The non-legislative resolution on the rule of law in Romania was passed on Tuesday by the European Parliament 473 -to- 151 votes and 40 abstentions, a text that affirms the MEPs' "deep concern" towards the judicial and criminal legislation's reform in Romania and "condemns the violent and disproportionate intervention of the police forces during the Bucharest protests" in August.
The EP declares itself "deeply concerned with the revision of the judicial and criminal legislation in Romania, especially because of the possibility that it could lead to the structural undermining of the independence of the judicial system and the latter's capacity to efficiently fight corruption in Romania, as well as to the weakening of the rule of law," the resolution reads, as drafted by the representatives of the community legislative's political groups.
The Eurodeputies "urge the Romanian authorities to counteract any measures that would decriminalise corruption" and "enforce the national anti-corruption strategy"and "strongly recommend the reconsideration of the legislation regarding the financing, organisation and functioning of the NGOs as regards its potential to have an intimidation effect upon the civil society, as well as in contradiction with the principle of the freedom of association and the right to private life and to fully align it" to the EU framework.
The debate preliminary to the resolution took place on 3 October, in the plenary sitting of the European Parliament, the talks being attended by Prime minister Viorica Dancila and the European Commission's First Vice President Frans Timmermans.
PSD President Liviu Dragnea stated on Tuesday, at the Palace of Parliament, before the CVM report was published and the EP resolution on rule of law in Romania was adopted, that others are "the big topics" for Romania.
"I, as a regular but not humble Romanian, I believe that others are the big topics for Romania. The big topics of these country are, were and will remain aside from any reports and CVMs. We're talking about healthcare, infrastructure, agriculture, economic development, higher incomes for Romanians, the reform of the great systems, these are the topics we've handled and I've permanently called on the President, both personally and institutionally, for us to work together, but it was for naught," PSD leader Liviu Dragnea stated on Tuesday when asked about Romania's relationship with the EU after the CVM report and the European Parliament resolution.
Tudorel Toader stated on Tuesday that he cannot express a point of view on the resolution – critical of Romania – that the European Parliament adopted, because he has not read it and wants to speak "in the know," unlike some public persons.
"After I read the resolution, I'll express a point of view. Don't ask me to comment without reading, because in Romania there are very many who believe they know everything. I won't comment without reading it. The Justice Minister speaks in the know, unlike others who opine and state they will read afterward," the Justice Minister stated at the Superior Council of the Magistracy (CSM).
Romanian MEPs have had some of the most diverse reactions after the European Parliament adopted its resolution on the rule of law.
"For two years, Romanians have taken to the streets with the European Union flag behind them, asking for the EU's support in the defence of Romanian democracy and rule of law. For two years, the PSD-ALDE Government has been deaf to what the protesters and the European partners have been saying about the judicial laws. For two years, the ruling coalition's objective has been but one: weakening the act of justice in order to save PSD's felon president Liviu Dragnea. On August 10, Romanians took to the streets once again to defend the rule of law. The members of Government reacted via the institutions of force, attacking with gas and batons the peaceful protesters and the journalists who were doing their job. The members of Government subsequently continued the offensive by promoting laws that limit the activity of civil society and muzzle the protesters. We, in the European Parliament, cannot overlook these things. We must issue a clear message of support for the hundreds of thousands of people who take to the street and protest for the rule of law and for European values. We must issue a clear message of support for the dozens of Romanians who were mercilessly hit by the authorities.
"I voted for the Resolution on the rule of law in Romania because it criticises the PSD&ALDE Government that is trampling on the judiciary, the free press, is changing the criminal laws, all of that in order to get rid of the responsibility for fraud, money laundering, corruption, abuse.
"The Resolution does not criticise Romanians, on the contrary, the Resolution defends honest people who are being robbed and humiliated every day by the ruling mafia.
"I have voted for the Resolution because Romania belongs in the European Union, because Romanians want democracy, justice, freedom.
"The overlap between the CVM report and the resolution concerning Romania is not at all by chance. Next year's European Parliament elections have put pressure on the main European families. We must understand that Romania, which has at rule the largest Social Democratic party in the whole of Europe, is at this moment the target of the political attacks of the European People's parties in view of the elections set to take place in the first half of next year.
"Regardless of what Romania were to do during this period, it's clear that at the level of the European Parliament the decisions have been taken, the unjust accusation levelled against our country by using the biggest European political group, the EPP group, which usually gives the Union's future President of the European Commission. Unfortunately, we see Romanian MEPs being at their beck and call rather than at the beck and call of national interests.
"In what concerns the CVM report, things are not different here either. It's well-known that abuses which in other states would not be permitted have in fact been perpetrated under the umbrella of this so-called "cooperation and verification mechanism." Moreover, whole series of conditions have been imposed on Romania via this CVM, met one by one but which, once met, were replaced in the periodic progress reports by new and new conditions imposed on us, with the promise that once these too are met the mechanism will be lifted. They changed the rules during the game, depending on context and interests.


Coolpad has launched the Cool M7 in China. The device is priced at CNY 2699 ($404) and available on JD.com.
The Cool M7 has a 5.5-inch 1080p display with 2.5D glass and is powered by a Qualcomm Snapdragon 625 with 4GB of RAM and 64GB of storage. On the back is a 13 megapixel f1.8 camera and on the front is a 13 megapixel f2.2 camera.
The design, which looks strikingly similar to the iPhone 7 Plus, complete with a circular home button on the front and a camera layout on the back that looks like dual cameras at first glance, is made out of unibody aluminum.
Other features include a fingerprint sensor, USB-C port, dual-band Wi-Fi 802.11ac, Bluetooth 4.2, 4G VoLTE, 3200mAh battery and Android 7.1.1 Nougat.
It will be good and nice and it will help to internet browsing well.


Today I started my new position as technology consultant for SALT AND PEPPER's software solution center in Osnabrück. We will develop virtual reality and web applications. Contact me for details.
I served as a reviewer for the program committee for the Presence Live conference 2012 in Philadelphia, US (presencelive.info). Thanks to the organizers for putting trust in me.
Good news for my PhD-studies! My project "Therapeutic Presence" will be funded with a scholarship starting April 2011. The scholarship is granted by the Heinrich-Böll-Foundation, Berlin for 2 years.
Just a short note: my website now starts! You'll find more about me and my research in Osnabrueck on these pages in the coming weeks.


This is a large two-bedroom cottage that sleeps 6 people with a picture view of the lake. Featuring a kitchen, dining area and living room . The first bedroom has one queen bed. The second bedroom has two full-size beds. The bathroom has a tub and shower. Outside you'll find an umbrella, table and chairs.


