret-weapon-in-the-fight-against-wildlife-trafficking/.


When startups or VC's recruit a new team member, it is normally not newsworthy per say. However when the news has profound implications for the region, such as the time when Max Niederhofer joined Sunstone Capital, this is definitely something to write about.
We were just told that a similar move was made by Chris Barchak, who will be joining the Finland based based Conor VC as a Partner. Barchak was previously a Principal at Fidelity Growth Partners Europe in London and an associate at Index Ventures. Both of them have very respectable portfolios. FGPE has investments in Alibaba, and the Swedish Neo Technology while Index Ventures invested in Facebook, Skype, MySQL and more recently they led €100 million round into Supercell.
Although it is of course great that Barchak will be bringing a lot of experience to the Conor team, the real story here is that the Nordics is becoming more attractive of a region for investors. With Max Niederhofer and now Barchak making decisions to join local VC's, it is a sign that they see a particular appeal in the Nordics.
ArcticStartup: What was the main reason that you decided to join the Conor team and return to your roots here in Finland?
Chris Barchak: The main reasons I joined Conor were the perfect match between our investment interests (ambitious, early, tech, Nordic) and naturally the chemistry with the team.
ArcticStartup: Do you think that your move as well as Max Niederhofers move to Sunstone implicate any important characteristics and/or attractions of the Nordic markets?
Chris Barchak: I shouldn't speak for Max but the attractiveness of the Nordic startup ecosystem is no secret any more. It may be underhyped compared to Berlin but that's partly because after MySQL, Skype, Klarna, Spotify, Supercell, Rovio and others, the world knows that the Nordics produce some of the world's best companies.
ArcticStartup: What are your favorite startups from the region and what do you think your main focus will be?
Chris Barchak: I have to say Neo Technology as one of the real game-changing horizontal technologies hailing from the region, even if they're now split between the Valley and Malmo. I love the humble hard work leading to great success by people like Ilkka Paananen of Supercell–a very Nordic story. But of course you'll need to keep an eye on our upcoming investments to know what's next. My plan is to execute the Conor strategy of early stage technology principally in B2B or enterprise technologies, from the region. Finland, Sweden and Estonia are the core, but you could see Denmark, Norway, Lithuania and Latvia as well.


Belarus officials have used bulldozers to demolish 70 crosses marking the site of mass executions during Joseph Stalin's communist dictatorship.
The crosses formed an unofficial memorial in the woods at Kuropaty, near the Belarusian capital Minsk.
About 30,000 victims of the Stalinist terror are buried there, officials say. But independent historians say as many as 200,000 were shot there by Soviet secret police in the 1930s and 40s.
Now police have cordoned off the site.
Belarusian media report that 15 civil society activists were detained there by police. Not all the crosses at the site were removed.
The bulldozing has been widely condemned in Belarus. An MP, Anna Kanopatskaya, witnessed it and wrote on Facebook (in Russian): "It's as if Satan came to Kuropaty. No Christian in the world raises a hand against a holy cross! All, ALL those who committed this blasphemy today will bring misfortune on themselves."
Last month Belarus President Alexander Lukashenko criticised those who had placed crosses at Kuropaty.
"We're going to restore order at Kuropaty, so that there are no demonstrations with crosses around the perimeter," he told a public meeting.
Mr Lukashenko has cracked down repeatedly on opponents, drawing criticism from Western politicians and human rights activists.
Activists including the opposition United Civil Party (UCPB) published photos of the bulldozing, on Twitter and elsewhere.
Mr Lukashenko has run Belarus since 1994, maintaining Soviet-era symbols and security structures. Some Western officials call him "Europe's last dictator".
A Belarus forestry manager, quoted by the state news agency Belta, said the bulldozing was part of "renovation work" on the site.
"At the same time we are removing the illegally erected crosses. They are disappearing in the place where fencing is going up," said the manager, Alexander Mironovich.
No government memorial has been placed at Kuropaty, even though the exhumation of Stalin-era victims began there soon after it was revealed in 1988.
In Brest, south-western Belarus, the remains of Jews murdered by the Nazis in World War Two are being dug up from a mass grave recently unearthed during building work.


With Drake's 5th studio album, Scorpion, on the horizon, and Migos dropping radio hits left and right, it was only right the four would come together for a 41 city tour.That's right, the "hand picked dream team" of Drake, Ouavo, Offset & Takeoff officially announced the "Aubrey & The Three Migos" tour.
The tour is scheduled to kick off on July 26 in Salt Lake City and continue to hit large markets including Toronto, Chicago, New York, Boston, Los Angeles and more. Chicagoans will have the opportunity to see the tour at least twice as the tour will take over the United Center for back to back nights on August 17 & 18.
A new date of August 20th at Chicago's United Center has been added.
Tickets for general public go on-sale this Friday, May 18th on Ticketmaster. A special American Express cardholders pre-sale begins tomorrow May 15th at 10 a.m.


