As you travel along the main road of Katikati, you pass the town clock at Memorial Square.
Chances are you have seen it; maybe you have even glanced up at its face to check the time.
Or, as it has been there for decades and is now part of the town's fabric, you simply haven't registered it as anything out of the ordinary. You have driven by, completely unaware of its history.
The story behind that clock has until now been largely unacknowledged, and not by accident.
"No one ever knew what it was about, except a few of us who were interested in a little bit of military history and knew a little bit about the families of the district," said Western Bay district councillor Peter Mackay.
"The family didn't want any recognition for what the clock was for."
That family is the Walfords, who have long farmed near Aongatete.
Russell Freeland Walford was born in Katikati in 1914 and grew up there. He attended Tauranga District High School.
His parents were Edmund Freeland and Winnifred Elsie Walford (nee Trevor).
Like many men of his age and younger, Russell left New Zealand to serve in World War II.
He saw action in both Egypt and Italy and was part of the 20th Armoured Regiment, New Zealand Armoured Corps.
A little over a week before Christmas – on December 16, 1943 – Russell was killed during the Battle of Sangro River in Italy. He was 29.
The lieutenant's body was buried at the Sangro River War Cemetery.
His family back home in Katikati wanted to do something to remember their son.
But, as district councillor Mackay explained this week, they didn't want to be "tall poppies".
After all, there were other young local men who didn't come home as well.
So the Walford family quietly gave the county council £100 to put up a clock.
"I think you could say it would be absolutely typical of the Walford family that I know – very understated, they just get on with things," Mackay said.
About a year ago, he approached the Walfords and sought permission to finally give credit where credit is due.
"I think it just puts a line underneath something which deserves to be known about," Mackay said.
"That's exactly why the RSA felt it needed to be recognised."
This Sunday at 11am, a plaque bearing Russell Walford's name will be unveiled on the clock during an Armistice Day service at Katikati's Memorial Square.
The plaque will face inwards, towards the Memorial Hall, still allowing some anonymity.
"But if you stand on that Memorial Square, you'll understand that it represents a lot more than just the Walford family, and that this is just a small piece of the jigsaw puzzle," Mackay said.
Members of the Walford family are travelling from all over to be at the service and will say a few words.
The New Zealand flag will be draped over the clock.
Graham Walford, who lives in Waihi, will be there. He will be wearing his uncle's medals.
"It's pretty special," the 72-year-old told the Bay of Plenty Times this week.
"I've got all his medals; my dad had them ... I'll wear them on my jacket."
Meanwhile, the Katikati RSA is "absolutely delighted" the special unveiling is going ahead, president Glenn Burt said.
"It fits in very well with the remembrance part of our commemorations."
He said it was also nice to finally recognise the contribution of the Walford family.
"I think how they've done it is the most important part – where they don't just want to remember their son, but also remember those that he served with, which is a lovely sentiment."