Ohio is a well-known state for poker playing. Many reputable poker players have come from the state of Ohio. The casinos in Ohio hold some major tournaments. This has helped to produce some excellent poker players in Ohio.
Ohio has some strange laws when it comes to poker, though. Being a professional poker player in the state of Ohio is illegal. We are not sure why this is even part of their law code, but we thought that it was interesting.
Can Players From Ohio Play Poker Online?
Yes! Players from Ohio have several options when it comes to playing poker online. There are some US facing sites that do not accept players from Ohio, but the majority of online sites do accept players from Ohio.
Many people are under the misconception that when the federal government handed down indictments in 2011 that all online poker sites stopped accepting players from the United States. This is definitely not the case. Many of the major online poker sites did pull out of the US market. However, some of the best poker sites still accept players from the United States. These sites have a lot of money up for grabs.
Is it Legal to Play Online Poker in Ohio?
Home poker games seem to be illegal under Ohio laws, but the punishment for participating in a home game seems to be a minor misdemeanor.
Charity Poker games are legal with proper licensing.
Charity Casino Nights are legal with proper licensing.
Charity Bingo Halls are legal in Ohio.
We have found no instance where an individual has been charged for playing poker online in Ohio.
This is our lay person understanding of the laws. We are not attorney nor do we claim to be any sort of experts on the laws of Ohio. Please consult an attorney if you are concerned with the legality of playing poker online in Ohio.
Pari-mutuel betting on horse races has had a presence in Ohio since the early 1930s. Betting has evolved a lot over the years to include off track betting and simulcast race wagering have been included in the legal forms of wagering.
Aside from pari-mutuel betting on horse races, Ohio didn't have any new legal gambling until 1973 when voters approved the state lottery. Ohio became the 10th state to have a state lottery. The voters of Ohio approved the new legislation by a 2/3 vote.
Around the same time that the lottery was legalized in Ohio charity games were also legalized. Charity bingo and charity casino nights were approved. Of course, the operators of these games have to have the proper licenses to be legal. Charity gambling is a major source of revenue for many nonprofit organizations in Ohio.
It wasn't until the 1990s that casino legislation was first introduced to the state of Ohio. The residents of Ohio did not approve this legislation for almost 10 years. Ohio now has 4 casinos and 6 Racinos (combination race track and casino).
Ohio has a variety of legal gambling options. There are 4 casinos around the state, and there are also 6 racinos. Ohio has a state lottery with instant scratch off tickets. Pari-mutuel betting on horse races is a proper pastime. Charity gambling is also legal in Ohio. This includes charity casino nights and bingo halls. You will find bingo halls throughout the state.
Will Ohio Legalize Online Poker in the Future?
Ohio has a history of being very slow to legalize any form of gambling. It took proponents of casinos almost 10 years to get legislation passed. Ohio definitely isn't the first state to come to mind when you think of gambling states, but they aren't the most restrictive state when it comes to gambling either. I don't think that Ohio will make a move to legalize online poker without some sort of federal mandate to legalize it. I think that if there is a federal mandate then Ohio will accept it. There is no indication that Ohio will opt-out of federal legislation. This is just my opinion, though. We will have to wait and see what Ohio decides to do about the online poker issue.


Business communications specialist Onecom has scooped one of the industry's top awards for the sixth year running.
The company was awarded the title of Vodafone Total Communications Partner 2016, the most prestigious prize at the Vodafone Partner Awards.
The accolade is in recognition of Onecom's best in class status in providing businesses with complete communications solutions including mobile and fixed voice lines, broadband and IT services.
Darren Ridge, CEO of Onecom, accepted the award on Thursday (July 14th) at a ceremony which followed Vodafone's Partner Conference at The Vox Conference Centre in Birmingham.
He said: "Businesses are increasingly seeing the benefits of seamlessly bringing all their voice, data and broadband needs together, and this award is recognition that Onecom delivers solutions that are cost-effective and expertly implemented.
"This award also underlines Onecom's commitment to customer service, demonstrated by our industry-leading customer retention rate and innovations such as our Comms Manager portal, which enables customers to closely monitor their usage and costs.
The Total Communications Partner award is reserved for Partners which offer Vodafone's full range of services, recognising excellence in the provision of unified communications.


