Annette Hopper found her passion for counselling through volunteering and now works in the area full time. Luckily she still finds time to volunteer and give back.
My name is Annette and I am a qualified counsellor/psychotherapist. This is my story of how I became involved in volunteering.
In 2009 I completed a degree in Arts & Humanities as a mature student. During my studies I became very interested in psychology, well-being and mental health in general. Because of this, I decided to apply to volunteer as a listener with the Samaritans (a registered charity aimed at providing emotional support to anyone in emotional distress, struggling to cope, or at risk of suicide). After extensive training I qualified as a listener in 2010 and worked in one of their branches. The work was challenging but also very rewarding as I spoke and actively listened to many callers in deep distress and I was able to help them emotionally to alleviate some of the pain that they were experiencing at that particular time in their lives.
Because of my interest in this area, I decided to continue with my studies. I enrolled in a Counselling and Psychotherapy Diploma course with the IICP, and I completed my Diploma in 2012. I found my initial volunteering experience to be so rewarding, and I wanted to pursue other volunteering opportunities, so during this course I became a trainee counsellor with the Village Counselling Service in Tallaght.
After successfully completing the course I wanted to continue volunteering and I secured a position as a volunteer Psychotherapist with Pieta House, (a centre for the prevention of self-harm or suicide).
Although I now work in private practice, I have also maintained my interest in volunteering and I currently volunteer with Target Counselling, which is a low-cost counselling service based in Donaghmede.
As a counsellor, I am trained to listen, support and counsel people in need. People seek assistance from counselling for a variety of reasons, as they may experience problems and difficulties in their lives that can lead to emotional and psychological issues. I have worked with people with issues relating to bereavement, suicidal tendencies, anxiety and stress, post-traumatic stress disorder, health concerns, low self-esteem amongst others.
Working as a volunteer counsellor is very rewarding as it enables me to explore issues of concern with individuals in a safe and confidential environment, with the support of organisations that are dedicated to helping vulnerable people. In all of my volunteer roles I have experienced great support both from my colleagues and my supervisor. The training and care that I received has been first-class I have enjoyed being part of a team of people working for the same cause.
I believe that by volunteering, I am giving back to society and it has enriched me as a human being and I plan to continue volunteering as long as I am in a position to do so as I feel the rewards far out ways the work involved.


text:
**Namespace:** [OfficeDevPnP.Core.Framework.Provisioning.Providers.Xml.V201508](OfficeDevPnP.Core.Framework.Provisioning.Providers.Xml.V201508.md)
**Assembly:** OfficeDevPnP.Core.dll
## Syntax
```C#
public FieldDefault()
```
## See also
- [FieldDefault](OfficeDevPnP.Core.Framework.Provisioning.Providers.Xml.V201508.FieldDefault.md)
- [OfficeDevPnP.Core.Framework.Provisioning.Providers.Xml.V201508](OfficeDevPnP.Core.Framework.Provisioning.Providers.Xml.V201508.md)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Станислав Лукасик () (2 грудня 1964, Кельці) — польський історик та дипломат. Генеральний консул Республіки Польща у Харкові (2014—2016).

Життєпис
Народився 2 грудня 1964 року в місті Кельці (Польща). У 1988 році закінчив Вищу педагогічну школу за фахом «учитель, магістр історії».

У 1989—1991 рр. — працював у департаменті кадрів Міністерства закордонних справ, спочатку стажер-юрист, потім старший референт.

У 1991—1994 рр. — експерт у департаменті консульства та у справах еміграції Міністерства закордонних справ Республіки Польща.

У 1994—1999 рр. — 3-й секретар / 2-й секретар у Посольстві Республіки Польща в Москві.

У 1999—2002 рр. — старший експерт у  Міністерства закордонних справ Республіки Польща.

У 2002—2005 рр. — Перший секретар в департаменті консульський та у справах Полонії Міністерства закордонних справ Республіки Польща.

У 2005—2009 рр. — радник в Посольстві Республіки Польща в Москві.

У 2009—2014 рр. — перший радник/радник-міністр, начальник Східного відділу в департаменті консульському Міністерства закордонних справ Республіки Польща.

У 2014—2015 рр. — Генеральний Консул Республіки Польща у Харкові.

Примітки

Дипломати Польщі
Консули Польщі в Харкові
Випускники Університету імені Яна Кохановського

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Compensation… as the term implies, means balancing and comparing different data or points of view so as to produce an adjustment or a rectification.
The psyche is a self-regulating system that maintains its equilibrium just as the body does. Every process that goes too far immediately and inevitably calls for compensations, and without these there would be neither a normal metabolism nor a normal psyche. In this sense we can take the theory of compensation as a basic law of psychic behavior….
In a recent conversation with a student, I was surprised to discover she was quite unaware of the Jungian concept of "compensation." This arose in the context of a discussion of her beau and his very close relationship with his mother. I noted how, given the warmth and strong attachment of mother and son, there could be an equally strong, but negative mother image in his unconscious. The time was short, the hour late, so I could not provide an explanation on the spot. Hence this essay.
I'll begin with Jung's own definitions of the concept, including some of the principles related to the concept. Then some of the features of compensation will be considered, along with a discussion of the various forms or types of compensation that Jung observed in his work with patients. His many years of experience provide a wealth of examples of compensation, which illustrate how compensation shows up in daily life and the analytical endeavor. Finally I will consider some of the benefits of compensation—why it is valuable and important and the array of blessings it offers us, if we have a proper attitude toward it.
The activity of consciousness is selective. Selection demands direction. But direction requires the exclusion of everything irrelevant. This is bound to make the conscious orientation one-sided. The contents that are excluded and inhibited by the chosen direction sink into the unconscious, where they form a counterweight to the conscious orientation. The strengthening of this counterposition keeps pace with the increase of conscious one-sidedness until finally a noticeable tension is produced. … in the end the tension becomes so acute that the repressed unconscious contents break through in the form of dreams and spontaneous images.
These dreams and images are meant to get our attention, so we can become aware of being out-of-balance and then respond consciously to restore balance. This awareness and restoration might happen if we work regularly with our dreams, with an ego that is subservient to the Self. But Jung notes that far more frequently "… consciousness obstinately clings to its one-sidedness and insists on its arbitrary standpoint,…", leading to repression and ultimately an enantiodromia—a turning into the opposite, as the psyche strives to maintain equilibrium.
"The psyche is a self-regulating system that maintains its equilibrium just as the body does. Every process that goes too far immediately and inevitably calls forth compensations, and without these there would be neither a normal metabolism nor a normal psyche. In this sense we can take the theory of compensation as a basic law of psychic behavior. Too little on one side results in too much on the other. Similarly, the relation between conscious and unconscious is compensatory.
Living, autonomous, intelligent—these features of the unconscious color how compensation shows up in our lives.
In its intent to "correct the conscious attitude," the compensation is both positive and purposeful. It wants to restore a healthy balance, but it often is overlooked, especially if we are not attentive to our dreams.
The ego usually tries to run the show in our daily living and so it often ignores dreams and refuses to acknowledge messages from the unconscious. Then the "compensatory effect… changes into its opposite, as it then tries to realize itself literally and concretely." By this Jung means that some outer-life event occurs that grabs our attention, usually in some untoward, undesirable form that, in some cases, can be catastrophic.
They could vary by degree and intensity: "This process of compensation takes place within the personal sphere so long as the vital interests of the personality have not been harmed. But if more profound disturbances should occur,… then archetypal figures appear on the scene….". The initial messages in dreams offer compensations drawing on the personal unconscious, but if ignored over time, the unconscious goes deeper, into the collective unconscious, to offer up more powerful, often numinous images, so as to get our attention.
Most of all, Jung stressed, compensations are autonomous: "We cannot compel unconscious compensation through the impetuousness of uncontrolled desire. We have to wait patiently to see whether it will come of its own accord, and put up with whatever form it takes…." The ego mind can no more conjure up compensations than it can control the activities of the unconscious that is the source of the compensations.
Less common is the transferential type of compensation—less common because it shows up only in individuals in analysis, when an analysand develops a "faulty attitude toward reality," leading to an "intensified tie to the doctor." Jung regarded this tie as the compensation for the patient's poor attitude.
Jung mentions great figures like Goethe and Dante as examples of individuals whose creative endeavors drew upon the collective unconscious and its collective compensations.
Jung cited the situation of Friedrich Nietzsche as an example of a person whose resistance grew to the point where the compensation could not bridge the abyss between consciousness and unconscious.
•the "artificial" normality/psychosis situation: Jung also occasionally came upon people who prided themselves on their normality, the normality in such cases serving as "an artificial compensation for a latent psychosis." That is, the compensation is staving off the eruption of a psychosis.
•our society's stance of "scientific" skepticism & criticism: Jung felt our current culture's penchant for skeptical, critical attitudes toward things like parapsychology, ESP, and other psychic activities was compensated in the unconscious by "…powerful and deep-rooted superstitious impulses of the collective psyche…". In other words, we aren't quite so rational and objective as we would like to think we are.
•the rise of Gnosticism/materialism in the 1st century: in the early years of the Roman Empire materialism had become almost as pervasive as it is in our own day. Jung saw the "rise of the Gnostic movement …[as demonstrating] the breakthrough of unconscious contents at the moment of compensation….", Gnosticism being an early heresy in Judaism and Christianity that denied the value of the flesh and material world. In this regard, it is interesting to note that Gnosticism is once again growing in popularity, as seen in the wealth of books about it, the discovery and dissemination of the texts from Nag Hammadi, and, in our own Jungian Center, the continued popularity of our course on Gnosticism.
•evil/good: This was the problem that Jung felt produces collective compensation more than any other. It shows up in the lives of people as dreams of the Devil, or evil settings like Holocaust concentration camps, as if to remind us of our collective shadow.
Why such reminders? Why such dreams? What could the psyche want, that it works so hard to compensate our conscious intentions and actions? The many benefits of compensation are the subject of the final section of this essay.
There are physical, psychological, spiritual and collective benefits to the phenomenon Jung called compensation. In terms of physical reality, compensation plays as vital a role in keeping us mentally and physically healthy as the instincts that maintain homeostatic balances in the body. Compensatory dreams can help promote our health by working to restore psychic imbalances.
Compensation has benefits in psychological ways. For those who work regularly with their dreams, compensation can help to develop consciousness, widening self-awareness and transforming the personality by overcoming the inadequacies of our conscious attitude. Compensatory dreams can also stave off inflation, helping to thwart the ego's tendency to over-reach. They can also offer us a "compensatory mirror-image of the outer world," according to the Law of Correspondence: "as within, so without; as without, so within." Working with compensatory dreams can help in treating neuroses, and will prevent neuroses from forming if we pay attention to disturbing dreams and "correct the one-sidedness of the conscious mind" before it falls into dangerous opposition to the unconscious. Jung went so far as to say that compensation can help stave off eruptions of psychoses, in situations where analysts are aware of what is going on in their patients.
there is a hitch in this proud claim to self-liberation, for a man cannot produce these unconscious compensations at will. He has to rely upon the possibility that they may be produced. Nor can he alter the peculiar character of the compensation….
We can neither control nor direct the unconscious any more than we can call up compensations when we want or decide their content. In this the ego must submit to the Self. This need for submission is itself a potential spiritual benefit if we have the proper attitude. Another spiritual benefit to compensatory dreams is their ability to provide numinous experiences. Especially in situations where the unconscious reaches deep into the archetypal level, the compensation will offer up dreams that bridge the divide between the earthly and higher realms.
Healing, protecting, liberating, unifying—these are some of the many benefits of being aware of and working with the phenomenon of compensation, aside from the one that was the impetus for this essay: Knowing about compensation can alert you to possible problems with potential partners!
Churton, Tobias (2005), Gnostic Philosophy from Ancient Persia to Modern Times. Rochester VT: Inner Traditions.
________ (1987), The Gnostics. New York: Barnes & Noble.
Doresse, Jean (1986), The Secret Books of the Egyptian Gnostics. New York: MJF Books.
Gaffney, Mark (2004), Gnostic Secrets of the Naassenes. Rochester VT: Inner Traditions.
Jung, C.W. (1960), "The Psychogenesis of Mental Disease," Collected Works, 3. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Krosney, Herbert (2006), The Lost Gospel: The Quest for the Gospel of Judas Iscariot. Washington D.C.: National Geographic Press.
 Collected Works 6, ¶568. Hereafter Collected Works will be abbreviated CW.
 CW 12, ¶230, i.e. compensating an inflation.
 CW 17, ¶90, i.e. outer-life situations in which children compensate their parents: the successful businessman has a lazy son; noble families produce children with "proletarian inclinations; virtuous parents have children who become criminals, etc.
 Cf. Barnstone & Meyer (2009, Churton (2005) & (1987), Doresse (1986), Gaffney (2004), Jonas (1958), Krosney (2006), Layton (1987), Pagels (1979), Robinson (1978), and Rudolph (1984).
 This is the Law of Correspondence; for a full description of it, see Three Initiates (1912), 113-135.


