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After the end of the 2017/18 season, Arsene Wenger stepped down from his position at Arsenal, one he held for more than two decades.
The Gunners won four Premier League games away from home in the previous campaign, which includes only one win on the road in 2018 and that came in his final match against Huddersield Town.
The north London club struggled in his final season at the club as they finished sixth and failed to qualify for this term's Champions League. When he decided to resign, the 68-year-old still had one year left on his contract.
Per Mertesacker ended his playing career in May and is now coaching the English club's academy. The 33-year-old gave a lengthy interview to German outlet Spox.com and during the course of the interview, he was asked how Wenger broke the news about his decision to end to end his time at the club.
"That was very surprising for all of us. He came into the meeting room and said that together with the bosses he had decided to quit at the end of the season. It was a sad moment because I felt like I'd done my part," the 2014 World Cup winner said.


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McCosky: Mastering change-up could reverse fortunes of Tigers' Jordan Zimmermann
It may be too simplistic to say all he needs to get back on point is to shave 3-4 mph off his change-up. But for Zimmermann, it is a mandatory step.
McCosky: Mastering change-up could reverse fortunes of Tigers' Jordan Zimmermann It may be too simplistic to say all he needs to get back on point is to shave 3-4 mph off his change-up. But for Zimmermann, it is a mandatory step. Check out this story on detroitnews.com: https://detne.ws/2QUAbB9
Chris McCosky, The Detroit News Published 4:32 p.m. ET Sept. 24, 2018 | Updated 4:33 p.m. ET Sept. 24, 2018
Tigers pitcher Jordan Zimmermann has been trying to master a change-up to add to his arsenal.(Photo: Robin Buckson, Detroit News)
Detroit — Man, why do you keep writing about Jordan Zimmermann? Give it up, already. He's a bust. Dead money. Worst free-agent signing ever.
That's a typical reaction to any article written about Zimmermann these days. A lot of people just don't want to hear about it anymore. It's understandable. He was signed to a five-year, $110 million contract and has fallen well short of expectations.
That there have been mitigating circumstances — injuries and reduced velocity on his fastball — doesn't seem to assuage much of the vocal paying public. That he may be on the verge of regaining his top-of-the-rotation form, well, that will be a hard sell without consistent tangible proof.
That's a sports fan's prerogative.
It goes deeper than that for the Tigers. They already have sunk $60 million into this investment. They owe Zimmermann $25 million for both 2019 and 2020. His and Miguel Cabrera's salaries could account for nearly a third of the Tigers big-league payroll next year.
They aren't about to liquidate this investment now.
Zimmermann is healthy. This will be the first offseason in two years that he didn't need some type of medical procedure or rehabilitation. And there's been evidence, enough flashes, enough quality innings to render hope of salvaging some kind of return on it — be it as the productive veteran leader of a young and getting younger rotation or as a means to acquire more prospects.
As uneven as this season has been for him, he's still posted the lowest ERA (4.31), WHIP (1.225) and opponents' batting average (.262) since he's been a Tiger. His strikeout-to-walk rate of 4.46 to 1 is also the best since he signed.
He's given up two runs or less in 11 of 24 starts (he left one start in the first inning after he was struck in the face by a line drive). The Tigers are 11-13 in those starts. Nobody is campaigning for a Cy Young vote here, and nobody is trying to justify the production against his $24 million salary.
But it's not yet a lost cause, from the Tigers' perspective. Yes, he will be 33 next season and the game is not exactly littered with successful starting pitchers that age. Max Scherzer (34) and Justin Verlander (35) are outliers, for sure.
Season of change
As a reference point, though, look at former Tiger Anibal Sanchez. He dealt with injuries and velocity loss in his early 30s. He dealt with the same kind of inconsistency and small margin for error that Zimmermann has battled the last couple of seasons.
But here is he this year, at age 34, helping the Atlanta Braves win the National League East. He's 7-6 with a 2.96 ERA and 1.087 WHIP. So what changed for him? A lot of things, certainly. But relative to Zimmermann, the turnaround for Sanchez can be linked, at least in part, to his change-up.
Granted, Sanchez carries six pitches in his tool bag, double what Zimmermann has in his. But a lot of those pitches were ineffective until he was able to increase the velocity differential between his fastballs and off-speed pitches.
More: Tigers bring curtain down quietly on event-filled season at Comerica Park
More: Tigers' Nick Castellanos finishing bountiful season with a flourish
This year, he's thrown his change-up (he has a circle change and a splitter) 25 percent of the time, and opponents are hitting just .201 against it. The average velocity on his change-up is 81 mph, 10 mph less than his fastball.
It's not necessarily his out pitch. His cutter has been a weapon of choice. But he uses the change-up to keep hitters off-balance and off his fastballs.
Zimmermann doesn't have that capability right now. His four-seamer is averaging 91 mph. His change-up, which has been a work-in-progress for years, averages 87 mph, the same as his slider. It's too firm to get hitters out in front of it.
Which is why he's only used it six percent of the time, and when he has it's gotten whacked (.417 opponents average).
"That's kind of been the topic of our talks," Tigers pitching coach Rick Anderson said. "We've been doing a lot with the change-up, and he's starting to get a little feel for it. But it's a little hard right now. … I explained to him, back when he was throwing his fastball at 94, he was fastball-slider and that was OK.
"But now that he's 90, now we've got to talk about changing speeds. He's on board with that."
It's too simplistic to say that all Zimmermann needs to get back on point is to shave 3-4 mph off his change-up. But that is certainly a mandatory step.
"I know it," Zimmermann said. "The whole staff knows it. Anybody who has a change-up, it makes your fastball better. I have pretty short arm action (which is not conducive to throwing change-ups) but my arm is the way it is.
"Even if I can get it down to 84 mph, I think that will play."
Zimmermann has been trying to add a change-up to his arsenal for years. It was a running joke during spring training with the Nationals. First story every spring training was that this was the year he was going to add a change-up.
It was funny when he could overpower hitters with his fastball. It's no laughing matter now.
He's tried just about every known change-up grip. He tried a Vulcan grip that Joaquin Benoit used. He's tried a circle grip like Francisco Liriano uses. And this season he tried a modified split-fingered grip. Nothing has stuck.
"We did some of that with the split-fingered grip," Anderson said. "I don't want him to split the fingers too much because it stresses the elbow. We tried splitting him a little bit (just slightly wider than a two-seam fastball grip). He had a nice feel for it with that grip, but it didn't slow him down enough."
Anderson had right-handed pitcher Carl Pavano toward the end of his career in Minnesota. Pavano had a huge comeback season at age 34, going 17-11 with a 3.75 ERA in 2010. The difference-maker for him was a modified circle grip on his change-up.
That's the grip that has Zimmermann encouraged.
"It's like a three-fingered fastball," Zimmermann said. "I threw some in my bullpen between my last two starts and by the end of it, I got it down to 80-83 mph. That's exactly what I was looking for. Then I took it into the game (Saturday) and I got three outs with it."
With the adrenaline pumping, the velocity on the three change-ups was 85, 86 and 87 — still too hard.
"But I know I can slow my body down a little bit to where the hitters aren't noticing my arm speed," he said. "I feel a lot better about doing that with this grip than the other one. I feel a lot better with this. I feel comfortable with it.
"I'm excited to go into the off-season and work on it."
He understands the significance of mastering that pitch.
"He said, 'Come hell or high water, I am going to go home this winter and all I am going to throw are fastballs and change-ups, fastballs and change-ups. I am going to get this damn thing,'" Anderson said. "So, we'll come into spring and see where he's at."
Zimmermann put it this way:
"If I don't have it by spring training, I am never going to have it."
Tigers at Twins
Series: Three-game series at Target Field, Minneapolis
First pitch: 8:10 p.m. Tuesday-Thursday
TV/radio: All games on Fox Sports Detroit/97.1 FM
Probables:Tuesday — TBA vs. RHP Spencer Turnbull (0-1, 10.80); Wednesday — RHP Jake Odorizzi (7-10, 4.35) vs. LHP Matthew Boyd (9-12, 4.16); Thursday — TBA vs. LHP Francisco Liriano (5-11, 4.40).
TBA, Twins: Mostly likely, the Twins will start a relief pitcher in the first inning and then turn the game over to the primary pitcher, which could be right-hander Kohl Stewart.
Turnbull, Tigers: He will get a do-over against the Twins. He made his first big-league start against them last Wednesday and got ambushed with a four-run second inning. He ended up allowing six runs and six hits over four innings.
chris.mccosky@detroitnews.com
Twitter: @cmccosky
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Senedd roundup: First Minister complains of lack of contact from UK Government
15 Jun 2020 8 minute read
Prime Minister Boris Johnson (left) in yesterday's speech broadcast on BBC One. Mark Drakeford (right), picture by the Welsh Government.
First Minister Mark Drakeford has revealed his frustration at the continuing lack of contact between the UK government and Welsh ministers.
Mr Drakeford revealed at Monday's press briefing that he last spoke to Prime Minister Boris Johnson over two weeks ago and said he said he'd had "no discussion" with any UK minister, with the exception of Welsh Secretary Simon Hart since then.
The Welsh Government has complained of a lack of engagement, communication, and coordination from Westminster since the start of the coronavirus crisis three months ago.
At the start of May Mr Drakeford revealed he had not spoken to Boris Johnson "for several weeks" and called for the UK Government to do more to keep in contact with the leaders of the devolved nations during the public health crisis.
On Friday, the Welsh and Scottish Governments decided to boycott a ministerial video conference with the UK Government after requests for a Brexit extension was refused before they even had a chance to discuss it.
Scottish and Welsh Brexit ministers Michael Russell and Jeremy Miles put out a joint statement following the snub complaining "We cannot accept a way of working in which the views of the devolved governments are simply dismissed before we have had a chance to discuss them."
The First Minister said: "In terms of what I have wanted to see – that regular reliable rhythm of meetings with UK ministers – and the 'stop-start' arrangements we've had, I'm afraid we've been in a 'stop' part of that cycle for more than two weeks."
Looking forward to Friday's review of the lockdown, Mr Drakeford welcomed the drop in the R rate in Wales to 0.7 from 0.8 but indicated the approach to further easing of constraints would remain cautious.
The R value is the number of people each infected person will on average pass COVID-19 on to.
If the number climbs above one, it means the number of coronavirus cases will increase exponentially.
It was reported over the weekend that the rate in England had gone above one in some regions.
When asked to compare the figures in the two countries he told the press: "It's the way we have done things in Wales that has resulted in the R figure that you refer to.
"This is a sign of a success of the way we have done things, rather than an inducement to do an awful lot very quickly."
Tiger at the Welsh Mountain Zoo. Photo by John Mitchell licensed under CC BY-ND 2.0
Warning zoo animals could be put down if lockdown restrictions continue
Welsh Conservatives Shadow Environment Minister Andrew RT Davies MS has warned that animals at zoos and wildlife parks are under threat of being euthanised due to the impact of the Covid-19 lockdown, unless financial support is made available by the Welsh Government.
All zoos and similar venues in Wales have been closed to the public since the onset of the coronavirus lockdown in March and the shadow minister has accused the government of failing to offer them the same degree of help the UK Government has made available to zoos in England.
Euthanising
Mr Davies said: "Zoos and other similar places can't furlough all their staff; animal welfare dictates that some need to be there to keep the animals well, but if this goes on for much longer, then the owners may have to consider the last resort of euthanising healthy animals.
"The next review will be announced on Friday, and I urge the First Minister to both ease lockdown in the safe and sensible way we have suggested – because it's perfectly feasible to introduce social distancing in these outdoor places if people are allowed to visit them – and start supporting the zoos financially."
A government spokesman defended the support offered to zoos last week and said. "Andrew RT Davies is wrong."
"Zoos and other animal attractions in Wales have been able to access a more generous package of support than they would have had through a sector-specific scheme and several weeks before England announced their fund on 4 May," he added.
Tourism on Snowdon. Picture by Hefin Owen (CC BY-SA 2.0).
Wait for tourism to get the green light to reopen set to continue
This week's review of the coronavirus restrictions in Wales appear unlikely to include much good news for the tourist industry.
There has been increasing pressure from the sector, and both main opposition parties, for an indication from the government of when businesses could start to reopen to visitors.
Non-essential retail businesses, including tourist attractions, have been shut in Wales since March due to fears over the spread of coronavirus.
Figures released last week by the Office of National Statistics confirmed just under a third of Wales's million strong workforce is currently furloughed, and the areas that rely most heavily on tourism – Conwy, Pembrokeshire and Powys – are most heavily hit.
Plaid Cymru's Helen Mary Jones MS, Shadow Minister for the Economy, is asking for clarity from First Minister Mark Drakeford to enable businesses to have enough time to make the necessary changes to enable them to reopen safely.
"I really can't stress enough how important it is to give the tourism industry fair warning of any changes they may have to make. It's one thing putting a sign up asking for visitors to wash their hands. It's another matter to build a second door in order to create a one-way system around your premises. We need detail, and we need it now," she said.
"I'm also calling for clarity and a clear timetable on the promised longer-term support packages. With a third of Welsh workforce on furlough, if further assurance on the next layer of support isn't given soon, we could see many of these people being made redundant."
Paul Davies, Welsh Conservatives Leader of the Opposition in the Welsh Parliament, also called on Mark Drakeford to offer "hope and reassurance to the sector".
"Many operators feel as though they're being left behind, with no hope for their businesses in the future."
"It's time that the sector is given that hope and help both financial and in terms of there being a clear roadmap, with – as we have repeatedly called for – a timeline of when operators can re-open, before it's too late," Mr Davies said.
"Now is not the time for talking – our tourism industry needs action."
Speaking ahead of the upcoming review, Mr Drakeford indicated that once again any changes to the lockdown regulations on Friday are likely to be modest but called on the tourist industry make preparations so that when they are allowed to reopen they are ready to operate safely.
In addition, the First Minister highlighted the concerns of communities that are worried about the impact an influx of visitors from areas where the virus is more prevalent could have and indicated the onus is on the tourist industry to address those worries: "It's important that the industry itself secures the consent of those communities."
"If we reopen tourism in parts of Wales, when visitors arrive, they will need to know that their presence there is welcome in those local communities."
The Senedd. Picture by Senedd Cymru.
Planning stepped up for 2021 Senedd election
The Welsh Government has set up an Elections Planning Group to consider the potential impact of the coronavirus pandemic on next year's Senedd elections
The group which is made up of key stakeholders and Welsh Government officials, will consider the potential impact on the administration of elections and any impact on legislative provision.
In addition, the government has published a consultation document seeking views on the draft Senedd Cymru (Representation of the People) (Amendment) Order 2020.
Ahead of each Senedd election the legislation (National Assembly for Wales (Representation of the People) Order 2007) which sets out the manner in which the election and election campaign is conducted and includes provision for legal challenge, is reviewed and amended to take account of any policy or legislative changes since the last election.
The consultation seeks views on the proposed amendments to the National Assembly for Wales (Representation of the People) Order 2007 which largely arise as a result of changes to the franchise and disqualification arrangements made by the Senedd and Elections (Wales) Act 2020.
The draft Order also contains more significant amendments which reflect changes made elsewhere in the United Kingdom to allow candidates the option of not publishing their home address at an election, along with the issue of payment to returning officers fees for services rendered, as well as other general updates reflecting changes since the last amending Order was made.
The consultation on these proposals will run until 8 September 2020.


