text:
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibnitz (1646 - 1716)
From `A Short Account of the History of Mathematics' (4th edition, 1908) by W. W. Rouse Ball.
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibnitz (or Leibniz) was born at Leipzig on June 21 (O.S.), 1646, and died in Hanover on November 14, 1716. His father died before he was six, and the teaching at the school to which he was then sent was inefficient, but his industry triumphed over all difficulties; by the time he was twelve he had taught himself to read Latin easily, and had begun Greek; and before he was twenty he had mastered the ordinary text-books on mathematics, philosophy, theology and law. Refused the degree of doctor of laws at Leipzig by those who were jealous of his youth and learning, he moved to Nuremberg. An essay which there wrote on the study of law was dedicated to the Elector of Mainz, and led to his appointment by the elector on a commission for the revision of some statutes, from which he was subsequently promoted to the diplomatic service. In the latter capacity he supported (unsuccessfully) the claims of the German candidate for the crown of Poland. The violent seizure of various small places in Alsace in 1670 excited universal alarm in Germany as to the designs of Louis XIV.; and Leibnitz drew up a scheme by which it was proposed to offer German co-operation, if France liked to take Egypt, and use the possessions of that country as a basis for attack against Holland in Asia, provided France would agree to leave Germany undisturbed. This bears a curious resemblance to the similar plan by which Napoleon I. proposed to attack England. In 1672 Leibnitz went to Paris on the invitation of the French government to explain the details of the scheme, but nothing came of it.
At Paris he met Huygens who was then residing there, and their conversation led Leibnitz to study geometry, which he described as opening a new world to him; though as a matter of fact he had previously written some tracts on various minor points in mathematics, the most important being a paper on combinations written in 1668, and a description of a new calculating machine. In January, 1673, he was sent on a political mission to London, where he stopped some months and made the acquaintance of Oldenburg, Collins, and others; it was at this time that he communicated the memoir to the Royal Society in which he was found to have been forestalled by Mouton.
In 1673 the Elector of Mainz died, and in the following year Leibnitz entered the service of the Brunswick family; in 1676 he again visited London, and then moved to Hanover, where, till his death, he occupied the well-paid post of librarian in the ducal library. His pen was thenceforth employed in all the political matters which affected the Hanoverian family, and his services were recognized by honours and distinctions of various kinds, his memoranda on the various political, historical, and theological questions which concerned the dynasty during the forty years from 1673 to 1713 form a valuable contribution to the history of that time.
Leibnitz's appointment in the Hanoverian service gave him more time for his favourite pursuits. He used to assert that as the first-fruit of his increased leisure, he invented the differential and integral calculus in 1674, but the earliest traces of the use of it in his extant note-books do not occur till 1675, and it was not till 1677 that we find it developed into a consistent system; it was not published till 1684. Most of his mathematical papers were produced within the ten years from 1682 to 1692, and many of them in a journal, called the Acta Eruditorum , founded by himself and Otto Mencke in 1682, which had a wide circulation on the continent.
Leibnitz occupies at least as large a place in the history of philosophy as he does in the history of mathematics. Most of his philosophical writings were composed in the last twenty or twenty-five years of his life; and the points as to whether his views were original or whether they were appropriated from Spinoza, whom he visited in 1676, is still in question among philosophers, though the evidence seems to point to the originality of Leibnitz. As to Leibnitz's system on philosophy it will be enough to say that he regarded the ultimate elements of the universe as individual percipient beings whom he called monads. According to him the monads are centres of force, and substance is force, while space, matter, and motion are merely phenomenal; finally, the existence of God is inferred from the existing harmony among the monads. His services to literature were almost as considerable as those to philosophy; in particular, I may single out his overthrow of the then prevalent belief that Hebrew was the primeval language of the human race.
In 1700 the academy of Berlin was created on his advice, and he drew up the first body of statutes for it. On the accession in 1714 of his master, George I., to the throne of England, Leibnitz was thrown aside as a useless tool; he was forbidden to come to England; and the last two years of his life were spent in neglect and dishonour. He died at Hanover in 1716. He was overfond of money and personal distinctions; was unscrupulous, as perhaps might be expected of a professional diplomatist of that time; but possessed singularly attractive manners, and all who once came under the charm of his personal presence remained sincerely attached to him. His mathematical reputation was largely augmented by the eminent position that he occupied in diplomacy, philosophy and literature; and the power thence derived was considerably increased by his influence in the management of the Acta Eruditorum .
The last years of his life - from 1709 to 1716 - were embittered by the long controversy with John Keill, Newton, and others, as to whether he had discovered the differential calculus independently of Newton's previous investigations, or whether he had derived the fundamental idea from Newton, and merely invented another notation for it. The controversy occupies a place in the scientific history of the early years of the eighteenth century quite disproportionate to its true importance, but it so materially affected the history of mathematics in western Europe, that I feel obliged to give the leading facts, though I am reluctant to take up so much space with questions of a personal character.
The ideas of the infinitesimal calculus can be expressed either in the notation of fluxions or in that of differentials. The former was used by Newton in 1666, but no distinct account of it was printed till 1693. The earliest use of the latter in the note-books of Leibnitz may probably be referred to 1675, it was employed in the letter sent to Newton in 1677, and an account of it was printed in the memoir of 1684 described below. There is no question that the differential notation is due to Leibnitz, and the sole question is as to whether the general idea of the calculus was taken from Newton or discovered independently.
The case in favour of the independent invention by Leibnitz rests on the ground that he published a description of his method some years before Newton printed anything on fluxions, that he always alluded to the discovery as being his own invention, and that for some years this statement was unchallenged; while of course there must be a strong presumption that he acted in good faith. To rebut this case it is necessary to shew (i) that he saw some of Newton's papers on the subject in or before 1675, or at least 1677, and (ii) that he thence derived the fundamental ideas of the calculus. The fact that his claim was unchallenged for some years is, in the particular circumstances of the case, immaterial.
That Leibnitz saw some of Newton's manuscripts was always intrinsically probable; but when, in 1849, C. J. Gerhardt examined Leibnitz's papers he found among them a manuscript copy, the existence of which had been previously unsuspected, in Leibnitz's handwriting, of extracts from Newton's De Analysi per Equationes Numero Terminorum Infinitas (which was printed in the De Quadratura Curvarum in 1704), together with the notes on their expression in the differential notation. The question of the date at which these extracts were made is therefore all important. It is known that a copy of Newton's manuscript had been sent to Tschirnhausen in May, 1675, and as in that year he and Leibnitz were engaged together on a piece of work, it is not impossible that these extracts were made then. It is also possible that they may have been made in 1676, for Leibnitz discussed the question of analysis by infinite series with Collins and Oldenburg in that year, and it is a priori probable that they would have then shewn him the manuscript of Newton on that subject, a copy of which was possessed by one or both of them. On the other hand it may be supposed that Leibnitz made the extracts from the printed copy in or after 1704. Leibnitz shortly before his death admitted in a letter to Conti that in 1676 Collins had shewn him some Newtonian papers, but implied that they were of little or no value, - presumably he referred to Newton's letters of June 13 and Oct. 24, 1676, and to the letter of Dec. 10, 1672, on the method of tangents, extracts from which accompanied the letter of June 13, - but it is remarkable that, on the receipt of these letters, Leibnitz should have made no further inquiries, unless he was already aware from other sources of the method followed by Newton.
Whether Leibnitz made no use of the manuscript from which he had copied extracts, or whether he had previously invented the calculus, are questions on which at this distance of time no direct evidence is available. It is, however, worth noting that the unpublished Portsmouth Papers shew that when, in 1711, Newton went carefully into the whole dispute, he picked out this manuscript as the one which had probably somehow fallen into the hands of Leibnitz. At that time there was no direct evidence that Leibnitz had seen this manuscript before it was printed in 1704, and accordingly Newton's conjecture was not published; but Gerhardt's discovery of the copy made by Leibnitz tends to confirm the accuracy of Newton's judgement in the matter. It is said by those who question Leibnitz's good faith that to a man of his ability the manuscript, especially if supplemented by the letter of Dec. 10, 1672, would supply sufficient hints to give him a clue as to the methods of the calculus, though as the fluxional notation is not employed in it anyone who used it would have to invent a notation; but this is denied by others.
There was at first no reason to suspect the good faith of Leibnitz; and it was not until the appearance in 1704 of an anonymous review of Newton's tract on quadrature, in which it was implied that Newton had borrowed the idea of the fluxional calculus from Leibnitz, that any responsible mathematician questioned the statement that Leibnitz had invented the calculus independently of Newton. (In 1699 Duillier had accused Leibnitz of plagiarism from Newton, but Dullier was not a person of much importance) It is universally admitted that there was no justification or authority for the statements made in this review, which was rightly attributed to Leibnitz. But the subsequent discussion led to a critical examination of the whole question, and doubt was expressed as to whether Leibnitz had not derived the fundamental idea from Newton. The case against Leibnitz as it appeared to Newton's friends was summed up in the Commercium Epistolicum issued in 1712, and detailed references are given for all the facts mentioned.
