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by Oskar Markiewicz last updated on May 25, 2020 0
Survey: How Popular is Remote Work in Your State? – Post Quarantine Trends
Before the quarantine was instated, our team ran a survey to get an idea of how much emphasis people put on the option to work remotely in every state. When businesses were suddenly forced to adapt to the stay at home order and remote work became the norm, we saw the opportunity to gain a new understanding of how important people felt working from home was before the quarantine and after.
GetResponse is imagining the future of remote work and we're fascinated by the effect this new flexibility has on employees. We were curious to see how working from home changed the way people felt about their offices. So, we followed up our survey to see what people thought of remote work after the quarantine period. We asked over 5,000 people what their overwhelming feeling about working from home is based on their experience. You can see the results of our survey below.
States Most Enjoying and Least Enjoying Working from Home
Based on the responses, we found that Arkansas had the highest percentage of people who were enjoying working from home. Georgia, Alabama, California, and Connecticut all had high percentages of people who are enjoying working from home. Wyoming had the highest percentage of people say that they really didn't like working from home at all, followed closely by South Dakota, Pennsylvania, North Dakota, and Washington. However, even in Wyoming, 12% was the highest percentage of people who didn't like working from home.
States Most and Least Productive Working from Home
Productivity is one of the major points that keeps businesses from embracing the work from home lifestyle completely. However, according to responses, almost a third of respondents in several states feel like they were more productive at home than they are in the office. Tennessee had the highest percentage of people report that their productivity was actually higher at home.
Of course, on the opposite end of the spectrum, some people are less productive at home than they are in the office. Colorado had the highest percentage of people report this, but even then, only around 12% of people said their productivity took a hit working remotely.
Work From Home Preferences by Gender
Men and women both tended to have similar opinions about working from home, although slightly more women felt less productive, and slightly more men said they did not enjoy doing it.
Work From Home Preferences by Generation
The generational divide between work from home preferences was more pronounced than the gender divide. Gen Z was actually the most likely to say that they didn't like working from home, while Gen X was the most likely to say they liked working from home and felt more productive. Gen Z was also the most likely to say they were less productive at home. Millennials were the most likely to have been laid off or still have to go into their place of work.
The quarantine has completely changed the way people are approaching remote work, and by extension, it has changed the business industry landscape. Like all other companies in our niche, we've been forced to adapt. Our plan goes beyond our working conditions. There are going to be significant changes that occur across every business because of the pandemic, which will likely cause them to have to overhaul their online marketing plans. If you're wondering how to prepare for your online marketing plan changes, you can check out our resources here!
Oskar Markiewicz
Oskar is a passionate Technical SEO Analyst in GetResponse, an expert in his field, prepared for any algorithm changes. His previous experience includes 4 years of being a SPAM fighter, with phishing as his main nemesis. Oskar's greatest hobby is climbing, but at work he rarely hits a wall. Read more about Oskar
How Important is the Option to Work Remotely to Employees?
GETRESPONSE CULTURE
The Ever-Changing 'Normal' Office
Women Want to Be in IT. IT Needs Women.


For policies to be effective, they should be sound. For any business, such policies properly elucidated and correctly understood by all concerned in it are a prerequisite for efficient programme designing and its effective implementation.
The policies should be based on organization objectives, i.e., what purposes and objectives the business has in view to achieve and how these can best be achieved. It should clearly reflect the principle, concepts, practices and philosophies of the organization.
Further, the policies should be capable of relating organization's objectives to other factors. It should be noted that when a policy fails to take into account inconsistencies between organization objectives and personal objectives of individuals and groups, the firm will find itself seriously hampered in trying to achieve its objectives than the company's personnel in trying to achieve theirs. For this reason, a harmonious integration of these objectives is particularly important.
The policy should be stated in definite, positive and clear understandable terms. Unambiguous statement of policy is necessary for a clear understanding of it on the part of those affected by it. Clarity is the essence of a good policy so that everyone in the organization knows what it proposes to achieve.
Clear-cut policies should minimize the number of situations in which decisions must be based on personal opinion and hastily collected information. Regardless of the size of the firm, policies should be reducible to the point where they have significance for each individual in the organization. Such policies are more easily formulated and applied if they are reduced to writing.
Preferably, policies should be written so that they can be integrated within systems and policy manuals. A policy, conceived as a management tool, does not exist unless it is in writing. Written policies make a commitment on the part of management, employees and others that "the top management does what it says." They ensure uniformity of application, and assure continuity of action even when the top management is changed. They limit the freedom of action on the part of the management, for the foreman cannot go off half-cocked and come up with his personal interpretation of the organization's intent. They help to ensure that professed policies are 'right', for an organization tries to put its best foot forward.
The policy must be reasonably stable but not rigid. Stability implies firmness and constancy. Such a stable policy inspires confidence in the minds of the employees, customers and dealers. It should not be altered frequently, but should be stable for a fairly long time, say two to three years. Frequent changes in policies often create confusion in the minds of those who are to follow these.
The policies should be periodically reviewed, evaluated, assessed, and revised and should be in tune with the challenge of circumstances, needs and urgency of the company and changes in the environment. If modification is to be made successfully, the management must constantly study economic trends within and outside the community, and of the effects of changes on the suitability of prices.
'Flexibility' refers to the ability to adapt to short-run changes. It should have an inbuilt resilience for adjustment from time to time. An example of the long-run change is the increase in hiring of women and minority groups, while the short-run change would be seasonal and cyclical that might affect the hiring of these groups for a short run.
The policy should be sufficiently comprehensive in scope and should cover, as far as possible, all issues that are of interest to the firm. The comprehensiveness of a policy can be checked by listing the organization's major functions and sub-functions along with its managerial functions and sub-functions, all of which should be covered by policy statements. If there are no policies stated for some of these areas, a deficiency in comprehensiveness may be said to remain in them.
All policies in the functional areas of business must be complementary to one another. An example is the manufacturing policy that complements the production policy so that these two functions can be coordinated effectively.
Supplementary policies add to and extend the overall organization policies from which they are derived. Overall policies that are directed towards the achievement of economic service objectives can be broken down into supportive policies, which can further be separated as lower-level policies.
A firm's advertising policy, for example, should supplement the overall marketing policy which, in turn, should supplement the economic service objective. Thus, lower-level policies are supplementary to the highest or superior level policies.
If the policies are not supplementary, there might be a conflict between the departmental policy and the overall policy, and that would be tantamount to insubordination.
The business policy should also be consistent with the public policy, The principle of consistency, for example, should be followed in the selection and training of employees. In choosing sales people, the personnel manager should hire individuals who not only know the merchandise they will sell, but also have the capability to meet customers and being at ease with them. Then all employees should be trained in such a way that customers may receive substantially the same type of treatment from every representative of the firm with whom they come into contact, whether he be credit manager, salesperson, or deliveryman.
The policy should be fair to all, offering equity and justice to those who are affected by it. Besides, it should be reasonable, i.e., capable of being implemented.
The policies to be effective should be in accordance with the accepted ethical standards of business, i.e., they should not only avoid what is "wrong", but also what is "bad or immoral". In other words, the policies should be indicative of the intention that the business is aware of its social responsibility towards the concerned people and the institution.
The business policy must be a planned development rather than the result of opportunistic decisions on the spur of the moment. Naturally, not every problem arising from the functioning of a firm can be foreseen or solved on the basis of an established policy. But though there will usually be a very large and important area in which judgement of management will be the only guide, yet routine activities should be carried on in a manner specified the policy.
The general business policy should lead to the development of a clear cut character or responsibility for the establishment. Having individuality offers several competitive advantages. For one thing, it enables the firm to build up a strong clientele whose patronage does not depend on a constant promotional barrage. Further, it tends to reduce the vulnerability of the firm to direct price competition, although individuality may be acquired through a policy of low and competitive prices.
consistent with other policies and allows discretion to the manager responsible for its implementation; and is in conformity with the economic principles, statutes and regulations and compatible with the public interest.