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The Mansion House was the official residence of the Mayor of Newport, South Wales until 2009. It also offered hospitality and accommodation to official visitors to the city from overseas. It is located in Stow Park Circle, a short distance west of the centre of Newport.

In 2010 plans were approved to convert the Mansion House for use as a register office and it duly opened in July 2011 after a major refurbishment.

History
The present grounds of the Mansion House were bought in four lots by John Liscombe, leather merchant and sadler of Commercial Street, Newport, between 1886 and 1889. He built the House in the early 1890s and used it as his personal residence until his death in November 1914. John Liscombe was Mayor of Newport in 1905 and his portrait can be seen at the bottom of the stairs in the hall. The portrait was given to the Mansion House by the original leather merchants and saddlers firm which still operates in Newport.

After a period of ownership by Sir Garrod Thomas of Clytha Park, the house was bought by Newport Corporation in March 1939 for £3,250 for use as judges' lodgings. Until 1940 the Monmouthshire Assizes were held at Monmouth, some 25 miles from Newport via a slow winding road. The quarter sessions were held at the Sessions House, Usk some 11 miles from Newport. As most of the business for the assizes and quarter sessions was provided by the inhabitants of Newport, there were many complaints about the inconvenience to witnesses and to the legal profession of the courts being located at Monmouth and Usk.

In 1936 Newport Corporation decided to build a new Civic Centre. At the time Newport had its own police force and was also responsible for providing magistrates' courts. It was therefore decided to add two courtrooms to the Clytha Park Road wing of the new building in order to enable the assizes and quarter sessions to be held in Newport.

A condition of the consent of the Lord Chancellor to this proposal was that Newport should provide judges' lodgings, and this was the reason for the purchase of the Mansion House. Arrangements were made at the time of the purchase of the Mansion House for it to be used by the mayor during the times in which it was not required by the judges.

The Courts Act 1971 abolished assizes and quarter sessions and introduced the single national Crown Court. The government included a clause in schedule 3 of the Courts Act to the effect that local authorities would cease to be under obligation to provide judges' lodgings after January 1975. From 1975 until 2009, it was used exclusively by the council as the official residence of the mayor. It was refurbished in 2011 and re-opened as the city's register office in July of that year.

Gallery

References

External links
Newport City Council

History of Newport, Wales
Houses in Newport, Wales
Mayors' mansions in the United Kingdom