The title of this book is fascinating, what starts small but sweet? The author sent me this book in exchange for an honest review.
Things That Starts Small But Sweet is a collection of twelve short stories. Although it comprises of other settings, in a way the author makes it tell the story of the Makoko people.
Not only is the title of the book fascinating, the title of each story is unique; Things That Prosper Us, We Lose The Things We Love, Water and Things That Separate Us.
The first story in the collection, 'Things That Prosper Us' tells the story of a con man everyone believes to be a preacher who seeks other means to get power but life catches up with him. The second story, 'Things That Start Small But Sweet', explores the life of Makoko children and the strive for survival. 'When Things Change' is a story that mirrors when an individual climbs a ladder to the end, suddenly the ladder is removed. It tells the story of life disappointments.
In the story, 'We Can't Beat These Things', we are introduced to the story of a Nnamdi who believes and chases the abroad dream. Nnamdi encounters a politician in the hospital he worked, which made him reflect on the state of Nigeria and her greedy leaders. This story stood out for me and it is one of my favourites.
Things That Start Small But Sweet is a collection of short stories that takes us on a journey of survival, ambition, bad governance, suffering and little things that actually matter.
I never paid attention to short stories until recently and I realized that I actually enjoy them. Reading this book, I felt drawn to these narratives, I felt connected to the author in a way and could feel his uniqueness in every story. It was like a warm embrace.
I enjoyed reading this book, the stories were relatable and enjoyable. I know I mentioned this before, I love the title. I liked the poem at the beginning, it is absolutely beautiful and the images in the book.
Yes, it is a short easy collection of short stories you will enjoy. It is a 3.5/5.
This review is awesome, your site is awesome…keep up the good work!!
Thank you so much. I really do appreciate.


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Burch's strong grasp on the fashion industry has overseen the creation and maintenance of dozens of successful brands while continuing to explore changing trends in the industry's landscape. Burch Creative Capital was founded in New York City as a platform for investment, looking for existing opportunities with which to mesh and grow, while the current mission has expanded to focus on innovative new ideas from entrepreneurs. Burch Creative Capital has positioned itself outside of the normal investment firm simply applying funding for a return, and under the direction of Chris Burch, the team is dedicated to investing in creativity, passion and new insights to create value in an ever-changing marketplace.


Timewarp: 1977 - Radio Times 8-14 Oct.
Welcome back to 1977, where we have a look at the Radio Times from 8-14 October which features the return of Swap Shop for its second series.
Click here to see the Swap Shop feature that started on page 78.


I know Leinster are playing Treviso, other than that I'm clueless but figured we might as well have a thread.
With the conference won this is a chance for Leinster to mess around with the squad a bit. Hopefully we see at least some of Frawley, Harry Byrne, Vakh Abdaladze (brilliant name), Ronan Kelleher etc. We might even get Henshaw/Toner/Sexton.
Hopefully Deegan gets a chance to prove himself at 7 ahead of Toulouse.
Deegan at 7? I thought he was an 8/6?
Ulster: M Lowry, R Lyttle, L Marshall, S McCloskey, J Stockdale; B Burns, J Cooney; E O'Sullivan, R Herring, M Moore, A O'Connor (capt), K Treadwell, S Reidy, J Murphy, M Coetzee.
Replacements: J Andrew, A Warwick, T O'Toole, I Nagle, M Rea, D Shanahan, D Cave, A Kernohan.
Strong Glasgow side and a win tonight would also do Edinburgh a big favour. One thing that does bother me though is George Horne on the bench. He'd be far better heading through to Edinburgh (he's a Fife boy so it is closer to home) where he would start ahead of "4 looks before a pass" Pyrgos.
I'm very happy with that, maybe Abdaladze ahead of Bent given that it's a nothing game for us and the same with Reid/Frawley but that's a nice team and Cullen/Lancaster know a lot more than me.
He's a natural 8 but he's played a bit at flanker (mostly 6, but he played at 7 for a bit during the Six Nations and looked really good), this season to accommodate Doris (last years Ireland U20 captain, who's really talented but is playing his first season) in his preferred position at 8. Long-term he'll definitely be at his best at 8 and I think he'll end up as an Ireland starter there, but he's got the all round game to play 6/7 if needed, which has lead to talk about him maybe playing at 7 against Toulouse with Leavy and Van Der Flier out and SOB horribly out of form.
Munster-Cardiff close in the first half but the former pulled away due to having a much stronger bench.
Much stronger bench but also tightened up defensively.
Josh Murphy is sick, Penny in and Deegan to 6. Ed Byrne on the bench. Excited to see Penny but pity we won't get Deegan at 7.
Nigel doing us no favours.
That was a slick move.
26 tackles for Penny, that's insane. Won a key turnover in the 22 as well.
Deegan was excellent again, well positioned to start against Toulouse at this rate.
I attended the Scarlets-Edinburgh match. It was shocking how the Scarlets imploded in the 2nd half - crap lineout, missed tackles, bullied by Edinburgh's driving maul. Let's just hope they win their last two matches and other results work in their favour so they can reach 4th or even 3rd in Conference B. Also, the ref missed lots of forward passes by both teams today.
Good win for the Ospreys in SA, but it has to be said how much the Cheetahs have deteriorated compared to last season. They were often very inept and undisciplined today - if they'd been facing Leinster, Munster or Glasgow they could've easily conceded fifty points.
Owens forcing the better narrative rather than refereeing the game, bin that man right now.
Didn't see that game but great result for Munster against a team that are usually a pain in the hole for us and we're officially qualified. I think a win against Treviso next week and we'll be hot for Sarries who I'll be in attendance to see us beat in Coventry.
Treviso are a changed side though. Won 10/12 games at home this year (although they lost those two against Irish provinces). Read an article on how much they'e increased their staff from 3 to 25 and gotten new facilities. Their attendances have improved a lot too!
Stolen from another forum but apparently they're expecting a 6k sell out for the benneton Munster game.
We won't be sending 1st liners. Alot of lads are on hols until Wednesday and we will train over weeknend in a sort of hybrid schedule.
Well played Munster. Disappointed after the first half to go down by that many and not get a LBP. Forward power in the last twenty and a solid set piece was the major difference for me. Munster backs got a foothold after that. Good luck in the HC!
Cardiff need to strengthen the forwards as not having Arhip, Nick Williams, Navidi and Ellis is just too much against a team bringing international forwards off the bench in the last twenty. Made a lot of signings in the backs and we are deadly with fast ball... but without a set piece and a platform you can't beat teams like Munster away.
I think Cardiff will nick it in Galway, but the Ospreys forwards might be the difference on judgement day.
Cardiff are lethal in attack but a few big saffers would do the world of good up front. Williams at 9 could only do so much. A massive pity if there is no welsh involvement in the spiv cup next year. It's not good for the league !!