Mind-body therapies are beneficial for several diseases (e.g. chronic pain, arterial hypertension, mood disorders). Eurythmy therapy (EYT) is a mind-body therapy from Anthroposophic Medicine. In each EYT exercise a short sequence of body movements and simultaneous guided imagery is repeated several times. In this study, the simultaneous effects of two different EYT exercises on cardiac autonomic regulation as assessed by spectral analysis of heart rate variability (HRV) were investigated.
Twenty healthy subjects (age: 29.1 ± 9.3 years, 13 female) performed two different EYT exercises (EYT-A and EYT-B) for 8 min. Each EYT exercise was compared against two matched control exercises: control exercise 1 (CE1-A and CE1-B) consisted of a repetition of the body movements of the EYT exercise but without guided imagery, control exercise 2 consisted of walking on the spot (CE2-A and CE2-B). Spectral power of HRV during each exercise was quantified on the basis of Holter ECG recordings.
During EYT-A the frequency of the peak oscillation in the very low frequency (VLF) band matched the repetition rate of the sequence of body movements (0.02 Hz). Low frequency (LF) oscillations were augmented when compared to the control exercises (EYT-A: 7.31 ± 0.84, CE1-A: 6.98 ± 0.90, CE2-A: 6.52 ± 0.87 ln ms2, p < 0.05). They showed a peak frequency at 0.08 Hz indicating that the body postures had an impact in HRV. Performing EYT-B increased VLF oscillations when compared to the control exercises (EYT-B: 9.32 ± 0.82, CE1-B: 6.31 ± 0.75, CE2-B: 6.04 ± 0.80 ln ms2, p < 0.05). The frequency of the peak oscillation again matched the repetition rate of the sequence of body movements (0.028 Hz).
The repetition of the sequence of body movements of both EYT exercises clearly affected cardiac autonomic regulation in a rhythmic manner according to the stimulus of the specific body movements of each EYT exercise. These results offer a physiological basis to develop a rationale for specific clinical indications of these EYT exercises such as stress reduction or prevention of hypertension.
Mind-body treatments such as mindfulness meditation and yoga have been intensively investigated during recent years because they are often associated with psychological stabilization and lower level of stress [1–4]. Specific mind-body therapies such as Tai Chi and Eurythmy therapy (EYT) comprise relatively slow body movements in conjunction with aspects of meditation in terms of accompanying guided imagery. The body movements play an essential role in these therapies. Usually body movements are based on conscious and subconscious perception of the environment and on subconscious perception of motion . In these therapies the perception-based conception of movements is brought into attention through mental imagery of the movements . It has been shown that the intensity and kinaesthetic modality of mental imagery improves movement performance . Furthermore, normal body movements as well as mental imagery of body movements activate similar areas of the brain indicating a close relationship between active movements and imagery of movements . Thus, imagery of movements and active movements can also be arranged for therapeutic purposes and mind-body therapies like Tai Chi and EYT seem to facilitate such arrangements. Here, we will focus on EYT as an active intervention.
Eurythmy therapy (Eu-rhythmy means harmonious rhythm) originates in Western culture and was developed in the first decades of the 20th century as a part of Anthroposophic Medicine. The specific EYT movements are based on gestures of the human movement spectrum which are intensified by focussing on specific aspects of the movements. Accompanying guided imagery is tightly connected to the movements to incur feelings and thoughts which are appropriate for the particular sequence of movements. In practice, EYT consists of a relatively short sequence of body movements with accompanying guided imagery. This sequence is continuously repeated several times during the therapy. Evidence is growing that EYT, among others, is useful for the reduction of symptoms in patients with various chronic diseases . Moderately stressed adults showed an improvement of their quality of life after a six-weeks EYT intervention . Also, children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder may benefit from EYT . A recent systematic review stated that EYT may be deemed a relevant add-on in a therapeutic concept .
The evidence with respect to effects of EYT on cardiac autonomic regulation and cardiovascular health is sparse. In healthy subjects very low frequency (VLF) and low frequency (LF) oscillations of heart rate variability (HRV) increased during the performance of EYT exercises compared to conventional ergometer training . After healthy subjects completed a 6-week EYT training (a total of 10 h of EYT), the absolute values of LF and high frequency (HF) oscillations decreased when compared to baseline before the training whereas the LF and HF power relative to the total power increased . Furthermore, during night time after EYT training the HF and LF power relative to LF + HF power decreased when compared to night time values before the training . These results seem to support effects of EYT on cardiac autonomic regulation after the EYT training.
The studies on EYT to date have not unambiguously addressed the impact of body movements during the performance of different EYT exercises on cardiac autonomic control (simultaneous effects). Specifically, it is not clear whether the repetition of the sequence of body movements, i.e. a repetitive (or rhythmic) stimulus, has a repetitive (rhythmic) impact on cardiac autonomic control. Furthermore, different body postures during one sequence of body movements may also lead to different effects on cardiac autonomic control. Hence, in this exploratory study we focus on simultaneous effects of two different EYT exercises on cardiac autonomic regulation as assessed by the analysis of HRV. One EYT exercise consists of a sequence of different body postures which are subsequently taken whereas the other EYT exercise consists of a sequence of continuous body movements. Both sequences are repeated several times during the exercise. We hypothesize that both EYT exercises show different effects on cardiac autonomic control primarily imposed by the repetition of the specific sequence of body movements during each EYT exercise.
Twenty healthy subjects aged 20 to 51 years were enrolled in the study (mean: 29.1 ± 9.3 years; 13 female, 7 male). None of the subjects had any history of cardiovascular diseases, in particular no hypo- or hypertension or antiarrhythmic therapy. All subjects were inexperienced with respect to EYT exercises. They abstained from caffeine and nicotine during the day of the study. All subjects gave written informed consent. The study was approved by the ethics committee of the University of Witten/Herdecke (registration nr. 22/2007).
Rest – EYT – Rest – CE1 – Rest – CE2 – Rest.
Two different EYT exercises (EYT-A and EYT-B, see below) were investigated and, hence, each subject carried out the procedure twice. CE1 and CE2 denote control exercises: during control exercise 1 (CE1) the same sequence of movements as during the EYT exercise was repeated several times but without guided imagery. Hence, CE1 was a control exercise closely adapted to the respective EYT exercise (further denoted as CE1-A and CE1-B). Control exercise 2 (CE2) consisted of walking on the spot as a non-specific control exercise (i.e. no repetition of a specific sequence of body movements; they are further denoted as CE2-A and CE2-B). All exercises could be performed by the subjects with normal efforts. EYT exercises and CE1 were demonstrated by an experienced therapist whereas CE2 was carried out without guidance. All exercises (EYT exercises, CE1 and CE2) had to be performed with similar effort. Rest denotes sitting on a chair. Each part of the procedure lasted 8 min and, hence, the total duration of the procedure was approximately 60 min. The subjects were asked not to speak throughout the procedure but there were no instructions with respect to breathing modalities.
The procedure was performed by four subjects simultaneously for each EYT exercise to maintain proper guidance of the exercises by the therapist. Hence, the procedure had to be repeated five times to include all subjects for a single EYT exercise. A video was recorded of each procedure to aid in the retrospective analysis of the number of sequences of the body movements during each exercise.
Each EYT exercise consists of a repetition of a specific sequence of body movements in conjunction with appropriate guided imagery. We examined two different EYT exercises termed 'I Think The Saying' (EYT-A) and 'Migraine B' (EYT-B) which are commonly used by eurythmy therapists. They differ with respect to the body movements and the frequency of repetitions. A certified and experienced eurythmy therapist demonstrated the sequence of movements of each EYT exercise and the subjects performed these movements simultaneously with the therapist. At the same time the therapist also conducted the guided imagery that was appropriate to the movements. The therapist repeated the sequence of movements (and the guided imagery) several times during the 8 min.
The exercises started with an initial posture (see Fig. 1A, picture 1: standing upright in a quiet and calm manner). During the 'I Think The Saying' exercise, a movement sequence consisted of 6 different postures which were subsequently taken. Each posture (pictures 2 to 7) was held for some seconds and was accompanied by a specific spoken phrase to guide the inner activity. Then the next posture was taken. The sequence was finished by returning to the initial posture (picture 8). This sequence was repeated several times during the 8 min. The exercise 'Migraine B' consisted of a continuous slow body movement. A movement sequence started with an upright position in a quiet and calm manner (see Fig. 1B, picture 1). The body was continuously moved as shown in pictures 2 to 7. An essential part of the movement consisted of slowly squatting and returning to upright posture again. At the same time the therapist guided the inner activity such that feelings of 'warmth' and imagination of 'light' arise between the arms in front of the heart (picture 5), and are subsequently 'released' down to the floor. The movement sequence ended by taking the initial posture. Again, the sequence of body movements (and the guided imagery) was repeated several times during the 8 min.
An electrocardiogram (ECG) was recorded throughout the procedure at a sampling rate of 4096 Hz using a Holter device (MK3 Holter recorder, Schiller Engineering, Austria). The Holter device had an automatic R-peak detection. The ECG and the times of the R-peaks were transferred to a PC for further analysis. The times of the automatically identified R-peaks were visually checked and corrected if necessary (<0.1 % of all identified R-peaks). EYT, CE1, CE2 and Rest were analyzed as follows: the first two minutes of each part were omitted to minimize effects caused by adaptations and the subsequent 5 min were analyzed.
Spectral analysis of the RR-interval series was deemed appropriate for the analysis because the EYT exercises consist of repetitions of a specific sequence of body movement and these repetitions were deemed to have a repetitive, i.e. rhythmic, impact on the RR-interval series during the exercise. The power spectral analysis was carried out as follows. The series of normal-to-normal beat times (RR-intervals) served as the basis for further calculations. The RR-interval series was transformed into a time series (sampling rate: 4 Hz) and subsequently a Fourier transformation was applied. The frequency components were calculated according to the standard definitions of the guidelines  to enable comparability with other studies. The following frequency ranges were used: very low frequency (VLF: <0.04 Hz), low frequency (LF: 0.04-0.15 Hz) and high frequency oscillations (HF: 0.15-0.4 Hz). Furthermore, the frequency of the peak oscillations was calculated for each frequency band to investigate the impact of the repetitions of the sequence of body movements during each EYT exercise on cardiac autonomic control. In addition, HRV was quantified by the average RR-interval and the standard deviation of the RR-intervals (SDNN) as a measure of overall variability. All calculations were carried out using Matlab (The Mathworks, Natick, Mass., USA).
In this study, all values are expressed as mean ± standard deviation. The frequency domain parameters (VLF, LF, HF) were transformed by taking the natural logarithms because their distributions were skewed. The following conditions were compared: HRV during EYT, CE1, CE2, and Rest at the beginning of the procedure. Changes between these conditions were quantified by a non-parametric analysis of variance (Friedman-test). In case of significant changes, the pair wise comparisons were calculated taking the Bonferroni-correction into account. A p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
All subjects were able to perform the EYT exercises (and the accompanying control exercises) as demonstrated by the therapist.
Reviewing the recorded videos showed that the sequence of body movements during the EYT-A exercise was repeated 10 times on average during the 8 min (i.e. approx. 48 s per cycle corresponding to approx. 0.02 Hz; note that the averaging was carried out with respect to the different subject groups) whereas during CE1-A the sequence was repeated 19 times on average (i.e. approx. 25 s per cycle corresponding to approx. 0.04 Hz). During EYT-A, CE1-A and CE2-A the average RR-interval was similar (739 ms, see Table 1), i.e. the work load was equal during these exercises. The longest RR-interval appeared during Rest-A (847 ms).