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The Free Library > Science and Technology > Computers and Internet > Journal of Sensors > January 1, 2017
The Free Library > Date > 2017 > January > 1 > Journal of Sensors
Implementation of a Low-Cost Energy and Environment Monitoring System Based on a Hybrid Wireless Sensor Network.
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Indoor temperatures are traditionally controlled using thermostats and their corresponding actuators or valves, as shown in Figure 1(a). In order to sense the room temperatures of everyday living spaces efficiently, wireless sensors utilizing the industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) 2.4 GHz radio band with wireless link distances that are usually restricted within a single room, as shown in Figure 1(b), have recently been developed.
It is essential to monitor the indoor air quality of residential and commercial apartment complex areas efficiently based on measured room temperatures, humidity levels, C[O.sub.2] gas amounts, and other factors to control the indoor environmental conditions properly. A particular monitoring system usually depends on the existing building automation system (BAS), as shown in Figure 2, as well as on the data collected by the numerous sensors in the building and stored in a BAS server. The exploitation of wireless sensor network (WSN) technology can provide further efficiency and flexibility in data collection approaches [1, 2]. Energy usage data, such as those collected from electric metering in the advanced metering infrastructure (AMI), can also be collected efficiently through collaboration with environment data collection. Furthermore, a WSN can deliver energy information to the in-home display (IHD) system efficiently [3]. The sensor node, which is considered in this paper, can deliver electrical energy usage information and measure temperature and humidity values. The proposed WSN can transfer and collect both energy and environment data.
For mass deployment in residential spaces or office rooms, both the construction cost and the complexity of a WSN should be minimized while still maintaining reliable wireless link margins [4, 5]. Based on an Internet of Things (IoT) technique using IPv6, we can construct a WSN. However, instead of implementing the IoT WSN for all sensors, including the end nodes, which could result in a high cost, partially adopting the IoT WSN can reduce the implementation cost and decrease the power consumption. In order to build a low-cost IoT-based WSN, a hybrid WSN that exploits both high and low data-rate bands is developed [6]. In the hybrid WSN, the high-rate wireless link controls a mesh network in order to collect and transmit data to a server based on the IoT, and the low-rate wireless link collects data directly through a star-connected narrow bandwidth (NB) communication channel at low data rates in order to guarantee long-lasting wireless links [7]. The Korean regulations for NB radio stipulate an 8.5 kHz bandwidth with 12.5 kHz channel spacing, while the high-rate wireless link can have a much broader bandwidth.
In this paper, a low-cost hybrid WSN system utilizing the 917 MHz and 447 MHz radio bands is developed and implemented for energy and environmental monitoring [8]. The RFID/USN, or Wi-SUN (IEEE802.15.4 g), 917 MHz radio band with 200 kHz channel spacing is used to achieve a more stable RF link margin than the one that the 2.4 GHz-ISM band can achieve. In apartment and home environments, transmitted RF signals can reach other rooms due to diffraction of the signals. Hence, a lower frequency of 917 MHz is advantageous to a 2.4 GHz frequency for a high data-rate network [7, 9]. In a low data-rate network, the use of NB radios utilizing the 447 MHz band can significantly reduce the number of gateways. In order to achieve both low-power and low-cost goals, a duty-cycling algorithm [10] is developed at the physical layer of the receiver. Also, a digitally controlled temperature-compensated crystal oscillator (DCTCXO) [11] in which a low-cost microcontroller unit (MCU) controls the oscillation frequency by utilizing several functions of the RF integrated circuit (RFIC) is developed.
This paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, the architecture of the proposed low-cost hybrid WSN is described. In Section 3, an implementation of the network in residential indoor environment monitoring is introduced. In Section 4, a low-cost implementation of an RF radio component containing a DCTCXO is discussed. The paper is concluded in the final section.
2. The Low-Cost Hybrid Wireless Sensor Network
In this section, a low-cost implementation of the hybrid WSN for indoor environment monitoring is introduced.
The IoT technique, which utilizes Wi-Fi or Wi-SUN, can be employed to gather the indoor temperature data for temperature control. The distance ranges for most commonly used Wi-Fi (IEEE802.11) are 20-70 meters and 100-250 meters for indoor and outdoor environments, respectively. Hence, each house should have an individual IoT gateway, as shown in Figure 3. The sub-1 GHz Wi-SUN band can also implement IoT-based sensors, and each gateway can collect more data from several houses than it can in the Wi-Fi case because of the narrower receiver bandwidth and better diffraction properties. The wider collection capability of Wi-SUN can reduce the implementation cost when compared to that of the Wi-Fi case. However, a much lower implementation cost is required for practical residential environment monitoring.
As illustrated in Figure 2, a 447 MHz band NB radio can be used in a customized network to gather sensed data. In this case, a simple gateway can collect the data from numerous sensors in several houses similarly to the way it can in a Wi-SUN implementation, as shown in Figure 4. However, because the customized network is simpler than the network used in the Wi-SUN case, the installation cost of the WSN, which is based on the use of NB radios in a customized network, is significantly lower than the costs of both the Wi-Fi and Wi-SUN installations. The simple gateway in Figure 4 can be connected to Ethernet through a Wi-Fi interface in order to transmit the collected data to a data server.
If a small number of sensors are scattered over a wide area (e.g., over a whole building), then the LoRa modulation technology is an appropriate candidate for NB radio because of its long-range capability and its low data rate of 18 bps operating at a 7.8 kHz receiver bandwidth, as shown in Figure 4. However, assuming that the number of sensors is large, collecting all of the data from a single gateway under the very low data rate of LoRa technology requires a considerably long time. In order to alleviate the low data-rate problem occurring in NB radios while achieving a long wireless distance, a hybrid WSN system [6], as illustrated in Figure 5, is employed in this study. To collect the sensed data efficiently, the hybrid WSN includes both a low data-rate network based on a customized star connection and a high data-rate network based on a standard mesh connection. The low data-rate network is constructed using NB radios to ensure that the RF link has a long range because it is generally believed to minimize transmission power and protocol while achieving a very low implementation cost. On the other hand, the high data-rate network collects sensed data from the sensors corresponding to the low data-rate star connection, gathering them through the high data-rate mesh connection, to send them to a server. The power-consumption constraint is not as significant for the sensor nodes in the high data-rate network as it is for those in a low data-rate one.
3. Implementation of the Hybrid Wireless Sensor Network
In this section, an implementation of the hybrid WSN in indoor environment monitoring is introduced. In the implemented network, the low data-rate network transmits sensed data periodically through the NB radios under a nonslotted ALOHA protocol. On the other hand, the high data-rate network operates through radios with relatively wider bandwidths under a constrained application protocol (CoAP) using the Contiki OS.
Figure 5 shows an overview of the implemented hybrid WSN system in which three types of components are used: simple wireless sensors, CoAP wireless sensors, and a CoAP gateway. Simple wireless sensors can measure room temperature and humidity without consuming much power and can transmit the sensed data to the corresponding collector, the CoAP wireless sensor, through an NB air link utilizing the 447 MHz band. This process corresponds to that of the low data-rate star connection in the hybrid WSN. A mesh network utilizing a 917 MHz band RF link under the routing protocol for low-power and lossy networks (RPL) as well as the low-power IPv6 network (6LowPAN) protocol using the Contiki OS is constructed among the CoAP wireless sensors. The CoAP wireless sensors (CoAP server) can measure the amount of present C[O.sub.2] gas as well as the local temperature and humidity. The CoAP gateway (CoAP client), which is an Ethernet-based mesh network gateway, transmits collected data to the BAS server through Ethernet under the CoAP RESTful application-layer protocol.
In order to manufacture the hybrid WSN system efficiently, an integrated wireless sensor module (IWSM) is developed, as shown in Figure 6. The IWSM contains an RF radio module, which is composed of a low-cost MCU (TI, MSP430G2553), an RFIC (Silicon Labs, Si4463) with a frequency reference, and a temperature and humidity sensor. The option of adding a C[O.sub.2] gas sensor is available. The C[O.sub.2] sensor, which is based on the metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) technology (IAQ-CORE), is employed for low-power consumption with a small size instead of the conventional nondispersive infrared (NDIR) type sensors. The NDIR-based C[O.sub.2] sensor can usually provide accurate measurements of the C[O.sub.2] gas amount. However, the sensor size is relatively big and requires high powers with a long standby time. On the other hand, the MOS-based C[O.sub.2] sensor can efficiently measure the C[O.sub.2] gas amount in an indirect method with low-power consumption. The low-cost MCU has a flash memory of 16 kB and a RAM of 512 B but does not have any hardware multiplier. In the standby and active modes, the MCU consumes currents of 0.5 [micro]A and 330 [micro]A, respectively, at an operating voltage of 3.0 V. An NB radio for use in an industrial temperature range from -40[degrees]C to 85[degrees] C requires a temperature-compensated crystal oscillator (TCXO) component with a frequency error of [+ or -] 2ppm to ensure communication. Even though the present study only requires sensing indoor temperatures in commercial temperature range of 0[degrees]C-70[degrees] C, the industrial specification is applied to the NB radio design. Operated at a data rate of 2.4 kbps with an 8.5 kHz receiver bandwidth and a modulation index of 0.5 based on GFSK modulation, the receiver sensitivity of the proposed IWSM design is -118 dBm with a bit error rate less than 0.1% and a transmission power of 10 dBm. The typical accuracies of temperature and humidity sensors are [+ or -] 0.3[degrees]C and [+ or -] 2% RH, respectively.