text:
Integrated Management of Chive Gnats (Bradysia odoriphaga Yang & Zhang) in Chives Using Entomopathogenic Nematodes and Low-Toxicity Insecticides
Two Divergent Genetic Lineages within the Horned Passalus Beetle, Odontotaenius disjunctus (Coleoptera: Passalidae): An Emerging Model for Insect Behavior, Physiology, and Microbiome Research
First Screening of Entomopathogenic Nematodes and Fungus as Biocontrol Agents against an Emerging Pest of Sugarcane, Cacosceles newmannii (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)
MDPI — Insects
Showler, A. T.
cultural control
physiochemicals
natural enemies
parasitoids
transgenic
trap crop
water deficit
By following author
Allan T. Showler
Insects 2019, 10(6), 160; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects10060160
Mexican Rice Borer Control Tactics in United States Sugarcane
Knipling-Bushland U.S. Livestock Insects Research Laboratory, USDA-ARS, 2700 Fredericksburg Road, Kerrville, TX 78028, USA
Received: 1 March 2019 / Accepted: 3 June 2019 / Published: 5 June 2019
The invasive Mexican rice borer, Eoreuma loftini (Dyar), expanded its range from Mexico to South Texas in the early 1980s. By 2008 the pest had moved into sugarcane- and rice-growing areas of East Texas and Louisiana, and by 2012 it was reported on noncrop host plants in Florida. Efforts to suppress E. loftini in United States sugarcane with chemicals and biological control agents were unsuccessful, so both tactics were discontinued, and E. loftini infestation of sugarcane has continued unchecked. During the last 15 years, however, research has focused on the pest's ecology, improved insecticides and scouting methods, the identification of sugarcane resistance mechanisms, and new cultural tactics. A surveillance technique was developed that indicates when larvae are most vulnerable to insecticide sprays. Currently, registered insecticides for E. loftini control are not widely applied, although some show promise, including an insect growth regulator. A number of potentially useful cultural practices are available, including plowing under fallow stubble, judicious use of fertilizer, adequate irrigation, avoiding proximity to E. loftini-susceptible maize cultivars, and enhancement of natural enemy populations. Demonstrated and potentially useful sugarcane resistance mechanisms involve physiochemical attributes, physical characteristics, and transgenic cultivars.
biological control; cultivar; cultural control; irrigation; predators; physiochemicals; insecticides; IPM; maize; natural enemies; nitrogen; parasitoids; resistance; soil; transgenic; trap crop; varieties; water deficit
The Mexican rice borer, Eoreuma loftini (Dyar) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), is indigenous to western Mexico, where it is a major pest of sugarcane, Saccharum spp. [1,2]. The moth was first detected in the United States in Texas, 1980 [3,4,5]. By 1989 it was infesting rice fields of east Texas [6,7,8]. The pest was found in Louisiana rice in 2008 [9,10,11,12], and by early 2015 E. loftini had spread to rice and sugarcane in eight southern Louisiana parishes [13]. In 2012 and 2013, adult and immature E. loftini were found on nonsugarcane host plants in two Florida counties [14,15,16].
The pest usually oviposits 5 to >80 eggs per female in clusters within folds of dry, and sometimes green, sugarcane leaves [17]. Eoreuma loftini prefers to deposit eggs on senescing foliage and on water deficit-stressed stressed plants [18]. Early instars feed on leaves, beneath leaf sheaths; others tunnel into the leaf midrib, and later instars bore into the main stalk [19]. Economic injury occurs to mature stalks by diminishing sugar yield, and by stunting and lodging stalks occasionally so severely that heavily afflicted fields are not harvested [9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22]. Although tunneling mostly occurs in lower internodes, younger internodes are also vulnerable, including those near and at the plant's apex [16]. Tunnels are oriented horizontally and vertically, and they are packed with frass, protecting larvae from insecticides and natural enemies [9]. The larval stage can last as long as 33–53 d [23,24], after which mature larvae pupate inside the stalk for 7–10 d [25]. The straw-colored adults, delta-shaped without markings, emerge through an exit hole adjacent to the pupa [16]. In the subtropics, where the insect occurs in the United States, a life cycle lasts 30–45 d, and 4–6 overlapping generations occur each year [20,22]. The lower development threshold for E. loftini is 13.9 °C, and the approximate degree days required for development of eggs, larvae, and pupae are 87.5, 249.3, and 122, respectively [23,24]. In northern Tamaulipas, Mexico, half of overwintering E. loftini in maize emerge during February, and populations are relatively high in June and July with corresponding levels of damage [16,20]. Where sugarcane and maize, Zea mays L., is grown, harvest of maize fields in late summer forces movement into sugarcane, which remains in the field for 2–4 more months [26].
Eoreuma loftini injures 20% of sugarcane internodes in South Texas, incidentally providing portals for red rot, Colletotrichum falcatum Went., which breaks down sugar [20,27,28]. Larval population densities do not usually exceed one larva per sugarcane stalk in South Texas [29] but 50%–80% bored internodes were reported on some cultivars in Texas [3,4,30]. Nineteen percent bored internode injury in Texas resulted in an estimated decline in sugar yield of ≈25% [31]. Infestations of Texas sugarcane cost US$575–$690 per hectare [19,21], amounting to US$10–20 million in annual losses [22,31]. Economic impacts for Louisiana include US$220 million and $45 million in projected losses to sugarcane and rice production, respectively [8]. Eoreuma loftini attacks ≥17 species of graminous weedy host plants and ≥6 crop species including rice, Oryzae sativa L.; sugarcane; maize; and sorghum, Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench [16,32].
Control of pests often depends on measuring populations through field sampling. A sex pheromone placed in a Universal Moth Trap (Unitrap, Great Lakes IPM, Vestaburg, MI) is used for monitoring adult E. loftini populations [13,19,33]. Other methods for population estimation are time-consuming and labor-intensive: sweep netting, stalk inspections, and stalk dissection [33]. Wilson et al. [19] determined that the percentage of stalks with larvae exposed on plant surfaces is proportional to the abundance of moths captured in pheromone traps; an intervention threshold of 20 moths/trap/week indicates the presence of >5% infested stalks. When novaluron, a chitin synthesis inhibitor, was sprayed using a 5% infested stalk threshold in South Texas, a single application was required for protection during one season [19]. Eoreuma loftini larvae are typically exposed 1–2 d on the surface of the plant, and this can be extended on resistant varieties [19] such that thresholds for chemical intervention against E. loftini might be adjusted in order to better target larvae when they are most vulnerable [16].
3. Insecticides
Insecticide use against E. loftini in South Texas was discontinued during the 1990s [22] because applications were not associated with improved yields [21,31]. Relatively recent field tests demonstrate that some insecticides (i.e., tebufenozide, flubendiamide, beta cyfluthrin, and chlorantraniliprole [a seed treatment registered for use in rice and sugarcane]) decreased percentages of bored internodes 3- to 8.5-fold [34,35]. Novaluron is an insect growth regulator that is more effective than many other insecticides because of its longer efficacy under field conditions and enhanced trans-laminar dispersion within the plant, and because of its less toxic effects on beneficial arthropods [19]. A single application of novaluron suppressed E. loftini injury within economically acceptable levels while heightening sugar production by 14% in commercial fields [19], but this result has been inconsistent. Although some promising insecticides are registered for use against E. loftini, their application is still not prevalent.
4. Biological Control
Because E. loftini blocks its larval tunnels with frass, natural enemy activity against the pest is impeded [22]. The red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren, which is an effective predator against the sugarcane borer, Diatraea saccharalis (F.) [36], thrives in moist environments [37,38] but it is much less common in dry South Texas [39]. A preliminary study by VanWeelden et al. [40] in the wetter environment of East Texas reported that exit holes of E. loftini were 44.4% less abundant in sugarcane where red imported fire ants were not suppressed with pesticides.
Nine parasitoids indigenous to the Lower Rio Grande Valley and 18 exotic species were released in the field between 1982 and 1997 for E. loftini control [16,41,42]. Some of the parasitoid species were not recovered after they were released [43]. The best rate of parasitism on larvae and pupae averaged ≈6.2% by indigenous braconids Chelonus sonorensis Cameron and Digonogastra solitaria (Wharton and Quicke) and by two exotic species, Alabagrus stigma (Brullé) and Allorhogas pyralophagus (Marsh) [44]. In Mexico, only 6.9% of E. loftini larvae were parasitized by the native tachinid Jalisco fly, Lydella jalisco Woodley [45]. Introduced to South Texas [6], most parasitism by the Jalisco fly occurred in late summer and early fall, reaching ≈30%, after which populations diminished [46]. Suppression of E. loftini in the United States using parasitoids and parasites has been weak in spite of numerous attempts [16,42,44,47]. Entomopathogens, including Nosema pyrausta Paillot and Beauveria bassiana, and nematodes Steinernema riobravis Cabanillas, Pinar and Raulston, S. carpocapsas (Weiser), and S. feltae Filipjev have shown some promise in laboratory trials, but efficacy in the field, largely owing to desiccation and poor contact with the target pest, has been weak [22,42,46,48].
5. Fallow and Planting Date
Sugarcane stubble in fallow fields that are plowed into the soil can reduce overwintering E. loftini larvae, and planting pest-free seed pieces improves the development of setts (clumps of stalks growing from the same buried stalk node) [49]. Although early planting has shown some efficacy against D. saccharalis [50], planting dates have not been evaluated for their effects on E. loftini in sugarcane.
6. Irrigation
Eoreuma loftini tends to oviposit on sugarcane plants that are water deficit-stressed [16,18,51,52]. Sugarcane cultivar L 03-371, for example, is resistant to E. loftini under wet conditions but it is susceptible when conditions are dry (up to 88% bored internodes) [30,53]. Well-irrigated sugarcane was 1.8-fold less vulnerable to E. loftini oviposition, and injury to stalks was reduced by ≈2.5-fold compared to drought stressed sugarcane in both susceptible (LC 85-384) and resistant (HoCP 85-845) cultivars [52]. Oviposition preference and levels of injury to stalks relative to each cultivar, however, did not change (i.e., HoCP 85-845 had 1.8-fold less injury than LCP 85-384 within each irrigation regime) [51,52]. In the greenhouse, well-watered sugarcane plants had 82.8% to 90.2% fewer eggs on the stalks and leaves than water deficit-stressed plants. Numbers of larval entry holes on stalks ranged from 44.4% to 94.5% fewer, and adult exit holes were 64.3% to 88.9% less abundant [18]. Well-irrigated sugarcane had 78.7% fewer dry leaves, E. loftini's preferred oviposition substrate, than drought stressed sugarcane [18]. Living sugarcane leaves on water deficit-stressed plants might also be more attractive than on nonstressed plants, because of heightened accumulations of nutrients such as free amino acids that are essential for insect growth and development [18,51]. Studies have demonstrated that heightened concentrations of essential (and nonessential) free amino acids in sugarcane are associated with drought stress [18,51,52]. In regions that are subject to dry conditions or drought, sugarcane should be kept adequately irrigated to avoid exacerbating E. loftini infestations [16,51,54,55].
7. Preharvest Leaf Removal
Burning leaves on sugarcane just prior to harvest, a routine practice in some places, kills insect eggs on them, but the effect on later life stages is probably relatively small because larvae and pupae are not present in dry leaf tissue (most are inside the stalk), and adults can avoid the flames by flying away from the flames. The impact of burning leaves against E. loftini populations before harvest has not been investigated, but even supposing that substantial numbers of E. loftini were eliminated, protection of the crop at harvest would be too late to be of value. Sometimes, sugarcane leaves are instead stripped from the stalks, occasionally cut into small pieces, and deposited as a 15–20-metric ton/ha mat, 8–10 cm deep [56,57], of leaf material, or "greenchop", on the soil surface [58]. Harvested sugarcane stalks in South Texas during the planting season had 2.3- and 2.8-fold more E. loftini entry holes per stalk in field plots where greenchop was left on the soil surface as mulch and where greenchop was mechanically incorporated 20 cm deep into the soil, respectively, than in plots without greenchop (ATS, unpublished data). Such effects, however, were not observed during the ratoon (regrowth from previous year) season.
8. Nitrogen Application
Applying large amounts of nitrogen 8 mo before planting can increase soil nitrate-N several-fold over amounts common to nonamended soils [59]. Sugarcane leaf tissue grown on high nitrogen soil had significantly more (≥14.3%) percentage N than leaf tissue grown on low nitrogen and on nonamended soils during the planting season and ≥1.2% in the first ratoon [59]. The leaves from plants grown on high nitrogen soil were found to have more of three essential and several nonessential free amino acids, and more fructose, than leaves grown on low nitrogen and nonamended soils [59]. Fructose concentrations in E. loftini host plant species indicate that fructose is a limiting nutritional factor [60]. Entry holes in sugarcane stalks were ≥2.3-fold more abundant when the crop was grown on high nitrogen soil than on low nitrogen and nonamended soils, and exit holes ≥2 times more abundant [59]. While sugarcane stools growing in high nitrogen soil averaged 18% more stalks in the first growing season than in low nitrogen and nonamended soils, the increase was offset by intensified E. loftini injury (stalks in the low nitrogen and nonamended soils were 16% and 31% heavier, respectively) [59]. Judicious application of nitrogenous fertilizer has been recommended for avoiding heavy E. loftini infestations [16,59].
9. Proximity to E. loftini-Susceptible Maize
Eoreuma loftini prefers susceptible maize cultivars over sugarcane; the maize "traps" the pest until it is harvested and the adults fly into sugarcane [32,41]. In South Texas, 3 mo after the late summer maize harvest, entry holes in winter-harvested sugarcane stalks increased by 7- to 8-fold [41]. Reducing movement of E. loftini from maize into sugarcane will entail not planting E. loftini-susceptible maize cultivars near sugarcane and planting E. loftini-resistant maize varieties instead [60].
10. Natural Enemy Conservation
Weed growth has been reported to increase herbivorous arthropod populations in sugarcane fields that serve as prey for predators [36,61]. Enhancement of S. invicta populations and other natural enemies by permitting limited weed growth in Louisiana sugarcane substantially reduced D. saccharalis injury to the crop [36,61]. Preliminary observations suggest that S. invicta in nonarid regions can attack E. loftini to some extent [40]. Allowing weeds to grow in noncompetitive stands within sugarcane fields might support sufficiently substantial S. invicta populations to suppress E. loftini abundances in the crop [16]. Where prevalent grass weeds host relatively large E. loftini numbers and natural enemies associated with the presence of the weeds do not exert adequate control, the weeds should be expunged [16].
Selection of pesticides in sugarcane should be conducted carefully to protect natural enemy populations and consequently to reduce pest incidence [16]. Aldicarb, for example, has sometimes been used to control root knot nematodes, Meloidogyne spp., but it strongly diminishes natural enemy populations, including S. invicta, and D. saccharalis injury to the crop increased by 19.4% to 32.9%, including where weeds were being used to augment natural enemy diversity and abundance [36]. While natural enemies might not be as effective against E. loftini as they are against D. saccharalis, growers should try to use selective pesticides whenever possible to conserve S. invicta colonies and other predators and parasitoids.
11. Cultivar Resistance
Host plant preference is an antixenotic form of resistance that, with regard to E. loftini, is characterized by selection of oviposition sites [17,18,32,52,62]. Antibiotic resistance, which decreases survival of one or more of the pest's life stages, has also been determined for protecting sugarcane against stalk borers [63]. Preference is often governed by the host plant's nutritional value to the pest [18,52,60]. Wilson et al. [30] developed a "relative resistance ratio" that permits the categorization of sugarcane cultivar resistance based on relative levels of pest preference (antixenosis) and host suitability (antibiosis) although application of relative resistance ratios can be further refined [30]. Resistance in some cultivars is conferred when E. loftini larvae remain on the exterior of the plant longer than on other cultivars, which exposes the larvae to natural enemies and pesticides [30].
Some E. loftini-resistant sugarcane cultivars have been identified; for example, 1.6-fold more eggs were laid on susceptible LCP 85-384, which produced up to 5.6-fold more adults and had an 18.2% lower recoverable sugar yield than on HoCP 85-845 [51,64]. Additionally, E. loftini was responsible for as much as 2.6-fold bored internodes in HoCP 91-555 stalks than were found in HoCP 85-845 stalks [64]. Further, HoCP 00-950 and HoCP 05-902 are susceptible to E. loftini, and L 01-299, HoCP 04-838, and HoCP 96-540 are moderately resistant [51,53,64]. The commercial sugarcane cultivar HoCP 85-485 has been reported to be resistant to E. loftini in three of four small plot field experiments, in contrast with the consistently susceptible HoCP 04-838 cultivar [30]. TCP 87-3388 has also been categorized as E. loftini-resistant [30]. The causes of the observed resistance for such cultivars, however, have not been determined. Although some cultivars are moderately resistant to both E. loftini and D. saccharalis (e.g., HoCP 04-838) [30,65], other cultivars are resistant to one of the stalkboring species but not to the other. Relatively recent reports have described different mechanisms that confer or might confer resistance to sugarcane through physiochemical and physical characteristics, and potentially through transgenic manipulation [17,66].
11.1. Physiochemical
Some sugarcane cultivars that are susceptible to E. loftini have ≥2-fold concentrations of certain essential and nonessential free amino acids than resistant varieties, and cultivars of lesser nutritional quality (antixenosis resistance) [67,68]. It is possible that drought-tolerant cultivars might accumulate fewer nutrients associated with water deficit stress, such that the plant would be less attractive for E. loftini oviposition and of lesser value for larval development than other, more susceptible, cultivars [18]. Accumulations of free amino acids and fructose in sugarcane have been associated with relatively high E. loftini infestations (18,41,51,59]; therefore, breeding sugarcane for low concentrations of those (and possibly other) limiting factor nutrients might provide resistance to E. loftini [16,51].
11.2. Physical
Resistant varieties can lengthen the time larvae are exposed on external plant surfaces before tunneling into the plant, making them increasingly vulnerable to insecticides and biological control agents [19]. Physical factors, including stalk fiber content, leaf sheath appression [69], and rind hardness [70], can each impede larval establishment [30]. US 93-15, a high-fiber cultivar, was among the most resistant of 25 varieties assessed in one study [19], but high fiber content is often associated with relatively poor sugarcane yield [71] and planting such fiber cultivars might not be economically advisable [30].
Number of eggs per sugarcane plant is positively associated with abundances of dry leaves, which typically curl or fold at the edges [17,51]. When provided with a choice between sugarcane leaves that were green and folded, and flat and dry leaves, and with folded paper of the same color as dry sugarcane leaves, eggs were almost exclusively deposited on the folded green leaves [17]. Given a choice between dry folded leaves and folded green leaves, E. loftini deposited eggs almost exclusively on the dry folded leaves [17]. In a no-choice cage assay conducted in a greenhouse, potted sugarcane plants with dry leaves (the sugarcane plants also had green leaves) that were trimmed to eliminate tight folds along edges had only 6.2% of E. loftini egg deposition on them compared against nontrimmed plants with excised dry sugarcane leaves scattered as a "mulch" on the floor of the greenhouse cage, and against control plants that were not trimmed or mulched [17]. The lack of dry leaf folds on the trimmed plants is an example of horizontal resistance, because of the diminished availability of egg deposition sites and increased risk of egg and neonate mortality absent protection from insecticides and natural enemies within folds [16]. Breeding sugarcane cultivars for leaves that do not fold on drying will likely provide substantial, possibly complete, resistance against E. loftini that will be difficult to overcome because resistance is conferred by >1 factor.
11.3. Transgenic
Mixed with a meridic diet to obtain a concentration of 0.47% total protein, sugarcane leaf sheath expressing snowdrop lectin (galanthus nivalis agglutinin) did not adversely affect first-generation E. loftini larval and pupal development and survivorship, fecundity, and egg viability [72]. Snowdrop lectin, however, reduced larval survival, adult emergence, and fecundity in the second generation [72]. No further study of snowdrop lectin has been reported regarding E. loftini control in sugarcane.
Although transgenic sugarcane is not yet available for control of E. loftini, the technology can be transferred to sugarcane once its utility is demonstrated in other crops. Bt transgenic maize cultivars (registered for protection against numerous lepidopteran pests but not E. loftini) were tested against non-Bt maize varieties for E. loftini resistance in South Texas [66]. Maize plants too damaged by E. loftini to be harvested were ≥2.5-fold more abundant in two non-Bt maize varieties than in transgenic Pioneer 31G71, and ≥18.4 times more abundant than in transgenic Golden Acres 28V81 [66]. The two transgenic varieties were protected from stalk lodging, shattering, and decay that was caused by E. loftini in the two non-transgenic varieties [66]. Abundances of internodes per maize plant that had been tunneled by E. loftini were 41.2% and 99% lower in Pioneer 31G71 and in Golden Acres 28V81, respectively, than in the non-Bt varieties [66]. Larval entry holes were 49.2% and 99% less abundant in Pioneer 31G71 and in Golden Acres 28V81, respectively [66]. Further, adult exit holes were 93% less numerous in Pioneer 31G71, and adult exit holes were not found on Golden Acres 28V81 stalks [66]. Reared on meridic diet mixed with 5000 µg of Golden Acres 28V81 leaf tissue per ml of diet, 4-wk-old E. loftini larval weight was 87% lower than larvae maintained on diet with Pioneer 31G71 leaf tissue, and 93% lower than larvae reared on diet mixed with non-Bt maize leaf tissue [66].
Because Pioneer 31G71 curtailed <70% of adult emergence, it was only moderately effective as a trap crop for E. loftini. Ideal "dead end" trap cultivars would be at least as attractive to E. loftini compared with susceptible varieties, and the stalks would be tolerant to shattering, lodging, and stalk rot diseases to extend their utility while suppressing adult emergence [16]. Golden Acres 28V81 was nearly totally resistant against larval E. loftini tunneling [66]. Light-colored larval feeding scars were observed on the outermost tissue of Golden Acres 28V81 without penetration of the stalk, indicative of antibiotic resistance [66]. Golden Acres 28V81 is therefore more suitable as a trap plant for E. loftini eggs than Pioneer 31G71 [66]. Growing highly biocidal transgenic maize like Golden Acres 28V81 within agricultural landscapes that are partly comprised of sugarcane fields might be a valuable way of "deploying" maize production as a dead end trap crop to protect sugarcane from E. loftini [16]. It has been recommended that growers plant sugarcane as far from maize as possible, but the role of transgenics in stalk borer management might supersede that practice [16]. Resistance management, however, could remain an issue [73].
Perhaps a worthy application of the VT3Pro gene in Golden Acres 28V81 (and other efficacious genes) will involve its insertioninto sugarcane [66]. Transgenic sugarcane varieties might offer an especially potent crop protection tactic where E. loftini is a serious pest [66]. Although some stalkborers, including E. loftini, might become resistant to Bt maize (or, hypothetically, Bt sugarcane) cultivars [74], the level of resistance reported in Golden Acres 28V81 against E. loftini [66] suggests that the VT3Pro gene inserted into sugarcane might provide nearly complete protection against the pest and that use of Golden Acres 28V81 maize (or a similarly effective transgenic variety) as a trap crop can provide partial control [66].
12. Conclusions
The invasiveness of E. loftini in the United States and the ubiquity of host crops and suitable large-stemmed grassy weeds have enabled the pest's range to range expand from South Texas to a currently limited area of Florida where it might move into sugarcane, a major commercial commodity of that region. Following E. loftini's discovery in the United States in the early 1980s, control measures failed and E. loftini attacked South Texas sugarcane unchecked. Relatively recent research (i.e., during the last 15 years), however, has made a rational scouting approach available for timing insecticide applications, developed an array of improved insecticides, and discovered ecological aspects of the pest that can be manipulated to suppress E. loftini by adopting cultural practices, as well as physical, physiochemical, and transgenic bases for developing resistant cultivars. Suppression of E. loftini populations below economic injury levels in sugarcane will most likely be accomplished by wielding a combination of tactics in an integrated pest management approach capitalizing on resistant cultivars and avoidance of exacerbating field conditions (e.g., drought stress, unnecessary soil pesticides, over-fertilizing, and planting close to susceptible maize varieties). The pest's mobility and its interaction with other crops in agriculturally diversified regions necessitate the application of such a strategy on an area-wide scale.
This research received no external funding.
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© 2019 by the author. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Formed in January 2011 to raise the profile of May Day as not just International Workers Day but as a day which has been celebrated by ordinary people over the centuries. We aim to bring back the joy of May Day, to enable individuals and communities to participate in a celebration of life and work. Like our forbears we will celebrate the end of winter and coming of summer, but we will also celebrate labour day and the solidarity of working people and their families. In this, our second year, we are starting off in a modest way but in future years we hope to extend the programme of events and activities and to engage with groups of workers and communities in developing an understanding of the traditions of May day as well as celebrating the lives of ordinary people.
Get a Membership form GFoMD form001.