text:
NACC partners firm to attract U.S. investors in power, non-oil sectors
The Nigerian-American Chamber of Commerce (NACC) said on Friday that it was collaborating with a firm, `FootPrint to Africa` to boost investments in agriculture, power and the mining sectors.
Mr Ebuka Ugochukwu, Communication Manager, NACC, said in a statement in Lagos that NACC was doing so by promoting economic cooperation between businesses in Nigeria and the U.S.
He said that the Chamber, in collaboration with FootPrint to Africa, Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Embassy of the U.S., Nigeria, would hold The Independence Investment Forum (TIIF) on Oct. 1, 2019.
According to him, the forum will commemorate Nigeria's independence, advance economic cooperation, trade relations and prosperity of business and services of both nations.
NACC President, Chief Toyin Akomolafe, said on TIIF that for 58 years, the chamber had grown into a pillar that served as a catalyst in bringing together people to bolster bilateral commercial relations between the two countries.
"We have provided programmes and services that improve economic prosperity and sustainability of businesses of both countries.
READ ALSO: 2 whistle blowers arrested for alleged false information against bank MD
"As an investment bridge and financial news company, FootPrint to Africa has consistently promoted and facilitated intra-African trade and foreign investment between global investors, African businesses and African states.
"TIIF is aimed at attracting long-term investments into agriculture, power/energy, mining and commodities, with focus on American investors and interested parties with presence across the globe," he said.
Akomolafe said that the forum would bring together policy makers, domestic and foreign investors and business leaders to discuss investment needs and goals, without the need for investors to travel to various locations in Nigeria, to see projects.
He said that Nigerian companies seeking investments would also not need to travel to multiple countries to see the investors.
"Nigeria is a country buzzing with creative energy and blessed with vast resources and opportunities. You cannot claim to do business in Africa if you are not in Nigeria," Akomolafe said.
He said that the forum would stimulate job creation, increase Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), deepen technology transfer and boost Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth.
Tags: chief toyin akomolafefootprintmr ebuka ugochukwunigerian-american chamber of commerce (nacc)
NAF confirms death of pilot in fighter aircraft crash
Lagos-Ibadan railway: Amaechi summons CCECC MD over shortage of equipment on site
SGF, Bindo, Modi, rally Adamawa support for Buhari


Allely, CS 2017, 'Classification of developmental disorders and diseases' , in: The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Child Development , Cambridge University Press, England, pp. 605-612.
Allely, CS 2017, 'Behavioral and learning disorders' , in: The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Child Development , Cambridge University Press, England, pp. 613-620.


One of the casualties of this lack of energy has been my crafting. I had all these plans, back in September, upon finishing the curtains for Carole and Larry's house. I bought bits and bobs and finishing items. I was going to sew. And then the fatigue set in.
All my ideas are in bags in the office. Last night, however, I sat down with a hunk of fabric.
Darth Vader and crossed light sabers. I've had this fabric for some time. I can't really divulge what the project is, just yet. In my mind's eye, when I bought this, it was to have been finished by October. Well, that didn't happen. I took the fabric out of the bag and draped it over the recliners, to taunt me, of course. That didn't work either because here it is, December 11th, and last night I just cut this out. Pinning and cutting is my absolute most hated job when making anything. Oh lord. If I could hire someone to do that chore, I would. I couldn't find my cardboard cutting board either. Although the table works fine because it's big, it has slats and that can make for difficulties in cutting when the scissors go into the slats.
But, this project is cut out.
When I bought the fabric, I didn't have the pattern with me so I estimated, or "guess-timated". Of course, I wind up with about 18 inches more than I needed but that's to be preferred. Now that it's cut out, I will find it much easier to finish. There are more projects upcoming, easy projects that I can get done before Christmas, if I just have the energy to finish them.
Another side effect of this is searching out Camelot Fabrics, the maker of this. Oh my. I'm going to have to bookmark this site.They have a sewing blog where I can dream about having all this time to sew. I found a link to order the fabric I bought for Carole and Larry's kitchen curtains. If I ever get around to finishing the quilt I have, I should probably start here for complimentary fabrics.
So, I'm full of plans. Will the energy hold?


The Study Room is open by appointment Tuesday to Friday, 10.00 – 16.30 (closed 13.00-14.00).
Closed: Saturday - Monday, and Good Friday and between 24 December and 2 January.
The Study Room is open to visitors over 16 years of age whether they are scholars, students or member of the public, but an appointment must be made in advance. Those under 16 should be accompanied by a responsible adult on their first visit.
Groups are welcome to visit the Study Room. The room is available for teaching purposes (priority given to University teaching in full term) and for groups of up to 12 visitors.
The Study Room (Room 9) is located on the first floor next to the Spanish Gallery (Gallery 8). Visitors are recommended to use the Courtyard Entrance to the Museum where wheelchair access is available via a lift.
The Study Room offers visitors access to prints, drawings, rare books and manuscript and printed music in the collections of the Fitzwilliam Museum – by appointment. A member of staff will be available at all times to assist visitors.
Personal laptops and tablets can be used in the Study Room and wi-fi is available to visitors.
Please ask the Invigilator for a ticket.
1. Admission to the Study Room is by appointment only, and visitors are advised to book as far in advance as possible. All visitors must request what they want to see at the time of booking. Details of the collections of paintings and drawings and parts of the collections of prints, printed books and manuscripts are available online via the Museum's website. The Request form is available in a downloadable format to send in. The Museum will reply by email or telephone, either confirming the date or suggesting another.
If you have any particular access requirements, please let us know so that we can ensure we meet them as fully as possible e.g. wheelchair/mobility access; magnification equipment.
Please do not arrive at the Museum for an appointment if you have not heard from the Fitzwilliam Museum confirming the date and time.
2. At the time of your appointment you should arrive at the Museum's Courtyard Entrance and report to the reception desk. You will then be given directions to get to the study room, and shown where to wash your hands. Coats, briefcases and bags (except small handbags) must be left in the lockers at the museum entrance. Food and drink (including bottled water), newspapers, pens and chewing gum, may not be taken into the study room. Laptops are permitted.
3. Visitors should knock on the door of the Study Room if the Invigilator does not see their approach. If this is your first visit you will be asked to read the Regulations and to complete a registration form. All visitors must sign the Visitor Book, and produce proof of identity with either a passport / driving licence or student card.


