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Tag: Cervantes
The 1571 Meetings of Miguel Cervantes and Don Juan of Austria: Louis de Wohl's 1956 Historical Novel, The Last Crusader
Dr. Robert Hickson 15 March 2020 Saint Clement Maria Hofbauer (1820)
Saint Longinus (1st century A.D)
"[Admiral of the Papal fleet] Marc Antonio Colonna, Duke of Pagliana, was a handsome man of no more than thirty-five….The sight from the [conquered] Sultana's poop deck was never to be forgotten. Colonna had a few light guns trained on the [Turkish] galleys and brigantines still hovering near, and the two nearest surrendered without a shot, the first Turkish warships ever to do so. The flag from holy Mecca in the hands of the Christians and Ali Pasha's head on a Spanish pike seemed to be more than they could bear.
Colonna started firing at the others [of the Turkish navy]. His ship, too, showed a good deal of damage.
Juan [overall Christian commander Don Juan of Austria himself] thought of the young man [also 24 years of age] on board there [with Colonna], what was his name? Cervas or Cervantes. Good luck, señor poet, he thought." (Louis de Wohl, The Last Crusader (1956, 2010), pages 431 and 473)—my emphasis added
"Hope only becomes virtue as theological hope, however, meaning a hope moving toward salvation, which does not exist in the natural world.
Even so, Christian hope does not fail to keep our historical created world in sight as well. One can read this, too, from the character of the Christian martyr. The Christian martyr is something truly incomparable. It is not enough to look at him as a man who dies for his conviction – as if the truth of this conviction did not matter. The distinction and the uniqueness of the Christian witness lies in the fact that in spite of the terror befalling him, from his mouth 'no word against God's creation is heard' (E. Peterson).
In the martyr's hope three elements are joined together. The one thing truly hoped for is eternal life and not happiness found in the world. This is the first element. The second is the active 'yes' to the created world in all its realms. The third element is the acceptance of a catastrophic end to the world of history.
The connection of these three elements is, logically, filled with dynamic tension; it is not easy to hold these tensions together and endure them." (Josef Pieper, Josef Pieper: An Anthology (San Francisco: Ignatius Press, 1989), p. 26—my emphasis added. This excerpt is from an essay that was originally published in 1963 in Tradition als Herausforderung [Tradition as Challenge] (Munich 1963).
Earlier this year, after I had discussed and slowly read aloud to my wife and two young children around our glowing kitchen hearth Cervantes' Don Quixote in its entirety, they unexpectedly requested that I then also read to them The Last Crusader: A Novel about Don Juan of Austria by Louis de Wohl.1 Approximately fifty pages before the end of that almost 500-page book, we had a good surprise. It is this nuanced and touching surprise that I wish now to share with the reader, for it shows us how the future author of Don Quixote (1605 and 1615) met, warmed, and even charmed the heart of Don Juan of Austria himself in 1571—just before and then again the day after the 7 October naval battle of Lepanto in which the courageous Miguel Cervantes was gravely wounded in action.
Cervantes is shown to have been a volunteer soldier under the immediate command of Admiral Colonna, "the papal admiral" (442).
We shall introduce the meetings of Cervantes and Don Juan by first discussing the then-recent 5 August 1571 surrender of Famagusta on the strategic island of Cyprus and the cruel aftermath of that defeat, especially the deliberate and protracted Turkish tortures of Marc Antonio Bragadino, the military governor of Famagusta.
As Captain Barola now reports the grim early August 1571 situation to Don Juan and Admiral Veniero (the close friend of Bragadino), we shudderingly hear (but only in part):
"As soon as the town surrendered Mustapha [the conquering Ottoman Turk General] broke his word. All Christian captives were chained to the galleys—those over age were killed. Bragadino was tortured for twelve days…"
"Santa Madonna," Veniero said. He was as white as the chalked wall of the desecrated church….
"Mustapha told him [Bragadino] that the cathedral would be transformed into a mosque. He told him how he was going to die. He would have him flayed alive. Then he screamed at him: 'Where is your Christ? Why doesn't he free you, if he's so powerful?' They began to flay him then and there, and they started at his feet. He began to pray the Miserere [Psalm 51—a lamentation and prayer for mercy]. That was his whole answer…."
"He died a martyr," Juan said. He crossed himself, and the others followed his example. "I command that this story be told to every man in the fleet. I take it that you are certain about your facts, Captain Barola?"
"Quite certain, Your Excellency, I am sorry to say."
As soon as Juan was back on board [of his flagship] again, he made sure that his last order was obeyed. Within a few hours every man in the fleet knew about the fate of Famagusta [the consequence of its surrender on 5 August 1571] and of Marc Antonio Bragadino….
Juan conferred with Colonna. Veniero had excused himself and the commander in chief respected his grief." (441-442—my emphasis added)
Shortly after this extended and provocative presentation, Admiral Colonna said to Don Juan, his 24-year-old superior, as follows:
"You seem to be very sure that we shall get hold of the Turk, Your Excellency."
"I am very sure. Wherever they are, I am going to look for them until I find them."
Colonna led his commander in chief through the ship. Juan found the discipline on board faultless, equal, if not superior to that of the Spanish ships. He particularly liked the admiral's bodyguard, twenty-five men of the Pope's [Pius V's] own Swiss Guards under their young commander, a giant of a man, Hans Noelle by name.
"The sword of Peter," Juan said, smiling. "Mind you Messer Noelle, this time it will have to cut off more than just an ear."
Noelle grinned cheerfully and said something in a Italian so grimly Swiss that Colonna had to translate it to Juan. 'He says he wants a Turkish flag to send home to Switzerland….'
"Well, I hope he'll get his flag. Who is that man there?" (443—my emphasis added)
Now we shall come to encounter and more fully to appreciate the future author of Don Quixote:
A tall, thin soldier was standing in the gangway and somebody was trying to drag him away by his coat. He resisted stoutly and at the same time saluted; his eyes fixed on the two great commanders [both Juan of Austria and Admiral Colonna]. (443—my emphasis added)
There appears now to have occurred an unexpected commotion and Admiral Colonna promptly responds in the presence of his own superior:
"What's going on here?" Colonna barked.
The [unnamed] man behind the [dragged and resisting] soldier emerged, saluting sheepishly. "Physician's mate, sir. This young gentleman is ill with fever, and ought to be in bed, sir."
"It isn't much of a fever, Your Grace," the soldier said eagerly. "And I just heard what happened at Famagusta. I beg Your Grace's pardon for intruding like this—I would like to ask a favor of Your Grace."
"What's your name?" Colonna asked, frowning.
"Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra, at Your Grace's service.
"A Spaniard," Juan said. "Where from?"
"I was born in Alcalá, Your Excellency."
"I know it well. Where in Alcalá?"
"Our house was just next to the kitchen garden of the Capuchin monastery, Your Excellency. I was christened in Santa Maria Mayor. We went to Sevilla and then to Madrid."
"You are a volunteer, I take it?" (444—my emphasis added)
Miguel Cervantes' immediate reply to Don Juan's previous question robustly articulates a wise and memorable vision and motivation, especially for a man of just twenty-four years of age:
"Yes [I am a volunteer], Your Excellency. That is to say, I am the kind of madman [like a certain Don Quixote?] who still believes that nobility of heart, courage, and poetry are the three things that matter most, next to the grace of God."
"You are a poet, then?" Juan said with that grave charm that won the heart of every man. (444—my emphasis added)
Don Juan's question and manner drew forth a larger presentation of the Spaniard's life and abiding ethos:
"Yes [I am a poet], Your Excellency. I went to Rome in the [clerical diplomatic] retinue of the Most Reverent Guilio Acquaviva de Aragon. But what is life at the most magnificent court when the bugle calls for battle against the infidel? Poetry can remain poetry only so long as it is paired with courage and nobility of heart."
"I wish all Spaniards thought as you do," said Juan.
Miguel de Cervantes smiled deprecatingly. "There is need for the other type as well," he said. "Has it ever occurred to Your Excellency that there are two types of Spaniards and two only?"
[At this subordinate's perk and spunkiness] Colonna cleared his throat [once again!] impatiently, but Juan was not to be deflected. "Two types only? What are they señor poet?" (444-445—my emphasis added)
Will our poet also still now make room for a Sancho Panza? Let us now consider the implicit possibility of such a pair and companionship!
"The first," Cervantes said, "is slim and dreamy and full of enthusiasm for all things great, sacred, and brilliant. The lady he loves is invariably the most beautiful in the world, and if she is not a queen she should be. He thinks the world is the field God gave him in which to perform shining deeds in the service of a great cause and so he is a hero and a fool, a poet and a knight."
"Like you," Juan smiled. (445—my emphasis added)
After his "expression of politely hidden irony in his dark eyes," Cervantes unfolds for Don Juan his own vivid and charming understanding of that second of two enduring types of Spaniard:
"The second type," he said, "is intensely practical and knows the value of a maravedí, a real and a ducat, A woman to him is a very useful creature, and if she is pretty too, so much the better. He thinks the world is a field in which he must find a small place where he can live with a minimum of discomfort. You only have to look at a Spaniard and you will always know to which of the two types he belongs."
Once more Colonna cleared his throat.
"Thank you, señor poet," Juan said, "I will certainly think about your theory. But what about the favor you were going to ask?" (445—my emphasis added)
And here is the favor Miguel Cervantes requests from the commander and chief:
"It is, Your Excellency, that I may be freed from the well-meaning but clumsy services of the physician's mate and permitted to command a dozen soldiers in battle—preferably at bows [at the prow, or forecastle]."
"He'll be killed there, most likely," Colonna said.
"But, if he isn't, he will reach Parnassus," Juan said, and Cervantes' eyes lit up. "Let him have his twelve men, Your Grace [i.e., Colonna], as a favor to me."
"Very well, Your Excellency. You'd better go back to bed, messer poet, and come out only when it's time to fight." (445—my emphasis added)
A short time later—now after the decisive and won naval battle—and when Juan was festively about to sail along and salute the line of his assembled victorious fleet, "Colonna accompanied the commander in chief to the gangway." (494) But then something unexpected was again to transpire:
A tall thin soldier appeared on it [the gangway], his left armed bandaged and in a sling. Somebody, a physician's mate, was trying to drag him away by the coat, but he resisted stoutly and at the same time saluted, his eyes fixed on Don Juan.
"Señor poet," Juan exclaimed, smiling. "Leave him alone, you there! I am glad to see you still alive, although it looks as if you've been fighting as you said you would."
"He did, Your Excellency," Colonna affirmed. "And very bravely."
"I lost the movement of my left hand for the glory of the right," said Miguel de Cervantes. "And I want to thank you, Your Excellency. Yesterday [Sunday, 7 October 1571] was the most beautiful day of the century."
So he knows, too, that there will not be another, Juan thought. "I thought of you once," he said, "during the battle."
Deeply moved, Cervantes said, "With or without a crown—you, sir, are a true king."….