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New Airbus A330neo to be Powered by Rolls-Royce Trent 7000 Engines
July 13, 2018 forceindia 0 Comment
The aircraft will be exclusively powered by the Trent 7000 engines, the seventh and latest iteration of the Rolls-Royce Trent engine family.
Visiting the Farnborough Air Show of Airbus's latest aircraft, the new Rolls-Royce Trent 7000 engines have been chosen to power the A330neo. The aircraft will enter service later this year and will be exclusively powered by the Trent 7000 engines, the seventh and latest iteration of the successful Rolls-Royce Trent engine family. Making final preparations for the engine to enter into service, Rolls Royce will receive formal certification to fly very shortly.
President Civil Aerospace, Rolls-Royce, Chris Cholerton, said: "The team at Rolls-Royce is excited to see the A330neo arrive at Farnborough. The Trent 7000 brings together the latest technology from the Trent XWB and combines it with architecture from the Trent 1000 TEN and more than 50 million hours of flying experience from the Trent 700."
The Trent 7000 will improve specific fuel consumption by ten per cent, and will significantly reduce noise along with delivering a step change in performance and economics compared to the Trent 700. Benefitting from a bypass ratio double that of its predecessor, it will provide a thrust of 68-72,000 lbs
← P8I Aircraft Deployed by Indian Navy for RIMPAC
Sikorsky Sells First S-76D™ Helicopter in India →


