text:
The Believers is a 2008 novel by Zoë Heller. It depicts the family of a controversial lawyer in New York after a stroke renders him comatose. Each member of the Litvinoff family must confront the hypocrisies underlying their patriarch's political profile, and make difficult choices about their own values and ideological commitments.

The motto of the book—"The challenge of modernity is to live without illusions and without becoming disillusioned"—is a quotation from Antonio Gramsci. It has been noted that The Believers, Heller's third novel, bears no resemblance to her previous book, the successful Notes on a Scandal (2003).

Plot summary
At a party in 1962, 18-year-old typist Audrey Howard meets Joel Litvinoff, an American lawyer involved with the civil rights movement. Although Joel is fourteen years older, Audrey is impressed when Joel puts her pompous date in his place. In turn, Joel is intrigued by Audrey's aloofness. Joel later finds Audrey's number in a telephone book and insists on accompanying Audrey to visit her dreary, rural parents the next day. Audrey and Joel spend the night together, and Joel half-seriously suggests that Audrey marry him and follow him to the United States. Bored with her unstimulating life in Britain, Audrey takes him up on his offer.

Forty years later, Joel and Audrey live together in Greenwich Village. Joel is now famous, successful, and controversial for his radical legal activism. Audrey has become a fiery, antagonistic woman who finds fault in all things and defends her husband's causes with zealous conviction. Joel and Audrey have three adult children living elsewhere in New York City. Lenny, the eldest, was adopted at age seven as part of Joel's belief in collective, "tribal" child-rearing. Lenny's parents were eco-terrorists, with their last campaign killing his biological father and landing his biological mother in jail. Since then, Joel has grown frustrated with Lenny's addiction issues and repeated petty crimes, while Audrey dotes on Lenny and constantly excuses his delinquency. Karla, the middle child, is a hospital social worker. Karla struggles with low self-esteem after years of demeaning treatment from her family about her weight and intelligence. Karla is unhappily married to Mike, a union organizer, who desperately wants children. Rosa, the youngest, chaperones an after-school program for underprivileged girls. Once a firm socialist, Rosa tried to join the socialist revolution in Cuba but returned disillusioned after four years of witnessing Fidel Castro's oppression. However, by the time she is introduced, Rosa has had a positive experience in a synagogue and discovered an interest in Orthodox Judaism.

While defending an Arab American man against terrorism charges in the wake of the September 11 attacks, Joel has a stroke and enters a coma. At the hospital, Audrey lashes out at the doctors, causing a fight with Rosa that ends with Audrey kicking Rosa from the hospital. Audrey's long-suffering confidant, Jean, tries to help distract her by taking her to activist social functions, but Audrey is offended at the activists' lack of concern for Joel and preoccupation with public figures. Audrey receives a letter from a woman named Berenice Mason, who claims to be Joel's lover and the mother of his illegitimate child. Audrey dismisses the claim.

Rosa spends a weekend with an Orthodox rabbi's family in Monsey. Rosa is at first put off by the family's insularity, but is intrigued by the rabbi's willingness to discuss his faith rationally with her. Later, Rosa witnesses a girl's mother strike her child during a parent-teacher conference, and confides in her fellow chaperone Raphael that she believes they cannot help the girls escape their lower-class neighbourhoods.

Karla attempts to help her melancholic neighbour, Ms. Mee, write a letter against Ms. Mee's employer, who is taking all her tips. At work, Karla is saved from an aggressive patient by Khaled, the man who runs the newspaper stand outside the hospital. Karla is surprised by Khaled's genuine kindness, enjoyment of simple pleasures, and lack of concern for politics and appearances - so unlike her parents.

Berenice confronts Audrey at her home, but Audrey sends her away in anger. After Joel's former staff and Jean confront her with proof that Berenice is telling the truth, she agrees to meet with Berenice. Jean warns her to wait until she is ready, but Audrey presses ahead, and the meeting goes poorly. Andrey angrily refuses Berenice's request for their children to have a relationship. Halfway through her tirade, she realizes everyone in the room is afraid of her and loses her energy. She agrees to pay Joel's child support in his stead on the condition that Berenice immediately leave and avoid further contact with her or her three children. Afterwards, Jean watches Audrey cry for the first time.

The Litvinoff family gathers for Audrey's birthday. Mike argues with Audrey over his union's decision to support a Republican governor, and both of them mock Rosa for entertaining Orthodox faith. Lenny's girlfriend Tanya obliviously tries to join the conversation as Audrey mocks her too. Lenny goes to the bathroom, but stays inside so long that Rosa becomes concerned. The family knocks down the bathroom door to find him in a drug-induced stupor. Audrey and Tanya treat the overdose as an excusable mistake, horrifying Rosa and causing her to leave.

Rosa attends lessons on religion at her local Jewish community centre. The experience makes her feel conflicted. She instinctively dislikes the blind obedience of the Orthodox women and their insistence that her skepticism towards misogynistic religious rules is something to be overcome, but also wonders if her skepticism is human weakness holding her back from supernatural truth. Rosa also realizes that her international, upper-class upbringing has alienated her from the sensibilities and concerns of average suburban Americans, like her roommate. Rosa feels guilty for looking down on "normal" girls, at least until she finds her roommate cheating on her fiance with Lenny. Back at work, Rosa vetoes a dance routine at the after-school program for being too explicit, and Raphael and the girls make fun of her prudishness and suggest it is because she is Jewish.

Audrey takes Lenny to visit his biological mother, Susan, in prison. She is jealous of Lenny's natural love for Susan, especially since she finds Susan unrefined. Audrey despairs that Lenny does not return her love so freely. Jean encourages Audrey to cut Lenny off unless he takes serious action to deal with his addiction issues. Jean even suggests that she take Lenny with her to work on a farm by her vacation home in another state. Audrey refuses at first, but eventually agrees with Jean. Lenny at first reacts angrily, but when Audrey stands her ground, he gives in.

Mike decides that he and Karla have tried for children naturally long enough, and moves to adopt. During the pre-adoption courses, Karla is embarrassed at her inability to express sincere desire for children, whereas Mike's answers flow readily. Meanwhile, she continues to spend time with Khaled at work, and their relationship evolves into a sexual affair.  Karla questions how Khaled can care nothing for politics despite the systemic injustices against Arabs in America and the important accomplishments of past activists. Khaled replies that America is better than the Middle East and that politics are boring and pointless. Karla decides what they are doing is wrong and ends the affair.

Audrey visits Joel with Karla and Rosa. She is approached by Joel's doctors, who inform her that now would be the appropriate time to turn off Joel's life-sustaining equipment. Audrey is furious and does not give her consent, accusing the doctors of opportunism and malpractice. At the same time she realizes her hypocrisy, as she and Joel had mutually agreed to pull the plug if one of them became unable care for themselves and scorned the pro-life lobby. Berenice accidentally visits at the same time and Audrey causes a scene.