A true king, Cervantes thought. A magnificent young king. A crusader. Perhaps…the last crusader. (495—my emphasis added)
In the last few lines of his book (on page 495), Louis de Wohl considered the likelihood of a later tragedy, perhaps also to occur in Don Juan of Austria's own young life, but also more broadly:
But those who were shouting "Hosanna" today might well be shouting "Crucify" tomorrow. Yesterday's conquerer was today's victim and tomorrow's fool….Glorious fool! Glorious folly! Was there not someone who had spoken even of the Folly of the Cross. Saint Paul, of course. To whatever height a poet [has] soared, always a saint had been there before. (495—my emphasis added)
And the saints—especially the blood martyrs—knew the importance, and lived out the reality, of the virtue of hope, the hope of the Christian martyrs. A gift of grace, a theological virtue.
Miguel Cervantes knew well and later depicted the sorrows and tragedies of life, and he also cherished a virtuous hope: the hope of eternal life. May his companion, Don Juan of Austria, also have come to that sensitive awareness and virtuous conduct by the end of his short, but heroic life.
© 2020 Robert D. Hickson
1Louis de Wohl, The Last Crusader: A Novel about Don Juan of Austria (San Francisco: Ignatius Press, 2010—first published in 1956). All further references to this 495-page book will be to the paginations of the 2010 edition; and they will be placed above in parentheses in the main body of this essay. This essay will especially counterpoint the brief and graciously subtle relationship between Miguel Cervantes as a combatant volunteer soldier, and Don Juan of Austria as the Commanding General of the Fleet—both of whom are 24 years of age.
hicksonfamily	Catholic Church, Literature, War	Leave a comment March 17, 2020 March 27, 2020 10 Minutes
Maurice Baring's "Xantippe and Socrates" (1925) with Miguel Cervantes' Teresa and Sancho Panza in Don Quixote (1615): Shedding Comic Light on Married Couples
Dr. Robert Hickson 14 January 2020
Saint Hilary of Poitiers (d. 368)
"Turgenev," said [the Russian teacher] Yakovlev [when addressing Christopher Trevenen, himself the restless protagonist], says that man is either a Hamlet or a Don Quixote. You are a Don Quixote, only you have none of the Spaniard's kindness and humility. If you are a Don Quixote you should be chivalrous."
"Don Quixote, fortunately for him, was mad."
"He was very sane too."
"You mean that I am neither mad nor sane?"
"Neither mad nor sane enough."
"I will try and improve," said Christopher, and he laughed.
(Maurice Baring, The Coat Without Seam (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1929), page 225—italics in the original; my bold emphasis added)
"I declare," cried Sancho, "you [wife Teresa Panza] must have some devil in that body of yours. God bless us, woman, what a power of things you have strung together, one after the other, without head or tail!….Listen, dolt and nincompoop (I'm right to call you this, seeing that you don't grip my meaning and you go tearing away from good fortune)….why won't you agree and fall in with what I wish?"
"Do you know why, husband?" answered Teresa…."All give the poor man a hasty glance, but they keep their eyes glued on the rich man, and if the rich man was once poor, then you will hear the sneering and the gossiping and the continued spite of the backbiters in the streets, swarming as thick as bees."
"Look here, Teresa," said Sancho, "and pay heed to what I'm going to tell you, for maybe you never heard it all your life. And remember that I'm not airing my own opinion, but those of the reverend father who preached it in this village last Lent and who said, if I remember correctly…." (The remarks of Sancho are another reason for the translator's former statement that this chapter [chapter five of Part II] is apocryphal, for they are beyond the mental capacity of our honest Sancho.) "Hence it happens, ….rest assured, Teresa, that no one will remember what he was [namely, such a poor man now up from "his low estate"], and all will respect him [as a rich man now] for what he is—that is to say, all except the envious [persons], from whom no prosperous fortune is safe."
"I can't make head or tail of you, husband," answered Teresa. "Do what you will, and don't break my head with your orating and speechifying. And if you have revolved [sic] to do what you say–"
"Resolved you should say, woman," said Sancho, "not revolved."
"Don't start argufying with me, husband, " said Teresa. "I speak as God pleases, and I'm content to call a spade a spade…."
"Then we both agree that our daughter [Sancha, or Marisancha or just Marica and Sanchica, as affectionate variants (559, 563)] is to be a countess," said Sancho.
"The day I see her [our daughter] as a countess," replied Teresa, "I'll feel that I'm burying her; but once again I say, do as you please, for such is the burden we women receive at birth, to be obedient to our husbands no matter how doltish they may be."
And with this she [Teresa] began to weep in real earnest as though she already saw Sanchica dead and buried. Sancho consoled her by saying that since he [as Governor] would have to make her a countess, he would postpone doing it as long as he could. So ended their conversation, and Sancho went back to see Don Quixote and make arrangements for their departure [on their third sally and joint adventure!]." (Miguel Cervantes, Don Quixote of La Mancha—Walter Starkie translation (New York: A Signet Classic—New American Library, 1957 and 1964), pages 561-563—Part II, Chapter V—my bold emphasis added; italics in the original)
Some time ago now, but I can now reliably remember where I first saw it, Maurice Baring, the graciously cultured author and close friend of Hilaire Belloc and G. K. Chesterton, had one of his educated Russian characters say—it is to be found in Baring's profound novel The Coat Without Seam (1929)—that a man has a basic disposition toward one of two types: either toward a brooding and vacillating Hamlet or toward a spontaneous and generous and very forgiving Don Quixote.
While recently reading Don Quixote aloud to my wife and our two young and eager children—especially some comic parts about Sancho Panza and his wife Teresa Panza "orating" and "argufying" together—I thought especially of one of Maurice Baring's own subtly nuanced 1925 Diminutive Dramas, entitled "Xantippe and Socrates."1 Thus, I thought to present both of these short literary attainments as an enhancement for our own still desirably larger spirit of comic festivity. To counterpoint the artful Miguel Cervantes and the artful Maurice Baring might still give us sparkling delight as well as some wise instruction. (From the first and extended Epigraph above, we may already savor Cervantes' comic tones and characters, and promised adventurous substance.)
Maurice Baring himself was "a Don Quixote" who, as is fitting, was also "chivalrous" as well as a man of recurrent and manifest "kindness and humility." He knew many languages and literatures—to include Greek and Latin and Russian—and he could deftly convey poignancy and elegiac tones of language and wounded life in his poetry and in his varied prose, as we shall soon see in his dramatic presentation of "Xantippe and Socrates" in which Socrates himself speaks very few words, while Xantippe shows, though often somewhat shrewish, how just lonely and uncertain she is. (Moreover, in this conversation, there is no mention of their children in Baring's domestic piece and parody, though scholars speak of their two or three children who helped Xantippe after the death of Socrates, when he took his own life instead of going into a severe exile.)
Although Baring's "diminutive drama" presents to a reader the few scenes and settings that could—and should—be acted out on stage, even by a resourceful wedded couple, we shall now try to accent the sequence and the actual words of Xantippe herself in her swift and voluble vividness. For example, after setting the scene and entrance of Socrates into a room in his home, here is how the play commences:
(Xantippe—henceforth, for convenience, presented as "X"). You're twenty minutes late.
(Socrates—henceforth presented as "S"). I'm sorry, I was kept–
X. Wasting your time as usual, I suppose, and bothering people with questions who have got something better to do than to listen to you. You can't think what a mistake you make by going on like that. You can't think how much people dislike it. If people enjoyed it, or admired it, I could understand the waste of time—but they don't. It only makes them angry. Everybody's saying so.
S. Who's everybody?
X. There you are with your questions again. Please don't try to catch me out with those kind of tricks. I'm not a philosopher. I'm not a sophist. I know I'm not clever—I'm only a woman. But I do know the difference between right and wrong and black and white, and I don't think it's very kind of you, or very generous either, to be always pointing out my ignorance, and perpetually making me the butt of your sarcasm.
S. But I never said a word.
X. Oh, please, don't try to wiggle out of it. We all know you're very good at that. I do hate that shuffling so. It's so cowardly. I do like a man one can trust—and depend on—who when he says Yes means Yes, and when he says No means No.
S. I'm sorry I spoke.
X. I suppose that's what's called irony. (177-178)
Before we resume this exchange between husband and wife, it will be good to learn of Baring's description of the Scene and its implicit atmosphere for their conversation:
A room in Socrates' house. Xantippe is seated at a table, on which an unappetising meal, consisting of figs, parsley, and some hashed goat's meat, is spread. (177)
After Xantippe says "I suppose that's what's called irony," she resumes her diatribe:
I've no doubt it's very clever, but I'm afraid it's wasted on me. I should keep those remarks for the market-place and gymnasia and the workshops. I've no doubt they'd be highly appreciated there by that clique of young men who do nothing but admire each other. I'm afraid I'm old-fashioned. I was brought up to think a man should treat his wife with decent civility, and try, even if he did think her stupid, not to be always showing it.
S. Have I by a word or hint ever suggested that you were stupid?
X. Oh, of course not—never. However, we won't discuss that. We will change the subject, if you don't mind.
S. But really–
X. (ignoring the interruption) Please give me your plate. I will help you to the goat.
S. None for me, thank you, today.
X. Why not? I suppose it's not good. I'm afraid I can't provide the food you get at your grand friends' houses, but I do think it's rather cruel of you to sneer at my poor humble efforts. (178)
Then begins a long exchange about food, to include figs, but not meat! "I suppose that's a new fad, not to eat meat," Xantippe says promptly (179), and then she adds:
I assure you people talk quite enough about you as it is without your making yourself more peculiar. Only yesterday Chrysilla was talking about your clothes. She asked if you made them dirty on purpose. She said the spots on the back couldn't have got there by accident. Every one notices it—every one says the same thing. Of course, they think it is my fault. No doubt it's very amusing for people who don't mind attracting attention and who like being notorious; but it is rather hard on me. And when I hear people saying "Poor Socrates! It is such a shame that his wife looks after him so badly and doesn't even mend his sandals"—I admit I do feel rather hurt. However, that would never enter into your head. A philosopher hasn't the time to think of other people. I suppose unselfishness doesn't form part of a sophist's training, does it?
[SOCRATES says nothing, but eats first one fig and then another.]
X. I think you might at least answer when you're spoken to. I am far from expecting you to treat me with consideration or respect; but I do expect ordinary civility.
[SOCRATES goes on eating figs in silence.]
X. Oh, you're going to sulk. First you browbeat, then you're satirical. Then you sneer at the food, and then you sulk. (179—my bold emphasis added; italics in the original)
For the next two pages—180-181—there again the wife and husband have a lively exchange about food. The entire two pages, I believe, ought also be closely read to appreciate the nuanced modulations of tones, as well as its being a preparation for a more serious matter: Socrates' punitive condemnation by some of the powerful Athenian oligarchs.