During EYT-A a prominent pattern was obvious in the RR-interval series, i.e., a lengthening of RR-intervals occurred several times during the performance of the exercise (see Fig. 2A). This pattern was not reflected by SDNN. SDNN was lowest during CE2-A, whereas the other conditions showed a higher SDNN (EYT-A: 61 vs. 44 ms, p < 0.05; cf. Table 1) similar to Rest-A (67 ms), i.e. the overall variability was similar during these conditions.
In the frequency domain the VLF component (EYT-A: 6.68 ln ms2) was similar during the different conditions. The frequency of the peak oscillation in the VLF range was highest during CE1-A (0.028 Hz) and lowest during CE2-A (0.013 Hz, p < 0.05) whereas the frequency was intermediate during EYT-A (0.019 Hz) and during Rest (0.016 Hz). LF oscillations were largest during EYT-A (7.31 ln ms2) compared to all other conditions (CE1-A: 6.98 ln ms2; CE2-A: 6.52 ln ms2; Rest-A: 6.94 ln ms2; all comparisons: p < 0.05). The frequency of the peak oscillation in the LF range was 0.081 Hz and did not change during the different exercises. HF oscillations were larger during Rest-A (6.71 ln ms2) compared to CE1-A (5.44 ln ms2, p < 0.05) and CE2-A (5.04 ln ms2, p < 0.05). The frequency of the peak oscillations in the HF range were lowest during EYT-A (0.178 Hz) and highest during CE2-A (0.238 Hz, p < 0.05) whereas they were intermediate during CE1-A (0.208 Hz) and Rest-A (0.226 Hz).
The recorded videos showed that the sequence of body movements during the EYT-B exercise was repeated 13 times on average during 8 min (approx. 37 s per cycle corresponding to approx. 0.0275 Hz) whereas CE1-B was repeated 36 times on average (approx. 13 s per cycle corresponding to approx. 0.075 Hz). The average RR-interval during EYT-B was 774 ms. It was shorter during CE2-B (620 ms) and longer during Rest-B (878 ms) but only CE1-B (730 ms) and CE2-B differed significantly from Rest-B (p < 0.05). During EYT-B pronounced oscillations occurred in the RR-interval series (see Fig. 2B). The oscillations ranged from approx. 800 ms to 1100 ms. Accordingly, SDNN was largest during EYT-B whereas it was lowest during CE2-B (138 vs. 33 ms, p < 0.05), and intermediate during Rest-B (73 vs. 138 ms during EYT-B, p < 0.05).
The oscillations of the RR-interval series during EYT-B led to a substantial increase of the VLF component compared to Rest-B (9.32vs. 7.05 ln ms2, p < 0.05). The peak oscillation in the VLF range had a frequency of 0.026 Hz during EYT-B and was lower during Rest-B (0.012 Hz, p < 0.05) and during CE2-B (0.008 Hz, p < 0.05) whereas it was intermediate during CE1-B (0.018 Hz). The LF component was largest during CE1-B whereas it was lowest during CE2-B (8.98 vs. 5.47 ln ms2, p < 0.05). Here, the frequency of the peak oscillation was highest during Rest-B (0.090 Hz) and lowest during EYT-B (0.058 Hz, p < 0.05) whereas CE1-B and CE2-B were intermediate (0.070 Hz). The HF component did not show specific effects of EYT-B when compared to CE1-B or Rest-B but it decreased during CE2-B (6.68 vs. 3.82 ln ms2, p < 0.05). The frequency of the peak oscillation was highest during Rest-B (0.236 Hz) and lowest during EYT-B and CE1-B (0.185 Hz, p < 0.05).
In this study we found different effects of the two different EYT exercises on cardiac autonomic regulation. During the repetition of the sequence of movements of EYT-A ('I Think The Saying') pronounced LF oscillations occurred in the RR-interval series. The peak oscillation in this frequency range had frequency of 0.08 Hz which is four times the peak oscillation in the VLF band (0.02 Hz). In the VLF band the peak oscillation matched the repetition rate of the sequence of movements. Hence, the repetition of body movements had an impact on cardiac autonomic control. The oscillation in the LF band seemed to be induced by the different body positions and in particular by the different arm positions. The peak oscillation in the HF band was lowest during EYT-A indicating that the respiratory rate decreased during the exercise. Hence, EYT-A also seemed to have an impact on respiration. These effects were not observable during the control exercises. During EYT-B ('Migraine B') pronounced VLF oscillations appeared compared to Rest. The peak oscillation in the VLF band (0.028 Hz) again matched the repetition rate of the sequence of movements. During the control exercise with the same sequence of movements but without guided imagery the peak oscillation in the LF band matched the repetition rate of the control exercise (0.08 Hz). Hence, the repetition of standing, going to the squat and erecting again (as a continuous body movement) had a clear repetitive impact on cardiac autonomic control during EYT-B and its adapted control exercise. Similar to EYT-A the exercise slowed down the respiratory rate compared to the resting condition as indicated by the decrease of the peak oscillation in the HF. On the contrary, walking on the spot as another control exercise without an explicit repetition of specific body movements especially of the upper part of the body did not show any rhythmic impact on cardiac autonomic control.
How can the agreement of the repetition rate of the sequence of body movements with peak oscillations of HRV be explained? Generally, normal body movements such as actively standing up from the supine position clearly change the autonomic control, i.e. the average RR-interval decreases and HF component of HRV decreases . Such movements may also contribute to VLF oscillations in long term Holter ECG recordings . Other movements like e.g. squatting, raising or swinging the arms also lead to specific alterations of cardiovascular regulation and breathing [19–21]. These changes reflect reactions of the cardiac autonomic regulation to the particular movement. The present findings primarily reflect alterations caused by the repetition of the sequence of specific body movements of the EYT exercises.
In particular, the EYT-A exercise 'I Think The Saying' (and the control exercise CE1-A) comprised a sequence of different body postures which were strongly determined by the position of the arms. In all postures the arms were at least slightly raised and in most positions the arms show a shoulder flexion of 90° or more (see Fig. 1A, pictures 2 to 7). Such arm positions alter the tidal volume of respiration because they are accompanied by a decrease of inspiratory capacity and an increase of functional residual capacity . Hence, also respiratory sinus arrhythmia, a contributing factor of HRV, is altered by the restrictions imposed on the tidal volume [22, 23]. The increased LF component during the performance of this EYT exercise had a peak oscillation at a frequency of 0.081 Hz which is four times the frequency of the repetitions of the sequence of body movements (0.02 Hz). Hence, each sequence of body movements (i.e. different arm positions) gave also rise to four oscillations in the beat-to-beat series. However, the association of the timing of these oscillations to the different body postures is difficult because a simultaneous recording of e.g. the position of the arms and the ECG was not available. Although the EYT-A exercise and CE1-A consisted of the same sequence of movements this effect was not visible during CE1-A. Taking into account that CE1-A was carried out faster than the EYT-A exercise, it seems that the lower speed of the EYT-A exercise altered cardiac autonomic regulation more differentiated than CE1-A. Furthermore, the EYT movements were performed with higher awareness and thus lower speed, an effect that also contributes to the described difference.
During EYT-B exercise 'Migraine B' (and the control exercise CE1-B) the pronounced oscillations of the RR-interval series were also caused by the repetition of the sequence of body movements of this exercise. An essential part of the body movements consists of slowly going to the squat and then standing up again (see Fig. 1B). During squat the RR-intervals and blood pressure increase immediately whereas this effect is reversed after standing up again [20, 24, 25]. Hence, the VLF oscillation of the RR-intervals during this EYT-B exercise reflects the repetition of the sequence of body movements (slowly going to the squat and erecting again) during the EYT-B exercise. The peak frequency of the oscillations in the VLF range (0.0265 Hz) was in agreement with the frequency of the repetition of the sequence of body movements. Hence, the aforementioned physiological changes during going to the squat and erecting were responsible for the synchronous effects of the body movements on cardiac autonomic regulation. For CE1-B the peak frequency of the oscillations in the LF range (0.07 Hz) again corresponded to the frequency of the repetition of the sequence of body movements. Hence, the oscillations were again evoked by the repetition of squatting and straightening up again. Notice that CE1-B was also carried out much faster than the EYT-B exercise (like in CE1-A, see above) because the awareness of the movements was much lower (no guided imagery).
What might be the physiological relevance of these findings? LF and VLF oscillations are associated with baroreflex sensitivity which is controlled by parasympathetic activity . The enhancement of LF oscillations of the cardiovascular system (e.g. by means of slow breathing) improves baroreflex sensitivity and decreases blood pressure in patients with essential hypertension . Hence, in patients with coronary heart disease, home-based Tai Chi training (3 times/week) together with conventional cardiac rehabilitation improved baroreflex sensitivity compared to conventional cardiac rehabilitation only . In this study, the VLF and LF oscillations were induced by the repetition of specific body movements instead of e.g. slow respiration. Nevertheless, one may also expect an improvement of baroreflex sensitivity and decrease of blood pressure by the specific EYT exercises when performed e.g. three times per week for several weeks.
It has to be noted that guided imagery (without accompanying body movements) could also lead to alterations of the cardiac autonomic regulation. Different types of meditation (e.g. Chinese Chi and Kundalini Yoga) have a specific impact on HRV . During Zen style meditation (calm sitting without accompanying imagery) breathing may be altered and even cardiorespiratory synchronization may occur . Meditation clearly affects cardiac autonomic regulation because e.g. the LF component of HRV is often increased during meditation [29–32]. Furthermore, different emotional and mental states have an impact on autonomic control  and may even show distinct patterns of sympathetic and parasympathetic regulation . However, in interventions which involve conscious body movements and guided imagery simultaneously (e.g. EYT or Tai Chi) the effects of guided imagery on HRV are masked by the large effects of the body movements.
A limitation of this study is that the order of exercises (EYT, CE1, CE2) was not randomized and the speed of performing CE1 was not controlled (the subjects were asked to perform all exercises with similar effort). In order to improve the comparability between the results of EYT and CE1 the performance speed should be controlled in further studies to obtain a similar amount of repetitions of body movements during EYT and CE1. On the other hand, the experience that the EYT exercises require a conscious attention and involvement which was obviously not present in the control activities reflects real life conditions. Another limitation is the lack of signals such as the movement status (e.g. tracking of arm position) and other physiological measurements (e.g. respiration). Such signals would help to better identify the interaction between body movements and alterations of cardiovascular regulation. In particular, e.g. the impact of different arm positions on HRV could be investigated in more detail using more sophisticated study settings. It also has to be noted that the body movements lead to augmentation of the VLF and LF component (see above). Particularly VLF oscillations may lead to nonstationarities of the beat-to-beat series and, hence, the spectral components contributing to the cardiac autonomic regulation may be overestimated .
In summary, EYT exercises impose rhythmic effects on cardiac autonomic regulation through cyclic repetitions of a sequence of specific body movements, i.e. HRV shows oscillations simultaneously to the cyclic repetition of body movements. The effects on autonomic cardiac regulation depend on the specific sequence of body movements used during the exercise. Depending on the body movements each exercise has an impact on different parameters like e.g. thoracic pressure or venous return which are vital for cardiac autonomic control. We hypothesize that each EYT exercise leads to specific alterations of cardiac autonomic regulation if the exercise is practiced several times in a serial succession (in analogy to 'normal' exercise training which also leads to different adaptations which also affects cardiac autonomic regulation). Future studies should also focus on alterations of the autonomic control mediated by the specific emotional and mental states of each EYT exercise. Next steps will be to initiate longitudinal studies to monitor the effects of regular EYT practice, and thus the verification of specific exercises which might be used in a clinical setting.
The authors would like to thank the Software AG Foundation (Darmstadt, Germany) for their financial support of the working group "Analysis of Rhythmic Structures of Physiological Signals" (FE, AM, DC).
FE and DC conceived the study and performed the analysis of the data. AM and BT participated in the study design, acquired subjects, carried out the exercises and data acquisition. AB helped in the interpretation of the data. FE, AB and DC drafted the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.


