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Earl Burns Miller Japanese Garden ( en español: Jardín japonés Earl Burns Miller) es un jardín japonés y jardín botánico de 1.3 acres (0.53 hectáreas) de extensión, localizado en el campus de la Universidad Estatal de California, Long Beach, California.

Localización
Se ubica en los terrenos del campus de la Universidad Estatal de California, Long Beach.

Earl Burns Miller Japanese Garden 1250 Bellflower Boulevard California State University Campus Long Beach, Los Angeles county 90840 California United States of America-Estados Unidos de América.

Planos y vistas satelitales.

La entrada es gratuita. El jardín está cerrado al público los sábados (cuando se alquila generalmente para bodas y recepciones) y los lunes.

Historia
La inauguración formal del jardín japonés tuvo lugar en 1981.

El arquitecto del plan maestro para la universidad fue Ed Lovell, viajó hasta Japón para inspirarse en los jardines del Palacio Imperial en Tokio antes de diseñar el jardín japonés de la universidad.

Colecciones
Entre los eventos que tienen lugar en el jardín todos los años hay un concurso de Kois y una exhibición de chrysanthemum.

Las plantas del jardín en su mayoría son plantas indígenas del Japón destacando colecciones de wisterias, lavandas, y azaleas entre otras.

El jardín es un lugar muy popular que se puede alquilar para ceremonias de bodas

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Página oficial del jardín.
 Página oficial de la universidad estatal de California, campus de Long Beach.

Earl Burns Miller
Earl Burns Miller
Earl Burns Miller
Edificios y estructuras de Long Beach (California)
Earl Burns Miller


Mermaids are anonymous women who represent every spiritual being on Earth – and water.
They are immersed in the deepest of their own existence; not communicated, unable to breath, being one with nature they are only capable to listen to their inner voice; the ancestral and true one.
This short instant finds its beauty on the ephemeral of the moment, that is captured almost by chance, because it will never exist again.
Water is the perfect medium to translate this unique and personal feeling because of its unstable nature. Pictorially talking, it allows to mix the two biggest languages, abstraction and realism.
Why women? Is the common question. Women can find the complete freedom in water from the phallocentric society, we feel safe in this limitless medium where no eye can judge.


The Petz Carlton is a doggy "day care" and training center located in St. Joseph, MI near Harbor Country attractions.
At The Petz Carlton, your dog gets constant care. Your dog gets running exercise in a large, open back yard every two hours to keep them mentally and physically fit. Your dog comes back to you fit, fed and ready to be a polite part of your family.