I will wager that if Biden asks this question on these occasions he would find a lot of takers among women who value his humanity, decency and purpose in public life in what could become a memorable and meaningful moment in American politics.
At this moment I am not supporting Biden or any candidate for the Democratic nomination for president in 2020 after the candidate I strongly supported, Sen. Sherrod Brown Sherrod Campbell BrownOn The Money: Treasury misses second Dem deadline on Trump tax returns | Waters renews calls for impeachment | Dem wants Fed pick to apologize for calling Ohio cities 'armpits of America' | Stocks reach record high after long recovery Sherrod Brown asks Trump Fed pick why he referred to Cleveland, Cincinnati as 'armpits of America' Only four Dem senators have endorsed 2020 candidates MORE (D-Ohio), decided not to run. For now, I am watching them all, and open to supporting many of them.
Having offered that disclaimer, it is important to consider why most polling today suggests that Biden is the strongest and most electable opponent to President Trump Donald John TrumpForget the spin: Five unrefuted Mueller Report revelations Lara Trump: Merkel admitting migrants 'one of the worst things that ever happened to Germany' Financial satisfaction hits record high: survey MORE in the 2020 presidential campaign, nationally and in key states that gave Trump a narrow Electoral College victory after Hillary Clinton Hillary Diane Rodham ClintonForget the spin: Five unrefuted Mueller Report revelations Former senators launching effort to help Dems win rural votes Biden's announcement was a general election message, says political analyst MORE won 3 million more popular votes than he did in 2016.
Joe Biden is a good man. He is an honest man. He is a man of warmth and humanity. He is a family man who treats all voters as members of a great American family. Biden is a man of vast presidential caliber experience. For eight years he stood a heartbeat from the presidency. For a generation he has been a staunch supporter of blue-collar workers, middle-class citizens and poor Americans alike. For decades he has been seen — unlike Trump — as a faithful friend of freedom by democratic leaders around the world.
One symbol of why Biden runs so strongly against Trump is that he is famous for riding Amtrak to offer greetings to the folks back home, not for hanging out at posh resorts greeting questionable cronies and foreign influence peddlers. Many voters know this. Most voters sense it.
The real Biden is the non-Trump, the antidote to a president who bellows insults against countless Americans he treats as enemies and treats politics as a weaponized cesspool of venomous attacks designed to pit American against American while praising foreign dictators and alienating the free world.
Biden runs so strongly because he is real and authentic at a time when those qualities are hugely valued in American public life. He is honest to a fault. He has never abused the public trust to make money for himself.
The best way for Biden to run would be to let Biden be Biden — with one exception. America has entered the "Me Too" era which calls for unprecedented sensitivity and care. If Biden accepts Steinem's advice and asks "may I hug you?" some women might say "I'd rather not" but appreciate his asking, while many would say "please do" and happily reciprocate his warmth and generosity of spirit.
In the coming campaign, Biden and all candidates will have an opportunity to demonstrate the qualities that will answer the call of Americans for a politics that embodies mutual respect, and a vision of America as a great community and national family.
I will support the candidate who does this best because like most Americans I yearn for a president — like Biden and unlike Trump — who makes us proud and not embarrassed, who speaks truths rather than falsehoods, and whose purpose in politics is to bring our people together rather than exploit fear and hatred to tear America apart.
If Biden takes Steinem's advice and asks before he hugs, countless women — and men — would hug him back, while others would be grateful he cared enough to ask!


