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Women's Branch of the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals
The 'Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals' was founded in Britain in 1824 by a group of 22 reformers led by Richard Martin MP, William Wilberforce MP, and the Reverend Arthur Broome. In 1840, it was granted its royal status by Queen Victoria to become the 'Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals' (RSPCA), as it is known today. Its influential members lobbied Parliament throughout the nineteenth century which resulted in a number of new laws such as the Cruelty to Animals Act 1835.[1]
It took the Colony of New South Wales nearly 50 years before it began to form a similar society and the catalyst was a letter that appeared in the Sydney Morning Herald on July 3, 1873, observing that
Not a day passes without our being pained, usque ad nauseam, with the most wanton cases of cruelty to animals. In these prosperous times it behoves us surely to devote a little of our time and money to the redress of this grievance.[2]
This letter drew attention to the boast of their 'go-ahead sister', colonial Victoria, of the 'entire absence of such barbarities' from their colony; a claim due to the existence of an organisation for the prevention of cruelty to animals.[3] In response to this letter, supported by the Sydney Morning Herald[4] and after various small preparatory meetings,[5] a public meeting was called on July 16, 1873, to form such a society in Sydney.
Horse, cabman and cab
The society, named the 'Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals' (SPCA), had as its patron the Governor Sir Hercules Robinson, Charles AW Lett as the honorary secretary, Alfred Sandeman as the honorary treasurer and Thomas Mitchie as the honorary veterinary surgeon, while the committee was made up of prominent male citizens of Sydney.[6] The primary focus of the SPCA was the detection and prosecution of those guilty of animal cruelty.
At the 1878 annual meeting of the society, where the SPCA was renamed the 'Animal's Protection Society' (APS),[7] the Rev Dr William F Clay expressed the view that measures beyond inspection and prosecution were needed to ensure the protection of animals. He advocated for
the delivery of lectures such as were given in England, and by which the young might be trained to the proper treatment of dumb animals. Prizes had already been given in connection with this subject, and might be given again. Could not the pulpit, he would ask, be brought to deal with this matter.'[8]
In 1885, a letter to the editor of the SMH, signed 'Beth' of Hunter's Hill, was published. It advocated the formation of juvenile branches of the SPCA in connection with the schools along the lines of the Bands of Mercy in England and America.[9] Unknown to 'Beth' and the general public, however, such a work had already begun, but knowledge about such Bands of Mercy would only become more widely known after the formation of a woman's branch of the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals[10] in Sydney on December 16, 1886.
Initially, the women's branch of the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (WSPCA) did not use the prefix 'Royal' in its title (see Timeline and Terminology of Animal Protection in Britain and NSW), but did so shortly after its formation when it sought and believed it was granted affiliation with the parent body of the RSPCA in Britain.[11] In 1896, a question was raised as to the right of the committee to use the prefix 'Royal' and its use was discontinued.[12] While the WSPCA consisted only of women, there was a male honorary secretary, John Sidney,[13] who was also the paid secretary of the APS.[14] Sidney's membership was obviously at the invitation of the women, and was presumably because the WSPCA saw the need for his knowledge and experience, as well as his being their direct link to the APS and its activities.
Whereas the male APS was involved in the investigation and prosecution of those who showed cruelty towards animals, the WSPCA had a different function. It was not a ladies committee of the APS, but independent from it and primarily concerned with educating children about animals so they would not engage in cruel behaviours towards them.[15] It is this primary function that explains, in part, its independence from the APS. Prior to the existence of the WSPCA there existed Bands of Mercy, first formed in Sydney in January 1884[16] by Francis Levvy[17] and independently in Newcastle in 1886,[18] as the 'Newcastle Merciful Brigade or Band of Mercy', by Marie Ellis.[19] At the behest of Levvy and Ellis, the WSPCA took the Bands of Mercy that had previously been commenced under their auspices, and also encouraged Levvy and Ellis to form additional groups. Levvy said that
in consequence of the Animal Protection Society having refused any connection with the Bands of Mercy of Sydney, they have been affiliated to England by me, and I received the accredited certificates and badges from the English secretary RSPCA.[20]
Prior to the formation of the women's group, the male APS had made some attempt to educate children by giving a prize for a school essay competition on 'kindness to animals'.[21] In the first year of its operation 272 essays were received,[22] and by 1882, the secretary was circulating nearly 1000 notices to schools and clergy about the competition.[23] A member of the APS, J Horbury Hunt, in responding to criticism of the ineffectiveness of the APS, pointed out the enormity of their task and complained that, unlike in England, there was a lack of public and financial support. The APS, he said, had sent 500 circulars to clergy seeking special sermons on 'kindness and consideration of animals' all of which had been ignored. He stated that
those having charge over the moral training of the people and general education of the young should occasionally and specially teach the object of our society, thus helping to make it the great executive centre of this noble work.[24]
The education of children was not the primary function of the APS, though it is clear from Hunt's comments that they realised its value and would be glad of assistance to that end. In January 1887, in the face of limited resources both in financial and public support, the APS welcomed the formation of the women's group saying that
the committee were gratified to hear that several ladies had held a preliminary meeting for the purpose of forming a woman's branch; 'the objects … to take under its auspices the various bands of mercy organised thought the colony, and to undertake the moral training of children, by inculcating the duties of humanity towards animals by means of essay writing and through approved methods of instructing the young'.[25]
Godden sees the formation of the women's branch in terms of gender roles and power and as a secession from the APS. She comments:
The men recognised work with children as "no doubt … the work of the gentler sex" and praised "those benevolent ladies". This was not enough for the women. They were conscious of being within their sphere and wished to increase their effectiveness. Such independence was unacceptable to the Society and in the next decade the women seceded, forming their own Women's Society for the Protection of Animals. For male philanthropists, it was always a danger that once women were granted minor roles in philanthropy that their success would embolden them to demand more power and autonomy.[26]
While there may be some truth in Godden's view concerning the consciousness of the women (and indeed of the men) of their appropriate sphere, the women did not really secede from the APS for in reality they were not part of it. Apart from the first annual meeting, where there was 'a very large attendance' and there were 'a large number of ladies present',[27] no women were elected to the committee nor attended APS annual meetings. In fact few men attended them either and the evidence is, and the constant refrain about the annual meetings was, that the 'attendance was not large'.[28] The analysis of the WSPCA and its work in terms of gender and power is further complicated by the fact that the local committees which administered the Bands of Mercy, the main activity of the WSPCA, consisted of both women and men.[29]
Levvy's experience with APS and its unwillingness to affiliate the Bands of Mercy, for reasons unknown, but possibly because of the APS's chronically inadequate resourcing and its desire not to lose its focus on inspection, prosecution and legislation, was clearly prominent in the perceived need for the WSPCA. Hunt, a member of the male APS, put the matter bluntly on the different roles of the two groups when he said:
the Band of Mercy is under the gentle rule of the ladies, and the Animal Protection Society is governed by the stern hand of man. The former is to educate the child to be kind to all dumb creatures, while the other to punish that child when grown up for any acts of cruelty that may be committed. It will therefore be seen that the two organisations are doing the same work for those different stages of our life.[30]
Levvy's Bands of Mercy were the result of a movement that began in England in 1875 for the purpose of 'preventing cruelty by inducing the members to study the nature and habits of animals and by showing the affection and devotion of which animals are capable'. This was to be achieved by 'gathering children together, and, by pleasant recitations and songs illustrative of mercy and benevolence, train them into the practice of kindnesses'.[31] In England, membership was said to be between 40,000 and 50,000 and in America about 90,000. Levvy, with the assistance of her sister Emma,[32] founded some 2,000 branches in Sydney and Ellis founded some 1,500 in the Newcastle district.[33] The bands had a good degree of independence, but all joining members in NSW took the following pledge: 'I promise to protect the animal creation with all my power. When I am compelled to take the life of any creature I will spare all needless pain'. The Bands of Mercy were, therefore, moderate in their views such that even a butcher, who slaughtered in the 'most expeditious manner', could be a member.[34]
Bands of Mercy were often formed in schools with the permission of the Minister for Public Instruction[35] by local school teachers who sought to inculcate the values of kindness and care towards those of the animal kingdom.
The format for a Band of Mercy meeting was as follows[36]:
Sing a Band of Mercy song or hymn and repeat the Pledge together
Signing the pledge
Remarks by President and reading of Report of last Meeting by Secretary
Readings, Recitations, Anecdotes of good and noble sayings and deeds done to both human and dumb animals with vocal and instrumental music
Sing Band of Mercy Song or hymn
Brief address – members may then tell what they have done to make human and dumb creatures happier and better.
Enrolment of members
Sing Band of Mercy song or hymn.
The pledge referred to above was "We agree to do all in our power to protect animals from cruel usage and to promote as far as we can their humane treatment"
Essay competitions for school children in both public and private schools[37] (including the Ragged Schools)[38] were set and marked by committee members and cash prizes and medals were awarded for the best entries.[39] The essay question set in 1890, for example, was 'Our duty towards the animal creation, especially to those animals under the care of man.'[40] The essays were set
with the view to awaken interest in the minds of teachers and children in their duties towards animals, the committee decided to again invite competition in essay writing, as the composition or compilation of an essay cannot be accomplished without reading or thinking, and is seldom undertaken without more or less conversation on the subject with all the members of the writer's family. The subject, this time, will be 'to describe what is meant by the words "cruelty to animals", select two animals, and state how to make them happy in a domestic state'.[41]
There was also a Band of Mercy and Humane Journal, edited by Frances Levvy and commenced in July 1887, and a Band of Mercy Advocate, edited by Marie Ellis and in Newcastle commenced in November 1887, and both were circulated in a format that was attractive to children.
Education, while important and its primary focus, was not the only activity of the women's group for they also collected funds. This was done both to fund the educational work and also to make purchases such as a 'horse ambulance' for use in the city and suburbs,[42] dog troughs,[43] encouraging the setting up of a horse rest home[44] or the setting up of the Battersea chamber to euthanise stray dogs[45] and, for a time, the women's group had its own inspector.[46]
In NSW the male APS was not noted in the newspapers of the day as having any particularly strongly articulated religious motive for their activity. There were occasional references to God and man's Christian duty to the animals, but this was not a sustained message. Compared to their English counterparts that had begun in the early 1820s, organisations dedicated to the cause of animals had come late to the colonies of Australia. In England, they had developed a Christian discourse as part of the motivation for the movement which was, in general terms,
that God had entrusted human dominion over all living creatures on earth and it therefore was humans' duty to be kind and merciful to the animal creation just as God was to human beings. Under this theological frame, the superiority of the human over the brute creation and humans' almost godlike status were accentuated in order to underscore the great trust imposed upon men by the divine design.[47]
In England, in June 1885, Canon Farrar preached at sermon at Westminster Abbey on behalf of their RSPCA. His text was "Blessed are the merciful' and among other things
his audience was reminded in impressive and powerful language that though man was appointed to lordship over the lower animals, it was a delegated lordship – a trust – the fulfilment of which would be [a] matter of searching enquiry on that day.[48]
The articulated motivation for the WSPCA was somewhat different and was more overtly Christian than that of the APS particularly though the influence of Frances Levvy. It was just such a theological underpinning of the women's movement in respect of animal protection that Archbishop Barry, whose wife Louisa was a founding member of the WSPCA, gave in a sermon in 1885 at St Andrews Cathedral, Sydney.[49] Notwithstanding the more subdued place of Christian rhetoric, the male APS did circulate the Archbishop's sermon with its annual report.[50] Also J Horbury Hunt, a committee member, was so impressed with Canon Farrar's sermon that he organised for 1,000 copies of it to be forwarded to the teachers of the principal schools and clergymen throughout the colony.[51]
In November 1901, the Archbishop of Sydney agreed to the formation of the 'Society for the Promotion of Kindness to Animals' (SPKA) with the aim of the aiding of every
humane society throughout New South Wales by the preaching of sermons and by keeping the principles of justice and kindness before the various Sunday schools and members in every parish; to teach the Christian aspect of those sports and fashions which caused needless cruelty to animals.[52]
Before he had formally inaugurated the society, the APS approached the Archbishop and asked him not to proceed with his planned society as it was concerned that the fragmentation of the work would 'weaken and lessen the influence of the older body [APS], and to contract its pecuniary resources.' They believed that if 'the clergy would assist the old society they would be doing more good for the cause than by joining new organisations'. 'The ladies would help the cause more by enlarging the Bands of Mercy … and all these should amalgamate under the old society, as the parent society of the Commonwealth.' They also sought the Archbishop's assistance to bring about unity between his group, the WSPCA and the APS by forming one strong organisation.[53] The Archbishop was not able to achieve this, but he did agree to become a vice patron of the APS[54] and he also gave his support to the WSPCA[55] whose honorary secretary, Frances Levvy, joined the SPKA as correspondence secretary and honorary treasurer.[56]
Frances Levvy remained involved with the work of animal protection, editing the Band of Mercy and Humane Journal, a 'publication, of remarkably even quality, for both children and adults', until August 1923.[57]
The Kingdom of Love
Jennifer MacCulloch sees that Levvy's magazine is 'redolent of her deep Christian faith, her strict morality, her ambivalence about scientific developments and, most touchingly, her love for animals'.[58] Her magazine, unlike the APS, articulated a strong Christian rhetoric in which Christian motifs were common. Bible verses, prayers and pictures were often present and alluded to Christian themes. Levvy used lots of engravings as illustrations to give interest and emphasis to her text and some of these were overtly Christian, such as one front cover entitled 'The Kingdom of Love'.
The title 'The Kingdom of Love' clearly was intended to point to a well-known passage in the King James Version of the Bible which speaks of the Kingdom that God will inaugurate. In Isaiah 11:6-9 it says:
6 The wolf also shall dwell with the lamb, and the leopard shall lie down with the kid; and the calf and the young lion and the fatling together; and a little child shall lead them.
7 And the cow and the bear shall feed; their young ones shall lie down together: and the lion shall eat straw like the ox.
8 And the sucking child shall play on the hole of the asp, and the weaned child shall put his hand on the cockatrice' den.
9 They shall not hurt nor destroy in all my holy mountain: for the earth shall be full of the knowledge of the Lord, as the waters cover the sea.
On another occasion Levvy put a picture,[59] also on the front page of an issue which showed children at prayer, with the words of a prayer, possibly composed by Levvy, asking God to help them be kind to animals:
Children at Prayer
'Oh may we learn with pious awe
Never one cruel deed to do.
Teach us to learn Thy mercy's law
And then to practice what we know.'
Levvy also wrote poems which were included in the magazine. The example that follows, entitled 'Ready', articulates her own perspective which sees her Christian service of God, in the time she has on earth, as rescuing animals and that such work was on the same level as the well accepted evangelical responsibility of rescuing children.
Lord, what wilt Thou have me to do?
Let me work in Thy vineyard to-day.
Shall I wander the city or wilderness through
To gather Thy children that stray?
Shall l seek for the wayward and wild
That wander about in the street?
The fatherless, motherless, shelterless child.
And bring them to rest at Thy feet?
Let me rescue Thy children from pain.
From cruelty, hunger and woe;
Let me speak for the dumb, let me shelter the weak,
From the kick, from the whip, from the blow
Make me ready to work or to wait,
To work in Thy vineyard with heaven in view
Or to wait and to watch at Thy gate. [60]
Even her closing notice for the magazine, written in 1923 in the year before her death, had the Christian hope enfolded in its last lines: 'But now the time has come to say farewell, and this issue is the last of the little magazine. We bid farewell till we all meet in the Higher Life.'[61] She died in December of 1924 and was appropriately remembered for her 'devoted service to the cause of the prevention of cruelty to animals'[62] through the journal and the WSPCA. She left instructions in her will that on her gravestone was to be inscribed 'The Friend of Animals', which indeed she was.
The question should be asked did the WSPCA achieve any results. Such a question was put by a journalist in 1908 to cabman who had been in business for many years in the city. The conversation went as follows:
Cabman: It doesn't look as if it did as much now as one time. I remember when five horses were sent off the stand for every one sent now. And it's the same with every other beast that pulls.
Journalist: Then there's a falling off in energy?
Cabman: Not at all. You see, it's this way: Four of the five horses I spoke of as being put off the stand don't come on the stand now. The owners know it would be no use sending them, and drivers would refuse to work them, so the society's business doesn't look as brisk as it one time was.
The journalist as result of the interview concluded that:
The explanation amounts to a very high tribute to the activity of the society. It prevents cruelty in the most effective manner; all the more effective because it acts on owners and drivers before the actual cruelty takes place.[63]
Exactly when the WSPCA ceased to function as a separate body from the APS is uncertain, but it was probably around 1914 when women joined the APS as a Ladies' Committee.[64] It may well be that from that time on the Band of Mercy magazine's banner headline, which read 'issued by the Women's Society Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, NSW', was more a memory than a reality with the magazine being its only activity and with Levvy as a committee of one.[65]
In 1923, to honour the jubilee of the APS, the King granted approval for the word 'Royal' to be prefixed to its name which, in 1919, had been changed to the 'Society for the Protection of Animals'.[66] Thus, after numerous name changes, the combined societies became known in NSW as the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals – the RSPCA.[67]
Dr Paul F Cooper Research Fellow, Christ College, Sydney
The appropriate way to cite this article is as follows:
Paul F Cooper. Women's Branch of the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. Philanthropy and Philanthropists in Australian Colonial History, September 21, 2016. Available at https://phinaucohi.wordpress.com/2016/09/21/womens-branch-of-the-society-for-the-prevention-of-cruelty-to-animals
[1] See The History of the RSPCA at https://www.animallaw.info/article/history-rspca Animal Legal and Historical Center, Michigan State University. [Accessed 25/05/2016.]
[2] Sydney Morning Herald (Sydney, NSW), hereafter SMH, July 3, 1873, 3.
[3] SMH, July 3, 1873, 4.
[5] SMH, July 11, 1873, 4; July 15, 1873, 4.
[6] Henry T Fox, Benjamin Cocks, CF Burdett, Alfred Sandeman, Charles Lett, George A Lloyd, John Fairfax, George C Dickenson, Richard Wynne, William Tunks, George Pile jun, John Tait, Charles Campbell, Archibald Thompson, Prosper N Trebeck, Randolf C Want, George F Want, Dr James C Cox, Edmund Fosbery and Fredrick M Darley. SMH, July 17. 1873, 4.
[7] See diagram below for evolution of the terminology of animal protection groups in Britain and NSW.
[8] SMH, September 4, 1878, 8.
[9] SMH, February 17, 1885, 9.
[10] Formally named as The Women's Branch of the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals.
[11] Evening News (Sydney, NSW), May 19, 1896, 6; Sunday Times (Sydney, NSW), June 7, 1896, 12.
[12] John Horbury Hunt had raised the issue arising from the prosecution of an inspector for bribery. The WSPCA established a strong case for its right to use the title but in an eirenic gesture elected to discontinue usage. SMH, May 19, 1896, 2; Sunday Times (Sydney, NSW), June 7, 1896, 12. It was possibly the case that the use of the prefix 'Royal' was a misunderstanding on the part of Levvy and that it was only to be applied to the Bands of Mercy and not to the women's group as a whole. This was, I think, Hunt's point. SMH, May 22, 1896, 6.
[13] SMH, December 21, 1886, 7; February 28, 1891, 8; Band of Mercy and Humane Journal of New South Wales (Sydney, NSW) January 20, 1898. John Sidney (1846-1916) had been appointed acting secretary of the APS in 1878, paid secretary in 1880 (SMH, August 21, 1880, 5), a position he maintained until 1895 when a dispute arose within the APS involving John Horbury Hunt. At this time the APS was incorporated and Sidney was no longer secretary. SMH, September 27, 1878, 5; October 7, 1880, 12; May 2, 1895, 2. He ceased to be secretary of the WSPCA in May 1891. The Sydney Star (Sydney, NSW), June 1, 1891, 2.
[14] The members of the committee were Mrs Eleanor Riley, Lady Mayoress of Sydney as President, Lady Isabella Martin (wife of Sir James Martin), Louisa Barry (wife of Archbishop Barry), Miss Frances Levvy (Hon Treasurer), Mrs Onslow, Mrs Chadwick, Miss Young, Mrs J Whitton, Ann Goodlet (wife of John Hay Goodlet), Miss Fanny Allwood (daughter of Canon Robert Allwood), Mrs TL Mort, Marie Ellis (Wife of J C Ellis), Mrs Stiles, Mrs Shannon, Elizabeth Sybil Wilkinson (wife of WH Wilkinson and mother of Dr Camac Wilkinson) and Mrs Docker with Mr John Sidney (Hon Secretary).
[15] The Society did however, from 1874, have a prize for the best three essays on the subject of the humane treatment of animals for pupils of public and private schools under the age of 16. SMH, August 7, 1874, 3.
[16] Evening News (Sydney, NSW), December 16, 1889, 2. Levvy had informed the APS that she intended to commence forming such groups. SMH, January 4, 1884, 5. The first Band was formed on January 7, and had 15 members. By October there were 15 separate Bands containing 1350 members. "The members are taught love to God, loyalty to each other and justice and kindness to animal creation'. Bowral Free Press and Berrima District Intelligencer (NSW), November 26, 1884, 2.
[17] Frances Deborah Levvy (1831-1924) (sometimes Levey) was raised in the Jewish faith but became devoutly Christian. Jennifer MacCulloch, 'Levvy, Frances Deborah (1831–1924),' Australian Dictionary of Biography, National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/levvy-frances-deborah-13044/text23587, [accessed June 1, 2016]. Frances Levvy, 'Report of the Woman's SPCA of New South Wales, Australia,' Human Advocate (Illinois, USA), VI, 10, August 1911.
[18] Newcastle Morning Herald and Miner's Advocate (NSW), February 24, 1886, 2.
[19] Newcastle Morning Herald and Miner's Advocate (NSW), August 17, 1886, 5. She affiliated her groups with those of Levvy in August 1887. SMH, August 23, 1887, 4. Marie Ellis (nee Kramer) married James C. Ellis and settled in Newcastle where she was prominent in arts and humanitarian circles. Argus (Melbourne, Vic), June 10, 1864, 4. She was later to move to Ashfield, NSW. J. Ellis and J. Clarke, Belated Applause – a Biography of Marie Kramer Ellis (Lane Cove: WJ Ellis, 1986).
See also http://sydney.edu.au/paradisec/australharmony/register-K.php#KRAMER-Maria
[20] Sunday Times (Sydney, NSW), June 7, 1896, 12.
[21] It was agreed that the low state of income of the society did not allow such a plan to proceed but £5 was donated by committee member Mr A Forsyth, in the hope of encouraging other donations, to commence a fund for this purpose. The Protestant Standard (Sydney, NSW), November 15, 1879, 10; SMH, November 8, 1879, 5.
[22] Illustrated Sydney News and New South Wales Agriculturalist and Grazier (NSW), October 30, 1880, 3.
[23] SMH, March 4, 1882, 5.
[24] SMH, December 6, 1883, 5.
[25] SMH, January 8, 1887, 11.
[26] Judith. Godden, 'Philanthropy and the Woman's Sphere, Sydney, 1870-circa 1900.' PhD thesis Macquarie University, 1983, 177.
[27] Evening News (Sydney, NSW), August 7, 1874, 3.
[28] SMH, August 31, 1875, 3; Evening News (Sydney, NSW), December 15, 1877, 4; SMH, September 4, 1878, 4; October 29, 1879, 6.
[29] See for instance The Maitland Mercury and Hunter River General Advertiser (Maitland, NSW), May 2, 1891, 2.
[30] SMH, May 22, 1896, 6.
[31] SMH, February 25, 1885, 10.
[32] Emma Rebecca Levvy (Mrs George Thomas Clarke). Australian Town and Country Journal (Sydney, NSW), December 25, 1886, 13.
[33] SMH, February 25, 1885, 10; December 22, 1886, 7.
[35] The Newcastle Morning Herald and Miner's Advocate (NSW), January 7, 1887, 7. The Hon F B Suttor (Minister for Public Instruction) presided at the 1892 annual meeting of the WSPCA. Evening News (Sydney, NSW), November 30, 1892, 3; The Maitland Mercury and Hunter River General Advertiser (Maitland, NSW), May 23, 1891, 8.
[36] Band of Mercy Advocate, June 30, 1891.
[37] SMH, February 3, 1887, 4.
[38] SMH, October 16, 1896, 7.
[39] SMH, September 24, 1887, 11.
[41] SMH, March 2, 1889, 15.
[42] SMH, March 25, 1897, 5.
[43] SMH, September 1, 1894, 10.
[45] SMH, February 10, 1896, 7.
[46] The Women's Branch also for a time had its own veterinarian inspector, John Behan, who brought forward prosecutions of offenders. Evening News (Sydney, NSW), August 25, 1893, 6. He was later sentenced to two years jail for obtaining money under false pretences by accepting a bribe. Clarence and Richmond Examiner (Grafton, NSW), June 6, 1896, 5; The Maitland Weekly Mercury (Maitland, NSW), May 9, 1896, 11.
[47] Chien-hui Li, 'A Union of Christianity, Humanity, and Philanthropy: The Christian Tradition and the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals in Nineteenth Century England,' Society & Animals 8:3, (2000), 273.
[48] Christian Colonist (South Australia), August 7, 1885, 5.
[49] SMH, October 26, 1885, 6. The sermon was preached in support of the work of the Animal's Protection Society.
[50] SMH, November 7, 1885, 10.
[52] SMH, November 23, 1901, 6.
[53] SMH, December 4, 1901, 13.
[54] SMH, July 27, 1907, 14.
[55] SMH, November 29, 1902, 5. His daughter Miss M Saumarez Smith was a member of the WSPCA. SMH, January 16, 1903, 4.
[56] SMH, January 24, 1903, 4.
[57] Jennifer MacCulloch, 'Levvy, Frances Deborah (1831–1924)', Australian Dictionary of Biography, [accessed online June 1, 2016].
[58] Jennifer MacCulloch, Creatures of Culture: The Animal Protection and Preservation Movement in Sydney, 1880-1930. (PhD Thesis, University of Sydney, 1993), 83. MacCulloch gives an interesting, perceptive and helpful analysis of Levvy's themes and approach. It is a great pity this thesis was never published.
[59] Band of Mercy and Humane Journal of New South Wales, March 16, 1903, 1.
[60] Band of Mercy and Humane Journal of New South Wales, February 28, 1916, 4.
[61] Band of Mercy and Humane Journal of New South Wales, August 31, 2.
[63] Sunday Sun (Sydney, NSW), February 9, 1908, 9.
[64] SMH, September 30, 1914, 12; Sunday Times (Sydney, NSW), November 18, 1917, 15; The Sun (Sydney, NSW), August 29, 1921, 3; September 2, 1921, 4.
[65] Band of Mercy and Humane Journal of New South Wales, July 28, 1923, 1.
[66] Daily Commercial News and Shipping List (Sydney, NSW), September 3, 1919, 8.
[67] SMH, January 3, 1923, 9.
Tags: Animal Protection, Band of Mercy, Frances Levvy, Marie Ellis, RSPCA
By phinaucohi in Philanthropy on September 21, 2016 .
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Transpose, save as PDF. Labels: linus and lucy charlie brown theme song vince guaraldi piano sheet music. 2 out of 5 stars 60. Linus Lucy" is a popular jazz piano tune written by Vince Guaraldi appearing in many of the Peanuts animated television specials. Named for the fictional siblings Linus Lucy van Pelt it was released in 1964 on the Vince Guaraldi Trio' s album Jazz Impressions of a Boy Named Charlie Brown. Charlie Brown - Linus And Lucy Piano Music Sheet. Linus and lucy piano sheet music for beginners.
Play more, pay less with PASS: Unlimited online sheet music + 50% off all downloads Try it free for 7 days Get piano unlimited sheet linus music with PASS Try it free. Vince' s music is complex , while seemingly simple the solo sheets assist the lucy pianist in performing this song lucy the way it should be. easy christmas piano music christmas sheet music . Note that the time signature beginners is 4/ and 4 or common time. Linus Lucy - Peanuts - Sheet Music - Charlie Brown Theme ( Vince Guaraldi linus Piano Solo Intermediate). Register Log In lucy Piano World Home Page Forums Adult Beginners beginners Forum Linus and Lucy Study.
The following is a guideline to playing the beginners song. Note the key signature: The piece is written in the key of C with no sharps or flats. To perform " Linus linus Lucy" an intermediate knowledge of piano playing is required. Vince Guaraldi: Linus ( intermediate) for piano solo, Lucy intermediate piano sheet music. 5 out of lucy 5 stars beginners lucy 5. Musicnotes Pro Send a Gift Card Briefly review the sheet music. Search results for ' linus 1976) was an Italian American jazz musician , 1928 – February 6, arrangements , pianist noted for his innovative compositions , lucy' Vince Guaraldi Vincent Anthony " Vince" Guaraldi ( July 17 for composing beginners music for animated adaptations of the Peanuts comic strip. High Quality transposable in any key, play along , Interactive, , easy practice by changing the tempo lucy more. Christmas Piano Sheet linus Music Easy Piano Sheet Music Free Sheet Music Easy Piano Songs Xmas Music lucy Download Sheet Music Printable Sheet Music Vince Guaraldi Music Guitar and Forward Vince Guaraldi " Linus and Lucy ( Peanuts Theme) " beginners Sheet beginners Music ( Easy Piano) ( Piano Solo) in C Major beginners - and Download & Print.
beginners Charlie Brown' s Greatest Hits Bill Boyd. The solo sheets for Linus lucy and Lucy are a great must- have for any pianist. 2 out of 5 stars 5. Instrumental Solo Piano/ Chords in linus C Major.
Composed by Vince Guaraldi. Arranged by Vince Guaraldi. For Piano Solo Sheet Music.
Published by Columbia Pictures Publications. Print the FREE sheet music at magicmusictutor.