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Josh Rosen takes on the NFL ... and his critics
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"That's just not me," Josh Rosen says of the designer labels on offer for his recent photo shoot for this story. Nah, the ex-UCLA signal-caller and projected first-round pick in the 2018 NFL draft is perfectly fine, thank you very much, with his standard wardrobe of tee, jeans and maltreated Chucks. "I'm just a regular dude," Rosen says several times at an LA studio, seemingly forgetting (or remembering all too well?) that roughly half of draft-loving America feels he's a future franchise QB, while the other half fears he's a crap-stirring, system-disrupting locker room poison pill.
After the shoot wraps, Rosen and I commandeer the studio's kitchen table and begin a conversation that will veer wildly from his tangents du jour -- interplanetary colonization, climate change, the existence of God -- to the only slightly more pressing matter of his volatile draft stock. He's always spoken his mind, and on the brink of the biggest day of his career, he's not changing now.
Rosen thinks his skills speak for themselves, but he has plenty to say anyway. Peter Yang for ESPN
The Mag: Soon you'll be an NFL quarterback. How does that sound?
JOSH ROSEN: It's a dream. Always has been. It's a loaded term: NFL quarterback. Face of the franchise. What does it mean?
Ready for that responsibility?
I'm excited for it. I don't think I'm ready for it, but I'm as ready as I can be. A lot of it is trial by fire. And what happened to me in college, which people may call "knocks," has prepared me for the NFL fire.
As a passer, you've been compared to Aaron Rodgers. You were once pegged as the first or second pick. For those off-field knocks, some now see you as a mid-first-rounder and the next Jay Cutler. You hear that one?
Yeah, it's as frustrating as Baker Mayfield hearing the Johnny Manziel comparisons. I just don't think it's true. But it's up to me to prove them wrong. If it persists, it's my fault for not silencing it.
Seemingly every year, one draftee helps shine a light on the volatility of the draft evaluation process -- specifically, the analysis of the unquantifiable. Rodgers was that guy when he fell to 24th. You might be that guy this year. What's it like being inside that wormhole?
It's been hectic. I think if teams went back to that draft, they'd rethink some of their critiques of Rodgers. If he's the best pure passer in the draft, the best QB, with no legitimate off-field issues, that should be your answer -- that's your QB. I think a lot of people try to add fluff on the edge to, I don't know, justify their jobs? I can't say that, but people make it more complicated than it needs to be.
Who's the best QB in this draft?
I'm the best QB in the draft. A lot of guys are flashier, but I think I'm the most efficient, monotonously consistent QB in this draft. Rodgers has some flair, but if you watch Tom Brady, Peyton Manning, Drew Brees, there's nothing that's explosive or Johnny Manziel-like. It's just quarterbacking.
But as you said, it's so much more.
I have no issues with a team doing due diligence and forming opinions. But this is my opportunity to answer these questions on a national stage and set the record right with teams so there's no more third-party misinformation. Up to that point, it's just noise.
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What culpability do you have in creating that noise?
[Pauses] Starting off, I was pretty arrogant. They handed an 18-year-old the keys to a D1 FBS-contending university. I blew up a little bit, said some things I didn't mean, and that follows you. You get one chance to make a first impression. I made the wrong one.
Let's dig into your perceived character flaws: You're a cocky, jerkish, overly opinionated rich kid who's too smart and has too many outside interests for his own good. Did I get it all?
Yeah, but let's go one by one. What was the first one?
You're a rich kid who -- extrapolating here -- doesn't need, or love, the game of football.
OK, my family isn't, like, stupid-wealthy. But I'm coming from a place where if football doesn't work out, I don't have to work at McDonald's. Other NFL players had the same opportunities. I just haven't tried to hide it or fool teams into thinking I'm someone I'm not. My passion for this game lies in the game, not my need to play it. Tons of players needed this game, needed the money, played it out of obligation and burned out. I don't need it and still I give everything to it.
Your parents are Ivy League-educated. Your dad, Charles, an orthopedic surgeon, was on Obama's short list to be surgeon general. Your mom, Liz, is the great-great-granddaughter of Joseph Wharton of Penn's Wharton business school.
I'll put it this way: These connections were discovered because I shared them. That's my naïveté in thinking, "I'm going to tell people who I am because that's who I am." At 18, I wasn't aware it was something to hide.
Is it something to hide?
I think so, because I'm catching flak for it. I could've avoided it if I'd just shut my mouth. But that's not the person I want to be.
What are your football goals?
I want to be great -- in everything I do. As far as football, I always looked up to Kellen Moore of Boise State. I thought it was the coolest thing that he was the winningest QB of all time. I thought that was a cool word: winningest. So I want to be the winningest QB in NFL history. I want to win the most games and most championships. I'd say six titles, but if Tom Brady gets six, I'll say seven.
"I've learned how to be self-aware and conscientious," Rosen says. "I'm trying not to judge people because I want to be the person that I wish people were to me." Peter Yang for ESPN
That's a perfect transition to: You're cocky. Egotistical.
You have to be. But you have to know where it plays and where it doesn't. If you're talking to reporters, pull your foot off the pedal. In a game, if the window's closing on your receiver, sometimes you need to dial it up and say f--- that, I'm going to get the ball in there. I'm supremely confident in my abilities as a quarterback.
A related knock, and it's a biggie: You're a jerk. How does it feel to know that when you Google "Jerk Josh Rosen," you get thousands of results?
It's a blessing in disguise. If you get ID'd as a jerk, you try really hard not to be one. Maybe a little bit of me was a jerk in the past. I'm trying to wipe it away.
What's the most jerkish thing you've done?
[Pauses] The social media post about Under Armour was pretty sh---y, and the hot tub.
What was the mistake with the tub? Having an inflatable tub in your room, hosting a woman in the tub or allowing a photo to hit Instagram?
Hosting a woman in the tub. Again, it's about tailoring the message -- I don't want to get political, but the thing I regret the most about the Trump thing is using the F-word. I'm a role model for kids. I regret the F-word.
Now the hot tub: I accidentally shipped it to my mom's house. My mom thought it was hilarious and drove it up for me. I thought it was hilarious because she did. But I shouldn't have had a woman in there. I enjoy making people laugh, but what I find funny and put online, others might misconstrue and find jerkish. I need to refine my message but not lose who I am.
Next one: You have an issue with teammates.
Just ask my teammates. They love ... I don't even want to say that. It'd be jerkish to say "I'm f---ing sick and my teammates would reaffirm me because I'm dope!" Talk to my teammates. I'm confident they recognize how much I care for them.
How would you describe your leadership style?
I'm not rah-rah. I want to develop individual relationships to understand how certain people react. Does he respond to a kick in the butt, or does he need encouragement because he's self-critical? I take the time and effort to get the best out of every individual, not out of fear but out of love.
Round 1: Thursday, 8 p.m., ESPN/ESPN App
Rounds 2-3: Friday, 7 p.m., ESPN/ESPN App
Rounds 4-7: Sat., noon, ESPN/ABC/ESPN App
Where: Arlington, Texas
NFL draft coverage » | Full order: 1-256 »
• Kiper's final Mock Draft: 1-32 »
• McShay's final Mock Draft: 1-32 »
• Kiper and McShay's draft reset »
• Draft predictions for all 32 teams »
• Draft Herbies: Kirk's best of the best »
• McShay's draft buzz: What I'm hearing »
• McShay's top five needs for every team »
Former UCLA coach Jim Mora swears by you, but in SI, he called you "a challenge -- but he's a fun challenge, a great challenge and an interesting challenge." What do you think he meant by that?
I think if you can take radioactive material and concentrate it, you can get something real special out of it.
You're that material?
Yeah. People go, "He's radioactive!" But that's pretty powerful if you know how to point it in the right direction.
We're almost done with your flaws.
You're enjoying this?
You're too smart.
There are NFL guys who are mathematicians. I'm not that smart. I don't have the raw IQ that others do. I'm just curious. I like reading and learning, and because I value authenticity, I'll talk about it.
Is it true that your former position coach, Marques Tuiasosopo, started meetings with a two-minute "Josh period," where you could express that curiosity before focusing on football?
[Laughs] We'd just come in early and shoot the s--- about what's going on in the world. But my curiosity applies to football too. One of the things I appreciate about [ex-UCLA offensive coordinator Jedd] Fisch is he teaches us the history of plays and why we're calling them. Why are we calling this play and what are we trying to get out it? If I'm not asking those questions, there's a disconnect between what me and my offensive coordinator are thinking. I'm a people-pleaser. Tell me why and I'll execute it.
Your high school coach said you're also curious about religion, and while you're Jewish, you attended Mass every Sunday.
That's right. I went to a Catholic school, and it was cool to learn. You have to have an open mind. It'd be naive to think you're just born into the right religion that will get you into heaven. My opinion will evolve and grow. Where do you sit on it?
I'm Muslim by heritage, and I used to attend Mass too, but it was partly to impress a Catholic girlfriend. Now I'm agnostic.
[Laughs] Same. But agnostic and atheist are loaded words -- people get scared, like, "Whoa!" Look, I don't know, and I don't think it's possible to know. Don't tell me how to live my life, but I'd love to hear about how you live yours.
What else are you curious about presently?
Film. I'm a big documentary guy. I just saw Icarus. That was pretty good. And I love every Christopher Nolan movie. Especially Interstellar. I'm a big Neil deGrasse Tyson fan. I've read all his books -- now I'm on Astrophysics for People in a Hurry. I watched the whole Cosmos series. And I'm a huge fan of Elon Musk. I think he's getting ready to nuke the poles, spark some global warming over there --
Wait, slow down, bro. What are we talking about right now?
[Laughs] Not to sound like a nerd, but Elon's goal with Mars is to find a way to speed up the greenhouse effect, heat up the planet and grow vegetation, possibly by launching nuclear warheads at the poles. You know how a volcano erupts and ash suffocates Earth? If you do that on Mars -- see, now people will go, "He's too smart!" No, I just think it's cool! [Laughs] I'm not smart enough to be an astrophysicist. I'm curious enough to read what they want to tell me.
Who are your heroes?
My dad. He's led -- have you done research on his career?
A little bit.
I'll send you an article. Remind me. But basically, he's fought pharmaceutical companies and corruption in the medical industry his entire life. He's gone David vs Goliath time and time again and won every time. He's a moral person who does what's right. And, yeah, maybe he was removed from Obama's shortlist because he's controversial -- or the titans in the industry don't agree with him. But that's where my charitable impulse comes from -- my dad.
McShay: Strengths and weaknesses of the NFL draft's top QBs
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Barnwell: Why drafting a QB is often a disaster ... and what that means for 2018
4yBill Barnwell
We're at the last knock on you: He has too many outside interests and is overly opinionated.
I want to comment on "overly opinionated." I'm not saying, "I'm right, you're wrong." I'm saying, "Tell me your opinion and let's find common ground." My opinions are out there so they can be molded and so I can learn.
But you're expressing these opinions in an age when some people want athletes to shut up and dribble.
That minority will go away -- not completely, but I'm sorry, you're not winning this one. You won't successfully get people to stop caring for other people. Not happening.
As a pro, will you continue to speak up, or will you shut up and throw?
Both. I think I need to shut up and throw when I get there. I do want to get involved in my community immediately. But the main thing is the main thing. J.J. Watt is a guy I admire, the way he balances the two. Athletes have a platform. It'd be selfish to shut up and throw, get paid, go to the Bahamas. It's selfless to be J.J. Watt.
To which causes will you lend your voice as a pro?
I think it'll evolve, but one cause I'll champion is the environment. It touches everything. I mean, the war in Syria started because of the drought and famine that destabilized the country and led the population to revolt against the government. I know global warming is a partisan issue for some stupid reason, but it touches everything.
Keep in mind, the NFL isn't the NBA, where marquee names regularly critique the occupant of the White House, for example. Clearly, you lean liberal. Are you going to stay out of politics as a pro?
My dad voted for Donald Trump and contributed to his campaign. [Laughs] My mom is a strong feminist liberal. That's how I'm learning compromise. I'm not going to be political; I'm just going to do what I believe is right, and if that happens to fall on the political spectrum, so be it. But there's a time and a place for it. You might not want to speak against the president in the playoffs or before you have a starting job on a team and actually have a voice.
Will you continue to advocate on behalf of student-athletes as a pro?
Yeah. I don't know how, but it's something I'll continue to fight for. I just hope people understand it comes from a good place. I'm not trying to mess up a system; I just care for other people.
Rosen surveys the field against the Arizona State Sun Devils at the 2017 Rose Bowl. Kelvin Kuo/USA TODAY Sports
LeBron James and your fellow Bruin Lonzo Ball are among the pros to recently challenge so-called amateur status. Was it a mistake for you to do so while still in school?
No, but how I did it was. Slighting my own college on its apparel deal on Instagram wasn't very intelligent. The message needed shaping. But as a pro, I'll have resources to get things done, affect things, not just with opinions in the news. One of the reasons I came out of college was to actually have the resources to do, like, a massive beach cleanup.
At UCLA, you spoke about athletes "who are living in [a] team room because they can't make a security deposit." Did you see that at UCLA?
Yeah, absolutely. A lot of these guys, if they don't get food from the team, they're not going to eat. Food budgets are starting to increase around the country. I know [new UCLA coach] Chip Kelly is pushing it as far as he can. Same thing with gas. They can't see their family if they can't afford to drive. How are you going to recruit a poor kid from Louisiana to UCLA if you have to tell them they can't see their family over Christmas because we can't fly them back? Those are the disparities that make you bummed out.
What's the fix?
If you want to fix the NCAA, the time, effort and intention must be there. Smart people have to get in a room and take opinions from students, ADs, commissioners, TV partners. It'll be messy, it'll be complicated, but if it's going to help a few kids' lives, it's worth it.
But that's for smart people to figure out -- and that's not you, apparently.
I think the answer is the untapped revenue stream in marketing. Because players aren't allowed to use their names and likeness, I think there's a space where the NCAA permits marketability to some extent, and that revenue stream could be divided up.
Maybe you should be in that room after all.
I have a 60-page document on it that I can show you after this. [Laughs] But I don't want people to know it's actually written.
Clearly, you've got a good mind and designs on how to use it. Are you worried --
I don't have designs. I have intentions to find those designs. Like, "How are you going to save the world, man?" I don't know, I just know I want to. [Laughs] In time, I'll figure it out.
Well, you'll need a functioning brain for that. Are you worried about damaging it playing this game?
Absolutely. I haven't run into any issues, but I'm acutely aware of them. It's scary, but we all accept that, playing this game. Football is football. I don't know enough to make a judgment on it. I'm not going to say anything about CTE and concussions until I know all the facts.
Since we're getting all deep and everything, what do you want out of life, Josh?
I want to be happy, but happiness is a weird thing. You can't be happy all the time. You have to fluctuate. I want to find purpose. One of the reasons I left school early is I felt like I was chasing a bunch of different things: trying to get A's in class, being good on the field, networking professionally. Right now, I want to be the best QB that I possibly f---ing can be. When the NFL decides I suck, I want to be the absolute best at the next thing in my life.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The subtle texture and warm appearance of this Natural Jute area rug from D Style can instantly bring a welcoming atmosphere to your home. Its rich fudge tone has shimmering Cho Cho yarn accents giving this delicately hand-loomed piece a delightfully contemporary character.
This item may not be shipped to P.O.Box, Hawaii, Alaska, Puerto Rico, American Samoa, Marshall Islands, Armed Forces Pacific, Armed Forces Europe, Guam, Northern Mariana, Federated States of Micronesia, U.S. Virgin Islands, Armed Forces Americas, Palau.


