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Biographical Memoirs: V.78 (2000)
Chapter: Reed Clark Rollins
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Suggested Citation:"Reed Clark Rollins." National Academy of Sciences. 2000. Biographical Memoirs: V.78. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9977.
REED CLARK ROLLINS
December 7, 1911-April 28, 1998
BY IHSAN A. AL-SHEHBAZ
REED ROLLINS, ASA GRAY professor of systematic botany emeritus at Harvard University, was one of the outstanding and most insightful scientists of this century. He was one of the founding fathers and second president of both the International Association for Plant Taxonomy and the Organization for Tropical Studies. His 30-year leadership as the director of the Gray Herbarium elevated Harvard to one of the world's top centers for studies in systematic and evolutionary botany. He was one of the pioneering botanists who promoted the extensive use of genetics, anatomy, and cytology to solve taxonomic problems.
Reed, the eighth of thirteen children (ten boys and three girls) of Mormon parents, was born in Lyman in southwestern Wyoming on December 7, 1911. His father, Clarence Rollins, was a rancher and at one point a deputy sheriff of Uinta County, who along with his family and neighbors, leased the land from the federal government. The children were always encouraged to study hard and read the various books at home and the daily newspaper, as well as sing and play the piano at night. During the evenings, the family spent many good times singing, while the girls took turns playing the piano.
Reed attended elementary and high schools in Lyman. He enjoyed plants as a child, and at the age of fifteen, he attended a presentation by Aven Nelson, then director of the Rocky Mountain Herbarium at Laramie, about plants in general and those of the Rocky Mountains in particular. The summer after finishing high school, Reed, his brother Bill, and their cousins worked during the day on a gas pipeline, but at night their band, The Happy Jack Jazz Band, played in neighboring towns. Reed played the trumpet.
In 1929 Reed entered the University of Wyoming to become an agricultural teacher. His travel expenses from Lyman to Laramie were covered by a scholarship from the Union Pacific Railroad; his tuition was paid by a scholarship from the University of Wyoming. After finishing his freshman year, Reed decided to major in botany. He worked as a mounter in the herbarium during the academic year and waited on tables in the university dining hall. During the summers of the following three years, he worked for the U.S. Department of Agriculture, conducting plant disease surveys designed to trace the movement of smuts and stem rust on cereals in eastern Wyoming.
Reed's first introduction to the flora of Wyoming was in a summer camp class that he took with Nelson in 1930. Reed was the top-ranking student in his class. After receiving his A.B. degree with honors in 1933, he worked for a year at the University of Wyoming in the Public Works Administration examining the records of farms and ranches. The following year, he attended Washington State University in Pullman and received his M.S. degree in 1936 under the supervision of Lincoln Constance. Reed joined Harvard University in the fall of 1936 and received his Ph.D. in mid-1940 under the supervision of Merritt Lyndon Fernald. He worked on the mustard genus Arabis for his masters and
doctorate dissertations (1941); he continued working on the genus throughout his life.
Shortly after joining Harvard as a student, Reed impressed his mentors by his innovative approach and courage to use various fields of biology, especially cytology (with Karl Sax) and anatomy (with Ralph Wetmore), to understand the evolutionary relationships and to solve some difficult taxonomic problems. In April 1937 he was unanimously chosen by the senior fellows to the Society of Fellows and was awarded a three-year Junior Fellowship (1937-40), which allowed him to take classes free of tuition and provided him with an annual salary of $1,250, a three-room suite, and free meals.
Reed took courses in cytology, biochemistry, and related fields, and he divided his time between working on taxonomy in the Gray Herbarium and on cytology in Karl Sax's lab. Reed was among the first North American taxonomists to use chromosome data in monographic studies, as evidenced by his account of the genus Physaria (1939).
Perhaps among the most important thing Reed advocated in his classes and even in his writings was that, to have a better understanding of the group at hand, taxonomists should use whatever knowledge they can get from any field. This was elegantly stated in his (1952) presidential address to the American Society of Plant Taxonomists (ASPT): "Thus viewed, taxonomy becomes an integrative and synthesizing subject, in a way rising to the shoulders of its sister disciplines."
In his presidential address to the International Association for Plant Taxonomy, Reed (1959) emphasized the use of population genetics as an important field in enriching the knowledge of a taxonomic group, and stated that "with our natural interest in the dynamics of variation, survival and migration, we not only need the information that can be provided by genetic studies of populations, but we are in a position to exploit this area of research as part of the
usual taxonomic research program." In fact, his work on the genetic evaluation of a taxonomic character in Dithyrea (1958) led the way to questioning the validity of numerous cruciferous species, subspecies, and varieties that were based primarily on differences in the presence or absence of trichomes (hairs). That work showed that the occurrence or lack of trichomes in Dithyrea is controlled by a single gene with two alleles that follow simple Mendelian inheritance.
Reed continued to promote the use of new approaches in evolutionary and systematic studies (1957, 1965), and his extensive use of scanning electron microscopy in the study of pollen (1973) and trichomes (1975, 1979) was instrumental in understanding the evolution of the mustard genus Lesquerella. Unlike the previously prevailing thought that the Brassicaceae universally have uniform pollen, he (1979) discovered that a number of western North American genera have pollen with more than three colpi, thus providing solid evidence of the direct relationships among them.
Reed joined Stanford University as assistant professor in January 1941, and two years later he took leave of absence to join a U.S. Department of Agriculture team of plant breeders and geneticists in Salinas, California, to work as an associate geneticist on the Guayule Rubber Research Project, a position that he held through 1945. At that time the United States and Japan were at war, and the Japanese had full control of the Hevea rubber production in Malaysia and southeastern Asia, whereas the rubber in Brazil and elsewhere in the New World was suffering from rust diseases. Reed continued working on guayule (Parthenium argentatum) until late 1950, and his research on rubber resulted in 15 papers published between 1944 and 1951. Among his most important discoveries (1944, 1946, 1949, 1950) was the first genetic evidence for apomixis in Parthenium, coupled with
detailed study of natural and artificial interspecific hybridization in the genus.
Reed returned to Harvard as associate professor and director of the Gray Herbarium (effective July 1, 1948) and became the fifth director (1948-78) of that prestigious herbarium, succeeding his mentor, Fernald, who followed Benjamin Robinson, Sereno Watson, and Asa Gray.
At the international level, Reed was one of the founders, the first vice-president (1950-54), and the second president (1954-59) of the International Association for Plant Taxonomy (IAPT). Since its foundation on July 18, 1950, Reed's thirty-one-year membership of the IAPT council continued uninterrupted through the Thirteenth International Botanical Congress (IBC) that was held in 1981 in Sydney. With his untimely death, we lost the last survivor of the "founding fathers" of IAPT and one of the truly outstanding systematists of this century.
Reed was the key person in organizing the Eleventh International Botanical Congress that was held in 1969 in Seattle. Prior to the selection of Seattle as the city for that congress, he did all of the initial home work to receive the support of the president of the University of Washington (Seattle), the National Academy of Sciences, and the Botanical Society of America. He also had to select members of the congress's national committee, chairman of that committee, and president of the IBC.
At the national scene, Reed was one of a six-person executive committee that founded, in February 1963, the Organization for Tropical Studies (OTS), a consortium of research institutions and universities, to educate, promote, and coordinate studies in tropical biology of students and scholars in the United States. Following the death in February 1964 of Norman E. Hartweg, the first president of OTS, Reed was elected by mail ballot as the second president.
During his two-year presidency, he was instrumental in resolving a number of the organizational and funding problems that faced the young organization, and his actions marked a turning point in the establishment of a clear identity and stability, especially in the development of an infrastructure to supervise and run the graduate courses in Costa Rica. Reed served as a member of the executive committee from 1963 to 1968 and continued to attend the OTS board meetings through 1973.
At the Harvard level, Reed played a major role in unification of the plant and library material of the five botanical institutes (Gray Herbarium, Arnold Arboretum, Farlow Herbarium, Botanical Museum, and Harvard Forest). As a result of his dedication, patience, and leadership, unification of the collections became a reality, and he took on the responsibility of supervising and coordinating the entire process. These collections were later renamed the Harvard University Herbaria. He served as the Harvard's chairman of the Institute for Research in General Plant Morphology (1955-65), chairman of the Institute of Plant Sciences (1965-69), supervisor of the Bussey Institution (1967-78), and chairman of the Administrative Committee of the Farlow Library and Herbarium (1974-78). During his thirty-year (1948-78) tenure as the director of the Gray Herbarium, systematic and evolutionary botany reached a "golden era" and was the strongest in the history of the Harvard. Although Reed supervised twenty-one Ph.D. students between 1954 and 1980, he did not publish a single joint paper with any of his students based on their Ph.D. theses.
Reed conducted extensive field work throughout his professional career and concentrated primarily on collecting the mustards of the Pacific, mountain, southwestern, and southeastern states, as well as of northern Mexico. Although such work spanned nearly sixty years (1934 through 1993),
the most productive period was between 1974 and 1993, when he and his second wife, Kathryn, covered all of the continental United States minus the northeastern and central states. Reed did not concentrate on the mustards of Greenland, Alaska, the Caribbean, Central and South America, or Canada, though he studied a few of the taxonomically difficult South American genera, especially Menonvillea.
During the 1950s, Reed concentrated his field research in Tennessee, Alabama, and neighboring parts of Texas, Mississippi, Georgia, and Kentucky, where he focused primarily on the genera Lesquerella and Leavenworthia. His principal goals were to study the extensive interspecific hybridization in the former genus (1954, 1957, 1973) and the sympatric isolation and breeding systems of the later (1963, 1977). His fifteen years of research and field work on the lesquerellas of the Nashville Basin, Tennessee, were quite rewarding. Not only did he discover several new species, but his painstaking and intensive field work, which was followed by extensive crossing experiments in Cambridge, led to publication of one of the classic studies on natural interspecific hybridization. It is interesting to note that Reed discovered and named L. densipila in 1952, but when he found several populations of suspected hybrid origin at the fork of Stones River, Tennessee, he immediately postulated that there ought to be yet another undescribed species that, with L. densipila of the western fork, was hybridizing at the fork of Stones River. Further continuous search along the east fork lead to the discovery of L. stonensis, which was described in 1955. He later discovered that the latter species also hybridizes withL. lescurii and that all of the auriculate-leaved species are interfertile in experimental hybridization, though they were initially isolated geographically, coming into contact subsequently due to human clearing of the areas where their ranges did not overlap.
I took Reed's graduate seminar course in plant biosystematics in the fall of 1968, and I was very much impressed by his elegant reasoning and soft-spoken approach in discussing any taxonomic problem. Although students did most of the talking and discussions, ideas did not become crystallized until Reed gave his authoritative opinions. He used his extensive collections of Parthenium, Lesquerella, and Leavenworthia as models to introduce diverse taxonomic problems (e.g., hybridization, apomixis, polyploidy, allopatric and sympatric speciation, phenotypic plasticity) and to show how critical systematic methodology would lead to sound solutions. Reed's impressive approach provided us with a wealth of knowledge and helped us develop into young systematists with clear concepts. Perhaps the best reward that I and two of my colleagues (James E. Rodman and Charles Schnell) received from that course was to accompany Reed in his car for a one-week drive from Cambridge to the Nashville Basin, Tennessee, to study the populations of various species of Leavenworthia and Lesquerella. Unfortunately, that was the only time I joined Reed in any field work.
When the time came to select a thesis problem in 1968, I wanted to work on the Cruciferae. The Middle East, where I intended to work after my degree, is one of the richest centers of the family and I wanted to learn from Reed's extensive thirty-five-year experience with the family. Reed introduced me to several potential subjects and carefully pointed out where the problems were. He then told me to take as much time as I wanted to decide, and when the choice was made, he was instrumental in securing funds for me to conduct field work in mountain and Pacific states during the summers of 1968 and 1969. Reed gave the same absolute freedom to his other twenty Ph.D. students in deciding what to do, and he was always successful in find-
ing the financial resources to support the field studies of his students.
Reed's pioneering work on the guayule rubber plants in the late 1940s provided him with first-hand experience in genetics, hybridization, and asexual reproduction (especially apomixis) that he applied so elegantly in studies of the mustard family. Most of Reed's field work was specifically designed to solve a number of taxonomic problems, though he concentrated primarily on Arabis, Physaria, and Lesquerella, the three genera closest to his heart, the study of which resulted in numerous discoveries of new scientific novelties.
Shortly after publishing his first book (1973), Reed started compiling data on his second book, The Cruciferae of Continental North America, but the hard work on this project did not start until about the mid-1980s. Accompanied by Kate, he intensified the field work for sixteen years (1974-90), and the actual writing of his monumental work (1993) occupied them for about six years ending in March 1991. I had the chance to read every part of the book soon after Kate typed the first draft. During that period, the discussions I had with Reed about the various ins and outs were most enlightening and educational. The one thing I did not agree with was the alphabetical instead of the taxonomic or phylogenetic arrangement of taxa. The phylogeny of North American mustards was not much known in the late 1980s and early 1990s, and only during the past four years have we started to use molecular data and gain enormous insight about generic lines and relationships in the family. Now that I have been using Reed 's book on a daily basis, I find the alphabetical arrangement most practical to search for any given plant.
Reed's research career on the Cruciferae spanned more that sixty years. Of the 778 species recognized in The Cruciferae
of Continental North America, 101 were weedy species introduced primarily from Eurasia. Of the 677 native North American species, Reed's name was attached to 203 species, or a remarkable 30%. The book also included 243 infraspecific taxa, and Reed's name was attached to 121 subspecies and varieties, or 50%. In short, Reed described 156 new species and 56 new varieties, and he made 47 new combinations at the specific rank and 65 at the subspecific and varietal ranks. Following the publication of the book in 1993, Reed described four species in Lesquerella, thereby bringing the total North American species of the genus to 87.
Reed served as a member of the editorial committee of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature for nearly thirty years. In addition, he was the editor in chief of Rhodora from 1950 to 1963, Contributions from the Gray Herbarium from 1950 through July 1978, Occasional Papers of the Farlow Herbarium of Cryptogamic Botany from June 1974 through July 1978, and Publications from the Bussey Institution of Harvard University from 1975 through 1979. Kate Rollins was co-editor of Contributions from the Gray Herbarium from January 1971 through November 1984 and co-editor of Occasional Papers of the Farlow Herbarium of Cryptogamic Botany from June 1974 through April 1980.
My fondest memories of Reed date back to 1969-73, when he, Kate, and the graduate students met weekly for two hours in his office. Not only were those meeting most memorable and educational but they were such great fun. The subjects ranged from science to politics, history of botany, and sports. Birthdays were never missed. Reed created such a wonderful bond with his students, and he was an exemplary friend, academic father, and true gentleman. After returning to Harvard in 1981, my wife and our two boys strengthened our bond with Reed and Kate, and we enjoyed
visiting them in their summer home in Maine and kept in close touch until five days before Reed's death.
Reed enjoyed good health basically throughout his life, but his heart problems started about two years before his death. He is survived by a daughter, Linda White, and a son, Richard, from his first marriage; a sister, Aileen Carter; his second wife, Kathryn; and five grandchildren and two stepdaughters. His memorial service was held on May 22, 1998 in the Appleton Chapel of Memorial Church (Harvard University).
Reed received several distinguished awards, including the Centenary Medal of the French Botanical Society (1954), Certificate of Merit of the Botanical Society of America (1960), medals of the Ninth (1952), Eleventh (1969), and Twelfth (1975) International Botanical Congresses, Congress Medal on the 25th anniversary of the International Association for Plant Taxonomy (1975), Gold Seal of the National Council of State Garden Clubs (1981), Asa Gray Award of the American Society of Plant Taxonomists (1987), and the Twenty-fifth Anniversary Medal of the Organization for Tropical Studies (1988). Two genera, Reedrollinsia J. W. Walker and Rollinsia Al-Shehbaz, eight species, and two varieties were named in honor of Reed.
In addition to membership of the National Academy of Sciences and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Reed was a member of many societies, including the Society for the Study of Evolution, the Genetic Society of America, and the Linnaean Society of London. He was president of the American Society of Plant Taxonomists (1951-52), president of the International Association of Plant Taxonomists (1954-59), president of the New England Botanical Club (1955-57), president and chairman of the board of the Organization for Tropical Studies (1964-65), and president of the American Society of Naturalists (1966).
The cruciferous genus Physaria . Rhodora 41:392-415
A monographic study of Arabis in western North America. Rhodora 43:289-325,348-411,425-81 Also published in Contrib. Gray Herb. vol. 138 (same pagination as in Rhodora).
Evidence for natural hybridity between guayule (Parthenium argentatum) and mariola (Parthenium incanum). Am. J. Bot. 31:93-99
Interspecific hybridization in Parthenium. II. Crosses involving P. argentatum, P. incanum, P. stramonium, P. tomentosum and P. hysterophorus. Am. J. Bot. 33:21-30
Sources of genetic variation in Parthenium argentatum Gray (Compositae). Evolution 3:358-68
The guayule rubber plant and its relatives. Contrib. Gray Herb. 172:1-73
Taxonomy today and tomorrow. Rhodora 54:1-19
Interspecific hybridization and its role in plant evolution. Eighth Internatl. Bot. Congress, Rapp. & Comm. Sec. 9 & 10:172-80
A revisionary study of the genus Menonvillea (Cruciferae). Contrib. Gray Herb. 177:3-57 1.
Taxonomy of higher plants.Am. J. Bot. 44:188-96
Interspecific hybridization in Lesquerella. Contrib. Gray Herb.181:3-40
The genetic evaluation of a taxonomic character in Dithyrea (Cruciferae).Rhodora 60:145-52
Taxonomy and the International Association.Taxon 8:277-79
The evolution and systematics of Leavenworthia (Cruciferae).Contrib. Gray Herb.192:3-98
On the basis of biological classification.Taxon14:1-6
The evolutionary fate of inbreeders and nonsexuals. Am. Natur.101:343-51
With O. T. Solbrig.Interspecific hybridization inLesquerella.Contrib. Gray Herb.203:3-48
With E. A. Shaw.The Genus Lesquerella (Cruciferae) in North America. Cambridge, Mass.:Harvard University Press.
With U. C. Banerjee. Atlas of the trichomes of Lesquerella (Cruciferae).Publications of the Bussey Institution of Harvard Univ.48 pp.
With O. T. Solbrig.The evolution of autogamy in species of the mustard genus Leavenworthia. Evolution31:265-81
With U. C. Banerjee. Pollen of the Cruciferae.Publications of the Bussey Institution of Harvard Univ., pp. 33-64
A new species of the Asiatic genus Stroganowia (Cruciferae) from North America and its biogeographic implications Syst. Bot. 7:214-20.
Interspecific hybridization and taxon uniformity in Arabis (Cruciferae). Am. J. Bot.70:625-34.
With I. A. Al-Shehbaz. Weeds of south-west Asia in North America with special reference to the Cruciferae. Proc. R. Soc. Edinburgh89B:289-99.
The Cruciferae of Continental North America. Stanford, Calif.:Stanford University Press.
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Biographical Memoirs: V.78 Get This Book
Buy Hardback | $107.00
Biographic Memoirs Volume 78 contains the biographies of deceased members of the National Academy of Sciences and bibliographies of their published works. Each biographical essay was written by a member of the Academy familiar with the professional career of the deceased. For historical and bibliographical purposes, these volumes are worth returning to time and again.
Front Matter i–viii
Robert Cooley Elderfield 1–15
Gertrude B. Elion 16–29
Edward Vaughan Evarts 30–43
Edward C. Franklin 44–63
Clifford Grobstein 64–93
Jerome Clarke Hunsaker 94–107
Philip F. Low 108–127
Robert Franklin Mehl 128–145
Robert Sanderson Mulliken 146–165
William D. Phillips 166–181
Edward Mills Purcell 182–205
Reed Clark Rollins 206–221
Stanley Schachter 222–235
Glenn Theodore Seaborg 236–257
George Frederick Sprague 258–275
Robert Julius Trumpler 276–297
George Wald 298–317
John C. Warner 318–333
Jerome Bert Wiesner 334–353
Alfred P. Wolf 354–367