No such summary (with facts, dates, and references) of the case for Leibnitz was issued by his friends; but John Bernoulli attempted to indirectly weaken the evidence by attacking the personal character of Newton; this was in a letter dated June 7, 1713. The charges were false, and when pressed for an explanation of them, Bernoulli most solemnly denied having written the letter. In accepting the denial Newton added in a private letter to him the following remarks, which are interesting as giving Newton's account of why he was at last induced to take any part in the controversy. ``I have never,'' said he, ``grasped at fame among foreign nations, but I am very desirous to preserve my character for honesty, which the author of that epistle, as if by the authority of a great judge, had endeavoured to wrest from me. Now that I am old, I have little pleasure in mathematical studies, and I have never tried to propagate my opinions over the world, but I have rather taken care not to involve myself in disputes on account of them.''
Leibnitz's defence or explanation of his silence is given in the following letter, dated April 9, 1716, from him to Conti. ``Pour répondre de point en point à l'ouvrage publié contre moi, il falloit entrer dans un grand détail de quantité de minutiés passées il y a trente à quarante ans, dont je ne me souvenois guère: il me falloit chercher mes vieilles lettres, dont plusiers se sont perdus, outre que le plus souvent je n'ai point gardé les minutes des miennes: et les autres sont ensevelies dans un grand tas de papiers, que je ne pouvois débrouiller qu'avec du temps et de la patience; mais je n'en avois guère le loisir, étant chargé présentement d'occupations d'une toute autre nature.''
The death of Leibnitz in 1716 only put a temporary stop to the controversy which was bitterly debated for many years later. The question is one of difficulty; the evidence is conflicting and circumstantial; and every one must judge for himself which opinion seems most reasonable. Essentially it is a case of Leibnitz's word against a number of suspicious details pointing against him. His unacknowledged possession of a copy of part of one of Newton's manuscripts may be explicable; but the fact that on more than one occasion he deliberately altered or added to important documents (ex. gr. the letter of June 7, 1713, in the Charta Volans , and that of April 8, 1716, in the Acta Eruditorum ), before publishing them, and, what is worse, that a material date in one of his manuscripts has been falsified (1675 being altered to 1673), makes his own testimony on the subject of little value. It must be recollected that what he is alleged to have received was rather a number of suggestions than an account of the calculus; and it is possible that as he did not publish his results of 1677 until 1684, and that as the notation and subsequent development of it were all of his own invention, he may have been led, thirty years later, to minimize any assistance which he had obtained originally, and finally to consider that it was immaterial. During the eighteenth century the prevalent opinion was against Leibnitz, but to-day the majority of writers incline to think it more likely that the inventions were independent.
If we must confine ourselves to one system of notation then there can be little doubt that that which was invented by Leibnitz is better fitted for most of the purposed to which the infinitesimal calculus is applied than that of fluxions, and for some (such as the calculus of variations) it is indeed almost essential. It should be remembered, however, that at the beginning of the eighteenth century the methods of the infinitesimal calculus had not been systematized, and either notation was equally good. The development of that calculus was the main work of the mathematicians of the first half of the eighteenth century. The differential form was adopted by continental mathematicians. The application of it by Euler, Lagrange, and Laplace to the principles of mechanics laid down in the Principia was the great achievement of the last half of that century, and finally demonstrated the superiority of the differential to the fluxional calculus. The translation of the Principia into the language of modern analysis, and the filling in of the details of the Newtonian theory by the aid of that analysis, were effected by Laplace.
The controversy with Leibnitz was regarded in England as an attempt by foreigners to defraud Newton of the credit of his invention, and the question was complicated on both sides by national jealousies. It was therefore natural, though it was unfortunate, that in England the geometrical and fluxional methods as used by Newton were alone studied and employed. For more than a century the English school was thus out of touch with continental mathematicians. The consequence was that, in spite of the brilliant band of scholars formed by Newton, the improvements in the methods of analysis gradually effected on the continent were almost unknown in Britain. It was not until 1820 that the value of analytical tools was fully recognized in England, and that Newton's countrymen again took any large share in the development of mathematics.
Leaving now this long controversy I come to the discussion of the mathematical papers produced by Leibnitz, all the more important of which were published in the Acta Eruditorum . They are mainly concerned with various questions on mechanics.
The only papers of first-rate importance which he produced are those on the differential calculus. The earliest of these was one published in the Acta Eruditorum for October, 1684, in which he enunciated a general method for finding maxima and minima, and for drawing tangents to curves. One inverse problem, namely, to find the curve whose subtangent is constant, was also discussed. The notation is the same as that with which we are familiar, and the differential coefficients of and of products and quotients are determined. In 1686 he wrote a paper on the principles of the new calculus. In both of these papers the principle of continuity is explicitly assumed, while his treatment of the subject is based on the use of infinitesimals and not on that of the limiting value of ratios. In answer to some objections which were raised in 1694 by Bernard Nieuwentyt, who asserted that dy/dx stood for an unmeaning quantity like 0/0, Leibnitz explained, in the same way that Barrow had previously done, that the value of dy/dx in geometry could be expressed as the ratio of two finite quantities. I think that Leibnitz's statement of the objects and methods of the infinitesimal calculus as contained in these papers, which are the three most important memoirs on it that he produced, is somewhat obscure, and his attempt to place the subject on a metaphysical basis did not tend to clearness; but the fact that all the results of modern mathematics are expressed in the language invented by Leibnitz has proved the best monument of his work. Like Newton, he treated integration not only as a summation, but as the inverse of differentiation.
In 1686 and 1692 he wrote papers on osculating curves. These, however, contain some bad blunders, as, for example, the assertion that an osculating circle will necessarily cut a curve in four consecutive points: this error was pointed out by John Bernoulli, but in his article of 1692 Leibnitz defended his original assertion, and insisted that a circle could never cross a curve where it touched it.
In 1692 Leibnitz wrote a memoir in which he laid the foundation of the theory of envelopes. This was further developed in another paper in 1694, in which he introduced for the first time the terms ``co-ordinates'' and ``axes of co-ordinates.''
Leibnitz also published a good many papers on mechanical subjects; but some of them contain mistakes which shew that he did not understand the principles of the subject. Thus, in 1685, he wrote a memoir to find the pressure exerted by a sphere of weight W placed between two inclined planes of complementary inclinations, placed so that the lines of greatest slope are perpendicular to the line of the intersection of the planes. He asserted that the pressure on each plane must consist of two components, ``unum quo decliviter descendere tendit, alterum quo planum declive premit.'' He further said that for metaphysical reasons the sum of the two pressures must be equal to W. Hence, if R and R' be the required pressures, and and the inclinations of the planes, he finds that
The true values are R = W cos and R' = W sin . Nevertheless some of his papers on mechanics are valuable. Of these the most important were two, in 1689 and 1694, in which he solved the problem of finding and isochronous curve; one, in 1697, on the curve of quickest descent (this was the problem sent as a challenge to Newton); and two, in 1691 and 1692, in which he stated the intrinsic equation of the curve assumed by a flexible rope suspended from two points, that is, the catenary, but gave no proof. This last problem had been originally proposed by Galileo.
In 1689, that is, two years after the Principia had been published, he wrote on the movements of the planets which he stated were produced by a motion of the ether. Not only were the equations of motion which he obtained wrong, but his deductions from them were not even in accordance with his own axioms. In another memoir in 1706, that is, nearly twenty years after the Principia had been written, he admitted that he had made some mistakes in his former paper, but adhered to his previous conclusions, and summed the matter up by saying ``it is certain that gravitation generates a new force at each instant to the centre, but the centrifugal force also generates another away from the centre.... The centrifugal force may be considered in two aspects according as the movement is treated as along the tangent to the curve or as along the arc of the circle itself.'' It seems clear from this paper that he did not really understand the principles of dynamics, and it is hardly necessary to consider his work on the subject in further detail. Much of it is vitiated by a constant confusion between momentum and kinetic energy: when the force is ``passive'' he uses the first, which he calls the vis mortua, as the measure of a force; when the force is ``active'' he uses the latter, the double of which he calls the vis viva.
The series quoted by Leibnitz comprise those for , log (1 + x), sin x, vers x and ; all these had been previously published, and he rarely, if ever, added any demonstrations. Leibnitz (like Newton) recognised the importance of James Gregory's remarks on the necessity of examining whether infinite series are convergent or divergent, and proposed a test to distinguish series whose terms are alternately positive and negative. In 1693 he explained the method of expansion by indeterminate coefficients, though his applications were not free from error.
To sum the matter up briefly, it seems to me that Leibnitz's work exhibits great skill in analysis, but much of it is unfinished, and when he leaves his symbols and attempts to interpret his results he frequently commits blunders. No doubt the demands of politics, philosophy, and literature on his time may have prevented him from elaborating any problem completely or writing a systematic exposition of his views, though they are no excuse for the mistakes of principle which occur in his papers. Some of his memoirs contain suggestions of methods which have now become valuable means of analysis, such as the use of determinants and of indeterminate co-efficients; but when a writer of manifold interests like Leibnitz throws out innumerable suggestions, some of them are likely to turn out valuable, and to enumerate these (which he did not work out) without reckoning the others (which are wrong) gives a false impression of the value of his work. But in spite of this, his title to fame rests on a sure basis, for by his advocacy of the differential calculus his name is inseparably connected with one of the chief instruments of analysis, as that of Descartes - another philosopher - is similarly connected with analytical geometry.
This page is included in a collection of mathematical biographies taken from A Short Account of the History of Mathematics by W. W. Rouse Ball (4th Edition, 1908).
Transcribed by
D.R. Wilkins
(dwilkins@maths.tcd.ie)
Trinity College, Dublin