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Date City is an unincorporated community in Imperial County, California. It is located  east-southeast of Holtville on California State Route 115.

It lies in the southern Imperial Valley and within the El Centro metropolitan area, at an elevation of only  above sea level.

References

Unincorporated communities in Imperial County, California
El Centro metropolitan area
Imperial Valley
Unincorporated communities in California

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Reinstating a struck off limited company with Coddan: if you are looking to restart a limited company that was previously dissolved, you need to seek expert advice and make sure every step is correctly followed. Under certain conditions, limited companies which Companies House lists as dissolved can be reinstated and can begin trading again under their original name. If your business meets certain criteria and if you as the applicant are a director or shareholder of the business, you will be able to seek permission to start running again. Discover whether your limited company can be reinstated and let Coddan's company formation agent and legal experts take care of all the details for you. Call now for advice and further information.
Restoration of a dissolved company: we will help with the administrative restoration of a company, assist with restoring a dissolved company back to the register. The following services are included upon the restoration of a struck-off company: the preparation of all paperwork; the application at the Companies House & treasure solicitors; the service of documents on the defendants & receiving a letter of no objection (a waiver letter).
If your private company has been dissolved, you can apply to Companies House to get it restored to the register. This is a process known as administrative restoration, and only applies if: you were a director or shareholder in the dissolved company; the limited company was still trading at the time it was dissolved and if it was taken off the register within the last six years.
If you don't fulfil the above requirements, don't fret; the company can still be restored – the process will just take longer, as it will have to go through the courts.
The application process is fairly simple, and requires the completion of an application form, the supply of relevant documentation and the payment of a small fee. The registrar will then consider your application and then, hopefully, restore your private company to the Companies House register.
Coddan offers a full private company restoration service to the register service so, if you're in any doubt as to your obligations when it comes to restoring your dissolved company, just get in touch with us today.
Restoring a company to the register isn't too complicated a process but you should be aware of certain conditions surrounding the registration.
For example, to apply to Companies House to restore your company you must have been either a director or a shareholder of that company. In addition to this, the company must have been struck off and/or dissolved within the last six years, and it must also have been trading at the time it was dissolved. If any of this is not the case you will need a court order for the restoration.
Finally, to complete the application to register you must fill out form, and send a cheque that is payable to 'Companies House' along with any documents of interest, such as annual returns or your accounts. You should also be aware of any penalty payments or filing fees you may be charged.
Finally, if the company had assets, a waiver letter will be required from Bona Vacantia (meaning vacant goods) as those assets go by law to the crown if they are deemed as owner-less. The form is the application itself for 'administrative restoration', so you will need to make sure it is filled out correctly. All of this being done and in order means you will then have to wait for a confirmation letter from the chief registrar.
If you need help with this process don't hesitate to contact Coddan, whose experts can guide you through the UK private limited company restoration to the companies register.