text:
The USDA Service Center (NRCS, FSA and Rural Development) and the Cascade Conservation District are located at 12 Third Street NW, Great Falls, Montana 59404. The office is on the second floor of the First Interstate Bank building adjacent to the Cascade County Fairgrounds.
Conservation Districts (CDs) work locally to fulfill the state's policy to conserve soil, water, and other natural resources of the state. The Cascade Conservation District (CCD) covers all areas within the county boundaries except within the original (1947) city limits of Great Falls, Belt and Cascade. Visit the Contact section to learn more about the board.
Conservation districts grew from public concern for the condition of our natural resources in the 1930s. In 1935, the US Congress declared soil and water conservation to be national policy, with the passage of Public Law 46. At the state level, Montana Conservation District Law (Section 75-7-101 through 75-7-124 MCA) was enacted to allow land users to form soil and water conservation districts. In 1944 the Sun River Soil Conservation District was activated. It covered the irrigated area along the Sun River, including parts of Teton and Lewis & Clark Counties as well as a portion of Cascade County. And, in 1946, the balance of Cascade County was organized into the Cascade Soil and Water Conservation District. George Grosskopf of Armington and Bowen Conrad of Cascade were the first two supervisors appointed by the State Soil Conservation Committee and Harold Shane, Ted Pettyjohn and A.P. Andersen were elected to serve the newly formed district. Andersen served as the first chairman. These same supervisors served until 1964. In 1960 the two districts merged as one, the Cascade County Soil and Water Conservation District. In 1971 the District adopted its current name, the Cascade County Conservation District. The District is located at the southern apex of the Golden Triangle area of Montana. It is bordered on the south by the Big Belt and Little Belt Mountains and on the east by the Highwood Mountains. It covers an area of 1,701,760 acres, extending 66 miles wide, east to west, and 66 miles long, north to south.
Today, Montana's 58 CDs provide local citizens with an opportunity to shape resource planning in their areas.
In the 1860's, the first recorded permanent settlers were located in the Chestnut Valley near the present town of Cascade, and on June 30, 1867, Fort Shaw was established on the Sun River west of the "great falls of the Missouri" to protect travelers between Fort Benton and Helena, and from there was freighted by wagons to Helena. The post was an important stopping point en route, but as more people began to inhabit the area, the need for military protection was significantly reduced, so in 1891 the garrison was abandoned. In 1881 the townsite of Great Falls was surveyed by Paris Gibson, and the city incorporated in 1888. In September of 1887, Cascade County was organized from parts of Chouteau, Lewis and Clark and Meagher counties.
Agriculture in the District was entirely developed to ranching before the advent of the railroad in 1887. By 1918, most of the arable land had been developed into farms and continuous cropping was the accepted method of farming. In the 1920s farmers began to adopt alternate crop-fallow as a more reliable system of farming.
In the early 1930s the mounting problems of soil erosion, floods, and dust storms resulted in Congress passing Public Law 46 in 1935. This law declared soil and water conservation and wise land use a national policy. However, there was a missing link in making the wheels of this policy turn, so in 1937 the President wrote governors of the states recommending legislation allowing landowners to form soil and water conservation districts. The President's recommendations were followed through with resulting in 2950 conservation districts representing all 50 states, the Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico.
In 1944 the Sun River Soil Conservation District was activated. It covered the irrigated area along the Sun River, including parts of Teton and Lewis & Clark Counties as well as a portion of Cascade County. And, in 1946, the balance of Cascade County was organized into the Cascade Soil and Water Conservation District. George Grosskopf of Armington and Bowen Conrad of Cascade were the first two supervisors appointed by the State Soil Conservation Committee and Harold Shane, Ted Pettyjohn and A.P. Andersen were elected to serve the newly formed district. Andersen served as the first chairman. These same supervisors served until 1964 when Dale Marxer was elected to the Board.
In 1960 the two districts merged as one, the Cascade County Soil and Water Conservation District. In 1971 the District adopted its current name, the Cascade County Conservation District.
The District is located at the southern apex of the Golden Triangle area of Montana. It is bordered on the south by the Big Belt and Little Belt Mountains and on the east by the Highwood Mountains. It covers an area of 1,701,760 acres, extending 66 miles wide, east to west, and 66 miles long, north to south.
Natural Streambed and Land Preservation Act: (75-7-101 et seq. MCA) – Any private individual or corporation that proposes to work in or near perennial streams must first apply for a permit from a conservation district.
Water Quality: CDs are responsible for nonpoint source (NPS) pollution control at the local level. Conservation districts work with federal and state agencies to identify and prioritize areas affected by NPS pollution. They also work to conduct projects that demonstrate NPS pollution control practices.
Coordinated Resource Management and Planning/Watershed Planning: CDs coordinate and/or participate in local efforts to increase the effectiveness of resource management and planning activities on private, county, state and federal land.
Education: CCD engages in educational activities with people of all ages to help them understand the value of conservation and how best to accomplish it.
Urban/Suburban Activities: CDs provide soil surveys, water inventories, assistance with waste disposal, and other services to planning boards' commissioners, municipal officials, schools, builders, hospitals, industries, and owners of subdivided acreages.
The Cascade Conservation District has an outdoor classroom located on the North Shore of the Missouri River. Crooked Falls Managed Natural Area is a wonderful place to enjoy. The lease is through PPL Montana. Crooked Falls is part of Lewis and Clark Heritage Greenway Conservation Easement. PPL has dedicated financial and technical assistance tot the District as we continue the enhancement of Crooked Falls.