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Bisnis Trading Forex Halal atau Tidak
Trading di Forex International adalah 100% Bebas Pajak dan Legal menurut hukum pemerintah maupun hukum agama.
Trading Forex atau Valas adalah bukan Judi, karena perdagangan Forex dapat dianalisa secara nyata, disamping itu Forex juga sama dengan perdagangan pada umumnya dan hanya berbeda di obyeknya saja (di Forex obyeknya adalah mata uang, sedangkan di perdagangan umum obyeknya adalah barang atau jasa).
Trading dapat berarti ibarat anda menukarkan uang di money changer dengan memanfaatkan selisih harga kurs jual belinya
Forex Menurut Perspektif Islam:
"Jangan kamu membeli ikan dalam air, karena sesungguhnya jual beli yang demikian itu mengandung penipuan". (Hadis Ahmad bin Hambal dan Al Baihaqi dari Ibnu Mas'ud)
Jual beli barang yang tidak di tempat transaksi diperbolehkan dengan syarat harus diterangkan sifatsifatnya atau ciri-cirinya. Kemudian jika barang sesuai dengan keterangan penjual, maka sahlah jual belinya. Tetapi jika tidak sesuai maka pembeli mempunyai hak khiyar, artinya boleh meneruskan atau membatalkan jual belinya.
Hal ini sesuai dengan hadis Nabi riwayat Al Daraquthni dari Abu Hurairah:
Jual beli hasil tanam yang masih terpendam, seperti ketela, kentang, bawang dan sebagainya juga diperbolehkan, asal diberi contohnya, karena akan mengalami kesulitan atau kerugian jika harus mengeluarkan semua hasil tanaman yang terpendam untuk dijual.
Hal ini sesuai dengan kaidah hukum Islam: "Kesulitan itu menarik kemudahan."
ISLAMIC FOREX TRADINGByDr Mohammed Obaidullah
1. The Basic Exchange Contracts
There is a general consensus among Islamic jurists on the view that currencies of different countries can be exchanged on a spot basis at a rate different from unity, since currencies of different countries are distinct entities with different values or intrinsic worth, and purchasing power. There also seems to be a general agreement among a majority of scholars on the view that currency exchange on a forward basis is not permissible, that is, when the rights and obligations of both parties relate to a future date. However, there is considerable difference of opinion among jurists when the rights of either one of the parties, which is same as obligation of the counterparty, is deferred to a future date.
To elaborate, let us consider the example of two individuals A and B who belong to two different countries, India and US respectively. A intends to sell Indian rupees and buy U.S dollars. The converse is true for B. The rupee-dollar exchange rate agreed upon is 1:20 and the transaction involves buying and selling of $50. The first situation is that A makes a spot payment of Rs1000 to B and accepts payment of $50 from B. The transaction is settled on a spot basis from both ends. Such transactions are valid and Islamically permissible. There are no two opinions about the same. The second possibility is that settlement of the transaction from both ends is deferred to a future date, say after six months from now. This implies that both A and B would make and accept payment of Rs1000 or $50, as the case may be, after six months. The predominant view is that such a contract is not Islamically permissible. A minority view considers it permissible. The third scenario is that the transaction is partly settled from one end only. For example, A makes a payment of Rs1000 now to B in lieu of a promise by B to pay $50 to him after six months. Alternatively, A accepts $50 now from B and promises to pay Rs1000 to him after six months. There are diametrically opposite views on the permissibility of such contracts which amount to bai-salam in currencies. The purpose of this paper is to present a comprehensive analysis of various arguments in support and against the permissibility of these basic contracts involving currencies. The first form of contracting involving exchange of countervalues on a spot basis is beyond any kind of controversy. Permissibility or otherwise of the second type of contract in which delivery of one of the countervalues is deferred to a future date, is generally discussed in the framework of riba prohibition. Accordingly we discuss this contract in detail in section 2 dealing with the issue of prohibition of riba. Permissibility of the third form of contract in which delivery of both the countervalues is deferred, is generally discussed within the framework of reducing risk and uncertainty or gharar involved in such contracts. This, therefore, is the central theme of section 3 which deals with the issue of gharar. Section 4 attempts a holistic view of the Sharia relates issues as also the economic significance of the basic forms of contracting in the currency market.
2. The Issue of Riba Prohibition
The divergence of views1 on the permissibility or otherwise of exchange contracts in currencies can be traced primarily to the issue of riba prohibition.
The need to eliminate riba in all forms of exchange contracts is of utmost importance. Riba in its Sharia context is generally defined2 as an unlawful gain derived from the quantitative inequality of the countervalues in any transaction purporting to effect the exchange of two or more species (anwa), which belong to the same genus (jins) and are governed by the same efficient cause (illa). Riba is generally classified into riba al-fadl (excess) and riba al-nasia (deferment) which denote an unlawful advantage by way of excess or deferment respectively. Prohibition of the former is achieved by a stipulation that the rate of exchange between the objects is unity and no gain is permissible to either party. The latter kind of riba is prohibited by disallowing deferred settlement and ensuring that the transaction is settled on the spot by both the parties. Another form of riba is called riba al-jahiliyya or pre-Islamic riba which surfaces when the lender asks the borrower on the maturity date if the latter would settle the debt or increase the same. Increase is accompanied by charging interest on the amount initially borrowed.
The prohibition of riba in the exchange of currencies belonging to different countries requires a process of analogy (qiyas). And in any such exercise involving analogy (qiyas), efficient cause (illa) plays an extremely important role. It is a common efficient cause (illa), which connects the object of the analogy with its subject, in the exercise of analogical reasoning. The appropriate efficient cause (illa) in case of exchange contracts has been variously defined by the major schools of Fiqh. This difference is reflected in the analogous reasoning for paper currencies belonging to different countries.
A question of considerable significance in the process of analogous reasoning relates to the comparison between paper currencies with gold and silver. In the early days of Islam, gold and silver performed all the functions of money (thaman). Currencies were made of gold and silver with a known intrinsic value (quantum of gold or silver contained in them). Such currencies are described as thaman haqiqi, or naqdain in Fiqh literature. These were universally acceptable as principal means of exchange, accounting for a large chunk of transactions. Many other commodities, such as, various inferior metals also served as means of exchange, but with limited acceptability. These are described as fals in Fiqh literature. These are also known as thaman istalahi because of the fact that their acceptability stems not from their intrinsic worth, but due to the status accorded by the society during a particular period of time. The above two forms of currencies have been treated very differently by early Islamic jurists from the standpoint of permissibility of contracts involving them. The issue that needs to be resolved is whether the present age paper currencies fall under the former category or the latter. One view is that these should be treated at par with thaman haqiqi or gold and silver, since these serve as the principal means of exchange and unit of account like the latter. Hence, by analogous reasoning, all the Sharia-related norms and injunctions applicable to thaman haqiqi should also be applicable to paper currency. Exchange of thaman haqiqi is known as bai-sarf, and hence, the transactions in paper currencies should be governed by the Sharia rules relevant for bai-sarf. The contrary view asserts that paper currencies should be treated in a manner similar to fals or thaman istalahi because of the fact that their face value is different from their intrinsic worth. Their acceptability stems from their legal status within the domestic country or global economic importance (as in case of US dollars, for instance).
2.1. A Synthesis of Alternative Views
2.1.1. Analogical Reasoning (Qiyas) for Riba Prohibition
The prohibition of riba is based on the tradition that the holy prophet (peace be upon him) said, "Sell gold for gold, silver for silver, wheat for wheat, barley for barley, date for date, salt for salt, in same quantities on the spot; and when the commodities are different, sell as it suits you, but on the spot." Thus, the prohibition of riba applies primarily to the two precious metals (gold and silver) and four other commodities (wheat, barley, dates and salt). It also applies, by analogy (qiyas) to all species which are governed by the same efficient cause (illa) or which belong to any one of the genera of the six objects cited in the tradition. However, there is no general agreement among the various schools of Fiqh and even scholars belonging to the same school on the definition and identification of efficient cause (illa) of riba.
For the Hanafis, efficient cause (illa) of riba has two dimensions: the exchanged articles belong to the same genus (jins); these possess weight (wazan) or measurability (kiliyya). If in a given exchange, both the elements of efficient cause (illa) are present, that is, the exchanged countervalues belong to the same genus (jins) and are all weighable or all measurable, then no gain is permissible (the exchange rate must be equal to unity) and the exchange must be on a spot basis. In case of gold and silver, the two elements of efficient cause (illa) are: unity of genus (jins) and weighability. This is also the Hanbali view according to one version3. (A different version is similar to the Shafii and Maliki view, as discussed below.) Thus, when gold is exchanged for gold, or silver is exchanged for silver, only spot transactions without any gain are permissible. It is also possible that in a given exchange, one of the two elements of efficient cause (illa) is present and the other is absent. For example, if the exchanged articles are all weighable or measurable but belong to different genus (jins) or, if the exchanged articles belong to same genus (jins) but neither is weighable nor measurable, then exchange with gain (at a rate different from unity) is permissible, but the exchange must be on a spot basis. Thus, when gold is exchanged for silver, the rate can be different from unity but no deferred settlement is permissible. If none of the two elements of efficient cause (illa) of riba are present in a given exchange, then none of the injunctions for riba prohibition apply. Exchange can take place with or without gain and both on a spot or deferred basis.
Considering the case of exchange involving paper currencies belonging to different countries, riba prohibition would require a search for efficient cause (illa). Currencies belonging to different countries are clearly distinct entities; these are legal tender within specific geographical boundaries with different intrinsic worth or purchasing power. Hence, a large majority of scholars perhaps rightly assert that there is no unity of genus (jins). Additionally, these are neither weighable nor measurable. This leads to a direct conclusion that none of the two elements of efficient cause (illa) of riba exist in such exchange. Hence, the exchange can take place free from any injunction regarding the rate of exchange and the manner of settlement. The logic underlying this position is not difficult to comprehend. The intrinsic worth of paper currencies belonging to different countries differ as these have different purchasing power. Additionally, the intrinsic value or worth of paper currencies cannot be identified or assessed unlike gold and silver which can be weighed. Hence, neither the presence of riba al-fadl (by excess), nor riba al-nasia (by deferment) can be established.
The Shafii school of Fiqh considers the efficient cause (illa) in case of gold and silver to be their property of being currency (thamaniyya) or the medium of exchange, unit of account and store of value . This is also the Maliki view. According to one version of this view, even if paper or leather is made the medium of exchange and is given the status of currency, then all the rules pertaining to naqdain, or gold and silver apply to them. Thus, according to this version, exchange involving currencies of different countries at a rate different from unity is permissible, but must be settled on a spot basis. Another version of the above two schools of thought is that the above cited efficient cause (illa) of being currency (thamaniyya) is specific to gold and silver, and cannot be generalized. That is, any other object, if used as a medium of exchange, cannot be included in their category. Hence, according to this version, the Sharia injunctions for riba prohibition are not applicable to paper currencies. Currencies belonging to different countries can be exchanged with or without gain and both on a spot or deferred basis.
Proponents of the earlier version cite the case of exchange of paper currencies belonging to the same country in defense of their version. The consensus opinion of jurists in this case is that such exchange must be without any gain or at a rate equal to unity and must be settled on a spot basis. What is the rationale underlying the above decision? If one considers the Hanafi and the first version of Hanbali position then, in this case, only one dimension of the efficient cause (illa) is present, that is, they belong to the same genus (jins). But paper currencies are neither weighable nor measurable. Hence, Hanafi law would apparently permit exchange of different quantities of the same currency on a spot basis. Similarly if the efficient cause of being currency (thamaniyya) is specific only to gold and silver, then Shafii and Maliki law would also permit the same. Needless to say, this amounts to permitting riba-based borrowing and lending. This shows that, it is the first version of the Shafii and Maliki thought which underlies the consensus decision of prohibition of gain and deferred settlement in case of exchange of currencies belonging to the same country. According to the proponents, extending this logic to exchange of currencies of different countries would imply that exchange with gain or at a rate different from unity is permissible (since there no unity of jins), but settlement must be on a spot basis.
2.1.2 Comparison between Currency Exchange and Bai-Sarf
Bai-sarf is defined in Fiqh literature as an exchange involving thaman haqiqi, defined as gold and silver, which served as the principal medium of exchange for almost all major transactions.
Proponents of the view that any exchange of currencies of different countries is same as bai-sarf argue that in the present age paper currencies have effectively and completely replaced gold and silver as the medium of exchange. Hence, by analogy, exchange involving such currencies should be governed by the same Sharia rules and injunctions as bai-sarf. It is also argued that if deferred settlement by either parties to the contract is permitted, this would open the possibilities of riba-al nasia.
Opponents of categorization of currency exchange with bai-sarf however point out that the exchange of all forms of currency (thaman) cannot be termed as bai-sarf. According to this view bai-sarf implies exchange of currencies made of gold and silver (thaman haqiqi or naqdain) alone and not of money pronounced as such by the state authorities (thaman istalahi). The present age currencies are examples of the latter kind. These scholars find support in those writings which assert that if the commodities of exchange are not gold or silver, (even if one of these is gold or silver) then, the exchange cannot be termed as bai-sarf. Nor would the stipulations regarding bai-sarf be applicable to such exchanges. According to Imam Sarakhsi4 "when an individual purchases fals or coins made out of inferior metals, such as, copper (thaman istalahi) for dirhams (thaman haqiqi) and makes a spot payment of the latter, but the seller does not have fals at that moment, then such exchange is permissible…….. taking possession of commodities exchanged by both parties is not a precondition" (while in case of bai-sarf, it is.) A number of similar references exist which indicate that jurists do not classify an exchange of fals (thaman istalahi) for another fals (thaman istalahi) or gold or silver (thaman haqiqi), as bai-sarf.