As shown in Figure 7(a), the simple wireless sensor is composed of an IWSM without a C[O.sub.2] sensor and is powered by two "AA" batteries for ease of installation and maintenance in residential areas. Hence, both its power consumption and implementation cost should be very low as mentioned in the properties of the low-cost hybrid WSN. A lithium iron disulfide (Li-Fe[S.sub.2]) battery can be used to sense outdoor temperatures as low as -40[degrees]C. The sensors in each room of several houses can transmit measured data to the corresponding CoAP wireless sensors via star connections at the same low data rates as those of 447 MHz band NB communications.
The CoAP wireless sensor, which is based on a Cortex-M3 processor, collects measured data from simple wireless sensors through the 447 MHz band RF module of the IWSM. Then, it shares the data with other CoAP wireless sensors and with the CoAP gateway via a mesh wireless network utilizing the IPv6 network protocol under both the Contiki OS [12] and CoAP through the 917 MHz band RF module, as shown in Figure 7(b). The CoAP sensor uses AC power and can measure the amount of C[O.sub.2] gas present. The CoAP gateway contains a Cortex-A8 platform (Beaglebone Black) to communicate through Ethernet with the BAS server under the Linux OS, as shown in Figure 8. The gateway also forms a mesh network with the CoAP wireless sensors under the 917 MHz band. For a network with ten CoAP wireless sensors and a CoAP gateway, the average transmission delay time was 13.8 ms at a transmission rate of 99.9%.
4. Low-Power and Low-Cost Wireless Sensors
For a low-cost implementation of the simple wireless sensor with low-power consumption, the RF module should consume little power in both receiving and transmitting modes. A superregenerative receiver can significantly reduce both the power consumption and implementation cost under a low operating voltage [13]. In this paper, the superheterodyne receiver of a commercially available RFIC is used to achieve a longer range than that of a superregenerative receiver. In order to reduce the power consumption of the RFIC, a duty-cycling algorithm is employed based on a fast direct preamble detection algorithm. The DCTCXO algorithm is then implemented.
4.1. Duty-Cycling Receiver Algorithm. In order to reduce the average power consumption of the RF module receiver, an efficient duty-cycling algorithm is employed in which the receiver is turned on and off periodically to detect the transmitted preamble signal. Here, the duty cycle is proportional to the average operating current of the receiver. The receiver checks the existence of the preamble signal over a short period of activity. If the preamble signal is detected, then the receiver remains on until the reception of the entire data packet is complete. If there is no preamble signal, the receiver is turned off immediately. In order to reduce the average operating current, a fast detection scheme is developed to decrease the preamble detection time. In the scheme, the MCU of the RF module observes each directly received signal to verify whether the signal is correct or not while decoding the packet. Without a duty-cycling algorithm, the average current is 16.7 mA, which can be reduced to 10.4 mA using a conventional duty-cycling algorithm with synchronized detection. However, the average current can be further reduced to 5.6 mA by applying the proposed duty-cycling algorithm based on fast preamble detection.
4.2. Digitally Controlled Temperature-Compensated Crystal Oscillator. In order to obtain a sufficient RF link margin, an NB RF module with a TCXO component can be employed, as shown in Figure 9(a). The operating current of the TCXO component is 1.8 mA. Therefore, using a conventional crystal resonator instead of the TCXO component can reduce the average operating currents in both the receiver and transmitter modes. Furthermore, replacing the expensive TCXO component with a conventional crystal resonator can significantly reduce the implementation cost. However, the frequency error, which depends on variations in temperature, increases the receiver bandwidth, and thus both the receiver sensitivity and selectivity are degraded, even though the automatic frequency control (AFC) function is active. For a crystal resonator with a frequency error of [+ or -] 20 ppm, the receiver bandwidth is 36.6 kHz. Hence, the receiver is highly susceptible to adjacent channel transmissions under 12.5 kHz channel spacing. On the other hand, the frequency error of the TCXO shown in Figure 9(a) is [+ or -] 2.0 ppm with a receiver bandwidth of 6.5 kHz. Narrowing the bandwidth increases the receiver sensitivity, and thus the transmission power can be reduced while still achieving a similar RF link margin. Consequently, the power consumption can be reduced [12, 13].
In this study, in order to achieve a similar receiver sensitivity performance to that of the TCXO with a frequency error of [+ or -] 2.0 ppm, a DCTCXO algorithm is implemented based on a digital technique using the inherent functions of both the MCU and RFIC of the RF module for the AT-cut quartz crystal resonator, as shown in Figure 9(b). Digital techniques have been employed to design higher-precision TCXO than that which analog techniques are able to achieve. Buroker and Frerking [11] and Mroch and Hykes [14] used the available memory, the digital-to-analog converters (DACs), and the varactor diodes to compensate the crystal frequencies with both coarse analog and fine digital techniques with respect to temperature. Azcondo et al. [15] proposed microcomputer temperature compensation of a crystal oscillator by utilizing both the dual mode operation and the varactor diodes. The capacitor banks were also used to trim the crystal frequency [16, 17]. The purpose of employing the digital technique, which is introduced to the proposed DCTCXO, is to achieve the same performance as that of the analog TCXO while minimizing the production procedure by not adding any components.
A block diagram of the frequency control portion of the designed DCTCXO is illustrated in Figure 10. Instead of using the DACs and the varactor diodes, the crystal oscillation frequency can be easily controlled by the load capacitor bank, which can be selected by the MCU. From an externally connected frequency counter, the channel frequency [f.sub.0] is tuned to a temperature of 25[degrees]C by adjusting the RFIC load capacitors to provide a coarse resolution of 400 Hz/div (<1ppm trimmable). The phase locked loop (PLL) divider register values are then calculated from the measured temperatures with a fine resolution of 15 Hz/div to compensate the crystal frequency for temperature. Here, the crystal's temperature can be measured by the temperature sensor of either the MCU or the RFIC. The accuracy of the temperature sensors operating within the temperature range from -40[degrees]C to 85[degrees]C is usually as low as [+ or -] 2[degrees]C. Furthermore, because of the heat that emanates from the RFIC when it operates in either receiver or transmitter mode, measurement of the crystal's temperature results in transient responses with biases [17]. Hence, the measured temperatures should be compensated for according to the mode in which the RF is operating.
The proposed DCTCXO algorithm is now introduced. For the channel frequency [f.sub.0], the relative frequency change of the AT-cut quartz crystal resonator can be represented by a third-order curve, where the frequency deviation at the inflection temperature [T.sub.0] is zero, as follows:
[DELTA]f = [A.sub.1] (T - [T.sub.0]) + [A.sub.2] [(T - [T.sub.0]).sup.2] + [A.sub.3] [(T - [T.sub.0]).sup.3], (1)
where the numerator [DELTA]f := f - [f.sub.0] is the frequency change. In (1), the parameters [A.sub.1], [A.sub.2], and [A.sub.3] are constants that depend on the physical properties of the crystal unit, including the angle of its cut, ratios of its dimensions, and order of its overtone. The inflection temperature of the AT-cut crystal is approximately equal to 25[degrees]C. If we can obtain the parameters for a set of crystal resonators, then we can compensate the crystal frequency for temperature by using the temperature curve in (1). However, the parameters of the crystal resonators can vary during manufacturing due to nonuniform cut angles, and these parameters are determined by taking samples. Hence, the accuracy of temperature compensation performed by using a single compensation curve with fixed parameters can exhibit errors that are quite large. Therefore, a simple technique for measuring the nonuniformity of a crystal resonator sample is necessary to conduct temperature compensation more accurately. Let [DELTA][theta] := [theta] - [[theta].sub.0] denote the cut-angle difference between the intended angle d and the zero-temperature coefficient-reference angle [[theta].sub.0], measured in degrees. For the AT-cut crystal resonator, Bechmann [18] found a change rate of -0.08583 x [10.sup.-6] [DELTA][theta] for the first parameter [A.sub.1] with respect to the cut-angle change [DELTA][theta]. In contrast, [A.sub.2] and [A.sub.3] had relatively lower change rates of -0.07833 x [10.sup.-9] [DELTA][theta] and -0.033 x [10.sup.-12] [DELTA][theta], respectively. Hence, the cut-angle change [DELTA][theta] dominates the value of [A.sub.1] but not the values of [A.sub.2] and [A.sub.3]. In other words, various crystal resonator samples with different values of [DELTA][theta] can have approximate third-order curves of (1) in which the values of [A.sub.1] vary, while [A.sub.2] and [A.sub.3] do not change significantly. Therefore, the difference between the two third-order curves of (1) can be approximated by a first-order curve. After applying temperature compensation using a fixed third-order curve of (1), the relative change of the resultant frequency f' can be given as a first-order curve that is equal to zero at the inflection temperature 25[degrees]C, as
[DELTA]f/[f.sub.0] [approximately equal to] [a.sub.1] (T - [T.sub.0]), (2)
where the constant [a.sub.1] is defined as [a.sub.1] := [A.sub.1] - [A'.sub.1] and [A'.sub.1] is the first parameter of the crystal resonator sample to be temperature compensated. In (2), the numerator [DELTA]f' := f' - [f.sub.0] is the resultant frequency change. By measuring the parameter [a.sub.1] in (2), the third-order compensated frequency curve can be compensated once again to achieve an even more accurate frequency reference. In the proposed DCTCXO, the calculation of [a.sub.1], which depends on the crystal resonator sample, is automatically performed using the frequency-offset measurement ability of the RFIC's AFC block. As shown in Figure 11, a reference-frequency RF signal originating from a high-precision RF signal generator enters the RF module, and [DELTA]f', the frequency offset of the crystal resonator sample at an ambient temperature of [T.sub.1], which is different for 25[degrees]C, is calculated by the AFC. The parameter [a.sub.1] can then be obtained from the frequency-offset register of the AFC. The proposed DCTCXO algorithm can be summarized as follows.