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Making Robots More Like Us
From military missions to canine soccer games, Daniel Lee, an engineering professor at the University of Pennsylvania, has been working on making robots do it all. Lee, who recently spoke about the future of robotics as part of the Executive Master's in Technology Management program at Penn, has an ambitious goal: to learn how to make robots think and act like humans.…Read More
A professor in the University of Pennsylvania's School of Engineering and Applied Science, Daniel Lee works on research projects that advance humankind's scientific knowledge and understanding.
Over the last five years, Lee's projects have included coaching a highly competitive canine soccer team, entering a challenging road race in the California desert and teaching a dog how to do a back flip. That last one is even harder than it sounds, as Lee recently demonstrated. The pooch successfully flipped backwards on top of a three-foot high demonstration table but then caught the edge and fell on the floor with a loud thud.
Thankfully, Lee's subject was not a real dog, but a Sony Aibo — a robot. And while there is an element of whimsy in his research, Lee's projects all advance the professor's ambitious goal: to learn how to make robots think and act like humans.
Replacing Human Soldiers
Lee's work is done for more than mere academics. The Pentagon is spending billions to develop robots that can aid or replace human soldiers. The U.S. Department of Defense's Future Combat Systems (FCS) modernization initiative is funding research to develop that technology. Among its recipients are Lee and others on a Penn team that was awarded $22 million by the Army Research Lab to create robots that can operate in combat zones with little supervision.
While military uses have tended to dominate the development of autonomous robots in America, business opportunities for smart robots are also viable elsewhere, according to Lee, who points out that Japan's research into intelligent robotics has been oriented towards helping that nation's rapidly aging population perform domestic tasks. Lee envisions commercial applications down the road. Current research on these technologies has great potential to impact future industries and businesses.
Lee was drawn toward the study of robots after he went to work for Bell Labs during the 1990s. He wanted to learn more about why — despite rapid advances in computer technology — robots were still unable to perform tasks that humans and other animals can handle with ease. Lee now studies the biology of living creatures to better understand how we compute information, and works to transfer that information to the world of robots.
To build a smarter machine, the best road map to follow is the human brain. Over time, Lee said, the steady improvement in robots' ability to sense their surroundings and perform motorized tasks will enhance their artificial intelligence — their ability to perform certain tasks without continuous human guidance.
The "UPennalyzers" — a soccer team created by Lee, Penn engineering students and faculty — consists of four robotic dogs. They use wireless communications to talk with their teammates — but they are not controlled by humans during the course of the 20-minute games, which are played on a three-meter by five-meter field.
Lee said the robot games were crude at first. "The ball would go into the corner for a half-hour, or they would kick it into their own goal." But over time, the robots developed the intelligence to play soccer at a higher level. "Now they can communicate: 'You go for the ball and I'll play defense,'" he said.
One reason the team uses robotic dogs instead of humanoid robots is that it is harder for robots to walk with two legs. In recent years, Lee and his team have received at least $3.5 million in grant money from DARPA — the Pentagon's Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency — to teach robots to walk and also to develop a class of robots that can use sensors to autonomously navigate difficult terrain. The military advantages of such devices, which could transport heavy loads over mountains or across deserts in a dangerous combat zone, are obvious, but successful two-legged navigation remains something of a Holy Grail for robot programmers.
New Use for Cigarette Lighters?
However, developing driverless smart cars — a project that's also the recipient of significant DARPA funding, with the ambitious goal of making one-third of U.S. military vehicle transportation driverless by 2015 — has proven both more successful and a source of competitive pride for Lee and his students. They recently were among just six teams to complete the entire course at the 2007 DARPA Urban Challenge in Victorville, Calif., held on the streets of an abandoned U.S. Air Force base.
The Ben Franklin Team, composed of students and faculty from both Penn and Lehigh University, had to navigate city streets while obeying traffic laws and signs and avoiding collisions with the other finalists. The Team developed a car that required less power — and burned less gas — by clever placement of fewer sensors. "We were able to use the cigarette lighter to power all the computers on board," said Lee.
Click here to read an expanded version of this article.
DARPA 2007 Urban Challenge
Daniel Lee Biography and Contact
Daniel Lee talks about Robot Cars
Science Daily: Mapping Out Future of Intelligent Robots
Basketball, Football and Ballroom Dancing: Sports on the World Stage
Leadership Challenges from an FBLA President


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"Academy Part 1" Season 16 Episode 6 'So You Think You Can Dance' Review
2019-07-15 /0 Comments/in So You Think You Can Dance After Show /by ABTVIntern
Host Kim Davey @KimDaveyLive interviews Season 16 contestants Michael @salesmikey, Madison Jordan @madisonrosejordan and Jarrod Tyler Paulson @jarrodpaulson about their experiences on the show, part 1 of 'Academy week' and what's in store next!
The So You Think You Can Dance After Show:
Do you think you can dance? On our SO YOU THINK YOU CAN DANCE AFTER SHOW we give you weekly updates on the show and the contestants. Tune in here for reviews, recaps and in-depth discussions of the latest episodes, as well as the insider scoop from cast and crew members on the show.
ABOUT SO YOU THINK YOU CAN DANCE:
So You Think You Can Dance is an American dance reality show and competition that is broadcast on the Fox Network, on Fox Japan, on CTV in Canada, on Living in United Kingdom and Ireland and on Network Ten in Australia. Season 12 of this award-winning dance competition features a new twist: during the audition process, dancers are selected for two teams, the stage dancers and the street dancers. The stage dancers team features those trained in styles that include ballet, contemporary, tap and jazz, while the street dancers team is comprised of those skilled in hip-hop, animation and break dancing. The top 20 dancers consist of 10 dancers per team, who face off each week, resulting in the weakest dancer from each genre being eliminated. In the end, only one dancer — one from the street or the stage — will be declared the winner.
What Sammy Davis, Jr. Called Obba Babatunde When They First Met MTV is Bringing Back "Making The Band"