Hence, the exchanges of currencies of two different countries which can only qualify as thaman istalahi can not be categorized as bai-sarf. Nor can the constraint regarding spot settlement be imposed on such transactions. It should be noted here that the definition of bai-sarf is provided Fiqh literature and there is no mention of the same in the holy traditions. The traditions mention about riba, and the sale and purchase of gold and silver (naqdain) which may be a major source of riba, is described as bai-sarf by the Islamic jurists. It should also be noted that in Fiqh literature, bai-sarf implies exchange of gold or silver only; whether these are currently being used as medium of exchange or not. Exchange involving dinars and gold ornaments, both quality as bai-sarf. Various jurists have sought to clarify this point and have defined sarf as that exchange in which both the commodities exchanged are in the nature of thaman, not necessarily thaman themselves. Hence, even when one of the commodities is processed gold (say, ornaments), such exchange is called bai-sarf.
Proponents of the view that currency exchange should be treated in a manner similar to bai-sarf also derive support from writings of eminent Islamic jurists. According to Imam Ibn Taimiya "anything that performs the functions of medium of exchange, unit of account, and store of value is called thaman, (not necessarily limited to gold & silver). Similar references are available in the writings of Imam Ghazzali5 As far as the views of Imam Sarakhshi is concerned regarding exchange involving fals, according to them, some additional points need to be taken note of. In the early days of Islam, dinars and dirhams made of gold and silver were mostly used as medium of exchange in all major transactions. Only the minor ones were settled with fals. In other words, fals did not possess the characteristics of money or thamaniyya in full and was hardly used as store of value or unit of account and was more in the nature of commodity. Hence there was no restriction on purchase of the same for gold and silver on a deferred basis. The present day currencies have all the features of thaman and are meant to be thaman only. The exchange involving currencies of different countries is same as bai-sarf with difference of jins and hence, deferred settlement would lead to riba al-nasia.
Dr Mohamed Nejatullah Siddiqui illustrates this possibility with an example6. He writes "In a given moment in time when the market rate of exchange between dollar and rupee is 1:20, if an individual purchases $50 at the rate of 1:22 (settlement of his obligation in rupees deferred to a future date), then it is highly probable that he is , in fact, borrowing Rs. 1000 now in lieu of a promise to repay Rs. 1100 on a specified later date. (Since, he can obtain Rs 1000 now, exchanging the $50 purchased on credit at spot rate)" Thus, sarf can be converted into interest-based borrowing & lending.
2.1.3 Defining Thamaniyya is the Key ?
It appears from the above synthesis of alternative views that the key issue seems to be a correct definition of thamaniyya. For instance, a fundamental question that leads to divergent positions on permissibility relates to whether thamaniyya is specific to gold and silver, or can be associated with anything that performs the functions of money. We raise some issues below which may be taken into account in any exercise in reconsideration of alternative positions.
It should be appreciated that thamaniyya may not be absolute and may vary in degrees. It is true that paper currencies have completely replaced gold and silver as medium of exchange, unit of account and store of value. In this sense, paper currencies can be said to possess thamaniyya. However, this is true for domestic currencies only and may not be true for foreign currencies. In other words, Indian rupees possess thamaniyya within the geographical boundaries of India only, and do not have any acceptability in US. These cannot be said to possess thamaniyya in US unless a US citizen can use Indian rupees as a medium of exchange, or unit of account, or store of value. In most cases such a possibility is remote. This possibility is also a function of the exchange rate mechanism in place, such as, convertibility of Indian rupees into US dollars, and whether a fixed or floating exchange rate system is in place. For example, assuming free convertibility of Indian rupees into US dollars and vice versa, and a fixed exchange rate system in which the rupee-dollar exchange rate is not expected to increase or decrease in the foreseeable future, thamaniyya of rupee in US is considerably improved. The example cited by Dr Nejatullah Siddiqui also appears quite robust under the circumstances. Permission to exchange rupees for dollars on a deferred basis (from one end, of course) at a rate different from the spot rate (official rate which is likely to remain fixed till the date of settlement) would be a clear case of interest-based borrowing and lending. However, if the assumption of fixed exchange rate is relaxed and the present system of fluctuating and volatile exchange rates is assumed to be the case, then it can be shown that the case of riba al-nasia breaks down. We rewrite his example: "In a given moment in time when the market rate of exchange between dollar and rupee is 1:20, if an individual purchases $50 at the rate of 1:22 (settlement of his obligation in rupees deferred to a future date), then it is highly probable that he is , in fact, borrowing Rs. 1000 now in lieu of a promise to repay Rs. 1100 on a specified later date. (Since, he can obtain Rs 1000 now, exchanging the $50 purchased on credit at spot rate)" This would be so, only if the currency risk is non-existent (exchange rate remains at 1:20), or is borne by the seller of dollars (buyer repays in rupees and not in dollars). If the former is true, then the seller of the dollars (lender) receives a predetermined return of ten percent when he converts Rs1100 received on the maturity date into $55 (at an exchange rate of 1:20). However, if the latter is true, then the return to the seller (or the lender) is not predetermined. It need not even be positive. For example, if the rupee-dollar exchange rate increases to 1:25, then the seller of dollar would receive only $44 (Rs 1100 converted into dollars) for his investment of $50.
Here two points are worth noting. First, when one assumes a fixed exchange rate regime, the distinction between currencies of different countries gets diluted. The situation becomes similar to exchanging pounds with sterlings (currencies belonging to the same country) at a fixed rate. Second, when one assumes a volatile exchange rate system, then just as one can visualize lending through the foreign currency market (mechanism suggested in the above example), one can also visualize lending through any other organized market (such as, for commodities or stocks.) If one replaces dollars for stocks in the above example, it would read as: "In a given moment in time when the market price of stock X is Rs 20, if an individual purchases 50 stocks at the rate of Rs 22 (settlement of his obligation in rupees deferred to a future date), then it is highly probable that he is , in fact, borrowing Rs. 1000 now in lieu of a promise to repay Rs. 1100 on a specified later date. (Since, he can obtain Rs 1000 now, exchanging the 50 stocks purchased on credit at current price)" In this case too as in the earlier example, returns to the seller of stocks may be negative if stock price rises to Rs 25 on the settlement date. Hence, just as returns in the stock market or commodity market are Islamically acceptable because of the price risk, so are returns in the currency market because of fluctuations in the prices of currencies.
A unique feature of thaman haqiqi or gold and silver is that the intrinsic worth of the currency is equal to its face value. Thus, the question of different geographical boundaries within which a given currency, such as, dinar or dirham circulates, is completely irrelevant. Gold is gold whether in country A or country B. Thus, when currency of country A made of gold is exchanged for currency of country B, also made of gold, then any deviation of the exchange rate from unity or deferment of settlement by either party cannot be permitted as it would clearly involve riba al-fadl and also riba al-nasia. However, when paper currencies of country A is exchanged for paper currency of country B, the case may be entirely different. The price risk (exchange rate risk), if positive, would eliminate any possibility of riba al-nasia in the exchange with deferred settlement. However, if price risk (exchange rate risk) is zero, then such exchange could be a source of riba al-nasia if deferred settlement is permitted7.
Another point that merits serious consideration is the possibility that certain currencies may possess thamaniyya, that is, used as a medium of exchange, unit of account, or store of value globally, within the domestic as well as foreign countries. For instance, US dollar is legal tender within US; it is also acceptable as a medium of exchange or unit of account for a large volume of transactions across the globe. Thus, this specific currency may be said to possesses thamaniyya globally, in which case, jurists may impose the relevant injunctions on exchanges involving this specific currency to prevent riba al-nasia. The fact is that when a currency possesses thamaniyya globally, then economic units using this global currency as the medium of exchange, unit of account or store of value may not be concerned about risk arising from volatility of inter-country exchange rates. At the same time, it should be recognized that a large majority of currencies do not perform the functions of money except within their national boundaries where these are legal tender.
Riba and risk cannot coexist in the same contract. The former connotes a possibility of returns with zero risk and cannot be earned through a market with positive price risk. As has been discussed above, the possibility of riba al-fadl or riba al-nasia may arise in exchange when gold or silver function as thaman; or when the exchange involves paper currencies belonging to the same country; or when the exchange involves currencies of different countries following a fixed exchange rate system. The last possibility is perhaps unIslamic8 since price or exchange rate of currencies should be allowed to fluctuate freely in line with changes in demand and supply and also because prices should reflect the intrinsic worth or purchasing power of currencies. The foreign currency markets of today are characterised by volatile exchange rates. The gains or losses made on any transaction in currencies of different countries, are justified by the risk borne by the parties to the contract.
2.1.4. Possibility of Riba with Futures and Forwards
So far, we have discussed views on the permissibility of bai salam in currencies, that is, when the obligation of only one of the parties to the exchange is deferred. What are the views of scholars on deferment of obligations of both parties ? Typical example of such contracts are forwards and futures9. According to a large majority of scholars, this is not permissible on various grounds, the most important being the element of risk and uncertainty (gharar) and the possibility of speculation of a kind which is not permissible. This is discussed in section 3. However, another ground for rejecting such contracts may be riba prohibition. In the preceding paragraph we have discussed that bai salam in currencies with fluctuating exchange rates can not be used to earn riba because of the presence of currency risk. It is possible to demonstrate that currency risk can be hedged or reduced to zero with another forward contract transacted simultaneously. And once risk is eliminated, the gain clearly would be riba.
We modify and rewrite the same example: "In a given moment in time when the market rate of exchange between dollar and rupee is 1:20, an individual purchases $50 at the rate of 1:22 (settlement of his obligation in rupees deferred to a future date), and the seller of dollars also hedges his position by entering into a forward contract to sell Rs1100 to be received on the future date at a rate of 1:20, then it is highly probable that he is , in fact, borrowing Rs. 1000 now in lieu of a promise to repay Rs. 1100 on a specified later date. (Since, he can obtain Rs 1000 now, exchanging the 50 dollars purchased on credit at spot rate)" The seller of the dollars (lender) receives a predetermined return of ten percent when he converts Rs1100 received on the maturity date into 55 dollars (at an exchange rate of 1:20) for his investment of 50 dollars irrespective of the market rate of exchange prevailing on the date of maturity.
Another simple possible way to earn riba may even involve a spot transaction and a simultaneous forward transaction. For example, the individual in the above example purchases $50 on a spot basis at the rate of 1:20 and simultaneously enters into a forward contract with the same party to sell $50 at the rate of 1:21 after one month. In effect this implies that he is lending Rs1000 now to the seller of dollars for one month and earns an interest of Rs50 (he receives Rs1050 after one month. This is a typical buy-back or repo (repurchase) transaction so common in conventional banking.10
3. The Issue of Freedom from Gharar
3.1 Defining Gharar
Gharar, unlike riba, does not have a consensus definition. In broad terms, it connotes risk and uncertainty. It is useful to view gharar as a continuum of risk and uncertainty wherein the extreme point of zero risk is the only point that is well-defined. Beyond this point, gharar becomes a variable and the gharar involved in a real life contract would lie somewhere on this continuum. Beyond a point on this continuum, risk and uncertainty or gharar becomes unacceptable11. Jurists have attempted to identify such situations involving forbidden gharar. A major factor that contributes to gharar is inadequate information (jahl) which increases uncertainty. This is when the terms of exchange, such as, price, objects of exchange, time of settlement etc. are not well-defined. Gharar is also defined in terms of settlement risk or the uncertainty surrounding delivery of the exchanged articles.
Islamic scholars have identified the conditions which make a contract uncertain to the extent that it is forbidden. Each party to the contract must be clear as to the quantity, specification, price, time, and place of delivery of the contract. A contract, say, to sell fish in the river involves uncertainty about the subject of exchange, about its delivery, and hence, not Islamically permissible. The need to eliminate any element of uncertainty inherent in a contract is underscored by a number of traditions.12
An outcome of excessive gharar or uncertainty is that it leads to the possibility of speculation of a variety which is forbidden. Speculation in its worst form, is gambling. The holy Quran and the traditions of the holy prophet explicitly prohibit gains made from games of chance which involve unearned income. The term used for gambling is maisir which literally means getting something too easily, getting a profit without working for it. Apart from pure games of chance, the holy prophet also forbade actions which generated unearned incomes without much productive efforts.13
Here it may be noted that the term speculation has different connotations. It always involves an attempt to predict the future outcome of an event. But the process may or may not be backed by collection, analysis and interpretation of relevant information. The former case is very much in conformity with Islamic rationality. An Islamic economic unit is required to assume risk after making a proper assessment of risk with the help of information. All business decisions involve speculation in this sense. It is only in the absence of information or under conditions of excessive gharar or uncertainty that speculation is akin to a game of chance and is reprehensible.