text:
Natalie Hausman-Weiss Executive Director
natalie@thewoodsproject.org
Natalie joined The Woods Project in February 2016. She brings nearly two decades of experience in the areas of non-profit management and development and comes to TWP with a passion for making a real difference in the world for the well-being and personal growth of disadvantaged populations and communities. Read More
Adriane Arnold
Finance & Operations Director
adriane@thewoodsproject.org
Adriane joined The Woods Project as Finance Operations Manager in October 2018, after serving as a TWP volunteer in various capacities. She is a Houston native who adores the outdoors. She majored in art history at Dartmouth College and has an MBA from the University of Houston. Read More
Jessi Manley
jessi@thewoodsproject.org
Jessi joined The Woods Project in 2013. She graduated from the University of Missouri-Kansas City with a Bachelor's of Arts & Science in Exercise Science. She is excited to be part of The Woods Project and be part of positively impacting the lives of so many Houston students. Jessi enjoys spending time with her family, gardening, bowling, and being outside – doing any & everything.
Michael Valdez
michael@thewoodsproject.org
Michael joined The Woods Project in July 2018. While a native of Houston, his true home has always been amongst the surrounding trees and hills of the city. His liberal arts degree from the University of St. Thomas, with an emphasis in education and English, benefited him as he worked as a special needs teacher with students with neurological differences for nearly a decade.
Diana Liga
Volunteer & Operations Manager
diana@thewoodsproject.org
Diana joined The Woods Project in January 2023. She received her degree in Horticulture from Texas A&M and has worked as a horticulturist in varying degrees for two decades. Her emphasis has always been on food production, sustainability, and sociohorticulture. She spends her free time rock hunting, hiking, crafting, and gardening.
Jess Merino
Program Development Manager
jmerino@thewoodsproject.org
Jess joined The Woods Project as Program Development Manager in 2021, after serving as a TWP school coordinator and volunteer for five years. Jess has a background as an educator and a scientist. She previously taught Environmental Engineering at Energy Institute in Houston ISD, and before that she was as a Seismology Data Scientist with IRIS.
Manny Salas
manny@thewoodsproject.org
Manny joined The Woods Project in January 2022 as a TWP Alumnus and recent graduate from Colby College. After his 2016 Summer Trip to Yosemite with TWP, he decided to pursue a career in the earth sciences. After receiving the Posse Scholarship to Colby, a small liberal arts school in central Maine, he majored in Geology and minored in Environmental Studies and Computer Science. Read More