At the end of their exchanges about nourishing food and special garlic and roasted goat, Xantippe says: "Then it's quite ridiculous your not eating. Let me give you some goat at once." (182)
Socrates then replies and has another surprise: "I couldn't really. Besides I must go in a minute."
X. There! I knew it! You're going out to dinner.
S. You are mistaken, Xantippe.
X. You'd far better tell me the truth at once. I'm quite certain to find it out sooner or later. You can't think how foolish it is to tell lies and then to be found out afterwards. You can't think how much a woman despises a man for that—you couldn't do anything more foolish.
S. I promise you by all the gods that I'm not going to dine elsewhere.
X. I suppose you don't expect me to fall into that trap! Swearing by all the gods, when every one in Athens knows you are a professional atheist—when you do nothing but mock the gods from morning till night—and what's far worse, make other people mock them too; when I scarcely like to have a slave in the house because of your impiety—and your blasphemy.
S. I really think you are rather unfair, Xantippe. You will be sorry for this some day. (180—my emphasis added)
As we realize more and more how little Xantippe understood her husband's principles and eccentricities, we are allowed to see their effectively farewell conversation, which Maurice Baring conveys to us poignantly, drop by drop—except, perhaps, for Xantippe's trifling and bathetic final sentence about food:
X. Then may I ask where you are going?
S. I've got an important engagement.
X. And with whom?
S. I would rather not say, for your sake.
X. That's very clever and ingenious to put it on me. But I'm tired of being bullied. Even a worm will turn, and I demand to be treated just for once like a human being, and with the minimum of courtesy and frankness. I don't ask for your confidence, I know that would be useless. But I do ask to be treated with a grain of straightforwardness and honesty. I insist upon it. I have borne your sneers, your sarcasm, and your sulkiness, your irritability, your withering silence, quite long enough. I will not put up with it any longer.
Socrates. Very well, Since you will have it, I have been impeached by Lycon, Meletus, and Anytus on some ridiculous charge, the result of which, however, may be extremely serious–in fact it may be a matter of life or death—and I am obliged to appear before them at once.
Xantippe. Oh dear, oh dear! I always said so, I knew it would come to this! [THEN also cometh her final trifling and bathos:] That is what comes of not eating meat like a decent citizen!
[XANTIPPE bursts into tears.]
(182-183—my bold emphasis added; italics in the original)
The further comic and elegiac counterpoint of Miguel Cervantes and Maurice Baring will indeed teach us many nourishing things of wisdom, by way of their differentiated artfulness and tones of irony.
1Maurice Baring, Diminutive Dramas ( London: William Heinemann LTD., 1925). "Xantippe and Socrates," the last chapter of the book, is to be found on pages 177-183 (Chapter XXIII). All future references to this text will be to the William Heinemann edition and they will be placed in parentheses in the main body of this short essay above.
hicksonfamily	Literature, Marriage	1 Comment January 16, 2020 January 20, 2020 10 Minutes
An Understanding of Don Quixote and His Loyal Companion Sancho the Winetaster
Dr. Robert Hickson 6 November 2019
Pope Saint Martin I (d. 654)
"One has to accept sorrow for it to be of any healing power, and that is the most difficult thing in the world….A priest once said to me, 'When you understand what accepted sorrow means, you will understand everything. It is the secret of life.'" (Maurice Baring, Darby and Joan (London: William Heinemann LTD, 1935), page 178—italic in the original)
"What then is this Sloth which can merit the extremity of divine punishment? Saint Thomas' answer is both comforting and surprising: tristitia de bono spirituali, sadness in the face of spiritual good. Man is made for joy in the love of God, a love which he expresses in service. If he deliberately turns away from that joy, he is denying the purpose of his existence. The malice of Sloth lies not merely in the neglect of duty (though that can be a symptom of it) but in the refusal of joy. It is allied to despair." (Evelyn Waugh, "Sloth," in The Essays, Articles and Reviews of Evelyn Waugh (Edited by Donat Gallagher) (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1983), page 573—my bold emphasis added; italics in the original)
"I grant you [that form of praise]," replied Sancho…. But tell me, sir, in the name of what you love most, is this the wine of Ciudad Real [its famous Valdepeñas wine]?"
"What a winetaster you are! [said the candid other Squire.] It comes from nowhere else [i.e., from "the chief city of La Mancha and center of a winegrowing district"], and it's a few years old, at that!"
"Leave it to me," said Sancho, "and never fear, I'll show you how much I know about it. Would you believe me, Sir Squire, I have such a great natural instinct in the matter of wines that I have but to smell a vintage and I will tell you the country where it was grown, from what kind of grapes, what it tastes like, and how good it is, and everything that has to do with it. There is nothing unusual about this, however, seeing that on my father's side were two of the best winetasters La Mancha has known in many a year, in proof of which, listen to the story of what happened to them…And so your Grace may see for yourself whether on not one who comes of that kind of stock has a right to give his opinion in such cases." (Miguel de Cervantes, The Ingenious Gentleman Don Quixote de La Mancha (Translated by Samuel Putnam) (New York: The Modern Library, 1949), pages 589-590—my emphasis added—Book II, Chapter 13). Part I was first published in 1605; Part II was first published in 1615, one year before Cervantes' death.
The profound and appreciative author of The Shadow of Cervantes, D. B. Wyndham Lewis,1 modestly allows us to consider, though merely in passing, two of his own brief passages on Miguel Cervantes and Don Quixote. These two passages taken together, in a sort of clarifying counterpoint, will impart some worthy insights to us that will deepen our understanding of Don Quixote, and of a mature life and wider literature, as well.
For, Cervantes, I believe, always deftly manifested in Don Quixote a generous (often ironic and comic) combination of presenting "the way things are" along with "the way things ought to be," despite the spreading cynicism of the World, despite the discouraging and attendant "tristitia saeculi."
In the first passage for us to reflect upon, Wyndham Lewis says the following:
We may pause a moment to recognize here a theme of major importance to Cervantes and constantly reiterated. Life is treacherous, hard, cruel unpredictable; life is sometimes almost unbearable; life is an unending battle—militia vita hominis, to echo one of the Fathers. But despair, as revealed truth teaches, is a sin against the Holy Ghost, a vile cowardly collapse, the unforgivable thing. Up! Cries the old soldier in a trumpet-voice to the wavering ranks. Quit you like men! No surrender! Fight on! And Miguel de Cervantes, the much-tried, the realist, the dauntless, has plainly better right to rally his fellow-mortals [as he heroically did at the 1571 Battle of Lepanto] than some rosy optimist of the Victorian breed who never took a blow. (100-101—my emphasis added)
The second passage for our further consideration is also, perhaps, a somewhat surprising insight concerning a pervasive "sorrow" and "sadness" in Don Quixote:
Sadness [Dolor (intimate Sorrow); sed nec Tristia Saeculi nec Tristitia de bono spirituali] is the perpetual undersong of Don Quixote, from the day on which the gentle, fearless dreamer first rides out on his bony steed to right the world's wrongs singlehanded to the day on which he returns home to acknowledge his folly, restored to reason and soon to embrace death like a valiant disillusioned Christian man. Even the Spain of Philip III, from which not all the chivalrous graces had fled, had no place for an absurd revenant from a long-distant past, now surviving largely in the imaginations of romancers who might almost—if the thought be not treason—be called the sub-Scotts [cf. Sir Walter Scott as author of the Romantic Historical Novels] of their period. Creating an array of medieval puppets sufficiently decorative, Scott patently knew and cared nothing about authentic mechanism [of the Chivalric Tale]. His camp-followers, not to speak of their public, knew if possible less. The romancers due to become Cervantes' targets, contrariwise knew the mechanism but, as may shortly be perceived, deliberately perverted it. To burlesque their worst [literary] rubbish was therefore not only a brilliant inspiration but a public service. Others than Cervantes were attacking the libros de cabellerías [books of chivalry] from other angles….
It may be too that Cervantes felt…a nostalgia for that lost aroma, pure and lovely and fragrant, the true quintessence of chivalry, to be found in the thirteenth-century masterpieces like La Queste del Sainct Graal [the Quest of the Holy Grail]….Throughout the Queste runs the golden thread of knightly reverence for womanhood in honour of the Immaculata which…was in truth one of the saving graces of a rough and bloody age.
Then were the natural charities exhaled Afresh from out the blessed love of Mary… (120-121—my emphasis added)
When we now savor the later passage of Don Quixote –in Book II, Chapter XIII—we may winsomely see both the loyalty of Sancho Panza to his master as well as his showing himself to another Squire to be, indeed, a very gifted winetaster rooted, on his father's side, in vintage-rich and nourishing family traditions!
It is difficult for me to present only selected passages from Chapter XIII of Part II without also adding a consideration and commentary upon this exceptionally charming Chapter. May my few selections somehow inspire the reader's resolution to read soon and savor the entire chapter (pages 585-590 in the Putnam translation).
Cervantes' introductory note to Chapter XIII says that it is a Chapter "In which is continued the adventure of the Knight of the Wood ["Knight of the Mirrors"], together with the shrewd, highly original, and amicable conversation that took place between the two squires [Sancho Panza being one of them, the other one being the tall and somewhat rather too comfortable "Squire of the Wood"!]." (585)
But let us now allow the loyal Sancho to speak "as they sat there in the dark" (588):
"There is no road so smooth," said Sancho, "that it does not have some hole or rut to make you stumble….But if it is true what they say, that company in trouble brings relief, I may take comfort from your Grace, since you serve a master [a lovelorn master] as foolish as my own."
"Foolish but brave," the one [the Squire] of the Wood corrected him [Sancho], "and more of a rogue than anything else."
"This is not true of my master," replied Sancho. "I can assure you there is nothing of the rogue about him; he is as open and aboveboard as a wine pitcher and would not harm anyone but does good to all. There is no malice in his make-up, and a child could help him believe it was night at midday. For that reason I love him with all my heart and cannot bring myself to leave him, no matter how many foolish things he does."….
Sancho kept clearing his throat from time to time, and his saliva seemed rather viscous and dry; seeing which, the woodland squire said to him, "It looks to me as if we have been talking so much that our tongues are cleaving to our palates, but I have a loosener over there [a large bota of wine!], hanging from the bow of my saddle, and a pretty good one it is." With this, he got up and went over to his horse and came back a moment later with a big flask of wine….
"Would you believe me, Sir Squire, I [said Sancho] have such a great natural instinct in this matter of wines that I have but to smell a vintage and I will tell you the country where it was grown, from what kind of grapes, what it tastes like, and how good it is, and everything that to do with it. There is nothing unusual about this, however, seeing that on my father's side were two of the best winetasters La Mancha has known in many a year, in proof of which, listen to the story of what happened to them." (588-589—my emphasis added)
And this is the tale he told!