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Haha, well, it's "general." Will ask over there, thanks.
Just a question: what's the difference between this add-on and RogueSpear's? I run RogueSpear's at 0_dotnet.exe so I know it's running first, OR, am I missing something, which is very possible about the "true" addon thingy?? Thanks!
Thanks so much, this is an always must with my installs!!!!!
danster3k wrote: sorry for the n00b question, but if i extract this to put my serial in, how do i then put it pack together so that integrator detects it?
7-zip should do the trick, just make sure you pack it the using the same levels.
:::goes to teacher::: Ryan, Ryan!!!!
It's not a mortgage crisis, cancer, or gasoline - it's an update pack.
Topic: Will nLite accept Switchless Installs?
Last time I checked, yes, nLite runs at T-13, but I think forums would heklp if you need more specifics.
Topic: Slipstreaming Post OFFICE XP SP3 program??
Honestly, the best way (just my opinion) is to use BtS' Driverpacks.
Not only does he/they have great packs for sound, CPU drivers, etc., but for RAID and mass storage as well.
Really simple, just make sure you do it last, right before making your iso/burn.
Slipstreaming Post OFFICE XP SP3 program??
Crash - yes, Rogue has 3.5 ran at runonce.
shon - I actually used RogueSpear's .net 1 & 2 combo on 2000 and they work. I know .net 3 does not, though.
Thanks Crash. Other then being uninstallable, what is the difference between the AIO and RogueSpear's packs (since both can run at SVCPACK)?
Is there any way to integrate .Net 1 or 2 (I know three is a pain), e.g. same way as an update pack or Booogy's, where it's "uninstallable"?
Topic: Anyone know how to slipstream Acrobat updates??
Great, thanks. That's a great tutorial and actually looks straight forward, I'll give it a shot on the weekend. Is the AutoIt the same as the one with Ryan's pack? I', running XP2 w/ Ryan's pack, plus Kel's runtimes, don't know if those codecs cover the app.
Thanks. So lemme see if I have this right?
Acro810.exe dumped in a folder with each update.
then, run acroupdate811.exe /s /a /s - and that's it? How does it know to update 8.1.0? Sorry, AutoIt is new to me, it's installed though. Thanks!!
Anyone know how to slipstream Acrobat updates??
Reading rom the boards, Microsoft, etc. it says it's "recommended" to have SP2, but not mandatory. So just to play on the safe side, I'll slip 2 then 3, then whatever comes next.
Nice, but the French - English translation needs work. I can translate it if your interested.
Thanks, gonna give it a go!
Topic says it - can anyone point me to an icon pack addon/ swithless installer?? I.e. XP - Vista, etc. Thanks!
Topic: ok got sp3 integrated cd now where is the ryan pack for it?
Here's an idea or two - just a thought, tossin it out there... 1) WAIT, or 2) MAKE YOUR PACK!!!!
He's on holiday, do you think he's sitting in front of a screen or chillin' on a beach?! Hmmm, that there WINDOWS looks mighty nice....better stay inside!!!