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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


This €3 mascara has absolute RAVE reviews online – and we need it now | SHEmazing!
In the era of eyelash extensions, LVL lash lifts and permanent tints, mascara is still king when it comes to emphasizing our lash lines.
Fake It is also the most purchased mascara in Ireland, according to Penneys, so they must be on to something good.


Our middle sized Memory Box is recommended to create memories with a baby who has died at 14-24 weeks of pregnancy. The contents of this memory box have been chosen carefully, to create as many memories as possible with time spent together.
The following are simple recommendations, but there are many other ways to use the items in our Memory Boxes, we would like to hear your stories and see your pictures of how the items were used.
One SiMBA teddy and one knitted teddy- A gift of two teddies both different in style, one knitted by a volunteer and a SiMBA teddy.
Candle - We use candles to light during the 'Wave of Light' at 7-8pm on the 15th october during Baby Loss awareness week, and SiMBA have their Christmas eve 'Wave of Light", also 7-8pm. This simple, but poignant action brings parents together across the world. The candle can also be used at any time you choose.
Butterfly Charms x2 in Purple Bag- Many parents choose to share a charm with their baby, finding comfort knowing that their baby has the same one.
Wooden Star- A star to keep plain, write your baby's name on, or decorate it in any way to bring comfort. You can hang it up and display or keep it safely tucked away.
Photo Folder with SD Card- Taking photographs of your baby is one of the best ways to capture precious memories of our time with them. Each picture taken will help to tell the story of the time you spent together. The important thing is to use this time to take as many photographs as you want, you can also include other family members and friends if you choose.
Just to say card- So a message/memory can be written and placed with your baby or kept in your Memory Box.
Notebook with Pen- To write down memories, things that happen, or ask others to choose a page and write a message/memory too.
Letter from parent- Mave's mummy has written a letter from a parent to a parent, so instantly you know you are not alone.
Inkless Hand and foot print Certificate with Presentation Folder- Being involved in taking your baby's prints is something you can do together with the support of staff, and each time you then look at the prints, you will have memories of precious time together.
Clay Imprint Kit- Taking precious impressions of your baby hand and feet, or your hand with theirs, you can take the prints and touch where your baby has touched. If the baby is too fragile you can use this clay kit to make a picture, add parents prints, baby's name, items you have gathered.
Baby wash- A precious time is to be able to bath baby, an opportunity to see all of baby, and wrap them in a towel and cuddle them dry. If baby is fragile, use the baby wash and a cloth to 'bath' baby.
Knitted blanket- knitted with love and a gift from one of our volunteer knitters.
Touched By You blankets, two blankets, knitted the same, one to place with baby, one to place with parents, when it is time to say goodbye, swap the blankets so baby has something that has been close to you and you have something that has been close to baby.
Memory Box description- Which describes the illustration on the Memory Box which has been painted by artist Lewis MacKenzie.


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Graphex Group announces the creation of a subsidiary in the United States; appoints John DeMaio CEO | News
By Ray L. Newby	 On Dec 20, 2021
ROYAL OAK, Mich., December 20, 2021 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) – Graphex Group Limited, a global leader in graphene technologies and products used in the production of electric vehicle (EV) batteries and energy storage, is pleased to " announce the formation of its US Subsidiary, Graphex Technologies LLC (Graphex), and the appointment of its new CEO.
Graphex Group is one of the largest manufacturers of spherical graphite, a key material for the production of lithium-ion battery cells used to form layers of graphene in the anode of lithium-ion battery cells. It currently operates its high-volume manufacturing process and product technology, protected by 23 patents, for electric vehicles manufactured and sold in Asia. Graphex Group's spherical graphite manufacturing plant is strategically located in Heilongjiang Province, a region rich in reserves of high-quality natural graphite. Lithium-ion batteries are one of the world's most sought-after technological components, as they are an integral part of electric vehicles and energy storage solutions needed to drive clean energy transformation. They are also used in many other applications including personal electronic devices such as cell phones, laptops and many other household items.
Following its entry into the American market and the creation of a manufacturing plant in 2022, Graphex intends to capitalize on the global demand for lithium-ion batteries for electric vehicles and stored energy, in particular on the American and European markets. As both a technology and a manufacturing company, it will also continue to identify and develop future applications of graphene. The Company intends to construct a manufacturing facility in the United States capable of producing 20,000 to 50,000 tonnes of coated natural graphite anode material annually.
John DeMaio has been appointed CEO of Graphex Technologies and President of the Graphene division of Graphex Group Limited, the former of which represents the US entity. In his new role, DeMaio will lead the development and launch of key strategic alliances in North America and Europe to support the surging demand for advanced technologies in the electric vehicle and renewable energy sectors. DeMaio will expand the opportunities to establish supply chains in the United States and Europe to bring technology, employment opportunities and reliable supply to these high growth markets.
"As we continue to develop our graphene business in Asia, home to one of the fastest growing electric vehicle industries, the need for technologies supporting electric vehicles and renewable energy increases around the world." , said Chan Yick Yan Andross, Managing Director and Director, Groupe Graphex Limited. "Now is the right time to expand our international reach. We are delighted to welcome John to our team to provide advice to the parent organization and lead Graphex Technologies LLC as we establish international supply chains and explore global partnerships, strategic alliances, scientific collaboration and potential. vertically integrate complementary businesses.
DeMaio has held leadership positions including President and CEO of JouleSmart Solutions; Managing Director of Siemens Smart Infrastructure; vice-president of MWH Global; Chief Operating Officer of Thompson Solar Technologies; and division head of SPG Solar. These roles range from successful startups to divisional and regional turnarounds in Fortune 50 companies. With over 20 years of experience in the energy and infrastructure industries, DeMaio has developed and commercialized several new technologies in emerging markets including photovoltaics, advanced waste-to-energy solutions and artificial intelligence platforms for objects.
"It's an honor to join this progressive organization and lead this team of extremely intelligent professionals who understand exactly what business we are in and are committed to being the best at what we do," said John DeMaio, CEO of Graphex Technologies LLC. "As a leading technology company providing R&D and product innovations in the field of electric vehicle battery technology and alternative energy production, storage and delivery, Graphex is ideally positioned for strong growth in markets outside of Asia. Our ability to provide superior graphite and graphene related products and technologies today – while continuously innovating and expanding our offerings in anticipation of the evolving needs of tomorrow – will make the Graphex Group a fundamental force in the global energy transition. About Graphex Group Limited Graphex Group Limited focuses on the development of technologies and products for the improvement of renewable energies, in particular the enrichment of spherical graphite and graphene, key components of EV batteries, lithium-ion batteries and other uses. Strategically located near the largest source of supply of high quality natural flake graphite in the world, the Graphex Group is currently one of the leading suppliers of specialized spherical graphite for the electric vehicle and renewable energy industries. It plans to secure and further expand the upstream supply chain and increase the delivery volume by 400% over the next three years to support the unprecedented proliferation of demand for batteries. Graphex holds 23 patents in areas such as products, production methods, machine design and environmental protection.
Safe Harbor Statement This press release is issued in accordance with Rule 135 of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the "Securities Act"), and does not constitute an offer to sell or the solicitation of an offer to sell. purchase, all titles. Any offer, solicitation or offer to buy, or sale of securities will be made in accordance with the registration requirements of the Securities Act.
Statements regarding the future expectations of the company, and all other statements contained in this press release other than historical facts, are "forward-looking statements" within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, and as that term is defined in the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. The Company intends that such forward-looking statements be subject to the safe harbor rules thus created.
The above information contains information relating to the Company which is based on the beliefs of the Company and / or its management, as well as assumptions made by any information currently available to the Company or its management. When used in this document, the words "anticipate", "estimate", "expect", "intend", "plans", "plans" and similar expressions, in relation to concerns the Company or its management, are intended to identify forward-looking statements. These statements reflect the Company's current opinion regarding future events and are subject to certain risks, uncertainties and assumptions, including the risks and uncertainties mentioned. If one or more of these risks or uncertainties materialize, or if the underlying assumptions turn out to be incorrect, actual results could differ materially from those described herein as anticipated, believed, estimated, expected, intended or projected. In each case, forward-looking information should be taken into account in the light of the accompanying significant warnings. Factors that could cause different results include, but are not limited to, the proper execution of internal plans, the impact of competitive pricing and services, and general economic risks and uncertainties.
Information from third-party sources identified in this release is based on reports published for such information and we have assumed the accuracy of such reports without investigation or independent investigation.
This communication is for informational purposes only and does not constitute an offer to sell or a solicitation of an offer to buy any securities of the Company, including, but not limited to, its US deposit shares.
The information made available on the aforementioned Company website does not form part of any disclosure made or to be made by the Company regarding an offer to sell or the solicitation of an offer to buy securities of the Company and does not constitute part of any documents filed by the Company with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission.
Contact details: [email protected]
Media inquiries FischTank PR [email protected]
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Departure of Ferrari's three senior executives in overhaul of organizational structure


text:
fancyBox - Changelog
=========

### Version 2.1.5 - June 14, 2013
* Fixed #493 - Broken slideshow
* Fixed #556 - Parent option
* Retina graphics (#564) and retina display support (#420)
* Improved "lock" feature