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Written by Brian September 3, 2012 July 18, 2013
Brian's 'The Possession' Review
A tonsillectomy the hard way.
Whenever a film is 'Based On A True Story', I tend to roll my eyes just a little bit because the events that follow often end up being so fantastic–and generally unrepeatable by anything resembling a scientific method–that, if they were true, the whole way we look at the world would change (And Yeah, I have been reading a lot of Charles Stross lately.).
Remember "The Amityville Horror?" That was based on a true story too, and was supposedly so horrific, that is till other people moved in the house, and the ghosts decided to take a siesta.
And speaking of things that probably don't exist, can someone please take a picture of Bigfoot or a UFO with a camera that has more settings that 'Blurry' and 'Extra Blurry?"
The bogeyman in "The Possession" is a dybbuk box, which either holds an evil spirit, or a demon (both terms are used almost interchangeably, though I understood it as a human that, upon death, becomes an evil spirit). As I wrote earlier, as long as you're willing to forget the whole 'Based On A True Story' malarkey–especially since the film is way too far-fetched to come from anywhere except the mind of a screenwriter–then you'll have a really good time because this film remembers something that films of this sort tend to forget.
Namely, it's all about character. If you have characters that viewers care about, no matter how weird circumstances become, you'll always root for them.
This is why casting Jeffrey Dean Morgan in anything that requires a huge suspension of belief should virtually be mandatory. This guy can seemingly exude any emotional state believably and make just about anything that follows (almost) acceptable.
The rest of the cast, particularly Natasha Callis, Madison Davenport, Kyra Sedgwick (who I noticed has a cool tattoo on her lower back) and Matisyahu, also acquit themselves ably, which is saying something because in the case of Callis and Davenport, most kid actors tend to have me actively rooting for whatever it is that's trying to kill them.
The direction, by Ole Bornedal, is quite capable, and uses lots of overhead helicopter shots, for the purpose of, I assume, to make the viewer seem smaller, implying that there are mysteries out there beyond our knowing.
Kudos aside, "The Possession" isn't perfect, mainly because there are a few moments that I thought were unintentionally hilarious (Bornedal gets kudos for his sparing use of CGI sparingly, though there were moments that could have used a bit of computer-enhancement), and another that seemed blatantly stolen from "Poltergeist 2: The Other Side," except that that film did it much better.
Posted in genre, horror, Movies, review.Tagged Charles Stross, dybbuk box, Jeffrey Dean Morgan, Kyra Sedgwick, Madision Davenport, Natasha Callis, Ole Bornedal.
One thought on "Brian's 'The Possession' Review"
I thought that The Possession was more jumpy than scary, but it did have its share of creepy parts to me. Even then, the thing that's creepier is that it's based on a true story. I saw The Possession with a few Dish coworkers the other day and they said it was pretty good. I plan on watching it again, and I've added The Possession to my Blockbuster @Home queue so that when it comes out on DVD, it'll be sent to my house. It'll give me time to look into other scary movies!
REview: Don't Tell A Soul (2020) | The Ties That Bind Can Also Destroy
The (Un)necessary Remake Dept: 'The Black Hole'
Alien: Covenant | Prologue: The Crossing – Trailer
'Mr. Angel' Review
'Deathwish' through 'Deathwish 4': The Mother Of All Crackdowns
Deadline: Hollywood
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Peter Craven
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The deeper implications of the A.J. Ellis trade
By Craig CalcaterraAug 26, 2016, 12:11 PM EDT
The trade of a light-hitting backup catcher is normally about as inconsequential as it gets. The trade of A.J. Ellis by the Dodgers to the Phillies, however, is anything but that. Indeed, it may be the public manifestation of long-simmering, well, maybe "feud" is too strong a word, but a definite butting of heads between the team's front office and its best player.
While almost all of the clubhouse drama in Los Angeles has surrounded a talented but aggravating corner outfielder currently toiling in the minors, Dylan Hernandez of the Los Angeles Times wrote last night that the Ellis trade could very well be seen as the front office's shot across Clayton Kershaw's bow:
Kershaw's preference of Ellis was the subject of a longstanding tug-of-war between Kershaw and the front office, which wanted Yasmani Grandal behind the plate as much as possible . . . Some players interpreted the trade as a message from the front office.
This isn't Kershaw's team. It's not Corey Seager's team or Adrian Gonzalez's, either.
It's Friedman's.
The notion that Kershaw likes to pitch to Ellis is pretty well-known, but the idea that it was so strong a preference that it created a dispute as to whether he has final say over a roster spot is news, at least to people who aren't around the Dodgers all the time. Hernandez is a good columnist and is particularly well-plugged in to the Dodgers after many years of being their beat writer for the Times. He wouldn't throw the notion of there being something of a power struggle in this regard out there all willy-nilly in order to stir the pot or something. I don't doubt for a second that something bigger than most of us have seen is going on here.
As for the trade itself: yeah, it's pretty debatable as to whether it makes any kind of sense. Carlos Ruiz is likely an upgrade over Ellis, but it's a pretty marginal upgrade when you consider how few plate appearances the Dodgers backup catcher will make for the rest of the year. It's especially marginal if you assume, as Hernandez and others assume, likely with reason, that the loss of Ellis is going to harm morale. At least in the short term before they get to know Ruiz well (worth noting, though, that he comes pretty highly recommended from Kershaw-caliber aces for all the same reasons Ellis does). I can see a lot of reasons not to make that deal even for an extra hit or two a week that Ruiz may give you over Ellis.
All of which speaks to what we don't know. What we don't know about the mind of Andrew Friedman and whether or not there is something more going on here than is immediately apparent. About the relationship between him and Kershaw and, for that matter, him and the rest of the team that would cause him to make a deal that plays as poorly with his own players as this one does. It could be something about Ellis. It could be something about Friedman's relationship with Kershaw. It could be something totally unrelated to any of that, such as offseason plans and the roster in 2017 (Ruiz has a team option for next year, Ellis is a pending free agent). Unless or until Friedman speaks or a reporter gets someone to shed more light on this, there will continue to be questions.
In the meantime, I'll grant that there are certainly different rules which apply to superstars than mere mortals, but veto power over a trade and/or playing time for other players isn't typically one of them. If, as Hernandez suggests, there was a sense that Kershaw and Friedman didn't see eye-to-eye on that and it wasn't otherwise being resolved, it makes Friedman's move somewhat more understandable.