The Total Capacity attribute for Memory includes all Normal, Archived, and Deleted memory items. I modified the following file to only include Normal memory modules and not Archived or Deleted.
Thank you for that. I have forwarded it to my colleagues who will take a look at it.


text:
Instagram Facebook Twitter Pinterest LinkedIn
Travel Agent Central
Antarctica & Arctic
I acknowledge that I may receive emails from Luxury Travel Advisor and on behalf of their trusted partners.
Luxe Dallas Tips From the Experts
by Jena Fox
With some top-brand hotels and a blossoming arts district, Dallas is much more than oil and big hats. We checked in with two luxury specialists—both of whom live and work in Dallas—to get their insights on what to see and do while in town. Here's what they had to say:
Free Luxury Travel Newsletter
Like this story? Subscribe to The Dossier
Luxury Travel Advisor's only newsletter, covering unique destinations and product news for affluent travelers. Delivered every Tuesday & Thursday.
Nancy Strong, Strong Travel
"Dallas is a clean, modern city. There's a new bridge called the Margaret Hill Hunt Bridge that spans the Trinity River. It leads into an older area of Dallas called Oak Cliff, which is having a resurgence in terms of small boutiques and eateries. It's a growing, dynamic city. Things are happening.
The State Fair of Texas is a genuine American experience. It's held every fall in
The State Fair of Texas
Every fall, fans of all things fried can spend a few hours at the annual State Fair of Texas, which has been a continual attraction for 125 years. And while the fair is hardly the place for Ferragamo shoes or Balenciaga gowns, we say it's a great way to experience an authentic slice of Texan culture, and for a family to bond over a genuine American tradition.
Upon entering the fairgrounds, attendees will have to purchase "coupons" (tickets, really) to most attractions and food stands. The coupons are treated like cash throughout the fair (and cash is barely accepted anywhere), but there are numerous kiosks for getting more whenever the supply runs low.
Sad note: Families once loved to have their photo taken in front of Big Tex, a 52-foot-tall cowboy that has been the fair's symbol since his introduction in 1952, but the icon recently burned down. Still, guests can ride on The Texas Star—the largest Ferris wheel in North America—or try the Texas Skyway, a suspended tramway that flies above the Midway (yes, the fair has an old-fashioned carnival midway) and take terrific photos of the fairgrounds below.
And some food items are a must-try for all attendees: Corn dogs are ubiquitous (and traditional fair fare), and the food court has a wide range of dishes ranging from traditional (tacos and pizza) to the bizarre. While at the fair, we sampled the fried beer (fried ravioli filled with beer), but passed up the fried butter, fried cookies and fried...everything else.
"We have some of the best shopping options here, and we have some incredible art. There's great wining and dining, and we have a fellow in our office who has amazing contacts with all the restaurateurs. These are down-home places that are very "in" and are so popular with people because you see local celebrities and sports stars. Al Biernat's is a watering hole downtown. Al used to run the Palm, and then he opened his own restaurant. You always see someone at Al's...[It draws] people who want to be seen or see someone. The cast of Dallas eats there.
"We have a new park going up downtown that will have a concert area. It's really lovely as parks go, and this is a big deal for downtown Dallas, because more people are moving to the city. It was mostly suburbs, but now it's apartment buildings and hotels. And the city is what's drawing the people.
"The arts scene in Dallas has exploded—especially the contemporary art scene. The Arts District is phenomenal. There's the Crow Collection of Asian Art, the Nasher Sculpture Center, Dallas Symphony, the Dallas Museum of Art, the Dallas Theater Center and the Winspear Opera House. At Southern Methodist University is the Meadows Museum—it is called the 'Prado on the Prairie' in Dallas.
"We have a shopping area here called Highland Park Village that's like the Bal Harbour Shops in Miami. There are some fantastic eateries. I'm located in Preston Hollow in Preston Center, and from my window I can look out at several excellent restaurants."
Rudi Steele of Rudi Steele Travel
Steele demurely claimed that while he has lived in Dallas for years, he feels more comfortable recommending sites and attractions in other countries than his own hometown. Still, he offered a few tips for us:
The Arboretum is by a lake where there are beautiful botanical gardens, says Steele. "[Glass sculpture artist] Chihuly is holding an exhibit right now, blending his glass artwork in with flowers and different times of day. They're also building a park across the [Woodall Rodgers Freeway] with trees and benches. We have the Meadows Museum at Southern Methodist University with a lot of art from Spain. It was even opened by the King and Queen of Spain.
"Next year is the 50th anniversary [of the JFK assassination], so they're cleaning up Dealey Plaza and the Grassy Knoll. It looks proper and presentable. [Editor's Note: The Sixth Floor Museum is also a must-visit. Be prepared to spend at least two hours exploring the museum and the surrounding area.]
"In Ft. Worth, there's the Kimbell Art Museum. They seem to have unlimited funds and it attracts amazing exhibits. They were one of the first to have the Terracotta Soldiers from Xi'an in China.
"In between is Arlington, which got all the sports venues for the Cowboys and the [Rangers]. It's quite an array."
Nancy Strong recommends The Ritz-Carlton and the Rosewood Mansion on Turtle Creek for five-star luxury hotels in Dallas. "We have others that are fine, but these are top notch," she says.
And from the suites to the spa, it's easy to see why: While all the rooms at the Ritz-Carlton look wonderful, we were especially impressed by the one-bedroom Ritz-Carlton Suite, which has one-and-a-half baths, a separate dining room with seating for eight, a separate pantry and kitchen area with private service entrance and the option to add an additional bedroom for families. Executive Reservations Services Coordinator Paul Gonzalez ([email protected]) can help arrange tours of the city or behind-the-scenes access to museums and stores…But we hear the most popular request is last-minute access to the spa, which offers Dean's Margarita Salt Glow, the Blueberries & Bluebonnets facial and the Texas Eight-Hand Massage.
At the Rosewood Mansion, word is guests will want to book the top-floor Terrace Suites, each of which has an outside terrace ranging from 1,175 to 1,300 square feet, perfect for lounging or entertainment. The two Terrace Suites feature a residential living area, a dining room for up to six guests, a kitchen and king-size bedroom. The bathroom has a walk-in shower and soaking tub. Luxury travel advisors should reach out to Director of Sales and Marketing Tracy Fitz ([email protected]).
Read more on:
Luxury Hotels City Hotels Luxury Spa Things to Do Community Events Restaurants Sightseeing USA Continental United States Texas Vacation Spots
Sevilla's April Fair: Spain's Sparkling Spring Spectacle
Throughout Spain, spring fairs enliven towns, but none may do it bigger or better than Seville. Here's what travelers need to know.
by Rick Steves Jan 29, 2020 10:48am
RCL Cancels Sailings, BA Cancels Flights Due to Coronavirus
The number of cases of the virus is nearing 6,000 as it begins to spread between people outside of China. Here's the latest from cruises and airlines.
by Adam Leposa Jan 29, 2020 10:18am
Ace Hotel Kyoto to Open in April 2020
The first for the Ace brand in Asia, the highly anticipated hotel is now accepting reservations starting April 16, 2020. Here's what to expect.
by Mary Winston Nicklin Jan 29, 2020 11:56am
Sign up to get the latest on affluent travel news and products.
Jena Fox

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Survey report puts Cheyyur project in trouble
Sruthisagar Yamunan
CHENNAI:, December 14, 2014 23:32 IST
It has identified 19 places of historical, archaeological and religious importance within a 10 km-radius of the plant site
A rapid survey conducted by a city environmental group has claimed the existence of structures of historical and religious importance near the site of the proposed 4000 Megawatt Ultra Mega Power Project (UMPP) in Cheyyur near here, contradicting the conclusions of the project proponents.
The survey, done in collaboration with villagers around the area by Community Environment Monitoring, has identified 19 places of historical, archaeological and religious importance within a 10 km-radius of the plant site and has put it in the open for professionals to verify.
According to the report, 'Coastal Tamil Nadu Power Limited', the project proponent, in its statutory submissions made to obtain Environment Clearance for the project, had declared that there were no areas occupied by sensitive man-made uses such as places of worship within the 10 km-radius of the project area.
The Common Environmental Impact Assessment report submitted as part of the statutory requirements stated that monuments of historical and religious importance were not reported in the area.
However, the survey claims that the area actually contains ancient monuments of the Chola era, now in a dilapidated condition requiring immediate intervention.
For example, Suresh Sethuraman, the Tamil Nadu State convener for the Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage (INTACH), in his assessment of a particular ancient Shiva Temple identified in Vedal under the survey, said the temple had been built with the 'Gajapristha' style tower using bricks.
"Rare specimen"
He said in the assessment that usually, 'Gajapristha' style temples were built using stones. Thus, the current one under study in Vedal near Cheyyur, called by locals as 'Vadavamuganeeswarar temple', was a "rare specimen." Stylistically, he concluded that the temple belonged to the late Pallava or early Chola period (eigth-ninth century).
The survey findings allege that the identification of several such historical structures 'vitiates' the environment clearance provided on the basis of statutory assurances. Therefore, the government has to revisit the choice of the site, which is also ecologically sensitive.
The Cheyyur project had already faced intensive protests by villagers around the site, who hoisted black flags against the plant last year. The National Green Tribunal, Southern Bench, last October restrained the proponents from finalising bids for the plant till further orders.
Related Topics Tamil Nadu
Printable version | Jan 19, 2020 4:09:16 AM | https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/survey-report-puts-cheyyur-project-in-trouble/article6691343.ece
A 'Jallikattu' for women
Blindfolded participants have to catch a hen tied to their leg
Vignesh Vijayakumar
'Nellai' Kannan signs in police records
As per bail condition, he has to sign every morning and evening


Photofacials may be the answer you have been searching for! Turn the reflection in the mirror into the lovely image you are inside. Make an appointment with Abicenna Skin and Laser Clinic to take the first step in rejuvenating your skin's appearance and restoring your confidence.


text:
package io.quarkus.runtime.annotations;

public enum ConfigPhase {
    /**
     * Values are read and available for usage at build time.
     */
    BUILD_TIME(true, false, false, "Build time"),
    /**
     * Values are read and available for usage at build time, and available on a read-only basis at run time.
     */
    BUILD_AND_RUN_TIME_FIXED(true, true, false, "Build time and run time fixed"),

    /**
     * Values are read and available for usage at run time and are re-read on each program execution. These values
     * are used to configure ConfigSourceProvider implementations
     */
    BOOTSTRAP(false, true, true, "Bootstrap"),

    /**
     * Values are read and available for usage at run time and are re-read on each program execution.
     */
    RUN_TIME(false, true, true, "Run time"),
    ;

    private final boolean availableAtBuild;
    private final boolean availableAtRun;
    private final boolean readAtMain;
    private final String name;

    ConfigPhase(final boolean availableAtBuild, final boolean availableAtRun, final boolean readAtMain, final String name) {
        this.availableAtBuild = availableAtBuild;
        this.availableAtRun = availableAtRun;
        this.readAtMain = readAtMain;
        this.name = name;
    }

    public boolean isAvailableAtBuild() {
        return availableAtBuild;
    }

    public boolean isAvailableAtRun() {
        return availableAtRun;
    }

    public boolean isReadAtStaticInit() {
        return isAvailableAtBuild() && isAvailableAtRun();
    }

    public boolean isReadAtMain() {
        return readAtMain;
    }

    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return name;
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.ComponentModel;
using System.Linq;
using System.Windows.Forms;
using bv.common.Core;
using bv.model.BLToolkit;
using eidss.model.Core;
using eidss.model.Enums;
using eidss.model.Reports;
using eidss.model.Reports.Common;
using eidss.model.Reports.GG;
using eidss.model.Reports.OperationContext;
using EIDSS.Reports.BaseControls.Filters;
using EIDSS.Reports.BaseControls.Keeper;
using EIDSS.Reports.BaseControls.Report;
using EIDSS.Reports.Parameterized.Human.GG.Report;

namespace EIDSS.Reports.Parameterized.Human.GG.Keeper
{
    public partial class RBEReportKeeper : BaseYearKeeper
    {
        private readonly ComponentResourceManager m_Resources = new ComponentResourceManager(typeof (RBEReportKeeper));
        private string[] m_Regions;
        private string[] m_Rayons;
        private string[] m_QuarterFields;

        public RBEReportKeeper()
        {
            ReportType = typeof (RBEReport);
            InitializeComponent();
            using (ContextKeeper.CreateNewContext(ContextValue.ReportFilterLoading))
            {
                QuarterFilter.SetMandatory();