Rosa attends excursions to various Jewish sites with her classmates, but when a classmate suggests that Rosa's hesitations are rooted in being uncomfortable with her womanhood, Rosa becomes angry and disavows the religion lessons. She sets up a one-night stand with a college acquaintance, Chris, to prove to herself that she is done with Orthodox rules. Afterwards, she decides that she still feels a connection to Orthodox Judaism, and decides to continue visiting Monsey.

When the after-school program girls perform the dance she vetoed at a public event, Rosa leaves without congratulating them. When Raphael confronts her, she repeats that their work is futile and she cannot stand to watch the girls meet their class destiny. Raphael angrily tells her that the girls deserve better than someone who sees them as lost causes, and Rosa realizes that he is correct and takes steps to quit.

When Audrey visits Lenny in the countryside, he is doing well. He has positive relationships with his Alcoholic Anonymous sponsor, works hard on the farm, and has cut ties with Tanya and his addict friends in New York City. Audrey reacts skeptically and sourly, but Jean bluntly tells her that Audrey must be afraid Lenny will leave her if he does not have to depend on her. Audrey confides in Jean that she believes Joel never loved her. Audrey acknowledges out loud for the first time that she accepted continuous infidelity from Joel, but she can tell Joel saw Berenice as more than a sexual fling, and that he loved Berenice in a way that he had never loved her.

Rosa and Karla decide to visit Berenice. Berenice tells the girls that Joel got her the apartment illegally through connections. She shows them photographs of her genitals and books on the occult, and asks them to have a relationship with their half-sibling even if it has to be kept secret from Audrey. Rosa expresses anger to Karla after they leave, upset that Berenice would ask them to conspire against their mother. Rosa also condemns their father for giving Berenice love that was meant for them, and for compromising his principles for a kooky artist. Karla, however, personally understands that Joel would have had less energy to love his children had he limited himself to an unsatisfying marriage. She reflects on the perpetual unhappiness of her neighbour Ms. Mee, and wonders if she and Mike will also come to define their lives by mundane unhappiness.

Rosa takes the after-school program girls on one last excursion to a rally held by [Susan Sarandon] against the Iraq War. Audrey and Jean show up to assist her.  While Jean fetches candies and souvenirs for the girls, Rosa speaks with her mother about Judaism. She tells Audrey that she now supports the right of the Israeli state to defend itself, to Audrey's disgust. Rosa asks Audrey what she would do if the truth struck her undeniably and inexplicably, even if she could not make sense of it and it contradicted everything she was raised to believe. Audrey bitterly replies that this would never happen, and if it did she would reject it.

Eventually, Joel contracts an infection. The doctors tell the family that they need to come urgently. Mike is upset because the infection came on the same day as the election campaign he had run for his union, and he wanted to see the results. Karla is disturbed that Mike seems to view Joel's passing as both an irritation and an exciting source of drama. At the hospital, Audrey, Lenny, Karla, Mike, Rosa, and Joel's mother visit him for the last time. Joel's mother gives him a brief and definitive goodbye, then asks to leave. Mike focuses on the election results until his candidate is declared the winner, then shows a tabloid article to Audrey about rumors regarding an affair by Joel. Karla sternly asks her husband to leave, to his displeasure. Rosa reflects on all the times she chastised her father for compromising his values for small comforts, and regrets that she wasted time trying to call out his hypocrisy instead of enjoying his company. In the hallway, Audrey surprises Karla by telling her that she does not have to stay with Mike if she is unhappy. Joel dies while they are speaking. The children silently join Audrey as she weeps over Joel's corpse, then leave one by one to let Audrey be with their father.

Joel's funeral is held in a cathedral almost immediately after his death. Audrey's sister and brother-in-law accompany Jean to the ceremony. They are struck by the wide variety of mourners in the crowd. Audrey delivers a eulogy from the pulpit. She speaks of Joel as a principled defender of civil rights and social progress. To everyone's surprise, she unexpectedly calls Berenice to join her from among the crowd of mourners, along with Berenice's son Jamil. Audrey declares that Berenice and Jamil are a testament to Joel's commitment to collective tribal child-rearing and expanded families, and that she sees them as family too. She also announces a new scholarship for progressive causes in Joel's name. After the funeral, Jean approaches Audrey in shock, but Audrey rebuffs her questions. Jean realizes that Audrey gone back to coldly hiding her feelings to safeguard Joel's legacy as a man of principle.

Lenny attends the funeral reception with Tanya, apparently having relapsed. Rosa tells her mother of her plans to go to Jerusalem, and to study the Torah at a yeshiva. Mike looks for Karla, but cannot find her at the reception. Across town, Karla boards a subway and texts Khaled to let him know she will join him soon.

Reviews
The Believers was published to almost unanimously positive reviews. It has been called a "cruelly clever new novel", "an observant and unsentimental family drama that pits rationalism against faith", "at heart an American novel: a larger, more considered, layered and utterly assured study of a family driven by political passion whose personal lives refuse to comply with prescribed ideology". Critics agree that it defies comparison with Notes on a Scandal and that it is rich in character development.

Reviewers and critics have suggested that Heller has a "penchant for unlikeable characters" which may be seen as interesting or annoying. Heller has retorted by stating that

Lionel Shriver notes that the character of Joel Litvinoff may be modelled on William Kunstler.

References

External links
Skirmishes in the Family Garden Cathleen Schine review from The New York Review of Books

Family saga novels
2008 British novels
Fiction set in 2002
Novels set in New York City
Penguin Books books


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Esther McVey Slammed For Taking Money From High-Cost Loan Boss
22/05/2014 09:44am BST | Updated May 22, 2014
Former Minister for the Disabled Esther McVey poses for pictures outside 10 Downing Street in London, on October 7, 2013. McVey replaces Mark Hoban as Employment Minister as a government reshuffle began Monday. AFP PHOTO/Leon Neal (Photo credit should read LEON NEAL/AFP/Getty Images)
LEON NEAL via Getty Images
Employment minister Esther McVey has come under fire for accepting a £10,000 donation from the millionaire boss of a high-cost loan company that gives loans to people with poor credit ratings.
The Tory MP for Wirral West's constituency party received £10,000 from Henry Angest, head of the Arbuthnot Banking Group, which owns Everyday Loans, a firm that provides unsecured loans at annual interest rates of nearly 80%.
The rates are higher than those available to people in secured loans, but not as high as payday lenders like Wonga, whose APR (annual percentage rate) can be as high as 5853%.
Critics seized on the high-cost lender boss' donation to McVey due to her ministry, the Department for Work and Pensions, slashing benefits.
Labour MP Paul Flynn, member of the Public Accounts Committee, told the Daily Mail: "At the same time as working in a department which is being harsh and ruthless to people with tiny incomes, she is accepting money from someone in charge of a company exploiting the weakness of the most vulnerable.
"No politician should appear to be in hock to any donor, because it gives the impression that any decision taken is influenced by sponsorship."
Angest, chairman and chief executive of Arbuthnot Banking Group, has been a major Tory party donor, giving the party £7 million in loans and donations over the last decade. According to the Electoral Commission, he gave the party £17,500 in the first quarter of 2014.
Speaking to the Liverpool Echo, McVey defended her decision to accept the money by stressing that the Angest made the donation as an individual.
"This is a bank – and a bank that did not need a bailout from the taxpayer. And the donation came from an individual who is the chief executive officer of the bank, not through any company at all," she said.
An Arbuthnot Banking Group spokesman said: "This was a personal donation and is completely above board."
dwpUK banksuk newsuk loansparty donations