WoWInterface » AddOns, Compilations, Macros » AddOn Search/Requests » Any BoF mods like "Deposit Box"?
Just come back to wow ... been away form Panda days.... anyway.. one of the mods I really liked was "Deposit Box" and I was wondering if there is an alternative or a continuation of it under a different name or something?
Basically what it did was make a second money bag... then you set a "tax" as your savings. So for example 50%.. or w/e. Then that % was sent to the deposit box.. leaving your total gold in your bags a smaller value. If you tried to buy something it would not use any of the money in the deposit box.. this was your savings.. you could withdraw or add to it at will though.
I juts really liked it as a way to save money in a fun and visual way. Also, with wow "oh I'll just buy that pet / mount" type thing is was a awesome way to sorta of give you a allowance for free spending but always increase you total pool for those super expensive mounts.
Anyway.. dose anyone know any mods that have this "saving" feature or know a modern version of Deposit Box?
Bumping this - could someone resurrect it?
Especially with the new super expensive mounts, this would be very nice indeed.
So I took a look and it doesn't throw any errors, which is a good thing, or at least I thought a first.
For whatever reason the variables don't work correctly anymore and also don't save on reload.
Its using libs (which I have no experience in), so attempting to fix it straight up is out for me. I can look into creating a new addon to recreate what this addon did, but it may take me a while.


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Of all the terrible things about being a teenager, here is one that's only really terrible in retrospect: There will be books and movies and TV shows you consume in your adolescence that, upon future reflection, might prove to be embarrassing, especially when you realize just how much they reveal about you. There's an inevitability to this — the most you can hope for is that the media with that kind of power over your psyche won't include a Vancouver-produced micro-budgeted Fox show about people who hop between alternate universes with the help of an oversized cell phone.
I am, alas, not so lucky.
So this isn't the first time I've tried to tell you about Fringe — when the show first premiered in 2008, I watched the first couple of episodes with an eye towards filling you in on a regular basis. I even came up with nicknames for the characters, like Agent Cate (because star Anna Torv looks like a poor man's Cate Blanchett) and Pacey (because Joshua Jackson was on Dawson's Creek, a show I never watched as a teenager because of its lack of space battles).
Here's the trouble with Fringe, though — once you get past those first six or so first season episodes, Fringe is awesome. I mean, it's not immediately awesome, but about halfway through the first season it starts getting good, and then it gets better, and then it's onto full-on awesome, and then its awesomeness quotient increases exponentially until the awesome meter breaks and gets awesome juice everywhere. But you DON'T CARE about the mess. Because of how awesome it is.


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Stamp Happy Felicia: Get Better Soon!
I completed this for the Blogabella challenge but didn't post it in time. I still wanted to share it. The challenge was to use Red, White, and Purple as the color theme. Hope everyone's enjoying their Wednesday. We just came back from church for the Ash Wednesday mass and we ate a light dinner and now it's time for bed. We have a early morning ahead of us and I have a lot of planning still with my husbands graduation party this weekend. He completed his Bachelor's degree last week and we were unable to attend the ceremony in Virginia so I thought we could at least have a party. And Sunday is my birthday so if I don't post any more until Monday next week now you know why. I've got a lot going on!
This is so cute! Have fun with all of your celebrations.
Very cute card! I just did a card today with those colors although not with a bella. Have a good time this weekend!
i just love this! Great job! Have a great weekend!
Great card!!! Have fun and enjoy the rest of your week.
I like your card. I really need that stamp. I hope you have a great birthday!
This is adorable, love the colors.
Cute, cute card! Have a wonderful time with your family!
What a great card! Congrats to your hubby!
hope you have an awesome birthday and congrats to your hubby!
great job on the card too.
Great card. Fab colour combination.
What a cute card! Hope you had a good time this weekend!
I like this card too Felicia. Colours are gorgeous.


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Indian Television: Fashion One launches in Germany on KabelKiosk
MUMBAI: Fashion One, the international channel for fashion, entertainment and lifestyle television, has launched in Germany on Eutelsat's digital cable platform KabelKiosk. The channel has concluded an agreement with Eutelsat's German subsidiary (Eutelsat Germany) for distribution of the channel to cable operators in continental Europe. The channel will be available in high definition to cable networks in the KabelKiosk digital television platform provided by Eutelsat Germany. KabelKiosk will carry Fashion One starting 2 January. After capitalizing in Germany, Fashion One is now equipped with the potential to continue its expansion on the viewer base in Europe by further distribution on platforms in Austria, Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg and Alto Adige. The international television network caters to a female audience with content covering the very latest in fashion, entertainment, and lifestyle news, profiles of A-list celebrities, luxury brands, holiday destinations, and red carpet events. Fashion One also delivers a strong lineup of original programming from reality shows, documentaries, beauty tips and street styling. "We are excited to be launching Fashion One in Germany with KabelKiosk. The channel will be broadcasted in crystal clear high-definition for the sophisticated audience in the region. This launch supports our drive for continuous growth in the Western European market following our launch of European headquarter last year and marks the start of a new era in the company's operations in Germany," said Fashion One CEO Ashley Jordan. "Fashion One HD delivers pictures in a crisp HD-quality, building a bridge between fashion, luxury and travelling. This unique mixture makes Fashion One HD a real benefit for all of our modern, open-minded KabelKiosk viewers and connect them with an international community," says Eutelsat Germany MD Martina Rutenbeck. The channel will debut with two original programmes Fashion One Correspondence Search: London and Front Row Season 2. Viewers could also enjoy on-going documentary series Eco Fashion and lifestyle series Yoga, Health and Well-being.
Do you have a Fashion story idea or tip? Email us at submissions@fashionone.com.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


(English) How to ditch PHP, part 2: diving into Python – Bart Blogt Beter!
In part 1 we defined our limits and the requirements needed to replace PHP. We gave Python a first look and found out it is quite easy to use it in Apache. To get a good feeling of what Python can do and how to build a Real World site, I decided to use our Beers website as a case study. It is a simple website where we post beers we tasted around the world, including photos and reviews. It works with a simple database and administration possibilities. The goal is to re-implement the site in Python and transfer all existing data into it.
You cannot just start churning out code and design along the way like you can in PHP. This is of course a Good Thing, but can be a little of a turnoff if you want to just quickly hack something together.
A lot of stuff is happening "under the hood" and in the library. I still have to get a good feeling how it all fits together.
I have used CakePHP before as a framework in PHP, but it didn't give me the same feeling as Django does. This can of course be because of me. But after running through the tutorial and trying to wrap my head around its workings, Django makes me want to continue with it, CakePHP made me want to put it away. Django gives me the feeling I am still in control, because it hides all the standard stuff behind (highly customisable) admin pages. The actual web application has to be written completely by you. Django includes full MVC support (database connections are seamless, no need to write any SQL) and a template system. Using the manage.py shell you can even load and edit the data in real time. In short, Python with Django lets you create apps, not write the same stuff over and over again. It is not really about the language yet, I hope I can get to that in the next part.