text:
Q: Reversing list throws IndexOutOfBoundsException The method is supposed to revers the order of items in the List
public class ZrcalnaSlikaSeznama {
    public static <T> List<T> zrcalnaSlika(List<T> seznam) {
        int length = seznam.size();
        List<T> seznam2 = new ArrayList<>();
        for (T x : seznam){
            seznam2.add(length-1, x);
            length--;
        }
        return seznam2;
    }
}

But it throws IndexOutOfBoundsException. Why? And how to fix the method?

A: Explanation
The main issue of your code is that you assumed you could directly add something to a later position in an ArrayList, using add(index, element).
But it is not an array, it is a list. This is not possible. The add method does not allow adding beyond its current size, which is still 0. As explained in the documentation of this method:

Throws: IndexOutOfBoundsException - if the index is out of range (index < 0 || index > size())

Fix
To fix your code, and still going this approach, you would first have to ensure that the list already has the desired size by prefilling it with garbage data, like lots of nulls. And then doing what you tried to do, but by using set, not add (otherwise you would not change existing entries but shift them around). So something like this:
List<T> reversed = new ArrayList<>();

// Fill with garbage
for (int i = 0; i < seznam.size(); i++) {
    reversed.add(null);
}

// Exchange against elements
int i = seznam.size() - 1;
for (T element : seznam) {
    reversed.set(i, element);
    i--;
}

Proper solution
Obviously, filling the list first with garbage data is not an ideal approach. You can do much better. How about adding to your new list forwards, but iterating the original items backwards. So if you have [1, 2, 3] you add, 3, 2 and finally 1. This can be accomplished easily:
List<T> reversed = new ArrayList<>();

for (int i = seznam.size() - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
    reversed.add(seznam.get(i));
}

Note
There are also other approaches to this and Java also has already built-in methods for this, if that is an option for you, i.e. Collections.reverse(list).
For example, see How to get a reversed list view on a list in Java?

A: Another alternative to reverse the order of your items in the List using the for-loop() could be :
public class ZrcalnaSlikaSeznama {

    public static <T> List<T> zrcalnaSlika(List<T> seznam) {
        int length = seznam.size();
        List<T> seznam2 = new ArrayList<>();

        for (int i = length-1; i>=0; i--){
            seznam2.add(seznam.get(i));
        }

        return seznam2;
    }

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Ministers of energy from Tanzania and Uganda are meeting tomorrow (January 25) in Kampala to finalise on the joint pipeline project from Hoima to Tanga.
Ministers of Energy from Tanzania and Uganda are meeting tomorrow in Kampala to finalise talks on the joint pipeline project from Hoima to Tanga.
Since the project's inauguration in August 2017, there have been a series of technical meetings between the governments of the two countries, but there are a number of issues that have not yet been addressed. Some of the pending issues are the registration of companies to be involved in the project, distribution of revenue, issues related to defence and security for both countries, and citizen participation in the implementation of the project.


"Out of Oklahoma: Contemporary Artists from Ruscha to Andoe" "? at the Fred Jones Jr. Museum of Art, 555 Elm in Norman "? is part of this year's ongoing Oklahoma centennial celebration. More than 35 paintings, sculptures and photographs are included in the exhibit, each of which was created by an Oklahoma-born or -trained artist.
demonstrates the influential role Oklahomans have played in the national art scene since 1960. Many of these artists are graduates of the University of Oklahoma, so the museum is able to showcase something special.
"We are lucky enough to have some of their student work to show in conjunction with their more mature work," said Gail Kana Anderson, assistant director and curator of collections at the museum. "In some cases, their work is very similar, and in other cases, it's just phenomenally different."
The exhibit will be displayed through Jan. 6, 2008.
For more information, call 325-4938.