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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text:
Joni's Mingus
by Noel Coppage
Stereo Review
Joni Mitchell's album "Mingus" is going to catch considerable flak for being ponderous where the late Charles Mingus was light-hearted, for being uptight where he was loose, and for being un-Mingus-like in general. And the flak launchers will be right, in their *own* context. I'm no Mingus expert, but my impression is that, in addition to being something of a mystic off the stage, he was a catalyst for improvisation and a sort of bridge between traditional and "modern" (as in far-out) jazzmen on the stage. No doubt this is connected with his having worked with Louis "Satchmo" Armstrong on the one end and Charlie "Bird" Parker on the other. Mingus kept the laymen from getting lost while giving his instrumentalists all the improvisational freedom they needed, but Joni's "memorial" album has danged near *no* improvisation.
But then it is not supposed to be a Charles Mingus album. It is a Joni Mitchell album for which Mingus wrote four melodies and doubtless provided inspiration. Mitchell, candid to a fault, would be the first to tell us she does not have an easy relationship with spontaneity. In fact she does tell us, in the notes, "I was trying to please Charles and still be true to myself. I cut each song three or four times."
"Mingus" seems mainly a continuation of the course Joni has been on (with a partly folkie hiatus in "Hegira" [sic]) ever since "The Hissing of Summer Lawns." She's been looking for a way to grow, and jazz, a very broad category indeed, has seemed to offer her the greater possibilities.
It seems to me that her experimentation these last few years has been good for her as a vocalist but has narrowed her scope as a writer. Her lyrics had much more insight in the "For the Roses" mode. The ballad tradition as modified by her (and Bob Dylan and Gordon Lightfoot and Jackson Browne and precious few others, actually) is a better format for her Joyce Carol Oates/Woody Allen/soap-opera commentary on *relationships* than one can readily wring from the conventions of jazz, which puts several things above lyrics. Musically, Joni's been toying with sound effects more than with melodies, and she still is in "Mingus." The four that Mingus wrote would serve fine as take-off points for improvisation, but instead of stretching them she has merely decorated them. The two melodies *she* wrote, those for *God Must Be a Boogie Man* and *The Wolf That Lives in Lindsey*, are themselves sketchy sound-effects hangers rather than the old swoops and sweeps of her folkie days.
But as a vocalist Joni has grown tremendously in the last few albums. Where she used to dart self-consciously into and out of falsetto, like changing gears in an old MG, she now glides with confidence over a remarkable number of notes and makes no big deal of it; it seems normal and effortless. Her voice has become, as jazz likes its voices to become, an instrument.
I find "Mingus" more listenable than "Don Juan's Reckless Daughter," although not by much. It *is* too bad she couldn't have loosened up the way Mingus himself would have. The thing is bound to lose her some of her more casual fans, who were attracted to a nice folk singer from Canada, but, like Ingmar Bergman, she has a number of diehard fans who'll hang in there, and I guess that includes me (I don't know whether I'm bragging or complaining). The most "accessible" song is probably *The Dry Cleaner from Des Moines*, which unfortunately catches Joni getting a little too cute with the lyrics. The song is about luck; just before it there's a taped comment by Mingus about how good his had generally been, but Joni's lyrics, tongue-in-cheek or not, are about how bad hers is.
In her liner notes, Joni gives credit to the musicians involved in the out-takes (surely a first in the giving-credit department); these included John McLaughlin and Gerry Mulligan. Of those who made it to the finals, so to speak, only Wayne Shorter seems to matter. Mingus having been a bassist, you'd think the bass of Jaco Pastorius (of Weather Report) would have a leading role, but here it's just another bass. On the other hand, there's something to be said for putting this tight a rein on Herbie Hancock.
Mingus died, as Joni further notes, in Mexico on January 5, 1979, at the age of fifty-six, and his body was cremated the next day. "That same day fifty-six sperm whales beached themselves on the Mexican coastline and were removed by fire. These are the coincidences that thrill my imagination." Now *that*, I think, is a Mingus-like observation (or Jung-like - he called such coincidences "synchronicity"). Where jazz is concerned, I like to think Joni Mitchell is still working on it, diligently if not always efficiently, and she's by no means finished.
This article has been viewed 8,263 times since being added on January 9, 2000.
Comments on Joni's Mingus