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On Friday, Nov. 2, join Sonya Jones, a speaker, author and a finalist on NBC's hit weight-loss reality show "The Biggest Loser," for a party celebrating the launch of her book, 44 Lessons from a Loser. The book includes stories from Sonya's life on and off the "Biggest Loser" ranch, where in 2015 she came within 0.01 percent of winning the show's 16th season, missing out on a $250,000 prize by a fraction of a pound. Sonya's book features life lessons that will elicit tears, laugher and gratitude from readers. This event will feature time for book signings, stories from Sonya Jones and an audience question-and-answer session. Other book-launch events for 44 Lessons from a Loser will take place on Saturday, Nov. 3, at Barnes & Noble and again at Cavalry Church Hazel Dell Campus on Sunday, Nov. 4. 44 Lessons from a Loser will be available for purchase during all of Sonya's book-launch events and is available online at http://SonyaJones44.com and http://amazon.com.


Hampshire Constabulary is the police force covering the counties of Hampshire and the Isle of Wight. Based in New Road, Netley Abbey, Hampshire Constabulary is a police station.
Hampshire Constabulary is in New Road Netley Abbey. You can view a list of neighbouring businesses by going to the New Road page.
Note: the pin is positioned at the postcode centre, and may not correspond with the precise location of 35 New Road, Netley Abbey.


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5 Times Bob Costas Tried To Give Himself Pink Eye Again Since The 2014 Winter Olympics
SEE MORE: Bob Costas
During the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, sportscaster Bob Costas came down with a case of conjunctivitis in both eyes that had him making as many headlines as the medal-winning athletes. Here are five times Bob Costas tried to give himself pink eye again since the 2014 Winter Olympics.
1. The time Bob Costas recruited 20 people with pink eye to come to the NBC studio for "football research," and then made them touch his eyes: In the fall of 2015, Bob Costas asked his production team to find 20 people with active pink eye for "some research he was doing about football." Once everyone was gathered in the studio, Bob Costas told the participants he had a big day of football research planned for a special he was producing on NBC, but the only directive he gave participants was, "Touch my eyeball if you like football." Even though 16 participants liked football enough to oblige Costas, his eyes remained unchanged, aside from the stream of tears that appeared after he realized he wouldn't be able to show off a fresh new case of pink eye to the world quite yet.
2. The time Bob Costas kept dipping his face in puddles of water on the side of the pool during the 2016 Summer Olympics swimming trials: Bob Costas was announcing the Women's Olympic swimming trials in Rio de Janeiro when he attempted to contract more pink eye by using commercial breaks to splash his face with water that had been swum in by dozens of people from around the world. During what was supposed to be a post-race interview with Olympian Katie Ledecky, Costas instead told her that "pink eye is a wonderful disease that makes everyone pay attention to you," got on all fours to splash himself some more, and did not ask her any questions. However, despite a full day of ferociously splashing his eyes with pool water, Bob Costas had failed to contract pink eye yet again, and wept about it for a full half hour on live TV.
3. The time Bob Costas farted on his pillow before going to sleep: In early 2017, Bob Costas tried to get pink eye by sleeping face-down on a pillow that he had completely coated in farts. He made sure to taint every possible inch of the pillow, even going so far as to unzip the pillowcase to fart directly into the pillow material, compressing the pillow and then letting it expand again in the hopes that it'd absorb his farts like a sponge. Sadly for Costas, when he woke up in the middle of the night to check his eyes with a hand mirror, they were white as snow.
4. The time Bob Costas took a shit on his pillow before going to sleep: Costas found himself wired awake on that very same night after realizing that his farts didn't do the trick. Still desperate for pink eye, he decided to up the ante by taking a full-on shit on his pillow and sleeping in it face-first, only to realize the next morning that this method would prove just as fruitless as the others that had preceded it.
5. The time Bob Costas made up a segment on Sunday Night Football called "Contact Swap" where every commentator had to switch contacts with the person next to them: During the Philadelphia Eagles-vs.-Seattle Seahawks game of December 2017, Bob Costas revealed that it was time for "Contact Swap," a segment where the commentators have to take out their contacts and pass them to the person to their right after every touchdown. When fellow commentator Cris Collinsworth protested, Costas begged him to comply, and insisted that "football fans will love to play along at home." Unfortunately, none of the commentators had enough ocular bacteria to infect Bob Costas with pink eye, rendering Costas heartbroken that he might never reclaim the itchy, discharge-ridden glory he experienced before millions of NBC viewers in 2014.


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Microsoft / Features
For Imagine Cup finalists, code is the universal language of the future
By	Microsoft News Center	 2 October, 2014
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By Aimee Riordan | July 28, 2014
In 2008, a magnitude 8.0 earthquake jolted Wenchuan in southwest China's Sichuan Province, leaving more than 80,000 people dead or missing. Ge Zhuochen was in high school then. He remembers feeling moved by how brave people were at such a terrible time — and wishing he could do more.
Today, a student at Xidian University, Zhuochen is studying computer science with the hope of finding a way to solve big problems. Together with Imagine Cup team members Lin Chengfan, Liu Renjun and Niu Muqing, he built an emergency communications platform hosted on Microsoft Azure that shares vital information and helps governments and other organizations deploy aid in the event of a disaster.
Zhuochen and team will compete in the Microsoft 2014 Imagine Cup finals, a part of the Microsoft YouthSpark initiative, this week. For the 34 teams descending on Seattle from all over the world, code is not just the way they created their projects, it's a common and essential language they all speak — and represents the power to promote change.
"With coding we can change our lives. We can change the world by using our keyboard to import," Zhuochen says via Skype. "It is amazing. It is the most universal language. Not just like writing a book, but doing active things that can change the world."
The university students arriving in Seattle this week are "talking with" Microsoft code, building Windows and Windows Phone apps and hosting their projects on Azure.
"This year's Imagine Cup includes a large number of Windows Phone projects," says Steve Guggenheimer, corporate vice president, Developer Experience and Evangelism and Microsoft's chief evangelist. "Our students are smartphone natives at this point, and when they start thinking about bold new ideas, most of them expect to do it through their phones."
The projects are divided into three groups: Games, World Citizenship and Innovation. This is the first time the Imagine Cup finals have been hosted in Seattle.
The 2014 game entries include everything from an exercise journey taking kids ages 4-7 into "Fitverse" to get active with "Fitpals", to a world featuring a live electrical spark named Turnon, and a "riot simulator" where players help dozens of extremely cute demonstrators overtake an authoritarian government.
The World Citizenship category includes Zhuochen and team's PersePhone project as well as entries that assist with medical diagnosis and accessibility challenges.
"We've got four very different solutions to ensuring more people can use technology in their daily lives," Guggenheimer adds. Accessibility is an issue "very important to Microsoft, and our students have done great work in this area."
The Amplifiers, who hail from Pakistan, have created an app that turns a Windows Phone 8 device into a hearing aid, and a tool to test hearing in infants. The team's project also includes a member community portal, hosted on Azure, where the hearing impaired can meet virtually to support each other.
he Amplifiers' Sherjeel Sikander demonstrates his team's app, which includes an auditory aid and an infant hearing test.
The Amplifiers' Sherjeel Sikander demonstrates his team's app, which includes an auditory aid and an infant hearing test.
"Smartphones have become a necessity in our daily lives. So we wanted to utilize the same platform, where patients can utilize their phone as a hearing aid device at no extra hardware cost," says Amplifiers team member Sherjeel Sikander.
He says code isn't merely a shared language, it's a "revolution."
"It's given a lot of the developing countries a voice in the current technological boom. Even here where the job market is saturated and struggling, the language of code seems to be opening new doors."
Also in the World Citizenship category is AfriGal Tech, composed of four women from Uganda, the first of its kind from sub Saharan Africa competing at this level, says team member Rachel Aitrau. Their project, mDex, uses Microsoft technology to make diagnosing sickle cell disease mobile and more affordable.
In Africa, 200,000 babies are born each year with sickle cell, and 60 percent of them die before the age of five. "This is the result of lack of awareness about the disease, low access to early diagnosis and limited expertise," Aitrau says.
Arono Rebecc, left, and Nasike Beatrice, right, make the finishing touches to mDex, an app that diagnoses sickle cell disease.
Their invention uses a Windows Phone with an external compound lens to capture an image of a blood sample. Then, mDex analyzes the image of the sample and returns the results in seconds. The app also stores patient information and connects with Outlook to email results.
This is the second year for the Innovation category and the 2014 finalists include another all-woman team, this one from Bahrain, which is bringing to Seattle a custom nail polish mixer.
The project includes a Windows app that enables you to choose a color (in glossy, matte or glitter finish), and accompanying hardware that mixes the pigments and delivers just enough polish for a single application.
Another finalist team in Innovation created the Food&Gram app, which delivers the nutritional and calorie-content information of your meal, as well as suggestions for how to burn those calories off, all by simply taking a picture with your Windows Phone.
John Scott Tynes, Microsoft's senior Imagine Cup program lead, says the Innovation category was launched in 2013 to provide a forum for projects that were neither games nor "tech for good."
"Historically, projects have been very focused on tech-for-good issues. We realized that was too narrow a focus and saw more generally that more consumer-oriented projects were having a big impact," Tynes says. "We're happy to see the Innovation competition mature and to encourage that kind of free thinking."
He also reports that more teams are building on the Microsoft Cloud with Azure.
"This speaks to the maturity of the platform and the realization that teams can use [Azure] to create across Web apps and as a great back-end service across all kinds of work," Tynes says.
China's Zhuochen agrees. "Azure is very reliable," he says, adding that his team had different options on which to build PersePhone, but that Azure was superior when it came to "stability, network speed, capacity and flexibility."
While code is a language all of the Imagine Cup finalists share, Tynes says it's also a shared passion for technology that brings them together. "Whether the student is from Nigeria, India, Sri Lanka or San Francisco, you know what it means to have a project crash and spend hours pulling your hair out finding a solution."
Zhuochen's team, for example, has redesigned the user experience for PersePhone 20 times and rewritten the corresponding code 10 times.
The creators of PersePhone, top to bottom, Liu Renjun, Lin Chengfan, Ge Zhuochen, Niu Muqing.
Rahul Sood, general manager for Microsoft Ventures, which helps grow young companies, says code is key, but it's just one piece.
"Creative thinking is equally important," he says. "When we select startups for one of our accelerators, we look for balanced teams. If there are no creative elements on the team, they end up on the bottom of the pile.
Sood adds that one of the 2014 Imagine Cup winners may also end up in a Microsoft Ventures accelerator. "I'm looking to discover one or two great potential entrepreneurs, so we can help them build a successful business."
Teams begin competition Wednesday. The winners will be announced Friday morning, after which the top three teams from each category will face Microsoft CEO Satya Nadella, Code.org Founder Hadi Partovi and Reddit.com General Manager Erik Martin for a final round of questions, live.
Grand prize is a private audience with Microsoft Founder and Technology Advisor Bill Gates.
"Imagine Cup is a technology competition, but at its heart, and as part of the Microsoft YouthSpark initiative, it's really about empowering young people with best-in-class technology so they can realize their dreams," says Guggenheimer. "Microsoft is here to supply the services and devices, and then sit back and watch while these students from all over the globe show us their visions of tomorrow."
Take a break: Play video games with family to develop team skills and create new memories
A different kind of diversity program is inspiring people to be better allies – and be OK with making mistakes
LeBron James, Bugs Bunny and 'Space Jam: A New Legacy' shoot for a new generation of students through basketball-inspired coding programs
How Microsoft designed a campus with the evolution of work in mind
How technology is propelling nonprofits through a crisis to help even more people in need
How teachers rose to the challenge of making online learning engaging and fun
How tech opportunities are energizing towns across the US
Free online digital skills courses revive hope and careers for millions amid the pandemic
Music students around the world use Microsoft Teams to find harmony and well-being during pandemic
How thousands of people with disabilities shape the technology you probably use every day