3.2 Gharar & Speculation with of Futures & Forwards
Considering the case of the basic exchange contracts highlighted in section 1, it may be noted that the third type of contract where settlement by both the parties is deferred to a future date is forbidden, according to a large majority of jurists on grounds of excessive gharar. Futures and forwards in currencies are examples of such contracts under which two parties become obliged to exchange currencies of two different countries at a known rate at the end of a known time period. For example, individuals A and B commit to exchange US dollars and Indian rupees at the rate of 1: 22 after one month. If the amount involved is $50 and A is the buyer of dollars then, the obligations of A and B are to make a payments of Rs1100 and $50 respectively at the end of one month. The contract is settled when both the parties honour their obligations on the future date.
Traditionally, an overwhelming majority of Sharia scholars have disapproved such contracts on several grounds. The prohibition applies to all such contracts where the obligations of both parties are deferred to a future date, including contracts involving exchange of currencies. An important objection is that such a contract involves sale of a non-existent object or of an object not in the possession of the seller. This objection is based on several traditions of the holy prophet.14 There is difference of opinion on whether the prohibition in the said traditions apply to foodstuffs, or perishable commodities or to all objects of sale. There is, however, a general agreement on the view that the efficient cause (illa) of the prohibition of sale of an object which the seller does not own or of sale prior to taking possession is gharar, or the possible failure to deliver the goods purchased.
Is this efficient cause (illa) present in an exchange involving future contracts in currencies of different countries ? In a market with full and free convertibility or no constraints on the supply of currencies, the probability of failure to deliver the same on the maturity date should be no cause for concern. Further, the standardized nature of futures contracts and transparent operating procedures on the organized futures markets15 is believed to minimize this probability. Some recent scholars have opined in the light of the above that futures, in general, should be permissible. According to them, the efficient cause (illa), that is, the probability of failure to deliver was quite relevant in a simple, primitive and unorganized market. It is no longer relevant in the organized futures markets of today16. Such contention, however, continues to be rejected by the majority of scholars. They underscore the fact that futures contracts almost never involve delivery by both parties. On the contrary, parties to the contract reverse the transaction and the contract is settled in price difference only. For example, in the above example, if the currency exchange rate changes to 1: 23 on the maturity date, the reverse transaction for individual A would mean selling $50 at the rate of 1:23 to individual B. This would imply A making a gain of Rs50 (the difference between Rs1150 and Rs1100). This is exactly what B would lose. It may so happen that the exchange rate would change to 1:21 in which case A would lose Rs50 which is what B would gain. This obviously is a zero-sum game in which the gain of one party is exactly equal to the loss of the other. This possibility of gains or losses (which theoretically can touch infinity) encourages economic units to speculate on the future direction of exchange rates. Since exchange rates fluctuate randomly, gains and losses are random too and the game is reduced to a game of chance. There is a vast body of literature on the forecastability of exchange rates and a large majority of empirical studies have provided supporting evidence on the futility of any attempt to make short-run predictions. Exchange rates are volatile and remain unpredictable at least for the large majority of market participants. Needless to say, any attempt to speculate in the hope of the theoretically infinite gains is, in all likelihood, a game of chance for such participants. While the gains, if they materialize, are in the nature of maisir or unearned gains, the possibility of equally massive losses do indicate a possibility of default by the loser and hence, gharar.
3.3. Risk Management in Volatile Markets
Hedging or risk reduction adds to planning and managerial efficiency. The economic justification of futures and forwards is in term of their role as a device for hedging. In the context of currency markets which are characterized by volatile rates, such contracts are believed to enable the parties to transfer and eliminate risk arising out of such fluctuations. For example, modifying the earlier example, assume that individual A is an exporter from India to US who has already sold some commodities to B, the US importer and anticipates a cashflow of $50 (which at the current market rate of 1:22 mean Rs 1100 to him) after one month. There is a possibility that US dollar may depreciate against Indian rupee during these one month, in which case A would realize less amount of rupees for his $50 ( if the new rate is 1:21, A would realize only Rs1050 ). Hence, A may enter into a forward or future contract to sell $50 at the rate of 1:21.5 at the end of one month (and thereby, realize Rs1075) with any counterparty which, in all probability, would have diametrically opposite expectations regarding future direction of exchange rates. In this case, A is able to hedge his position and at the same time, forgoes the opportunity of making a gain if his expectations do not materialize and US dollar appreciates against Indian rupee (say, to 1:23 which implies that he would have realized Rs1150, and not Rs1075 which he would realize now.) While hedging tools always improve planning and hence, performance, it should be noted that the intention of the contracting party – whether to hedge or to speculate, can never be ascertained.
It may be noted that hedging can also be accomplished with bai salam in currencies. As in the above example, exporter A anticipating a cash inflow of $50 after one month and expecting a depreciation of dollar may go for a salam sale of $50 (with his obligation to pay $50 deferred by one month.) Since he is expecting a dollar depreciation, he may agree to sell $50 at the rate of 1: 21.5. There would be an immediate cash inflow in Rs 1075 for him. The question may be, why should the counterparty pay him rupees now in lieu of a promise to be repaid in dollars after one month. As in the case of futures, the counterparty would do so for profit, if its expectations are diametrically opposite, that is, it expects dollar to appreciate. For example, if dollar appreciates to 1: 23 during the one month period, then it would receive Rs1150 for Rs 1075 it invested in the purchase of $50. Thus, while A is able to hedge its position, the counterparty is able to earn a profit on trading of currencies. The difference from the earlier scenario is that the counterparty would be more restrained in trading because of the investment required, and such trading is unlikely to take the shape of rampant speculation.
4. Summary & Conclusion
Currency markets of today are characterized by volatile exchange rates. This fact should be taken note of in any analysis of the three basic types of contracts in which the basis of distinction is the possibility of deferment of obligations to future. We have attempted an assessment of these forms of contracting in terms of the overwhelming need to eliminate any possibility of riba, minimize gharar, jahl and the possibility of speculation of a kind akin to games of chance. In a volatile market, the participants are exposed to currency risk and Islamic rationality requires that such risk should be minimized in the interest of efficiency if not reduced to zero.
It is obvious that spot settlement of the obligations of both parties would completely prohibit riba, and gharar, and minimize the possibility of speculation. However, this would also imply the absence of any technique of risk management and may involve some practical problems for the participants.
At the other extreme, if the obligations of both the parties are deferred to a future date, then such contracting, in all likelihood, would open up the possibility of infinite unearned gains and losses from what may be rightly termed for the majority of participants as games of chance. Of course, these would also enable the participants to manage risk through complete risk transfer to others and reduce risk to zero. It is this possibility of risk reduction to zero which may enable a participant to earn riba. Future is not a new form of contract. Rather the justification for proscribing it is new. If in a simple primitive economy, it was prevention of gharar relating to delivery of the exchanged article, in todays' complex financial system and organized exchanges, it is prevention of speculation of kind which is unIslamic and which is possible under excessive gharar involved in forecasting highly volatile exchange rates. Such speculation is not just a possibility, but a reality. The precise motive of an economic unit entering into a future contract – speculation or hedging may not ascertainable ( regulators may monitor end use, but such regulation may not be very practical, nor effective in a free market). Empirical evidence at a macro level, however, indicates the former to be the dominant motive.
The second type of contracting with deferment of obligations of one of the parties to a future date falls between the two extremes. While Sharia scholars have divergent views about its permissibility, our analysis reveals that there is no possibility of earning riba with this kind of contracting. The requirement of spot settlement of obligations of atleast one party imposes a natural curb on speculation, though the room for speculation is greater than under the first form of contracting. The requirement amounts to imposition of a hundred percent margin which, in all probability, would drive away the uninformed speculator from the market. This should force the speculator to be a little more sure of his expectations by being more informed. When speculation is based on information it is not only permissible, but desirable too. Bai salam would also enable the participants to manage risk. At the same time, the requirement of settlement from one end would dampen the tendency of many participants to seek a complete transfer of perceived risk and encourage them to make a realistic assessment of the actual risk. .
Notes & References
These diverse views are reflected in the papers presented at the Fourth Fiqh Seminar organized by the Islamic Fiqh Academy, India in 1991 which were subsequently published in Majalla Fiqh Islami, part 4 by the Academy. The discussion on riba prohibition draws on these views.
Nabil Saleh, Unlawful gain and Legitimate Profit in Islamic Law, Graham and Trotman, London, 1992, p.16
Ibn Qudama, al-Mughni, vol.4, pp.5-9
Shams al Din al Sarakhsi, al-Mabsut, vol 14, pp 24-25
Paper presented by Abdul Azim Islahi at the Fourth Fiqh Seminar organized by Islamic Fiqh Academy, India in 1991.
Paper by Dr M N Siddiqui highlighting the issue was circulated among all leading Fiqh scholars by the Islamic Fiqh Academy, India for their views and was the main theme of deliberations during the session on Currency Exchange at the Fourth Fiqh Seminar held in 1991.
It is contended by some that the above example may be modified to show the possibility of riba with spot settlement too. "In a given moment in time when the market rate of exchange between dollar and rupee is 1:20, if an individual purchases $50 at the rate of 1:22 (settlement of his obligation also on a spot basis), then it amounts to the seller of dollars exchanging $50 with $55 on a spot basis (Since, he can obtain Rs 1100 now, exchange them for $55 at spot rate of 1:20)" Thus, spot settlement can also be a clear source of riba. Does this imply that spot settlement should be proscribed too ? The fallacy in the above and earlier examples is that there is no single contract but multiple contracts of exchange occurring at different points in time (true even in the above case). Riba can be earned only when the spot rate of 1:20 is fixed during the time interval between the transactions. This assumption is, needless to say, unrealistic and if imposed artificially, perhaps unIslamic.
Islam envisages a free market where prices are determined by forces of demand and supply. There should be no interference in the price formation process even by the regulators. While price control and fixation is generally accepted as unIslamic, some scholars, such as, Ibn Taimiya do admit of its permissibility. However, such permissibility is subject to the condition that price fixation is intended to combat cases of market anomalies caused by impairing the conditions of free competition. If market conditions are normal, forces of demand and supply should be allowed a free play in determination of prices.
Some Islamic scholars use the term forward to connote a salam sale. However, we use this term in the conventional sense where the obligations of both parties are deferred to a future date and hence, are similar to futures in this sense. The latter however, are standardized contracts and are traded on an organized Futures Exchange while the former are specific to the requirements of the buyer and seller.
This is known as bai al inah which is considered forbidden by almost all scholars with the exception of Imam Shafii. Followers of the same school, such as Al Nawawi do not consider it Islamically permissible.
It should be noted that modern finance theories also distinguish between conditions of risk and uncertainty and assert that rational decision making is possible only under conditions of risk and not under conditions of uncertainty. Conditions of risk refer to a situation where it is possible with the help of available data to estimate all possible outcomes and their corresponding probabilities, or develop the ex-ante probability distribution. Under conditions of uncertainty, no such exercise is possible. The definition of gharar, Real-life situations, of course, fall somewhere in the continuum of risk and uncertainty.
The following traditions underscore the need to avoid contracts involving uncertainty. Ibn Abbas reported that when Allah's prophet (pbuh) came to Medina, they were paying one and two years advance for fruits, so he said: "Those who pay in advance for any thing must do so for a specified weight and for a definite time". It is reported on the authority of Ibn Umar that the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) forbade the transaction called habal al-habala whereby a man bought a she-camel which was to be the off-spring of a she-camel and which was still in its mother's womb.
According to a tradition reported by Abu Huraira, Allah's Messenger (pbuh) forbade a transaction determined by throwing stones, and the type which involves some uncertainty. The form of gambling most popular to Arabs was gambling by casting lots by means of arrows, on the principle of lottery, for division of carcass of slaughtered animals. The carcass was divided into unequal parts and marked arrows were drawn from a bag. One received a large or small share depending on the mark on the arrow drawn. Obviously it was a pure game of chance.
The holy prophet is reported to have said " Do not sell what is not with you" Ibn Abbas reported that the prophet said: "He who buys foodstuff should not sell it until he has taken possession of it." Ibn Abbas said: "I think it applies to all other things as well".
The Futures Exchange performs an important function of providing a guarantee for delivery by all parties to the contract. It serves as the counterparty in the exchange for both, that is, as the buyer for the sale and as the seller for the purchase.
M Hashim Kamali "Islamic Commercial Law: An Analysis of Futures", The American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences, vol.13, no.2, 1996
Send Your Comments to: Dr Mohammed Obaidullah, Xavier Institute of Management, Bhubaneswar 751 013, India
Mail to: obeid@ximb.stpbh.soft.net
Source: http://vlib.unitarklj1.edu.my/htm/islamforex.htm
Sumber : www.gainscope.com