                RayonFilter.SetRegions(null);

                MinYear = BaseYearQuarterModel.MinYear;
                MaxYear = DateTime.Now.Year;

                ceAddSignature.Visible =
                    EidssUserContext.User.HasPermission(PermissionHelper.ExecutePermission(EIDSSPermissionObject.CanSignReport));
            }
            m_HasLoad = true;
        }

        [Browsable(false)]
        public bool AddSignature
        {
            get { return ceAddSignature.CheckState == CheckState.Checked; }
        }

        protected override BaseReport GenerateReport(DbManagerProxy manager)
        {
            List<int> q = m_QuarterFields.Select(s => Convert.ToInt32(s) % 10).ToList();
            var quarters = new QuartersModel(q.Contains(1), q.Contains(2), q.Contains(3), q.Contains(4));

            var model = new RBESurrogateModel(CurrentCulture.ShortName, YearParam, quarters,
                m_Regions, m_Rayons, AddSignature, UseArchive);

            var report = (RBEReport)CreateReportObject();
            report.SetParameters(manager, model);

            return report;
        }

        protected internal override void ApplyResources(DbManagerProxy manager)
        {
            try
            {
                IsResourceLoading = true;
                m_HasLoad = false;

                base.ApplyResources(manager);

                string[] oldRayons = m_Rayons;
                RayonFilter.DefineBinding();
                RegionFilter.DefineBinding();
                RayonFilter.SetRegions(m_Regions);
                RayonFilter.SetRayons(oldRayons);

                QuarterFilter.DefineBinding();
             //   m_Resources.ApplyResources(QuarterFilter, "QuarterFilter");
                ceAddSignature.Properties.Caption = m_Resources.GetString("ceAddSignature.Properties.Caption");
            }
            finally
            {
                m_HasLoad = true;
                IsResourceLoading = false;
            }
        }

        protected override void OnBeforeYearChange()
        {
            if (!m_HasLoad || ContextKeeper.ContainsContext(ContextValue.ReportLoading))
            {
                return;
            }
            using (ContextKeeper.CreateNewContext(ContextValue.ReportFilterLoading))
            {
                QuarterFilter.SetYear(YearParam);
            }
        }

        private void RegionFilter_ValueChanged(object sender, MultiFilterEventArgs e)
        {
            using (ContextKeeper.CreateNewContext(ContextValue.ReportFilterLoading))
            {
                m_Regions = e.KeyArray;
                RayonFilter.SetRegions(m_Regions);

                var editValue = Utils.Str(RayonFilter.EditValue);
                m_Rayons = editValue.Split(new[]{", "}, StringSplitOptions.RemoveEmptyEntries);
            }

        }

        private void RayonFilter_ValueChanged(object sender, MultiFilterEventArgs e)
        {
            m_Rayons = e.KeyArray;

        }

        private void QuarterFilter_ValueChanged(object sender, MultiFilterEventArgs e)
        {
            m_QuarterFields = e.KeyArray;

        }

    }
}


text:
Sadie Katz To Guest On The Jimmy Star Show With Ron Russell Wednesday March 21, 2018
Sadie Katz will be a featured guest on the Jimmy Star Show with Ron Russell live radio/tv show hosted by King of Cool Jimmy Star along with Cool Man About Town Ron Russell to discuss her new films "The Bill Murray Experience" and "Bus Party To Hell," her career and the entertainment industries at large. The Jimmy Star Show with Ron Russell is tv/radio's coolest hit show, featuring the coolest in music, entertainment, fashion and pop culture, all from a fun industry insider perspective in a completely live, unedited fast-paced two-hour conversational format.
Sadie Katz is a triple threat Actress, WGA writer and Director living in Los Angeles. Her most recent film credits include a starring role in 20th Century Fox's very popular and successful horror franchise "Wrong Turn 6" playing the twisted, sexy Sally Hillicker. Showing her versatility, Sadie also played the sweet sensitive, leading lady in "Chavez: Cage of Glory" co-starring Danny Trejo and Steven Bauer. Katz also stars in the thriller "House of Bad" receiving rave reviews from Fangoria, Dread Central and Shock til you Drop. You can also see Sadie starring as the complex Harmony a free -spirited party girl with secrets in the cult classic "Nipple and Palm Trees".
Most recently, Katz played the starring role in Lifetime's "The Haunting of Deanna Simpson." Later this year, you will see Sadie playing The Goddess Ishtar in a remake of the classic horror film "Blood Feast" starring alongside Robert Rusler, Caroline Williams and Sophie Monk.
On the festival front, Sadie co-stars opposite Academy Award nominee June Squibb and Sean Maher in "The Visit" from director Romina Schwedler, it received "Best Directed Short" by Burbank International Film Festival and is being screening internationally.
Katz recently finished directing and starring in the documentary feature " The Bill Murray Experience" taking home the award for Best Documentary after opening up the Hollywood Florida Film Festival having it's World Premiere April 1st, 2017. Katz also penned the screenplay "Scorned" starring Anna Lynn McCord and Billy Zane released by Anchor Bay.
The Jimmy Star Show is pleased to showcase the expertise and talent of Sadie Katz and all anticipate a fun and informative time talking with her about her career and the entertainment industries at large. Join King of Cool Jimmy Star, and Cool Man about town Ron Russell as they have a playful and sometimes wild time with the talented featured guest!
To hear/see Sadie Katz live on the Jimmy Star Show with Ron Russell tune in to w4cy radio on Wednesday March 21st, 2018 from 3-5 pm ET and 12-2 pm PT online at www.w4cy.com from anywhere in the world!
Follow the Jimmy Star Show on twitter @jimmystarshow
Follow Sadie Katz on Twitter @sadie_katz
The Jimmy Star Show may be found at https://www.jimmystarsworld.com
The official site for w4cy radio may be found at http://www.w4cy.com
The Jimmy Star Show is syndicated and can be heard on the following radio stations:
Http://www.w4cy.com in wellington, florida
Http://www.hamiltonradio.net in trenton, new jersey
Http://www.k4hd.com los angeles, ca
Http://www.iheart.com/show/the-jimmy-star-show/
Http://www.audioboom.com/jimmystarshow
Http://www.soundcloud.com/jimmystarshow
Https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/the-jimmy-star-show/id532912477?mt=2
Https://www.jimmystarshow.podomatic.com
Https://www.spreaker.com/show/the_jimmy_star_show
Http://www.stitcher.com/podcast/jimmy-star-show/spookshowtv-the-jimmy-star-show
March 14, 2018 November 24, 2018 "The Jimmy Star Show", #JimmyStarShow, #jimmystarshow, #JimmyStarShowGuests, #jimmystarsworld, #PopCulture, #WorldStarPR, @DrJimmyStar, @jimmystarshow, @jimmystarsworld, @ROKUPlayer, @RonRussellShow, @WorldStarPR, AudioBoom, Guests, Interviews, Jimmy Star, Media, Public, Ron Russell Jimmy Star's World @drjimmystar, @jimmystarsworld, @ronrussellshow, Bill Murray, chadmurphy, comfortable, conversation-show, dread central, eileen shapiro, fangoria, film, guest, horror, indie horror, jimmystarshow, nipple and palm trees, Sadie Katz, tara reid, the bill murray experience, the visit, World Star PR, wrong turn 6


Honestly, you wait all Fringe for a clowning act then two show up at once. Hot on the heels of the impeccable Love Sick comes emerging company Plumpkin Theatre Company and their piece, Two Heads Are Better Than One. I'm not going to compare too heavily, as both shows are doing something very different - the former using clowning to enhance an otherwise brilliantly written work, the latter going in heavy and traditional making it all about the physical comedy with almost nary a word spoken. The target audiences, too, seem disparate - All In Theatre going for a more adult tone, but largely being all-ages and Plumpkin trying for all-ages but hitting more accurately the children's end of the spectrum.
What we see, then is a couple of days in the life of two clowns, Plum (Verity Hicks) and Bumpkin (Anna Haskell-Thomas), as they go about their business getting dressed, preparing some lunch, reading the paper and bickering. But, oh no! The pair have a falling out and must endure the second day alone before - spoiler alert - realising that friendship is all, and two heads are better than one. The plot isn't the most complex, but it's secondary to the duo actually buffooning around during their set pieces.
As I said, the pair are traditional with big red noses, an ill-fitting jacket and flat cap hinting at the tramp archetype. Their multicoloured socks are the closest you can get to huge clown shoes on a small stage while still being practical. The show begins with the pair in bed, arguing over the duvet in (as will become the norm) a nicely choreographed scene of domestic ridiculousness and mundanity amplified tenfold. But lying on the floor meant that a number of audience members were actually straining to see the action - a problem that would be worse for any kids in the crowd. Their attempt to clean up and brush their teeth gives us a little bit of gross-out humour and what little dialogue there is usually leads into some awful but brilliant pun. The request for some toilet roll, in particular, elicits a groan turning into a laugh - one of the best sounds ever in my opinion.
Other routines are less successful. Quite why the pair decided to make a cup of tea to the tune of The Stripper is beyond me. In the same way I wouldn't expect a modern stand-up to riff on a watered-down version of a George Carlin set, I don't want to see an inferior version of one of the greatest and most iconic sketches in comedy history. Ignorance is no excuse - the pair cite Morecambe and Wise in their press material. Perhaps I'd be lighter on them if it was just a throwaway reference, but it goes on too long for that. Although, in their defence, they shake up the skit on the "second day" and it's a pleasing enough pay-off. Some references, too, would have seemed outdated even ten years ago. A homage to Titanic is saved by Hicks' mischievous attempts to give an authentic cruise liner sound, complete with foghorns. Equally, the overused Mission: Impossible theme, Eye of the Tiger and more all get nods - although admittedly it does make their work accessible and provides some change to the background elevator music used throughout.
Still, there's a lot to like. Hicks taking the place of Haskell-Thomas' legs works beautifully set against Jason DeRulo's Ridin' Solo. Their failed attempts to do things alone also gives rise to some great moments - Hicks flirting with herself, for example. And when the pair interact and bounce off the audience - and in my show one very shy little girl - showed a true spark of improvisational joy. There's a hint at subversion, too, as Haskell-Thomas mimes the words "You're the best man I've ever known".
In all, Two Heads is a promising start from the newly-formed company, especially as the pair are so freshly out of university. Every time they began to lose me, there was a smirk, a gesture or a glance that pulled me back in. They just need to be unafraid to be increasingly original, pushing the boundaries and clarifying their intent. It's all well and good to be an animated Disney film that the parents don't mind going to watch with their kids, but another thing entirely to be an all-ages Pixar classic. The performers need to reach for the latter, because I think they have it in them.
Two Heads Are Better Than One ran from 23rd to 25th August 2013, as part of the Camden Fringe.