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Trashing the Islands
Atherton Concert Series
Pacific News Minute: Second Group of Refugees from Manus Headed to the U.S.
By Neal Conan • Jan 24, 2018
Credit DIAC Images / Flickr
58 refugees from Manus Island in Papua New Guinea are on their way to new homes in the United States. The men have been held in Australian-run detention camps, many for more than four years. Another group of 154 men, women and children are expected to follow in February from Australia's other-off shore camp in Nauru. We have details from Neal Conan in today's Pacific News Minute.
Amid the battle over immigration in Washington DC, progress on the deal reached with Australia on the relocation of as many as 1,250 refugees has been extremely slow. Last fall, a first contingent of 54 arrived in the United States; delays are blamed on vetting of the refugees, most of them from Afghanistan and Pakistan.
With their departure, about 2,000 detainees remain. 800 men on Manus, 1200 men, women and children in Nauru. All of them tried to reach Australia on rickety boats. And Canberra refuses to resettle any in Australia, to, it says, deter dangerous sea crossings. The off-shore detention camps drew world-wide condemnation for inhumane conditions.
The Obama administration made the deal, partly on humanitarian grounds, and partly to help its ally Australia.
In return, Canberra agreed to accept refugees from Guatemala, Honduras and El Salvador living in American-run camps in Costa Rica. So far, about 30 of them have been resettled in Australia.
Refugee advocates in Australia criticize progress as far too slow; Ian Rintoul of the Refugee Action Coalition told the BBC: "We are very happy that some people have got to the U.S., but it begs the question of how many people have been left behind."
Many of those remaining are from Iran; under President Trump's controversial immigration policy, no immigrants from Iran will be accepted in the United States.
Pacific News Minute: China: U.S. "Provocations" Will Accelerate Militarization of South China Sea
Mass Communication Specialist 3rd Class Stephen M. Votaw / Wikimedia Commons
Over the weekend, the U.S. Navy conducted the latest in a series of patrols to challenge Chinese clams in the South China Sea. The Pearl Harbor based destroyer U.S.S. Hopper passed near Scarborough Shoal, prompting Beijing to threaten accelerated militarization in the area. We have more from Neal Conan in today's Pacific News Minute.
Pacific News Minute: Australian Minister: China Builds "Roads to Nowhere" in Pacific
The diplomatic dispute between Australia and China continues to seethe. This week, an Australian minister said that Beijing is trying to win influence in the Pacific with loans to build useless buildings and roads to nowhere. We have more from Neal Conan in today's Pacific News Minute.
Pacific News Minute: Samoa Reinstates Criminal Libel Law that Critics Say Will Cripple the Media
Teinesavaii / Wikimedia Commons
The outspoken Prime Minister of Samoa said on television this week, that media organizations should rely on "official" information, and that it would be good if reporters were forced to reveal their sources. The statement followed passage of a law that makes libel a criminal offense in Samoa. We have more from Neal Conan in today's Pacific News Minute.


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Q: estimating density in a multidimensional space with R I have two types of individuals, say M and F, each described with six variables (forming a 6D space S). I would like to identify the regions in S where the densities of M and F differ maximally. I first tried a logistic binomial model linking F/ M to the six variables but the result of this GLM model is very hard to interpret (in part due to the numerous significant interaction terms). Thus I am thinking to an "spatial" analysis where I would separately estimate the density of M and F individuals everywhere in S, then calculating the difference in densities. Eventually I would manually look for the largest difference in densities, and extract the values at the 6 variables.
I found the function sm.density in the package sm that can estimate densities in a 3d space, but I find nothing for a space with n>3.  Would you know something that would manage to do this in R? Alternatively, would have a more elegant method to answer my first question (2nd sentence)?
In advance,
Thanks a lot for your help

A: The function kde of the package ks performs kernel density estimation for multinomial data with dimensions ranging from 1 to 6.
pdfCluster and np packages propose functions to perform kernel density estimation in higher dimension.
If you prefer parametric techniques, you look at R packages doing gaussian mixture estimation like mclust or mixtools.

A: The ability to do this with GLM models may be constrained both by interpretablity issues that you already encountered as well as by numerical stability issues.  Furthermore, you don't describe the GLM models, so it's not possible to see whether you include consideration of non-linearity. If you have lots of data, you might consider using 2D crossed spline terms. (These are not really density estimates.)  If I were doing initial exploration with facilities in the rms/Hmisc packages in five dimensions it might look like:
  library(rms)
  dd <- datadist(dat)
  options(datadist="dd")

  big.mod <- lrm( MF ~ ( rcs(var1, 3) +    # `lrm` is logistic regression in rms
                         rcs(var2, 3) +
                         rcs(var3, 3) +
                         rcs(var4, 3) +
                         rcs(var5, 3) )^2,# all 2way interactions
                    data=dat,
                    max.iter=50) # these fits may take longer times
   bplot( Predict(bid.mod, var1,var2, n=10) )