Whether you are traveling for business, leisure, or a combination of both, Hagerstown & Washington County, MD offer a range of hotels for every budget, taste, and type of accomodations needed. From full serivce, select service, extended stay, and economy hotels, you are sure to find one that meets your needs!
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(I-81, Exit 5A). Located by the Valley Mall. Business friendly suites including complimentary breakfast, indoor pool, fitness center, highspeed internet, microfridge, in-room safe, coffeemaker, hairdryer, weekday newspaper and much more.


text:
Michel Chornet
Technology Advisor and Director
Back to Team Page
Michel Chornet is co-founder and Director of Fractal Systems Inc. He was responsible for the installation and operation of the JetShear™ pilot and commercial demonstration facilities located in Alberta, Canada and the JetShear bench scale facility and laboratory in Sherbrooke, Quebec. He continues to develop new and innovative technology solutions and is the author of four patents with numerous others in various stages of approval.
Mr. Chornet started his career in 1998 as a petroleum reservoir engineer with Shell before concentrating on fuel cell development working for H-Power as a Lead Process Chemical Engineer, and with Enerkem in the biofuels sector. He has spent over 18 years in technology development, mainly at scaling up novel technology solutions developed in the laboratory.
Mr. Chornet holds a Bachelor of Science degree in Chemical Engineering and an MBA from McGill University in Montreal, Quebec.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Fantasy Football Podcast
If you want to know how to win your fantasy football league, this video gives you the advice you need so use it to your advantage!
FPL 2019/20 Player Price Prediction
How much for Liverpool defence?
VIA LET'S TALK Fantasy premier league
What's going on, everyone? My name is Andy. Welcome back to another FPL video. Today, we're talking player price predictions for the 2019/20 season. I know FPL hasn't launched yet, but I wanted to get some videos out there. You can consider this my summer training back for making videos when the game fully launches. I put out a post on YouTube the other day to ask you guys what players you wanted to see in this video, so I've taken a selection of them.
Mostly, the more popular players that I think people are interested in. We'll go through that. Obviously, price increases, decreases or maybe even position changes. Before we jump into the specific players, it's probably worth just briefly talking about what goes into a price rise or a decrease or even a maintain. The obvious one is how well did they do last season if they were in FPL.
If they absolutely smashed it and they beat players much higher price to them, you'd expect their price to go up. If they were from outside the league, so it's a new transfer into the league, then you got to look at their record at previous clubs, how many goals do they usually score, how many clean sheets they're going to help a new team get, and obviously which team they go to, new position as well.
If a midfielder gets put to a forward, you'd expect, at least, the prices probably remain the same, not go up too much. Obviously, it would depend on who the player is because you're going to lose clean sheet potential. In the case of Liverpool, for example, if you move the midfielder to forward, that's a hell of a lot of clean sheets. If they get 20 clean sheets as a defense, then that's 20 points the midfielder loses and they can't get their extra point for a goal as well. You've got to look at that.
New club, obviously, someone like Wan-Bissaka has been heavily linked to Man United. You'd expect a price increase for him anyway in this season because he was so cheap last year and he played every game he was available for. If he's at Man United, you'd hope. Not necessarily given how they played last year, but you'd hope that Man United could get more clean sheets than Palace. You'd see maybe another 0.5 added on to his price tag or to bring him into line with the other Man United defenders, whatever they might be.
Potential as well, so maybe there was– Jotta, for example, started off the season pretty poorly last year, then got moved to that more forward position and absolutely smashed it in the second half of the season. Yes, you can't look at the whole season for him. Obviously, they've got to decide whether he can produce for the whole season and maybe get more points. You've got to look at potential as well. If he smashed it in a different position, he's probably going to be a forward next year.
If he keeps doing as well as he did, he's going to score more points. You've got to look at that as well. The big one, I suppose, for me and probably for FPL, and I think they have balanced prices pretty well for the last couple of years, is whether a player is an auto-include or an auto-exclude. For example, you get someone like Jiménez, last year, 5.5. He's almost a must-have because he was getting so many points with such a cheap price. Obviously, they couldn't predict that.
I think 5.5 for a newly-promoted team was fine at the time. Salah, for example. You couldn't now price him back down to 10 million because everyone would have him in his team. It wouldn't even be a question. Once you put him at 13 million, you've got to think about whether you want to spend that money. Richarlison was suddenly 10 million. Obviously, you wouldn't expect him to score as many points as the other players around 10 million.
That would be an auto-exclude from the squads at the start. It has to be a fine balance in points to actually give people some thought, "Is that really good value? Is that not good value?" Rather than, "Yes, I have to have him. He's too cheap not to." Let's kick on and take a look at the players. Let's get the top dog out of the way first, Mo Salah. Although I've not written it down, there's obviously been a lot of discussion about whether he should be a forward this year instead of a midfielder.
Now, I think he's going to be a midfielder, which is why I've put him down as 13 million. I think if he goes as a forward, he might get a slight price drop. Something like 12.5. The reason I think he's going to be a midfielder again is, yes, he did play centrally, but he played 13 hours of 38 games according to Transfermarkt as a forward. The rest of it, he lined up as a right-winger, inside forward on the right. Whatever you want to call it, he's listed as a right-winger.
Now, obviously, we know he plays more central than that. He usually comes in. If you look at his average position, it's as central as Firmino and even closer to the goal. I think FPL are going to look more at how he lined up rather than exactly how he played. I think timing is key because he started as a right-winger on Transfermarkt. In the middle of the season, he played as a forward and that center-forward position. Towards the end of the season, he came back to a right-wing.
The fact that he started and ended as a right-winger, in terms of lineups means, I think, he's going to stay as a midfielder. I can't see him going forward. I think you've got to look to the likes of Mané and Sterling as well if you do that. I just think FPL needs a bigger overhaul to how they do positions and how they do point-scoring if they're going to start moving people like Salah to a forward position.
It would definitely make it interesting, but I think he's going to come in as midfielder. It'd be interesting too. There's a good few accounts that think he'll go as a forward, so we'll wait and find out when FPL releases. In terms of price, 13 million, I'm not going to do a price increase. You could say he's due to a price increase because he scored 303, I think, points, it was. Not last season, the one before. He's got 259 points.
It's not often a player scores that heavily two seasons in a row. Because they didn't put him more than 13 million after scoring more than 300 points, which was ridiculous, he's now come down 40 odd points. I just don't see how they can give him a price increase from there. Also, a lot of it is psychological. I think as soon as they put a 13.5 or even a 14 million, that will then put him into almost the exclude category.
I don't think it'd be an auto-exclude. I think there's still some merit to doing it, but I just don't see the price increase as well. I think you'll see the likes of Sterling and Mané get pretty hefty– Especially with Mané, you get a hefty price increase. Sterling probably up to 11 and a half or 12 million. He'll be close to Salah anyway. It's already going to be hard to stretch your budget as is when you start off the season.
Obviously, lots of people are going to want Liverpool and Man City midfielders. I just think for Salah, it's going to be 13 million because other players got quite close to him this year. He's going to be a midfielder for me. Liverpool defense was one of the harder ones to predict because I think seven million is an absolute dead set. I do think there's a chance they come in at 7.5. If you look at someone like Alonso, who, not this season but maybe previous seasons, was almost seen as must-have.
He came in at 6.5 this season. I think he got 165 points the previous season. Obviously, Trent got more than that this year. He got 185, didn't play all minutes. Robertson, 213, the most a defender has ever got. Van Dijk's got 208. I think with Liverpool, you have to look at the potential for clean sheets next season. It's going to be exactly the same. I can't see where they would keep a massively decreased amount of clean sheets.
Sure, they might not keep exactly the same, but they're going to be right up there. Also, you've seen what the assist potential is for these two. It's absolutely insane. I'm going to go for seven million. I just think if they go to 7.5, yes, it will make it tough. I think because we're going to see increases in the premium midfielders and stuff as well, it's going to be tricky to fit everyone in your team anyway.
I think at 7.5, people will start to be put off too much. Whereas seven, it's still hard to get maybe double Liverpool defense because they're so expensive, but getting one is good. If you want the second, you've got to pay a premium price of seven million. I think they're all going to be priced the same. I didn't put Van Dijk on this. I think Robertson, Trent, and Van Dijk have to be priced the same. Because as soon as they make someone cheaper, he would then become the go-to.
If these two are seven, Van Dijk, 6.5. I think at the start of the season when money is tight, you would just take Van Dijk. If you look at total points, Robertson, 213; Van Dijk, 208; and Trent, 185. Points per game, Trent was 6.4 because he didn't play as many minutes. We saw some rotation, especially when Gomez was fit at the start of the season. Now, interestingly, I think there's a chance that Trent will get put at 0.5 million cheaper.
I think that's going to be a mistake because I think he has established himself as the right-back. Yes, Gomez could come back in, but Trent had such a good season. I don't see why Klopp wouldn't carry on with him. Obviously, his attacking potential is really good. There's a chance he comes in 0.5 more. Arguably, if they're all going to play every minute, Trent may have scored the most amount of points. They should be the same.
Van Dijk, 5.5 points per game. Robertson, 5.9. Obviously, with Van Dijk, you're paying. Knowing that if he's fit, he's going to play every single game. My prediction for the Liverpool defense is seven million. I do think there's a chance they come in at 7.5. I also think there's a chance, if that happens, Trent may get the seven million price tag. We'll see. With Harry Kane, I'm actually looking at a price decrease with him, I think.
He started the season last year at 12.5. Obviously, he's been super consistent in the league ever since he came on to the scene. Didn't do so well last year, but had a pretty big injury towards the end. In previous seasons, his lowest score was 191 points in the last four seasons. Otherwise, he's got over 200. He is Mr. Consistent. We know he's on penalties. He's going to play every game that he's fit. I do think that's been part of the problem recently.
He has been played so many minutes for England and Spurs. Obviously had injuries as well. I think he's needed a break. Hopefully, this summer will be the one for him. I do see a price decrease. One of the reasons is midfield and big at the back has meant that last season going with a cheap forward loan really worked. I think people are going to take that onboard this year and do that from the start, which is going to make it very difficult to convince people to go for premium strikers from FPL's point of view.
I also think Agüero did so well last year, coming at 11.5, I think he started at. I think he's going to see a decrease to 12. I think it makes sense to them, put Kane down to 12 as well, so you got to think about it. If you leave Kane at 12.5 and get Agüero up, it'd still be cheaper. I just think this is very tough given how good Man City are. If they don't bring in another striker, then Agüero is going to play a considerable amount of minutes and absolutely smash it again.
For me, Kane is going to come down a bit. I'd actually like to see them maybe take a slight risk and put him at 11.5. The risk that, obviously, he might not score as well this year. It'd also make more people buy him, but at the expense of not having a midfielder. I don't think they can do that because he's been so consistent. For me, a slight decrease to make him maybe a little bit more of an interest over Salah at some points in the season and also to give you something to think about Agüero. For me, a price decrease for Kane from 12.5 to 12.0.
Raúl Jiménez is a massive FPL manager favorite last year, including mine came in a 5.5 million starting price and absolutely smashed it. He was the third high-scoring forward. Only less than Agüero and Aubameyang to 181 points, which was seven more than Vardy scored. He scored 174. Obviously, Vardy came in at nine million last year. Obviously, slight difference is that Vardy has done it before. We've seen him to be pretty consistent over the seasons now.
That was Raúl Jiménez's first season in the Premier League. He's definitely getting a big increase from 5.5. I think that's absolutely, definitely 7.5 plus. I just think when you come in and you're the third high-scoring forward and you beat Vardy and you play for a Wolves team that finished seventh, for no reason, they can't do that again. We're going to be looking at eight or 8.5 now. Now, I think if you go eight, it's probably a little bit too low given that Vardy will probably at least nine. Maybe 9.5 again this season.
They've got to get him close to that. Obviously, the caveat is he's only played one season. Can he keep it up? Will Wolves bring in another forward which could provide competition? Maybe he'll see less minutes, get rotated more. Obviously, they do have Europe to contend with as well. I think this is a tricky one for them to price because they've got to do a big increase. You don't want to, again, auto-exclude them. I think with Wolves fixtures, we're going to see a pretty low percentage of owners to be honest.
Obviously, you get a lot of people to see how well he did and put him in their team. I think more folks and FPL managers will probably avoid him. Again, obviously, caveat. I could get the prices wrong. I think there is a chance at eight, but I think just below Vardy is how about pricing because he beat him in points. Can he do it again? Laporte actually found pretty easy to price. This is one that was suggested on YouTube.
Now, I've said that. Of course, this will be definitely the one that I get wrong. It's going down as a 6.5. He started last season at 5.5. Points-wise, it wasn't too far behind Trent Alexander-Arnold. Obviously, the Liverpool boy did really well. Laporte was the fourth high-scoring defender ahead of all the Chelsea lads. Azpilicueta came in at 6.5 last year. I think that's where Laporte will get put for this year. It's definitely not going to be 5.5 again, unfortunately.
I just think that's actually going to be a really good price because it's going to be slightly lower than the Liverpool defenders. For someone who's probably got the potential to not maybe get 200-plus points but get close to them. Obviously, if he's costed less money, then you don't expect the same amount of points anyway. Not as much assist-potential as Trent and Robertson. Obviously, he could score goals, free kicks and corners, and stuff like that.
We have seen him getting the odd assist here or there as well. I just think with the center-back situation at City, Stones is not looking great. Kompany's left now. Otamendi didn't really get a look in last year. He can play on the left side of the two center-backs. He looks like he's probably going to keep his position and not be rotated too obviously. It can happen, but we'll have to wait and see what kind of players Pep brings in. He might bring in a couple of more center-backs and we'll go from there.
Absolute double gaming here last year, got massive points in them. If it's 6.5, I think someone that wants to take a risk for a few game weeks. As you can call it, a risk with City, given the amount of clean sheets they get, but going for him and saving a bit of money over one of the Liverpool. Maybe you go Laporte and Robertson instead of Robertson and Trent Alexander-Arnold. Spread your bets a bit and go for clean sheets from both teams. 6.5 for me. I'm pretty confident that one will come in for sure.
We'll leave that one there. Thanks very much for watching. As always, make sure to give the video a like If you've enjoyed it. It really helps to subscribe. It's going to be loads of new content going into the new season, especially once FPL is launched. The videos will be coming thick and fast. Subscribe and hit that bell see and avoid when the videos go live. Obviously, leave a comment below.
Let me know if you massively disagree with any of the prices. If you've got any other players that you want to predict yourself, leave a comment below and I'll try and get back to as many as I can. Otherwise, I'm going to leave it there. As always, like, comment, share, subscribe, all of that good stuff. I'll catch you soon. Cheers.