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text:
Other Clothing & Apparel stores in your city
Burlington Coat Factory
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FootAction
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Francesca's
Sportsman's Warehouse
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TBdress
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Bedford Fair
Casasilk
Easy Comforts
Lord & Taylor - Coupons, Sale & Promo Codes
View Deals!
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The tryout let the sunshine
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Find Lord & Taylor in your city
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Most popular Clothing & Apparel weekly ads
Something you might be interested in about Lord & Taylor ...
Lord & Taylor is an upscale department store that sells its products all over the country and online.
All about Lord & Taylor
Lord & Taylor is the United States' oldest luxury department store, having existed for nearly 200 years. This is a great place to shop for all things designer, including clothing, shoes, accessories, beauty products, handbags, and more. All the products are from top brands and of very high quality. You can find items for men, women, and children here, so there's something for everyone.
Even though Lord & Taylor is a luxury seller, that doesn't mean that you won't be able to find great deals here. Their website has a clearance section where you can find some designer goods at low prices. There's also an option to sign up for their e-mail notifications, which will let you know when there are Lord & Taylor coupons. You can select which products you're interested in hearing about, as well as put in your ZIP code so it knows where your nearest Lord & Taylor location is.
The history of Lord & Taylor
Lord & Taylor was founded by Samuel Lord and George Washington Taylor in 1826. Their first store opened in Manhattan, and sold misses' apparel, cashmere shawls, and hoisery. Later, it became the first store on the now-iconic Fifth Avenue and the first store that decided opening a suburban location was worth its time.
They've always mixed together classic style and contemporary tastes, and that hasn't changed today, even though they have 50 locations all over the United States.
Lord & Taylor had the first female head of a major retail store
Although you might expect a nearly 200 year old store to be quite traditional, especially one that sells luxury goods, it turns out that Lord & Taylor had a pretty groundbreaking moment of its own. In 1945, they chose a woman to become the president of Lord & Taylor, which was unheard of back then.
This woman was Dorothy Shaver, and she was the first woman who was in charge of a multimillion dollar firm. She made some pioneering moves of her own, including opening a brand store, rather than a boutique style shop, in a suburb. This became the done thing for stores expanding into suburban areas (they still do it today, actually).
Her salary was $110,000, which was the highest salary that an American woman had ever earned back then (though it's worth nothing that her male counterparts earned up to four times as much).
Lord & Taylor Online
I want to receive the latest Lord & Taylor catalogues and exclusive offers from Tiendeo in your city
I also want to receive catalogs from the Clothing & Apparel category
More offers from Clothing & Apparel

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
About Tarikhi
Tarikhi Journal
Creative Outputs
What is Sharq.Org?
What Is Tarikhi?
Why Oral Histories?
A familial welcome
Abu Salim massacre
Arrest & Detention
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Hasakah
Illegal Imprisonment
Independent work
Law & Legislation
Migration & Displacement
NFSL
Religions & Ethnicities
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The Muslim Brotherhood
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The Syrians
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Trade & Industry
Tradition & Heritage
Yarmouk
42 Years of Oppression
Conflict, Migration & Identity
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Syrian Histories
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Sharq.Org
Dara Kurdo
TAGS Denmark, Europe, Migration, Syria, The Kurds
Produced by: Sharq.Org
Part of the Curated Collection: Conflict, Migration & Identity,
Original Interview Length:
Interview Location: Denmark
Available Collateral:
Dara Kurdo is Syrian-Kurdish and currently lives in Denmark. Here, he talks to us about his identity and what constitutes it:
The elements of my identity are the same as those of any Syrian person, or any Syrian-Kurdish person. Religion isn't the strongest component of one's identity, and neither is language. Sometimes I used to feel like Arabic was my mother tongue, but it wasn't a very important factor of my identity because I'm a Syrian Kurd. I saw Arabic and Kurdish as complementary to one another. I identified myself as a person who moved from the countryside like any other Syrian. I felt no conflict when it came to either language or religion, or even history, because Syria has a history of Kurdish leaders, such as Ibrahim Hananu or Shukri al-Quwatli. So when I read Syrian history I feel a part of it, and there's nothing in it that contradicts my experience of being a Kurd in Syria.
On how the current conflict in Syria has impacted his sense of identity:
The conflict impacted my Kurdish identity in particular. I'm not saying that it brought it to the fore, but it allowed it to take an external course. With the rise of extremism, religious affiliation came to overshadow all other identities in Syria, to the point where I don't say that I'm a Syrian Muslim. I'm a moderate Muslim or a Kurdish Muslim, because there's been a change in the entire concept of religion and the concept of sect. Through populist language and culture I now have a sense of distress when it comes to language. I apologize to all my Arab readers, but I will no longer write in Arabic. I will write in Danish and Kurdish and feel comfortable doing so. When you write in your own language and abandon Arabic people think that you're a separatist. I'm now a new person. But to which extent did I present myself as Syrian before the war? Or a Syrian after the war? When I say I'm Kurdish I'm trying to cut away a part of Syria. Frankly, identity as a political problem is a question that requires workshops and research so that we might come up with a new concept to reveal what has become of the Syrian identity. In the end, the destruction and conflict has had a great impact on the Syrian-Kurdish identity.
On how immigration has affected his identity:
Of course immigration has affected my identity in numerous ways. When you leave your country, you will one day have to give up a part of your identity and culture whether you like it or not. You'll be forced to give up language and so many other things, and then have new things come into your identity. When I decided to integrate into Danish society, I discovered that the key to this is language, and that if I did learn Danish it would be at the expense of my reading in Kurdish and Arabic. I also have to accept their habits, the ones that fit with my own culture, but Danes don't like to hear me speaking in either Arabic or Kurdish. So I find myself before two choices: either to integrate fully and coexist, or isolate myself in order to preserve what's left of my identity. Integration in Western society requires you to practically melt yourself away in order to become one with it. I was unable to speak like the Danes or to accept all their customs, nor do they accept me, so I ended up with a schizophrenic sense of identity.
On how customs and traditions influence his sense of identity:
The new habits that affected me on an individual level after my asylum in Denmark are many; things that are totally different from what we had in Syria. The question of appointments for example: Danes respect the time that's been given down to the second. People here are dutiful and are accountable for every minute. These attitudes definitely impacted both my personality and my identity. In terms of holidays, if you live in a Scandinavian country in specific and you celebrate Islamic or your own cultural holidays they tell you in very racist terms: this is something that belongs to your country. You're free to stay there and practice it there, but now you've chosen our country and so you have to follow our customs and traditions. There are so many things that were part of us that we had to sadly relinquish, and I'm afraid that in the future we won't be able to speak to our children in our own mother tongues. I'm afraid that these things will have such a huge impact that we will no longer know ourselves, and we'll end up missing what we were living in Syria.
If he had to define his identity briefly:
I can place my identity on my palm, point to it and say: this is it. I am a moderate person, open to other cultures, tolerant, accepting of other people's opinions regardless of what they are, so long as I do not have to give up the rest of what's left to me of my culture, what I've been carrying in accumulated layers on my back since childhood. That is, I won't give up any more of what's left to me of my culture.
Interview Date: 18 May 2021
Library Reference: CMI16
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Simav Hassan
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text:
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Behemoth or the Long Parliament New edition
By Thomas Hobbes (Author), Stephen T. Holmes (Contributor)
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Also available on eBook for £18.23. Click here to purchase from Rakuten Kobo
Behemoth, or The Long Parliament is essential to any reader interested in the historical context of the thought of Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679). In De Cive (1642) and Leviathan (1651), the great political philosopher had developed an analytical framework for discussing sedition, rebellion, and the breakdown of authority. Behemoth, completed around 1668 and not published until after Hobbe's death, represents the systematic application of this framework to the English Civil War. In his insightful and substantial Introduction, Stephen Holmes examines the major themes and implications of Behemoth in Hobbes's system of thought. Holmes notes that a fresh consideration of Behemoth dispels persistent misreadings of Hobbes, including the idea that man is motivated solely by a desire for self-preservation. Behemoth, which is cast as a series of dialogues between a teacher and his pupil, locates the principal cause of the Civil War less in economic interests than in the stubborn irrationality of key actors. It also shows more vividly than any of Hobbe's other works the importance of religion in his theories of human nature and behavior.
Stephen Holmes, a professor of political science and law at the University of Chicago, is the author of "Benjamin Constant and the Making of Modern Liberalism."
Contributor: Thomas Hobbes
Biography: Stephen Holmes, a professor of political science and law at the University of Chicago, is the author of "Benjamin Constant and the Making of Modern Liberalism."
https://www.whsmith.co.uk/products/behemoth-or-the-long-parliament-new-edition/thomas-hobbes/stephen-t-holmes/paperback/9780226345444.html £21.60 rrp £24.00 Save £2.40 (10%)