That should show the simultaneous functional form of var1's and var2's contribution to the "5 dimensional" model estimates at 10 points each and at the median value of the three other variables.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Next Rolex Ambassador Sir Jackie Stewart In Watches, Cars And Good Taste
Previous Review Rolex Submersible And GMT Master II RubberB Strap
Current Page Parent Yacht-Master
November 21, 2018 Yacht-Master Replica
After nearly a year wearing the Rolex submarine 114060, I came to at least one conclusion – this is a damn hard to beat timer. Having a Rolex Replica Watches is a wish for many people. The power of the Swiss company lies in the fact that it creates a demand name, in many ways, than the products they produce. People often come to me and say "Alice, I want a Rolex." I usually respond, "Well, what Rolex do you want? The answer is: "I don't know, that's why I need your help, I need you to choose one for me. "Message, Rolex watches are a company's image in many ways louder than its products. But at aBlogtoWatch, the product is everything.
The good news is that when it comes to products, Cheap Rolex Replica Watches rarely disappoint you. If someone asks me why Rolex is such a successful brand, I often point out, "Their products are really good. "Of course, Rolex will not let all types of what you want, not the best, but it is undeniable, except They envy the brand image and they are very good watches.
One of Rolex's satires is that the most popular part is that the lover is not the most sold by Rolex. Ask "Look at the guy" What is the best Rolex watch, most of us will point out some collections of "oysters", such as submarines or GMT-Master (etc.). Asked where most of Fake Rolex Watches sales come from, they will tell you something completely different. From a business perspective, Rolex Datejusts will share, especially women and diamond models, which are the most popular products in their collection.
Yes, watch lovers and the "public" look different. This is what I have known for a long time, maybe I will explore more things in the future. It has been said that other brands such as Rolex, Omega, and TAG Heuer are not strict, relying on the sale of watch lovers – however, continue to provide a large variety of watches, which greatly attracts us. If there is a watch that I can think of, it also attracts lovers and the public. This is the famous Rolex submarine.
Last year, I wrote a review of the Rolex submarine to see here. The review is the 114060 Rolex submarine ref. (Model in this article) and referee. 116610. What is the difference between these two models? The date. Referee 116610 is technically known as the submarine date, but because it is more popular with two models, it is often just a so-called submarine, while the referee. The 114060 was called the submarine "no date" (as I said, not an official name).
Why is Rolex available in two versions? This is a good question. It can be traced back to the original Rolex submarine watches that attracted those fans who started their lives in the 1950s. The submarine did not have a date of acquisition, until later, Best Rolex Replica Watches and history produced models with dates and dates. The actual cost of the Rolex submarine date is about $1,000, and you get a complication of the date and a magnifying lens as part of the sapphire crystal to help read better. Not everyone is a fan of a magnifying glass. If you still want a date but don't like a magnifying glass, you might get a new Rolex Sea-Dweller 4000 watch.
Although the Rolex Replica submarine date 116610 is an iconic and classic design, I happen to like the elegant perfect symmetry and simpler dial-up Rolex submarine Ref. 114060. Do you know? I like it too, I don't need to adjust the date. If the watch has been sitting for a while and there are no wounds, I like this setting is faster and simpler, you only need to set the time (instead of handling AM / PM). I don't use the date so much in my opinion – although I appreciate the complications – in this case, I feel that there is no Rolex submarine in one degree of freedom.
Rolex watches are built with sophisticated scientific instruments and several of their watches, you can check with a magnifying glass and still appreciate the perfection of many fields. Whether you look at 18k white gold hand and hour markers (anti-tarnish), or polished steel, Rolex products are instilled in this way.
At 40mm wide, the Rolex submarine 114060 is the smallest watch I wear. It has been said that it wears a large size, taking into account the wide lugs. I would say that it is more like a 42 mm wide watch. The comfort of the wrist is excellent, but of course Rolex has been the best design for decades and the latest generation of submarines is the best. The bracelet is packed nicely on your wrist and, most importantly, the Glidelock system allows you to easily adjust the bracelet a few millimeters. The wrist can naturally be expanded at different temperatures, etc… so being able to properly fine tune the watch has always been a very popular addition feature.
In writing this comment, I realized that there are many areas of detail that I can enter—especially for the first time high-end watch buyers are unfamiliar with high-end watches offering a cheap watch. At the same time, it is difficult to explain that all the methods produced by Rolex watches are different than other companies. When it comes to metal, I don't think I am from another company and have seen it work well like Rolex.
Most steel watches use a type of stainless steel called 316 l. Rolex does not. Beginning about 15 years ago, they started using an alloy in 904 l steel. Rolex takes a serious look at their metal, and I discuss more about it here, discussing how Rolex internal metallurgical department. 904 l steel is more difficult than 316 l steel and machine. As far as I know, Rolex is the only one that can produce 904 liters on a large scale. 904 l steel polished a little better, platinum look a little, given its finish, it is slightly whiter than most other steel. This is subtle, but for me, the use of 904 l steel combined with Rolex's meticulous finish and polishing process leads to a case and bracelet available with others.
Given that most of the Rolex submarine crew is sometimes easy to forget, this is a serious diving watch. Waterproof 300m rotating diver's frame, there is a reason for the submarine to be the Rolex Watch's "Oyster Professional" collection. The dial is completely classic (although the design is ubiquitous and has been copied for decades), it is very clear. These updated Rolex watches use blue and green illuminators to be a good link to other brands.
The dial is inserted around the rotating diver's border with the Rolex Cerachrom black ceramic frame. The previous generation Rolex submarines still used aluminum frame inserts, which are almost savage compared to more modern ceramics. Flat, easy to catch inserts in the aluminum frame should not be cheaper than these days. Of course, some people have a soft spot on the old aluminum-style (even some plastics, from a long time ago). These people are clearly an impressive design with one eye closed, precise cutting marks, and a ceramic frame with scratch resistance. Again, sorry for people, the Cerachrom border won't be "travel green" for 30 years. "This will keep the same glossy black color when you buy it.
The Rolex submarine 114060 is fully internal with a caliber of 3130 years. This is a well-made, no-nonsense main calibre (no pun), just telling the time. The Rolex COSC Astronomical Clock certifies these watches (like most watches) and it has proven to be very accurate and reliable (of course, for mechanical watches).
If I had to complain about a 114060 Rolex submarine, it would be coated on a sapphire crystal. Rolex gives the bottom anti-reflective coating (AR) crystal instead of the top. This means there is glare; but not too much because it is a flat crystal. I like to have so many ideas based on the "augmented reality" technology of coatings in sapphire crystals, it is invisible and you can put your fingers in the dial. I'm not sure why Rolex doesn't use AR coated crystals, but I believe they have a good reason. I have two hypothetical reasons why they don't. The first is because the AR coating can disappear, and the watch field that Rolex doesn't like is too easy to wear. The second is because of the glare that causes the luminescence, I think Rolex likes to think that their watch may attract the attention of some bystanders, because the crystal will catch fire.
aBlogtoWatch read a lot of people know that I have claimed not like Rolex when I first started to like watches. Not that I don't like Rolex, but I am not interested at all. Design is bothering me, I can fully understand the fact that maybe with the novice to see the lover. Over the years, I have increasingly appreciated the simple and absolute features in many of my watches. No Rolex is a "powerful" or stylish watch, but they are mature and complex, timeless. This is part of the core attraction except for the power of Rolex.
I admit that Rolex's name and I did have some prestige, but mainly because after all, it was said that the work was done, the company is very consistent and stable. For this reason, people think that Rolex watches like the currency, which is a big part, why the Rolex watch preserves value. The Rolex submarine is more than just a timer, but an institution. It's like a part of a club, and many people should be involved at least in their lives. This observation proves a set of design and manufacturing principles that are completely uncontroversial and you can't help standing behind it. Many people are satisfied with having a Rolex submarine as a daily observation and there is nothing wrong with it.
Personally, I don't think I can "marriage" a watch, but I think that even if you want to maintain a small observation collection, the Rolex Oyster professional should be there, and the Rolex submarine 114060 is a very attractive option. . The retail price is $7,500, and given the competition today, you do get a lot of money.
Tags: Best Rolex Replica WatchesCheap Rolex ReplicaFake Rolex WatchesRolex Replica Watches
Rolex Sea-Dweller Replica Watches Marks 50th Anniversary
Rolex Explorer II 216570 Watch Review
2016 New Rolex Oyster Permanent Air King Watch Personally


From the thick wool material, to the gold buttons, it has Balmain written all over it and yet at £110 costs a fraction of a Balmain original. It's available to pre-order now and thanks to the classic heritage check it will make a timeless addition to your wardrobe.
Team it with black skinnies and boots a la Megan for a simple yet oh so chic look.
Mc Kenna uses variations of this technique, said to "take people to a place of mental safety", in many of his treatments. It's my neut-emotion." Does he employ a similar technique to the one he has used to wean people off chocolate? That was when we first started working in business together." Was she his girlfriend at the time?
"It produces more serotonin," he says, and, again, "de-links you from a feeling of trauma". This book should take the fear and discomfort out of learning and make it more an act of curiosity." The room we're sitting in is full of pictures of Mc Kenna with his dogs, a few of Mc Kenna with celebrity friends like Simon Cowell and lots of Mc Kenna and his mother. (They had to visualise it infested with worms.) "Sort of. When my dad died I didn't want to go and neutralise it because I wanted to feel sad because I love him and miss him." Does that mean there's a chance you want to get back with her? We can't agree on a lot of things and of course it's my fault." Mc Kenna shares his house with his manager Clare Staples. She's tall, blonde, athletically gorgeous, and no doubt many of his girlfriends felt they didn't measure up to her. "Yes, but really early on she said just give me the chance and she's been a brilliant manager. You can't put your trust in anybody." 'I Can Make You Smarter' (Bantam Press) is available from Telegraph Books for £10.99 £1.25 p&p.
But now Megan Mc Kenna is reportedly dating 'Muggy' Mike Thalassitis after the pair enjoyed a romantic Valentines Day together in Amsterdam.
A source told The Sun that the couple, both 25, saw their romance blossom after being friends since last year, with another adding that Mike is 'determined not to mess it up.''They have been friends for a while and have been on a couple of dates.
She said, 'I know they were taking good care of me, but it just reminds me.'" His father had been ill for some time, seemed to be getting better and then had a fatal aneurysm. He shakes his head as if to say he doesn't know either. Maybe I'm not built for that." But didn't he once write a book teaching people how to mend their broken hearts? Europe has been a place of battles and political intrigue for centuries.
"And I've also broken up with my girlfriend as well," he adds. Mending a broken heart, he says, is not about relationships. As we approach a vote on the UK's membership of the European Union, we look at what 50 writers, actors, historians, artists and comedians have said about Europe and its nations.
The house was occupied by Sean Connery in the Seventies. Bentley is the size of a thoroughbred and jumps up to greet me.Even maths is easier." All these claims seem incredible, as do his successful treatment programmes for smokers and dieters, but, to me, the absolute testament to Mc Kenna's skill is that he was able to hypnotise my cat. "There are definitely similarities," says Mc Kenna. For instance we've created these personas on Facebook and the idea is how long we can go on and have no friends.It used to take three people and a set of bath towels to get him into his crate to go to the vet. I am a TV repair man who doesn't like rap music because he can't hear the words and Simon's guy works in the frozen foods industry and doesn't like women who wear too much make-up." Has he tried to help Simon with his addictions, like smoking? I know people think I'm terribly superficial but I do like to think I can help everybody. I used to have more but I sold the others, they were just sitting in a cupboard.They are having a really good time together.'A friend of Mike's reportedly added: 'He's really happy and they've kept it a secret because he's determined not to mess it up and he really wants it to work out.'Mail Online has contacted representatives for Megan and Mike for comment.Megan Mc Kenna posed up a storm on Instagram, donning a chic all-black ensemble finished off with a stylish statement blazer.
You'd be forgiven for assuming this jacket was the work of top designer label Balmain because we did the same at first glance!
March 2018. Clare Staples and Paul McKenna photos, news and gossip. Find out more about.
Megan McKenna is dating 'muggy' Mike Thalassitis as pair spend.
Megan McKenna is dating 'muggy' Mike Thalassitis as pair spend Valentine. Megan McKenna spent Valentine's Day in Amsterdam. Paul Hollywood, 52.
Paul McKenna's spreadsheet of. He and Davey became engaged in October after dating for a year and his close friend Simon Cowell will be best man at.
April 2018. Paul McKenna news, gossip, photos of Paul McKenna, biography, Paul McKenna girlfriend list 2016. Relationship history. Paul McKenna relationship list.
Paul McKenna says he used Excel to rationalise his life - Mail.
Hypnotist Paul McKenna. Justin Bieber enjoys LA night out with Sports Illustrated swimsuit model Baskin Champion Her sister Abby is dating.
He has made millions curing other people's phobias. But Paul McKenna's own fear of commitment seems well beyond his powers.
Paul McKenna on how Simon Cowell inspired him to settle down.
Paul McKenna on how Simon Cowell. of the week in The Sunday Mirror Notebook. claims she would be terrible at dating.
Who is paul mckenna dating. It is fascinating to watch hypnotists at work and also quite worrying you see the control they are able to exert, the possibilities.
Paul McKenna 'Happiness Is. Not Going Out With Women You Don't.
Paul McKenna is a happy man, positively beaming. It doesn't take much pressing to uncover that his fiancée Kate is behind this new-found contentment.