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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text:
require 'spec_helper'

describe 'Project Management System' do

  adapters = %w{InProcess AMQP Redis}

  adapters.each do |adapter|

    with_adapter adapter do

      before do
        Eventwire.configure do |c|
          c.adapter = adapter
          c.logger = Logger.new(nil)
        end

        load_environment
        start_worker

        @jdoe = User.new('jdoe')
        @rroe = User.new('rroe')

        @task1 = time_travel_to(10.minutes.ago) { Task.new('Do some work') }
        @task2 = time_travel_to(20.minutes.ago) { Task.new('Do more work') }
      end

      after do
        stop_worker
        purge
      end

      example 'Completing tasks should update stats' do
        @task1.mark_as_complete! @jdoe
        @task2.mark_as_complete! @rroe

        eventually do
          TasksStats.average_completion_time.should be_within(1.second).of(15.minutes)
        end
      end

      example 'Completing tasks should notify bosses' do
        Notifier.sent_emails.clear

        @task1.mark_as_complete! @jdoe
        @task2.mark_as_complete! @rroe

        eventually do
          Notifier.should have(2).sent_emails
          Notifier.sent_emails.should include(:email => 'boss_of_jdoe@corp.net', :subject => 'Task Do some work completed')
          Notifier.sent_emails.should include(:email => 'boss_of_rroe@corp.net', :subject => 'Task Do more work completed')
        end
      end

    end

  end

  private

  def start_worker
    @t = Thread.new {
      require 'rake'
      require 'eventwire/tasks'

      Rake::Task['eventwire:work'].execute
    }
    @t.abort_on_exception = true
    sleep 0.1
  end

  def load_environment
    load 'examples/project_management/user.rb'
    load 'examples/project_management/task.rb'
    load 'examples/project_management/tasks_stats.rb'
    load 'examples/project_management/notifier.rb'
  end

  def stop_worker
    return unless @t.alive?

    Eventwire.stop_worker

    @t.join(1)
    fail 'Worker should have stopped' if @t.alive?
    @t.kill # even if not alive, it seems that in 1.8.7 we need to kill it
  end

  def purge
    Eventwire.driver.purge
  end

end

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
MPs warn of "ghost towns" if the government fails to intervene in UK's nightlife crisis
A new 'Covid-19 and UK Nightlife' report has been published, surveying 20,000 consumers, employers, employees, and freelancers in the sector
Empty streets and alleyways are seen around Soho at what would usually be a busy period of Friday night revelry on March 20, 2020 in London (Picture: Leon Neal/Getty Images)
An All Party Parliamentary Group (APPG) of 40 MPs has warned of "ghost towns" cropping up across the UK if the government fails to intervene and support the country's struggling nightlife sector during the coronavirus pandemic.
The findings of the APPG for the Night Time Economy have been compiled in a new report, Covid-19 and UK Nightlife, which has been published today (February 18) as the live music and events shutdown in the UK continues into its eleventh month.
READ MORE: UK nightclubs face "extinction" without government support – and here's how you can help
The report looks at the devastating impact of the pandemic and the subsequent government support for businesses in the night-time economy, such as nightclubs, bars, pubs, live music venues, festivals and supply chain businesses. Over 20,000 people, ranging from consumers, employers, employees, and freelancers in the sector, were surveyed for Covid-19 and UK Nightlife.
Key findings of that survey include the revelation that 85 per cent of people working in the night-time economy are considering leaving the industry, while 78 per cent of all employees in the sector had at some point been on furlough.
Businesses in the night-time economy have, on average, made 37 per cent of their total workforce redundant during the pandemic, while only 36 per cent of self-employed nightlife workers have been able to access the Self Employment Income Support Scheme.
Jeff Smith MP, Chair of the APPG and a former self-employed DJ, has warned that the prospect of many night-time economy businesses going bust would leave town and city centres across the UK looking like "ghost towns".
"Our world-leading nightclubs, pubs, bars and live music venues are cornerstones of our communities. They drive so much economic activity both locally and nationally, and bring hope, joy and entertainment to millions across the UK," he said.
"Our findings today reveal this industry is on its knees, in desperate need of additional support from the government and a concrete plan for reopening. Without these interventions, many of these viable businesses will go under, leaving city and town centres resembling ghost towns.
Manchester's 42nd Street nightclub (Picture: Press)
"If the government is serious about its 'levelling up' agenda it must act now to save this sector and avoid untold damage to the social fabric of this country."
The Covid-19 and UK Nightlife report recommends a number of ways forward that the government could take, such as extending the furlough scheme until businesses can operate without restrictions (as well as extending VAT and business rates relief through 2021) and producing a roadmap for reopening late-night venues based on the vaccination programme and mass testing.
The report also recommends that the eligibility for the Culture Recovery Fund is expanded, and that a sector-specific support package is made available. Government-backed insurance schemes, rent controls and a Treasury-backed scheme to boost demand once restrictions are eased have also been recommended.
Michael Kill, CEO of the Night Time Industries Association, said that he was pleased to support the APPG for the Night Time Economy's report "when it became clear our industry's needs weren't being heard by policy makers".
"But it gives me no pleasure today to announce the findings of this report, which confirm the devastating impact that the pandemic has had on UK nightlife," he continued.
"Every day I speak with the dedicated people that make up this industry – from artists to engineers, bar staff to security, and production to promoters – they have shown great resilience in the face of adversity.
"But resilience only gets you so far without the required support. We need more assistance and a detailed plan for reopening now. Otherwise, much of what defines a night out in the UK will be lost forever."
Kill previously told NME back in November that "our biggest concern at the moment is nightclubs becoming systematically extinct by the government's ignorance and lack of narrative around the night time economy. That becomes a cultural issue and an economic issue."
Earlier today #WeMakeEvents launched their new campaign, 'The Government Can't See Us, Can You?', in a bid to urge the UK Government to provide relief for the struggling live events sector during the coronavirus pandemic.