text:
	#include "IGame_ObjectPool.h"
#endif

class IMainMenu;
class ENGINE_API CPS_Instance;
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
class ENGINE_API IGame_Persistent	:
#ifndef _EDITOR
	public DLL_Pure,
#endif
	public pureAppStart,
	public pureAppEnd,
	public pureAppActivate,
	public pureAppDeactivate,
	public pureFrame
{
public:
	union params {
		struct {
			string256	m_game_or_spawn;
			string256	m_game_type;
			string256	m_alife;
			string256	m_new_or_load;
			u32			m_e_game_type;
		};
		string256		m_params[4];
						params		()	{	reset();	}
		void			reset		()
		{
			for (int i=0; i<4; ++i)
				strcpy	(m_params[i],"");
		}
		void						parse_cmd_line		(LPCSTR cmd_line)
		{
			reset					();
			int						n = _min(4,_GetItemCount(cmd_line,'/'));
			for (int i=0; i<n; ++i) {
				_GetItem			(cmd_line,i,m_params[i],'/');
				strlwr				(m_params[i]);
			}
		}
	};
	params							m_game_params;
public:
	xr_set<CPS_Instance*>			ps_active;
	xr_vector<CPS_Instance*>		ps_destroy;
	xr_vector<CPS_Instance*>		ps_needtoplay;
public:
	virtual void					PreStart			(LPCSTR op);
	virtual void					Start				(LPCSTR op);
	virtual void					Disconnect			();

#ifndef _EDITOR
	IGame_ObjectPool				ObjectPool;
#endif
	IMainMenu*						m_pMainMenu;

	CEnvironment*					pEnvironment;
	CEnvironment&					Environment()	{return *pEnvironment;};
	BOOL							bDedicatedServer	;

	virtual bool					OnRenderPPUI_query	() { return FALSE; };	// should return true if we want to have second function called
	virtual void					OnRenderPPUI_main	() {};
	virtual void					OnRenderPPUI_PP		() {};

	virtual	void					OnAppStart			();
	virtual void					OnAppEnd			();
	virtual	void					OnAppActivate		();
	virtual void					OnAppDeactivate		();
	virtual void					OnFrame				();