4.2.1. DCTCXO Algorithm. First, conduct third-order temperature compensation using a fixed third-order curve of (1). Second, conduct first-order temperature compensation using the first-order curve of (2), which is obtained from the crystal resonator sample to be temperature compensated.
A more detailed description of the algorithm and practical experimental observations will be introduced in the results section.
5. Experimental Results
In this section, an experiment performed on the proposed DCTCXO is introduced first. Then, a low-cost hybrid WSN, constructed with a low-cost RF module and implemented in a home, is introduced.
5.1. Proposed DCTCXO for the Low-Cost RF Module. The relative frequency changes versus the environment temperatures of five RF module samples were obtained experimentally, as shown in Figure 9(b). AT-cut crystal resonators were used to generate the RF reference frequency of 32.0000 MHz. In Figure 12(a), the frequency errors of the five RF module samples, given in parts per million (ppm), are shown and fitted to third-order curves. Using the fitted third-order curves, the results of temperature compensation performed on the five samples are shown in Figure 12(b). The compensation reduced the maximum frequency error from [+ or -] 9.3 ppm to [+ or -] 2.8 ppm. As addressed in (2), the compensated curves are first-order curves whose shapes depended on the crystal resonator samples. As shown in Figure 13(a), first-order fitting was conducted on each compensated result appearing in Figure 12(b). The second iteration of temperature compensation was then performed using the first-order curve corresponding to each crystal resonator sample. The final compensated curves are shown in Figure 13(b), revealing that the maximum frequency error was reduced significantly to [+ or -] 0.68 ppm.
Unfortunately, first-order fitting using all the crystal sample data, shown in Figure 13, is not practical. Hence, a simple, practical technique, in which a frequency-offset measuring technique was employed by the RFIC's AFC block, was used to find the first-order curve of the crystal sample, as shown in Figure 11. In Figure 14, the frequencies measured using the frequency-offset register of the AFC are depicted versus the true frequency offsets. Biases existed depending on the input frequency offsets, and a first-order curve [eta] was used to describe the bias curve. Hence, in order to use the frequency [f.sub.offset] measured from the frequency-offset register of the AFC at a specific ambient temperature [T.sub.1] that is higher than the inflection temperature [T.sub.0], compensation using the inverse function of the bias curve [[eta].sup.-1] should be applied. A curve of (2) obtained this way is then given by the parameter
[a.sub.1] as
[a.sub.1] = [[eta].sup.-1]([f.sub.offset])/[T.sub.1] - [T.sub.0]. (3)
The first-order curves obtained from both the frequency-offset registers and (3) are depicted in Figure 15(a), and the compensated results are shown in Figure 15(b). The fitting increased the maximum frequency error slightly to [+ or -] 1.3 ppm from that of Figure 13(a). In the experiment shown in Figure 15, the ambient temperature was [T.sub.1] [approximately equal to] 50[degrees]C. For a practical RF module design, it is important to measure one frequency error at a specific temperature and to conduct automatic compensation, even though the temperature-compensation performance is degraded slightly, especially at a low temperature range. The memory required to implement the proposed DCTCXO was 520 B, and the execution time of the 1 MHz-clock MCU was 3.5 ms.
The NB RF module of the 477 MHz band was tested at a bit rate of 2.4 kbps in a home environment and compared with a wider bandwidth receiver operating at the same rate. The experimental results are illustrated in Figure 16. The transmitter was located on the eighth floor, and the receiver was moved around the space to measure both the RSSI values and the packet error rates (PERs). The narrower bandwidth receiver demonstrated better packet error rates and could provide longer transmission ranges than the wider bandwidth receiver could. From the results shown in Figure 16, it is clear that the CoAP wireless sensor could cover more than five of the building's stories.
5.2. Experiment Performed on the Hybrid WSN. The proposed hybrid WSN system was constructed in a five-story library building. Each story had one CoAP gateway, two CoAP wireless sensors, and eight simple wireless sensors to collect temperature and humidity data. The data measured in one day, depicted in Figure 17, provided meaningful information with respect to the rooms' locations. In Figure 18, the MOS-based C[O.sub.2] sensor of IWSM was compared with the conventional NDIR-based C[O.sub.2] sensors in an office environment with moving people. We can notice that the MOS-based C[O.sub.2] sensor can efficiently measure the C[O.sub.2] gas amount change below 2000 ppm similarly to the NDIR-based sensor cases.
A low-cost hybrid wireless sensor network utilizing the 917 MHz and 447 MHz RF bands is implemented for indoor environment monitoring. A duty-cycling receiver algorithm and a digitally controlled temperature-compensation crystal oscillator (DCTCXO) are implemented to achieve low-power and low-cost wireless sensor nodes. In the proposed DCTCXO, a two-step compensation is performed, in which a fixed third-order curve is applied first and a first-order curve is applied after that, to achieve a high-precision frequency reference. The first-order compensation curve for a given crystal resonator sample is automatically obtained from the frequency-offset measurement conducted in the AFC block. By implementing both the duty-cycling algorithm and the proposed DCTCXO, the average operating current of the RF module is reduced from 16.7 mA to 4.0 mA.
The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.
This work was supported by Korea Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning (KETEP) and by the Ministry of Trade, Industry & Energy (MOTIE) of the Republic of Korea (20151210200240 and 20141010501840).
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[15] J. C. Blanco, F. J. Azcondo, and J. Peire, "New Digital Compensation Technique for the Design of a Microcomputer Compensated Crystal Oscillator," IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 42, no. 3, pp. 307-315, 1995.
[16] Q. Huang and P. Basedau, "Design considerations for high-frequency crystal oscillators digitally trimmable to sub-ppm accuracy," IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 408-416, 1997.
[17] D. S. Kim, E. Lee, J. Han, and J. Lee, "Digitally controlled temperature-compensated crystal oscillator in developing low-cost radio frequency modules," Information, vol. 18, no. 7, pp. 3157-3166, 2016.
[18] R. M. Cerda, Understanding Quartz Crystals and Oscillators, Artech House Microwave Library, London, UK, 2014.
Dong Sik Kim, (1) Beom Jin Chung, (2) and Sung-Yong Son (3)
(1) Department of Electronics Engineering, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17035, Republic of Korea
(2) Smart Green Home Research Center, Gachon University, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
(3) Department of Electrical Engineering, Gachon University, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
Correspondence should be addressed to Sung-Yong Son; xtra@gachon.ac.kr
Received 17 March 2017; Revised 19 June 2017; Accepted 28 June 2017; Published 31 July 2017
Academic Editor: Stefania Campopiano
Caption: FIGURE 1: Indoor temperature control based on temperature sensors. (a) Traditional thermostats and actuators. (b) Wireless sensors for accurate temperature sensing.
Caption: FIGURE 2: Indoor temperature control based on both the building automation system (BAS) and wireless sensors.
Caption: FIGURE 3: Indoor environment monitoring based on the Internet of Things (IoT).
Caption: FIGURE 4: Indoor environment monitoring based on the use of NB radio modules under the 447 MHz band.
Caption: FIGURE 5: Implemented indoor environment monitoring system based on the use of the hybrid WSN under the 917 MHz and 447 MHz bands.
Caption: FIGURE 6: Integrated wireless sensor module (IWSM) containing a 447 MHz band RF module with a helical antenna, temperature and humidity sensor, and optional C[O.sub.2] sensor.
Caption: FIGURE 7: Simple and CoAP wireless sensors. (a) Simple wireless sensor circuit board. (b) CoAP wireless sensor circuit board.
Caption: FIGURE 8: CoAP gateway. (a) Exterior of CoAP gateway. (b) CoAP gateway circuit board with a 917 MHz band RF module and a Cortex-A8 processor.
Caption: FIGURE 9: Digitally controlled temperature-compensated crystal oscillator (DCTCXO). (a) NB RF module with a TCXO component ([+ or -] 2.0 ppm). (b) NB RF module with both an AT-cut quartz crystal resonator ([+ or -] 20 ppm) and a DCTCXO algorithm implementation for a [+ or -] 2.0 ppm frequency error.
Caption: FIGURE 10: Frequency control portion of the RF module with the AT-cut quartz crystal resonator in the proposed DCTCXO.
Caption: FIGURE 11: Frequency-offset measurement portion of the RF module for first-order compensation in the proposed DCTCXO.
Caption: FIGURE 12: Temperature compensation using a fixed third-order curve. (a) Frequency errors (in ppm) versus ambient temperatures with third-order curves fitted to the five RF model samples ([+ or -] 9.3 ppm). (b) Temperature-compensated results using the fitted third-order curve ([+ or -] 2.8 ppm).
Caption: FIGURE 13: Temperature compensation based first on the fixed third-order curves and then on the individual first-order curves. (a) First-order curve fitting for each RF module sample using all of the third-order compensated data of Figure 12(b). (b) Temperature-compensated results using first the fixed third-order curves and then the individual first-order curves ([+ or -] 0.68 ppm).
Caption: FIGURE 14: Frequency-offset measurement from the AFC frequency-offset register of RFIC. The compensation curve is obtained by fitting a first-order curve to the measured frequency offsets from the frequency-offset register of AFC.
Caption: FIGURE 15: Temperature compensation in the proposed DCTCXO. (a) First-order curve fitting for each RF model sample using (3) at 50[degrees]C. (b) Temperature-compensation results using the fixed third-order curve and then the individual first-order curve ([+ or -] 1.3 ppm).
Caption: FIGURE 16: Comparison of receiver bandwidths operated under the same bit rate of 2.4 kbps for which the transmitter was located on the eighth floor of the building. The frequency errors of [+ or -] 2.0 ppm and [+ or -] 20 ppm had receiver bandwidths of 6.5 kHz and 36.6 kHz, respectively.
Caption: FIGURE 18: Comparison of the MOS-based C[O.sub.2] sensor of IWSM (IAQ-CORE) with the conventional C[O.sub.2] sensors, which are based on NDIR (MISIR-5000 and Engine-K30).
COPYRIGHT 2017 Hindawi Limited
Title Annotation:
Kim, Dong Sik; Chung, Beom Jin; Son, Sung-Yong
Journal of Sensors
In-Line Acoustic Device Inspection of Leakage in Water Distribution Pipes Based on Wavelet and Neural Network.
A Tightly Coupled Positioning Solution for Land Vehicles in Urban Canyons.