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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text:
National Immigration Services
An Immigration Law Firm
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Contact us for a free review to determine your
eligibility for the useful L1 visa.
Global multinational corporations are constantly transferring their staff from abroad to their U.S. workplaces. Congress created the L1 visa to facilitate this transfer of personnel. Applicants must satisfy the following qualifications.
Applicants must have been employed for at least one year within the past three years prior to the submission of the application of the L1 visa. The applicant must be coming to the U.S. to continue providing services for this same employer. Finally, the alien must be working in a capacity as a manager, executive or in a position that requires specialized knowledge.
Typically, the approved L1 is granted for a period of three years. Thereafter, extensions are usually given in two-year increments. The total period of stay permitted for managers and executives is seven years. For specialized workers, the total duration is five years. Once the maximum duration has been reached, the alien must reside abroad for at least one year, then he or she may return to the U.S. in L-1 status. It is important to note that the times spent in L-1 status AND H status are added together and counted toward the total. Thus, if a specialized worker had spent 2 years in H status and then spent 3 years in L status, he will not be able to obtain an extension.
The application for an L-1 visa will contain information about the company and the alien. Information concerning the company will detail the nature of the business and the relationship it has with its U.S. affiliate. Information regarding the alien will provide a job description and discuss how the position is either a manger, executive, or specialized worker position. The support letter should also discuss the qualifications of the alien and how she is suitable for this position.
One benefit to the L-1 program is that it permits companies to apply for "blanket" L-1. This enables the company to avoid having to file individualized applications for each employee it wishes to transfer to the U.S. thus saving the company significant time. Instead, the alien can take a copy of the I-797 approval notice and apply directly at the nearby U.S. consulate to obtain a L-1 visa stamp in his passport.
What are the basic requirements of the L-1 visa?
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Disclaimer: This is an advertisement, no attorney/client relationship is established by viewing the contents of this site. As immigration law is constantly changing, information is provided as-is and does not constitute legal advice. Visitors are urged to contact experienced immigration counsel for their immigration matters.


text:
Evan Agostini/Invision/AP
Cameron Diaz opens up about parenthood after quietly having baby girl with Benji Madden
Diaz says she and her husband are "having the best time."
February 15, 2021 February 15, 2021 by Bridget Sharkey
Cameron Diaz has been opening up about being a mom. The 48-year-old gave birth to her first child more than a year ago, but Diaz and husband Benji Madden have been keeping quiet about her details.
Last year, the protective parents posted about Raddix on Instagram, sharing their joy but explaining that they don't want to share much news about her on social media. The message stated:
"Happy New Year from the Maddens! We are so happy, blessed and grateful to begin this new decade by announcing the birth of our daughter, Raddix Madden," Diaz wrote. "She has instantly captured our hearts and completed our family. While we are overjoyed to share this news, we also feel a strong inclination to protect our little one's privacy. So we won't be posting pictures or sharing any more details, other than the fact she is really, really cute!! Some would even say RAD 🙂 From our family to all of yours, we're sending our love and best wishes for a Happy New Year and Happy New Decade…"
According to US Weekly, the baby's full name is Raddix Chloe Wildflower Madden. She was born at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles on December 30, 2019.
Although the new parents have been private about Raddix herself, Diaz has been happy to talk about her experience with motherhood. She told Entertainment Tonight last April that quarantine hasn't changed her life much because being a mom to a newborn goes hand-in-hand with staying at home.
"I love being a mother. It's the best, best, best part of my life," she said. "I'm so grateful and so happy and it's the best thing ever and I'm so lucky to do it with Benj and we're having the best time. I'm thrilled. I can't believe it."
Rumors have swirled about Diaz's journey to motherhood, as she is 47 years old. (Women's fertility begins to seriously decline around age 37). Sources say she and Madden tried acupuncture, IVF, supplements and other fertility methods to help them become pregnant, ultimately using a surrogate. However, Diaz hasn't spoken openly about this, which is totally understandable. Her medical history isn't ours to know unless she cares to divulge, and clearly, the parents want to keep Raddix safe from the public eye as much as possible.
On an October 2020 episode of Naomi Campbell's YouTube series No Filter, as reported by Mother.ly, Diaz opened up about being a mom later in life.
"Having a family when you're young…it's like anything when you're young: You do it," the actress said. "But when you're my age and you decide to do it, it's a real choice. You really have to work hard for it."
She added jokingly, "The only pressure for me now is I have to live to be, like, 107, you know? No pressure!"
Categories Celebrities & Pop Culture, Entertainment, Family & Parenting, Life, Movies & TV


text:
All URIs are relative to *https://api.kinow.com/api*

Method | HTTP request | Description
------------- | ------------- | -------------
[**getToken**](#getToken) | **POST** /get-token |

## **getToken**
> \Kinow\Client\Model\OAuthToken getToken($client_id, $client_secret)

Get authentication token

### Example
```php
<?php
require_once(__DIR__ . '/vendor/autoload.php');

$api_instance = new Kinow\Client\Api\OAuthApi();
$client_id = "client_id_example"; // string | Client Id given by your back office
$client_secret = "client_secret_example"; // string | Client secret given by your back office

try {
    $result = $api_instance->getToken($client_id, $client_secret);
    print_r($result);
} catch (Exception $e) {
    echo 'Exception when calling OAuthApi->getToken: ', $e->getMessage(), PHP_EOL;
}
?>
```

### Parameters

Name | Type | Description  | Notes
------------- | ------------- | ------------- | -------------
 **client_id** | **string**| Client Id given by your back office |
 **client_secret** | **string**| Client secret given by your back office |

### Return type

[**\Kinow\Client\Model\OAuthToken**](#OAuthToken)