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your choice of a printer is critical to your success. You should pinpoint the equipment that is capable of handling the type of work you require, is convenient and trouble-free, and incorporates seamlessly into your workspaces.
Depending on your expectations, any of a number of printer types may fill your bill. If you need a full-service machine that includes a scanner, fax, copier, and printer, you are in the market for an all-in-one unit. This type of printer is a great workhorse for a busy office in which you produce printed materials, sign documents and scan them for emailing, plus receive and send information by fax.
If you are not set up with a land-line phone however, you may not want a fax machine, selecting instead an all-in-one without a fax component. You will save a few dollars too. Before you scale back further, though, deciding that copying and scanning are features you don't need, remember that you may have unforeseen occasions when you are glad your printer can perform these functions.
If you need a specific printer dedicated to a single purpose, such as photo printing, you should select your equipment accordingly. You can save on the purchase price of an all-in-one if you already have such a machine and only need a dedicated fax or an extra scanner.
Another consideration when selecting a printer is the price of replacement ink cartridges for inkjet models or toner cartridges for laser printers. Sometimes a low-priced unit is not such a great buy if you must devote big bucks to purchasing refills. Also check whether the printer comes with full-sized cartridges or "starter" cartridges that will require you to purchase refills sooner.
When you have narrowed down your choices, check the specs on the box for compatibility with your PC's operating system, especially if you use Windows XP or earlier Windows systems. Printer manufacturers gear their latest products toward the latest Windows version, so currently most of them are designed for Windows 7 and Vista compatibility.
If a wireless printer is a must for your work environment, choose one that will serve all the PCs in your home or small business network via wireless modem. If you plan to use your printer at home while connected to your work PC via a remote desktop application, make sure that the printer you purchase works compatibly with the operating systems on your work and home PCs.
You should look for other specs that may be important for your specific printer applications to ensure that the device is going to answer all your needs. One useful way to compare the numerous functions of your top three models is to compare them side by side on an office supply website that sells several kinds.
Some of the printing functions that might make a difference in your use of a printer include automatic duplexing–two-sided printing; enlargement or reduction of an original document; and the resolution–measured in dpi or dots-per-inch–of both black and color documents that the printer can produce and fax.
If you run large print jobs that you cannot always supervise, you should check the paper-tray capacity of the printer as well as the speed with which it processes, expressed in terms of pages per minute. Be sure the printer is tough enough for your usage by checking the number of images per month it is designed to process.
Also, if you plan to print more than just paper and envelopes, check to see if the printer accepts media such as banners, greeting cards, magnet sheets, or iron-on transfer sheets. Can the copier use legal-sized paper as well as letter-sized?
Don't overlook some common-sense issues in making your printer selection. If you have limited space and need a machine with specific dimensions, be sure your the machine is sized appropriately. Double check what kind of connection the printer requires–USB, high-speed USB, Ethernet, etc–to prevent nasty surprises when you try to set it up.
If you are still dithering between models, consider the manufacturer's warranty and the price of the printer. All other factors being equal, choose the unit with the best warranty and the lowest price.


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How to Guide Adult Children Without Being Controlling
By: Melanie Radzicki McManus
Graduation from college is often the time when parents begin to recognize their children as adults.
BananaStock/Thinkstock
Parenting is tricky business. For the first 20 or so years of your child's life, your job is to teach and guide him, often giving unsolicited advice or overriding his choices. Then comes the day he's grown and on his own, and you have to loosen your grip and get to know your kids as independent adults. It's not easy.
"Parents have such a hard time letting go of their control," says Dr. Jennifer Freed, a psychotherapist and licensed marriage and family counselor. It's not that they're trying to butt in because they think their child is incapable; it's because they're concerned about their child's welfare and think they can help by sharing their experiences. Except it often doesn't come across this way because they're still treating their child as, well, a child. And everyone needs to make his own mistakes and learn from them -- that's part of a person's necessary and ongoing growth process.
So how do you help guide your grown kids without being a bossy nag they resent? For starters, you must learn to treat your child more like an adult friend than your kid. You also might have to lower your expectations on everything from the frequency of your contact to her accomplishments and learn to bite your tongue. A lot. But the rewards are definitely worth it. By learning how to gently support and steer your big kid(s), you'll all enjoy a healthy, happy relationship, no matter what form it takes.
Read on for a more detailed blueprint on how to guide your grown kids.
Mother and Father (Don't) Know Best
Avoid the Money Pit
Tips for Successfully Guiding Adult Children
By far the biggest mistake parents make when trying to guide their grown kids is offering unsolicited advice, says Dr. Jennifer Freed, a psychotherapist and licensed marriage and family counselor. "It's infantilizing the adult," she says. "You're acting as if you know better than they do, and every adult child feels that's an insult to his self-respect and development."
Of course, it's easy to do, she acknowledges, since that's one of your roles when the kids are little. And most parents want their kids to continue to come to them for wisdom and comfort. "But your job changes when your kids are adults," says Freed. You need to have a more friend-oriented relationship where you brainstorm and discuss things, not hand down directives.
So hold your tongue when you feel like dispensing your wisdom. Instead, wait to chime in until your child asks for your advice -- and even then, only offer it if you're OK knowing he may or may not follow it. You're likely just one of many people and sources he's consulting before making a decision, and you simply can't take it personally if he disregards your advice.
Not-So-Empty Nest
A few decades back, kids were often on their own the minute they turned 18 and certainly were right after college graduation. Today, says psychotherapist Susan Ende, parents aren't so fixed on booting their kids out the door the minute they're officially adults, which is good. However, many parents neglect to impress upon their kids that finding a job is important and expected. Unfortunately, that robs them of learning the skill of independence, along with the satisfaction that comes with it.
While it's tempting to want to help your child financially, she's got to learn how manage her money for herself.
If you've got grown children, chances are you grew up in an era when you didn't have a whole lot, and so now, you want to give your kids the things you didn't have. It's a nice intention, but it usually has negative consequences.
Your child needs to figure out his finances for himself. If you hear him moaning about wishing he could join his friends on a trip overseas and then promptly give him the cash to join them, he won't learn how to budget and save for a goal. It's the same thing if he doesn't deny himself anything, and then amasses a huge credit card debt that you rush in to pay off. If your child is truly facing a monetary crisis, first let her come to you for assistance, says psychotherapist Susan Ende, co-author of "How to Raise Your Adult Children: Real-life Advice for When Your Kids Don't Want to Grow Up." Then, if you'd like to help her out, come up with a legitimate financial plan together.
A lot of experts recommend that you never lend your adult kid money. After all, if he doesn't have the funds to buy something, he probably doesn't have the money to make loan payments to you, either. And with a loan, it's possible you'll feel that you have a say in how he's spending his money, which can easily lead to conflict. If you have money to share with your child but you don't want to make it a gift with no strings attached, be sure he knows all your expectations for repayment -- including interest if you choose.
Although unsolicited advice and money are probably the top two issues that cause conflict with parents and their adult kids, there are a few more things to keep in mind when parenting adult children.
Don't interfere with your child's life unless asked. You may think you're helping your child if, say, you tell her that her brother really wishes she'd call him more, but it's not your business to do that. And both kids will likely resent you for it.
Steer your child to professionals when he has a problem. Be it financial, marital, spiritual or another type, your role isn't to swoop in and rescue him. It's to show him how to find answers. Even if he makes mistakes, that's part of the growing process -- a valuable part, actually.
Live your own life and let your child live his. Don't try to take on his successes or failures as your own. You are both your own people making your own decisions. And give your child the freedom to forge his own way without criticism. He's probably not going to make many -- or even any -- decisions just like you would have, and that's OK.
Openly discuss with your child how much contact you'll have. Will you see each other during the week? Do you want to talk on the phone several times a week? Is Sunday lunch with all the family not to be missed? If you both have vastly different expectations, compromise as you would with a good friend.
Even though once you're a parent, you'll always be a parent, you have a wonderful adult relationship with your kids to look forward to when they're grown. Check out the links on the next page for more information about the parent-child journey.
Parenting in the Digital Age
Technology is ever-changing, and lots of the improvements are good. Grandkids live across the country? No problem. You can chat with them via Skype and watch their every move with videos your daughter posts on YouTube. Staying in close contact simply isn't a problem. And yet, where once kids went to their parents for help, they now turn to Facebook and Google. Sitting around the table gabbing for hours or writing long letters is passé. "There are many more opportunities to connect, which is great," says family counselor Dr. Jennifer Freed. "But the negative side is the huge upswing in not-highly-significant contact versus significant contact -- real quality, reflective, calm contact."
10 Tips for an Adventurous Retiree Travel Tour
10 Tips for Parenting Adult Children
5 Tips for Dealing With an Adult Child Moving Home
5 Ways to Stay In Touch With Your Grown Children
What are the best vacation spots for baby boomers?
Letting Go of Our Adult Children
Unsolicited Advice: When people ask for advice, I've learned to be careful.
Bottke, Allison. "Parenting Adult Children: Six Steps to Sanity." Crosswalk. Aug. 4, 2009. (May 2, 2011)http://www.crosswalk.com/family/parenting/parenting-adult-children-six-steps-to-sanity-11606988.html
Ende, Susan. Psychotherapist and co-author (with Gail Parent) of "How to Raise Your Adult Children: Real-life Advice for When Your Kids Don't Want to Grow Up." Personal interview. May 3, 2011.
Freed, Dr. Jennifer. Psychotherapist and licensed marriage and family counselor. Personal interview. May 3, 2011.
"Health: Steps to Independence: How to Get Your Adult Children Living on Their Own." Dr. Phil. (May 2, 2011) http://www.drphil.com/articles/article/138
Radcliffe, Sarah Chana. "Parenting Adult Children: Raise your kids without raising your voice." (May 2, 2011) http://www.parenting-advice.net/parents/parenting_adult_children.html
Segell, Michael. "New Rules for Parenting Grown-Up Kids: Why you may not want to give your 20-something advice, and other thorny issues explained." Prevention. (May 2, 2011) http://www.prevention.com/health/health/healthy-living/advice-for-parenting-adult-children/article/30349f63293c8110VgnVCM10000013281eac____/
Melanie Radzicki McManus "How to Guide Adult Children Without Being Controlling" 4 May 2011.
HowStuffWorks.com. <https://lifestyle.howstuffworks.com/family/parenting/parenting-tips/how-to-guide-adult-children-without-being-controlling.htm> 31 January 2023