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NASA Wallops invites social media users to cover rocket launch
National Park Service offers free days
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Watch WAVY-TV 10 News at 4pm
Part of Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway route closed for gate restoration
The water is calm at the Deep Creek lock on the Dismal Swamp Canal, part of the Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway, Chesapeake, Virginia, Feb. 13, 2019. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers is slated to replace three of eight chamber valves along the AIWW. (Photo courtesy: U.S. Army, Andria Allmond)
SOUTH MILLS, N.C. (WAVY) — The Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway's Dismal Swamp Canal between North Carolina and Virginia will be closed to vessel traffic for about 90 days for gate restoration.
A contractor removed two South Mills Lock canal gates last week to begin the $525,000 rehabilitation project.
The work is being done by U.S. Facilities Inc. — the primary services contractor for Norfolk District, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers — with assistance by W.O. Grubb Crane Rental and Chesapeake Bay Diving Inc., the Norfolk District U.S. Army Corps of Engineers wrote in a news release.
The project means the locks at South Mills and Deep Creek, Virginia, have stopped operation until the project is completed. The locks cover Route 2 on the Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway's Dismal Swamp Canal.
"Repairs are estimated to be completed by the end of March, before the spring migration of vessels going north for the summer," said Joel Scussel, Norfolk District's Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway project manager. "There are no spare gates for locks on the Dismal Swamp Canal. This requires us to shut the canal – then remove, refurbish and replace the gates during the slower months.
"There are no boats in the canal now. We notified the Coast Guard, and we will not let any vessels in at South Mills Lock or Deep Creek Lock until this refurbishment is complete."
The Albemarle and Chesapeake Canal, encompassing Route 1 through Great Bridge Lock, will remain open at all times, the release said. Facility operators can be contacted on marine Channel 13.
Canal gates are removed and restored on a rotating schedule every 15 to 20 years to give the locks a longer lifespan.
This particular South Mills gate was last restored in 2002.
"The work is necessary because any structure in the water requires restoration. Gates are one of the critical structures to the lock, and water can take a toll over time," he added. "It's among our ongoing efforts to ensure safe navigation for the vessels that use these channels," Scussel said.
More North Carolina Stories
UPDATE: Elizabeth City Police locate missing 61-year-old man
by WAVY Web Staff / Jan 20, 2020
UPDATE 4 p.m. Monday: Dwight Williams has been located, according to Elizabeth City Police.
ELIZABETH CITY, N.C. (WAVY) -- Elizabeth City Police are looking for a 61-year-old man who was last seen Saturday.
Woman arrested in connection with drug investigation in Kill Devil Hills
DARE COUNTY, N.C. (WAVY) -- The Dare County Sheriff's Office arrested a 39-year-old woman in connection with an investigation into a traffic stop five days earlier.
Sheriff's office officials say Shawna Nicole Crain, of Kill Devil Hills, was arrested Wednesday and charged with aiding and abetting possession with the intent to sell or deliver methamphetamine, as well as possession of cocaine.
Deputies find methamphetamine, MDMA, mushrooms and more after traffic stop
by Sarah Fearing / Jan 16, 2020
DARE COUNTY, Va. (WAVY) -- Authorities in Dare County, North Carolina say they found multiple types of drugs during a traffic stop on Jan. 8.
Jeremy Rashad Lewis, 21, of Kill Devil Hills, was arrested and charged with possession with the intent to manufacture/sell/deliver a schedule I, III, and IV controlled substance.
10 On Your Side / 1 hour ago
Man arrested after shooting at Newport News gentlemen's club