The recent resurgence of interest in the architecture of the 1960s and 1970s has largely neglected the role of the many experimental publications that were the engine of that intensely creative period. Assembled together for the first time, these remarkable documents offer a unique view of a key period of architectural innovation and challenge today's architects to provoke a similar intensity. This exhibition tracks the critical function of the 'little magazine' in architecture during these years.
Coined in the early twentieth century to designate progressive literary journals, the term 'little magazine' was remobilised during the 1960s to grapple with the contemporary proliferation of independent architectural periodicals that appeared in response to the political, social and artistic changes of the period. Clip, Stamp, Fold investigates how a group of international architectural little magazines informed the development of postwar architectural culture. During that fertile period, the AA also acted as an incubator in the culture of 'little magazines' with titles including White Rabbit and ARse.
The terms 'little' and 'magazine' are not taken at face value here. In addition to short-lived, self-published magazines, Clip, Stamp, Fold includes pamphlets, building instruction manuals and professional magazines that experienced 'moments of littleness'. The exhibition charts the temporal progression and transformation of the phenomenon through their cover design, and takes stock of different formats, with rare originals from private collections and facsimiles accessible to the public. A selection of interviews with editors and designers of these publications complement the display.
If these magazines of the 1960s and 1970s were the engine of an intensely creative period of architectural design, they also provided an arena for critical discussion of the role of politics and new technologies in architecture and through their dissemination, a global network of exchange among architectural students, avant-garde architects and theorists was also established. The exhibition invites reflection on contemporary uses of media in architecture, and how this fits into a broader historical context.
Clip, Stamp, Fold originated at the Storefront for Art and Architecture, New York and then toured to the Canadian Centre for Architecture, Montreal and Documenta XII, Kassel.
Two 'little symposia' will accompany the show. The first, on Saturday 10 November, brings together key protagonists from the 1960s and 1970s in a series of conversations on the rise and fall of 'little magazines'. On Wednesday 21 November, a younger generation of magazine editors, publishers and designers will speak about the influence of 'little magazines' on their work.


text:
Q: Spark read Parquet files of different versions I have parquet files generated for over a year with a Version1 schema. And with a recent schema change the newer parquet files have Version2 schema extra columns.
So when i load parquet files from the old version and new version together and try to filter on the changed columns i get an exception.
I would like for spark to read old and new files and fill in null values where the column is not present.Is there a workaround for this where spark fills null values when the column is not found?

A: SparkSQL itself support schema merging for parquet files. You can read all about it in official documentation here

Like ProtocolBuffer, Avro, and Thrift, Parquet also supports schema
  evolution. Users can start with a simple schema, and gradually add
  more columns to the schema as needed. In this way, users may end up
  with multiple Parquet files with different but mutually compatible
  schemas. The Parquet data source is now able to automatically detect
  this case and merge schemas of all these files.
Since schema merging is a relatively expensive operation, and is not a
  necessity in most cases, we turned it off by default starting from
  1.5.0. You may enable it by

*

*
setting data source option mergeSchema to true when reading Parquet
  files (as shown in the examples below), or

*
setting the global SQL option spark.sql.parquet.mergeSchema to true.

A: there are two ways you may have a try.
1.like this way that you can use a map transform,but this not recommended,such as spark.read.parquet("mypath").map(e => val field =if (e.isNullAt(e.fieldIndex("field"))) null else e.getAs[String]("field"))
2.the best way that you can use mergeSchema option,such as :
spark.read.option("mergeSchema", "true").parquet(xxx).as[MyClass]

ref:schema-merging

A: Assuming you have a set of files you intend to read:

*

*Query the schema of each file in the set producing N sets of files, each set containing files with similar schemas.

*Operate on each set of files using a filter compatible with the schema in each set.

*Union the results of filtering/operating on each set (assuming your output is the same for results from each file schema)


text:
Q: Suggestions for moldable ferromagnetic material? I'm trying to build a sort of three-axis stepper motor that consists of a sphere with a permanent bar magnet embedded in it surrounded by a cube (slightly smaller than the sphere, so that the sides of the sphere protrude) of ferromagnetic material. On each pair of opposite sides to the cube is a coil of wire, surrounding the hole in the cube through which the sphere protrudes.
By forcing current through a combination of the wire loops, the sphere can be magnetically induced to align itself along any axis. I've tried to build a prototype without using the ferromagnetic cube, but the field from loops of wire alone is too small to easily and safely cause the sphere to rotate.
My first few attempts have been to make a mold of the proper shape and fill it with iron filings, then pour some liquid that can dry or otherwise cure to a fixative (preferably non-conductive so eddy currents aren't a problem) to hold the filings in place- it is then easy to laminate the surfaces of the material so that corrosion of the iron, if not induced by the fixative itself, is not an issue. However, the only material I have on hand to make the mold out of is PLA plastic, which has a low tolerance for heat. I've tried a few different varieties of wax, but all that I've been able to lay hands on melt at too high a temperature for the PLA to stand or else are too cohesive and don't seep in between the iron filings, and I've had similar problems with various glues.
Can anyone suggest either a possible fixative or an alternative moldable ferromagnetic material to use?

A: It sounds as if you are needing moldable flux concentrator for hobby purposes. Professionals in induction heating have several moldable flux concentrators available. They are quite high in price, but performance is very good. Search Flux Concentrators such as Fluxtrol or Ferrotron.

A: You can get two pot epoxy embedding compounts which may be flowable enough. | Increasing temperature will make epoxy more flowable and also accelerate setting times. By reducing setting compound amounts in 2 pot mixes you may be able to combine flowability and acceptable setting times.
Polyurethane plastics (one version is seen as clear varnish spray) are atmospheric water setting (relatives of cyanoacrylate glues) and can be very 'runny'.
Cyanoacrylates may do what you want (at a cost) and can be of very low viscosity.
Not flowable but if you want to hasten setting of silicone rubber then mixing it with cornflour greatly increases setting rate - this is because the CF provides intimate access to the small amount of water needed for setting distributed throughout the mix rather than it having to permeate through the SiR at mm's per day rates.

A: Marine epoxy ... good stuff. (Doesn't have to be the very expensive West Systems either). It's a 2-part compound, mixed as per instructions, usually 2 parts resin to 1 part hardener. (Usual warnings : can cause allergy, use rubber gloves. Mix too much, say >150ml, too warm, or too much hardener, and you'll see an exothermic reaction and almost instant setting!)
Unlike hardware store epoxy, it's a viscous liquid (like varnish) rather than a paste in its just-mixed state, for 20 minutes or more at lower temperatures. It's common to use chopped glass, fumed silica powder, microspheres etc as filler material, to thicken the consistency from a liquid anywhere up to a stiff paste.
But for a ferromagnetic material you could use any of: iron filings, iron powder, powdered ferrite, or 1mm ball bearings (not stainless steel, which is usually non-magnetic). Pour into a mould to set overnight. After about a week you can machine, grind, polish to final size.
You didn't say if you needed to charge it as a permanent magnet : that would be more difficult, though you could embed permanent magnets in the component.

A: Two part urethane molding compounds have quite low viscosity and cure quickly. They are thermoset polymers so I would expect reasonable temperature performance. There are suppliers such as Smooth-on in the US who have a large array of products for casting.