### Authorization

No authorization required

### HTTP request headers

 - **Content-Type**: Not defined
 - **Accept**: Not defined

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
/ KESTA HAPPENING MAGAZINE
/ APRIL 2015
help those families in need?" That's how the project came to be. To be the successful and admirable business woman she is today, she overcame many challenges, but she's remained appreciative in the process: "Like any immigrant when you come to a different country, not having your family nearby, and learning everything from 0, it makes you appreciate so much when you prosper and the opportunities that people give you. Yes, it's true, I have worked very hard for what I have, but you have to be grateful to the people who have lent you a hand and to the people who gave you opportunity through the years… we're grateful for our community. They give us so much, and we want to give back to them." Ms.Elda loves the work she does, but most of all, getting to know people and showing others the important role that Hispanics play in our society: "At the end of the day, our businesses are a way to do something better, to change the way people look at us as Hispanics, and as immigrants…to show that the Hispanic community is here to contribute; that we are honorable, hardworking people that have come to this country to work hard, and to contribute. We all have a mission in life, and when you find your mission, I think you're happy." By: Sarah Barrie
Elda M.Devarie is President and CEO of EMD Sales, Inc., a minority, family owned food distribution business of ethnic food products and wines, located in Baltimore, MD. She is also the creator and mastermind behind Bolas de Amor (Bags of Love) the community outreach project that has united Hispanic businesses from all over to help families in need. Each year, the Bolsas de Amor campaign brings together various Hispanic businesses and organizations in the community for the purpose of helping families in need by
distributing boxes of food provided by international food brands and supermarkets. Families are considered based upon submissions by community organizations, as well as, letters with petitions for support. This year's event spanned across 4 states with 34 distribution locations, and with the help of over 120 volunteers 800 boxes of food products were donated. Bolsas de Amor was inspired by an article about the current state of the food bank written by Alberto Avendaño of El Tiempo Latino, where he talked about how the food bank that particular year was at its lowest in inventory of food products for families in need. She found the article very eye opening, especially because during the winter months, the donations to the food bank are generally lower. "Everyone is so generous during Thanksgiving and Christmas, but then when winter comes, there is lack of food." So she decided to do something about it. "I have food, you have the media behind you," she told Avendaño and El Tiempo Latino, "Why don't we sit down together and put something together so we can
Her success is largely credited to hard work, perseverance, and faith. "You've gotta have faith in yourself, in the world, and in God, that he's providing for you every step of the way. You have to be hard working, you have to persevere, but you have to have faith in all of those things to be able to make it. In the good times and the bad ones, you can't quit." Bolsas de Amor is an ongoing project for Ms. Elda and the community. You can help support Bolsas de Amor by making a donation or volunteering. For more information you may call EMD Sales Inc. directly at 301.322.4503, Ex 113. Thank you Elda for all that you do help needy families in the DMV! █
Kesta Happening
Kesta Happening Magazine April 2015
In this issue: Tego Calderon, Romeo Santos, Akwid, Los Autenticos Decadentes, Lila Downs, Gilberto Gil, Kinky, Ana Tijoux, Grupo Vena, Marie...
kestahappening


text:
Friday October 1st, 2021
Friday October 8th, 2021 Richard B. Earls
United States of America, 18-35 Youth, Adventure, Arts and Culture, Beach Vacations, Biking, Birdwatching, Condo Rentals, Destination Weddings, Family Travel, Golf Vacations, Green Travel, Hiking, Honeymoon And Destination Weddings, Kayaking, Rain Forest, Yoga Retreats and Vacations
If you are like most who have never been to Hawaii, the state's islands blend into a mass of unpronounceable vowels and indistinct images of a tropical paradise. The geography of the islands is not difficult, however, and all it takes is one trip to make visitors long to become experts. So if you have never been, or if you have only been to one island, this introduction should whet your appetite and familiarize you with the islands and their most important characteristics. Perhaps the most amazing fact you'll find is how close and reasonably priced Hawaii really is. Long thought of as a distant playground for the wealthy, Hawaii is less than 6 hours from the west coast and terrifically, wonderfully affordable.
Most do not realize that Hawaii's islands span more than 1,500 miles, creating the longest chain of islands in the world. In total, Hawaii is actually 130 separate islands if you include the atolls and coral reefs above sea level. However, the eight of these islands that cover 99% of the land area receive all of the attention, and of those, only six offer tourism opportunities (Niihau is privately owned and Kahoolawe was once a test range for the US Navy). The six major islands are Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, Maui, and Hawaii's Big Island. Each island has its own identity, ambiance, climate and geological features that make it unique.
The Hawaiian Islands are volcanic, the products of millions of years of undersea eruptions; today, however, the only active volcano is on Hawaii's Big Island. Hawaii's climate is an amazing phenomenon, as well. Climatologists will tell you that the earth has 13 types of climatic conditions, and of those, 11 are represented on Hawaii – the only missing conditions are Arctic and Saharan. At sea level, summer temperatures average 80 degrees Fahrenheit and in winter, a balmy 75 degrees. Year round, the average water temperature is 74 degrees.
Getting around on the islands is a cinch. A ferry runs between Maui and Lanai and Maui and Molokai, and inter-island flights offer multi-island passes at a discount. Another small commercial carrier, Island Air, flies between the smaller airports on the islands. Most visitors relish self-drive adventures, touring the winding roads along the beaches or into the interior of the islands at their own pace. Rental options range from scooters to Ferraris, but for a classic experience, try renting a Jeep.
What's truly unique about Hawaii, though, is the sheer number of activities available in such an amazingly beautiful setting – the scenery is unmatched and unlike anything in the world. Mountains and beaches, tropical rainforests and snow. Pineapple plantations and volcanoes. Sit and do nothing, or try just a few of the built-in diversions that nature has given a home here: water sports like surfing, windsurfing, boating, sailing, snorkeling, diving, fishing and kayaking; or try golf, tennis, world-class bicycling, hiking and camping. The islands are also home to an entire health industry, with internationally recognized spas, yoga and holistic centers throughout the state. And Hawaii takes the precious gifts that nature has bestowed very seriously, so ecotourism is practiced with a particular zeal here, and many tour and local guide companies offer programs designed around the islands' flora and fauna.
Geologists say that Kauai is the oldest island of the six tourist islands. The rugged coast boasts more miles of beach and hiking trails than all the other islands. This is the island serving as a backdrop to many films, including Jurassic Park. Its primitive, tropical beauty evokes the Garden of Eden – it is an island of mountains and valleys, waterfalls and beautiful beaches. On the Northwest side of the island, 3,000 foot cliffs line the Na Pali Coast, much of it inaccessible except by boat or hikes on foot. The island is circular in shape, offering five areas developed for tourism. This well-rounded destination appeals to commercial shoppers, fine diners, and eco-tourists alike.
Oahu is the most commercial of the islands, and home to Waikiki and Honolulu. But do not let that fool you: Oahu mesmerizes visitors with rainforests, mountains, valleys, and spectacular ocean waves. A great suggestion for any island newcomer is to rent a car (an open top is ideal) and drive the perimeter of the island – you may well be awed by how undeveloped and quaint much of the island remains. Honolulu, on the southern tip of Oahu and bordered by both mountains and ocean, is actually one of the largest cities in the United States and home to near 80% of the Hawaiian population. Waikiki is famous the world over, where urban culture and the distinct Polynesian flavor of Hawaii co-exist in perfect harmony. Diamond Head, a mountainous volcanic crater, is a famous and easily recognizable landmark.
Words most often associated with the island of Molokai are peace and tranquility. Molokai is home to many of the ecological and adventure-oriented activities found in Hawaii. The eastern side of the island is very green and tropical, and the western side, in contrast, offers dry grasslands and beaches. To the north, tall sea cliffs rising more than 3,500 feet above sea level look out over the ocean and create Hawaii's tallest waterfall. The Kalaupapa Peninsula is considered one of the state's most beautiful areas and is ironically the former home of the island's famous leper colony, bordered by high, sheltering cliffs on one side. The main "urban" area is Kaunakakai, a town with no traffic lights.
Lanai is a largely rural island, sheltered from the leeward winds by Maui, some nine miles away. There are only 32 miles of pavement on the island, and much of it is given over to luxury resorts, golfing, and activities for adventurous personalities, and it is oft-considered the Hawaii's best snorkeling and scuba diving spot. Lanai was at one time a giant pineapple plantation and is home to some of Hawaii's most famous beaches, such as Hulopoe Bay. The only town on the island is Lanai City, a quaint town filled with small shops and artist studios. Lanai entertains many visitors with large luxury resorts and their attendant championship golf properties.
The island of Maui has something for everyone. The dormant Haleakala volcano (though officially classified as "active") and Kahalawai volcano watch over Hawaii's second largest island and shape the island's mountains, valleys and waterfalls. Visitors to Maui are surprised by how undeveloped most of the island feels, and yet how much it offers in terms of dining, resorts and nightlife. Maui is also the whale watching center for the islands (the humpback whale is the state animal). Driving to the top of Haleakala to watch the sunrise is a Maui visitor ritual (many opt to bike back down from the top), as is a drive around the island's perimeter on the 50 mile Hana Highway. Another attraction is the small village of Lahaina, full of great shops and restaurants.
The Big Island is the home to the Kilauea volcano: the still active, currently erupting volcano is the most active volcano in the world, with a continual lava flow pouring into the ocean since 1983, creating approximately 40 new acres of island every year. The Big Island is as large as all of the other islands combined, with more than 260 miles of coast. During the winter, it can actually snow on the island's tallest mountain, Mauna Kea, and you can snow ski on its 13,796 foot altitudes, weather permitting. The Kona-Kohala Coast on the Big Island hosts several luxury resorts and golf facilities along with its white-sand beaches. Here, too, is the town of Hilo, displaying its tropical, quintessential Hawaiian culture.
Again, this overview is just a start at describing the amazing destination of Hawaii. Its cultural and environmental significance can only be fully understood through a visit in person – to see is to believe. Once you are there, consider leaving the beaten path to explore the lush outdoors of America's 50th state.
About the author: Richard B. Earls
Richard Earls has spent the last 28 years in the travel industry as an agency owner, a technologist, a publisher and a writer. The publishing credits to Richard's resume are many, including Weissmann Travel Reports, STAR Service, Intelliguide, BTP24, Voyager Travel Guides and Travel Research Online. He is currently self-unemployed.
richard.earls@travelhoppers.com
Turkey – tea with the locals
Sunday August 22nd, 2021 Richard B. Earls
Yes, the British and the Japanese have their tea customs and rituals, and I wouldn't want to take away from the special nature of either of those cultures. But if I had to choose where I would most like to have a cup of tea with the locals, it would…
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Adding global real estate to a portfolio offers both growth and diversification benefits. This asset class stands to benefit from the tailwinds of positive global economic growth and minimal new real estate supply. Plus, its returns tend not to move in lock step with other investments. This edition of our "Focus" series makes sense of this less well-known market opportunity.