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Build a trust system: Whether trials or Trump it starts with safety
August 6, 2018 Building community, LeadershipRod White
It is a tough era for building a trust system. When that idea first got going with us, maybe it was not really much of "a thing" because people wanted it and thought it was possible. Now trust has almost disappeared and building a trust system might be "THE thing" because it seems so impossible. Many people are wondering if we can believe in trust again, much less build it. But trust is the basis of Christian relationships, with God and others. How can we do without it?
Bruno Mangyoku
David Odom executive director of Leadership Education at Duke Divinity, wrote a blog post about trust a week or so ago that is still making us think.
Maybe it makes me think because Gwen and I started watching The Honorable Woman from the BBC on Netflix, upon the advice of someone we trust. It is a series whose stated premise is, "It's no wonder we don't trust anyone." I DO NOT recommend this series — we can turn on the news for lies, unfortunately. But it did make me wonder if we can build the trust system we desire if most people have a traumatized trust center in their soul.
The entire United States is having trust issues, and experience what troubles everyone. Donald Trump is a big tip, but he is not the whole iceberg of mistrust waiting to sink our love. The president's lies are just so well documented (by what he deftly labels "fake news" outlets), they are hard to avoid. People are no longer mincing words about them. Journalists regularly point out the authoritarian tactic labeled the "Big Lie." Telling the big lie is a technique dictators use to gain power. After WW2 the agency that preceded the CIA warned the U.S. population against dictator tactics. They actually issued a report that outlined the primary rules evil people follow for lying big:
Never allow the public to cool off; never admit a fault or wrong; never concede that there may be some good in your enemy; never leave room for alternatives; never accept blame; concentrate on one enemy at a time and blame him for everything that goes wrong; people will believe a big lie sooner than a little one; and if you repeat it frequently enough people will sooner or later believe it.
This sounds familiar, right? It is now well established that the President is an inveterate liar, a lesson first learned during his decades as a businessman and reality star, then re-affirmed during his presidential campaign, and then reiterated once again with his inauguration, starting with his Big Lie about the size of the crowd on that day. At the moment, Trump's favorite lie is that the whole Russia situation is a hoax. For instance, last Thursday, just hours after high-ranking members of his administration confirmed that Russia is meddling (and has meddled) in U.S. elections, Trump made this declaration before a rally crowd in right here in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania:
In Helsinki, I had a great meeting with Putin. We discussed everything…We got along really well. By the way, that's a good thing, not a bad thing. Now we're being hindered by the Russian hoax — it's a hoax, OK?
This is not just "political talk." Trump greatly contributes to the cloud of mistrust in which we wander every day. When the Leadership Team of Circle of Hope started talking about some momentous next steps for the church last month, a few people automatically assumed they were going to receive poor treatment from faceless leaders somewhere (even though they were sharing their fears with members of our Leadership Team face to face!). Even though we say we are building a trust system, there are a lot of people who are finding that dubious prospect in this disappointing era of U.S. history.
Elicia Edijanto
So the article from David Odom was timely, if irritating. We need to think about building trust, right now! It is irritating to have to do it, since we have already been doing it. But as soon as we build some trust, some emissary from the world comes along and plants a bomb in it. So we are always REbuilding shattered trust. And for increasing numbers people, we are not rebuilding, we are building from scratch, since they never had much trust to begin with.
Trust begins with safety
Odom says, "To cultivate trust, leaders must contribute to a sense of safety, commit themselves to listening, empower others to act, learn from their mistakes, and promise only what they can deliver." The leaders of our church definitely think they are doing these things until someone hints they are not — which someone usually does.
What Odom discovered in his consultations with churches is that the low trust among congregants exhibited before hiring him as a consultant transformed into remarkably high trust in him as soon they shared stories of pain and loss. Once people had a chance to tell their stories, even to a stranger, they began to discover what was really important to them.
His work was to figure out how to get people to listen to each other, across their dividing lines. For all the therapists listening, this probably sounds just like marriage counseling. And in the church, building trust is like marriage counseling because we share a love covenant as members of the body of Christ. That covenant comes complete with all the passions we bring to relationships with our lovers.
Odom laments that today many people in the United States don't remember a time when they were heard. Some feel that the American economy and society have left them far behind. Others have been silenced for generations, their stories missing from history books and media coverage. As a result, many increasingly believe that they can be understood only by people like themselves. So, by extension, people not like themselves feel dangerous. For protection, some people hide, while others lash out.
The Honorable Woman in her safe room.
Building trust is a crucial task
In this moment, engendering trust is one of the Jesus follower's most important and difficult tasks. This task is not only about one's personal truthfulness and reliability but also about one's leaders and entire community. We can start with a foundation of credibility and transparency. But before some people can even consider those things, they need a sense of safety.
We call ourselves a Circle of Hope, but we know that before people can get over how hopeless they feel, they need to feel safe. We can do something about what they feel interpersonally, but factors (like Donald Trump) outside our influence can make everything feel dangerous. In the TV show I referenced above, the main character sleeps in a "safe room," she has been so traumatized. After watching such a show (and they are legion), then listening to some news, we all feel the need for a safe room! The impact of systemic oppression that has kept people at the margins of organizations, communities and society is now being named more clearly for those in power. Marginalized people have always known they are not safe; now, more privileged people feel unsafe as well.
One would hope that if we provide opportunities for relationships, trust will be an inevitable product. But many people can't get into relationship because they do not trust themselves, others or the system to allow love. The vulnerability is just too much for them. That's why many people avoid cell groups, can't stand a Sunday meeting of less than 50 people, and often feel the whole church is too demanding to be tolerated.
Odom gave an example how he discovered this preliminary step into safety on the way to trust when he was a "freshly minted" church consultant. After a long meeting, a church leader pulled him aside and said, "If you were assisting my company, I would fire you. We trust you more than we trust ourselves. Don't promise what you cannot deliver. We need you to be dependable."
He was trying to design a good process to help the congregation after it had been betrayed by its pastor. But he learned that before the people could buy into the process, they needed to feel safe with the leader of the process. They had to place their confidence in that person and experience the leader's confidence in them. They did not trust themselves to have difficult conversations alone and needed the leader to bridge this gap of trust. In conflict situations all over the world, where trust is broken, Christians often make themselves the bridge. One mediator in South Africa taught me a long time ago that being a Christian is often allowing yourself to be the bridge on which both sides walk toward reconciliation.
There are some basic behaviors that can build trust
Even among our church, where we specialize in letting love rule, we face mistrust. Any action is subject to scrutiny. Any situation can become primarily about trust. We must admit how challenging this is. (I am trying to do that with this post). Plus we need to admit the emotional consequences of needing to build trust. At best, it feels irritating.
How can we all build trust – especially our leaders? Odom has important ideas (here elaborated for us):
Let safety-building be a priority, even if you think it should be a given. Analyze every situation through the lens of how its resolution will increase or decrease the sense of safety the weakest are longing to experience.
Listen, listen, listen. What is everyone saying? – not just the people with whom you feel safe. What feelings are underneath the words? What is the history behind the concern? Listen for systemic injustice that often goes unnamed. We are not necessarily agreeing with people by listening to them, but we are offering a key ingredient of safety: acceptance.
Empower people to solve their own problems. There is not some systemic tinkering that can be done to make every problem go away. We can't have a meeting or pass a resolution and assume everything will be better — sometimes yes, often no. Given the multiple and deep causes of the challenges people face every day, the leader is not the only person who can or should act. We are all in the trust-building project together.
Name mistakes and lessons learned. This is one reason we often talk about our failures. People are deciding right now how to talk about our present situation – is it a time of failure? adjustment? growth? transition? All the above? There are many things to learn. We will keep collecting stories of our mistakes as well as our successes. We will apologize and we will celebrate.
Don't promise what you cannot deliver. This is one reason we are serious about our covenant and determined to live according to our agreements, not according to whim of the leaders or the tyranny of the most recent majority. We want to keep naming our intentions and understand our limits. We'll keep pushing on the limits, but we will know they are there. People often walk into one of our meetings looking for a safe place and run into the fact that we are new, we are surprising or disappointing, and they don't fit in yet. Rather than fretting about that inevitable reaction, we will keep loving those strangers who also feel we are strange.
Cultivating trust requires consistent work over time. Maybe that's why it often feels irritating. Trust often ebbs and flows and is influenced by personal, organizational and societal experiences. To keep building trust, we need to admit our daily responsibility to cultivate it – most of the time, cultivating trust would be a good first step when you greet your mate in the morning, when you enter your next cell meeting, or when you see who is at the Sunday meeting.
Helping each other recognize how important trust is may be critical to any claim we make to be authentic followers of Jesus — who has trusted us with His own Spirit! Our future can take many good roads if there is trust. Many processes can work and and varying plans can come to fruit if there is trust in God and trust in others. But most processes will go nowhere and most plans will never get off runway if they are overloaded with the terrible cargo of mistrust. So as we navigate the stormy seas of Trump and our own turmoil, let's keep steering toward safety in our Savior and cooperate as He creates a safe place for people to explore trust. Those are steps we can all take in building a trust system — thank God we can trust Jesus for what comes next!
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Lifelines for drowning marriages (and whole societies)
Do you feel like you got "canceled" with Jesus?
Sisi, Bibi, Barr, and Obama: Deliver us from our distress
← Dear Google: Why do Americans show such disdain for straight-laced Christians in the movies? Spiritual life on the edge and in the center: Joseph and my mentors →