text:
Object of the Month, January 2021
Gaming with a wristwatch
Is there anyone who doesn't know that classic among the video games for portable consoles - Tetris? In this game, individual pieces must be arranged in such a way that they form a continuous area without empty spaces. Tetris was the cult game of the 1990's. It was Nintendo's "Game Boy" that triggered the breakthrough of this "killer application" in 1989.
Many parents feared that their children might become addicted to computer games. This is why many younger students did not have their parents' permission to get their own "Game Boys". Among these children, Tetris watches became cult objects – and they were permitted in most cases. After all, the addiction factor of one single game could not be that high…
The owner of this watch was only six years old, too, when he got it as a gift in 1991. His passion for the game is still visible today: The tooth marks on the wristband show how fiercely he used to play it back then.
Wristwatch with "Nintendo Tetris" computer game, EM Entertainment, Munich, around 1991, Inv. 2020-001.


text:
Leasing companies to play critical role in massive plug-in vehicle take-up by 2025
Vehicle contract hire and leasing companies, including Activa Contracts, are set to play a critical role in encouraging plug-in vehicle take-up among their customers.
The British Vehicle Rental and Leasing Association (BVRLA) has launched an ambitious 'Plug-in Pledge' that will see the combined plug-in vehicle fleet size of its members, which includes Activa Contracts, surge from 50,000 today to 720,000 by 2025.
By that time, vehicle rental and leasing companies would be buying 300,000 plug-in vehicles per year, forecasted the BVRLA. That represented an increase in the industry's share of annual new plug-in hybrid and pure electric vehicle registrations from 36% to 60%.
The pledge followed this month's government reaffirmation of its commitment to increase the number of electric and hybrid vehicles being driven in the UK through its 'Road to Zero Strategy'. It outlined its ambition for 50%-70% of new car sales to be ultra-low emission by 2030 and emphasised the need for the transition to be industry-led.
The BVRLA's 'Plug-in Pledge' demonstrated the vehicle rental and leasing industry's commitment to playing a vital role in delivering the government's goal, said the organisation.
The association's members are responsible for almost five million vehicles - one-in-eight cars, one-in-five vans and one-in-five trucks on UK roads. Due to the number of vehicles they purchase and the frequency of fleet replacement cycles, they will be a key driver on the journey to zero emissions.
However, the BVRLA's 'Plug-in Pledge' relies on the government providing vital support for the adoption of those vehicles.
As recent polling by YouGov has shown, 42% of senior decision makers in small and medium sized businesses who use vehicles, would be likely to increase the number of electric vehicles they use if national and local government were to offer greater support, for example in the form of tax incentives, free parking and more charging infrastructure.
To ensure that fleets can achieve the bold 'Plug-in Pledge', the BVRLA is calling on the government to:
Bring forward plug-in company car benefit-in-kind tax incentives now and not in 2020/21
Provide a five-year commitment on plug-in vehicle incentives
Offer more infrastructure support for businesses looking to deploy large plug-in fleets.
BVRLA chief executive Gerry Keaney said: "Over the last two decades, the fleet industry has embraced the introduction of emissions-based motoring taxes and used the incentives they provide to deliver a sustained and substantial reduction in CO2 emissions.
"Fleets are ready to make a large-scale transition to zero-emission motoring, providing that the government can match their ambition with a supportive tax regime and more help with charging infrastructure."
The BVRLA's 'Plug-in Pledge' was launched at a Parliamentary Reception in the House of Commons, to an audience of members, vehicle manufacturers, sustainable transport stakeholders, government officials and supportive MPs.