"The two were given a sample of wine from a certain vat and asked to state its condition and quality and determine whether it was good or bad. One of them tasted it with the tip of his tongue while the other merely brought it up to his nose. The first man said that it tasted of iron, the second that it smelled of Cordovon leather. The owner insisted that the vat was clean and that there could be nothing in the wine to give it the flavor of leather or iron, but, nevertheless, the two famous winetasters stood their ground. Time went by, and when they came to clean out the vat they found in it a small key attached to a leather strap. And so your Grace may see for yourself whether or not one who comes of that kind of stock has a right to give his opinion in such cases." (589-590—my emphasis added)
And what was the response of the other wine-bibbing Squire to Sancho Panza and his story of such an inherited high standard of taste that has been even biologically transmitted? (A touch of evolutionary "Lysenkoism," perhaps?)
The Squire of the Wood immediately replies and Sancho, by way of anticipation, then gives to him a loyal rejoinder:
"And for that very reason [sic],…I [said the Squire] maintain that we ought to stop going about in search of adventures. Seeing that we have loaves, let us not go looking for cakes, but return to our cottages, for God will find us there if He so wills."
"I mean to stay with my master," Sancho replied, "until he reaches Saragossa [up in the North], but after that we shall come to an understanding [about Illusion and Reality]."
The short of the matter is, the two worthy squires talked so much and drank so much that sleep had to tie their tongues and moderate their thirst [for wine], since to quench the latter was impossible. Clinging to the wine flask [the large bota again!], which was almost empty by now, and with half-chewed morsels of food in their mouths, they both slept peacefully, and we shall leave them there as we go on to relate what took place between the Knight of the Wood and the Knight of the Mournful Countenance [our beloved Don Quixote of La Mancha]." (590—my bold emphasis and italics added)
We have gratefully seen now but an enticing small portion of the sustained resilience of spirit of the inimitable Don Quixote and his loyal companion, Sancho Panza, who is a vivid Raconteur of warmly infectious Loyal Love, and not only for his Knightly Master.
May we also all come to read and to savor slowly (like the balm of good wine—and perhaps again and again) Miguel Cervantes' masterpiece, Don Quixote: his tonic gift to us and coming from a generous man who died in penury. He was also buried as a lay member (like his wife later) of a religious order—as a Third Order Franciscan—enduringly grateful, as well, to the chivalrous and self-sacrificing order of Trinitarians and Mercidarians who together rescued him from a severe, merciless Turkish captivity in Algiers.
1D.B Wyndham Lewis, The Shadow of Cervantes (New York: Sheed & Ward, 1962), 190 pages. Henceforth all references to this excellent and detailed work will be placed in parentheses above in the main body of this essay. Although we shall not be able to present a fuller depiction of Cervantes' Captivity by the Turks (especially in Algiers) and his belatedly successful ransom back to Spain (indispensably helped by the chivalrous, self-sacrificing Trinitarian Order), we earnestly recommend to the reader a thorough savoring of Chapter III of Wyndham Lewis' book..
hicksonfamily	Literature	1 Comment November 14, 2019 9 Minutes
Cervantes at Lepanto and the Aftermath: In Captivity and with Don Quixote
Saint Leonard of Limoges (d. 559)
Saint Leonard of Reresby (d. 13th century)
The Death of Professor Josef Pieper (d. 1997)
"There are times when to open Don Quixote after closing Hamlet is like an escape from a clinic into a bracing gale in the High Pyrenees. Has it been said before? It can be said again." (D.B. Wyndham Lewis, The Shadow of Cervantes (New York: Sheed & Ward, 1962), page 189—my emphasis added)
"Truly will Cervantes say as he lays it [his pen] down at last [in 1616], 'Don Quixote was made for me, and I for him.'….'For me alone was Don Quixote born, and I for him; his to act and mine to record.'" (The Shadow of Cervantes, 174 and 178—my emphasis added)
"It may be too that Cervantes felt, as many must feel on skimming one of these dusty folios [of chivalric romances], a nostalgia for that lost aroma, pure and lovely and fragrant, the true quintessence of chivalry, to be found in a thirteenth-century masterpiece like La Quest del Sainct Graal [The Quest for the Holy Grail]. Malory [i.e., Thomas Malory, the late medieval English knight and author] well conveys its [chivalry's own] exaltation. 'And when he came to the sacring of the Mass and had gone, he called Galahad, and said to him: Come forth, servant of Jesus Christ, and thou shalt see what thou has most desired to see. And then he began to tremble right hard when the deadly flesh (la mortel char [mortal flesh]) began to behold spiritual things….' Throughout the Quest runs the golden thread of knightly reverence for womanhood in honour of the Immaculata which is native to the Grail Cycle, Celtic and French, and was in truth one of the saving graces of a rough and bloody age. 'Then were the natural charities exaled/Afresh from out the blessed love of Mary…,'" (The Shadow of Cervantes, pages 120-121—my emphasis added)
"But Hamlet is a pale sceptic feigning madness, whereas the Don's logic [Don Quixote's logic] is the sanity of the genuinely and gloriously crazy. Amid the metaphysical gymnastics of the learned [like Hamlet] one may easily lose sight of the key to Cervantes' achievement. It is that gentility, in the noble obsolete sense, already remarked on. The old soldier Miguel Cervantes, a man with his normal share of sins and weaknesses, much battered by life, finds the springs of mirth in the clash between the ideal and the actual, and his amusement is mixed with tenderness for all his kind. 'Qui creâsti me, miserere mei!'….The Don is pre-eminently lovable; the most gallant and courteous of crackpots, endearing even in his rages; perpetually thwacked and tumbled in the mud by a gibing [and often cynical] world; perpetually rising again with his dream unimpaired, heart and courage high, a radiance in his poor crazy eyes; an hildalgo at every turn of fortune, a blood-brother to Parsival [one of the Grail Knights, like Galahad], the pure and guileless Fool.
"Life had treated his [Don Quixote's] creator little less roughly. Its [life's] buffets could not impair an inviolable sweetness of nature and an unquenchable valiance of spirit, based on eternal verities, which stamp Miguel Cervantes as being all that has ever been meant by the word 'gentleman'. Nobody could teach him anything about the bitterness of this world. In his seventieth year, just able to pen his very last piece of writing, he takes leave of it as such a man would.—'Farewell, graces; farewell, elegances; farewell, my jovial friends, for now I find myself facing death and desiring to see you soon, happy in the other life.' Thus in his own story as in that of his Don, Cervantes offers a cordial to a fainthearted posterity on the brink of a new Dark Age.
"Untainted by what is known as the Pelagian [Heresy] or British heresy, the dogma of the Fundamentally Decent Fellow in no need of any divine grace, he recognizes a spark of goodness in the worst of us. It has often been observed that of the nearly seven hundred characters in his enormous comedy [Don Quixote] not a single one is wholly bad…." (The Shadow of Cervantes, pages 22-23—my emphasis added)
In his mid-sixties late in his life, Miguel Cervantes—the beloved author of Don Quixote—wrote the following brief and vivid description of himself and his earlier life, especially about his military service and combative presence at the naval battle of Lepanto in 1571— as well as its aftermath, to include his Turkish captivity and ransom. Cervantes wrote his modest self-description in a third-person narrative:
He is commonly called Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra. He was a soldier for many years and a captive for five and a half, an experience that taught him patience in adversity. In the naval battle of Lepanto [7 October 1571] he lost his left hand as the result of a harquebus shot, a wound which, however unsightly it may appear, he looks upon as beautiful, for the reason that it was received on the most memorable and sublime occasion that past ages have known or those to come may hope to know; for he was fighting beneath the victorious banner of the son [Don John of Austria] of that thunderbolt of war, [Emperor] Charles V of blessed memory.1
Cervantes became a soldier at twenty-two years of age, in 1569, two years before Lepanto. He first enlisted in an infantry regiment where a few years later at Lepanto "his conduct in battle won encomiums from his officers, followed by extra pay and the ultimate offer of a commission [as an officer]."2 Moreover:
His motive for enlisting was not (as some troglodytes have surmised) dissatisfaction with Aquaviva's service [with "the young prelate-diplomat Guilio de Aquaviva"(68)]. His patron, now a cardinal, was one of the most agreeable and cultivated of patricians, on the easiest terms with his entourage….We have to look elsewhere for the spring of his impulse to arms. It is not far to seek. He was fired with a chivalrous ardency of which the first volunteers of 1914 [at the outset of World War I] knew something, though in Cervantes's case the motive was a nobler one than patriotism.
In 1570 the fate of all our civilization was at stake. A divided Christendom saw its doom advancing from the East like a thunder-cloud and heard a loud trumpet calling from Rome. The peril was nothing new. (71—my emphasis added)
Wyndham Lewis proceeds to give some apt details concerning these earlier and current perils:
Forty years previously [in 1530 or so] the Emperor Charles V, quoting the late fall of Byzantium [in 1453] and the current perfidy of [King] François I of France, Mahound's ally, had predicted that without Almighty God's intervention the Turk would before long be master of Europe. By the autumn of 1569 the process was seen to be actually taking shape. Sultan Selim II was now ready to take Cyprus from the Venetians as a preliminary to more far-reaching operations. Though a sot steeped in monstrous vices, the son of Suleiman the Magnificent was advantaged by inherited Oriental skill in exploiting the divisions of the Christian world, by vast resources, first-class armaments, and very capable commanders. (71—my emphasis added)
(Who, after reading this paragraph, does not also think of the strategic and moral situation today? Even the political divisions and the perfidy?! And not only in Europe.)