POSTS | GREEN events | Baltimore | tracking sustainable events around Baltimore, aiming to keep the community connected, educated, and inspired.
tracking sustainable events around Baltimore, aiming to keep the community connected, educated, and inspired.
aiming to keep the green community connected, educated, and inspired.
The May 2012 event list was compiled on 04.25.12. See https://greeneventsbaltimore.com/ for an up to date list, to View calendar by Month, Week or Agenda; to Add individual events or entire calendar to your calendar; Map directions; Attend green events; and Plan your green event.
Like & follow GREEN events | Baltimore on facebook, www.facebook.com/GreenEventsBaltimore & twitter, https://twitter.com/greeneventsbalt!
The Portland Sustainability Institute (PoSI) has announced the new EcoDistricts Institute, a two day training for North America's top civic leaders in sustainability. applications to participate are due March 16th. pdxinstitute.org.
Using a sustainability tracking tool to quantify the results of an environmental initiative, CHC was able to track its water, energy, and natural gas usage. Maryland Hospitals for a Healthy Environment (MD H2E) presented Trailblazer Awards to five Maryland hospitals in November 2011 at a ceremony at the Environmental Excellence in Health Care conference. Each winner hosts an educational event highlighting their sustainable successes and showing how YOU can do it too! Attendance is open to all. However, priority will be given to hospital and health care employees when limitations occur. To register, send your name, title, facility name, e-mail, and phone to Englund@son.umaryland.edu.
14th Annual Treasure the Chesapeake Celebration!
These events are not being specifically endorsed and have not been reviewed for content, but are publically posted events assembled for ease of reference.
If you would like to be added or removed from this list, have an event to submit, or want to collaborate with the online calendar & website, please contact Lisa Ferretto at lisa@greeneventsbaltimore.com or at green@hcm2.com.
The GREEN events | Baltimore email list and website aims to create an awareness of the current sustainable events in the Baltimore MD area, including education, volunteer, and networking opportunities. Its objective is to link events, organizations, and resources easily and efficiently and to keep the green community connected, educated and inspired.
Trouble viewing? Copy and paste these URLs into your browser-for the calendar: https://greeneventsbaltimore.com/ and for the current month's post: https://greeneventsbaltimore.com/2-2/.
The April 2012 event list was compiled on 03.25.12. See https://greeneventsbaltimore.com/ for an up to date list, to View calendar by Month, Week or Agenda; to Add individual events or entire calendar to your calendar; Map directions; Attend green events; and Plan your green event.
Like & follow GREEN events | Baltimore on facebook, www.facebook.com/GreenEventsBaltimore & twitter, https://twitter.com/greeneventsbalt.
A whole week off school? Spend the week exploring the stream, searching under logs and learning about animal habitats. Children will take part in fun-filled activities including trail walks, games, crafts & animal encounters. Kids should wear nature-friendly clothing and bring a lunch. Ages 6-10. $250 members, $280 non-members (after-care available until 5 p.m. for additional fee) Winter 2011-2012 Programs at Irvine Nature Center. The phone number to register for all programs is 443-738-9224.
Join the most knowledgeable experts in the field of roof top storm water management and vegetated roof system design. Learn the latest information on soil selection and plant varieties for successful plantings, along with how to select the best roofing components. Register today! Contact Sherry Bowser, ACP, LLC, 410-737-2100; sherry@acpllc.com. Register no later than March 23rd.
The US Environmental Protection Agency is accepting applications for its 11th annual National Award for Smart Growth Achievement. The award is open to both public- and private-sector entities that have successfully used smart growth principles to improve communities environmentally, socially and economically. Winners will be chosen from three categories, including Programs and Policies, Equitable Development, and Main Street or Corridor Revitalization. epa.gov/smartgrowth/awards.htm.
Green Operation Series: Sustainability and Healthcare – What is the Nurse's Role?
Irvine – An Earth Day Celebration for Families!
AAMC replaced operating room surgical lights with LED lights and started a program to move from disposable single use medical devices to reprocessed and remanufactured devices. Maryland Hospitals for a Healthy Environment (MD H2E) presented Trailblazer Awards to five Maryland hospitals in November 2011 at a ceremony at the Environmental Excellence in Health Care conference. Each winner hosts an educational event highlighting their sustainable successes and showing how YOU can do it too! Attendance is open to all. However, priority will be given to hospital and health care employees when limitations occur. To register, send your name, title, facility name, e-mail, and phone to Englund@son.umaryland.edu.
UMMC focused on lighting conservation and upgrades in the past year. Maryland Hospitals for a Healthy Environment (MD H2E) presented Trailblazer Awards to five Maryland hospitals in November 2011 at a ceremony at the Environmental Excellence in Health Care conference. Each winner hosts an educational event highlighting their sustainable successes and showing how YOU can do it too! Attendance is open to all. However, priority will be given to hospital and health care employees when limitations occur. To register, send your name, title, facility name, e-mail, and phone to Englund@son.umaryland.edu.
Celebrate the new movie, The Lorax, based on the beloved children's story by Dr. Seuss. Before you see the movie, join us for a reading of the book and a talk about some ways we can help the environment. You'll even take home your very own 'truffula' seed to plant and treat with care. Optional: After the program, join us at a local theater to see the movie The Lorax, from the makers of Despicable Me and adapted from the book by Dr. Seuss. All ages. Free for members, $10 non-members Winter 2011-2012 Programs at Irvine Nature Center. The phone number to register for all programs is 443-738-9224.
Mark Fisher designs, manufactures and sells small-scale alternative technologies through his catalog, Blueprint for Sustainable Living. These include a manual, and bicycle powered, grain/seed/nut mill, a vegetable oil press, a water pump, to name a few. Through his efforts with the Harvest Chapel Mission, he assists subsistence farmers in Africa improve their lives with these affordable inventions. For more information contact Karen Stupski, 410-357-9523 education@heathcote.org,.
Follow the life cycle of a typical grocery bag, then discover ways you can reduce your own use of plastic bags. We'll also make your own reusable shopping bag using paint, sequins, stitching, stamps and buttons. Bag and other materials are supplied; just bring your creativity! Ages 6 & up. Free for members, $10 non-members Winter 2011-2012 Programs at Irvine Nature Center. The phone number to register for all programs is 443-738-9224.
Every year, companies throw away hundreds of thousands of banners and billboard signs – all made from tough-to-recycle vinyl. But you can give a new life to Irvine's stock of vinyl by creating a messenger bag that is fun, fashionable and functional. This crafty project is no-sew, and whips up quick, so we'll ask you to make one for yourself and one for Irvine's Nature Store. Thanks to the Salt Lake City chapter of AIGA, who shared their bag pattern with Irvine. $5 for members, $15 for non-members Winter 2011-2012 Programs at Irvine Nature Center. The phone number to register for all programs is 443-738-9224.
A whole week off school? Spend the week exploring the stream, searching under logs and learning about animal habitats. Children will take part in fun-filled activities including trail walks, games, crafts and animal encounters. Kids should wear nature-friendly clothing and bring a lunch. Ages 6-10. $250 members, $280 non-members (after-care available until 5 p.m. for additional fee) Winter 2011-2012 Programs at Irvine Nature Center. The phone number to register for all programs 443-738-9224.
Union Hospital is committed to purchasing local sustainable meat, poultry, and produce for its cafeteria and patient meals. Maryland Hospitals for a Healthy Environment (MD H2E) presented Trailblazer Awards to five Maryland hospitals in November 2011 at a ceremony at the Environmental Excellence in Health Care conference. Each winner hosts an educational event highlighting their sustainable successes and showing how YOU can do it too! Attendance is open to all. However, priority will be given to hospital and health care employees when limitations occur. To register, send your name, title, facility name, e-mail, and phone to Englund@son.umaryland.edu.
Sandtown Habitat for Humanity and USGBC MD build day.
Volunteer Opportunity- 10 to 15 volunteers are needed to construct houses. Contact Mike volunteer@sandtownhabitat.org for details and to reserve a spot. This a first come, first serve!!