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In most companies of any size, data moves between multiple business groups and IT systems on its way from initial transactions to the reports that the CEO and CFO must attest to. Attesting to the accuracy of the data requires confidence in accounting procedures and controls. These are addressed within the COSO framework.
The SOX 404 attestation also requires confidence in the IT systems that house, move, and transform data. It requires confidence in the processes and controls for those IT systems and databases. The COBiT COBIT (Control Objectives for Information and related Technology) framework was designed to help implement governance and control over technology processes and systems. Published by the IT Governance Institute and the Information Systems Audit and Control Association (ISACA), COBIT is designed to allow managers to bridge the gap between control requirements, technical issues and business risks.


I like to imagine that during the short interval of days between her death and my son's birth on the day of her funeral, they met each other in that mysterious place in-between this life and the next. I envision them together, with heads bent, foreheads touching, sharing the secret of the amazing gift that awaited me with his impending birth.
I would dream of a golden light flickering between my heart and the heart of a child. It was a faint light like the one you see along the bottom of a closed door while standing in a darkened room. I had a feeling that this child was looking for me as desperately as I was searching for her. A part of me knew that if I could just find the key and unlock the door we would be connected by that light.
In my late 20's, after several yearly surgeries and hormone therapies trying unsuccessfully to conceive a child, I had a very vivid dream.
She looked Native American. She was a beautiful, slender young woman with long brown hair, olive skin, and almond-shaped dark eyes. When I woke I couldn't understand how this person could ever be my child, as my first husband and I were both Caucasian.
So powerful and unusual was this dream that I wrote it down. Fast forward a dozen years or so. The dream is long forgotten. I am a divorced mother of two blonde haired, blue-eyed adopted children from my first marriage. I have already been told and have accepted that I will never conceive a child. My second husband and I are looking into adoption when at age 39 I become pregnant. My daughter Piper is soon born to me and my Chinese-American husband. When she is thirteen years old, I recognize the young woman who spoke to me in that dream so long ago.
I have had several prophetic dreams. Uncanny and unsettling premonitions of what was to come at major turning points in my life. One such "dream" literally saved me from death. I do not evangelize about these occurrences. I haven't even talked about them much until now, but they have fueled decades of my own personal study of mysticism, religious theology, and shamanism as well as any possible scientific explanations. I am a pragmatist at heart. I look for logic, for proof, for rational answers. I have found none of these things–only more questions about those angels that still come to talk to me in my sleep every now and again.
A documentary aired (P.O.V. on Public Television) related to this topic. It is entitled, The Edge of Dreaming. It is a fascinating film.
"A dream that is not interpreted is like a letter that is not read." –Talmud.