Every Automata Needs A CFO!
I decided to add a few additional minor characters into the current project. This little fellow is one character who will sit in the mechanism area. While he holds the lofty tittle of CFO (Chief Financial Officer), in this case he merely tracks and counts the coins collected from above.
He is holding a Canadian "Loonie", a dollar coin about 1" in diameter. He is made from 11 assembled pieces. His feet, hands, and tail are maple, which is strong enough to handle details like shaping his toes, his eyes and nose are shaped from a 1/4" dowel, and the rest is basswood. His fur is cut with a pyrographic burner.
With the addition of two front teeth, a coat of paint and some eyeballs, he'll be ready assume his fiscal responsibility.


The caffeine present in dark coffee helps to increase the blood pressure instantly. If you have any other health problem avoid this remedy.
Take 1-2 dark coffee daily or when you feel the warning signs of low blood pressure.
This is a highly beneficial remedy for low blood pressure. Continue this remedy for a few weeks to improve the blood pressure level.
Soak about 20- 30 raisins in water in a ceramic bowl.
Next day morning eat the raisins.
Drink the water in which the raisins were soaked.
Dehydration is the cause of low blood pressure in many people. Hence it is necessary to increase the water intake, if you are feeling that your blood pressure is going down.
The additional fluids help to maintain the blood pressure within the blood vessels.
The raw juice of beet-root is extremely helpful in increasing the blood pressure.
This herbal remedy is also very effective in curing low blood pressure. This herb has many medicinal property.
If you are a person consuming alcohol, this may be the reason for your low blood pressure condition. Alcohol causes dehydration of the body leading to low blood pressure even if taken in moderate quantities.
Totally avoid alcohol consumption and replace it with water intake, if you want to have a normal blood pressure.
Sudden changes in body position may cause dizziness in people with low blood pressure.
If get low blood pressure symptoms while standing, put your one foot on a chair and lean forward.
This will improve the blood circulation to heart and head.
It is necessary to make changes in the diet to control the blood pressure. Make sure that your body is getting all the required nutrients. Lack of proper nutrients can cause low blood pressure.
Include whole grains, fruits, lean chicken, fish and vegetables in your diet.
Limit the intake of carbohydrate rich food such as rice, potato, bread, pasta etc.
Instead of having three large meals which may cause postprandial fall of blood pressure take multiple small meals. After the meals more blood will be diverted to gastrointestinal tract this will result in reduced blood supply to the heart and the brain causing dizziness.
Split the same quantity of meals into 5-6 small meals.
Studies have shown that mild exercises increases blood pressure in people who are having low blood pressure. Avoid strenuous exercises as they can further lower the blood pressure.
Light exercises like yoga, walking, swimming and cycling are highly helpful to regulate the blood pressure.
Exercises should be done daily to maintain the blood pressure.
Stress is an important factor which regulates the blood pressure in people. Avoid all kinds of stress.
Are you a person with constant low blood pressure symptoms? Are you looking for the best and easily available home remedies to regulate your blood pressure? You can use any of the above home remedies to get rid of low blood pressure? If you feel that you are having serious conditions, do not hesitate to visit the doctor and get the medical treatment.
I can't believe you recommend increased salt intake just to increase blood pressure. Surely it will do the job but at the expense of the kidneys. While there are other ways to increase blood pressure, I'm sure there are few expensive and life-threatening options for kidney failure.