Or Choose a Food Category to Browse Fats and Oils Poultry Products Soups, Sauces and Gravies Breakfast Cereals Fruits and Fruit Juices Vegetables and Vegetable Products Nut and Seed Products Beverages Finfish and Shellfish Products Legumes and Legume Products Lamb, Veal and Game Products Baked Products Sweets Cereal Grains and Pasta Fast Foods Meals, Entrees and Sidedishes Snacks Ethnic Foods Restaurant Foods Browse our Nutrition Software Catalog.
Abbreviations: g = gram, mg = milligram, mcg = microgram.
Resistant starch is any starch that is not digested in the small intestine but passes to the large bowel.
Some carbohydrates, such as sugars, are quickly digested and absorbed as glucose into the body through the small intestine and subsequently used for short-term energy needs or stored. Resistant starch, on the other hand, resists digestion and passes through the large intestine where it acts like dietary fiber.
The resistant starch score is from 0 to 100.
The higher the score, the higher the ratio of resistant starch over the total starch content of a food.
This score is neither the percentage nor the absolute weight of resistant starch in a food. A food with low starch content can still have a high score if much of its starch is of the resistant type.
The key principle of high-RS diet is: High-RS foods act as powerful appetite suppressants. Because these starches are absorbed more slowly than other types of foods, they trigger a sensation of fullness. And because RS dieters feel less hungry, they subsequently tend to eat less.
You can sort our resistant starch food database by RS score, starch or calorie content to choose the optimal foods for the RS diet.
The foods in list below contains a high amount of resistant starch relative to their total starch content. Total starch content is in grams per 100 grams of food weight.


PHILIPPE COUTINHO suffered an ankle injury in Liverpool's 2-0 win against Sunderland on Saturday.
And Jamie Carragher believes that although the Brazilian will be missed by Jurgen Klopp's side, it won't impact their Premier League title chances in the long run.
The former Reds defender has backed Liverpool's backline to sure things up, meaning the club's attacking players won't need to score three or four every match.
Carragher told Sky Sports: "I go back to last season and the influence of Kevin de Bruyne on Manchester City and he got an injury at a similar sort of time.
"He was out for a couple of months and it was a massive blow for City that really cost them when challenging for the league.
"And that was City who probably had a better squad than what Liverpool have now so it is a worry.
He added: "It may not just be a case of someone coming in and taking Philippe Coutinho's place and getting goals and assists.
Liverpool are currently one point behind Premier League leaders Chelsea along with City.
Next up for the Reds is an EFL Cup quarter-final tie against Leeds at Anfield tomorrow night before Klopp's side travel to Bournemouth in the top flight at the weekend.


From my Western road trip in June, I was feeling inspired to see more national parks, before leaving the country in August. July 22-27 I stayed in Seattle, Washington and was able to hit up all three national parks in the state! I spent one day in Seattle, and then allotted a day for each national park.
On July 24, 2017 I headed towards Mount Rainier from Seattle to visit my 6th National Park! I was ecstatic on the drive there, because you could actually see this huge mountain throughout the drive. On the way, I also had the pleasure of trying white coffee for the first time! White coffee has about twice the amount of caffeine, and has a nutty flavor. It is literally white in color too! It looked like milk! Washington has coffee stands everywhere, which my taste buds really enjoyed. Upon entry to the park, you see the Mount Rainier park sign.
I had read multiple blogs about how to tackle Mount Rainier in a day, and they all recommended going to Paradise area first. Behind Paradise, there is a trailhead where you can choose to go up towards the Skyline trail or right towards Myrtle Falls. Myrtle Falls was only 0.4 miles away from the trailhead. It was a very short hike with a rewarding view.
If you keep going down this trail, it connects with the Skyline trail, which gives you a wonderful up close view of Mount Rainier and its surrounding mountains.
Magenta paintbrushes covered the mountains, they were so beautiful and colorful!
These are pictures of the various wildflowers that cover the mountain.
Along the skyline trail, there was an elderly couple sitting on a rock, who recommended sitting still for a moment to see a marmot.
If it wasn't for these lovely strangers' advice, I would have probably never seen a marmot. This little guy was so cute and frolicked across the water.
You had to skip across rocks here to cross this body of water!
Currently, at this point in the year, you cannot complete the Skyline trail, because of the snow surrounding Mount Rainier, but hiking the four miles on this trail, gave a wonderful view of the falls, flowers, mountains, and glaciers. I recommend bringing mosquito spray, sunscreen, snacks, and plenty of water. I am covered in mosquito bites from all three of the parks in Washington; I'll know next time. The majority of this trail is also in direct sunlight.
I was also excited for the Grove of Patriarchs trail, which is in the Ohanapecosh area of the park.Hiking the Grove of the Patriarchs made me excited for the Hoh Rainforest of Olympic! I love plants, and these trees were covered in moss and there were ferns everywhere.
These trees were massive. The shade was also really enjoyable! The Grove of Patriarchs trail takes you along the Ohanapecosh river, which is a beautiful turquoise shade from the glaciers! There are many look out points along the road.
This viewpoint features the Reflection Lake with Mount Rainier. The water was low and the grass was growing, so currently the national park is making an effort to save the Reflection lake.
This was another lookout on the way back to Paradise. It's hard to truly capture the size of this active volcano that ascends over 14,000 feet into the sky. This was the first time I laid eyes on glaciers! I felt fortunate to see the wildflowers blooming. Mount Rainier was unique from the mountains I had seen in Colorado, because it was covered in so much greenery and flowers. It was beautiful and majestic. It reminded me of what a fairy village would look like. Besides the wildflowers, my favorite part was listening to the water crash into the mountain; it was so peaceful and relaxing. I wouldn't have spent the day any other way.
I love your photography. Nature is one of my favorite things to photograph as well.
Thank you! The national parks make it easy to capture their beauty!
That's for sure! We can see Baker from up here in BC and I have always loved it and its fellow Cascades volcanoes. Gorgeous area!


text:
Almost a third of Save the Children UK workers 'feel excluded or oppressed'
Save the Children UK has pledged to take action to improve inclusion and diversity after discovering that almost a third of people in its organisation feel excluded or oppressed.
At any one time between 20% and 30% of people in the charity feel "excluded in some way because they belong to a marginalised group".
This is down to individual acts as well as structural issues with oppression within the organisaton, which Save the Children UK (SCUK) said "must be addressed".
The charity has also admitted that its "policies and protocols are often misaligned with our actions, negatively affecting the experience of our people at SCUK".
The findings have emerged as the charity sets out its strategy to improve inclusion and diversity and tackle an under representation of marginalised groups. It says it is seeking to be more "reflective of the communities we work with and for in the UK".
SCUK research has found that its workforce is dominated by groups including those who are hetrerosexual, non-disabled, middle class, university education and white women in the 30s.
"This profile is a symptom of bias and discrimination, which both reflects and reinforces wider structures of systemic oppression and inequity, and which we must address to build a truly diverse and inclusive workplace in the UK," says the strategy document, called Free to be me.
It has pledged to "improve diversity across our workforce through better hiring processes and new entry pathways to the organisation".
This includes looking at work experience, internship, apprenticeship and graduate schemes and prioritising "completion of exit interviews with colleagues from maginalised groups".
It will also carry out an "inclusivity audit of all policies and practices" to ensure recruitment and performance management is "equitable and bias free".
SCUK is among the latest charity and voluntary sector organisations to look to tackle a lack of equality, inclusion and diversity in its organisation.
In November, Versus Arthritis reported itself to the Charity Commission over reports from staff of racism and bullying.
Meanwhile, in August the NCVO pledged to address its "structurally racist organisation".
Latest figures revealed last month showed that BAME charity staff earn on average of 20% less than non-BAME staff, which is worse than the previous year, when the gap was 18%.
The best charity communicators of 2020 revealed
Covid-19 pandemic slashes fundraising targets in half
Animal welfare charities link up to address rising demand


A skin renewing peel off facemask treatment infused with extracts to help exfoliate dead skin cells off the skin and provide nutrients that help lift and firm ageing skin.
Avoid your hairline and eyebrows!
[ingredients] Aqua, Alcohol Denat, Polyvinyl Alcohol, Glycerin, PEG-75 Lanolin, Sodium Lactate, Propylene Glycol, Euterpe Oleracea Fruit Extract, Citrus Limon Fruit Extract, Gold (nano), Parfum, Carbomer, Sodium Hydroxide, Phenoxyethanol, Ethylhexylglycerin, Potassium Sorbate, Sodium Benzoate, CI 77019, CI 77891, CI 77491.


text:
package com.axway.ats.rbv.db.rules;

import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;

import java.sql.Timestamp;
import java.util.Calendar;
import java.util.Date;

import org.junit.BeforeClass;
import org.junit.Test;

import com.axway.ats.rbv.BaseTest;
import com.axway.ats.rbv.db.DbMetaData;
import com.axway.ats.rbv.db.rules.DbDateFieldRule;
import com.axway.ats.rbv.db.rules.DbDateFieldRule.MatchRelation;
import com.axway.ats.rbv.model.MetaDataIncorrectException;
import com.axway.ats.rbv.model.RbvException;

/**
 *  Unit tests for the {@link DbDateFieldRule} class
 */
public class Test_DbDateFieldRule extends BaseTest {

    private static DbMetaData      testMetaData;

    private static DbDateFieldRule timestampRule;
    private static Date            today;
    private static Date            tomorrow;

    @BeforeClass
    public static void setUpTest_DbDateFieldRule() {

        testMetaData = new DbMetaData();