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text:
Heimito von Doderer, de son nom complet Franz Carl Heimito Ritter von Doderer, né le  à Hadersdorf-Weidlingau, près de Vienne, et mort le  à Vienne, est un écrivain autrichien.

Biographie

Heimito von Doderer est le plus jeune fils d'une famille aristocratique aussi bien par son père (de noblesse récente) que par sa mère. Son père, Wilhelm Carl von Doderer (1854–1932), de confession catholique, occupe en tant que constructeur des fonctions importantes dans les chemins de fer austro-hongrois. Sa mère Wilhelmine, née von Hügel (1862–1946), est de confession protestante ; la sœur Charlotte de  celle-ci a épousé l'architecte Max von Ferstel, fils de Heinrich von Ferstel. Par sa grand-mère Maria von Greisinger (1835–1914), Heimito von Doderer est apparenté à l'écrivain Nikolaus Lenau. Au moment de sa naissance, les Doderer comptaient parmi les familles les plus riches de la monarchie. Heimito von Doderer fait sa scolarité à Vienne, il passe les mois d'été dans la maison familiale près de Reichenau au pied des montagnes du Rax. Élève moyen, il obtient la maturité (Matura) à la veille de l'attentat de Sarajevo, déclencheur de la Première Guerre mondiale.

En 1914, il commence des études de droit à l'université de Vienne mais doit les interrompre à cause de la guerre: il est mobilisé dans la cavalerie et sert dans le Troisième régiment de dragons sur le front oriental, notamment en Galicie et près de Tchernivtsi en Bucovine. Le , il est fait prisonnier par les Russes et, après un long confinement dans la région de Khabarovsk en Sibérie, il se trouve bloqué par la tourmente de la guerre civile russe et ne revient de captivité qu'en août 1920. Il reprend aussitôt des études d'histoire et de psychologie (il obtiendra son doctorat en 1925). Il s'essaie à la littérature avant même la fin de ses études et publie en 1923 un premier recueil de poésie et en 1924 son premier roman, Die Bresche (« La Brèche »).

Il a commencé dès son retour une liaison compliquée avec Gusti Hasterlik, jeune femme d'origine juive qu'il épousera en 1930 avant de s'en séparer deux ans plus tard. Cette période est pour lui extrêmement difficile : le succès littéraire ne vient pas, il manque d'argent et son divorce est particulièrement pénible. Contaminé par l'antisémitisme viennois ambiant, cet homme pourtant conservateur et individualiste à l'extrême va se laisser attirer par le nazisme et adhérera même au NSDAP, en partie aussi par opportunisme, en . Le parti nazi autrichien est rapidement interdit par le chancelier Dollfuss, mais Doderer rejoint le parti nazi allemand en 1936. Ce ralliement, du reste, ne lui rapportera jamais rien (que des difficultés à l'issue de la guerre), sa production n'étant pas de nature à intéresser les nazis.Par la suite, il prend peu à peu ses distances vis-à-vis du nazisme parallèlement à son rapprochement avec l'Église catholique (notamment sous l'influence d'une fervente catholique rencontrée en 1937, Maria Emma Thoma (1896-1984), qu'il épousera en 1952). Il se convertit au catholicisme en 1940.

Il est de nouveau mobilisé pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale et envoyé notamment en France, puis sur le front de l'Est, enfin à Oslo où le surprend la fin de la guerre. Il est fait prisonnier et ne retourne en Autriche qu'en 1946. Dans le cadre de la dénazification, il est alors classé dans la catégorie des « personnes moins compromises » qui sont néanmoins interdites de publication pour trois ans.