### Version 2.1.4 - January 10, 2013
* Update to be compatible with jQuery v1.9
* Small changes that should fix usability issues for certain users

### Version 2.1.3 - October 23, 2012

* Fixed #426 - Broken IE7
* Fixed #423 - Background flickering on iOS
* Fixed #418 - Automatically Grow/Shrink and Center
* Updated the script to work with jQuery 1.6
* Media helper supports YouTube video series

### Version 2.1.2 - October 15, 2012

* Fixed #414 - Don't allow nextClick if there is only one item
* Fixed #397 - Button helper 'Menu' not visible in IE7
* Overlay can be opened/closed manually:
*     $.fancybox.helpers.overlay.open();
*     $.fancybox.helpers.overlay.open({closeClick : false});
*     $.fancybox.helpers.overlay.close();
* Optimized for Internet Explorer 10 (Windows 8)

### Version 2.1.1 - October 01, 2012

* Fixed #357 - Converting values like 'auto' in getScalar()
* Fixed #358 - Updated overlay background image
* New "fancybox-href" and "fancybox-title" HTML5 data-attributes (#317)
* Improved helpers:
*     - now they can have a property 'defaults' that contains default settings
*     - updated vimeo and youtube parsers for media helper
* Content locking now can be turned off

### Version 2.1.0 - August 20, 2012

* Fixed #103 - DOM element re-injection after closing
* Fixed #188 - navigation keys inside editable content
* New animation directions (see https://github.com/fancyapps/fancyBox/issues/233#issuecomment-5512453)
* New option "iframe" - it is now possible to separate scrolling for iframe and wrapping element; choose to preload
* New option "swf" - brings back functionality from fancyBox v1
* Improved media helper - better support for vimeo and youtube; links are now configurable
* Rewritten overlay helper:
*     - new option "showEarly" - toggles if should be open before of after content is loaded
*     - Facebook-style (https://github.com/fancyapps/fancyBox/issues/24) and therefore uses image for background
* Option "padding" accepts array (e.g., padding: [15, 50, 10, 5])
* One of dimensions (width or height) can now be set to "auto" (option "autoSize" needs to be "false")
* Updated callbacks:
*     - "beforeClose" is now called only once
*     - "afterLoad" receives current and previous object as arguments
* Method "$.fancybox.update();" recalculates content width/height
* Updated to work with jQuery v1.8

### Version 2.0.6 - April 16, 2012

* Fixed #188 - keystrokes in contenteditable
* Fixed #171 - non-images should not be preloaded
* Fixed #158 - 'closeClick: true' breaks gallery navigation
* New "media" helper - detects and displays various media types
* New option "groupAttr" - name of group selector attribute, default is "data-fancybox-group"
* New feature - selector expressions in URLs, see #170
* Improved 'overlay' helper to use "position: fixed"
* Improved autoSize, fixed wrong height in some cases
* Improved centering and iframe scrolling for iOS
* Updated markup, new element '.fancybox-skin' is now used for styling

### Version 2.0.5 - February 21, 2012

* Fixed #155 - easing for prev/next animations
* Fixed #153 - overriding "keys" options
* Fixed #147 - IE7 problem with #hash links
* Fixed #130 - changing dynamically data-fancybox-group
* Fixed #126 - obey minWidth/minHeight
* Fixed #118 - placement of loading icon and navigation arrows
* Fixed #101 - "index" option not working
* Fixed #94 - "orig" option not working
* Fixed #80 - does not work on IE6
* Fixed #72 - can't set overlay opacity to 0
* Fixed #63 - properly set gallery index
* New option "autoCenter" - toggles centering on window resize or scroll, disabled for mobile devices by default
* New option "autoResize" - toggles responsivity, disabled for mobile devices by default
* New option "preload" - number of images to preload
* New feature to target mobile/desktop browsers using CSS, see #108
* Changed ajax option defaults to "{ dataType: 'html', headers: { 'X-fancyBox': true } }", see #150 and #128
* Updated loading icon for IE7, IE8
* Calculates height of the iframe if 'autoSize' is set to 'true' and the iframe is on the same domain as the main page

### Version 2.0.4 - December 12, 2011

* Fixed #47 - fix overriding properties
* New option "position" to thumbnail and button helpers

### Version 2.0.3 - November 29, 2011

* Fixed #29 - broken elastic transitions

### Version 2.0.2 - November 28, 2011

* Fixed slideshow
* Fixed scrollbars issue when displayed a very tall image
* New option "nextClick" - navigate to next gallery item when user clicks the content
* New option "modal" - to disable navigation and closing
* Add 'metadata' plugin support
* Add ability to create groups using 'data-fancybox-group' attribute
* Updated manual usage to match earlier releases

### Version 2.0.1 - November 23, 2011

* Fixed keyboard events inside form elements
* Fixed manual usage

### Version 2.0.0 - November 21, 2011

First release - completely rewritten, many new features and updated graphics.