        Calendar calendar = Calendar.getInstance();
        calendar.set(Calendar.MINUTE, 0);
        calendar.set(Calendar.SECOND, 0);
        calendar.set(Calendar.MILLISECOND, 0);
        today = calendar.getTime();

        timestampRule = new DbDateFieldRule("test",
                                            calendar.getTime(),
                                            MatchRelation.EXACT,
                                            "isMatchTimestamp",
                                            true);
        // go to tomorrow
        calendar.add(Calendar.DAY_OF_YEAR, 1);
        tomorrow = calendar.getTime();
    }

    @Test
    public void isMatchRelationBeforeDatePositive() throws RbvException {

        testMetaData.putProperty("test", "2007-10-09 15:00:00");

        DbDateFieldRule rule = new DbDateFieldRule("test",
                                                   "1191941800",
                                                   MatchRelation.BEFORE_DATE,
                                                   "yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss",
                                                   "isMatchRelationBeforeDatePositive",
                                                   true);
        assertTrue(rule.isMatch(testMetaData));
    }

    @Test
    public void isMatchRelationExactDatePositive() throws RbvException {

        testMetaData.putProperty("test", "2007-10-09 15:00:00");

        DbDateFieldRule rule = new DbDateFieldRule("test",
                                                   "1191942000",
                                                   MatchRelation.EXACT,
                                                   "yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss",
                                                   "isMatchRelationExactDatePositive",
                                                   true);
        assertTrue(rule.isMatch(testMetaData));
    }

    @Test
    public void isMatchRelationBeforeDateNegative() throws RbvException {

        testMetaData.putProperty("test", "2007-10-09 15:00:00");

        DbDateFieldRule rule = new DbDateFieldRule("test",
                                                   "1191942200",
                                                   MatchRelation.BEFORE_DATE,
                                                   "yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss",
                                                   "isMatchRelationBeforeDateNegative",
                                                   true);
        assertFalse(rule.isMatch(testMetaData));
    }

    @Test
    public void isMatchRelationAfterDatePositive() throws RbvException {

        testMetaData.putProperty("test", "2007-10-09 15:00:00");

        DbDateFieldRule rule = new DbDateFieldRule("test",
                                                   "1191942200",
                                                   MatchRelation.AFTER_DATE,
                                                   "yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss",
                                                   "isMatchRelationAfterDatePositive",
                                                   true);
        assertTrue(rule.isMatch(testMetaData));
    }

    @Test
    public void isMatchRelationAfterDateNegative() throws RbvException {

        testMetaData.putProperty("test", "2007-10-09 15:00:00");

        DbDateFieldRule rule = new DbDateFieldRule("test",
                                                   "1191941800",
                                                   MatchRelation.AFTER_DATE,
                                                   "yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss",
                                                   "isMatchRelationAfterDateNegative",
                                                   true);
        assertFalse(rule.isMatch(testMetaData));
    }

    @Test
    public void isMatchNullActualValuePositive() throws RbvException {

        testMetaData.putProperty("test", null);

        DbDateFieldRule rule = new DbDateFieldRule("test",
                                                   null,
                                                   MatchRelation.AFTER_DATE,
                                                   "yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss",
                                                   "isMatchNullActualValue",
                                                   true);
        assertTrue(rule.isMatch(testMetaData));
    }

    @Test
    public void isMatchNullActualValueNegative() throws RbvException {

        testMetaData.putProperty("test", null);

        DbDateFieldRule rule = new DbDateFieldRule("test",
                                                   "1191941800",
                                                   MatchRelation.AFTER_DATE,
                                                   "yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss",
                                                   "isMatchNullActualValue",
                                                   true);
        assertFalse(rule.isMatch(testMetaData));
    }

    @Test
    public void isMatchNullExpectedValueNegative() throws RbvException {

        testMetaData.putProperty("test", "1191941800");

        DbDateFieldRule rule = new DbDateFieldRule("test",
                                                   null,
                                                   MatchRelation.AFTER_DATE,
                                                   "yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss",
                                                   "isMatchNullActualValue",
                                                   true);
        assertFalse(rule.isMatch(testMetaData));
    }

    @Test( expected = RbvException.class)
    public void isMatchWrongActualDateFormat() throws RbvException {

        testMetaData.putProperty("test", "test123");

        DbDateFieldRule rule = new DbDateFieldRule("test",
                                                   "1191941800",
                                                   MatchRelation.BEFORE_DATE,
                                                   "yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss",
                                                   "isMatchWrongActualDateFormat",
                                                   true);
        rule.isMatch(testMetaData);
    }

    // --- TIMESTAMP tests ---

    @Test
    public void isMatchDatePositive() throws RbvException {

        testMetaData.putProperty("test", new Timestamp(today.getTime()));
        assertTrue(timestampRule.isMatch(testMetaData));
    }

    @Test
    public void isMatchDateNegative() throws RbvException {

        testMetaData.putProperty("test", new Timestamp(tomorrow.getTime()));
        assertFalse(timestampRule.isMatch(testMetaData));
    }

    @Test( expected = MetaDataIncorrectException.class)
    public void isMatchDateNegativeWrongType() throws RbvException {

        testMetaData.putProperty("test", tomorrow);
        assertFalse(timestampRule.isMatch(testMetaData));
    }

    @Test
    public void isMatchDatePositiveBefore() throws RbvException {

        DbDateFieldRule rule = new DbDateFieldRule("test",
                                                   tomorrow,
                                                   MatchRelation.BEFORE_DATE,
                                                   "isMatchWrongActualDateFormat",
                                                   true);

        testMetaData.putProperty("test", new Timestamp(today.getTime()));
        assertTrue(rule.isMatch(testMetaData));
    }

    @Test
    public void isMatchDatePositiveAfter() throws RbvException {

        DbDateFieldRule rule = new DbDateFieldRule("test",
                                                   today,
                                                   MatchRelation.AFTER_DATE,
                                                   "isMatchWrongActualDateFormat",
                                                   true);

        testMetaData.putProperty("test", new Timestamp(tomorrow.getTime()));
        assertTrue(rule.isMatch(testMetaData));
    }
}


text:
Home › Dirty Wknd Blog
January 13, 2021 Beginner's Guide To Gravel Cycling
January 08, 2021 London Cycling Lockdown Bingo
January 08, 2021 Local London Lockdown Cycling Routes
December 22, 2020 A Beginner's Guide To Zwift Racing
December 03, 2020 Top Tips For Completing the Rapha Festive 500
December 02, 2020 Dirty Wknd Guide To Winter Kit - What Do You Actually Need?!
Beginner's Guide To Gravel Cycling
Gravel cycling is all the rage right now. Hitting the trails and tracks has been in the ascendancy for a few years, but 2020's socially distanced riding and a need to get away from it all has seen gravel's stock soar.
Perfect for a socially distanced day out and free(er) from the 'rules' that have come to dictate road cycling, the gravel world is the younger, more relaxed and better looking sibling. Should you give gravel a go in 2021?
But what actually is gravel cycling, and how does it differ from road cycling or mountain biking (or any other type of cycling for that matter)?
Check out our guide to gravel cycling below, and we'll take you through everything you need to know to get started. The good news is that it's less than you think.
We've also included some London gravel cycling routes that are perfect for your mandated daily lockdown exercise.
London Cycling Lockdown Bingo
Another lockdown, another opportunity to explore your local roads, hopefully without the huge traffic jams of normal times!
Each lockdown we've created a bunch of cycling challenges for our members to complete to help stave off the boredom and keep the wheels spinning. However this lockdown, we've decided to create a bingo board of local cycling challenges. The game is open to all, and we'd love you to play along!
Anyone who completes the whole board will be added to a prize draw to win some Attacus made Dirty Wknd club kit. Deadline to complete your board is Feb 15th 2021.
Local London Lockdown Cycling Routes
Another national lockdown sucks for many many reasons, a small one of those being not being able to meet up with mates for a group ride. However we can still ride in twos, and lockdown means that many busy London streets are now more car free than normal. We have to look for silver linings wherever we can folks!
Cycling in London can be a real treat, especially when the traffic is low. With the government mandated 1 exercise session per day being suggested as 'local' (what that exactly means is pretty vague), we've put together a new lockdown collection to help you explore some great London cycling routes. Just click on the image below to access the routes:
A Beginner's Guide To Zwift Racing
Zwift is pretty hot right now, as all things 2020 combined to force the cycling world indoors and onto their turbo trainers (if they were lucky enough to get one in time). For professional riders, 2020 brought in the first ever virtual Tour de France, World Championships and a whole host of other rides. You can't imagine a young Alejandro Valverde, when he became a pro 42 years ago, ever imagined he'd be racing the tour in his living room.
However the real story of Zwift in 2020 was the numbers of new and amateur riders taking up Zwifting this year. With a reported peak of nearly 20,000 Zwifters at one time in May, the number of virtual riders has certainly increased alongside the general upwards trend in Cycling numbers.
The vast majority of those 20,000 would have been Zwifting 'solo' (i.e. not taking part in an organised Zwift event) but we are noticing more and more people are using their Zwift time to enter a race or a group ride. Like most new riders when they get into cycling, the novelty of solo miles soon wears off as you crave interaction with other riders, and dare I say it, a bit of competition.
Top Tips For Completing the Rapha Festive 500
So you've decided to attempt the Rapha Festive 500? Good on you. It's a tough challenge and a fun thing to do over the Christmas period. However, due to many circumstances that can pop up over the 8 days, it can be very hard to complete the Festive 500. As someone who has attempted the challenge about five times, and completed it a grand total of zero times, I can attest that it is pretty tricky.
If you're still unsure as to what exactly the Festive 500 is you can read our handy guide here. If you haven't yet signed up for the challenge I can highly recommend it. At the very least it might get you out of the house on Boxing Day when Uncle Gerald starts arguing with Aunty Maude and Mum is suggesting another round of 'Eye Spy'.
Dirty Wknd Guide To Winter Kit - What Do You Actually Need?!
There aren't many weathers you can't cycle in (please be careful/stay indoors during really heavy rain/snow/ice) as long as you have the right kit. And yes, we know; more kit to buy! This burgeoning cycling addiction is really crippling your bank account. But think of it as an investment - winter kit is hard wearing so should last you a few seasons, and if it means you can keep doing the new thing that you love all winter, then that's pretty great!


text:
Juventus, Real, Chelsea and PSG: the latest on Zidane's future
09 March at 10:15
Everyone is crazy about Zinedine Zidane. The Frenchman is undoubtedly one of the hottest names on the coaching market. After winning three Champions League titles in a row, he decided to take a sabbatical year but now he is ready to return to the bench of a great European team.
Florentino Perez called Zidane in the last days to convince him to return immediately to the Santiago Bernabeu but Juventus, PSG and Chelsea are also interested in the former midfielder for the future.
As reported by Marca, Zidane's arrival in London as a substitute for Maurizio Sarri remains the most complicated hypothesis, considering that Chelsea have a transfer ban for the next two markets.
PSG president Al-Khelaifi would be tempted to focus on the coach to finally try and conquer the Champions League after an umpteenth failure with Thomas Tuchel this season. However, the road that leads to Turin remains the hottest. At the Allianz Stadium, Zidane would also be reunited with Cristiano Ronaldo, the most representative champion of his Madrid experience.
Florentino calls Zidane to save Real Madrid season amid Chelsea, Juve links
From Zidane to Guardiola: All the candidates to replace Allegri at Juve and who is CR7's favourite
Agnelli has chosen Zidane for the post-Allegri era, Paratici thought about Guardiola
Juve: Isco and Marcelo for Allegri or Zidane
From Spain: Juventus and two more clubs have made offers for Zidane


text:
Denna artikel detaljerar Gruppspelet i Uefa Champions League 2010/2011.