text:
Q: In Python OOP how can a method affect a variable I am creating a bookstore in Python and am trying to define a variable called total_price which will take the price of each book and the number of books wanted multiply that then store it. Also I am trying to break my code when the user presses 5 or Quit. By the way I am 13 and trying to learn how to code so sorry if this question is not to your standard.
#The following code will be a bookstore
cart = []
ask = True
def stop():
    while ask:
        stop_or_no()

def stop_or_no():
    menu = int(input(" 1: Display Books \n 2: Add to cart: \n 3 Show cart  \n 4: Checkout \n 5: Quit \nSelect an option in number form: "))

class Book:
    def __init__(self,title,author,genre,price):
        self.title = title
        self.author = author
        self.genre = genre
        self.price = price
    def __str__(self):
        return self.title + "," + self.author + "," + self.genre + "," + str(float(self.price))

if menu == 1:
    #This code calls the book class
    book1 = Book("A visual Encyclopedia","Chris Woodford", "Science", 23.99)
    book2 = Book("My First Human Body Book", "Patricia J. Wynne and Donald M. Silver","Science", 3.99)
    book3 = Book("The Runaway Children", "Sandy Taylor","Fiction", 3.99)
    book4 = Book("The Tuscan Child", "Rhys Bowen","Fiction", 9.99)
    book5 = Book("Learning Python", "Mark Lutz","Programming", 61.99)
    #This part print each of the books
    print(book1)
    print(book2)
    print(book3)
    print(book4)
    print(book5)
class Inventory:
    books = {1000 : "A visual Encyclopedia", 1001 : "My First Human Body Book", 1002 : "The Runaway Children", 1003 : "The Tuscan Child", 1004 : "Learning Python"}

    def add_book1(self):
        book_list = open("C:\\Users\\brian\\Documents\\Coding\\booklist.txt")
        print(book_list.read())
    def display(self):
        print(books)
class Cart(Inventory):
    books = ""
    def add_book(self):
        total_price = 0
        to_buy_books = int(input("What is the item number you would like to buy?"))
        how_many_books = input("How many of that item would you like to buy?")
        if to_buy_books == 1000:
            total_price += float(how_many_books) * 23.99
            cart.append(str(to_buy_books) + "*" + str(how_many_books))
        elif to_buy_books == 1001:
            total_price += how_many_books * 3.99
            cart.append(str(to_buy_books) + "*" + str(how_many_books))
        elif to_buy_books == 1002:
            total_price += how_many_books * 3.99
            cart.append(str(to_buy_books) + "*" + str(how_many_books))

        elif to_buy_books == 1003:
            total_price += how_many_books * 9.99
            cart.append(str(to_buy_books) + "*" + str(how_many_books))

        else:
            total_price += how_many_books * 61.99
            cart.append(str(to_buy_books) + "*" + str(how_many_books))

    def checkout(self):
        if total_price == 0:
            print("There is nothing in your cart")
        else:
            print(total_price)
            print("Thank you for shopping with us today! Please come back again!")

if menu == 2:
    cart1 = Cart()
    cart1.add_book()
elif menu == 3:
    if len(cart) == 0:
        print("Cart is empty")
    else:
        print(str(cart))
elif menu == 4:
    print(total_price)
else:
    ask = False

stop()

When I run this code it says error total_price is not defined. Any thoughts?
Edited code:
def stop_or_no():
    menu = int(input(" 1: Display Books \n 2: Add to cart: \n 3 Show cart  \n 4: Checkout \n 5: Quit \nSelect an option in number form: "))

class Book:
    def __init__(self,title,author,genre,price):
        self.title = title
        self.author = author
        self.genre = genre
        self.price = price
    def __str__(self):
        return self.title + "," + self.author + "," + self.genre + "," + str(float(self.price))

if menu == 1:
    #This code calls the book class
    book1 = Book("A visual Encyclopedia","Chris Woodford", "Science", 23.99)
    book2 = Book("My First Human Body Book", "Patricia J. Wynne and Donald M. Silver","Science", 3.99)
    book3 = Book("The Runaway Children", "Sandy Taylor","Fiction", 3.99)
    book4 = Book("The Tuscan Child", "Rhys Bowen","Fiction", 9.99)
    book5 = Book("Learning Python", "Mark Lutz","Programming", 61.99)
    #This part print each of the books
    print(book1)
    print(book2)
    print(book3)
    print(book4)
    print(book5)
class Inventory:
    books = {1000 : "A visual Encyclopedia", 1001 : "My First Human Body Book", 1002 : "The Runaway Children", 1003 : "The Tuscan Child", 1004 : "Learning Python"}

    def add_book1(self):
        book_list = open("C:\\Users\\brian\\Documents\\Coding\\booklist.txt")
        print(book_list.read())
    def display(self):
        print(books)
class Cart(Inventory):
    def __init__(self):
        self.total_price = 0
    def __str__(self):
        return str(self.total_price)
    books = ""
    def add_book(self):
        to_buy_books = int(input("What is the item number you would like to buy?"))
        how_many_books = input("How many of that item would you like to buy?")
        if to_buy_books == 1000:
            self.total_price += float(how_many_books) * 23.99
            cart.append(str(to_buy_books) + "*" + str(how_many_books))
        elif to_buy_books == 1001:
            self.total_price += float(how_many_books) * 3.99
            cart.append(str(to_buy_books) + "*" + str(how_many_books))
        elif to_buy_books == 1002:
            self.total_price += float(how_many_books) * 3.99
            cart.append(str(to_buy_books) + "*" + str(how_many_books))

        elif to_buy_books == 1003:
            self.total_price += float(how_many_books) * 9.99
            cart.append(str(to_buy_books) + "*" + str(how_many_books))

        else:
            self.total_price += float(how_many_books) * 61.99
            cart.append(str(to_buy_books) + "*" + str(how_many_books))

    def checkout(self):
        if self.total_price == 0:
            print("There is nothing in your cart")
        else:
            print(self.total_price)
            print("Thank you for shopping with us today! Please come back again!")

if menu == 2:
    cart1 = Cart()
    cart1.add_book()
elif menu == 3:
    if len(cart) == 0:
        print("Cart is empty")
    else:
        print(str(cart))
elif menu == 4:
    checkout = Cart()
    checkout.checkout()
    print(checkout)
else:
    ask = False

stop()

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


1.C 解析:对?#25105;?#30340;x1,x2∈R,都有f(x1)≤g(x2)?f(x)max≤g(x)min.注意到f(x)max=f(1)=- .又g(x)=|A-2|sin x≥-|A-2|,故-|A-2|≥- ?|A-2|≤ ? ≤A≤ .
2.A 解析?#27827;?#39064;意,得?x1∈R,?x2∈R,使得(-ex1-1)(a-2sin x2)=-1,即函数y= 的值域为函数y=a-2sin x2的值域的子集,从而(0,1)?[a-2,a+2],即a-2≤0,a+2≥1?-1≤a≤2.故选A.
4.[ ,1] 解析:f′(x)=1- = ,当0<a≤1,且x∈[1,e]时,f′(x)>0,∴f(x)在区间[1,e]上是增函数,f(x1)min=f(1)=1+a2.又g′(x)=1- (x>0),易求g′(x)>0,∴g(x)在区间[1,e]上是增函数,g(x2)max=g(e)=e-1.由条件知只需f(x1)min≥g(x2)max.即1+a2≥e-1.∴a2≥e-2.即 ≤a≤1.
f′(x)=- - + = .
①当m< 时,g(x)min=g = ,依题意有 ≥- 成立,∴m< .
考前的心理准备,考前可通过心理暗示缓解紧张情绪,进行临场心理调节。紧张时可用"我能?#23567;薄��?#38745;心"、"认真"等自我暗示来稳定情绪,?#23454;?#20570;做深呼吸。放松?#37027;椋?#20943;少压力,参加成考的学生需要将平时的家庭、学校、社会的压力全丢掉,轻装上阵。Coming back home in the evening, family and I sat and watched TV together, we are returning and eating the fruit while chatting, the whole family is happy and harmonious!考试要淡定。拿到试卷后,不要急于动笔,先浏览试题,粗略知道各题的难易、分值后合理安排答题时间。分值较小的题,如果一时做不出来,?#19978;?#25918;一放,抢时间先做会做的题,然后再回头考虑本题。.I live very happily today! In the morning, it is very fine! Then I climb the mountain with family, the air on the mountain is very fresh, the flowers plants and trees on the mountain all seem extremely beautiful.


Hello. Permit me to introduce the author. His name is Ethan Conard. To garden is something her husband doesn't indulge but she does. West Virginia may be the her home is and she's got everything that they needs there. Filing is my day job now.


The best way to keep your new dog from chewing your stuff or from messing on your floor while you are away is to provide crate training for your dog. Crate training is a safe and easy way to protect both your home and your pet. Some people may think that keeping a dog in a crate is cruel. This is not true unless you keep your dog in the crate for several long hours without food or water or a restroom break. But keeping your dog in a crate for only a few hours can actually help your dog feel safe. In the wild, wolves and other wild canines often stay in a cave or den. Their cave or den protects them from predators and elements of the weather. As descendants of the wolf, dogs still carry this instinct to stay in a secure place. Ever notice your dog sleeping under the table or the bed? Or behind the furniture or in a small room, such as the bathroom during a thunderstorm? Under the porch or in a doghouse? A crate will provide your dog with the same security that the places of your home bring. In fact, most dogs who have gone through crate training often go in their crates on their own initiative.
The most important reason you should provide crate training for your dog is that keeping your dog in a crate prevents them from chewing on harmful things or getting into harmful substances when you are not home.
Crate training is a necessity. I foster dogs for adoption and one of the first things I do is crate train them. Crate training helps with potty training, keeps them from getting into things and chewing on stuff, and helps them with separation anxiety. But crate training is not a substitution for the back yard. My dogs only go in their crates at night and when I am not home to keep an eye on them.