text:
Home Chevron icon It indicates an expandable section or menu, or sometimes previous / next navigation options. Politics
In Sheikh Jarrah, Jerusalem, longtime Palestinian residents are challenging expulsions by Israeli settlers in court and bearing a violent response, fearing the repeat of history
Azmi Haroun
Samira Dajani holds a photo of her father, Fouad Moussa Dajani and his sons, taken in the same place in the courtyard of their home in the Sheikh Jarrah neighborhood of east Jerusalem, Sunday, May 9, 2021. When Samira Dajani's family moved into their first real home in 1956 after years as refugees, her father planted trees in the garden, naming them for each of his six children.
AP Photo/Maya Alleruzzo
A dozen Palestinian families face expulsions from the East Jerusalem area of Sheikh Jarrah.
Sit-ins in the neighborhood were met with a forceful response from Israeli security forces.
Insider spoke to Palestinian families fighting to save their neighborhood, and their identities.
Rasha Budeiri and her mother often reminisce about memories that span generations of their family's history in Sheikh Jarrah, a close-knit Palestinian neighborhood in East Jerusalem.
Her mother, Samira Dajani, remembers planting trees with her grandfather in the garden, and Rasha misses the summertime reunions with her cousins from across the diaspora, where they would play, fight, laugh and clamor for a spot on the swing. Budeiri distinctly remembers her grandmother's eyes, and the way they would light up at the sight of her grandchildren, a unified family, gathered in her garden.
The swing is still there, but like many other Palestinians in Sheikh Jarrah, and scattered throughout this area, the fate of their family and land is uncertain.
A fraught history, and a chaotic present
Sheikh Jarrah has become the tense centerpoint of efforts by what the Israeli government has described as a group of Jewish settlers, according to The New York Times, to remove a handful of families from the neighborhood. Some Palestinian residents say they believe the Israeli government has sanctioned the move. The Israeli Foreign Ministry has called it "a real estate dispute between private parties."
Since 2020, eviction notices have been served to thirteen Palestinian families in Sheikh Jarrah, a neighborhood that sits between East and West Jerusalem, a strategic location just north of the Damascus Gate and the Al Aqsa Mosque compound in Jerusalem's old city.
The basis of the attempted dispossession in the neighborhood revolves around the use of a 1970 Israeli law that exclusively allows Jewish people to take back lands they claim to have lost before the state of Israel was established in 1948.
The history of the neighborhood is, "a microcosm of the Nakba," Diana Buttu, the director of the Institute for Middle East Understanding told Insider.
"Because it's a result of the Nakba," Buttu added.
The Nakba, or the great catastrophe in Arabic, describes the mass expulsion of 700,000 Palestinians from their native land in 1948, as paramilitary Zionist forces raided villages and towns and established the state of Israel.
May 15 marks the 73rd anniversary of the Nakba, during a week in which Palestinians have mobilized globally to save Sheikh Jarrah.
As regional tensions have escalated, both Hamas militants and Israeli forces have reacted with violence. Most of the death and destruction has unfurled in Gaza, The New York Times reported on Friday. Both Hamas and Israeli troops have each fired into their respective territories. Palestinian officials told The Times at least 120 people have been killed and nearly 1,000 were wounded. The newspaper said eight Israelis — among them, one soldier — have died.
A complex series of events followed Israel's establishment in 1948.
Jordan resettled some Palestinians in Sheikh Jarrah in the 1950s on land that Jewish settlers argue originally belonged to them. The dispute goes back to 1876, according to The New York Times, when the land was sold by Palestinian owners to two Jewish trusts. Jordan took control of the neighborhood in the Arab-Israeli war of 1948 and, after that, many Palestinian refugees were housed there. Then, when Israel gained control of the area following the 1967 war, Jewish settlers claim they bought the land from the trusts, and have since been moving in the courts to oust the Palestinian residents, according to Reuters.
According to Reuters, Palestinians cannot take steps to make their own claims to the land because "no such law entitles Palestinians to do the same in West Jerusalem or other parts of Israel." The UN Secretary-General has urged Israel to reconsider the use of Israeli law "that have been used as a basis to evict Palestinians from their properties in East Jerusalem."
Budeiri's maternal family was one of the expelled Palestinian families granted resettlement in Sheikh Jarrah, and who soon found themselves under what Budeiri describes as an "occupation."
"You carry the weight of occupation wherever you go," Budeiri said, who grew up in Jerusalem and now lives in Ottawa. "It affects every aspect of your life, where to study, who to marry, whether you have freedom to move, or relocate and access to medical care."
Expulsions potentially amounting to "war crimes"
In a statement addressing the current expulsions in Sheikh Jarrah, the UN said Israel's actions, "may amount to war crimes," The Times of Israel reported on May 7.
One woman, who requested anonymity for fear of reprisal, but whose identity is known to Insider, is among the dozen Palestinian families served an eviction notice by Israeli courts after settler groups made their ownership claim and demanded rent payments from the residents.
An Israeli court ordered the woman's family, as well as Budeiri's family, to leave their home by August 1.
"We would lose the air we breathe," she said. "My father said his life would be over without this home. He's been here for 60 years, since he was five years old."
She said her family, and others in Sheikh Jarrah, have encountered such claims made in Israeli courts, since 1972.
Many Palestinian families found themselves advocating to preserve their homes in Israeli court processes they say they believe were biased against them.
By 2002, 43 Palestinians had been evicted from the Sheikh Jarrah neighborhood, the Middle East Eye reported.
A 2015 report from Haaretz found US registered nonprofit organizations funneled $200 million between 2009-2013 to settlements in Israel, with some of the money being used to cover the legal fees and building costs for expulsion and settlement. Buttu, the Institute for Middle East Understanding director, said groups like the Israel Land Fund benefit from political cover in their efforts to advance this process.
"The Israeli government could have tried to block these expulsions, they could have taken a public interest position when it comes to the land. The government has not only allowed for the claims to go through, but they have supported them," Buttu said.
The Sheikh Jarrah resident said she is hopeful because of the mobilization of Palestinians, and people internationally, against the evictions, which she felt pressured the Israeli Supreme Court to delay a decision which could have evicted some families by May 6.
"I'm happy about the pressure we've seen, and it's not clear what the ruling will be. We're still not sure whether we will be evicted, or whether, god willing, we will stay in our homes," she added.
Over the next few weeks, the Israeli attorney general Avichai Mandelblit will review the Sheikh Jarrah families' cases. The Israeli Supreme Court canceled the May 10 hearing at Mandelblit's request.
—NowThis (@nowthisnews) May 9, 2021
A glimmer of hope amid escalating violence over the land
After residents in Sheikh Jarrah held sit-in protests denouncing the looming evictions last week, Israeli police forces targeted protesters with rubber bullets, tear gas and sound bombs.
"The skunk water is even worse than the sound bombs and tear gas," the woman added, describing a sewage water cannon used by Israeli forces, "the smell stays on your skin for weeks, and my parents got sick from it."
Hamas militants have fired barrages of rockets toward Israel. An Israeli defense agency that works in Gaza and the West Bank accused Hamas of using Gaza residents as a "human shield," The New York Times reported.
Last weekend, Israeli forces stormed the Al Aqsa Mosque, Islam's third holiest site, while worshippers were praying inside.
"Coupled with the other things that have happened just this month alone, the 'Death to Arab' campaigns that we've seen, the blocking of access to Al-Aqsa mosque, it's terrifying being Palestinian," Buttu said, adding she woke up to news that a Gaza City residential building where she used to live was leveled.
"It's a process of what I call death by a thousand cuts. And the reason that it takes a long time is because Israel wants to drag it out so that we lose all momentum when it comes to protests, and one day, we all wake up and we see that there aren't any more Palestinians left in Sheikh Jarrah," Buttu added.
As the Israeli courts weigh in on what's next, Palestinian families in the neighborhood hope international pressure to stop their expulsions will persist.
Buttu told Insider it was a hopeful sign that Israeli organizations like B'Tselem, and Western organizations like Human Rights Watch have called the conditions to which Palestinians are subjected, "apartheid."
Meanwhile, Budeiri is looking ahead: "I hope one day, it's my daughters who I can push on that swing," she said.
Palestine Palestinians Israel


Everyone involved with the baseball programs at Tate High and Pace High knew Thursday's District 1-7A championship would be special.
But no one could have predicted the outcome of the clash between the area powers, as Pace exploded for an 18-4, run-rule win, which was fueled by 16 runs in the fourth inning and ended after five innings.
Pace had 22 at bats during that inning, which started with a 4-2 lead for Tate.
Blake Cordova ignited Pace's explosive performance when he laid down a bunt with the bases loaded.
The play resulted in two runs scored for Pace and Cordova reached second base after an error on a toss to Tate's catcher and Pace went up 7-4.
In the first inning, Tate foreshadowed what was to come and made its way through the batting order while piling on four runs.
First, Mason Land doubled to scored Jesse Sherril and then Hunter McLean hit to score Land. Blake Anderson smacked a double to center field to score two.
Pace pitcher Brandon Sproat came in to relieve with runners at first and third with two outs.
He wasn't shaken up by the scenario and was able to stop the bleeding for Pace.
It proved to be the momentum swing that Pace would need to be crowned district champions.
Chase Bragg, Dalton Childs, Aidan Gilroy and Caleb Vincent each finished with two hits for Pace and combined for seven RBIs.
Fourth year Pace head coach Jason McBride called his team's fourth inning performance "rare" and was understandably proud.
Pace hosts Navarre in the Region 1-7A quarterfinals at 7 p.m. Tuesday.
Tate travels to face Niceville, which beat Navarre, 6-2 on Thursday night.


Davido is out here running the 30 billion gang and taking on the job of a Prophet at the same time.
The Singer took time off his busy schedule to prophesy some good news into Tobi Bakre's life earlier and of course, his comment is currently making rounds on the Internet.
Davido who has formed a friendship with Tobi since the latter's rise to stardom as a Big Brother housemate, let him know his thoughts for him are good, period.
U r the next host! I see it.
The reasons Tobi is getting this declaration from the Assurance hitmaker are not exactly clear. Maybe it is just a goodwill message. Or maybe the Omo Baba Olowo just has a strong feeling about it.
Whatever the case, Tobi is now assured that Davido would be cheering him on whenever he gets that big hosting gig.
Tobi himself has since responded to Davido's goodwill message.
Okay! #OBO the prophet! Who else would be here for #TobiBakre taking over as #Bbnaija host?
And of course, as you must have guessed, he is here for it!
Next article Tobi Who? BBnaija's Alex Credits Herself With All Her Big Brother Success!
#BasedOnLogistics: Davido Signs #BBNaija Winner, #Efe To DMW Record Label?
Former BBNaija Housemate Gifty Shows Off 1 Year Old Daughter On Her Birthday!


text:
Fulmer is een civil parish in het bestuurlijke gebied South Bucks, in het Engelse graafschap Buckinghamshire met 485 inwoners.