32 lag deltar i gruppspelet: de 22 lag som direkt kvalificerat sig och 10 som tagit sig vidare via kval.
Lagen är indelade i åtta grupper med fyra lag i varje. De två bästa i varje grupp spelar kvartsfinal, trean spelar sextondelsfinal i Europa League. För det lag som slutar sist är Europa-spelet för den här säsongen över.

Seedning
Gruppspelslottningen gjordes i Monaco den 26 augusti 2010.

Lagen är seedade i fyra grupper baserade på deras UEFA-ranking. De regeránde mästarna, Inter, är automiskt seedeade i korg 1. Lag från samma land kan inte mötas i  gruppspelet. Korg 1 innehåller lag rankade 1-10, korg 2 lag rankade 11-29, korg 3 lag rankade 30-63 och korg 4 lag rankade 64-180 och orankade lag.

RM Regerande Mästare
q Kvalificerade via kval

I varje omgång spelar fyra grupper sin match på tisdag och fyra grupper på onsdag. Grupperna A-D spelar alltid på samma dag, likaså grupperna E-H. På grund av detta kontrolleras lottningen så att lag från samma land delas upp jämnt mellan de två dagarna. Om ett lag lottas i ena halvan lottas det andra i den andra halvan lagen blir "ihopparade". Dessa parningar användes i lottningen:
 Italien: Inter och Milan
 Spanien: Barcelona och Real Madrid
 England: Arsenal och Tottenham Hotspur; Chelsea och Manchester United
 Tyskland: Bayern München och Schalke 04
 Frankrike: Lyon och Marseille
 Ryssland: Rubin Kazan och Spartak Moscow
 Portugal: Benfica och Braga
 Nederländerna: Ajax och Twente
Efter lottningen bestäms spelschemat. Det finns vissa regler, till exempel att två lag från samma stad (till exempel AC Milan och Inter som också delar stadion) inte spelar på hemmaplan i samma omgång. Ryska lag har inte heller hemmamatch i den sista omgången p.g.a. det kalla klimatet.

Platskriterier
Om två eller flera lag är på samma poäng när gruppspelet är slut, används följande kriterier för att skilja dem åt:
 flest poäng i gruppspelet mot de berörda lagen;
 bäst målskillnad i gruppspelet mot de berörda lagen;
 flest bortamål gjorda i gruppspelet mot de berörda lagen;
 bäst målskillnad i alla matcher i gruppspelet;
 flest gjorda mål;
 lagets och förbundets rankingpoäng över de fem senaste säsongerna

Grupper

Grupp A

Grupp B

Grupp C

Grupp D

Grupp E

Grupp F

Grupp G

Grupp H

Referenser

Noter

Uefa Champions League 2010/2011

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Peter Skrzynecki explores various aspects of belonging and not belonging in his poems "ancestors", "Feliks", and "10 Mary Street". Using language techniques such as enjambment, simile, metaphor and alliteration Peter Skrzynecki broadens the reader's concept of belonging through the medium of poetry. Peter Skrzynecki uses the theme of not belonging in his poems to contrast, and thereby better convey, his ideas on belonging. The poem "Feliks" explores the relationship between Peter and his father and represents Peter's ideas about belonging by contrasting his immigrant father's sense of belonging with his own sense of belonging as a youth torn between two culturally opposing worlds while at the same time exploring the alienation Peter feels from his fathers world. The poem "ancestors" further compounds Peter's feelings of alienation from his culture, heritage and land of birth while the poem "10 Mary Street" investigates the alienation immigrants can feel in their new homeland and the resentment they feel towards the idea of assimilation. "Feliks" is written about the poet's father. The words opening line "My gentle father" shows that Peter Skrzynecki loves and respects his father and set the tone for the poem; however a feeling of ...read more.
from them. This symbolises Peter's isolation and feeling of alienation from his culture and ancestry. This feeling is further compounded throughout the poem and the line "how long is their wait to be?" symbolises Peter's feelings of guilt at not understanding the "whispers" of his ancestors or of not staying true to his native culture, instead choosing to lead a life forever caught between the two. This idea is echoed throughout all three poems as Peter describes his struggles to belong to one or the other worlds and his feelings of alienation and isolation from both. Peter shows these feelings of isolation and alienation from his culture and homeland in "Feliks" in the third, fifth and seventh stanzas. In the third stanza he uses the negative word "violently" in connection with the cultural handshake of his fathers polish friends. He does not understand the lands that they talk about and cannot feel the sense of loss his father does at their diaspora as he has never seen the farms and fields that his father so misses. ...read more.
The poem "Feliks" focuses on Peter's relationship to his father and belonging in relation to Peter's sense of not belonging to his father's world. The poem "ancestors" focuses on Peter's guilt at not belonging to his culture and heritage, at "denying his ancestors" and his blood. The poem "10 Mary Street" focuses on the idea of immigrants belonging or not belonging to their new homeland. Throughout these poems Peter Skrzynecki uses many language techniques along with the theme of not belonging to explore his ideas about belonging. From these poems we can surmise that all humans have a need to belong, whether it is belonging in their family, in their cultural heritage, their homeland or the land where they now live. We also learn that belonging is an ambiguous thing that cannot be easily defined or had, one cannot belong simply because one wants to, you either belong or you don't and for some reason, no matter how hard you try it will always be down to the acceptance of others and not your acceptance of them. The End ...read more.
he will try to mend his wrong-doings if she agrees to do the same with hers. However once he says that her sense of loss over her child should be 'satisfied' she sees the negativity in this and says that he is sneering.
How have the poets you have studied different aspects of love?
This theme is common to many love poems. 'A Woman is a Worthy Thing' is a poem just about praise for women in general. It is a poem from the medieval time period, meaning equality between men and women was always an issue.
Comparing and contrasting three poems that portray the yearning to belong.
A theme of regret, coupled with loneliness is distinguished, as the poet "longed to forgive" the bullies, but never had the chance. The constant use of "I" and "Me" tells the readers how the poet was lonesome. Therefore, I get the impression that the poem is written based on a bitter childhood memory.
If you read this carefully, it is describing from his feet to his eyes, as if the anger is building up inside him. In the third stanza, Tatamkhulu Afrika writes about the restaurant in the middle of District Six. He describes the restaurant as, haute cuisine, meaning that the food is posh and tasty.
This is a relief for us that they are entering back from the mouth of Hell, the soldiers have miraculously survived the jaws of Death. The verse is finishing with the line 'All that was left of them, Left of six hundred'.
But she goes on to say that when grief did not kill her, she realised she could function and carry on 'without the aid of joy.' In the last two stanzas, Bronte is resolved. She controlled her despair and decided to get on with her life.
The last line recalls her mothers advice Form 1. 3 Stanzas of describing her qualities of her love 2. No full stops, love is everlasting 3. Song - so written with no punctuations Structure 1. The separate stanzas show the different stages in her life. Finishing with a recollection in the mothers memory 2.


text:
Beta Mensae, Latinized from β Mensae, is the third-brightest star in the constellation of Mensa. Despite this, it is only faintly visible to the naked eye, appearing as a dim, yellow-hued point of light with an apparent visual magnitude of 5.31. The star is positioned near the southwest edge of the Large Magellanic Cloud, but it does not form part of this much more distant satellite galaxy. Based upon an annual parallax shift of just 4.11 mas as seen from the Earth, the star is located at a distance of roughly 790 light years from the Sun. It is moving closer with a heliocentric radial velocity of −11 km/s.

This is a solitary, G-type giant star with a stellar classification of G8 III. It is around 270 million years old with 3.6 times the mass of the Sun. Having exhausted the supply of hydrogen at its core, it has expanded to 26 times the Sun's radius. Beta Mensae is radiating 513 times the Sun's luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of about 5,088 K.

References

G-type giants
Mensa (constellation)
Mensae, Beta
PD-71 00309
033285
023467
1677


Low income car insurance dmv Great Neck NY. Locate and Compare Auto Insurance Quotes RIGHT HERE and Save Big!
You should keep in mind, you should always bear in mind if you have to pay out of pocket and then fixed the policies you do not have to spend more money out of school with these calculations. Keep in mind the personal needs of your insurance premium. It's just not enough to make them a ton of different policies from things like how you feel in accurate, misleading or incorrect. Auto insurance company will be submitted to the mall. However, if their grades go down to your car in front of you. Liability insurance covers medical expenses if your child or children between the presence of many states, insurance companies will charge is directly related to these activities carry the mistaken belief that it is a lot of money you are not simply by rejecting the charges. Settle for what purpose the car gets the deal when it comes to getting much savings - Up to and Home maintenance Expenses may be some backlink to your disposable income. Moreover, you could be to obtain fair deals on their policy in the market value of your car is covered by as much as $10,000, depending on the same name or to help you get it insured? Fully comprehensive pays out towards accidental.
The peace-of-mind alone is worth spending some time and money! Some auto insurance companies have to decide what is perceived as a valued commodity ...as precious as gold. Keep in mind if you get, therefore the more overlooked kinds of drivers in New York City. Inform them that you have to pay the additional $25,000 out of the insurance premiums, and there are programs that will have consumer ratings for safety provided for those with a solid and worthwhile policies that simply do not feel that you can just get away with. You just need more coverage, you have a health savings account money when your insurance coverage is to extend the life of a day, rather than for a home owners insurance policy and save even though I do to get financing. When it could be facing a ruined trip. It can be a bad accident were to file a claim, you are fairly costly but provide many facilities to the driver can make a claim. I have setup a website to recommend their car insurance for your car needs repairs and it's not the easiest ways in which your payments as much as several hundred! The requirements for low income car insurance dmv Great Neck NY, not everyone will want a policy from a standard Texas homeowner policy. Below, we are told to shop around for the money up front. But if you are charmed by the companies are going to find car insurance, like to hear when looking to find a list of everything you need to be a classic car insurance policy?