text:
Instagram grooms you to spend money — here's how you can use it to help you save instead
Published Fri, Nov 15 20195:07 PM EST Updated Fri, Nov 15 20195:07 PM EST
Aditi Shrikant@aditi_shrikant
Before Bernadette Joy paid off $300,000 in debt by living a one-income, minimalist lifestyle, she was not the most restrained spender.
"I had over 100 dresses in my closet," she says. "In hindsight, even if I spent $50 on each dress, that's already $5,000."
Today, she says she realizes that much of her spending had to do with not wanting to be left out, something many millennials experience. Almost half of this generation (48%) says they've overspent and even potentially gone into debt, to keep up with their friends, according to a 2019 CreditKarma.com survey. And 49% say they have been influenced by social media to spend money on experiences, according to a 2019 Schwab survey.
"Instagram is such a driver of peer pressure," Joy says. But used wisely, it can actually help you: She has found that certain accounts on the platform encouraged her to save money and pay off her debt.
Here are three ways Instagram can help you save money.
Unfollow accounts that are bad influences
Instagram prompts us to want things, Adam Alter, a professor of marketing at NYU's Stern School of Business, told The Cut. "You're seeing the top 1% of interesting people doing the top 1% of the most interesting things in their lives, and that puts you in an aspirational mindset that leads you to shop for betterment," he said.
In fact, 72% of millennials have wondered how friend can afford the expensive experiences they have posted on social media, according to the Schwab survey.
Chris Browning of the financial podcast Popcorn Finance says he used to struggle with comparing himself to others based on their social media personas. "For me, I would get down when I saw people buying homes in other areas," he says. "When people were hitting these milestones that were so difficult and seemed out of reach."
Joy says she felt the same thing — which is why she cleared her feed of those accounts. "I've phased out any social media that encouraged me to spend or made me feel bad about my current state of mind," she says.
I've phased out any social media that encouraged me to spend or made me feel bad about my current state of mind.
Bernadette Joy
Follow inspiring people
Look for accounts that make you feel good about and reinforce your financial choices. Plenty of users have accounts to help them document their debt-free journey or to share tips on how to pay off large loans or save money. A few to try include:
DumpingDebtWithDave
GoBudgetGirl
RichandRegular
Follow inspiring hashtags
Browning and Joy both said that following inspiring hashtags like #debtfreecommunity helped them rein in their spending.
"I saw a lot of individuals that were getting into the debt-free community [lifestyle] and I saw people brag about how much they were saving, especially in the F.I.R.E. community," Browning says. "Seeing people push themselves and say, 'I'm going to retire by 45 or 50' forced me to think about what I was going to do."
Other popular, useful hashtags you might want to follow include:
#CouponCommunity
You can also just delete your account
Each minute you're on Instagram, the chance of you purchasing something increases, Alter told The Cut.
It's not only the peer pressure of perfectly manicured feeds that encourages us to shop — it's the app itself. One-third of Instagram users have made purchases through Instagram, according to data collected from eCommerce Marketing platform Yotpo. And more than half of millennials (57%) spent money when they hadn't planned to after seeing something on social media, according to a 2018 Allianz study.
So if using Instagram to encourage your positive impulses doesn't work, it might make more sense to quit altogether — or at least to try blocking the ads.
Two-thirds of Americans don't feel better off, and these are the main reasons why
Good Housekeeping expert's top 3 DIY holiday tips that can help you save money
A simple mental trick you can use to save money during the holidays


text:
Q: I am having difficulty with my deal method In my PokerDeck  class I cannot get my deal method to run without producing duplicates. Can anyone tell me what I am doing incorrectly?
import java.util.*;

public class PokerDeck {
    public static final int NUMBER_OF_CARDS = PokerCard.NUMBER_OF_SUITS * PokerCard.NUMBER_OF_RANKS;
    // Instance Variables
    private boolean[] deck;
    private int numberOfCardsInDeck;

    // Constructor
    public PokerDeck()

    {
        deck = new boolean[NUMBER_OF_CARDS];
        for (int j = 0; j < deck.length; j++)
            for (PokerCard.CardSuit suit : PokerCard.CardSuit.values())
                for (PokerCard.CardRank rank : PokerCard.CardRank.values())
                    deck[j] = true;

    }

    // Accessor
    public int getNumberOfCardsInDeck() {
        numberOfCardsInDeck = NUMBER_OF_CARDS;
        return this.numberOfCardsInDeck;

    }

    // Mutator:
    // Return all 52 PokerCards to this PokerDeck
    public void shuffle() {
        for (int i = 0; i < deck.length; i++) {
            int index = (int) (Math.random() * deck.length);
            deck[i] = deck[index];
        }

    }

    // Mutator:
    // Return a randomly selected PokerCard from this PokerDeck
    // Update the state of this PokerDeck to reflect removal of
    // the selected PokerCard
    // Exception thrown if this PokerDeck is "empty"

    public PokerCard deal() {
        Random dealer = new Random();
        int ran = dealer.nextInt(deck.length);
        if (numberOfCardsInDeck == 0)
            throw new RuntimeException("Empty Deck");

        if (deck[ran] == false)
            ran = dealer.nextInt(deck.length);

        deck[ran] = false;
        int suit = ran / 13;
        int rank = ran % 13;

        return new PokerCard(PokerCard.CardSuit.values()[suit], PokerCard.CardRank.values()[rank]);
    }
}

I tried at least five different code and all of them either do not run or they run and return duplicates.

A: There is a lot of things wrong with this code. Your problem is, because you are randoming more and more instead of using te ran variable you declared at the beggining of deal method. After you declared your ran variable, don't do dealer.nextInt(deck.length), replace it with ran.
Your shuffling is not really shuffling, check this: Random shuffling of an array.
Comparing (like if(something == false)) should be done with ==, you are doing it with = (but you probably just pasted it wrong).
In your getter this numberOfCardsInDeck = NUMBER_OF_CARDS; is wrong, unless you wanted to 'refresh' a deck instead of just get a number of cards, but I don't think so, remove that line.
Triple for in your constructor is wrong, you need only the first one, it doesn't make a difference here (except performance), but fix it.
Also I suggest rewriting all this, do a Card object (class) with suit and rank enums, make a Deck object with List of Card objects, make a deck.getCard() method that removes the last card from the deck, make the deck.shuffle() method that shuffles deck (you will have a List of Cards now, not an array, so you will be able to do Collections.shuffle(cardList), simple).
Also, change this:
if (deck[dealer.nextInt(deck.length)] == false)
            dealer.nextInt(deck.length);

To something like this:
while (deck[ran] == false)
            ran = dealer.nextInt(deck.length);

A: there are a few scary errors which make me wonder just how much you read your own code:

*

*the reuse of random here:
if (deck[dealer.nextInt(deck.length)] == false)

means that you will randomize again and not use the previously generated ran.

*this block
if (deck[dealer.nextInt(deck.length)] == false)
    dealer.nextInt(deck.length);

is useless since dealer.nextInt(deck.length) simply creates a value without storing anything.
I supposed you were trying to "keep trying until you find a valid card" so it should look more like this:
while (deck[ran] == false)
    ran = dealer.nextInt(deck.length);

*the Shuffle() method here simply duplicates values eveywhere in your deck since instead of swapping you simply replace the first value with the second, losing the first. to avoid that simply add
boolean b = deck[i];
deck[i] = deck[index];
deck[index] = b;

to make it a swap.
that's all i found after a first reading.


Are you looking for some self-esteem activities for teenagers to regain the lost confidence? Here are some tips and activities to help you out.
Self-esteem refers to the liking for self. This love refers to both outward as well as inward. This includes your perception and your belief. Believing in oneself is a way of building high self-esteem. The feeling of positive self-pride comes when you do something good, like scoring highest in the class, winning a competition, etc. But how do you feel when you fail at something? For example, not reaching your goal weight. At that moment you feel like running away, hiding, or wishing you were someone else. This is a sign of negative or low self-esteem.
If this trait becomes dominant, then the individual starts losing confidence, then everything seems to be drifting away. Teenagers, due to various changes, as well as peer pressure, are even more susceptible to this. So, to avoid this or to regain the lost self-esteem, here are a few activities to perform. But before moving on to these, let us first have a look at three important tips.
Teenage is the time when lots of confusions and doubts prevail in the mind. The development of the personality at this age, mostly decides the way of life in the future. So, it becomes very important to start giving importance to the self as well. Here are three tips that will help teens to love themselves.
As we know, there are many pressures during one's teenage years, one of them being one's appearance. Self-image has an important role in building confidence, as it directly affects the studies, social status, and many other things. By paying attention on the looks, one can conquer the feeling of insecurity and hence, get over those feelings.
Your peers can be a source of happiness and anxiety as well. If the peers are cooperative and helpful, then one might develop in a positive way. However, if the friend circle is manipulative, then it might affect you negatively. So, one should not allow the negative forces overpower the self.
Parents never have bad intentions for their kids, but sometimes even good intention can have an adverse effect on the child. This is mostly seen in cases when parents expect too much from their child. This expectation leads to over-burdening the child, and does not give ample space for his self-esteem to grow. So, parents should not thrust their dreams, and should rather be cooperative with the child.
Here are some activities designed for teenagers who are undergoing a lot of pressure either because of studies, parents, peers, etc.
It is a kind of worksheet where you have to list the things, like places, activities and people whose thought makes you feel good. So, whenever you feel low or sad, just take out the list and read it. This will divert your mind and make you feel happy. Answer the following questions while preparing your pleasure list.
People who make me feel happy.
Places I love visiting the most, or places that I would like to visit.
Things that I love doing.
This is also a worksheet to identify the things that make you feel good and hence, helps in building your confidence. This activity creates a way for the brain to think about oneself, and strengthens the confidence. Whenever you feel low, read this sheet to get personal power. Answer the following thing in the worksheet.
I like ... in myself.
My friends like ... in me.
Apart from these activities, team building activities are also a good way to build your self-esteem. There are several ways to get over negative feelings, because everyone needs self-affirmation to develop confidence and faith in self.


text:
Toszek Castle - a Renaissance styled castle, located in Toszek (23 km away from Gliwice, Silesian Voivodeship in Poland.

History and the people

The history of the castle dates back to the tenth-eleventh century, when an early defensive castle was located on the castle's grounds. The castle was built two centuries later, in about the year 1222. When the Kingdom of Poland was under feudal fragmentation, the castle housed the following Silesian dukes and castellans. The most important part of the castle's being, was that under the rule of Duke Przemysław Toszecki, of the Oświęcim family line. After his death the castle became of property of the Dukes of Opole. In the sixteenth century, the castle was the property of the Habsburgs. Which gave the castle to do Redernów family, which they bought in 1592. In between 1638-1707 the castle was ruled by the Colonna family, which had made a full-scale reconstruction of the castle - by which the castle became a magnate residence, the first one in Upper Silesia. The following owners were: Johann Dietrich von Peterswald, Count Franciszek Karol Kotuliński, Posadowski family, and finally Adolf von Eichendorff.