We shall now more closely follow and selectively quote Wyndham Lewis' own compact and eloquent presentation of the history: especially the envious and fearful political factions and their resentfully stubborn divisions. We may thereby better follow the 7 October Lepanto battle itself and its discouraging aftermath:
Charles IX of France and Catherine de' Medici, embroiled with [Admiral] Coligny and his Huguenots [Calvinists], were disinclined in any case to fall foul of the Turk. At Vienna Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor, a genial nonentity, was sulking over the recent title of Grand Duke conferred by the Holy See on Cosimo of Florence, the first to suggest a league against Islam, and took no action. Elizabeth Tudor, recently excommunicated, was hardly likely to respond to any papal call; in fact her record as a businesswoman moved Selim' Grand Vizier to assure the Emperor's ambassador laughingly that after the first Turkish victory she and the English nobility would turn Mahometan overnight. Young Sebastian I of Portugal would have been eager to respond, but a severe recent plague-epidemic had put out of action his army, his galleys, and his munition factories alike. As for the Venetians, who had a reputation for neutrality [sic] in previous clashes with the Turk, they were in a chaotic state of alarm and shifting policy. At the Vatican conference on July 1, 1570, attended by representatives of the Holy See, Spain, and Venice, there was considerable wrangling over expenses as well. (72—my emphasis added)
Despite all of these varied, and often paralyzing, disputations, an unlikely but good surprise was to come from a gifted man of 23, which was also then the closely proximate age of young soldier Cervantes himself:
Laughing in the sun, Mustafa Pasha took Cyprus in September of that year [September 1570], except for the [Venetian Christian] garrison of Famagusta, which held out gallantly and might have been relieved under Colonna, but for the quarrels of the Venetians and the Genoese under his command. At the last moment a leader emerged: a man, as Pius V quoted thankfully later from the Gospel, sent by God, whose name was John [Juan]; twenty-three-years-old John of Austria, natural son of the Emperor Charles V by Barbara Blomberg, a soldier with a fearlessness matching his looks and his brains. Under his command as generalissimo of the forces of the Holy League some two hundred galleys and caravels sailed from Messina [in northeastern Sicily] to meet the Turk on September 15 and 16 [1571]. Among the troops aboard the Marquesa galley in Giovanni Andrea Doria's squadron was Miguel de Cervantes. Don John engaged the Turk, coming from Cyprus and Crete, at Lepanto, in the gulf of Patras, 150 miles north-east of Athens, and after a day's fierce battle [on 7 October] sent him reeling to the ropes [but not knocked out]. (72-73—my emphasis added)
We now hear about the moral and spiritual preparations for the momentous naval battle:
As befitted men sworn to save Christendom or perish, the entire army and fleet from Don John down to the smallest cabin-boy went to Confession and received the Blessed Sacrament at Messina before sailing, fortified likewise by a special indulgence dispensed by a papal legate and equal to that granted for the Crusades. (73—my emphasis added)
At the end of the day of 7 October 1571, "Uluch Ali turned with what survived of the Turkish fleet and fled" (74) and
Away in Rome that same evening St Pius V turned from the open window of his study to praise God for the great victory just won a thousand miles away…commemorated in the Roman Calendar thence-forward by Rosary Sunday….The great ode of Fernando de Herrera called Song of Praise to the Divine Majesty for the Victory of Señor Don Juan [John] is at once a silver fanfare and a humble breast-beating…."Blessed be Your clemency, Lord, for that [because] despite suffering our injuries, despite our punishable crime, You have broken the ruthless yoke of the enemy's ancient pride."….
On that day, away on the extreme left wing in the Marquesa galley under the immediate command of Francisco de San Petro, Miguel de Cervantes acquitted himself, as his officers testified, most valorously before being put out of action. When the Christian fleet sighted the Turk he was half prostrate with fever and ordered below. Appearing on deck as battle was joined, vowing that he would rather die in action for God than skulk under cover, and begging for a post of danger, he was given command of twelve men in a longboat from the San Petro galley and sent to an exposed position. Here, later in the day, he was knocked out in heavy fighting by three gunshot wounds; two in the chest, one in the left hand. On Don John's triumphal return to Messina amid the banging of cannon and the pealing of bells Cervantes went into the hospital with the other wounded. Three months later he was still under the surgeon….How any soldier of the period survived even an ordinary bullet-wound is at times a matter for wonderment. (74-75—my emphasis added)
Soon after this admirable description of a "tough age" (74), Wyndham Lewis speaks to us of the combat-presence there of the future Saint Camillus de Lellis:
Cervantes never apparently encountered at Lepanto, or in Corfu, or in any subsequent campaign against the Turk, the big, cursing, brawling Italian soldier, later canonized as St Camillo de Lellis, who launched the first field-ambulance service of nursing brothers, with the Red Cross badge, in 1582. Nor can he [Cervantes] have seen, like de Lellis, his comrades reduced by hunger in one crisis to devouring dead Turks' livers. He would certainly have enshrined such a recollection in the Captive's story [in Don Quixote—Part I].
As for Lepanto, he [Cervantes] will never be able to forget it, and why should he? Did not Don John in person recommend him for a commission [as an officer] not long afterward? (75-76—my emphasis added)
Now we dare to approach some of the discouraging strategic aftermath of the tactical victory at Lepanto, and we now propose to consider the extent to which it was also a strategic victory. It is not long until Miguel Cervantes and his meritorious brother Rodrigo are also to be captured by the Turks:
And the Cervantes brothers returned with their regiment to resume garrison-duty in Naples, surely as dashed in spirit as their Commander-in-chief [John of Austria]. Worse was imminent. Before long all the heroism and glory of Lepanto were seen to be wasted. That swinging blow to the Turk was not to be followed by a knockout. In March 1573 the Venetians ratted [deserted]. On the day when their minister in Rome was pledging renewed loyalty to the [Holy] League [against the Turk] their minister in Constantinople was signing a treaty giving up Cyprus, returning the Albanian port of Sofoto—the only Venetian capture from the Turk so far—and engaging the Sublime Porte 300,000 ducats' compensation. This act of treachery has been ascribed solely to terror. It might indeed be said in the Venetians' behalf that the Turk's first Christian objective had always been Venice; moreover it would take the Venetians some time to forget the fate of Marcantonio Bragadino after the storming of Famagusta [in Cyprus] on the eve of Lepanto; the fiendish torturing and flaying alive of their envoy, arrested during the negotiations for a capitulation, the stuffing of the disembowelled corpse with straw, and its final derisive hoisting to the yardarm of the Turkish admiral's galley. Nevertheless the Venetian double-dealing and surrender shocked all Catholic Europe from the Holy See down. Pius V had died just in time to be spared seeing his hopes destroyed by this perfidy. His successor, Gregory XIII, minced no words. The Venetians had mortally wounded the League which had been formed to save them, and the blow fell of course most heavily on Don John of Austria, who, it now seemed, had swiped the Turk in vain. He, too, spoke his bitter mind. (77—my emphasis added)
Now we consider the beginning of another surprise and consequently bitter challenge: the capture and protracted retention in Algeria of the Cervantes brothers cruelly held by the Turk:
Miguel de Cervantes began bestirring himself vigorously [in the early autumn of 1575]….Backed by his commanding officer he was at length granted leave by G.H.Q. [General Headquarters] to return to Spain and apply for a captain's commission in one of the new infantry regiments being raised for foreign service. A couple of letters of recommendation signed by Don John and the Viceroy in person accompanied the grant and testify to Cervantes' standing in his superiors' eyes. On September 20, 1575, we find him at Naples accompanied by his meritorious [elder] brother Rodrigo and, one may imagine, in the highest spirits, boarding the Sol galley, one of the flotilla bound for Spain under Captain Sandro de Leiva.
He must have been still in high feather when six days later, off the Provençal coast near Les Saintes Maries, three fast Turkish galleys captained by an Albanian renegade swooped of the Sol, which had been temporarily separated from the rest, and after a brisk hand-to-hand fight [the Turk] fled from the onrush of Leiva's [Christian] main flotilla, carrying with them to Algiers a score of Spanish prisoners, the two brothers Cervantes among them. Those precious letters [of recommendation] carried by Miguel were shortly to prove no blessing. (79-80—my emphasis added)
For, in Algeria, as we are soon to be told in Chapter 3, the situation was cruelly bleak:
The sight everywhere of ragged Christian captives chained for transit or working under the lash—all these tokens, like a bad dream, of the presence and power of Mahound must have chilled even the stout blood of Miguel de Cervantes as he tramped that October day [in 1575], hustled by guards and linked to his fellow-prisoners, from quay to gaol [from the wharf to his jail]. (81—my emphasis added)
It is so that Wyndham Lewis' Chapter 3—"Nor Iron Bars a Cage" (81-117)—will thoroughly and quite vividly present to the reader what Cervantes himself largely had to endure during his long captivity (and his several resourcefully attempted escapes) until his eventual ransom, which was achieved with the indispensable help of the chivalric order of the Trinitarians.
And yet, despite his cumulative suffering, Miguel Cervantes' later writing in Don Quixote is so warm and generous—and so graciously forgiving and splendidly magnanimous.
We may recall now afresh what Cervantes intimately wrote near the end of his life: "Don Quixote was made for me and I for him….For me alone was Don Quixote born, and I for him; his to act and mine to record."
1 See Samuel Putnam's edition and translation of Cervantes' Prologue to his own Exemplary Novels, in The Portable Cervantes (New York: The Viking Press, 1951), page 706.
2D.B Wyndham Lewis, The Shadow of Cervantes (New York: Sheed & Ward, 1962), page 70. Henceforth all references to this excellent and detailed work of some 190 pages will be placed in parentheses above in the main body of this essay. Our focus in this essay will be on two of the five chapters of this book: Chapter II—"Drum, Trumpet, and the Turk"; and Chapter III—"Nor Iron Bars a Cage." Although we shall not be able to present a fuller depiction of Cervantes' Captivity by the Turks (especially in Algiers) and his belatedly successful ransom back to Spain (indispensably helped by the chivalrous, self-sacrificing Trinitarian Order), we earnestly recommend to the reader a thorough savoring of Chapter III.
hicksonfamily	Catholic Church, Literature, War	2 Comments November 10, 2019 November 13, 2019 13 Minutes
Cervantes' Picaresque Tale About Criminal and Moral Disorder in Seville's Underground
Dr. Robert Hickson 24 October 2019 Saint Raphael the Archangel
"He is commonly called Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra. He was a soldier for many years and a captive for five and a half, an experience that taught him patience in adversity. In the naval battle of Lepanto [1571 A.D.] he lost his left hand as the result of a harquebus shot, a wound which, however unsightly it may appear, he looks upon as beautiful, for the reason that it was received on the most memorable and sublime occasion that past ages have known or those to come may hope to know; for he was fighting beneath the victorious banner of the son [Don John of Austria] of that thunderbolt of war, [Emperor] Charles V of blessed memory." (Cervantes Self-Description as found in the Prologue to his Two Exemplary Novels—in Samuel Putnam, The Portable Cervantes (1951), page 706.)
"And, finally, he [Rinconete] was astounded by the careless manner in which justice was administered in that famous city of Seville, with people so pernicious as these [in Monipodio's covert academy and picaresque brotherhood of thieves] and possessed of such unnatural instincts carrying on their pursuits almost openly." (Cervantes, Rinconete and Cortadillo, in The Portable Cervantes (1951), page 758.)
During the recurrent disturbances and prevarications coming from Rome outside (and sometimes even within) the 6-27 October 2019 Amazonian Synod, I consolingly thought to turn to Cervantes and his Picaresque Tales, especially one of them: Rinconete and Cortadillo,1 a generous and forgiving tale which was set mostly in Seville, Spain in early seventeenth century. Characteristically, as with Don Quixote and Sancho Panza, Cervantes vividly and magnanimously depicts both life as it is and life as it ought to be.
Let us therefore now consider the refreshing three-page ending of Cervantes' Picaresque Tale as he deftly shows us the more mature second thoughts of his two young now experienced protagonists: those two young and very resourceful teenage rascals once known as Pedro de Rincón and Diego Cortado, the younger one of the two inimitable homeless rogues.
"Then turn on," Monipodio directed him [Rinconete], "to where it says 'Memorandum of Common Outrages.'"
Rinconete [who was not illiterate] turned the leaves until he came to this inscription [concerning "Outrages"]….
"Don't mention the house," said Monipodio, "for I know where it is."….