Rocksmith is a music game developed by Ubisoft for the PlayStation 3. The game was released on October 18, 2011.
Having already previewed Ubisoft's Rocksmith, I had an idea of what to expect. Yet when I began playing at home, I still couldn't believe just how well put-together this game is. Read More.
Having already seen a demonstration of this game at E3 this year, I was happy to be able to get my hands on the guitar to actually play it myself and see just how receptive this game really is. Read More.
After the death of Guitar Hero, in that no one seems to care about it anymore, it was believed the idea of guitar-gaming died along with it. With the birth of Rocksmith, however, guitar-gaming seems to not only be revived, but very much improved. Read More.


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»College of Veterinary Medicine hosts second reunion of U.S.-China Joint DVM Program
The U.S.-China Center for Animal Health in the Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine welcomed special guests — senior executives of the Consulate General of China in Chicago, American Veterinary Medical Association, Zoetis, Banfield Pet Hospital and a representative from the U.S. Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, as well as deans from five partnering veterinary colleges in the U.S., Europe and China — as part of its second annual reunion event Sept. 26-27.
The reunion centered around reports from the 16 students in the U.S.-China Joint Doctor of Veterinary Medicine Program who have all attended or are attending Kansas State University for pre-veterinary studies. Twelve of the students are now in the first, second or third years of their Doctor of Veterinary Medicine programs at three different universities. Six students are at Kansas State University, five are at the University of Minnesota and one is at Iowa State University.
"It is exciting to see that the program has become reality and grown bigger since it was an idea five years ago," said Jishu Shi, director of the U.S.-China Center for Animal Health. "Our focus on this program is to train future trainers of veterinary medicine for China. We hope that the students will go back to China to become faculty members teaching the next generation of students in China. The program also creates an opportunity for the world's future most influential leaders in animal health to become colleagues and best friends now."
"As we start to look at the world being more globalized, and how we address critical challenges in both animal and human health, this center and the students that are emerging from this are absolutely critical to the future," said Tammy Beckham, dean of the College of Veterinary Medicine.
Enmin Zhou, dean of Northwest A&F University's College of Veterinary Medicine, said it's important for Chinese students to study in the United States.
"The students have to be here physically to understand the differences between the Eastern and Western culture for veterinary medicine, especially for the North American veterinary system in comparison to the Chinese," Zhou said. "The students will experience how much we are behind and what we need to learn in order to build and to improve the veterinary training program in China."
The reunion event was created for the students attending Doctor of Veterinary Medicine programs at different schools to connect with and learn from each other through sharing their experiences in the pre-veterinary program at K-State, summer learning opportunities and respective DVM studies.
"I took nine courses last year and I can feel that every instructor tried their best to use different ways to stimulate students to think and to learn," said Huan Zeng, now a first-year Doctor of Veterinary Medicine student at the University of Minnesota.
"I feel in my pre-vet year that not only did I broaden my horizons in my professional field, but I also became more mature emotionally — more mature to tackle the stress coming from academics or relationships," said Chiyu Guan, a first-year Doctor of Veterinary Medicine student at Kansas State University. "I think that's very important to prepare me for the DVM program."
Qiu-Wen Kou, a sophomore Doctor of Veterinary Medicine student at Kansas State University, compared her learning experiences in the U.S. and China.
"One of the most common questions that I have been asked since I have been here is what is the difference between the Doctor of Veterinary Medicine program in the U.S. and in China," she said. "We have 135 hours for gross anatomy lab, compared to 16 hours in China. I cannot believe I have spent so much time with those specimens."
"Last year, we had the most intense course load, but it was very fun," said Yi Ding, a junior Doctor of Veterinary Medicine student at the University of Minnesota. "I felt satisfied at learning a lot every day."
All the students are appreciative to the people who have supported them.
"This year, I got a car. If you have a car, you actually cannot go far unless you have fuel," said Aolei Chen, a sophomore Doctor of Veterinary Medicine student at the University of Minnesota. "All the people here — you are my fuel. You took me far away from China to the U.S. — 7,500 miles across the Pacific Ocean. I believe we could go further onto the international stage sometime in the future."
The U.S.-China Joint DVM Program is sponsored by Kansas State University, the China Scholarship Council, International Veterinary Collaboration for China/Zoetis and the Chinese Veterinary Medical Association. The U.S.-China Center for Animal Health coordinates and leads the partnership in mobilizing the program.
The reunion also created an opportunity for supporters to review the program.
"It's great to listen to the students sharing their experiences and to know that our investment has been worthwhile," said Tony Tan, group director of business development and global alliances for Zoetis. "I'm confident this is the best investment Zoetis has made to make a difference in veterinary education in China."
Jun Liu, the deputy consul general of China in its Chicago office told the students, "We are very proud of you. This is a prestigious program. In my opinion you're already standing on giant shoulders so you can make a big difference once you graduate and return to China. You can make history."
The program also partners with Banfield Pet Hospital; the American Veterinary Medical Association; USDA; University of California, Davis; University of Minnesota; Iowa State University; and 12 agricultural universities in China. This unique collaboration with universities, governments and animal health industry in the U.S. and China creates unprecedented learning opportunities for students in the program. Over the summer, some students served internships at Banfield Pet Hospital, American Veterinary Medical Association and the UDSA.
"We have had two students who are working with and have worked with Banfield. They are completely model students and model people," said Dan Aja, chief medical officer for Banfield Pet Hospital. "At Banfield, we feel like it's our responsibility to lean in and share best practices that can help the veterinary profession grow, not just in China, but globally. It's really, really important."
Joseph Kinnarney, president of the American Veterinary Medical Association told students, "History will be made when you go back to China. As president of the AVMA, I will help you. I will be committed to helping the Chinese Veterinary Medical Association and the Chinese veterinary profession to enhance and grow. Worldwide, we have to have a strong 'One Health, One Profession' in order to meet the needs of the world."
May/August 2016 intersession course proposals due Nov. 13
Study abroad exhibit on display at College of Architecture, Planning & Design
Interior architecture & product design students visit Steelcase University in Grand Rapids, Michigan
Kansas State University researchers target inflammation to help dairy cows
Coach Weber to Host Hoop Scoop for Women event
Union Program Council sponsors Children's Carnival
University Consortium for Geographic Information Science Fellow Robert McMaster to discuss GIScience Initiatives at University of Minnesota
Guest speaker Tamara Denning to present on human-centered computer security and privacy
College of Arts & Sciences to celebrate Eisenhower Circle Celebration, recognize distinguished alumni and student scholars
Partners K-State Salina and Westar Energy build one of the largest enclosed flight facilities for UAS in the nation
Emergency light testing at College Court
Newsletters, magazines and blogs
October 2015 Lifelines — College of Veterinary Medicine newsletter