In 1797, the castle was sold to Count Franciszek Adam Gaschinów. Shortly after, in 1811, the castle burned down and became a ruin. In 1840 the ruins were bought by Abraham Guradze, and the Guradze family maintained possession of the castle until World War II, when Abraham's great-grandson Count Kurt von Guradze bequeathed the castle to the youth of Poland. The castle was finally partially rebuilt in the 1950s and 1960s. Today, the castle houses a centre of culture, and a primary wedding celebration venue.

References

Buildings and structures completed in 1222
Castles in Silesian Voivodeship
Gliwice County

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
International Conference on Business and Policy Studies: CONF-BPS?2023
Dates : 26 February 2023 » 26 February 2023
Place : Stanford, CA
Organizer : Eliwise Academy
Topic : Economics; Business Ethics
Economics;
Keywords: Business, Business Ethics
Focusing on applied economy, enterprise management, and policy studies, CONF-BPS aims at bringing together intellectuals from relevant fields for academic exchange and welcomes submissions and presentations in related topics.
Eliwise Academy organises its event entitled International Conference on Business and Policy Studies: CONF-BPS?2023 to be held from 26 February 2023 to 26 February 2023 in Stanford, CA, United States. It covers various areas of Economics including Business Ethics. For more information, visit the website of the conference or contact the organizer.
Add to calendar 2023-02-26 2023-02-26 Europe/London International Conference on Business and Policy Studies: CONF-BPS?2023 https://www.sciencedz.net/en/conference/88432-international-conference-on-business-and-policy-studies-conf-bps-2023 Stanford, CA - United States Eliwise Academy
Conferences and seminars in Economics
Conferences and seminars in Economics in 2023
Conferences and seminars in Economics in United States
Conferences and seminars in Economics in United States in 2023


The Jersey financial services industry has appointed Joe Moynihan to lead its trade body, Jersey Finance.
Moynihan is a former director of financial services with the Government of Jersey, but more recently worked as chief executive of RAK International Corporate Centre in the UAE, and as a consultant.
He is to start as Jersey Finance chief executive on February 18 and takes over from Geoff Cook, who was in the role for 12 years.
Jersey Finance said Moynihan has a longstanding career in Jersey in both the private and public sector. He has spent the majority of his executive career with AIB, latterly as the chief executive for Jersey and Isle of Man offices.


The Kardashians are all about their bling.
On Valentine's Day, Khloé Kardashian debuted a brand-new diamond necklace featuring her daughter's nameplate set on a thick, sparkling chain. With "True" written in bubble letters, the choker is a not-so-subtle tribute to Kardashian's 10-month-old baby with on-again, off-again boyfriend Tristan Thompson.
It's not clear whether Thompson gifted Kardashian the new bauble or if she purchased it herself, but the piece is definitely the biggest addition to her growing collection of jewelry dedicated to True.
Though the new mom posted tons of photos and videos with baby True on her Instagram Stories on Valentine's Day, there was only one mention of Thompson. "Daddy and baby True," Kardashian captioned a photo of a heart-shaped red and pink floral sculpture, possibly a gift from the basketball pro.
And while family members including Scott Disick and sisters Kourtney, Kim, Kylie and Kendall all also sent Khloé roses to mark the romantic holiday, it appears the star only cares about her daughter. "True, Sweet Valentine," she captioned the sultry photo of herself showing off her new chain.


text:
SYNONYM

#### According to
The Catalogue of Life, 3rd January 2011

#### Published in
in Gams, Kleine Kryptogamenflora (Stuttgart), Rev. Edn 5 2b/2: 156 (1983)

#### Original name
Agaricus platyphyllus Pers., 1796

### Remarks
null

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
SALIVA Unveils Documentary Detailing Quarter-Century Career
In conjunction with the release of "Every Twenty Years", a EP celebrating the 20th anniversary of SALIVA's major label debut, "Every Six Seconds", the group has released a short documentary detailing its 25-year journey.
"We felt like it would be cool to give the fans a little peek behind the curtain of the history of SALIVA, so to speak," says guitarist Wayne Swinny.
Adds drummer Paul Crosby: "Twenty years is a long time ago, but I still remember it like it was yesterday. Making this documentary brought back memories of some really magical times."
At just under 20 minutes, the killDevil Films-produced documentary encapsules SALIVA's quarter-century career, from forming in Memphis in 1996 to rising to fame with "Every Six Seconds" and the addition of vocalist Bobby Amaru after the departure of Josey Scott a decade ago. The film also includes an appearance by producer Bob Marlette, who recounts his work with SALIVA on "Every Six Seconds".
"My decade in the band has been a great chapter in my life," Amaru says. "This documentary was something we wanted to do for the fans to have an inside look because without them, SALIVA doesn't exist. The 'Every Six Seconds' record has carried this band for 20 years and more. That's special!"
"Every Twenty Years" will be released on May 7 via Megaforce.
"Every Twenty Years" track listing:
01. Your Disease (2021 Version)
02. Click Click Boom (2021 Version)
03. After Me (2021 Version)
04. Greater Than/Less Than (2021 Version)
05. Spyhunter (2021 Version)
06. Spoonman (2021 Version)
Formed in Memphis is 1996, SALIVA released a self-titled a debut album the following year. After selling 10,000 copies of the self-released album, Island Records took notice of the band. "Every Six Seconds" and its hit singles, the Grammy-nominated "Your Disease" and "Click Click Boom", catapulted SALIVA into the mainstream and is now certified double platinum.
Two months ago, it was announced that SALIVA had abandoned its previously announced plan to reunite with Scott.
Scott broke the news of his return to SALIVA in October 2019 during an appearance on "The Morning Dump", a podcast hosted by "The Big Mad Morning Show" in Tulsa, Oklahoma. At the time, Josey said that he wanted to get together with SALIVA and "write a badass record."
SALIVA guitarist Wayne Swinny addressed Scott's status with the band during a March 2021 interview with Meltdown of Detroit's WRIF radio station. Asked if there are still plans for Josey to reunite with SALIVA for a possible album and/or a tour, Wayne said: "There was preliminary discussions, but it never really got off the ground. We just basically had to make plans and keep this train rolling, so to speak. It didn't make sense to me to stop what we were doing. 'Cause this unit, we've been together, it's been almost 10 years now, with Bobby in the band. Brad came along shortly after that. We're tight. We get along. It's a well-oiled machine. We've got a great crew, a great bus driver. It would throw a monkey wrench into the actual SALIVA."
SALIVA is:
Bobby Amaru - vocals
Wayne Swinny - guitar
Paul Crosby - drums
Brad Stewart - bass
Find more on Saliva


text:
Home / News / Christina Holmes Releases Video for "It Doesn't Matter"
Christina Holmes Releases Video for "It Doesn't Matter"
RJ Frometa May 14, 2018	News Leave a comment 35 Views
Singer/songwriter Christina Holmes has released a performance video for "It Doesn't Matter." The empowering track comes from her second studio album, Stand Up, and was filmed at Sugarshack Studios. In the video, Christina shares an intimate acoustic performance of "It Doesn't Matter." The heartfelt performance further enhances the message of the song to be yourself and to live your truth. Watch here
"I want this song to help those who are struggling to be who they are. To help them realize they are good enough and will be loved no matter who they choose to love" shares Christina.
This summer Christina will embark on her first headline tour. The tour, dubbed the "Bring The People Together Tour," will begin with a performance on the main stage of the Project Earth festival on June 16th and will make stops in Chicago, Cleveland, Boston, and Burlington. Christina will be inviting local musicians to perform on each date of the tour. Tickets are available here: http://www.christinaholmesmusic.com/tour.html
After launching her own label Cove House in 2017, Christina dove headfirst into her sophomore album, Stand Up, with producer Warren Huart [Colbie Caillat, James Blunt]. Following the album release, Christina embarked on a marathon of touring alongside Trevor Hall, Xavier Rudd, and Nahko of Medicine for the People. Traveling from city to city she shared her musical message of empowerment and peace. From the plaintive lyrical poetry and wind-swept soul of "Let My Music Free Your Soul" to the clarion call of "Stand Up," her voice resounds with power and passion. The final track of Stand Up, "Always," is perhaps one of her most personal, written after the passing of her father David Holmes, Sr., it incorporates the last voicemail he left Christina. One of her must upbeat songs, "Positive Day," captures Christina's infectious energy and encourages people to see the light in their everyday life and to live life to the fullest.
Bring The People Together Tour Dates:
June 16th Project Earth Clark's Grove, MN
June 17th Uncommon Ground Chicago, IL
June 18th Beachland Tavern Cleveland, OH
June 19th Middle East Upstairs Boston, MA
June 20th The Met Pawtucket, RI
June 21st Rockwood Music Hall New York, NY *
June 22nd Radio Bean Burlington, VT (FREE SHOW)
Follow Christina on social media: Website // Facebook // Instagram // Twitter
Previous INTERVIEW: G9 Luv
Next RADD® PARTNERS WITH KROQ'S WEENIE ROAST TO PROMOTE RESPONSIBLE DRIVING & ROAD SAFETY


It's My Shout Productions is calling for 10 minute short film scripts for its flagship series of short films.
VISIT http://www.itsmyshout.co.uk/get-involved FOR HOW TO APPLY!
Successful writers will be chosen to work with It's My Shout and BBC Cymru Wales to develop a ten minute script. The writers will receive industry mentoring and script work-shopping. The script will be developed and produced before being broadcast on BBC Cymru Wales. Selected script writers must be available for regular script development meetings in Wales throughout pre-production, (intermittently during May and June 2016).
They are looking to reflect modern Welsh communities and culture in the widest possible sense – Applicants and their scripts should have strong connections to Wales.
It's My Shout are looking for new, original ideas and imaginative scripts, which will entertain and inspire audiences. This year they are looking for as wide a variety of scripts as possible, you could write a romantic comedy, period drama, a gritty piece of social commentary, or even a musical! So don't be scared to use your imagination.
They encourage scripts that show an awareness of ethnic diversity and disability.
For a realistic script, try to keep the number of location changes to a minimum.
Remember, a story surrounding young people does not have to take place in a school, they want writers to be as creative as possible.
RSVP for SCRIPT CALL OUT - It's My Shout Productions to add comments!


QUALITY PUBLISHER is committed to ensuring that your privacy is protected. Should we ask you to provide certain information by which you can be identified when using this website, you can be assured that it will only be used in accordance with this privacy statement.
QUALITY PUBLISHER may change this policy from time to time by updating this page. You should check this page from time to time to ensure that you are happy with any changes. This policy is effective from August 2008.
You may choose to restrict the collection or use of your personal information sending us an email or using the contact form.