	// âûçûâàåòñÿ òîëüêî êîãäà èçìåíÿåòñÿ òèï èãðû
	virtual	void					OnGameStart			();
	virtual void					OnGameEnd			();

	virtual void					RegisterModel		(IRender_Visual* V)
#ifndef _EDITOR
     = 0;
#else
	{}
#endif
	virtual	float					MtlTransparent		(u32 mtl_idx)
#ifndef _EDITOR
	= 0;
#else
	{return 1.f;}
#endif

	IGame_Persistent				();
	virtual ~IGame_Persistent		();

			u32						GameType			() {return m_game_params.m_e_game_type;};
	virtual void					Statistics			(CGameFont* F)
#ifndef _EDITOR
     = 0;
#else
	{}
#endif
	virtual	void					LoadTitle			(LPCSTR str){}
};

class IMainMenu
{
public:
	virtual			~IMainMenu						()													{};
	virtual void	Activate						(bool bActive)										=0;
	virtual	bool	IsActive						()													=0;
	virtual void	DestroyInternal					(bool bForce)										=0;
};

extern ENGINE_API	IGame_Persistent*	g_pGamePersistent;
#endif //IGame_PersistentH

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Before you convert a visitor to a lead, or close a lead into a customer, you have to build effective landing pages. After all, you will use these pages to catalyze the conversion process.
What's a landing page? Well, according to Hubspot, it's "any page on the web on which one might land that 1) has a form and 2) exists solely to capture a visitor's information through that form." In other words, all landing pages are web pages, but not all web pages are landing pages.
Think of a landing page as the welcome mat for your great content offer. It sets the tone for the rest of your visitor's experience and provides information about the offer: specific, details about how the offer addresses their pain point or problem, and why this information will benefit your visitor. It also provides a form to capture your visitor's information in exchange for offer fulfillment.
The most effective landing pages are concise, to the point, and contain no website navigation or any other unnecessary distractions.
You only want to provide explanatory copy and a simple form so the page is completely optimized to capture a visitor's information.
Again, it's important to emphasize only one offer with only one call-to-action.
Hubspot: "Your landing page should have one, and only one, intended action in mind. More calls-to-action means more confusion for the prospect, so make it as clear as possible for your prospects what it is that you want them to do."
You have about 5 seconds to capture your visitor's attention before they leave the landing page! Start off with a bang by including an attention-grabbing headline.
The form is the conversion point for your entire landing page. Don't blow it by asking for too much visitor information!
If your visitor wasn't too distracted by your landing page copy, CTAs or site navigation, they might have actually absorbed the main points of your offer and shown interest by beginning to fill out the form... Hopefully, you haven't required too much information, especially sensitive information, like email addresses or phone numbers.
Keep you visitors engaged - crunch that image size and make sure your pages load quickly and effortlessly in a variety of browsers, as well as mobile and tablet.
Think about the social platforms your visitors will likely be using, and provide buttons for social sharing on your landing pages. This will allow them to spread the word about your great content offer! Also, it helps to include an email forwarding button, as well, to maximize share opportunities.
Remember this Hubspot tip: Even if your social media contacts never buy from you, there's always a possibility that someone in their personal network will!
Now, go create a landing page that really converts!
Want to Create a Call-to-Action that Converts?
Download our FREE Infographic, "How to Create a Compelling CTA" to learn how to make a call-to-action that visitors can't wait to click!


Appointed by the Chapel in January 2013 to provide Contract Administration to the Church.
This project included the refurbishment of the Wesley Museum located on the City Road close to Old Street tube. The existing museum located in the crypt of the Methodist Church was closed for 6 months whilst the museum exhibition was completely replaced and the space refurbished.


Each year we embark on our service vacation trips, Ann Nguyen always participates. No, she doesn't hop on the plane with us but she is with us on every step of journey. Each year, before we leave, Ann makes sure she gets the names of all the travellers and brings a gift for each and every single one. This year was no different.
I had forgotton about our breakfast appointment and slept in from the late hours the night before. Instead of dismissing the meeting, Ann decided to swing by my home. It is the day we leave for our trip and I am awoken by one of the sweetest sounds known to mankind. In that moment, it felt as if my own mother was calling for me.
She carried with her 16 cards for each of the travellers. She told the story of the woman who helped make the cards: a sister who spent part of her life in Peru, one of the countries we will be visiting. She mentioned how this woman, Sister Grace, had been badly burned at one point because of a prank some youngsters pulled. To this day, she doesn't have any ill will towards these kids.
Before Ann left, she told me that she and others will keep all sixteen of us in their thoughts and prayers. I thought to myself: what power, we haven't even left for our trip and yet there is already a force of support behind us. I know that Sister Grace's thoughts, Ann's Prayers and all those wishing us well will help make our own efforts in South America more meaningful.
The Service Vacation to Ecuador and Peru has arrived. 16 travellers are headed to Ecuador and Peru from Dec 16th to Jan 1st. They go to serve others, experience other cultures, and expand in their own hearts.


James Wilson, in pro. per., Jack Tenner, Los Angeles, Cal., for appellant.
Edmund G. Brown, Atty. Gen., Doris Maier, Wm. O. Minor, Deputy Attys. Gen., for appellee.
Before DENMAN, POPE and HAMLEY, Circuit Judges.
Wilson, a convict confined in the Folsom State Prison at Represa, Sacramento County, California, suing as the next friend of Clifford Jefferson, a convict confined under sentence of death for a violation of § 4500 of the West's Ann. California Penal Code1 in the San Quentin State Prison, Marin County, California, appeals from a denial of his application for a writ of habeas corpus seeking to set aside Jefferson's death sentence.
"1. Is Section 4500 of the Penal Code of California unconstitutional because of the Discriminatory and unequal application of its provisions by the District Attorney of Sacramento County who prosecuted Two Negroes serving Life Sentences for Assault upon a Guard and another Prisoner; but never prosecuted White Inmates serving Life Sentences for Assault upon a Custodial Officer or other Prisoners? Is this a violation of the Equal Protection of the Law Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment?"
"2254. State custody; remedies in State courts.
"An application for a writ of habeas corpus in behalf of a person in custody pursuant to the judgment of a State court shall not be granted unless it appears that the applicant has exhausted the remedies available in the courts of the State, or that there is either an absence of available State corrective process or the existence of circumstances rendering such process ineffective to protect the rights of the prisoner.
However, that right exists only when the application or complaint for the writ sets forth "some reason or explanation satisfactory to the court showing why the detained person does not sign and verify the complaint and who `the next friend' is. It was not intended that the writ of habeas corpus should be availed of, as matter of course, by intruders or uninvited meddlers, styling themselves next friends. Gusman v. Marrero, 180 U.S. 81, 21 S. Ct. 293, 45 L. Ed. 436." United States v. Houston, 2 Cir., 273 F. 915, 916. Here not only does the application fail to make any such showing but on the contrary Wilson himself complains that he advised Jefferson's attorney in his own habeas corpus proceeding of the above contention and that attorney, of outstanding ability, failed to follow his advice.
People v. Jefferson, 47 Cal. 2d 438, 303 P.2d 1024, certiorari denied 352 U.S. 1029, 77 S. Ct. 597, 1 L. Ed. 2d 600. Section 4500 provides: "Assault with deadly weapon, etc.; life prisoner; death penalty. Every person undergoing a life sentence in a State prison of this State, who, with malice aforethought, commits an assault upon the person of another with a deadly weapon or instrument, or by any means of force likely to produce great bodily injury, is punishable with death."


text:
El Masters de Canadá 2016 es un torneo de tenis que se juega en pista dura al aire libre. Se trata de la edición 127.ª (para los hombres) y la 115.º (para las mujeres) del Masters de Canadá, y es parte de los ATP World Tour Masters 1000 de los Torneos ATP en 2016, y de los WTA Premier 5 en los torneos Torneos WTA en 2016. El torneo masculino se disputa en el estadio Aviva Centre de Toronto, y el femenino en el Uniprix de Montreal, del 25 al 31 de julio de 2016. El calendario de este evento se modificó para dos semanas antes debido a la superposición con los Juegos Olímpicos.

Puntos y premios en efectivo

Distribución de Puntos

Premios en efectivo

Cabeza de serie

Individuales masculino

Cabezas de serie
Los cabezas de serie están establecidos al ranking del 28 de julio. Los puntos del ranking y los puntos a defender están actualizados a la semana del 25 de julio.