text:
Have We Been Thinking About Long-Haul Coronavirus All Wrong?
A former COVID-19 patient rides on an exercise bike to strengthen muscle tone at the Department of Rehabilitative Cardiology of ASL 3 Genova on July 24 in Genoa, Italy. She was in the hospital for 15 days, suffering from great fatigue.
Marco Di Lauro—Getty Images
By Jamie Ducharme
October 16, 2020 8:00 AM EDT
A few years ago, Jaime Seltzer was helping coordinate research projects, grant applications and funding for a Stanford research group studying a condition called myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS). Up to 2.5 million Americans, including Seltzer, have ME/CFS, and yet it felt like almost no one paid attention to her group's research. "What is it going to take for researchers to take ME seriously?" she and her colleagues often wondered aloud.
The morbid answer, they hypothesized, was a pandemic. Since ME/CFS often follows viral infections, they feared it would take something as destructive as mass illness for the larger scientific community to take notice.
Unfortunately, this year they were proven right. As the COVID-19 pandemic presses on, doctors are increasingly worried about the significant subset of coronavirus patients—estimated to be somewhere around 10%—who are suffering symptoms like fatigue, brain fog and chronic pain for months on end. Many of them will soon fit the diagnostic criteria for ME/CFS, which is characterized primarily by debilitating exhaustion lasting six months or longer. This flood of potential new ME/CFS patients has, just as Seltzer predicted, thrust her once little-known condition into the spotlight.
No one, least of all Seltzer, would argue that thousands of people becoming chronically ill at once is anything but tragic. The question is whether any good can come from that tragedy. ME/CFS has for decades existed outside the margins of mainstream medical knowledge, historically drawing only a few million research dollars each year—pennies, compared to conditions like breast cancer and Alzheimer's disease. Many doctors know next to nothing about ME/CFS. Nearly every ME/CFS patient has a story about not being believed, or someone trying to convince them their often debilitating symptoms are psychological.
With the world's attention, and the medical community's research dollars, directed toward COVID-19, the conversation around long-haul coronavirus could finally change that—if clinicians are ready to take long-haulers and ME/CFS patients seriously, and get to the root of why a viral illness that's supposed to clear in weeks can linger for decades.
On Christmas Eve 2009, Christina Cooper, 62, developed a flu-like illness. Eleven years later, the registered nurse and once-avid cyclist from Canby, Ore. still suffers symptoms that sound awfully similar to those now associated with long-haul coronavirus. Virtually any amount of physical exertion—even showering—leaves her with a bone-deep, sometimes days-long exhaustion unlike any she experienced before she got sick. Her brain is always foggy, her thoughts always jumbled. She has a chronic sore throat and constant pain. Even her voice changed, weakening into one that sounds frail and sick. She feels like she inherited the body of a 100-year-old, half a century early.
After she got sick in 2009, it took two years of feeling deathly ill for Cooper to find a doctor willing and able to help; several dismissed her outright or had no clue what was wrong with her. That experience isn't uncommon.
ME/CFS is what's historically been known in the medical community as a "contested illness"—in other words, an illness some people think is fake. Patients' lab tests often come back clean despite their debilitating symptoms. And though it often (but not always) follows a viral illness, there's no agreed-upon cause of ME/CFS. As a result, it's easy to dismiss as psychological. It takes a certain amount of medical savvy and determination—which is challenging to muster when you're bedridden—just to get an ME/CFS diagnosis. People of color with symptoms of the condition often have an especially difficult time getting doctors to take them seriously.
Because the condition is so often dismissed, many sufferers reject the name "chronic fatigue syndrome." Likening the illness to fatigue minimizes it, some patients argue. Fatigue is what you feel after a busy day; ME lands you in bed for a week after going to a doctor's appointment. Instead, they refer to the condition only as myalgic encephalomyelitis or ME.
Many coronavirus long-haulers have endured similar mistreatment. In long-hauler support groups, there are countless stories of doctors who were skeptical, rude or unhelpful, if not baldly disbelieving. America's slipshod coronavirus testing system also means many long-haulers can't prove they had COVID-19 at all—a whole new headache when it comes to securing treatment.
But there is, at least, a critical mass of long-haulers getting sick and speaking out all at once, enough to draw attention from scientists, the media and the general public. Enough of these patients tested positive for COVID-19 or its antibodies to make a strong case that coronavirus is turning into ME/CFS.
"You had it. It's documented. No one can doubt that. That makes it credible," says Dr. Anthony Komaroff, a physician at Brigham and Women's Hospital in Boston who has treated ME/CFS patients since the 1980s. "If you add that it may affect, ultimately, millions of people in this country alone, I think it certainly should generate new interest and I hope it will."
For decades, most ME/CFS patients didn't have that kind of group support. It took until 2015 for the Institute of Medicine to publish a substantial report describing the condition and its diagnostic criteria. According to the IOM's definition, someone can be diagnosed with ME/CFS if they experience fatigue extreme enough to impair normal activity for at least six months; develop more severe symptoms after exertion; feel little relief from sleep; and suffer either cognitive changes or difficulty sitting or standing upright.
Up to 2.5 million Americans fit that description—as will many coronavirus survivors as their symptoms approach the six-month mark. "The coronavirus pandemic is very likely over time to create almost a pandemic of ME," says Dr. Ron Tompkins, a surgeon from Massachusetts General Hospital who also researches ME/CFS. Long-haulers who have persistent symptoms related to specific organ damage won't fit that diagnosis, but thousands of people who now have inexplicable symptoms likely will.
The influx of new patients could go a long way toward figuring out why, exactly, a viral illness can last forever. Though there are multiple theories in the ME/CFS research world, Komaroff believes the cause of the condition can be traced back to a part of the brain that kicks on when you're sick—the part that saps your energy and appetite so your body can focus all its energy on clearing an infection. "This center in the brain gets flicked on, but for whatever reason it never gets switched off," Komaroff says. New research efforts spurred by the pandemic could help determine if that's really happening, and why.
"You need a lot of patients to study anything," Komaroff says. "We will have enough patients to study at least that kind of ME/CFS that develops following COVID." Catching people early, relatively speaking, could also help researchers understand why and how a viral illness turns into ME/CFS. Many ME/CFS patients have been sick for years by the time they find a qualified doctor, which makes it hard to work backward and look for biomarkers or inflammatory signals that could offer clues about the disease. In COVID long-haulers, researchers might have a better shot at learning about the condition's origins, says Dr. Avindra Nath, a researcher at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) who studies ME/CFS.
Already, there's a registry called You + ME where long-haulers can volunteer for studies. Researchers from the NIH, the Open Medicine Foundation and other groups are also studying the relationship between long-haul coronavirus and ME/CFS. And in May, Maryland Representative Jamie Raskin introduced a bill that would channel NIH funding toward studies examining the connection between ME/CFS and coronavirus. The bill has yet to clear either the House of Representatives or the Senate.
This burst of activity could have a significant impact, not only for ME/CFS patients but for people with other contested illnesses, like chronic Lyme disease and fibromyalgia. "The big issue diseases always overshadow the smaller ones," says Dr. John Aucott, a chronic Lyme disease expert at Johns Hopkins University. "All the focus of everything is now on COVID"—but with that focus now extended to include long-haul coronavirus, there may be a ripple effect for similar chronic fatigue conditions that historically get little attention. Belief in long-haul coronavirus could translate to belief in other contested illnesses.
But for people who have been in the ME/CFS community for a long time, it's hard to get too optimistic. Seltzer, who now directs scientific and medical outreach for the advocacy group Myalgic Encephalomyelitis Action Network, has seen flurries of interest in ME/CFS before. One came after the National Academy of Medicine's report on the condition in 2015. Over the next five years, little changed. Research moves slowly, especially when there's minimal money attached. Even with new studies underway, treatments may be years off in a best-case scenario.
The medical system also isn't ready for an influx of ME/CFS patients. Already, there aren't enough knowledgeable doctors to treat the country's ME/CFS patients. (Treatment mostly consists of symptom relief, since there's no known cure.) If the number of patients doubles, Komaroff isn't sure what will happen.
Tompkins adds that any progress for ME/CFS patients will hinge on doctors definitively determining that coronavirus can turn into ME/CFS, rather than making post-coronavirus syndrome a separate diagnosis. "It would be a disservice to make post-COVID something special," he says, because ME/CFS patients wouldn't share the benefits. "I don't think there's a nickel of difference between the two," he adds.
Already, Seltzer says, she's seen some long-haulers reject the idea that they're developing ME/CFS. It's hard to understand how a new virus leads to an old condition, for one thing. And with all the stigma attached to ME/CFS, and its long history of doubt and disbelief, Seltzer says some long-haulers don't want it to be their diagnosis. "Who would want to inherit the history of this disease?" she says.
Cooper, the ME/CFS patient from Oregon, finds herself thinking of that history often when she reads about coronavirus long-haulers. She can't help but feel conflicted, in some moments, by all the attention thrown their way when there was none for her. "What happened to me?" she wonders. "Why wasn't I believed?"
There's no way to go back and time and make Cooper's doctors believe her, nor any way to reclaim the last decade of her life. But there is reason to believe the sudden interest in long-haul coronavirus will help provide answers and legitimacy for the millions of people out there with ME/CFS, and the millions more who will develop it in the coming years. And that, Cooper says, makes the bitter pill easier to swallow. "I'm very hopeful that this opens the door to more research," she says, "and [vindication for] all of us who got the flu and had a door closed on our lives."
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Organised by JohorPetroleum Development Corporation Berhad (JPDC), the Industry 4.0 Knowledge Sharing Session took place on 24th July 2017 at Grand Blue Wave Hotel Johor Bahru.
The 3-hour talk aimed to explore how Industry 4.0 impacts the Oil & Gas industry (downstream & related industry). Approximately 60 stakeholders from TVET institutions, Johore government officer, agencies and PIPC (Pengerang Integrated Petroleum Complex) officers attended the event.
It is an honour to be invited by JPDC to collaborate and speak at this event about Virtual Asset Management for the Oil and Gas industry.
To find out more, contact us at sales@mawea.com.my.
Click HERE for event album.