Super Bowl XLIX to be Played Under a GAF Roof! – This is the 2nd time the Big Game will certainly be played at this arena. That are you choosing to win the online game today? A.B. Edward is a licensed "GAF Master-Elite ™ Roofer". A Master Elite professional is the only sort of roofing contractor compared to could give the gold promise guarantee, one of the most sizable and also effective guarantee in the whole roof sector. A gold promise service warranty is the only guarantee that calls for the whole roofing system to be from GAF, a solitary supplier. The genuine charm is that as soon as your brand-new roof covering is mounted, an agent from GAF appears to license your roofing system setup. The same business that will certainly be managing your service warranty case if it ever before alreadies existing in the future will certainly appear as well as place their consent on duty when we are done, as well as if somehow we fail their detailed 40 factor assessment we need to repair it promptly! Exactly how impressive is that? A complete item of mind for our customers! – This is the 2nd time the Big Game will certainly be played at this arena. A Master Elite professional is the only kind of roofing contractor compared to could offer the gold promise guarantee, the most significant and also effective service warranty in the whole roof replacement market. The extremely exact same business that will certainly be managing your service warranty case if it ever before already exists in the future will certainly come out and also place their stamp of authorization on the work when we are done, as well as if for some factor we fail their in deepness 40 factor assessment we have to repair it right away! A complete item of mind for our customers!


The Department of Buildings is committed to establishing guidelines so that all parties are aware of their responsibilities to ensure the expeditious review of Affordable Housing Projects. In cooperation with the Mayor's Office, the Department has developed a standardized procedure in our Affordable Housing Unit at the Development Hub that aides in expediting the review on applications concerning officially designated Affordable Housing Projects.
With the launch of the new Affordable Housing Unit, the Department will prioritize plan review and development inspections for Affordable Housing Projects. This group will focus on reviewing projects that will reduce inequity in New York City's housing stock.
The Unit will provide significantly faster service, provided by staff knowledgeable and experienced with affordable housing. The team will consist of both plan examiners and inspectors who will coordinate closely with the Department of Housing Preservation and Development (HPD) and other agencies involved in the plan review process. Two project advocates will be tasked with facilitating internal and external interagency handoffs and coordination.
Boiler and elevator inspections within five days of request.