Bajas masculinas

Dobles masculino

Individuales femenino

Cabezas de serie
Las cabezas de serie están establecidas al ranking del 28 de julio. Los puntos del ranking y los puntos a defender están actualizados a la semana del 25 de julio.{|class="wikitable sortable"
! style="width:30px;" |Cabezas de serie
! style="width:30px;" |Rk.
! style="width:190px;" |Jugador
! style="width:90px;" |Puntos antes
! style="width:110px;" |Puntos por defender
! style="width:70px;" |Puntos ganados
! style="width:90px;" |Puntos después
! style="width:310px;" |Actuación en el torneo
|-bgcolor=#ffbbcc
|1
|1
| Serena Williams (baja)
|align="center"|8300
|align="center"|0
|align="center"|0
|align="center"|8300
|Baja por lesión
|-bgcolor=#ffbbcc
|2
|2
| Angelique Kerber
|align="center"|6500
|align="center"|0
|align="center"|350
|align="center"|6850
|Semifinales, perdió ante  Simona Halep [5]
|-bgcolor=#ffbbcc
|3
|3
| Garbiñe Muguruza (baja)''
|align="center"|5482
|align="center"|0
|align="center"|0
|align="center"|5482
|Baja por lesión
|-bgcolor=#ffbbcc
|4
|4
| Agnieszka Radwańska
|align="center"|5335
|align="center"|0
|align="center"|105
|align="center"|5440
|
|-bgcolor=#CCFFCC
|5
|5
| Simona Halep
|align="center"|5071
|align="center"|0
|align="center"|900
|align="center"|5971
|Campeona, derrotó a  Madison Keys [10]
|-bgcolor=#ffbbcc
|6
|7
| Venus Williams
|align="center"|3960
|align="center"|1
|align="center"|105
|align="center"|4064
|Tercera ronda, perdió ante  Madison Keys [10]
|-bgcolor=#ffbbcc
|7
|8
| Roberta Vinci
|align="center"|3525
|align="center"|60
|align="center"|105
|align="center"|3570
|Tercera ronda, perdió ante  Daria Kasátkina
|-bgcolor=#ffbbcc
|8
|9
| Carla Suárez Navarro
|align="center"|3010
|align="center"|0
|align="center"|60
|align="center"|3070
|Segunda ronda, perdió ante  Kristína Kučová
|-bgcolor=#ffbbcc
|9
|10
| Svetlana Kuznetsova
|align="center"|2900
|align="center"|0
|align="center"|190
|align="center"|3090
|Cuartos de final, perdió ante  Simona Halep [5]
|-bgcolor=#ffbbcc
|10
|11
| Madison Keys
|align="center"|2871
|align="center"|0
|align="center"|585
|align="center"|3456
|Final, perdió ante  Simona Halep [5]
|-bgcolor=#ffbbcc
|11
|12
| Dominika Cibulková
|align="center"|2956
|align="center"|1
|align="center"|60
|align="center"|3015
|Segunda ronda, perdió ante  Eugénie Bouchard
|-bgcolor=#ffbbcc
|12
|13
| Petra Kvitová
|align="center"|2816
|align="center"|0
|align="center"|105
|align="center"|2921
|
|-bgcolor=#ffbbcc
|13
|14
| Samantha Stosur
|align="center"|2640
|align="center"|0
|align="center"|60
|align="center"|2700
|Segunda ronda, perdió ante  Daria Kasátkina
|-bgcolor=#ffbbcc
|14
|17
| Karolína Plíšková
|align="center"|2540
|align="center"|0
|align="center"|105
|align="center"|2645
|Tercera ronda, perdió ante  Simona Halep [5]
|-bgcolor=#ffbbcc
|15
|18
| Johanna Konta
|align="center"|2780
|align="center"|0
|align="center"|190
|align="center"|2970
|Cuartos de final, perdió ante  Kristína Kučová [Q]
|-bgcolor=#ffbbcc
|16
|19
|
|align="center"|2320
|align="center"|1
|align="center"|190
|align="center"|2509
|Cuartos de final, perdió ante  Madison Keys [10]
|}

Bajas femeninas
<center>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Ranking
!Jugadora
!Puntos antes
! style="width:110px;" |Puntos por defender
! style="width:70px;" |Puntos ganados
! style="width:90px;" |Puntos después
!Baja debido a
|-
|1
| Serena Williams
|align="center"|8300
|align="center"|0
|align="center"|0
|align="center"|8300
|Inflamación del hombro
|-
|3
| Garbiñe Muguruza
|align="center"|5482
|align="center"|0
|align="center"|0
|align="center"|5482
|Dolencia grastrointestinal
|-
|6
| Victoria Azarenka
| align="center" |3761
| align="center" |0
| align="center" |0
| align="center" |3761
|Embarazo
|-
|15
| Timea Bacsinszky
| align="center" |2609
| align="center" |0
| align="center" |0
| align="center" |2609
|Lesión
|-
|16
| Belinda Bencic
| align="center" |2605
| align="center" |0
| align="center" |0
| align="center" |2605
|Lesión
|}
</center>

 Dobles femenino

 Campeones

 Individual masculino  Novak Djokovic venció a  Kei Nishikori por 6-3, 7-5

 Individual femenino  Simona Halep venció a  Madison Keys por 7-6(2), 6-3

 Dobles masculino  Ivan Dodig /  Marcelo Melo vencieron a  Jamie Murray /  Bruno Soares por 6-4, 6-4

 Dobles femenino  Yekaterina Makarova /  Yelena Vesnina''' vencieron a  Simona Halep /  Monica Niculescu por 6-3, 7-6(5)

Véase también
 Masters de Canadá
 ATP World Tour Masters 1000 en 2016
 WTA Premier 5 en 2016