Michael F. Scotto - Do You Understand What You Read?
Hello, my name is Henry Nowakowski. Let me tell you my life story. I was born two years before the outbreak of WW II. Mind you, like everyone else, I had no say whatsoever as to when I would be born, where I would be born, to whom I would be born. No, the Creator God decided those particulars for me. It was He who decided I would be born in mid August of 1937 to John and Nellie Nowakowski in Vermilion, Alberta, Canada and not in Australia, Africa, or Algeria. In fact, if my grandparents on either side of my family had not immigrated to Canada from Poland in the late 1800's, 1897 to be precise, I might have been born in Poland. However, it was the Creator God who chose John and Nellie Nowakowski, first generation Canadians of the Nowakowski clan, who were farmers by trade, to be my parents.
You and I have no doubt seen at one time or another a man dressed in a long black or white robe, walking along with his hands folded and with a serene expression on his face. Our first thought may have been that we were looking at a " god, dressed like a man," to use a common expression in some circles. Actually, it was a Roman Catholic priest, a figure shrouded in mystery.


Pharmacodynamics of L-NMMA in type 1 diabetes patients and control subjects.
Title: Pharmacodynamics of L-NMMA in type 1 diabetes patients and control subjects.
Author(s): Veldman, B.A.J. ; Waanders, M.; Smits, P.
RATIONALE: L-NMMA is widely used in venous occlusion plethysmography studies to determine baseline NO production. Studies using L-NMMA indicate that endothelial dysfunction is present early in the course of diabetic microvascular complications. However, the optimal dose to maximally inhibit NO-production is unknown. OBJECTIVE: To determine the L-NMMA-dose that maximally reduces basal forearm blood flow (FBF). To investigate whether there are any differences in the response to L-NMMA between non-complicated type 1 diabetes patients and control subjects. METHODS: In eight non-complicated type 1 diabetes patients and nine healthy subjects FBF-responses to intra-arterial infusion of increasing doses of L-NMMA (0.01-1.6 mg/min/dL forearm volume [FAV]) were measured using the perfused forearm technique. RESULTS: Infusion of 0.8 mg/min/dL maximally reduced FBF. The dose of 1.6 mg/min/dL did not additionally reduce FBF. No differences existed between non-complicated type 1 diabetes patients and controls with regard to EC50 (0.017 +/- 0.02 resp. 0.22 +/- 0.02 mg L-NMMA/min/dL) or maximal vasoconstrictive response (Delta FBF: 1.13 +/- 0.4 resp. 0.97 +/- 0.4 mL/min/dL). Throughout the study blood pressure increased significantly in both groups, possibly reflecting a systemic vasoconstrictive effect of L-NMMA. CONCLUSIONS: The maximal vasoconstrictive dose was 0.8 mg/min/dL in type 1 diabetes patients as well as the control subjects. There were no significant differences between non-complicated type 1 diabetes subjects and controls with regard to the pharmacodynamics of L-NMMA. At high dosages of L-NMMA a systemic effect can not be ruled out.


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Q: Angular 12 :- Generate sequential numbers in Angular html components I am learning Angular and doing a todo list. I used Bootstrap accordion. So, everytime a new todo is obtained from Database, it will be shown in the accordion. The problem is, when I click on one Todo , all other todos are expanding. The reason is because they all have the same id. I tried to change it as shown in the code below, but that did not work. Is there any solution in general ?
Here is the .component.html

      <button class="accordion-button" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseOne_{{i+1}}" aria-expanded="true" aria-controls="collapseOne">
         {{ todo.todo_title }}
      </button>

        {{ todo.todo_description }}

A: I recommend to use some Angular Bootstrap library (NgBootstrap, MdBootstrap etc.)
I made a little demo with NgBootstrap accordion.

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First place on the Earth: Hyderabad, India (India)
Awards 10 wins & 6 nominations.
Worked like: Actress, Thanks.
First work: 1985 - Hum Naujawan
Last was: 2012 - Life of Pi.
Tabu mini bio:
Tabassum Hashmi who is popularly known as "Tabu'"was born on November 4, 1971 in HyderabadIndia. She is famous for her role in Hindu movies. Tabassum has also acted in a few Hollywood films. In 1983, she moved to Mumbaiwhere she went to st .Xavier's college. She has been able to win national film awards for best actress two times. Maachis is one of her best performances. She has also gained a lot of popularity from the movie "namesake" where she played the role of MiraNair. She is the daughter of Jamal Hashmi and Rizwana who was a school teacher. She is the sister of Farah naaz. Hasmi can speak Telugu, Hindi, Urdu and english. She has played a role in different films such as prem, coolie no .1, sisisndri, haqeet,kalapani,jeet, the namesake, fanaa, sarhad paar, shock and silsiilay.She has had several awards with regards to her career.
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