Geboren
 Michael York (1942), acteur

Civil parish in Buckinghamshire

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Detailed description (English): This Liberty Seguros initiative emerged in May 2016. Its main objective is to promote the use of bicycles as the main mode of transport among all employees in Madrid, Barcelona and Bilbao (where the company has its offices in Spain).
During the first year of the program, a total of 45.077 km were covered by bike, saving approximately 8 tons of CO2 emissions.
62 employees (of a total of 1.1141 that work in the three cities mentioned above) are regular bike users. Bilbao has multiplied by eight its number of cyclists (from 0.4% to 3.5%), while Madrid has tripled it (from 1.7% to 4.7%) and Barcelona almost doubled it (from 3.7% to 6.8%).
This program provides an economic incentive of € 0.37 per kilometer to the employee who uses the bike (from his house to the office).
In addition, within this program, training courses are also organized to inform and help employees to eliminate barriers and myths regarding mobility on bike. It´s also helpful to inform about good mobility practices as well as to learn how to repair bicycles.


Точные копии (заводская штамповка, кроме указанных отдельно CD-R) фирменных американских и европейских изданий и качественные издания под Австралию (в скобках выпускающий лейбл), один в один многостраничные буклеты, «задник», кат. № и т.п.
Добавлены издания G&P Essential Music, RAO и Ldr!
Диски в идеальном (новом) состоянии, включая коробки. CD и полиграфия не содержат следов использования и механических повреждений: отсутствие царапин, рисок, сколов, точек, «пальцев» и т.п.; полиграфия в полной комплектации, без вмятин, помятостей, «пальцев» и т.п.
21ST CENTURY SCHIZOID BAND Pictures Of A City - Live In New York (2CD) 2006 (Two Camels Music / TOMA, GER) – 300 руб.
ALRUNE ROD 4 Vejs 1974 (Karma, SWE) – 65 руб.
ARCADIUM Breathe Awhile 1969 (Dogtoire, UK) – 150 руб.
ARCHITECTURAL METAPHOR Creature Of The Velvet Void 1997 (G&P Essential Music) – 45 руб.
ATLANTIS Live 1974-75 (Repertoire, 1995, GER) – 135 руб.
BARCLAY JAMES HARVEST (JOHN LEES' BARCLAY JAMES HARVEST) North 2003 (Esoteric Antenna, ENG) – 150 руб.
BIRTH CONTROL Rebirth 1974 (Repertoire, 2001, GER) – 135 руб.
BLACKBIRDS Touch of Music 1971 (Long Hair, GER) – 200 руб. РЕЗЕРВ!
BLONDE ON BLONDE Contrasts 1968 (Dogtoire, UK) – 120 руб.
CHICAGO Chicago 16 1982 (2000 FruitGum, 2009, AUS) – 90 руб.
CHICAGO Chicago 17 1983 (2000 FruitGum, 2009, AUS) – 120 руб.
DEE EXPUS (DEE EXPUS PROJECT) Half Way Home 2008 (DXP Production, UK) – 50 руб.
DREAM THEATER Images And Words 1992 (ATCO, US, 1-е издание!) – 110 руб.
EDDIE JOBSON Zinc (The Green Album) 1983 (EMI, Japan) – 150 руб.
ELOY The Tides Return Forever 1994 (SPV, GER) – 110 руб.
FUTURE SOUND OF LONDON, THE (FSOL) Environments 2008 (FSOL Digital, ENG) – 90 руб.
FUZZY DUCK s/t 1971 (Repertoire, 1993, REP 4352-WP, GER) – 250 руб. РЕЗЕРВ!
GILA Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee 1973 (Long Hair, GER) – 250 руб.
GOMORRHA I Turned to See Whose Voice It Was 1972 (Repertoire, 1997, PMS 7052-WP, GER) – 250 руб. РЕЗЕРВ!
GROBSCHNITT Jumbo 1975 (Repertoire / Polymedia Marketing Group, 1998, PMS 7094-WP, GER) – 250 руб. РЕЗЕРВ!
HAIKARA s/t 1972 (Fazer, FIN) – 135 руб.
HAKEN The Mountain 2013 (InsideOut Music, GER) – 135 руб.
JACK BRUCE & ROBIN TROWER Seven Moons Live 2009 (Ruf, GER) – 230 руб.
JACK BRUCE Things We Like 1970 (Polydor / Universal, 2003, UK) – 170 руб.
JADIS Photoplay 2006 (InsideOutMusic, GER) – 170 руб.
JUSTIN HAYWARD & JOHN LODGE Blue Jays 1975 (2000 FruitGum, AUS) – 180 руб.
KAYAK Coming Up For Air 2008 (Write On Productions, EU) – 220 руб.
LUCIFER'S FRIEND Banquet 1974 (Repertoire, 1994, IMS 7017, GER) – 250 руб. РЕЗЕРВ!
LUCIFER'S FRIEND I'm Just A Rock'N'Roll Singer 1974 (Repertoire, 1997, PMS 7042-WP, GER) – 170 руб.
MARILLION Somewhere Else 2007 (Intact, ENG) – 120 руб.
MARILLION Somewhere Sounds That Can't Be Made 2012 (Intact, ENG) – 150 руб.
MARS VOLTA, THE The Bedlam in Goliath 2008 (Universal, US) – 70 руб.
MIKE OLDFIELD Light + Shade (2CD) 2005 (Mercury / Universal, EU) – 300 руб.
MORPHEUS For A Second 2002 (G&P Essential Music) – 45 руб.
NATIONAL HEALTH Play Time (Live, 1979) (Cuneiform, 2001, US) – 160 руб.
NAUSEEF / ERGUNER / STOCKHAUSEN / LASWELL No Matter 2008 (Metastation, US) – 70 руб.
OZRIC TENTACLES The Hidden Step 2000 (2000 FruitGum, AUS) – 70 руб.
PAUL BRETT'S SAGE Jubilation Foundry 1971 (Esoteric, 2009, UK) – 140 руб.
PAUL BRETT'S SAGE Paul Brett Sage 1970 (Esoteric, 2009, UK) – 140 руб.
PAUL BRETT'S SAGE Schizophrenia 1972 (Esoteric, 2009, UK) – 140 руб.
PAVLOV'S DOG / PAVLOV'S DOG 2000 Lost in America, 1990 / End Of The World (2 on 1) 2009 (Galleon, BELG) – 80 руб.
PROCOL HARUM A Salty Dog…Plus 1969 (West Side, 1999, ENG) – 120 руб.
PROCOL HARUM Home 1970 (Repertoire, GER) – 60 руб.
PROCOL HARUM Procol's Ninth 1975 (Salvo, ENG) – 120 руб.
PROCOL HARUM Something Magic 1977 (Repertoire, GER) – 60 руб.
PURE REASON REVOLUTION Amor Vincit Omnia 2009 (Superball, GER) – 80 руб.
RICHARD BARBIERI Things Buried 2004 (Intact, ENG) – 140 руб.
RICK WAKEMAN Criminal Records 1977 (A&M, US) – 60 руб.
RICK WAKEMAN The Myths And Legends Of King Arthur And The Knights Of The Round Table 1975 (A&M, US-JP) – 60 руб.
RIVERSIDE Memories in My Head 2011 (Laser's Edge, US) – 70 руб.
ROBERT FRIPP Exposure 1979 (2CD: 1CD – First Edition: original 1979 release; 2CD – Third Edition: the 1983 remix, 1985 re-release, including 3 formerly unreleased Daryl Hall vocals) (DGM, 2006, DGM0602, US) – 320 руб.
SPIROGYRA St. Radigunds 1972 – 40 руб.
STEVE HACKETT Out of the Tunnel's Mouth (2CD) 2009 (InsideOutMusic, GER) – 250 руб.
STRAY DOG s/t 1973 (Dogtoire, UK) – 45 руб.
TANGERINE DREAM Cyclone / Exit (2 on 1CD) (RAO) – 30 руб.
TANGERINE DREAM Electronic Meditation / Sorcerer (2 on 1CD) (RAO) – 30 руб.
TONY LEVIN World Diary 1998 (2000 FruitGum, 2004, AUS) – 145 руб.
TRÄD, GRÄS OCH STENAR (TRAD, GRAS & STENAR) Gärdet 12.6.1970 (Live) 1970 (G&P Essential Music) – 70 руб.
TRANSATLANTIC The Whirlwind 2009 (2CD, Special Collector's Edition) (Radiant / Metal Blade, US) – 250 руб.
VAN DER GRAAF GENERATOR A Grounding in Numbers 2011 (Esoteric, UK) – 150 руб.
VAN DER GRAAF GENERATOR Present (2CD) 2005 (Virgin / EMI, EU) – 400 руб.
VAN DER GRAAF GENERATOR Real Time (Live) (2CD) 2007 (Fie!, UK) – 400 руб.
VIOLENT SILENCE s/t 2003 (Record Heaven, SWE) – 50 руб.
WISHBONE ASH Illuminations 1996 (Talking Elephant, 2001, ENG) – 115 руб.
YES Going For The One 1977 (Elektra/Rhino, 2003, US) – 70 руб.
YES Tales From Topographic Oceans (2CD) 1973 (Elektra/Rhino, 2003, US) – 130 руб.
DRAGON Scented Gardens for the Blind 1975 (Alcinous Records, редкий Prog Rock, тираж давно закончился!!!) – 70 руб.
SOHO ORANGE s/t 1971 (Alcinous Records, редкий Prog Rock, тираж давно закончился!!!) – 300 руб.
Только вместе (комплектом)! – 550 руб.
Только вместе (комплектом)! – 750 руб.
Только вместе (комплектом)! – 560 руб.
Только вместе (комплектом)! – 450 руб.
Только вместе (комплектом)! – 760 руб.
Deluxe Edition, CD, картонный футляр (slipcase)!!!
BRIAN ENO & DAVID BYRNE My Life In The Bush Of Ghosts 1981 (2006) (Virgin / EMI, 0946 3 31341 2 6, EU) – 300 руб.
BLUE CHEER s/t 1969 (Universal Music Japan, OBI) – 135 руб.
BLUE CHEER The Original Human Being 1970 (Universal Music Japan, OBI) – 135 руб.
INTERGALLACTIC TOURING BAND, THE s/t 1977 (Air Mail, OBI) – 60 руб.
MELLOW CANDLE Swaddling Songs 1972 (Universal Music Japan, OBI) – 140 руб.
MOTHERLIGHT (MIKE BOBAK, ANDY JOHNS, WILSON MALONE) s/t 1969 (Air Mail, OBI) – 60 руб.
STRAY Mudanzas 1973 (Strange Days, OBI) – 150 руб.
STRAY Suicide 1971 (Strange Days, OBI) – 150 руб.
GENESIS A Trick Of The Tail (CD&DVD) 1976 (EMI 2007, EU, Three Panel DigiPak) – 400 руб.
GENESIS Wing and Wuthering (CD&DVD) 1976 (EMI 2007, EU, Three Panel DigiPak) – 400 руб.
KANSAS There's Know Place Like Home 2009 (DVD) (InsideOut, GER, NTSC, Sound 2.0 Stereo, 5.1 Dolby Digital + DTS, long digipak + slipcase!) – 150 руб.
KING CRIMSON Live in Japan 1995 (DVD) (Woodstock Tapes, 2007, EU, NTSC, Dolby Digital, long digipak + slipcase!) – 150 руб.
Распродажа фонотеки. Все позиции только в 1 экз.!!!