Pwong 2 will challenge your pong skills to the max. Can you handle up to 20 balls at once and rank as the ultimate "Pwong Pwner"? Choose from three different modes all with stunning graphics and high quality music. Upgrade your paddle and earn achievements. Easy to learn, but hard enough to master. Pwn that crazy AI with your mad pong skills!
Published: 9 years and 311 days ago.


We provide Flexible workspace for your business to grow. From an individual worker needing a simple coworking workdesk to enterprises that require custom service offices solution, #US have the flexible solution for you.
Access to exclusive weekly events.
Multiple UnionSPACEs for you to get support and work from.
"I've scaled my organization, hosted successful events, and most importantly met life long friends all within the UnionSPACE ecosystem."


There are three things we at Grandslots pride ourselves in: honesty, integrity and a rich tradition of upliftment in the communities where we operate.
Due to our synergistic partnerships with leading casino operators, lotteries, wagering and electronic gaming machine manufacturers – both locally and abroad – Grandslots rapidly expanded across the Western Cape and today we are the premier operator of limited payout machines and market share leader.
We invite any establishment interested in sharing in our successes and benefiting from this phenomenal growth, to contact us. Who knows, soon you could be rolling in it.
Grandslots is a brand operated by Grand Gaming Western Cape (Pty) Ltd, owned by Sun International.


Why Won't a Recruiter Tell Me Who Their Client Is?
They want to meet with me to discuss the job and won't tell me who their client is.
Categories 15 Minute Job Search Tips, Ask The Big Game Hunter, RecruitersTags Why Won't a Recruiter Tell Me Who Their Client Is?, Working With Recruiters?
1002 They want to meet with me to discuss the job and won't tell me who their client is.
Categories No B. S. Job Search Advice Radio, RecruitersTags employment agencies, Employment agency, headhunter, Headhunters, recruiters, Why Won't a Recruiter Tell Me Who Their Client Is?


You can see how Moos families moved over time by selecting different census years. The Moos family name was found in the USA, the UK, Canada, and Scotland between 1840 and 1920. The most Moos families were found in the USA in 1920. In 1840 there were 4 Moos families living in North Carolina. This was about 80% of all the recorded Moos's in the USA. North Carolina had the highest population of Moos families in 1840.
In 1880, the most common Moos occupation in the USA was Farmer. 23% of Moos's were Farmers. A less common occupation for the Moos family was Saloon Keeper. Farmer, Farming and Keeping House were the top 3 reported jobs worked by Moos.
There are 642 immigration records available for the last name Moos. Passenger lists are your ticket to knowing when your ancestors arrived in the USA, and how they made the journey - from the ship name to ports of arrival and departure.


text:
Tandem Skydiving Rockstars!
Meet Your Freefall Coaches
The best job on the planet!
Our instruction team at Orange Free Fall Center holds itself to the highest of standards and takes pride in flying on our instruction team. We select our instructors for their experience, amazing in-air skills and customer service they provide. Our instructors love to relive their first jump over and over again through each customer's first time skydiving experience, and there is nothing like watching someone embrace flight!
Our skydiving rigs and parachutes are all new and top of the line. They are designed and built by the world leading parachute equipment manufacturer, United Parachute Technologies. Our riggers who maintain the equipment are certified both by the USPA and also hold direct certifications for the equipment they maintain.
Once you have tasted flight, you will forever walk the earth with your eyes turned skyward, for there you have been, and there you will always long to return."
― Leonardo da Vinci
Mike Bohn
Founder of Orange Skies Free Fall Center
Mike is a fifth generation Coloradan. He grew up in Green Mountain. He spent most of his childhood running round the hills and fields just east of Dinosaur Ridge and Bandimere Speedway. Even at a young age Mike was passionate about teaching others in one way or another, he coached both his little brothers baseball teams and also loved to assist the instructors at his karate school teaching the newer students. At the age of 19, Mike followed in the footsteps of his grandfathers and joined the United States Marine Corps. His assignment after bootcamp was to become an aircraft mechanic specializing in fighter jets. He was assigned to the VMFA-212 Lancers in Iwakuni, Japan. Mike had the honor of serving his country in both Operation Enduring freedom and Operation Southern Watch during the conflict following 9/11.
Mikes first skydive came during deployment to Guam in 2003. Over 100 marines had signed up for to skydive, but only Mike and his bunkmate showed up for the ride. To say the least… Mike's life was forever changed when he stepped out of that airplane door. When he landed the instructors asked him if he would be willing to do one more jump? His reply was, "Thousands!" Mike returned from Japan in 2004, and immediately went to a skydiving school and began his journey that would lead to a career in the sky…
Currently Mike is representing the U.S. Parachute team as the captain of Team FLO, the four time national free fly champions. Mike has worked tirelessly for the last five years designing and developing his dream of opening a dropzone, so he can share his passion with others. Mike is committed to being a positive and supportive community member in Ft Collins and the Northern Colorado region. When you come out to make your skydive you will surely see Mike around the DZ. Shake his hand and share your story of flight with him. But be careful, you may find yourself wearing a goofy suit and smiling ear to ear, whilst in free fall holding his hand, if you do. Orange Skies!!!
Leland Procell
Growing up in Larkspur, Leland is a Colorado native. Playing football and competing in track and field in high school and college, Leland found a passion for competition and the art of learning new and focused skillsets. This passion for progression turned toward skydiving in 2008 when Leland went for his first skydive with his close friends and family. Since his father has been jumping since 1977, Leland was familiar with the sport but had no idea the effect that first skydive would have on his life.
After a slow few years of skydiving while he was finishing a degree in exercise and physiology out of Nebraska as well as moving for an information technology job, Leland decided it was time to come back home to Colorado and push his passion for skydiving and competition to the next level. Shortly thereafter, striving to learn and grow as much as possible, he got his skydiving instructional rating and pushed to build a body flight coaching business so that he could share what he knew with the community.
In 2014, Leland went to his first national skydiving competition and has not missed an USPA nationals since. Leland is currently a member of the U.S. Parachute team as part of Team FLO, an artistic skydiving team. At this dropzone, Leland now has a new opportunity to grow and learn from the skydiving community in northern Colorado. Behind the desk, in the plane, or in the air, Leland will be looking forward to getting to get to know you at Orange Skies Free Fall Center.
Ray Lallo
As a native of the Adirondack Mountains of Upstate New York and a longtime resident of Colorado, Ray's adventures in skydiving started when his first airplane ride was his first jump: a 1200 foot static line in Ft. Benning, GA in 1981 at the US Army Airborne School. He would spend the next three decades weaving his career with his passion, in the Military, in the Aviation Industry, and in Skydiving.
After "Jump School" he continued his skydiving career in Girdwood, Alaska while being stationed at the Airborne Infantry Unit in Anchorage, Alaska. In 1983 he joined the US Army Special Forces and after graduating Special Forces he was assigned to a Military Free Fall (HALO/HAHO) Team for 18 years. He continued to pursue his civilian skydiving and flying career during his 21 year Military Service. His favorite Jump was a 32,000 foot High Altitude/High Opening (HAHO) over the countryside of Germany.
In a 20 plus year career with NetJets Aviation and other flying, he has accumulated over 11,000 flight hours in various Jet and Turbo-Prop aircraft. He currently serves as an Instructor Pilot with NetJets Aviation. During his Aviation career he was part of an Airshow Team based out of Denver, Colorado where he flew a DHC6-300 and various Military aircraft, including an OV1-D Mohawk. He also served as a Check Airman in the DHC6-300 and Instructor/Training Captain in various Jet aircraft with NetJets Aviation. He also held the Assistant Chief Pilot position at NetJets.
As a member of USPA for 30 years, Ray has accumulated over 14,000 jumps and has earned many awards, wings and ratings. Over the years, he has competed on a 4 and 8 way FS team, on a CRW team and in the "Big Way" circuit, but the most enjoyment he gets is as an Examiner certifying new AFF Instructors, Tandem Instructors and Coaches. As time permits he organizes "big ways" at boogies across the country.
Don't Be Shy. Get In Touch.
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