Son grand roman L'Escalier du Strudlhof ou Melzer et la profondeur des ans, auquel il a commencé à travailler pendant la guerre, est achevé en 1949, publié en 1951 et très bien accueilli. Doderer est admis au PEN Club autrichien en février 1952.

Le succès enfin venu, il s'attaque à un autre roman, plus ambitieux encore, qu'il avait imaginé et ébauché, avant de l'abandonner, dans les années 1930 : Les Démons. Cette grande fresque, parue en 1956 et mêlant de nombreux personnages inspirés de sa propre vie, est généralement considérée comme son chef-d'œuvre.

En raison de l'ampleur de ses romans et surtout de sa description de la fin d'un monde, il est volontiers comparé à ses compatriotes Robert Musil et Hermann Broch.

Un représentant du grand roman viennois
Selon Dieter Hornig, Heimito von Doderer est le . Si le roman viennois  dans les années 1930 avec L'homme sans qualités de Robert Musil, L'Escalier du Strudlhof (1951) et Les Démons (1956) de Heimito von Doderer  son évolution. Tandis que Musil , Doderer . Ainsi que le rappelle Éric Chevrel, Doderer a lui-même succombé à cette idéologie, Les démons étant aussi . Comme chez Hofmannsthal et Musil,  montrent .

Œuvres

 Gassen und Landschaft (1923)
 Die Bresche (1924)
 Das Geheimnis des Reichs (1930)
 Der Fall Gütersloh (1930)
 Ein Mord, den jeder begeht (1938)
 Ein Umweg (1940)

 Die erleuchteten Fenster oder Die Menschwerdung des Amtsrates Julius Zihal (1951)
 Die Strudlhofstiege oder Melzer und die Tiefe der Jahre (1951)
 Das letzte Abenteuer (1953)
 Die Dämonen. Nach der Chronik des Sektionsrates Geyrenhoff (1956)
 Ein Weg im Dunklen (1957)
 Die Posaunen von Jericho (1958) Publié en français sous le titre Les Trompettes de Jéricho, traduit par Pierre Deshusses in Divertimenti, Paris, Rivages 1996.
 Grundlagen und Funktion des Romans (1959)
 Die Peinigung der Lederbeutelchen (1959)
 Tod einer Dame im Sommer (1959), nouvelle reprise ultérieurement dans le recueil Unter schwarzen Sternen
 Die Merowinger oder Die totale Familie (1962)
 Die Wasserfälle von Slunj (Roman No. 7/I) (1963)
 Tangenten. Tagebuch eines Schriftstellers 1940–1950 (1964)
 Unter schwarzen Sternen (1966)
 Meine neunzehn Lebensläufe und neun andere Geschichten (1966)
 Divertimenti und Variationen (1972), anthologie posthume
 Kurz- und Kürzestgeschichten (1972), anthologie posthume

Récompenses et distinctions
 1957 : Grand prix d'État autrichien
 1961 : Prix de la Ville de Vienne de littérature

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Bibliographie

 Éric Chevrel,
 « Le roman viennois », dans Dictionnaire du monde germanique , Dir: É. Décultot, M. Espagne et J. Le Rider, Paris, Bayard, 2007,
 « Staatsroman : roman, politique et identité chez Doderer », Études Germaniques, 2010/2 (n° 258), . DOI : 10.3917/eger.258.0319.
 Dieter Hornig,
  Lutz-W Wolff, Heimito von Doderer, Rowohlt, collection « Rororo Monographie », 1 édition : 1996,  ; 2 édition : 2000.

Articles connexes
 Littérature autrichienne
 Roman (littérature)#Roman viennois
 L'Escalier du Strudlhof ou Melzer et la profondeur des ans
 Les Démons (roman, 1956)

Liens externes

 Société Heimito von Doderer
 Présentation de l'auteur en français, traductions inédites, et exposé sur Les Trompettes de Jericho

Écrivain autrichien
Écrivain de langue allemande
Romancier autrichien
Nouvelliste autrichien du XXe siècle
Essayiste autrichien
Personnalité du Parti national-socialiste des travailleurs allemands
Membre de l'Académie allemande pour la langue et la littérature
Naissance en septembre 1896
Naissance à Vienne (Autriche)
Naissance en Autriche-Hongrie
Décès en décembre 1966
Décès à Vienne (Autriche)
Décès à 70 ans
Personnalité inhumée au cimetière de Grinzing
Naissance à Penzing
Militaire autrichien de la Seconde Guerre mondiale


STAMFORD, Conn. – June 16, 2016 – Beginning this Saturday, June 18, NBC and NBCSN will combine to present primetime coverage of the 2016 U.S. Olympic Trials during an unprecedented 20 of 23 nights in diving, swimming, gymnastics, and track and field. It all leads up to the Games of the XXXI Olympiad in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, this August on the networks of NBCUniversal.
Coverage begins this Saturday night at 8 p.m. ET on NBCSN with the U.S. Diving Trials from Indianapolis, Ind., which will be showcased on eight out of nine days in primetime on NBC or NBCSN. NBC Olympics will present 76 hours of Trials coverage leading into the Rio Olympics – the most ever for the U.S. Olympic Trials – and will feature some of the most anticipated stories and athletes of the Games.
NBC and NBCSN's 19.5 hours of live Trials coverage in diving is highlighted by six consecutive nights of primetime coverage on NBCSN and two on NBC. The action begins Saturday night at 8 p.m. ET on NBCSN with the men's synchronized springboard and women's synchronized platform semifinals. NBCSN's coverage airs in primetime through Thursday, June 23, and will feature the synchronized semifinals and finals, as well as the men's and women's springboard and platform semifinals.
NBC's coverage of the finals begins Saturday, June 25, at 4:30 p.m. ET, and continues in primetime at 8 p.m. ET. Finals coverage on Sunday, June 26, begins at 4:30 p.m. ET, and continues at 7 p.m. ET.
David Boudia earned a gold medal for the U.S. in the men's individual platform in London. Overall, the U.S. men's and women's squads won four medals in 2012, second-best behind China (10). Boudia will be competing in individual platform and synchronized platform with new partner Steele Johnson. London bronze medalist Kristian Ipsen will look to make his second Olympic team while his synchro partner, Troy Dumais, will try to make his fifth Olympic team. London silver medalist Abby Johnston will be competing in individual springboard.
Amy Cozad will be looking to make her first Olympic team in both the individual platform and synchronized platform event (with partner Jessica Parratto).
Ted Robinson will handle play-by-play duties for all of NBC and NBCSN's diving coverage, alongside analyst and 1976 Olympic bronze medalist Cynthia Potter, and analyst and 2000 Olympic gold medalist Laura Wilkinson. Kelli Stavast will handle reporting duties throughout the week's coverage in Indianapolis.
Sat., June 18 Men's Springboard and Women's Platform Synchronized Semifinals NBCSN 8 p.m.
Sun., June 19 Men's Platform Synchronized Semifinal NBCSN 8 p.m.
Mon., June 20 Men's Springboard and Women's Platform Semifinals NBCSN 7 p.m.
Tues., June 21 Men's Platform and Women's Springboard Semifinals NBCSN 7 p.m.
Wed., June 22 Men's Springboard and Women's Platform Synchronized Finals NBCSN 9 p.m.
Thur., June 23 Men's Platform Synchronized Final NBCSN 7 p.m.
Sat., June 25 Men's Springboard Final NBC 4:30 p.m.
Women's Platform Final NBC 8 p.m.
Sun., June 26 Women's Springboard Final NBC 4:30 p.m.
Men's Platform Final NBC 7 p.m.
Click here for more information on NBC Olympics' unprecedented coverage of the U.S. Olympic Trials.
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