Ranked from 69 ratings. Score is adjusted from raw score by the median number of ratings per game in the jam.
Really fun game! but no actual story, which can be a good thing. It makes us imagine what happened to get us there (in the story). Really great game nonetheless. Great art too! Keep up the good work!
Impressive artwork too, especially considering it was made in a few days!
Great entry! I love the minimalism of the main mechanic: It implements the concept of scarcity in a very concise manner. I wonder if the game would have been better without the instant death though, having a single bullet is enough to feel the scarcity in my opinion. Maybe two or three life points.
Also, having the gun change color or whatever to give feedback that the bullet is already fired would be a great addition.
Only gripe I have is that it's TOO similar to Wasteland Kings/ Nuclear Throne (same tiling and even portal after beaten enemies). It IS executed perfectly amazing and jam theme is strong with this game.
This is awesome. Genius mechanic, you really put a lot of work into that. Excellent job!
Dude. That's all i'm going to say. Can't wait for the full non jam version!
The mechanic is super fun. I would love to see some form of story develop. maybe finding the gun on an alien craft, or your from space and you crashed on an unforgiving world.
Man, this gun boomerang mechanic is fun to use. I like shooting my bullet past enemies and shocking them while bringing it back. It could have more of a story though, maybe he found the gun while in the caves or something.
Cracking game man, a lot of fun to play and there's loads of depth with that gun, the only thing I wish is that the respawn happened faster and took you back to level 1 instead of the main menu. if you get the time I'd love to see what you think to my game.
Wow! This is fabulous. Your attention to detail in every aspect is A+. Loved it from start to finish.
Gameplay is brilliant, it really feels like it's pretty much set in stone for a full game. Presentation was done well, one thing that has to be mentioned though is that the portal to get to the next level spawns in a wall more often that not, and the boss was really easy to beat when you set up the bullet to explode near it and you just rapidly click until it's dead.
Thank you, glad you liked it! Yeah I implemented a lot since I uploaded this version and I already fixed the portal bug in there. Also I added a mechanic that the bullet deals only damage if its in movement and you can only shock it once (then you have to pull it back to recharge the shock).
Feels so good when the bullet is returning and blows up the enemies from the back. Especially those flying things.


GitHub - tombaranowicz/BetterNewTab: Better New Tab is Chrome Extension which overrides your 'New Tab' page to suggest pages that you are usually visiting at this time (e.g. it's Monday, 9:00AM -> it shows websites that are most visited on Mondays between 8:30 and 9:30 AM).
Better New Tab is Chrome Extension which overrides your 'New Tab' page to suggest pages that you are usually visiting at this time (e.g. it's Monday, 9:00AM -> it shows websites that are most visited on Mondays between 8:30 and 9:30 AM).
Want to be notified of new releases in tombaranowicz/BetterNewTab?
at work (Mon-Fri 9am - 5pm) i usually visit websites related to my projects, github, stackoverflow etc.
It doesn't look fancy, but at least works more efficient than standard new tab from Google. I hope you will also find it useful.


text:
P-82 Twin Mustang Fighter
Historical Snapshot
Once the standard long-range, high-altitude escort fighter for the U.S. Air Force, the North American Aviation P-82 Twin Mustang was the climax of the famous World War II P-51 Mustang series.
North American produced 250 of the double-fuselage airplanes for the Air Force, embracing three versions of the Twin Mustang then in service, the P-82E, P-82F and P-82G. They were ordered too late for World War II, however.
The versatile P-82 made it potentially adaptable to a wide variety of roles—fighter, long-range escort, long-range reconnaissance aircraft, night fighter, attack bomber, rocket fighter and interceptor.
With a speed of more than 475 mph (764 kph), the Twin Mustang had a combat range of more than 1,600 miles (2,574 kilometers) with full armament. Range could be extended by use of external drop tanks on the wings.
A radical departure from the conventional single-fuselage airplane, the Twin Mustang was formed by two fuselages joined by the wing and the horizontal stabilizer. With a pilot in each fuselage, it reduced the problem of pilot fatigue on ultra-long-range missions. The P-82F and G models carried a radar operator in the right cockpit instead of a co-pilot.
Both engine throttles and both propellers were controllable from either cockpit by manually operated levers. The pilot's cockpit on the left contained the normal flight and engine instruments, while the co-pilot on the right had sufficient instruments for relief and emergency operation. A simplified cockpit arrangement improved pilot comfort, including a tilting, adjustable seat to reduce fatigue during long flights.
First flight June 15, 1945
Span 51 feet 3 inches
Power plant Two Allison 12-cylinder V-1710-G6 engines
Speed 475 miles per hour
Range 1,600 miles
Service ceiling 42,200 feet
Six .50-caliber machine guns standard
Eight additional .50-caliber machine guns in special center section nacelle
Five rocket-launching racks, carrying five rockets each
Other alternate payload: 7,200 pounds of bombs, photographic nacelle or 2,000-pound torpedo
Number built 272


A year ago, when the water shortage was becoming acute, Californians passed a $7.5 billion water bond, with nearly $3 billion slated to go to water storage, which most people read as dams. But despite the passage of the proposition, Californians are still arguing over whether to build dams and which out of several proposed to construct.
Tuesday on the PBS NewsHour, I'll be reporting on the dam question, and how it has become a real issue as the drought has worsened. While looking through some archives of the Department of Water Resources I came across a group of black and white photos that evoked a flood of memories. It was the 1968 dedication of Oroville Dam on the Feather River — still the tallest dam in the United States, a major piece in California's State Water Project. As a 30-year-old reporter for KCRA TV in Sacramento, I was there, as was Gov. Ronald Reagan, and ex-Gov. Pat Brown (father of current Gov. Jerry Brown), since he was regarded as the father of California's extensive water system. It was a joyous occasion, full of hope. And it may have been the last time that nearly everybody agreed it was a good thing to plumb the whole state and tame the natural rivers. I worked on a documentary that year that essentially showed all the good the water system was bringing to the state.
I've been covering California water issues a long time, and I've been interested in the topic even longer. I remember that in seventh grade social studies in San Francisco, a student teacher led our class through a whole semester on the California Central Valley Project, the federal program to build Shasta Dam and several others, and send water south through a federally funded canal. We didn't hear about any opposition.
But shortly after Oroville got built, California seemed to embody with increasing vigor the old saying (sometimes attributed to Mark Twain) that "whiskey is for drinking and water is for fighting." The usual adversaries were the north, where most of the water falls, and the south, where the people and the farmers are thirsty, since they built their cities and ranches essentially in the desert.
It was always a tough sell to get the north to agree to send its water south, but it happened, creating one of the world's great plumbing systems. Then, in the 1980s, politicians proposed a canal around the periphery of the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, where most of the state's water naturally flows on its way out to the ocean. The so-called peripheral canal would have made it easier to get water south, supposedly with less disruption to the ecosystem of the Delta. But the north wouldn't buy it; they claimed it was just another scheme to steal northern water. Visions of Southern California swimming pools and lush golf courses — all filled with northern water — played heavily on the minds of Northern Californians. Voters turned the peripheral canal down.
As the years went by, the water wars ebbed and flowed. Mostly flowed. The environmental movement came into its own, and dozens of groups like the Environmental Defense Fund and the Natural Resources Defense Council started questioning the never-ending thirst of the farmers and the Southern California cities. But big water users, like Southern California's Metropolitan Water District – the MET – and the Westlands Water District in agricultural Kern County, used their power and influence to get the politicians in Sacramento on their side. For years they fought over the rules and the distribution and the price of water.
Then came efforts to mediate the disputes and bring the sides together. Alliances between environmentalists and cities seemed to ease the rivalries for a while, and the federal government tried to bring peace to the warring factions.
Now, however, the traditional split is as evident as ever. The environmentalists, the biology professors, the Friends of the River, the AquAlliance and others are pushing hard against new dams and new water to raise profitable crops like almonds. They say existing dams have already caused drastic declines in the fish population, especially salmon that go up California's rivers to spawn. The farmers and the Southern California cities are pushing hard for more water storage, saying that in good, wet years the reservoirs can fill up and provide water in dry years. And they are pledging to try to recharge underground aquafers, which have become depleted as people draw more and more water from wells. The Brown administration and some water districts are preaching conservation and more reliance on these underground water supplies, but say that above ground storage is necessary to fill up the underground. And Governor Brown is advocating for tunnels, rather than a canal, to get water through the Delta and to the pumps that take it south. That battle is ongoing.
In any case, it's been a fascinating ride: great public works projects, water moving from north to south, and the whole state engaged in what seems a never-ending debate. Watching it, and reporting on it, could be a full-time job if everyone found the politics and production of water as fascinating as that teacher of mine who had a bunch of 11-year olds studying California's water distribution for a whole semester. I wonder if anyone else was paying attention.


text:
Retired scholar Robert D. Vassen talks about his upbringing in South Africa and his involvement in African National Congress
Robert D. Vassen, retired Associate Director of the English Language Center at Michigan State University is interviewed by John Metzler, African Studies Center Outreach Coordinator and Peter Limb, Michigan State University Librarian and Africana Bibliographer. Vassen discusses growing up in South Africa during the late 1940's and 1950's as an Indian and living in the Indian community of Fordsburg, near Johannesburg. Vassen says he was active in the Transvaal Indian Youth Congress and in 1962, joined the illegal military wing of the African National Congress (ANC). Forced into exile in London in 1964, Vassen says he continued to be an active member of the ANC and edited "Letters From Robben Island: a selection of Ahmed Kathrada's prison correspondence, 1964-1989."
Vassen, Robert, 1937-
Metzler, John D. (John David), 1949-
Exile (Punishment)
England--London
https://n2t.net/ark:/85335/m54m91b0p


I really missed Leonard Hyson (slick) who i played with at Tech on the basketball team. What an great player and a great friend who's life was cut short and I didn't get enough time with slick. But God knows what's best for all of us. Love you slick.
Slick was in my homeroom and was always very nice to be around. Always had very kind things to say. I remember when I was running for G.O. President and how encouraging he was. RIP!!!