The startup uses a network of solar powered kiosks that use 50W solar-PV systems in charging up to 20 phones or a variation of other small electronic devices at once, while providing complementary retail and product sales.
The franchisees called Juapreneurs are trained and start working with a phone charging business via the solar charging kiosks where they earn between 75-175 USD per month, which is 2.5 to 5 times the average monthly income in Tanzania.
Juabar design considers security, modularity, locally available materials and manufacturing, and ease-of-use for its operators.
With over 60% of the Tanzanian population using mobile phones as a means for communication, banking, agriculture services, civic engagement, education and healthcare services especially in rural areas, Juabar is trying to meet rural communities energy and connectivity needs.
As a self-energized kiosk Juabar is a product designed to exist in public space as pop-up solar electrified shop for entrepreneurs.


text:
Spring romance is for the birds
The information presented on this page was originally released on March 2, 2018. It may not be outdated, but please search our site for more current information. If you plan to quote or reference this information in a publication, please check with the Extension specialist or author before proceeding.
Extension Outdoors
By Dr. Leslie M. Burger
STARKVILLE, Miss. -- Valentine's Day may be over but not the romance. Spring is just around the corner, and that means the start of the breeding season for wildlife. The chirps and trills of spring peepers and chorus frogs now rise into the night. Bird song greets the morning. A new season of growth and life has begun.
The complexity of nature is amazing. Even the way animals reproduce is diverse. Let's look at some examples from the bird world.
Most birds are monogamous. In monogamy, one male and one female form what is known as a pair bond. How long a pair bond lasts varies with species. For many birds, the bond lasts the entire breeding season. In these cases, the male and female often work together to raise offspring.
Leslie Burger
A few bird species mate for life. Perhaps the most famous example is the mute swan. The pair stays together until one dies, working together to raise their young cygnets each year. Our national symbol, the bald eagle, is another example. Whooping cranes, scarlet macaws and even the dowdy black vulture are other species that are monogamous for life.
Not all species form a single male and single female pair bond. In some rare cases, a single female will mate with more than one male. In this system called polyandry (meaning "many males"), each male takes care of the nest laid for them by the female.
More common than polyandry is polygyny, which means "many females." As the name implies, a single male mates with more than one female. Often, these females raise the young on their own or with limited help from the male. Polygyny is most common in harsh nesting conditions that make it necessary for birds to use several partners to increase the chances of surviving offspring.
One unusual breeding strategy is called cooperative breeding, in which the parents have help caring for nestlings. Adult, nonbreeding offspring may stay in their parents' territory and help to raise their siblings. This system makes sense if space for new territories is restricted. By staying in their parents' home territory, these young adults have a better chance of survival. They can also improve the chances of their siblings' survival. In Florida, where the native scrub oak habitat is limited, the Florida scrub jay has a cooperative breeding system.
While some species get extra help raising offspring, others don't put any effort at all into rearing their young. The brown-headed cowbird in the United States and the common cuckoo in Europe are called brood parasites. Females of these species lay their eggs in the nest of other, unsuspecting bird species. When the "parasite" egg hatches, the surrogate mother cares for this hatchling as if it was hers, often to the detriment of her own chicks.
The bird songs and colors of spring remind us of the beauty in nature's diversity and of the promise of new life with a new year.
Editor's Note: Extension Outdoors is a column authored by several different experts in the Mississippi State University Extension Service.
Released: March 2, 2018
Contacts: Dr. Leslie M. Burger
Photos for publication (click for high resolution image):
Dr. Leslie M. Burger
conservation education
Mr. Bill Hamrick
Senior Extension Associate
Wildlife & Fisheries
Dr. Wes Neal
Fisheries Extension
Dr. Bronson Strickland
Hunters, landowners can join chronic wasting disease forum
Life is tough on a buck
Deer management must change to battle CWD
Chronic wasting disease in deer impacts hunters
Chronic wasting disease threatens state's deer
Managing Hardwood Stands for Acorn Production
Sport Fish Suppliers And Stocking Guidelines for Stocking MS Ponds
Snakes Alive! How to Identify Hazardous Snakes
Reducing Snake Problems Around Homes
Dawg Tracks Safety Talk
https://msucares.com/news/extension-outdoors/2018/spring-romance-for-the-birds


A massive security breach that hit Equifax has cost the US credit bureau nearly $90 million so far, a figure that is set to rise further, its chief financial officer said on Thursday.
The company, which gathers data on consumers to help lenders determine borrowers' creditworthiness, revealed in September that hackers had stolen the personal details, including names, dates of birth and social security numbers, of nearly 146 million people.
In the third quarter, "we incurred a one-time charge related to the cybersecurity incident of $87.5 million," John Gamble said during a conference call on quarterly results.
Equifax is forecasting between $60 and $75 million in spending that will include information technology security in the fourth quarter, he said.
In addition to the expenses, the group's earnings have also been affected, particularly due to customer dissatisfaction, Equifax said.
Its net income fell 27 percent to $96.3 million in the third quarter.
Equifax also said in a document sent to the US Securities and Exchange commission that it is the subject of 240 class-action lawsuits in the US and Canada as well as more than 50 investigations in the US, Canada and Great Britain.
It did not quantify the possible financial impact of the lawsuits.
Equifax interim CEO Paulino do Rego Barros said that following the security breach, its senior leadership will not receive bonuses this year.
Its CEO Richard Smith resigned in late September, as did two other Equifax executives, its chief information officer and chief security officer.


Note: For a translation of the 'text' see 80.
Robbins, Rossell Hope. "The Earliest Carols and the Franciscans." Modern Language Notes 53 (1938): 239-45: 243.
Pfander, Homer Garrison. "The Popular Sermon of the Medieval Friar in England." Diss. New York University, 1937: 46.


Located near Kathmandu, Langtang Valley is the perfect destination for those who are looking for a relatively easy route with shorter walks and lower altitude. The route will take us through quaint villages, terraced farms, forest, and majestic views of the Himalayan ranges.
We drive towards Syabrubesi in the morning, the starting point of our trek. The winding road to Syabrubesi is not a smooth ride but it is still enjoyable. On a clear day the route offers spectacular view of Manaslu, Annapurna and Ganesh Himal.
Following the Langtang River, we slowly ascend and descend the route that takes us through thick forest of oak, rhododendron, and bamboo. Keep a lookout for local wildlife in the area such as the wild-throated martens and langoors. These forests are also home two wild boars, red pandas and the Himalayan Black Bear. Upon crossing the suspension bridge over Langtang River, we'll steadily climb the steep trail that leads us towards Lama Hotel.
Right after breakfast, we'll continue towards Langtang Village. Today's route will takes us through scenic mountain landscape, waterfalls and meadows. After crossing the bridge at the Langtang River, the trail leads to the valley. From here, the trail descends downwards. We'll pass through small settlements, several water mills, prayer wheels, and also a Buddhist monastery before reaching Langtang village. After a short break we'll continue towards Mundu.
We start early to head towards Kyangin Gompa, one of the important monasteries of the region. The route passes through several watermills, stones painted with Tibetan Mantras, prayer wheels, mani walls, and sacred mounds of rocks with Buddhist inscriptions. As we near Kyangin Gompa, the splendid view of Mount Ghanchepo (6,387 m) and Langtang Lirung (7,227 m) becomes clearer. Today's trek is shorter in order to help us acclimatize to the weather. In the afternoon, we'll visit the Kyangin Gompa and its surrounding area.
In order to acclimatize, we'll head towards Tserko Ri which is located at a high altitude. The trail first passes through yak pastures before it steadily ascends towards Tserko Ri. The high vantage point at Tserko Ri is a great location to view the sunrise. After spending some time at Tserko Ri, we head down to Kyangin Gompa.
Turn around to see the Kyangin Gompa one last time before we head downhill. Retracing our steps back to Lama Hotel, we will walk at a leisurely pace. The route will take us through forest and rustic villages which are inhabited by the Tamang people.
We'll retrace our steps towards Syabrubesi. While you head towards Syabrubesi, enjoy the walk through the forest, villages, and the picturesque views of the mountains.
The drive from Syabrubesi to Kathmandu is enjoyable with scenic views of the hills and mountains. Drive back reminiscing about the trek, and about the majestic mountains.
A representative from Adventure Kora will drop you off at the airport.


text:
Songhyeon-dong kan syfta på:

Geografi

Sydkorea

 Songhyeon-dong, Daegu, stadsdel i Daegu,
 Songhyeon-dong, Incheon, stadsdel i Incheon,

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Crab Orchard è un comune (village) degli Stati Uniti d'America, nella contea di Johnson nello Stato del Nebraska.