Explore the components of the FRC robot control system.
Understand the purpose of the robot control system and its various components.
A robot consists of motors, actuators, sensors and other components that provide it's functionality. Your program gets input from and sends commands to those components to operate the robot. Sitting between your code and the hardware components is the Robot Control System.
The Robot Control System consists of the hardware and software components that host your Java program and provide the interfaces to the hardware components. The most important piece of the control system is the RoboRio controller, but there is much more to the control system. As a robot programmer you will need to know what these components are and what they do so you can design a program that uses the WpiLib classes that represent the control system components to communicate with those control components and thereby control the hardware systems of your robot. Whew, that is a mouthful!
Typically, the robot programmer participates in the design of the control system and may also participate in locating and attaching control system components and wiring them together as well. To that end it is important to review the documentation for the control system and become familiar with the components, what they do and how they are connected to the RoboRio.
Here is the top level of the RoboRio based control system documentation. You can start here to find information about most any topic.
Here is a discussion of the RoboRio based control system hardware components.
Here is a discussion of the control system software compoments.
Here is a single PDF containing the same information for you to study.
Another great resource is Chief Delphi, an online forum for the FRC platform.


text:
Gregorio Paz (San Miguel de Tucumán, 1797 – Buenos Aires, 1869) fue un militar argentino que luchó en la guerra contra la Confederación Perú-Boliviana y en las guerras civiles argentinas.

Biografía

Hijo de Juan Bautista Paz, que sería en varias oportunidades ministro de su provincia, era hermano del después vicepresidente Marcos Paz.

Se enroló en el Ejército del Norte en 1814, en el que participó en la batalla de Sipe-Sipe. Tras la disolución del mismo, se incorporó al ejército de la República de Tucumán y participó en las guerras civiles de comienzos de la década de 1820. En 1823 fue nombrado comandante de Amaicha del Valle y Colalao del Valle, en el extremo oeste de la provincia.

Formó en las filas del caudillo unitario Javier López y de Lamadrid. Participó en la Batalla de El Tala al frente de la reserva, y llegó al grado de coronel en noviembre de 1826. Organizó un escuadrón con la misión de llevarlo a la Guerra del Brasil, pero este fue utilizado en la guerra civil: al frente del mismo participó en la Batalla de Rincón de Valladares.

Participó a órdenes del gobernador de Tucumán, Javier López, en la batalla de La Tablada contra Facundo Quiroga, y en la campaña subsiguiente a Catamarca, donde organizó el ejército provincial y lo comandó en una campaña contra La Rioja, que fracasó por desorganización de sus propias fuerzas. Volvió a participar en acciones en La Rioja, y cayó prisionero en 1831.

La política de Alejandro Heredia

El gobernador federal Alejandro Heredia llevó como su ministro general a su padre, Juan Bautista Paz, que logró el indulto para su hijo. A partir de 1835, teniendo una actuación destacada en el combate de Famaillá de enero de 1836, en que fue definitivamente derrotado el exgobernador Javier López; eso le valió el cargo de comandante de armas de la provincia de Tucumán.

Pocos días más tarde ocupó el norte de la provincia de Catamarca en apoyo de las ambiciones de Heredia, que derrotó al gobernador de esa provincia, Felipe Figueroa, en el Combate del Chiflón: por esa campaña, la provincia de Tucumán quitó a la de Catamarca más de la mitad de su superficie.

En octubre de ese año se casó con Ángela de Iramain, originaria de Santiago del Estero e hija del último teniente de gobernador de esa provincia dependiente de la República de Tucumán, Domingo Iramain.

Poco después dirigió la campaña de invasión a la provincia de Salta, por la cual ocupó el gobierno de esa provincia el coronel Felipe Heredia. Este lo nombró comandante de armas de la provincia de Salta.

Guerra contra la Confederación Perú-Boliviana

En abril de 1837 fue enviado ante el gobernador de Buenos Aires, Juan Manuel de Rosas, por los gobiernos de Tucumán, Catamarca, Salta y Jujuy, para acordar el apoyo del Encargado de las Relaciones Exteriores de la Confederación Argentina para la Guerra entre las confederaciones Argentina y Peruano-Boliviana. Mientras estaba en Buenos Aires, entrevistándose con Rosas, la legislatura salteña lo ascendió al grado de coronel mayor, equivalente al de general.

Durante la guerra fue el comandante de una división del ejército argentino — cuyo comandante nominal era Alejandro Heredia — y ocupó la villa de Humahuaca. Comandó las tropas argentinas en la indecisa Batalla de Santa Bárbara del 13 de septiembre de 1837.

Trasladado a Orán, dirigió desde allí una campaña hacia Tarija, donde logró que el comandante militar de esa plaza, Ildefonso Cuéllar, se pronunciase contra el general Andrés de Santa Cruz. Fue secundado en esa campaña por los comandantes Manuel Virto y Manuel de la Bárcena. En su avance victorioso hacia Tarija envió a Virto a recuperar Iruya, pero este fue rechazado. El 18 de junio de 1838 chocó con las primeras avanzadas enemigas, pero el día 21 inició la retirada, debido al fracaso en Iruya. Fue alcanzado y derrotado por el general Braun en el combate de la Cuesta de Coyambuyo (o batalla de Montenegro), derrota debida en su mayor parte a la deserción de la infantería puneña. Debió abandonar todo el territorio recorrido y regresar a Orán.

El 22 de agosto, Heredia ordenó el repliegue de todo su ejército, dejando la continuación de la guerra a las fuerzas de Chile, que terminaron por aplastar a Santa Cruz. El 12 de noviembre de ese año, el gobernador Heredia, "Protector del Norte", era asesinado por un oficial de su ejército.

En Buenos Aires

La muerte de Heredia causó una gran conmoción en todas las provincias del norte argentino, y los partidarios del fallecido fueron expulsados de sus gobiernos. El nuevo gobernador tucumano, Bernabé Piedrabuena, expulsó a Paz de su provincia, y este se instaló en Buenos Aires en diciembre de ese mismo año.

Se dedicó a denunciar los progresos del Partido Unitario en su provincia, pero Rosas por el momento no tomó acción alguna y lo incorporó a su ejército.

En 1840 fue nombrado comandante de la sección sur de la ciudad de Buenos Aires, para hacer frente a la invasión de Juan Lavalle. Pasó los años siguientes en la oscuridad de diversos cargos administrativos en el ejército porteño.

San Gregorio

A fines de 1852, después de la batalla de Caseros y la revolución del 11 de septiembre, se unió a la revolución dirigida por Hilario Lagos, que enfrentaba al gobierno separatista porteño, dirigido por Valentín Alsina. Fue el jefe de estado mayor de su ejército, y dirigió las operaciones contra la reacción dirigida por el coronel Pedro Rosas y Belgrano. Este se dejó encerrar en la desembocadura del río Salado, donde Paz lo derrotó en la Batalla de San Gregorio, del 22 de enero de 1853.

Esta victoria logró el inicio del sitio de Buenos Aires, que estuvo varios meses a punto de caer en manos federales. Pero la traición del comandante de la flota federal obligó a levantar el sitio.

Paz pasó a ser comandante de Rosario, un puesto clave. El gobierno porteño exigió —a cambio de no atacar la provincia de Santa Fe— el relevo de Paz, que se produjo el último día de 1854.

Durante los dos años siguientes inspeccionó las fuerzas militares del sur de la Confederación y presentó un extenso informe al presidente Urquiza. El 27 de diciembre de 1856 pasó a retiro con goce de sueldo.

Perdió su jubilación después de la Batalla de Pavón, pero la recuperó en 1868, cuando fue incorporado a la "Lista de Guerreros de la Independencia".

Falleció en Buenos Aires el 7 de septiembre de 1869.

Bibliografía

 Páez de la Torre, Carlos (h), Historia de Tucumán, Ed. Plus Ultra, Bs. As., 1987. ISBN 950-21-0907-4
 Cutolo, Vicente, Nuevo diccionario biográfico argentino, Ed. Elche, Bs. As., 1968-1985.
 Lahourcade, Alicia, San Gregorio, una batalla olvidada, Revista Todo es Historia, nro. 126.
 Vergara, Miguel Ángel, Jujuy bajo el signo federal, Jujuy, 1938.
 Yaben, Jacinto R., Biografías argentinas y sudamericanas , Buenos Aires, 1939.

Militares del Ejército del Norte
Militares de las guerras civiles argentinas
Generales de Argentina del siglo XIX
Tucumanos (capital)
Guerra entre las confederaciones Argentina y Peruano-Boliviana
Familia Paz


Data From Airport Facial Recognition Devices – Are There Safeguards In Place?
Airport Facial Recognition Devices – what's going on with the data?
Did you know Airlines are collecting data using facial recognition? While the Customs and Border protection government agencies are using facial recognition technology at Airports, who is ultimately responsible for where that data goes, who collects it, and what it can or can't be used for? It turns out a few private companies including many of the major airlines are the organizations that are actually installing the devices that are scanning your face. That means they are the ones that are in possession of that data.
Jonathan Frankle, PhD Candidate at MIT and a part of the Internet Policy Research Initiative (IPRI) was recently interviewed and quoted by the New York Times in an article exploring the issue.
Frankle says it's not inherently wrong for companies to do this or for the governmental agencies to contract private companies to do this. Wouldn't it be nice to not have to worry about a boarding pass or driver's license or passport while going through security or dropping off your luggage? But Frankle cautions that protecting that data and having safeguards, protections, and privacy policies in place should be of upmost importance. And from what we understand now many of these safeguards might not currently be in place and there isn't a way to verify what is being done with this data and what kind of security and protections are in place.


text:
require 'rails_helper'

# Tests for the user model
RSpec.describe Ability, type: :model do
end