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8 Facts You Might Not Know About the Aztec Empire
August 2021 marks the 500th anniversary of the Aztec empire's fall to Spanish conquistadors following a months-long siege on its capital city in 1521. Five centuries later, history buffs can't seem to learn enough about the fascinating history of the legendary Aztec civilization, with secrets still being physically unearthed below the streets of Mexico City. Here are some of the fascinating facts unearthed regarding the daily life of this once-thriving society.
They Didn't Call Themselves Aztecs
Credit: WitR/ Shutterstock
Like many ancient societies, much of what we know about the Aztecs comes from written accounts from outside their culture — in this case, descriptions from Spanish conquistadors who arrived in modern-day Mexico around 1519. However, the community modern historians call "the Aztecs" actually referred to themselves as the Mexica or Tenochca people. Both names come from the region where the empire once flourished — Southern and Central Mexico, along with the capital city of Tenochtitlan (modern-day Mexico City). The Aztec name likely comes from the Mexica origin story describing their homeland of Aztlan (the location of which remains unknown).
The Aztec Language is Still Alive Today
At the height of the Aztec empire's reign, Nahuatl was the primary language used throughout Mexico and had been for centuries. Colonists arriving from Spain around the early 16th century introduced Spanish, modern-day Mexico's official language, which would eventually replace Nahuatl. But the indigenous language isn't at all dead; more than 1.5 million people speak Nahuatl in communities throughout Mexico, along with efforts in the southern U.S. to teach and revive the language. Spanish and English speakers who've never heard Nahuatl still can pinpoint a few words with Aztec origins, such as tomato ("tomatl"), coyote ("coyōtl"), and chili ("chīlli").
The Aztec Empire Had Vast Libraries
Credit: Werner Forman/ Universal Images Group via Getty Images
Surviving accounts from Spanish colonists describe the Aztec's voluminous libraries, filled with thousands of books on medicine, law, and religion. But early historians didn't give the Aztecs enough credit when it came to written language skills, once considering the hieroglyphic style used by scribes as primitive. Few written documents have survived the centuries since the Aztec empire's disappearance, most destroyed by Spanish conquistadors. But more recent evaluation of the last remaining texts shows that the Mexica people had a sophisticated writing system on par with Japanese that may have been the most advanced in the early Americas.
The Mexica People Were Highly Educated
Aztec society had a rigid caste system dividing communities into four main classes: nobility, commoners, laborers, and enslaved people. Regardless of social standing, every child in the community attended school to receive specialized education, often for a role that was chosen at birth. Schools were divided by gender and social standing, though all Mexica children learned about religion, language, and acceptable social behavior. Children of nobility often received law, religion, and ethics training to prepare them for future leadership positions, and schools for commoners taught trade skills like sculpting, architecture, and medicine. Because Aztec culture centered on expansion and advancement through military strategy, teenage boys of all ages received military and combat training, while girls were educated in cooking, domestic tasks, and midwifery.
Aztecs Used Two Calendars
Credit: Millionstock/ Shutterstock
Mesoamerican calendars from societies of old have remained an interest to many people, especially those who speculate about astrological events or end of the world scenarios. But calendars used by the Aztecs weren't too dissimilar from our own. The Mexica people relied on two simultaneous calendars: one 365-day solar calendar called the Xiuhpōhualli and a 260-day religious almanac called the Tōnalpōhualli. The solar calendar consisted of 18 months with 20 days, each month named for a significant festival or event. The religious calendar dictated auspicious times for weddings, crop plantings, and other events, using a 13-month calendar with each day represented by an animal or natural element instead of numerals.
Farmers Created Floating Fields
Credit: DEA / G. DAGLI ORTI via Getty Images
Constructing the city of Tenochtitlan was no small feat for the early Aztec settlers, mostly because the city was built on water. While centered on an island within Lake Texcoco, the city expanded across the lake with bridges that reached its shores with aqueducts and canals that supplied Tenochtitlan with fresh water. Farmland wasn't vastly available on an island of more than 400,000 people, leading Mexica farmers to create floating fields called chinampas. Gardens were constructed by weaving tree branches, reeds, and sticks between poles to create an anchored base covered with mud and dead plants that broke down into nutritious soil. Chinampas doubled as a sanitation system using human waste as fertilizer, which helped crops grow vigorously while protecting drinking water from contamination.
Aztecs Wore the First Rubber-Soled Shoes
Centuries before rubber became an everyday mainstay in modern products, the ancient Mexica people were harvesting and collecting rubber tree sap for a variety of uses. Archaeological digs throughout Mesoamerica have excavated rubber balls likely used in ceremonial games or for religious offerings, but historians in the early 2000s found that Aztecs also created rubber soles for more comfortable and protective shoes. Researchers believe that Mexica crafters blended and heated rubber tree sap and extract from plants to create the rubber mixture, which could then be shaped and used for shoes, rubber bands, statues, and more.
Mexicas Introduced the World to Super-Red Dyes
Credit: Nina Krogh/ Shutterstock
Ever noticed how centuries-old paintings still have strikingly deep red pigments? European artists of the past were introduced to scarlet tones thanks to the Aztecs. Heavily saturated red pigments weren't easy to come by before the early 1500s when many hues were created from mixtures of cow manure, animal blood, and rancid oils; which explains why Spanish conquistadors who first met the Mexica people in the 1520s were stunned by the regular use of deeply pigmented red paints and dyes. Aztec artisans created the hues by crushing cochineal bugs, a beetle-like insect native to Mexico and South America, to create a vibrant powdered dye. By the mid-1500s, cochineal dye was commonly traded across Europe for coloring clothing and paint and became one of Spain's most profitable markets by the end of the 16th century. Cochineal bug dye diminished in popularity by the mid-1800s when synthetic pigments became available, though it remains a commonly used dye in food products — proof that while the Aztec empire may have disappeared five centuries ago, it still leaves a mark on our world today.
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Thomas Johnston Holliday and Margaret Emily Patton
Victoria County Courthouse (Photo credit: Sean_Marshall)
THOMAS JOHNSTON HOLLIDAY was born Abt. 1805 in Wilkes County, Georgia and died Nov 1869 in Victoria, Victoria County, TX. He was the son of Ayres Holliday and Olivia Johnston.. He married MARGARET EMILY PATTON 07 Oct 1836 in Claiborne County, Claiborne, MS, daughter of FRANCIS PATTON and MALINDA THURMAN. She was born 18 Oct 1814 in Georgia, and died Bef. May 1868 in Victoria, Victoria County, TX .
(Source: Family Data Collection – Births.),
(Source: 1870 Census Schedule 2, Schedule 2–Persons who Died during the Year ending 1st June, 1870, in Precincts nos. 3 & 4, in the County of Victoria, State of Texas, List month of death as November, cause of death pneumonia.).
Children of THOMAS Johnston HOLLIDAY and MARGARET PATTON
THOMAS P. HOLLIDAY b. Abt. 1840, Copiah County, MS
FRANCIS AYRES HOLLIDAY b. 26 Aug 1842, Copiah County, MS; d. 12 Jan 1910, Hext, Menard County, Texas.
MYRA R. HOLLIDAY b. Jun 1844, Copiah County, MS
ARTEMESIA HOLLIDAY b. Nov 1846, Copiah County, MS; d. 1913
JOHN J. P. HOLLIDAY b. Abt. 1849, Copiah County, MS
ROBERT S. HOLLIDAY b. Abt. 1851; d. Abt. 1873, Victoria County, TX
WILLIAM B. HOLLIDAY b. Abt. 1853, Texas; d. Bet. 1893 – 1900, Texas
1840, Copiah County, MS
1850, Copiah County, MS, Dwelling #237, August 20, 1850
1870 Census Victoria County, TX Precincts 3 & 4 pg 6 Carloss Ranch P.O.
THOMAS P. HOLLIDAY Civil War Service: Served in 21st Cavalry Regiment [also called 1st Texas Lancers] with is brother Frank Ayres Holliday. The regiment was organized during the spring of 1862, with about 800 men. They were from Parker, Dallas, Bell, and Austin counties. It was assigned to Hawes', Cooper's, Steele's, and Lane's Brigade in the Trans-Mississippi Department. The unit was active in Marmaduke's Missouri Raid, then skirmished in various conflicts in Louisiana where a detachment reported 5 killed and 4 wounded at Calcasieu Pass. Later it saw action in Arkansas. The 21st disbanded before the surrender in June, 1865. Colonel George W. Carter, Lieutenant Colonel DeWitt C. Giddings, and Major Benjamin D. Chenoweth were in command. Military service: Bet. 1862 – 1865, 21st Texas Cavalry (Ist Texas Lancers), CSA.
Census: 1870, Goliad County, Texas, HH 82, Jul 17 1870
Census: 1880, Goliad County, TX, Precinct 2, ED 63, HH 89, June 3, 1880
Census: 1910, Harris County, TX, Precinct 1, ED 60, HH 83, April 19, 1910
Victoria County Probate Records: THOMAS HOLLIDAY – 1869 ESTATE
The State of Texas } In County Court
County of Victoria } November Term 1869
Estate of Thomas Holliday – dec'd ~
Thomas P. Holliday, having this day presented his petition to the Court praying that letters of Administration be granted to him upon the estate of his father, Thomas Holliday, dec'd, late of Victoria County-, and also praying for his immediate appointment as Administrator pro tem of said Estate, and it appearing from said petition that said Thomas Holliday, at the spring term of 1869 of the District Court of Victoria County-, in a suit therein pending, recovered a judgment against Truman Phelps, David F. Williams and Wm F. Cook for two Leagues of Land originally granted to Santiago and Lazora Serna situated in the San Antonio river in Victoria County-, and that a writ of possession therefor was awarded by said Court in favor of Thomas Holliday and by said Court-, and it further appearing that said judgment has been removed to the Supreme Court for decision, and it also further appearing by said petition that upon the portion of said land claimed by and recovered against Truman Phelps, there were at the date of said judgment-, valuable improvements including a dwelling house and other buildings~ And it further appearing that said Truman Phelps is about wrongfully to [remove?] said dwelling house from said land, and to do and commit other acts of waste thereon to the injury of said Estate ~ It is therefore ordered and by the court: – That said Thomas P. Holliday be and he is hereby appointed administrator pro tem of the Estate of Thomas Holliday, deceased, with full power to do all acts necessary to protect the property and interests of said Estate, And that he is hereby authorized to institute suit by injunction and to restrain the said Truman Phelps from removing the dwelling house or other improvements from said Land and from committing waste of any kind thereon; and that he be further authorized to institute and carry on any other legal proceedings necessary to protect the property and rights of said Estate.
Given under my hand and seal this 29th day of Nov.r 1869
C. Carnes Cnty Judge
[The General Index to the Minutes of Victoria County Probate Court indicate that final settlement of Thomas Holliday's estate did not occur until 1879] <Provided by John Glenn>


It's time for our annual Best Web Hosting Awards! Once again this year, we've tried to address the most common or popular categories that fit most website owners—while not going overboard with an abundance of overly specific ones. So without further delay, here are our Best Web Hosting Awards for 2015.
In our opinion, InMotion Hosting continues to be the industry standard for business web hosting. While InMotion is more than capable of hosting all kind of websites, their Business Hosting Plans provide key features that are vital to your online business presence. Together with their top of the line hardware and outstanding customer support, they continue to lead the way—and earn our award for Best Business Web Hosting.
Since I became a customer in 2009 through today, InMotion Hosting has provided excellent service and support. Their core values stress the importance of customer satisfaction. And, they aren't satisfied with just being great today. InMotion is constantly striving to get even better—including upgrading and improving their already impressive data centers in many ways.
Business Class Hardware including enterprise quality servers.
Managed WordPress hosting has become a hot commodity lately. Fortunately, there are just as many different WordPress hosting plans as there are types of WordPress sites. So, it's not too difficult to find a suitable hosting plan. We've divided are WordPress hosting awards into two categories: Personal Websites and Enterprise Hosting.
For personal WordPress sites, SiteGround offers specific features for speed, security, and support that are highly beneficial. While these WordPress features will cost more elsewhere, SiteGround's plans are priced just right for individuals.
For enterprise managed WordPress hosting solutions, WP Engine remains the optimal choice. Focusing entirely on WordPress hosting, WP Engine provides their proprietary technology features along with expert WordPress support that large WP institutions require.
WP Engine continues to be highly regarded in the WordPress community. Pricewise, their managed hosting plans due run on the high side. However, enterprise solutions do require special attention, and WP Engine offers the best combination of technology and support expertise.
There are a ton of options for first time website owners. In addition to traditional web hosting companies, there are now other options from website creation companies such as Squarespace and Wix.com. However, Web.com has been offering website creation and hosting options for quite some time now. Their experience in providing sites for less experienced users makes them our pick for beginners.
It's important to point out that those first time website owners that do have some technical experience would also benefit from hosting options from iPage or Web Hosting Hub. But for those newbies with no previous experience, Web.com is worth consideration.
While Web Hosting Hub could be considered as a great hosting option for beginners, it's equally good for more experienced bloggers or entrepreneurs that are looking for a great overall web hosting solution that includes unlimited features in addition to all the features included with cPanel—email, MySQL databases, and plenty of other applications for your site.
The support at Web Hosting Hub is also excellent. Whether you're a blogger or just need to create multiple websites with one hosting account, Web Hosting Hub is a great choice.
VPS Hosting is another area where there are a number of worthy options. Because of recent improvements and upgrades, we like InMotion Hosting as a VPS Hosting solution. Similar to their outstanding shared hosting options, InMotion's VPS plans provide impressive features at reasonable prices.
DreamHost features one of the most impressive cloud computing and storage options with their DreamCloud infrastructure. DreamCloud consists of DreamCompute (Public Cloud Computing) and DreamObjects (Developer-Friendly Object Storage).
Dedicated Hosting is another area with many viable choices. For overall features and value, we like Bluehost.
Custom built in-house servers for extreme speed.
Once again, for pure value, iPage is the clear choice. Although prices have been raised slightly, you can still get unlimited domain hosting at one of the lowest prices around. iPage is suitable for either beginners or more experienced website owners.
GoDaddy has been in the news lately for their stock market IPO. But, let's face it, GoDaddy is best known for domain name management. And, they still get our vote as the best domain name registrar. GoDaddy's account management interface, support, and frequent sale offers earn them our award for 2015.