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Sitio Web

Masters de Canadá 2016

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Texas AG and the TFSC
Posted on August 28, 2011 by Hooman Hedayati	under Uncategorized
The following are recent editorials and columns about the Texas Attorney General's ruling related to the Texas Forensic Science Commission.
San Antonio Express-News Editorial Board:
Gov. Rick Perry and his surrogates on the Texas Forensic Science Commission have done their best to stymie an investigation of the evidence that sent Cameron Todd Willingham to death row in 1992. The state of Texas executed Willingham in 2004 for the murder by arson of his three children.
Unfortunately, the Willingham case has became wrapped up in a larger debate about the death penalty, which in turn has implications for Perry's political ambitions. Political considerations, however, should have no bearing on the outcome of this case.
Texas Attorney General Greg Abbott ruled last month that by statute, the commission is not authorized to investigate forensic lab work introduced into evidence before its creation on Sept. 1, 2005. The ruling is controversial. One interpretation of the legislative language, if not the intent, that created the commission supports Abbott's conclusion.
The ruling also isn't the end of the story. Three expert reviews of the investigation, including one authorized by the commission, found serious flaws in the forensic evidence used to convict Willingham. One called the work "characteristic of mystics or psychics."
The Willingham case is not the only one in which the State Fire Marshal's Office used flawed evidence to back up prosecutors. Yet even though the office has abandoned many of the procedures that produced that evidence, it has never acknowledged any error. It should.
Texans deserve to know whether bad evidence and the negligence or misconduct of arson investigators led to the flawed convictions of Willingham and others.
If the Texas Forensic Science Commission is unable to make a determination on this point, then a court of law or the Texas Legislature should.
How many arsonists are innocent?
By O. Ricardo Pimentel – San Antonio Express-News
Seven hundred and eight.
The Texas Forensic Science Commission should mull that number when it meets in September to consider the meaning of a recent attorney general opinion in the case of Cameron Todd Willingham, who was executed in 2004 despite evidence presented beforehand to Gov. Rick Perry that exposed the forensic methods used to convict Willingham as flimsy to bogus.
In his July 29 opinion, Attorney General Greg Abbott concluded that the commission had no jurisdiction to review evidence tested or introduced before Sept. 1, 2005, when the agency was created.
This opinion is generally believed — actually fervently hoped for in a certain camp in Texas that is preparing for a presidential campaign — to prevent the commission from continuing to raise awareness on Willingham.
But that makes no sense, either as a matter of procedure or justice.
The commission has already reviewed the Willingham case — pre-AG opinion — and made recommendations for improving arson forensic science in Texas. And the evidence they looked at suggests that the fire that killed Willingham's girls in 1991 was not arson at all.
What was left for the commission to consider was the matter of negligence. State fire marshal investigators provided much of the testimony to convict Willingham.
That's where 708 comes in — the number of people serving sentences in state prison on arson as the charge of record in fiscal 2010, according to the Texas Department of Criminal Justice. How many of these 708 — and others for whom arson was not the primary charge — were convicted based on the same discredited methods that convicted Willingham?
The complaint filed by the Innocence Project asked the commission to "redirect a re-examination of other forensic analyses conducted by the Texas State Fire Marshal or its contractors that may involve the same kind of erroneous arson analysis, and recommend corrective action."
But in a written statement, state Fire Marshal Paul Maldonado noted that the commission's report focused only on Willingham. He said there is "no plan to reopen closed arson cases."
"The State Fire Marshal's Office (SFMO) is reviewing the FSC recommendations and is seeking all opportunity to improve fire investigations so that the best policies, practices and science are used in fire investigations." He acknowledged advances in science and encouraged the "appropriate parties" to contact his office with concerns.
That's unsatisfactory, says the Innocence Project. Policy Director Stephen Saloom said the fire marshal is obligated by statute to more proactively inform the criminal justice system that "old" methods of arson investigation "had been scientifically proven invalid and unreliable."
The state Fire Marshal's Office does a lot of investigations. According to annual reports, it completed 3,212 between 2005 and 2010, resulting in 737 people referred for prosecution. The conviction rates for those indicted ranged from 59 percent to 104 percent, these figures reflecting overlap between previous year indictments and current year convictions.
It's compellingly simple: The state likely executed an innocent man. Arson investigator testimony helped accomplish that. But maybe the commission can't go there because of the AG opinion. I'm not buying that. But, given the discredited forensics, how could it not further examine whether the fire marshal's failures to inform and reopen other arson cases aren't negligence of another sort?
Rick Casey: Law gets in way of science, again
The Houston Chronicle
Attorney General Greg Abbott's recent official opinion on the law governing the Texas Forensic Science Commission has been widely described as "confusing."
It says, for example, that the commission can investigate the controversial arson findings in the case of Cameron Todd Willingham, the Corsicana man who was executed in 2004 for killing his three children by arson in 1991.
But there is one caveat, the attorney general says. The commission can't look at the evidence presented to the jury, since only evidence presented after the law's passage in 2005 is to be examined.
But if the attorney general's opinion is confusing, it's partly because the law as written is confusing.
In my (unofficial) opinion, the attorney general gave a reasonable interpretation. But so did Barbara Dean, the highly respected veteran attorney in his own office assigned to act as counsel for the commission. Until this year when the commission hired a staff counsel, she attended every meeting and advised members on their powers. She never raised an objection during their years-long Willingham investigation.
Then there was the reasonable opinion of Sen. Juan "Chuy" Hinojosa, D-McAllen, who has some standing as a lawyer and the co-author of the bill establishing the commission.
He told the Corsicana Sun in 2009: "There is no statute of limitations on anything the Forensic Science Commission does."
Hinojosa was aware that the law needed refining, as new laws often do. That's why this spring he pushed revisions that would have gone a long way toward cleaning up the law.
Statewide problems
One of the main points of tension was whether the law's sole job was to make findings as to whether staffers of certified forensic labs were negligent in handling individual cases, or whether it was to critique any illegitimate use of forensic science in Texas criminal justice cases and work to improve the practice in the state.
The seven scientists on the commission clearly have wanted to focus mainly on the latter, which I think is far more important than policing certified labs (partly because it can include that function).
Bill would have helped
Two years ago, a congressionally mandated study by the National Research Council found forensic science practices around the country to be scandalously sloppy, from the FBI on down.
Texas certainly has played its role, from the Houston Crime Lab series of farces to convictions (some clearly proved wrong) of scores of men based on unscientific "lineups" conducted by dogs.
Yet juries are notoriously subject to persuasion by expert witnesses presenting what they claim is scientific evidence.
Williamson County District Attorney John Bradley, appointed by the governor to chair the commission and get its Willingham investigation under control, pressed repeatedly for the narrow interpretation of its role.
Since the errors in the Willingham case were by arson investigators, not a certified laboratory, they would not be included.
Hinojosa's bill this spring would have cleared the matter up.
Legislation dies
It kept language that charged the commission with censuring bad behavior in certified labs. But it added language that would authorize the commission to investigate any forensic analysis — without making a finding of negligence or professional misconduct – if by a majority vote the commission finds such investigation "would advance the integrity and reliability of the forensic science in this state."
In the end, that's what the commission did with its Willingham investigation. While the attorney general's opinion prevents it from laying blame on two investigators, it established without a doubt that their analysis was badly flawed and their confident testimony to the jury was unfounded.
Unfortunately, the only party not convinced is the state's Fire Marshal's Office, despite the fact that they were unable to find a single scientist to back their position.
Also unfortunately, Hinojosa ran out of time with his bill. It passed the Senate and was nearing consideration by the House when the session's time ran out.
According to a staffer, Hinojosa plans to present the bill again in 2013.
For the sake of justice, it should pass.
PREVIOUS POST ← Execution Watch: Martin Robles
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text:
Posts for tag: thumb sucking
Thumb Sucking One of Many Factors to Consider When Treating a Poor Bite
By DR. JOSEPH MUSCATIELLO & DR. FRANK VIDOLIN
Tags: thumb sucking
It's true — thumb sucking beyond age 4 can cause bite problems for permanent teeth. But prolonged thumb sucking is just one of a number of possible contributing factors for a bad bite (malocclusion). A dentist must identify all the factors involved when a bad bite is present — their involvement is essential for a successful treatment outcome.
A fairly benign habit for infants and toddlers, thumb sucking is related to an "infantile swallowing pattern" young children use by thrusting their tongues forward between the upper and lower teeth when they swallow. Around age 4, though, they usually transition to an adult swallowing pattern in which the tongue rests on the roof of the mouth just behind the front teeth. Thumb sucking stops for most children around the same time.
Thumb sucking beyond this age, though, can put increased pressure on incoming permanent teeth pushing them forward. This could lead to an "open bite" in which the upper and lower teeth don't meet when the jaws are closed. The tongue may also continue to thrust forward when swallowing to seal the resulting gap, which further reinforces the open bite.
Before treating the bite with braces, we must first address the thumb sucking and improper tongue placement when swallowing — if either isn't corrected the teeth could gradually revert to their previous positions after the braces come off. Besides behavioral incentives, we can also employ a thin metal appliance called a "tongue crib" placed behind the upper and lower incisors. A tongue crib discourages thumb sucking and makes it more difficult for the tongue to rest within the open bite gap when swallowing, which helps retrain it to a more normal position.
An open bite can also occur if the jaws develop with too much vertical growth. Like thumb sucking and improper tongue placement, abnormal jaw growth could ultimately cause orthodontic treatment to fail. In this case, though, surgery may be necessary to correct the jaw structure.
With all these possible variables, our first step needs to be a thorough orthodontic exam that identifies all the cause factors for your child's specific malocclusion. Knowing if and how thumb sucking may have contributed to the poor bite will help us design a treatment strategy that's successful.
If you would like more information on the causes of poor tooth position, please contact us or schedule an appointment for a consultation. You can also learn more about this topic by reading the Dear Doctor magazine article "How Thumb Sucking Affects the Bite."
Tags: celebrity smiles thumb sucking
It's no secret that many of Hollywood's brightest stars didn't start out with perfectly aligned, pearly-white teeth. And these days, plenty of celebs are willing to share their stories, showing how dentists help those megawatt smiles shine. In a recent interview with W magazine, Emma Stone, the stunning 28-year-old star of critically-acclaimed films like La La Land and Birdman, explained how orthodontic appliances helped her overcome problems caused by a harmful habit: persistent thumb sucking in childhood.
"I sucked my thumb until I was 11 years old," she admitted, mischievously adding "It's still so soothing to do it." Although it may have been comforting, the habit spelled trouble for her bite. "The roof of my mouth is so high-pitched that I had this huge overbite," she said. "I got this gate when I was in second grade… I had braces, and then they put a gate."
While her technical terminology isn't quite accurate, Stone is referring to a type of appliance worn in the mouth which dentists call a "tongue crib" or "thumb/finger appliance." The purpose of these devices is to stop children from engaging in "parafunctional habits" — that is, behaviors like thumb sucking or tongue thrusting, which are unrelated to the normal function of the mouth and can cause serious bite problems. (Other parafunctional habits include nail biting, pencil chewing and teeth grinding.)
When kids develop the habit of regularly pushing the tongue against the front teeth (tongue thrusting) or sucking on an object placed inside the mouth (thumb sucking), the behavior can cause the front teeth to be pushed out of alignment. When the top teeth move forward, the condition is commonly referred to as an overbite. In some cases a more serious situation called an "open bite" may develop, which can be difficult to correct. Here, the top and bottom front teeth do not meet or overlap when the mouth is closed; instead, a vertical gap is left in between.
Orthodontic appliances are often recommended to stop harmful oral habits from causing further misalignment. Most appliances are designed with a block (or gate) that prevents the tongue or finger from pushing on the teeth; this is what the actress mentioned. Normally, when the appliance is worn for a period of months it can be expected to modify the child's behavior. Once the habit has been broken, other appliances like traditional braces or clear aligners can be used to bring the teeth into better alignment.
But in Stone's case, things didn't go so smoothly. "I'd take the gate down and suck my thumb underneath the mouth appliance," she admitted, "because I was totally ignoring the rule to not suck your thumb while you're trying to straighten out your teeth." That rule-breaking ended up costing the aspiring star lots of time: she spent a total of 7 years wearing braces.
Fortunately, things worked out for the best for Emma Stone: She now has a brilliant smile and a stellar career — plus a shiny new Golden Globe award! Does your child have a thumb sucking problem or another harmful oral habit? For more information about how to correct it, please contact us or schedule an appointment for a consultation. You can learn more in the Dear Doctor magazine article "How Thumb Sucking Affects the Bite."
Take Positive Action with Your Child's Thumb-Sucking Habit
Tags: thumb sucking pediatric dentistry oral health
As a parent you're concerned with a number of issues involving your child's health, not the least of which involves their teeth. One of the most common is thumb-sucking.
While later thumb-sucking is a cause for concern, it's quite normal and not viewed as harmful in infant's and very young children. This universal habit is rooted in an infant swallowing pattern: all babies tend to push the tongue forward against the back of the teeth when they swallow, which allows them to form a seal while breast or bottle feeding. Infants and young children take comfort or experience a sense of security from sucking their thumb, which simulates infant feeding.
Soon after their primary teeth begin to erupt, the swallowing pattern changes and they begin to rest the tongue on the roof of the mouth just behind the front teeth when swallowing. For most children thumb sucking begins to fade as their swallowing pattern changes.
Some children, though, continue the habit longer even as their permanent teeth are beginning to come in. As they suck their thumb the tongue constantly rests between the front teeth, which over time may interfere with how they develop. This can cause an "open bite" in which the upper and lower teeth don't meet properly, a problem that usually requires orthodontic treatment to correct it.
For this reason, dentists typically recommend encouraging children to stop thumb-sucking by age 3 (18-24 months to stop using a pacifier). The best approach is positive reinforcement — giving appropriate rewards over time for appropriate behavior: for example, praising them as a "big" boy or girl when they have gone a certain length of time without sucking their thumb or a pacifier. You should also use training or "Sippy" cups to help them transition from a bottle to a regular cup, which will further diminish the infant swallowing pattern and need for thumb-sucking.
Habits like thumb-sucking in young children should be kept in perspective: the habit really isn't a problem unless it goes on too long. Gentle persuasion, along with other techniques we can help you with, is the best way to help your child eventually stop.
If you would like more information on thumb sucking, please contact us or schedule an appointment for a consultation. You can also learn more about this topic by reading the Dear Doctor magazine articles "Thumb Sucking in Children" and "How Thumb Sucking Affects the Bite."
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