best, great, good, daily and better.
This product had a total of 41 reviews as of our last analysis date on Feb 28 2019.
Multi vitamin had menough feeling good and has given energy ever since I stayed taking it.
quick delivery, no problems, thanks.
One thing i do have to say is that the pill can be quite difficult to take, as it is bigger than most, and is not very smooth.
For the price this is the best vitamins , check out labdoor.


Four Victorian's made the trip to Austria last weekend to compete in the famous Erzberg Rodeo. Christensen's Motorcycles owner Steve Cooper dropped us an email to let everyone know how it all went.
"Friday morning was the 1st run at the Iron Prologue. Mark Portbury had a great 1st run at the mountain with a time that put him in 21st position , Travis Cooper the youngest in the group at 14-years had a good run in ending in position 146 , Martin Orchid was in position 164 and Dean Minichiello was in position 172," Cooper wrote.
"Saturday morning all the riders had a chance to better the 1st run but on the 2nd day the track was a lot harder as 1500 bikes had been on the track the day before, this will always make it tough to better your time, Marks 2nd run put him in position 23 for race day, this put Mark on the front row to start the race , Travis put in a better run the 2nd time and moved from the 3rd row to the 2nd row in starting position 98 for the main race, Travis is now the youngest rider to ever start the Erzberg rodeo. Martin moved up to position 160 which put him on the 4th row to start the race, Dean had a crash on his second run and now relied on his 1st time, he started the race in position 205 witch put him on the 5 row.
"Come race day Mark had a good start and kept with the main group until they got to the forest section and then all the riders started to spread out. Mark had got to check point 14 in the 4 hr time limit, this was a great effort, Martin has did a great job from the 4th row in getting out of the quarry in front of Travis and Dean , Martin got to check point 9 with a lot of help from our support crew, Dean and Travis teamed up to help each other at all the hard spots and pushed as hard as they could to get through all the other riders to get back up with Martin who was just in front of them.
"Travis had a great start but in the 1st water hole he couldn't see as the bike in front of him covered him on muddy water, he needed to stop at the top of the 2nd big hill to clean his goggles, this now made it very hard as there is 200 or more in front of him, Travis and Dean cleared check point 8 and could see Martin just in front of them as he was pulled up the last 100 meters with 5 min left in the race, Travis and Dean missed out on check point 9 by 2 min , this was a great achievement by all the riders just to start this race , it is the hardest Enduro race in the world."


Greetings from the Office of Residence Life at Parkside Student Residence!
This web site is your tool for meeting potential roommates and classmates, selecting a roommate (if desired), and submitting your housing preferences.
Step 1: Select Roommate Preferences.
Step 2: Create your profile.
Step 3: Request and confirm your roommate match (if desired).
Step 4: Submit your building preference(s).
Step 5: Housing assignment and roommate info will be available on August 1, 2018.
If you need special housing accommodations for disability and/or health reasons, please contact the Management Office at parkside@studenthousing.com. These reasons may include, but are not limited to, sensory issues, mobility issues, psychological/psychiatric issues, and other medical/health concerns.
If you have any questions, please contact the Management Office at parkside@studenthousing.com.


text:
#ifndef IFACE_LOCATORS_H_
#define IFACE_LOCATORS_H_

#include "map_local_entry.h"
#include "shash.h"
#include "../liblisp/liblisp.h"

typedef struct iface_locators_{
    char        *iface_name;
    glist_t     *map_loc_entries;   /*Mappings associated to this iface <map_local_entry_t>*/
    glist_t     *ipv4_locators;     /*IPv4 locators associated with this iface <lisp_addr_t>*/
    glist_t     *ipv6_locators;     /*IPv6 locators associated with this iface <lisp_addr_t>*/
    uint8_t     status_changed:1;   /*Iface change status --> Used to avioid transitions*/
    lisp_addr_t *ipv4_prev_addr;    /*Previous IPv4 address of the iface --> Used to avoid transitions A->B->A*/
    lisp_addr_t *ipv6_prev_addr;    /*Previous IPv6 address of the iface --> Used to avoid transitions A->B->A*/
}iface_locators;

iface_locators *iface_locators_new(char *iface_name);
void iface_locators_del(iface_locators *if_loct);

void
iface_locators_attach_map_local_entry(
        shash_t *   iface_locators_table,
        map_local_entry_t * map_loc_e);

void iface_locators_unattach_mapping_and_loct(shash_t *iface_locators_table,
        map_local_entry_t * map_loc_e);

void iface_locators_unattach_locator(shash_t *iface_locators_table,
        locator_t *locator);

#endif /* IFACE_LOCATORS_H_ */


text:
Pitt Business Review
Home News Economics Move Over Sedans: SUVs Shine as Automakers Look to Impress American Buyers...
Move Over Sedans: SUVs Shine as Automakers Look to Impress American Buyers in New York
Nick Zarras
The all-electric Rivian R1S
As the second media day concludes at the 2019 New York International Auto Show (NYIAS), automakers in attendance are preparing for the 1 million plus expected visitors that will grace the showroom floor over the next week. America's busiest auto show opens tomorrow, and it is seen by automakers as the last chance to create a lasting impression on potential buyers in 2019, as it is the last major show of the "auto show season" that begins in January.
Auto shows provide the auto industry the best opportunity to have its brand-new products seen by the public, and for the U.S. market, there is no better place than New York. While Detroit remains the unofficial car capital of the country, New York boasts a larger market. According to NYIAS show officials, 63% of 2018 show attendees said that after attending the show they would consider buying a car that was on display within the next 12 months, a truly impressive statistic. The 2008 auto crisis is barely visible in the rear-view mirrors, as automakers sold 17.2 million cars in the U.S. last year. The occasional emissions scandal aside, the auto industry is in a good place, and automakers unveiled over 50 new cars over the last two days.
Joy Falotico poses with the new Lincoln Corsair
As one of the largest global markets, automakers must appeal to American buyers and what they want to be successful here. In 2018, Americans bought just shy of 12 million new "light trucks", meaning pickup trucks and SUVs. That figure is impressive, up 8% from 2017, and makes America the most important market in the light truck segment. Perhaps even more significant, passenger cars, or sedans, were down 13% last year. It comes as no surprise then that most automakers in attendance this year at NYIAS featured an array of different SUV and crossover options.
The Mercedes-Benz GLS
To compete in America's competitive light truck market, automakers are diversifying, adding many different options. A perfect example of this is American luxury brand Lincoln, who just unveiled its fifth SUV, the Corsair, at New York. The Corsair is considered to be a "compact" SUV, sitting below the Nautilus, Aviator, and Navigator, the latter being its flagship and largest SUV. Lincoln VP and Chief Marketing Officer Joy Falotico described the Corsair and being "harmonious" and "youthful".
It wasn't just American car makers expanding their SUV lineups, as German brand Mercedes-Benz revealed its new high-end luxury GLS. Mercedes-Benz USA CEO Dietmar Exler stressed that it has top-of-the-line luxury features, such as two 12-inch displays, new voice commands, and Mercedes-Benz's Energizing Comfort features, such as ambient lighting, massage seats, and air fragrances. Automakers are putting all of their resources into producing high quality SUVs for the U.S. market. Among the other lineup-expanding new SUVs and crossovers unveiled at New York are the new Toyota Highlander, Subaru Outback, and Hyundai Venue.
The all-new 2020 Toyota Highlander
As visitors fill the showroom floors at the Jacob K. Javits Center tomorrow, they will be greeted by hundreds of cars, with every car maker in attendance looking to make an impression on potential buyers. As Americans continue to buy SUVs in record numbers, automakers hope to make a good impression in New York.
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Rivian on the Rise
calebkisler - December 7, 2021
The car industry continues to evolve and develop into a more complex and competitive industry. There's no question about it: Electric vehicles...


CROWDS of people wanting to see TV's Hairy Bikers at a food festival had to be turned away - for safety reasons.
CROWDS of people wanting to see TV's Hairy Bikers at a food festival had to be turned away - for safety reasons.
Hundreds of food lovers were left waiting in the cold after 4,000 people turned up to see culinary duo David Myers and Simon King at the 11th Accrington Food Festival.
But the turn-out shocked organisers and left many complaining that they had been let down by the event.
Visitor Mark Bradford, who travelled from Leyland with his daughter to catch a glimpse of the Hairy Bikers, said: "We were immediately met by the sight of a very large queue.
He said: "The Hairy Bikers couldn't do enough. They were happy to pose for photographs and chat, which caused people to stay around a little longer than expected.
"It's now a major event in the Accrington town centre calendar."