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Govt Degree College, Jalesar Etah, Etah
The Government Degree College (GDC) at Jalesar city in Etah district of the Uttar Pradesh state started operations from the year 1983 onwards. The GDC in Jalesar has affiliation to the Dr. Ambedkar University, Agra, UP.
The College accepts applications for courses at UG and PG levels in varied fields. These include Commerce, Arts, and Science.
The College comprises several departments. Among this list are Sanskrit, English, Hindi, Physical Education, Political Science, Economics, Commerce, Zoology, Botany Chemistry, Sociology, Maths, History – to list a few.
More so, the College has eminent faculty members, who provide guidance to the students. As such, they focus on grooming the pupils for becoming not only responsible citizens but also industry professionals.
Among undergraduate-level programs, the College conducts the Bachelor of Arts (BA), Bachelor of Commerce (BCom), and Bachelor of Science (BSc) ones.
Under PG courses, the College offers the Master of Arts (MA) course in two specializations: Economics and Political Science.
The GDC at Jalesarhas a campus that is spread over 15 acres of land. The College campus has several academic facilities to enrich the learning experience. The College library is equipped with a range of educational resources.
Among other facilities that the College provides to the students on campus include medical care and internet connectivity. Sports centers, laboratories, and computer centers are, also, available on campus.
Along with that, the students are driven to strike a balance between academic work and extra-curricular activities. Thus, a host of events and activities are planned on the campus for seeking the pupils' active participation.
Ravindra Kishore Shahi Mahavidyalaya, Pathardewa, Deoria
JawaharLal Nehru Post Graduate College, Etah
Gaurav Mahavidyalaya, Deorai, Sultanipur, Danganj, Varanasi
Veerangana Rani Avantibai Government College, Khairlanji
Indraprastha College for Women, Delhi
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The daily bonus is a bonus amount of money for a daily visit streak.
It is reset if a player doesn't play the game for at least once a day.
After the sixth day, the streak will be reset back to $100, there is no way to change this.


I was shocked to learn that on June 25 Tailin Lyngdoh, a lady from Meghalaya, was asked to leave the table in Delhi Golf Club (DGC), because she was wearing a jainsem and she looked like a maid. I watched the news of her humiliation on television channels. Thanks to our ever vigilant media; the shameful news appeared prominently in almost all newspapers.
I had to hang my head in shame because I regularly visit DGC to play golf six days a week. I am one of the senior most members of the club.
For me, it was an instance of unpardonable discrimination — and the worst of it, racial discrimination — which was at the centre of the controversy. Lyngdoh was one of the eight invitees to lunch hosted by P Thimmayya Goel, a long-time member of the club. She works as a governess to the honorary health adviser to the Assam government. However, the club authorities did not hesitate to humiliate the lady, violate her dignity, crush her human rights and insult the traditional dress. The discrimination was made on the basis of the lady's dress, her face and her job. For me, it was her dress which was at the root, followed by her face and race.
The colonial hang over of dress code still persists in our elite clubs, although the colonial masters have left the country 70 years ago. In 1988, MF Husain was barred from entering Mumbai's Willingdon Club for being barefooted. A decade later, West Bengal communist leader Jyoti Basu also met the same fate at the Calcutta Swimming Club for reporting in dhoti. Recently, Justice D Hariparanthaman of the Madras High Court has been turned away from Tamil Nadu Cricket Association for wearing the traditional south Indian dhoti. In Delhi Gymkhana Club, Tsugla Lopen Samten Dorji, Bhutan's second-highest ranking monk, was barred from dining at the club in 2013, just because he was in sandals and the traditional lama attire.
Women wearing chappals are stopped at the reception counter of Delhi Gymkhana Club and are made to wear sandals provided by the club. The list is long. The end to such discrimination is nowhere in sight.
I am reminded of an experience I had several years ago at Mumbai's Willingdon Sports Club, where an eminent judge of the Bombay High Court, its acting chief justice and later a judge of the Supreme Court, came to attend a lawyers' dinner. As he did not come there in a coat, he was not allowed to enter the dining lounge. As a lawyer, I also attended the dinner. I told the club staff that he has left his coat in his car and I would get it. I procured a coat for him which did not fit him. However, he hanged the coat behind his chair and complied with the dress code of the Willingdon Sports Club.
The Lyngdoh episode has three angles: One, dress code and two, her face taking it to her assumed race and perhaps more serious, the use of the word 'maid' derogatively. Dress code is a remnant of the British legacy.
India is the largest diverse country and does not have a specific dress form for her citizens. The people of each state, district and village dress differently according to their choice. It is not essential that one would wear shoes to formal occasions; there is no reason why chappals would not be acceptable if one feels comfortable wearing a pair of chappals. The traditional attire of a community is to be given due respect. And there is absolutely no reason why we should not respect the traditional attire of the Khasi community.
It's time we shed this imperial mindset. All that we need is neat, clean and decent dress. We must remember that Mahatma Gandhi appeared before the king of England wearing a khaddar dhoti, sandals and an ordinary chadar after attending the Second Round Table Conference in London in 1931. The simplicity and humility of his dress presented a striking contrast to the vanity and pomp of the royal palace.
Right to clothing is recognised as a human right in international human rights instruments; this, together with the right to food and the right to housing, are parts of the right to an adequate standard of living, as recognised under Article 11 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. The right to clothing is recognised under Article 25 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Freedom of clothing is part of our freedom of expression, which is the first right of a citizen under Article 19 (1) (a) of the Constitution.
The more serious part of the allegation is that she was slighted by the club official who took her to be a maid. I do not know if any of the club bylaws debar a woman from entering its premises on the ground that she is a maid. I wonder if this is the way the official understands dignity of labour. The message being sent here is that these clubs are exclusive clubs of a few elites and they have no place for citizens belonging to the lower strata of society.
Article 21 of our Constitution reads: "No person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to a procedure established by law." This right to life implies life with dignity. Besides fair wages, paid weekly off, healthcare facilities, bonus and other benefits, it includes dignified treatment in all spheres. Things have changed over the years and service providers are considered as partners and not as servants. Our club officials must realise this.
Since the land to such clubs is given by the government, it should ensure protection of human rights to the people who visit the clubs.
Compulsory dress code in clubs and other social institutions must be abolished. Every citizen should have the right to wear the dress which should be neat, clean and decent.
The Club issued a press statement on June 27, saying that it has apologised to the member whose guest Lyngdoh was. An apology only to the host and not to the lady who was insulted and whose dignity was attacked! Liberty and equality are the pillars of our Constitution.


Evangeline Kane is thrust into a world of myth and legend and must stand as a reluctant sentinel of the city of Cincinnati each night. Protecting the mortal realm from the fae of the Under-Veil with her misfit band of allies.
The Custodian, Sharee Krynn must temper the headstrong Kane as they show the fae of ill intent that none may pass Evangeline Kane, troll of the Roebling Bridge.


Akatsuki no Hikari, or The Light at Dawn, is a large beaming lighthouse of white beauty with a big pink heart. This variety reminds me of Ipomoea Purpurea Jamie Lynn. Like a floating angel of beauty, this morning glory is enough to be your whole garden, or as an amazing accent.


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Serge Riendeau receives Adélard-Godbout Award
The Quebec order of agronomists recognizes our ex-president's outstanding contribution to the agri-food industry.
At a tribute evening held on the sidelines of the Quebec order of agronomists' convention on September 21, former Agropur president Serge Riendeau was presented with the Adélard-Godbout Award.
During his 26-year career with Agropur, including 15 as president, Serge Riendeau played a central role in the organization's achievements.
His vision and leadership were instrumental in Agropur's development, its dramatic growth and its productive relationships with its members, employees and partners.
Serge Riendeau was a leading figure in the dairy industry, devoting his efforts to keeping processing assets in the hands of producers in order to give them collective control over their own future. He always looked to the future with confidence.
During Serge Riendeau's tenure as president (2002-2017), Agropur's annual sales surged from $1.8 billion to $6 billion, making it the largest dairy co-op in Canada. Today it is also one of the top 5 dairy processors in North America and one of the 20 largest dairy companies in the world.
In view of these outstanding accomplishments, the order or agronomists presented Serge Riendeau with the Adélard-Godbout Award of Merit, which recognizes an exceptional contribution by a non-agronomical company, organization, individual or group of individuals to the development of agriculture, agronomy or the agri-food industry in Quebec. It is awarded for a specific deed or achievement. It is named after Joseph-Adélard Godbout, agronomist and statesman, who served as premier of Quebec in 1936 and from 1939 to 1944.
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