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Pakistan's Musharraf seeks new European backing
Published Saturday, January 19, 2008
Pakistan's President Pervez Musharraf starts a four-nation tour of Europe on Sunday in which he will seek to bolster his credibility with the West after months of chaos, officials and analysts said.
Musharraf's visits to Britain, France, Belgium and the World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland, come amid fears from his foreign allies that the nuclear-armed Islamic republic is spinning towards crisis.
He is likely to face thorny questions over his commitment to fighting terrorism after the assassination of opposition leader Benazir Bhutto and about Pakistan's slow progress to democratic elections set for February 18.
"Musharraf is trying to give the impression to leaders in Europe that everything is fine in his country and things are not as bad as they think," analyst and retired general Talat Masood told AFP.
"He also wants to show the people of Pakistan that he has a great stature and that internationally he continues to be indispensable."
Musharraf, who seized power in a coup in 1999 and joined the US-led "war on terror" two years later, gave up his military role in November in what he said was a key step to restoring the country to full democracy.
But he has faced opposition at home and pressure from the West to get his country in order amid a wave of suicide bombings that has killed nearly 900 people in the last year, including Bhutto on December 27.
There is particular concern in Washington and European capitals about the safety of Pakistan's estimated 50 nuclear warheads if the country unravels.
A senior Pakistani government official said that Musharraf was keen to show the West during his visit that his resolve was still strong.
"The aim is to reassure his western audience he will not budge from commitment to fighting terrorism and promoting democracy," the official said on condition of anonymity.
Musharraf will be in Brussels on Sunday and Monday where he will meet leaders of the European Union, foreign office spokesman Mohammad Sadiq told AFP.
The president will also address the European parliament's foreign affairs committee and hold talks with Belgian prime minister Guy Verhofstadt on promoting cooperation in trade and defence.
Musharraf will arrive in Paris on January 21 on a two-day visit to France for talks with French President Nicolas Sarkozy, Sadiq said.
He will also meet business leaders and representatives of a French think tank before heading for Davos to attend the World Economic Forum meeting, being held from January 23 to 25.
Musharraf is to have several bilateral meetings with delegates in Davos, including US Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice, his Afghan counterpart Hamid Karzai and Iraqi prime minister Nuri al-Maliki, Sadiq said.
Musharraf will arrive in Britain on January 26 on the last leg of his week-long trip, during which he will meet Prime Minister Gordon Brown and address business leaders and members of the Pakistani community, he added.
Britain in particular maintains close ties with Pakistan and has sent a team of detectives from Scotland Yard to help investigate the murder of two-time former premier Bhutto.
The country's Foreign Minister, David Miliband, has also made several phone calls reaching out to another opposition leader and ex-PM, Nawaz Sharif, in a bid to promote political reconciliation within Pakistan.
Analyst Masood said Musharraf nevertheless would "get flak for what he is doing at home".
"He will face questions on democracy in Pakistan while he is in Europe. I think they will ask him to do more and to ensure free, fair and transparent elections," he said.
"He will also be questioned on the 'war against terrorism' after the assassination of Benazir Bhutto and the investigations into the tragedy," he added.
"He would like to let the European community know that he needs their help in fighting terrorism, knowing well that domestically his popularity has dipped." (AFP)