"Don't read that [passage] either," Monipodio admonished him; "the house and the address do not matter. It is enough to commit the offense without speaking of it in public, for it is a great burden upon the conscience. I would rather nail up a hundred horns [of infidelity or alleged cuckoldry] and as many sanbenitos [penitential garments], providing I was paid for it, than mention the [true] fact a single time even to the mother who bore me."…."Give me the book, lad. I know there's nothing else [to consider]. Business [the brotherhood's thievery] is a bit slack just now, but times will change, and it may be we shall have more to do than we can take care of. There's not a leaf stirs without God's will, and we cannot force people to avenge themselves [by retaining our services], especially seeing that everyone is now so brave in his own behalf that he doesn't want to pay for having something done that he can just as well do with his own hands."
"That is the way it is," said Repolido….
"What is to be done," said Monipodio, "is this. You are all to go to your posts and stay there until Sunday, when we will meet in this same place and divide everything that has fallen into our hands, without cheating anyone. Rinconete the Good and Cortadillo [who earlier had also been called "Cortadillo the Good"] will have for their district until the end of the week that part of the suburbs [of Seville] that lies between the golden Tower and the Castle Postern. There they will have no trouble working their tricks, for I have seen others who were not nearly so clever come back every day with more than twenty reales in small change, not to speak of the silver, and all this with only one deck and with four cards missing. Ganchhuelo," he [i.e., Chief Monipodio] went on, addressing the youths, "will show you the lay of the land, and even though you go as far as San Sebastian and San Telmo, it will not make much difference, although it is only right that no one [not even those clever two young and sympathetic rogues] should trespass on another's territory."
The pair kissed his hand in return for the favor he had done them and [they] promised to fulfill their [admittedly picaresque] tasks faithfully and well, with all diligence and discretion. (754-756—italics in the original; my bold emphasis added)
After this preparatory sample of the life of our two young rogues, we shall now more understandably be able to consider the specific "honors" that Rinconete and Cortadillo received from Monipodio—although the two lads will soon thereafter also mature a little more and then experience some quite resonant disillusionments:
Monipodio then took out from the hood of his cloak a folded sheet of paper containing a list of members [in the brotherhood] and directed Rinconete to put down his own name and that of Cortadillo; but since they had no ink there, he told them they might take the paper with them and attend to the matter in the first apothecary's shop to which they came. The entry was to read: "Rinconete and Cortadillo, full members; apprenticeship, none; Rinconete, card sharper; Cortadillo, sneak thief." They also were to note the day, month, and year, but were to say nothing about their parents or place of origin….
He [Monipodio] embraced Rinconete and Cortadillo and dismissed them with his blessing, charging them that they should never have any permanent lodging or stopping place, as that was best for all concerned. Ganchuelo went with them to show them their post, and took occasion to remind them once again that they should not fail to put in an appearance on Sunday, since he believed that Monipodio intended to give [the two of] them a lecture on the things that had to do with their trade. He then went away, leaving the two lads quite astonished at all they had seen. (756-757—my emphasis added)
With this implicit transition, we shall now witness our two picaros' critical observations of the Seville underground and the varied brotherhood of thieves (and helpers) amidst all their fresh adventures and abiding astonishment. (We also think of the Rome-Vatican underground today and its own networked and privileged brotherhoods—and their very effective demoralizations, as it seems.)
In support of this view, let us consider how the talented Rinconete expresses his new and more distant (even somewhat derisive) reflections about his own challenging and morally compromising way of life. For, Cervantes, through his tale's narrator, refreshingly says to us the following, while also showing us the illusions:
Although a mere boy [of some fifteen or sixteen years of age], Rinconete had a naturally keen mind, and having accompanied his father in selling papal bulls [in Latin], he knew something about the proper use of language [to reveal, not to conceal, reality!]. He had to laugh loudly as he thought of some of the words [malapropisms or solecisms] that Monipodio and the rest of that foolish community had employed [e.g., "to keep my promise and follow destructions," instead of to "follow instructions"! (751)]. In place of per modum suffragii [about spiritual intercession] Monipodio had said per modo de naufragio ("by way of shipwreck")….Then there was [the prostitute] Chubby Face's remark…(He [Rinconete] was especially amused by her [Chubby's] hope that the labor she had expended in earning the twenty-four reales would be counted by heaven against her sins.) (757-758—my emphasis added)
But, the final two paragraphs of the Picaresque Tale (758-759) are most important:
Above all, he marveled at the absolute assurance they all felt of going to Heaven when they died so long as they did not fail in their devotions, and this in spite of all the thefts, murders, and other offenses of which they were guilty in the sight of God. He laughed also as he thought of the old woman, Pipota, who leaving the stolen hamper at home, went off to place her wax candles in from of the [sacred] images; by doing so she doubtless was convinced that she would go to Heaven fully clothed and with her shoes on. He was no less astonished at the obedience and respect they all showed Monipodio, that coarse, unscrupulous barbarian. He recalled what he had read in the latter's memorandum book of the practices in which they were all engaged. And, finally, he was astounded by the careless manner in which justice was administered in that famous city of Seville, with people so pernicious as these and possessed of such unnatural instincts carrying on their pursuits almost openly.
He made up his [perceptively keen] mind to persuade his companion [the younger rascal, Cortadillo] that they should not continue long in this desperate and evil way of life, one so free and dissolute and marked by such uncertainly. But in spite of it all, being young and inexperienced, he did continue it for a number of months, and in the course of that time had certain adventures which it would take too long to set down here. Accordingly, we must wait for another occasion to hear the story of his life and the strange things that happened to him, as well as to his teacher Monipodio, along with other events having to do with the members of that infamous academy, all of which should be very edifying and well might serve as an example and a warning to those who read. (757-759—my emphasis added)
The magnanimous Miguel Cervantes has so much more to teach us still, and not only about the generous forgiveness and affectionately chivalrous illusions of Don Quixote and Sancho Panza.
Moreover, my Special Forces Team-Sergeant in the late 1960s once very memorably said to me: "Sir, no one is completely useless; you can always serve as a bad example."
Meditating on Cervantes' final two paragraphs above (758-759) has somehow also reminded me of the recent Amazonian Synod in Rome and its often covert preparations and some dubious fruits and prevarications. However, what has been going on in Rome is not a Picaresque Tale, much less a tale in the spirit of Miguel Cervantes.
1Samuel Putnam, The Portable Cervantes (Don Quixote, "Rinconete and Cortadillo," et al.)—Translated and Edited, with an Introduction and Notes by Samuel Putnam—(New York: The Viking Press, 1951), 854 pages. The text of "Rinconete and Cortadillo" will be found on pages 709-759, from which text all further references will be made and placed above in parentheses in the main body of this essay. This Picaresque Tale is sometimes called the first of Cervantes' two "Exemplary Novels," the second one being entitled "Man of Glass" (760-796).
hicksonfamily	Catholic Church, Literature	Leave a comment October 28, 2019 November 10, 2019 7 Minutes


b. 4 May 1743, 1st s. of Thomas Powys of Lilford by Henrietta, da. of Thomas Spence of Palgrave, Norf., serjeant-at-arms to the House of Commons. educ. Eton 1744-9; King's, Camb. 1760. m. 31 Mar. 1767, Mary, da. of Galfridus Mann of Boughton Malherbe, Kent, 5s. 6da. suc. fa. 1767; cr. Baron Lilford 26 Oct. 1797.
An independent country gentleman, Powys had his moment of parliamentary glory in 1784 when, after criticizing every government to date, he attempted to lead a phalanx which dictated coalition to Pitt and Fox. On the failure of this bid, in the course of which he alienated Pitt, he again inclined towards opposition. By 1788, as he himself was roundly informed in the House by George Hardinge*, his undoubted debating ability was at a discount, because he had become a partisan. But his return was not opposed in 1790 and he continued to be prominent, though not to shine, in debate. On 21 Dec. 1790, attacking the additional malt tax, the first tax he had ever opposed, he complained that the orders of the day scarcely ever started before five o'clock, and called for a regular time. He was chairman of the Westminster election committee that session. He was a disappointed supporter of the penitentiaries bill approved by a meeting of justices of the peace but lost on 23 Feb. 1791, and insisted on trying another. He was a critic of the corn bill on behalf of the agricultural interest in April. He saw no danger to the established church in English Catholic relief, 8 Apr., and was listed as a supporter of repeal of the Test Act in Scotland at that time. He criticized Pitt's conduct over Oczakov, 12 Apr., and at first disliked the Quebec bill, though he finally swallowed it, 16 May. He was peevish about parliamentary grants in aid of the civil list to the royal family, 20 May. (He had been defeated in the ballot for the revenue committee in April.) He voted for the abolition of the slave trade, 18 Apr. 1791.
Powys spoke and voted with the minority of 1 Mar. 1792 against the Russian armament, but for the last time. On 15 Mar., symptomatically, he defended Lord Cornwallis's conduct in India. What really alarmed him was the growth of sedition. He had in 1790 been enthusiastic about Burke's Reflections on the French revolution.1 He criticized the Friends of the People and on 25 May 1792 seconded the royal proclamation against disaffection. Henceforward Pitt merely noted his speeches in favour of government to the King, without comment. In December 1792 he was listed a Portland Whig. He opposed Fox, 14 Dec.: 'he would draw a line round France, to prevent the spreading of her infection—he would avoid meddling with her; but if she meddled with us, we had not a choice'. From this it was but one step to seconding the address in favour of a 'just and necessary war', 12 Feb. 1793. On 10 and 17 Feb. he attended the 'third party' meetings at Windham's house, presumably as prosyletizer rather than convert. On 18 Feb. he was a teller for government. He declared himself a foe to parliamentary reform on Grey's motion, 6 May, and was teller against the committal of reform petitions next day. On 28 May he was of the committee appointed to review Warren Hastings's impeachment. He tried that session to promote a tax on canals. He defended the Sardinian subsidy, 31 Jan. 1794, and the landing of foreign allied troops in England, 10 Feb. On 13 Mar. he approved the militia augmentation, calling for provision for the families of embodied militiamen. On 14 May he was one of the secret committee on sedition. He assured the Speaker, 28 Sept. 1794, of his constant attendance next session, at whatever inconvenience, in support of firm government and the war.2 He opposed Grey's motion in favour of peace, 26 Jan. 1795. He was in favour of the larger grant to relieve the Prince of Wales's debts, 14 May, and supported Pitt's proposals (acting as teller) on 1 June, but deplored the necessity for it, and seconded Sir William Pulteney's censure of 15 June. That session he carried a bill to standardize weights and measures. He defended the legislation against sedition in November and December 1795. On 9 Dec. he was granted a month's leave of absence to recover his health.