La località, situata nella parte sud-orientale dello Stato, a poco più di 20 chilometri dal capoluogo di contea Tecumseh, ha una superficie di poco maggiore a mezzo chilometro quadrato.

Note

Collegamenti esterni

Villaggi del Nebraska


text:
Q: Conditional SQL query with count Would it be possible to have the following:
In case assignments.customer_id = customers.id is NULL the query would be
$query  = "
SELECT customers.*
  FROM customers
 WHERE customers.active = 0
ORDER
    BY customers.event_date DESC
";

When it does exist it would become:
$query  = "
SELECT customers.*
  FROM customers
     , assignments
 WHERE customers.active = 0
   AND NOT assignments.status = 5
   AND assignments.customer_id = customers.id
 ORDER BY customers.event_date DESC
";

Or should this be done in separate queries with an if statement in PHP?
Thank you very much for your help!

A: If I understand the logic correctly, you want inactive customers that have no assignment with a status of 5:
SELECT c.*
FROM customers c
WHERE NOT EXISTS (SELECT 1
                  FROM assignments a
                  WHERE a.customer_id = c.id AND a.status = 5
                 )
       c.active = 0
ORDER BY c.event_date DESC;

A: This should do the trick
$query  = "SELECT COUNT(customers.id) AS customer_count ";
$query .= "FROM customers ";
$query .= "LEFT JOIN assignments ON customers.id = assignments.customer_id ";
$query .= "WHERE customers.id IS NULL ";
$query .= "AND assignments.customer_id IS NULL ";
$query .= "AND customers.active = 0 ";
$query .= "AND assignments.status != 5 ";
$query .= "ORDER BY customers.event_date DESC";

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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NeoGames has positioned itself as a significant provider by powering the most successful iLottery launch in the market for the Michigan State Lottery, as part of its NeoPollard JV with Pollard Banknote, a leading provider of high quality instant ticket products to more than 50 lotteries worldwide. As for fairness and security, this company holds a good track record for being reputable in terms of having their RNG system regularly tested, and providing 128-bit encryption security protection.
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text:
Architecture
============

The architecture of the ``SonataAdminBundle`` is primarily inspired by the Django Admin
Project, which is truly a great project. More information can be found at the
`Django Project Website`_.

If you followed the instructions on the :doc:`getting_started` page, you should by
now have an ``Admin`` class and an ``Admin`` service. In this chapter, we'll discuss more in
depth how it works.

The Admin Class
---------------

The ``Admin`` class maps a specific model to the rich CRUD interface provided by
``SonataAdminBundle``. In other words, using your ``Admin`` classes, you can configure
what is shown by ``SonataAdminBundle`` in each CRUD action for the associated model.
By now you've seen 3 of those actions in the ``getting started`` page: list,
filter and form (for creation/editing). However, a fully configured ``Admin`` class
can define more actions:

* ``list``: The fields displayed in the list table
* ``filter``: The fields available for filtering the list
* ``form``: The fields used to create/edit the entity
* ``show``: The fields used to show the entity
* Batch actions: Actions that can be performed on a group of entities
  (e.g. bulk delete)

The ``Sonata\AdminBundle\Admin\Admin`` class is provided as an easy way to
map your models, by extending it. However, any implementation of the
``Sonata\AdminBundle\Admin\AdminInterface`` can be used to define an ``Admin``
service. For each ``Admin`` service, the following required dependencies are
automatically injected by the bundle:

* ``ConfigurationPool``: configuration pool where all Admin class instances are stored
* ``ModelManager``: service which handles specific code relating to your persistence layer (e.g. Doctrine ORM)
* ``FormContractor``: builds the forms for the edit/create views using the Symfony ``FormBuilder``
* ``ShowBuilder``: builds the show fields
* ``ListBuilder``: builds the list fields
* ``DatagridBuilder``: builds the filter fields
* ``Request``: the http request received
* ``RouteBuilder``: allows you to add routes for new actions and remove routes for default actions
* ``RouterGenerator``: generates the different urls
* ``SecurityHandler``: handles permissions for model instances and actions
* ``Validator``: handles model validation
* ``Translator``: generates translations
* ``LabelTranslatorStrategy``: a strategy to use when generating labels
* ``MenuFactory``: generates the side menu, depending on the current action

.. note::

    Each of these dependencies is used for a specific task, briefly described above.
    If you wish to learn more about how they are used, check the respective documentation
    chapter. In most cases, you won't need to worry about their underlying implementation.

All of these dependencies have default values that you can override when declaring any of
your ``Admin`` services. This is done using a ``call`` to the matching "setter":

.. configuration-block::

    .. code-block:: xml

        <service id="sonata.admin.post" class="Acme\DemoBundle\Admin\PostAdmin">
              <tag name="sonata.admin" manager_type="orm" group="Content" label="Post"/>
              <argument />
              <argument>Acme\DemoBundle\Entity\Post</argument>
              <argument />
              <call method="setLabelTranslatorStrategy">
                  <argument>sonata.admin.label.strategy.underscore</argument>
              </call>
          </service>

    .. code-block:: yaml

        services:
            sonata.admin.post:
                class: Acme\DemoBundle\Admin\PostAdmin
                tags:
                    - { name: sonata.admin, manager_type: orm, group: "Content", label: "Post" }
                arguments:
                    - ~
                    - Acme\DemoBundle\Entity\Post
                    - ~
                calls:
                    - [ setLabelTranslatorStrategy, ["@sonata.admin.label.strategy.underscore"]]

Here, we declare the same ``Admin`` service as in the :doc:`getting_started` chapter, but using a
different label translator strategy, replacing the default one. Notice that
``sonata.admin.label.strategy.underscore`` is a service provided by ``SonataAdminBundle``,
but you could just as easily use a service of your own.

CRUDController
--------------

The ``CRUDController`` contains the actions you have available to manipulate
your model instances, like create, list, edit or delete. It uses the ``Admin``
class to determine its behavior, like which fields to display in the edit form,
or how to build the list view. Inside the ``CRUDController``, you can access the
``Admin`` class instance via the ``$admin`` variable.