Warm roast turkey, swiss cheese, thousand island dressing and cole slaw, served with mac salad.
Homemade stuffing wrapped with roast turkey, served with mashed potatoes and gravy.
Tender chicken, BBQ sauce and bacon on a round roll, served with fries.
Hot roast beef on white bread topped with dark brown gravy, served with fries.
Tender chunks of chicken, potatoes, peas and carrots in a thick chicken gravy baked in our homemade crust.
3 pieces of bread dipped in an egg batter with vanilla and cinnamon, served with a side of bacon.
Sub Fries with Onion Rings & Dipping Sauce for $1.00!
3 eggs scrambled or fried with your choice of ham, bacon, sausage or kielbasa in a plain, tomato & basil or spinach wrap.
Your choice of ham, bacon, sausage or kielbasa.
French toast stuffed with cream cheese and topped with your choice of blueberries, strawberries or apples.
Ham, bacon, sausage, kielbasa and cheese.
Ham, bacon, sausage, kielbasa, sweet peppers, mushrooms, onions and cheese.
Onions, sweet peppers and cheese.
Onions, sweet peppers, mushrooms, tomatoes and cheese.
Crispy lettuce, tomatoes, onions and cucumbers.
White albacore tuna salad, tomatoes, onions, cucumbers, hard boiled egg, crispy lettuce and croutons.
Chicken salad, tomatoes, onions, cucumbers, hard boiled egg, crispy lettuce and croutons.
Chicken, tomatoes, onions, cucumbers, hard boiled egg, crispy lettuce and croutons.
Grilled chicken, tomatoes, parmesan cheese, crispy romaine and croutons.
Breaded chicken tossed in mild sauce, tomatoes, onions, cucumbers, crispy lettuce and croutons with blue cheese dressing.
Seasoned ground beef, black olives, tomatoes, crispy lettuce and Mexican cheese with sour cram and salsa.
With capicola, pepperoni, Italian ham, cooked salami, provolone cheese, tomatoes, onions, black olives, banana peppers, crispy lettuce and croutons.
Ham, turkey, American cheese, tomatoes, onions, cucumbers, crispy lettuce and croutons.
Breaded chicken, bleu cheese and mild sauce.
Lettuce, tomato, cucumber, green pepper and broccoli.
American cheese, cooked ham, cooked salami and bologna.
Provolone cheese, capicola, cooked salami and Italian salami.
American, Swiss and provolone cheese.
Fried onions, Sweet peppers, mushrooms and marinara.
Chicken steak, mild sauce, bleu cheese dressing and provolone cheese.
Breaded chicken, mild sauce, bleu cheese dressing and provolone cheese.
Meatballs, marinara sauce, provolone cheese and grated parmesan cheese.
Breaded or grilled chicken, marinara sauce, provolone cheese and grated parmesan cheese.
Your choice round roll, rye, wheat, white or a bagel.
Turkey or corned beef, swiss cheese, thousand island dressing & coleslaw on grilled rye.
Roast beef, green peppers and garlic mayo.
Roast beef, fried onions and cheddar.
Breaded chicken, provolone and marinara sauce.
Breaded haddock, lettuce, tomato, tartar sauce and cole slaw.
Tuna salad and swiss cheese on grilled rye.
Breaded chicken tenders, provolone cheese and ranch dressing on grilled sourdough.
Grilled chicken breast, bacon and ranch dressing.
All dinners served with veggie of the day and roll.
Served on a Kaiser roll with relish or BBQ sauce.
Lettuce, tomato, onion, pickles and 1000 Island dressing.
Fried onions, BBQ sauce and bacon.
Jumbo hot dog, spicy mustard, relish, cheddar cheese, chili and onions.
Choose your sauce: Garlic & Oil, Alfredo, Tomato or Vodka.
Meatballs, Italian Sausage, Chicken or Shrimp.


text:
One small, shy child changed my school's dress code
By Michael S. Gaskell
Sometimes, students can help administrators gain new perspective
So often, when children attempt to advocate for something they believe in at school, adults make the mistake of getting defensive and worse, stand by the mantra that "This is the way things are," without ever examining why they are the way they are. Last spring, as the weather warmed in New Jersey, we announced and reposted our dress code. Rather than the usual murmurs and griping about fairness we often hear among middle-school adolescents, an interesting thing happened.
The morning after a Board of Education meeting, I was notified that something important had happened. A child unknown to me other than the timid smile she would flash at me in the hall as I greeted her and other students with a "Good morning!" had stood before the Board of Education at a public and televised meeting, advocating for a more equitable dress code in our school. Armed with a petition signed by hundreds of students, she came prepared. When I learned about this, I was motivated to ask why, and to revisit our dress code. Indeed, there was wording in it that was clearly directed at female students. No wonder they were petitioning; the dress code was not gender neutral, nor was it gender equitable.
I began to explore this under the current media coverage of the #MeToo movement and other rights groups standing up for female, and more specifically, gender equitable rights. I was fascinated not only by the degree of press coverage on this, but also by movements of pioneering school districts in places like Oregon and California.
The one that had the most significant impact on me was "Oregon NOW." In 2015, female students appealed in a well-prepared and passionate declaration to their Board of Education. The board of education and superintendent subsequently worked with the administration and staff to revise the dress code AND to educate staff, parents, and students about it. The student's nine-minute presentation, which was televised, is worth a watch. Born were common phrases like, "I am not a distraction." I was fascinated as I examined our dress code and realized it was not gender neutral. It was only a matter of time before this moved beyond the "it's not fair" argument to one of substance and heart.
There were two main concerns with our former dress code. First, it listed disciplinary action before the guidelines. This immediately signaled a negative undertone that dress code was primarily disciplinary, rather than an opportunity to address it as a learning experience. Compliance was the expectation. However, the most effective and motivating educators are those that do not force students to comply, but rather help students understand that there is value in something, and take part in it. On par with a fight in the hall, our dress code was written to suggest that it had to foster compliance from students.
Second, the first two items listed in our previous dress code were clearly scripted for female students, again suggesting that the order was an issue, as if these were the most important so they were first. Worse that it was directed at one gender. Here's what it said, standing as item 1 and item 2:
Clothing must cover the front and the back of the student (off-the-shoulder tops, tops with spaghetti straps, bare midriffs, halter tops, and tank tops are not permitted).
Shorts or skirts must not be too short or too tight fitting.
The rest of the dress code was not specific to gender. But again, these were the first two items listed and no other item was male-specific. Herein lies the problem.
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Dr. Michael Gaskell has been principal of Hammarskjold Middle School in East Brunswick, N.J. since 2006, following experience as a special educator and assistant principal in Paramus, NJ. Gaskell achieved his doctorate in educational leadership in 2014 and continues to model the pursuit of lifelong learning as he serves as a mentor to new principals in other schools through the NJEA Leaders to Leaders program. In his work as a principal, he works tirelessly to support instructional excellence, his faculty, the district, and, most important, the children as benefactors of idea sharing.


text:
Herluin dit de Chignin est un archevêque-comte de Tarentaise de la première moitié du . Il est peut-être issu de l'une des familles de Chignin.

Biographie
Son origine et son nom de famille sont inconnus, mais l'historien-abbé Joseph-Antoine Besson (1717-1763) indique qu'il aurait eu pour neveu un Aymon, fils de Willerme de Chignin. Amédée de Foras le mentionne dans la notice consacrée à la famille de Chignin de son Armorial, sans autre précision, reprenant seulement Besson. Besson indique également qu'il aurait pu être prieur de Saint-Ours,  précise-t-il. Il serait un chanoine d'Aoste succédant aux trois derniers chartreux à la tête de l'archevêché de Tarentaise.

Il est mentionné pour la première fois comme archevêque dans un document du . Il est mentionné également lors du traité de paix, datant de cette même année, signé entre le comte de Savoie, Thomas, et l'évêque de Sion, Landry de Mont.

Des tensions existent avec le seigneur de Beaufort, à propos du pouvoir juridictionnel sur la vallée de Luce (Beaufortain). Une transaction est signée le . Guillaume de Beaufort doit reconnaître que « l'archevêque possédait en domaine direct le territoire compris, comme on l'a dit plus haut, entre le Doron, l'Argentine et le bois des Avesnières ». Il se reconnaît à cette occasion comme le vassal de l'archevêque.

En 1226, les pouvoirs sur la vallée de la Tarentaise de l'archevêque sont confirmés par le pape Honorius III et l'Empereur Frédéric II face aux prétentions du comte de Savoie.

Références

Annexes

Bibliographie
 .
 .

 .

Articles connexes
 Diocèse de Tarentaise
 Vallée de la Tarentaise
 Histoire de la Savoie au Moyen Âge
 Chignin

Liens externes

Archevêque de Tarentaise
Archevêque catholique du XIIIe siècle
Prieur du XIIIe siècle
Date de décès non renseignée (XIIIe siècle)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Q: When does pandas do pass-by-reference Vs pass-by-value when passing dataframe to a function? def dropdf_copy(df):
    df = df.drop('y',axis=1)

def dropdf_inplace(df):
    df.drop('y',axis=1,inplace=True)

def changecell(df):
    df['y'][0] = 99

x = pd.DataFrame({'x': [1,2],'y': [20,31]})

x
Out[204]:
   x   y
0  1  20
1  2  31

dropdf_copy(x)

x
Out[206]:
   x   y
0  1  20
1  2  31

changecell(x)

x
Out[208]:
   x   y
0  1  99
1  2  31

In the above example dropdf() doesnt modify the original dataframe x while changecell() modifies x. I know if I add the minor change to changecell() it wont change x.
def changecell(df):
    df = df.copy()
    df['y'][0] = 99

I dont think its very elegant to inlcude df = df.copy() in every function I write.
Questions
1) Under what circumstances does pandas change the original dataframe and when it does not? Can someone give me a clear generalizable rule? I know it may have something to do with mutability Vs immutability but its not clearly explained in stackoverflow.
2) Does numpy behave simillary or its different? What about other python objects?
PS: I have done research in stackoverflow but couldnt find a clear generalizable rule for this problem.

A: By default python does pass by reference. Only if a explicit copy is made in the function like assignment or a copy() function is used the original  object passed is unchanged.
Example with explicit copy :
#1. Assignment
def dropdf_copy1(df):

    df = df.drop('y',axis=1)
#2. copy()
def dropdf_copy2(df):
    df = df.copy()
    df.drop('y',axis=1,inplace = True)

If explicit copy is not done then original object passed is changed.
def dropdf_inplace(df):
    df.drop('y',axis=1,inplace = True)

A: Nothing to deal with pandas. It'a problem of local/global variables on mutable values. in dropdf, you set df as a local variable.
The same with lists:
def global_(l):
    l[0]=1

def local_(l):
    l=l+[0]

in the second function, it will be the same if  you wrote :
def local_(l):
    l2=l+[0]

so you don't affect l.
Here the python tutor exemple which shoes what happen.


text:
Q: Why Does Jenkins Show Builds In Modules When There Are No Maven Modules For My Project? I'm having some trouble with Maven projects in my Jenkins
installation.  The issue that I'm seeing is that when I view my
projects in Jenkins, the build history only lists the most recent
build.  However, when I go into the "Modules" section, the previous
builds are listed there, even though there are no modules for my
project.

A: Jenkins treats Maven jobs as containers for modules. In multi-module projects, this makes sense as the maven project is clearly made up of multiple modules. As far as Jenkins is concerned, even maven projects with no sub modules still contain a single module. Again, the job is just the container for the maven module defined in your project.