1. Burke Corresp. vi. 110, 161.
3. PRO 30/8/168, f. 290.
4. Parl. Portraits (1795), i. 47.
5. Morning Chron. 24 July; Spencer mss, Powys to Spencer, 14 July 1797; Sidmouth mss.
6. Sidmouth mss, Hatsell to Addington, 19 Sept. 1793.


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Investigation Tactics and Administrative Subpoenas
Subscribe to Investigation Tactics and Administrative Subpoenas
Sixth Circuit Signs Off On EEOC Subpoena In UPS Disability Discrimination Case
By Laura Maechtlen on June 14, 2017
Posted in Investigation Tactics and Administrative Subpoenas
By Alex W. Karasik
Seyfarth Synopsis: The Sixth Circuit recently affirmed a U.S. District Court's decision granting the EEOC's application to enforce a subpoena in a disability discrimination investigation, finding that company-wide information regarding the employer's use and disclosure of medical information was relevant to the investigation of a single employee's charge of discrimination. The…
Following U.S. Supreme Court Review, Ninth Circuit Remands EEOC Subpoena Case
By Laura Maechtlen on May 25, 2017
By Gerald L. Maatman, Jr., Christopher J. DeGroff and Alex W. Karasik
Seyfarth Synopsis: After the U.S. Supreme Court clarified in McLane Co. v. EEOC, No. 15-1248, 2017 U.S. LEXIS 2327 (U.S. 2017), that the scope of review for employers facing EEOC administrative subpoenas was the abuse-of-discretion standard, a relatively high bar of…
U.S. Supreme Court Holds That An Abuse-Of-Discretion Standard Applies To Review Of EEOC Subpoenas
By Laura Maechtlen on April 4, 2017
By Gerald L. Maatman, Jr., Christopher J. DeGroff, and Matt Gagnon
Seyfarth Synopsis: Yesterday the U.S. Supreme Court handed down its long-awaited decision in McLane Co. v. EEOC, No. 15-1248, 2017 U.S. LEXIS 2327 (U.S. 2017), a decision that clarifies the scope of review for employers facing EEOC administrative subpoenas. The Supreme Court…
Tennessee Court Rejects EEOC's Supersized Subpoena Served On Fast Food Employer
By Laura Maechtlen on March 31, 2017
By Gerald L. Maatman, Jr., Mark W. Wallin, and Alex W. Karasik
Seyfarth Synopsis: A federal court in Tennessee denied the EEOC's application for an Order to Show Cause why its administrative subpoena should not be enforced. This ruling highlights the importance and benefits of employers understanding the contours of the charges being investigated…
No Subpoena For You! – Tenth Circuit Says EEOC's Subpoena Out Of Line
By Seyfarth Shaw LLP on March 2, 2017
By Gerald L. Maatman, Jr., Christopher DeGroff, and Alex W. Karasik
Seyfarth Synopsis: The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit recently held that a district court did not abuse its discretion when it declined to enforce a far-reaching EEOC administrative subpoena relating to one employee's charge of disability and pregnancy discrimination. The…
No Knocking Necessary: Court Rules EEOC Can Enter Employer's Premises Without Warrant Or Consent
By Laura Maechtlen on May 9, 2016
Seyfarth Synopsis: Court ordered enforcement of the EEOC's subpoena and authorized the Commission to conduct an on-site investigation without the employer's consent.
The EEOC has conducted on-site inspections of employers' business premises for decades, federal courts rarely have explored the authority of the Commission to conduct a warrantless, non-consensual search of…
Investigating Illegal Aliens' Charges: Fourth Circuit Says EEOC Can Serve Subpoena On Employer
By Laura Maechtlen on April 29, 2016
Seyfarth Synopsis: This Fourth Circuit ruling opens the door for the EEOC to investigate employers as a result of EEOC charges brought by unauthorized employees, even though an illegal alien worker may not be able to seek certain legal remedies.
Undocumented workers and immigration reform are part of the political debate…
Ninth Circuit: The EEOC Can Subpoena Extensive Employee Information
By Laura Maechtlen on November 2, 2015
By Laura J. Maechtlen and Courtney K. Bohl
As our readers may recall, in November 2012, Judge G. Murray Snow of the U.S. District Court for the District of Arizona nixed a subpoena issued by the EEOC seeking employee pedigree information (name, address, telephone number and social security number), and information regarding the reasons…
"One Step Too Far" — Court Shoots Down The EEOC's Kitchen Sink Subpoena
By Michael Fucci on November 25, 2014
By Christopher DeGroff
Employers have become accustomed to the federal courts rubber stamping EEOC subpoenas seeking company-wide information based on a single charge of discrimination. In light of the EEOC's systemic focus — and the agency's desire to transform single allegations into a blockbuster systemic actions — aggressive and extensive EEOC subpoenas requests are more…
Eleventh Circuit Refuses To Enforce EEOC's Broad Subpoena
By Seyfarth Shaw LLP on November 7, 2014
By Howard M. Wexler
As we noted in our EEOC Fiscal Year 2014 Scorecard, the EEOC has been steadily increasing its use of its subpoena power to gather as much information as possible from employers prior to filing suit. In fact, in FY 2014, the EEOC prosecuted 24 subpoena actions versus the 17 that…

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Q: How to prove this calculus result?
Possible Duplicate:
Proving $\int_{0}^{+\infty} e^{-x^2} dx = \frac{\sqrt \pi}{2}$

prove that $$\int^{+\infty}_{-\infty} e^{-x^2} dx = \sqrt{\pi}$$
Help please because i can't find the solution.

A: This is a famous integral known as the Gaussian integral. Call $\displaystyle I=\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}e^{-x^2}dx$. Clearly then $\displaystyle I=\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}e^{-y^2}dy$. Thus, $\displaystyle I^2=\left(\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}e^{-x^2}dx\right)\left(\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}e^{-y^2}dy\right)=\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}e^{-(x^2+y^2)}dx dy$. Now, try switching to polar coordinates and see what happens.

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smashleysparkles » Electronic » Dannii Minogue - This Is The Way
Dannii Minogue - This Is The Way album mp3
Dannii_Minogue House 1993 UK
This Is the Way (Dannii Minogue song). This Is the Way" is a dance-pop song written by Eliot Kennedy, Cary Baylis and Michael Ward (who also worked contemporaneously on hits for Kavana and Lulu) for Dannii Minogue's second album Get into You (1993). The song was released as the album's fourth single in September 1993.
Dannii is the debut album by Australian singer Dannii Minogue. It was released by Mushroom Records in October 1990 for the Australian market. The album was released in Japan under the title "Party Jam," and later released in the European market with a slightly altered track listing, and entitled Love and Kisses. Party Jam" (Australian album version) (Vincent Bell, Isles, Alvin Moody). Call to Your Heart" (Australian album version) (Arderley, Moody). So Hard to Forget" (Gale, Hairston).
Girl is the third studio album by Australian singer Dannii Minogue. It was released by Eternal Records on 8 September 1997 in the United Kingdom. In November 2007, the album was reissued with a bonus disc of remixes by Rhino Entertainment. The album had four singles, including the UK Dance Chart number ones "All I Wanna Do", "Everything I Wanted", "Disremembrance" and the Australian-only single, "Coconut".
Show You the Way to Go Eron Irving Remix. Прослушать Скачать 04:10. This is It Doc & Baron Freestyle Remix. Прослушать Скачать 03:41. Show You the Way to Go 7" Dub. Прослушать Скачать 04:21. Love Will Find a Way. Прослушать Скачать 07:56.
This album, except for the UK Top 40 hit singles This Is It and This Is the Way, is mature and soulful than her more poppy debut, Love. It features sophisticated music production, considerable downtempo moments, and mature vocals, as well as elements of funk, the track Hold On was supposed to close the album as track 14 but was scrapped at the last minute. 10. Neon Nights – Neon Nights is the fourth studio album by Australian singer Dannii Minogue. It was released by London Records on 17 March 2003 and was produced by Ian Masterson, Korpi & Blackcell, Neïmo. It was re-issued in November 2007 with a disc of remixes.
Album Get into You. This Is the Way Lyrics
1 This Is The Way (7 Inch Edit)
Remix – Phil Kelsey
2 This Is The Way (12 Inch Version)
3 This Is The Way (The Cool 7")
Remix – Phil Bodger
4 This Is The Way (Dub Version)
Phonographic Copyright (p) – Mushroom Records International BV
Copyright (c) – Mushroom Records International BV
Producer – Eliot Kennedy, Michael Ward
MCSTD 1935 Dannii Minogue This Is The Way (CD, Single) MCA Records MCSTD 1935 UK 1993
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Performer: Dannii Minogue
Title: This Is The Way
Style: House
Other Formats: DMF MP4 MPC MOD XM MMF WMA
Related to Dannii Minogue - This Is The Way albums:
Dannii Minogue - Disremembrance - EP download mp3
Dannii Minogue - This Is It download mp3
Eurogroove Guest Vocal Dannii Minogue - Rescue Me download mp3
Dannii - Baby Love download mp3
Dannii Minogue - Get Into You (Re-Edition) download mp3
J.C.A. Featuring Dannii Minogue - Come And Get It download mp3
Dannii Minogue - Love And Kisses download mp3
Dannii - Everything I Wanted download mp3
Dannii Minogue vs. Flower Power - You Won't Forget About Me download mp3
Kylie Minogue - Locomotion download mp3


text:
Sewickley Public Library -
The Sewickley Herald Newspaper 1903-
Home Sewickley Public Library - The Sewickley Herald Newspaper 1903- 1904-01-30.Page01
Sewickley Herald
1904-01-30.Page01
HAN 30    190%
toeekig
Wttmlb
" Fear no man, and do Justice to all men."
SEWICKLEY, PA., SATURDAY, JANUARY 30, 1904.
A Quiet Election—Only One Contest—Results iu Leet
CITIZENS TICKET IN FIRST WARD.
The Republican primary election in
Sewickley passed off quietly last Saturday, and with one exception the
ticket as named was elected. The
only ripple was the contest for the
assessorship in the First ward between James Buckley and Jaines M.
Little, the latter winning. The vote
was 72 to 77. Eleven votes were cast
in the Second ward.
Mr. Little objects to being quoted
as filing a protest against his, opponent at the naming meeting on the
ground of party regularity when Mr.
Buckley's name was called by the
chairman of the committee, but as
Mr. Little was the first one whom the
Herald representative heard speak on
the subject, he understood the gentleman to make such objections. However, as the meeting is a matter of
history, we will not press the point.
We have no desire to do an injustice
jo the gentleman.
**************** I****************************************************************************************
Emsworth Fire.
A citizens movement has been start-
id in the First ward, which has al-
-cady developed considerable strength
,nd nomination papers are being cir-
tila+ed for the complete ticket, to be
mown as the Citizens Ticket, as follows:
Counc'l, Reuben Brewer,
i School Director, Jacob Ringley.
Assessor, James Buckley.
Judge of Election, Wm, Brockunier.
Inspector, Warren McPherson.
following    persons    were    nominated
for the different township offices:
School Director, L. N. Davis, Chas.
Weber.