.. note::

    `CRUD is an acronym`_ for "Create, Read, Update and Delete"

The ``CRUDController`` is no different from any other Symfony2 controller, meaning
that you have all the usual options available to you, like getting services from
the Dependency Injection Container (DIC).

This is particularly useful if you decide to extend the ``CRUDController`` to
add new actions or change the behavior of existing ones. You can specify which controller
to use when declaring the ``Admin`` service by passing it as the 3rd argument. For example
to set the controller to ``AcmeDemoBundle:PostAdmin``:

.. configuration-block::

    .. code-block:: xml

        <services>
           <service id="sonata.admin.post" class="Acme\DemoBundle\Admin\PostAdmin">
              <tag name="sonata.admin" manager_type="orm" group="Content" label="Post"/>
              <argument />
              <argument>Acme\DemoBundle\Entity\Post</argument>
              <argument>AcmeDemoBundle:PostAdmin</argument>
              <call method="setTranslationDomain">
                  <argument>AcmeDemoBundle</argument>
              </call>
          </service>
       </services>

    .. code-block:: yaml

        services:
            sonata.admin.post:
                class: Acme\DemoBundle\Admin\PostAdmin
                tags:
                    - { name: sonata.admin, manager_type: orm, group: "Content", label: "Post" }
                arguments:
                    - ~
                    - Acme\DemoBundle\Entity\Post
                    - AcmeDemoBundle:PostAdmin
                calls:
                    - [ setTranslationDomain, [AcmeDemoBundle]]

When extending ``CRUDController``, remember that the ``Admin`` class already has
a set of automatically injected dependencies that are useful when implementing several
scenarios. Refer to the existing ``CRUDController`` actions for examples of how to get
the best out of them.

Fields Definition
-----------------

Your ``Admin`` class defines which of your model's fields will be available in each
action defined in your ``CRUDController``. So, for each action, a list of field mappings
is generated. These lists are implemented using the ``FieldDescriptionCollection`` class
which stores instances of ``FieldDescriptionInterface``. Picking up on our previous
``PostAdmin`` class example:

.. code-block:: php

    <?php
    namespace Acme\DemoBundle\Admin;

    use Sonata\AdminBundle\Admin\Admin;
    use Sonata\AdminBundle\Datagrid\ListMapper;
    use Sonata\AdminBundle\Datagrid\DatagridMapper;
    use Sonata\AdminBundle\Form\FormMapper;

    class PostAdmin extends Admin
    {
       // Fields to be shown on create/edit forms
       protected function configureFormFields(FormMapper $formMapper)
       {
           $formMapper
               ->add('title', 'text', array('label' => 'Post Title'))
               ->add('author', 'entity', array('class' => 'Acme\DemoBundle\Entity\User'))
               ->add('body') //if no type is specified, SonataAdminBundle tries to guess it
           ;
       }

       // Fields to be shown on filter forms
       protected function configureDatagridFilters(DatagridMapper $datagridMapper)
       {
           $datagridMapper
               ->add('title')
               ->add('author')
           ;
       }

       // Fields to be shown on lists
       protected function configureListFields(ListMapper $listMapper)
       {
           $listMapper
               ->addIdentifier('title')
               ->add('slug')
               ->add('author')
           ;
       }
    }

Internally, the provided ``Admin`` class will use these three functions to create three
``FieldDescriptionCollection`` instances:

* ``$formFieldDescriptions``, containing three ``FieldDescriptionInterface`` instances
  for title, author and body
* ``$filterFieldDescriptions``, containing two ``FieldDescriptionInterface`` instances
  for title and author
* ``$listFieldDescriptions``, containing three ``FieldDescriptionInterface`` instances
  for title, slug and author

The actual ``FieldDescription`` implementation is provided by the storage abstraction
bundle that you choose during the installation process, based on the
``BaseFieldDescription`` abstract class provided by ``SonataAdminBundle``.

Each ``FieldDescription`` contains various details about a field mapping. Some of
them are independent of the action in which they are used, like ``name`` or ``type``,
while others are used only in specific actions. More information can be found in the
``BaseFieldDescription`` class file.

In most scenarios, you won't actually need to handle the ``FieldDescription`` yourself.
However, it is important that you know it exists and how it's used, as it seats at the
core of ``SonataAdminBundle``.

Templates
---------

Like most actions, ``CRUDController`` actions use view files to render their output.
``SonataAdminBundle`` provides ready to use views as well as ways to easily customize them.

The current implementation uses ``Twig`` as the template engine. All templates
are located in the ``Resources/views`` directory of the bundle.

There are two base templates, one of these is ultimately used in every action:

* ``SonataAdminBundle::standard_layout.html.twig``
* ``SonataAdminBundle::ajax_layout.html.twig``

Like the names say, one if for standard calls, the other one for AJAX.

The subfolders include Twig files for specific sections of ``SonataAdminBundle``:

Block:
  ``SonataBlockBundle`` block views. By default there is only one, which
  displays all the mapped classes on the dashboard
Button:
  Buttons such as ``Add new`` or ``Delete`` that you can see across several
  CRUD actions
CRUD:
  Base views for every CRUD action, plus several field views for each field type
Core:
  Dashboard view, together with deprecated and stub twig files.
Form:
  Views related to form rendering
Helper:
  A view providing a short object description, as part of a specific form field
  type provided by ``SonataAdminBundle``
Pager:
  Pagination related view files

These will be discussed in greater detail in the specific :doc:`templates` section, where
you will also find instructions on how to configure ``SonataAdminBundle`` to use your templates
instead of the default ones.

Managing ``Admin`` Service
------------------------------

Your ``Admin`` service definitions are parsed when Symfony2 is loaded, and handled by
the ``Pool`` class. This class, available as the ``sonata.admin.pool`` service from the
DIC, handles the ``Admin`` classes, lazy-loading them on demand (to reduce overhead)
and matching each of them to a group. It's also responsible for handling the top level
template files, administration panel title and logo.

Create child admins
-------------------

Let's say you have a PostAdmin and a CommentAdmin. You can optionally declare the CommentAdmin
to be a child of the PostAdmin. This will create new routes like, for example, ``/post/{id}/comment/list``,
where the comments will automatically be filtered by post.

To do this, you first need to call the ``addChild`` method in your PostAdmin service configuration :

.. code-block:: xml

    <!-- app/config/config.xml -->
    <service id="sonata.news.admin.post" class="Sonata\NewsBundle\Admin\PostAdmin">
        ...

        <call method="addChild">
            <argument type="service" id="sonata.news.admin.comment" />
        </call>
    </service>

Then, you have to set the CommentAdmin ``parentAssociationMapping`` attribute to ``post`` :

.. code-block:: php

    <?php
    namespace Sonata\NewsBundle\Admin;

    ...

    class CommentAdmin extends Admin
    {
        protected $parentAssociationMapping = 'post';

        // OR

        public function getParentAssociationMapping()
        {
            return 'post';
        }
    }

It also possible to set a dot-separated value, like ``post.author``, if your parent and child admins are not directly related.

.. _`Django Project Website`: http://www.djangoproject.com/
.. _`CRUD is an acronym`: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRUD


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