Auditor, Henry I. Adair.
Assessor, Harry Reno.
Register Assessor, First
Alex. McCullough. Second
Wm. Shrum.
Judge of Election, First
Nathan Buckley,
Inspector of Election, First district,
Charles J. Hatton.
Judge, of Election,  Second  district,
S. A. Seaman.
Inspector  of Election,   Second   district, Harris M. Davis.
district,
Edgeworth Borough Incorporated.
Judge James R. Macfarlane went
into quarterly sessions court on
Wednesday and handed down an opinion incorporating the borough of
Edgeworth. This is the incorporation
which was contested by a number of
persons. The court incorporates the
borough as petitioned., for, excepting
the lands of the following persons
are excluded: James B. Oliver, Thos.
L. Shields, Amelia S. Oliver, Mrs.
Jane D. Walker, R. F. Shannon and
WHAT  MIGHT HAVE BEEN A BAD
ACCIDENT AVERTED  BY A
TELEPHONE GIRL.
Miss May Rupert, night operator,
at the central telephone office at
Emsworth, deserves credit for her
pluck and energy in an emergency.
About eleven o'clock on Tuesday
evening, while engaged in her duties,
she noticed that the, residence of Mr.
William Eidenricher, a short distance
from the telephone office, *iwlas'. on
fire. Going to her exchange board! she
rang up some of the neighbors, who
succeeded in arousing the inmates of
the burning house just in time to save
them from destruction. The men
and women who had arrived on the
scene formed a bucket brigade and
succeeded in saving several adjoining
residences. The Eidenricher home
was burned to the ground with its
-contents, causing a loss of $4,000.
The origin of the fire is, thought to
have been due to an overheated
• A largely attended meeting of the
oters of Leet township, including
lie First and Second districts, was
lelcl at the old polling place, Edge-
vor'h,   last   Saturday   evening.    The
Slippery Pavements.
The condition of the pavements
within the borough limits during the
past two weeks have been wretched.
There has been a lovely alternation of
j snow, sleet, slush and ice, and the
I next coverirg will likely be pure unadulterated mud. It is too bad that in
a pretty town like Sewickley we cannot have- the sidewalks kept in better
condition. We understand there is a
borough ordinance covering this matter, and we hope our genial burgess
will have it enforced.
Close of Revival Services.
The special evangelistic services
closed on last Sabbath. In the afternoon a meeting for men was held in
the M. E. church, which was attended by about three hundred men. Rev.
David R. Breed, D.D., of Pittsburg,
gave an interesting and forcible address on the subject, "The Character
of Nicodemus."
In the evening a union service was
held in the same place, which was
largely attended. Addresses were
made by Revs. J. J. Hill, E. M. Milli-
gan and H. B, Rankin. This Closed
the meetings, after a successful four-
wesks' campaign,
Pire at Bellevue.
The residence of George Campbell,
of Division street, Bellevue, caught
fire on Monday morning from a defective flue, and the entire upper portion of the house was destroyed, entailing a loss of $1,500.
Basket Ball.
The Reserves defeated the strong
Beaver College team last Saturday
night on the latter's floor in a fast
and interesting game by the score of
26 to 14. The feature was the all-
round playing of the Reserves. Lineup:
Reserves, 26, Beaver, 14.
Gray  Forward   Farmer
Ritchey .......Forward ... .Hamilton
Carroll   Center1  .......Mecklin
Neely Guard Seacrest
\ Douglass  ...... Guard   Seaman
Substitutions, Miller for Ritchey.
Goals from field, Gray 4, Ritchey,
Miller, Carroll 4, Hamilton 4, Farmer.
Goals from foul, Neely 4, Gray, Carroll, Mepkltn 2, Hamilton 2.
Referee, McPherson.
Title Sewickley Herald
Subject Sewickley (Pa.)--Newspapers
Description A weekly community newspaper in Sewickley, Pennsylvania. Coverage includes September 1903-Most recently available.
Creator Trib Total Media, Inc
Publisher Trib Total Media, Inc
Date 01-30-1904
Location Covered United States; Pennsylvania; Allegheny County; Sewickley
Source Microfilm
Rights Licensor grants a royalty-free, non-exclusive, nontransferable and non-sublicensable license to digitize, reproduce, perform, display, transmit and distribute soley to end users.
Contact For information on source and images, contact the Sewickley Public Library, Attn: Reference Department, 500 Thorn St. Sewickley PA 15143. Phone: 412-741-6920. Email: sewickley@einetwork.net
Contributing Institution Sewickley Public Library
Title 1904-01-30.Page01
Date 1904-01-30.Page01.tif
Full Text HAN 30 190% toeekig Wttmlb " Fear no man, and do Justice to all men." Vol. I. SEWICKLEY, PA., SATURDAY, JANUARY 30, 1904. No. 20 T E A Quiet Election—Only One Contest—Results iu Leet Township. CITIZENS TICKET IN FIRST WARD. The Republican primary election in Sewickley passed off quietly last Saturday, and with one exception the ticket as named was elected. The only ripple was the contest for the assessorship in the First ward between James Buckley and Jaines M. Little, the latter winning. The vote was 72 to 77. Eleven votes were cast in the Second ward. Mr. Little objects to being quoted as filing a protest against his, opponent at the naming meeting on the ground of party regularity when Mr. Buckley's name was called by the chairman of the committee, but as Mr. Little was the first one whom the Herald representative heard speak on the subject, he understood the gentleman to make such objections. However, as the meeting is a matter of history, we will not press the point. We have no desire to do an injustice jo the gentleman. **************** I**************************************************************************************** Emsworth Fire. A citizens movement has been start- id in the First ward, which has al- -cady developed considerable strength ,nd nomination papers are being cir- tila+ed for the complete ticket, to be mown as the Citizens Ticket, as follows: Counc'l, Reuben Brewer, i School Director, Jacob Ringley. Assessor, James Buckley. Judge of Election, Wm, Brockunier. Inspector, Warren McPherson. following persons were nominated for the different township offices: School Director, L. N. Davis, Chas. Weber. Auditor, Henry I. Adair. Assessor, Harry Reno. Register Assessor, First Alex. McCullough. Second Wm. Shrum. Judge of Election, First Nathan Buckley, Inspector of Election, First district, Charles J. Hatton. Judge, of Election, Second district, S. A. Seaman. Inspector of Election, Second district, Harris M. Davis. district, district, district, Edgeworth Borough Incorporated. Judge James R. Macfarlane went into quarterly sessions court on Wednesday and handed down an opinion incorporating the borough of Edgeworth. This is the incorporation which was contested by a number of persons. The court incorporates the borough as petitioned., for, excepting the lands of the following persons are excluded: James B. Oliver, Thos. L. Shields, Amelia S. Oliver, Mrs. Jane D. Walker, R. F. Shannon and others. WHAT MIGHT HAVE BEEN A BAD ACCIDENT AVERTED BY A TELEPHONE GIRL. Miss May Rupert, night operator, at the central telephone office at Emsworth, deserves credit for her pluck and energy in an emergency. About eleven o'clock on Tuesday evening, while engaged in her duties, she noticed that the, residence of Mr. William Eidenricher, a short distance from the telephone office, *iwlas'. on fire. Going to her exchange board! she rang up some of the neighbors, who succeeded in arousing the inmates of the burning house just in time to save them from destruction. The men and women who had arrived on the scene formed a bucket brigade and succeeded in saving several adjoining residences. The Eidenricher home was burned to the ground with its -contents, causing a loss of $4,000. The origin of the fire is, thought to have been due to an overheated stove. • A largely attended meeting of the oters of Leet township, including lie First and Second districts, was lelcl at the old polling place, Edge- vor'h, last Saturday evening. The Slippery Pavements. The condition of the pavements within the borough limits during the past two weeks have been wretched. There has been a lovely alternation of j snow, sleet, slush and ice, and the I next coverirg will likely be pure unadulterated mud. It is too bad that in a pretty town like Sewickley we cannot have- the sidewalks kept in better condition. We understand there is a borough ordinance covering this matter, and we hope our genial burgess will have it enforced. Close of Revival Services. The special evangelistic services closed on last Sabbath. In the afternoon a meeting for men was held in the M. E. church, which was attended by about three hundred men. Rev. David R. Breed, D.D., of Pittsburg, gave an interesting and forcible address on the subject, "The Character of Nicodemus." In the evening a union service was held in the same place, which was largely attended. Addresses were made by Revs. J. J. Hill, E. M. Milli- gan and H. B, Rankin. This Closed the meetings, after a successful four- wesks' campaign, Pire at Bellevue. The residence of George Campbell, of Division street, Bellevue, caught fire on Monday morning from a defective flue, and the entire upper portion of the house was destroyed, entailing a loss of $1,500. Basket Ball. The Reserves defeated the strong Beaver College team last Saturday night on the latter's floor in a fast and interesting game by the score of 26 to 14. The feature was the all- round playing of the Reserves. Lineup: Reserves, 26, Beaver, 14. Gray Forward Farmer Ritchey .......Forward ... .Hamilton Carroll Center1 .......Mecklin Neely Guard Seacrest \ Douglass ...... Guard Seaman Substitutions, Miller for Ritchey. Goals from field, Gray 4, Ritchey, Miller, Carroll 4, Hamilton 4, Farmer. Goals from foul, Neely 4, Gray, Carroll, Mepkltn 2, Hamilton 2. Referee, McPherson. J
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to view the evergrowing master list of Polish folk songs on PoloniaMusic.com.
Folk & World Music Store via the back door.
Polish folk music was collected in the 19th century by Oskar Kolberg, as part of a wave of Polish national revival. With the coming of the world wars and then the Communist state, folk traditions were oppressed or subsumed into state-approved folk ensembles. The most famous of the state ensembles are Mazowsze and Śląsk, both of which still perform. Though these bands had a regional touch to their output, the overall sound was a homogenized mixture of Polish styles. There were more authentic state-supported groups, such as Słowianki, but the Communist sanitized image of folk music made the whole field seem unhip to young audiences, and many traditions dwindled rapidly.
Polish dance music, especially the mazurka and polonaise, were popularized by Frederick Chopin, and they soon spread across Europe and elsewhere. These are triple time dances, while five-beat forms are more common in the northeast and duple-time dances like the krakowiak come from the south. The polonaise comes from the French word for Polish to identify its origin among the Polish aristocracy, who had adapted the dance from a slower walking dance called chodzony. The polonaise then re-entered the scene and became an integral part of Polish music.
(Mazur, Polonez, Kujawiak, Krakowiak, Oberek), as well as modern dance, contemporary dance and ballet are all widely performed today throughout the Polonia community.
Hej, od Krakowa jadę (Hey, I'm riding from Kraków). Znany krakowiak w wersji góralskiej - A well-known folk song from Kraków region, arranged in Polish Higlanders' style.
Hej, jedzie wóz za wozem.
Co ja o tobie myślę.
W swe łapy nie dostanę.