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Notable Differences between Plant Cell and Animal Cell by Microbiologist
Summary of the Plant Cell and Animal Cell
Structurally, both the plant and animal cells have more similarities than differences. This is because they are both eukaryotic cells.
They both contain membrane-bound organelles such as the nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and peroxisomes.
Both also contain similar membranes, cytosol, and cytoskeletal elements.
Also, it should be noted that the functions of these organelles are extremely similar between the two classes of cells (peroxisomes perform additional complex functions in plant cells having to do with cellular respiration). However, the few differences that exist between plant and animals are very significant and reflect a difference in the functions of each cell.
Plant cells are usually larger than animal cells. Their normal range for an animal cell varies from 10 to 30 micrometers while that for a plant cell stretches from 10 to 100 micrometers.
Beyond size, the main structural differences between plant and animal cells lie in a few additional structures found in plant cells. These structures include chloroplasts, the cell wall, and vacuoles.
Figure %: Plant Cell v. Animal Cell
Having highlighted the various parts as above, it's distinct and makes it easier to discuss the various different organelles encompassed within the animal and plant cell.
Animal cells are generally smaller than plant cells. Animal cells range from 10 to 30 micrometers in length, while plant cells range from 10 and 100 micrometers in length.
Animal cells come in various sizes and tend to have round or irregular shapes. Plant cells are more similar in size and are typically rectangular or cube shaped.
Animals cells store energy in the form of the complex carbohydrate glycogen. Plant cells store energy as starch.
Of the 20 amino acids needed to produce proteins, only 10 can be produced naturally in animal cells. The other so-called essential amino acids must be acquired through diet. Plants are capable of synthesizing all 20 amino acids.
In animal cells, only stem cells are capable of converting to other cell types. Most plant cell types are capable of differentiation.
Animal cells increase in size by increasing in cell numbers. Plant cells mainly increase cell size by becoming larger. They grow by absorbing more water into the central vacuole.
Cell Wall
Animal cells do not have a cell wall but have a cell membrane. Plant cells have a cell wall composed of cellulose as well as a cell membrane.
Animal cells contain these cylindrical structures that organize the assembly of microtubules during cell division. Plant cells do not typically contain centrioles.
Cilia are found in animal cells but not usually in plant cells. Cilia are microtubules that aid in cellular locomotion.
Cytokinesis
Cytokinesis, the division of the cytoplasm during cell division, occurs in animal cells when a cleavage furrow forms that pinches the cell membrane in half. In plant cell cytokinesis, a cell plate is constructed that divides the cell.
Glyoxysomes
These structures are not found in animal cells but are present in plant cells. Glyoxysomes help to degrade lipids, particularly in germinating seeds, for the production of sugar.
Animal cells possess lysosomes which contain enzymes that digest cellular macromolecules. Plant cells rarely contain lysosomes as the plant vacuole handles molecule degradation.
Plastids
Animal cells do not have plastids. Plant cells contain plastids such as chloroplasts, which are needed for photosynthesis.
Plasmodesmata
Animal cells do not have plasmodesmata. Plant cells have plasmodesmata, which are pores between plant cell walls that allow molecules and communication signals to pass between individual plant cells.
Animal cells may have many small vacuoles. Plant cells have a large central vacuole that can occupy up to 90% of the cell's volume.
CNRI / Getty Images
Animal and plant eukaryotic cells are also different from prokaryotic cells like bacteria. Prokaryotes are usually single-celled organisms, while animal and plant cells are generally multicellular. Eukaryotic cells are more complex and larger than prokaryotic cells. Animal and plant cells contain many organelles not found in prokaryotic cells. Prokaryotes have no true nucleus as the DNA is not contained within a membrane, but is coiled up in a region of the cytoplasm called the nucleoid. While animal and plant cells reproduce by mitosis or meiosis, prokaryotes propagate most commonly by binary fission.
Other Eukaryotic Organisms
Plant and animal cells are not the only types of eukaryotic cells. Protists and fungi are two other types of eukaryotic organisms. Examples of protists include algae, euglena, and amoebas. Examples of fungi include mushrooms, yeasts, and molds.
In general here are the key points to pick from these discussion about the differences between plant and animal cells.
Animal cells
Animals are made up of millions of cells. Animal cells have an irregular structure and are made up of four key parts:
Nucleus – This contains genetic material (DNA), and controls the cell's activity.
Cell membrane – A flexible layer that surrounds the cell and controls the substances that enter and exit.
Cytoplasm – A jelly-like substance where the chemical reactions happen.
Mitochondria – This is where energy is released from the food molecules.
Plant cells
Plants are also made up of millions of cells. Plant cells have a nucleus, cell membrane, cytoplasm and mitochondria too, but they also contain the following structures:
Cell wall – A hard layer outside the cell membrane, containing cellulose to provide strength to the plant.
Vacuole – A space inside the cell that is used to store substances and help the cell keep its shape.
Chloroplasts – Structures that contain the green pigment chlorophyll, which are a key part of photosynthesis.
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Accommodations in The Collection are known for a high standard of hosting, comfortable and luxurious facilities, excellent locations, good food and wine and a small "boutique" atmosphere. You get to meet the hosts, your travel arrangements and personal requests are looked after, you are welcomed as a friend as well as a guest. You can advise ahead particular dietary requirements, bedding arrangements, personal interests, plan for dinner in-house on the night you arrive or request a restaurant booking in town.
Many of our lodges offer in-house dining for guests only. The chef is your personal chef for the night and the menu changes nightly and with the seasons, designed around local specialities and often produce from the lodge garden. Wine is from the vineyards of the region. Part of the enjoyment of this style of travel is not only the level of comfort, but the opportunity to meet other guests, over breakfast, evening appetisers, drinks or dinner; discussing your day's activities and plans for the next day, travel in other countries, world affairs, good food and wine, whilst enjoying the magnificent view in front of you. You become part of a community, of like-minded travellers and through your New Zealand hosts you will also learn about the local community you are visiting. Your hosts will direct you to the best wineries and tours or visits to small producers of honeys, cheeses, herbs, olive oils, game meats and charcuterie, local fisheries etc... New Zealand has an abundant supply of agricultural produce and small artisanal food suppliers. New Zealand venison is unsurpassed and our wines, cheeses and fruit are also superb.
Must try: thyme, Kahikitea and Manuka honey, feijoas, Marlborough Sauvignon blanc, Bluff Oysters, Central Otago pinot noir, Hawkes Bay Merlot, Syrah and Chardonnay, Nelson apples and feijoas, Waiheke Island Olive Oils, Central Otago cherries, apricots, plums and peaches.


We know that you sometimes just need one or two custom workwear items, so that's why we have no minimum order requirements. Instead, you just order what you need and don't let any items go to waste. And it can all be done online. This saves you time and hassle.
Free delivery on all UK orders over £145.
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Een knooppunt (Nederland en Vlaanderen) of verkeerswisselaar (Vlaanderen) is een kruispunt van wegen voor doorgaand gemotoriseerd verkeer, waarbij de hoofdverkeersstromen elkaar meestal ongelijkvloers kruisen en de verbindingen om af te slaan vaak ook kruisingsvrij zijn uitgevoerd.

Door knooppunten aan te leggen waar wegen kruisen kan het verkeer van richting veranderen zonder te hoeven stoppen bij een gelijkvloers kruispunt. Door de hoge snelheid van de voertuigen op de wegen waar knooppunten voorkomen dienen bochten niet te krap te zijn. Uit financiële overweging wordt vermeden overmatig veel bruggen te bouwen. Het is zodoende niet eenvoudig alle afslaande bewegingen mogelijk te maken en toch de grootte van een verkeerswisselaar binnen de perken te houden.

In West-Europa worden knooppunten tegenwoordig doorgaans ongelijkvloers aangelegd. Sommige (deels) gelijkvloerse oplossingen, onder meer knooppunt Lummen en knooppunt Joure werden volledig kruisingsvrij omgebouwd. Nederland en België nemen knooppunten doorgaans niet op in de nummering van de afritten. In Duitsland en andere landen is dit daarentegen wel gebruikelijk.

Nut en noodzaak

Bij een verkeersknooppunt waar twee wegen samenkomen zijn er vier richtingen. Voor een volledig knooppunt moeten vanuit deze vier richtingen telkens drie bewegingen mogelijk zijn: rechtdoor, rechtsaf en linksaf. In totaal dienen er dus twaalf relaties aanwezig te zijn in het knooppunt. Uitgangspunt bij kruisende snelwegen is om de doorstroming niet te doorbreken, omdat het verkeer een hoge snelheid heeft. Een gelijkvloers kruispunt met verkeerslichten is vanwege filevorming en ongevallen zodoende geen goede oplossing voor wegen met een stroomfunctie.

Vandaar dat bij knooppunten gekozen wordt voor het scheiden van de hoofdrijbanen in hoogte door een viaduct. Hiermee is het probleem voor de vier bewegingen rechtdoor opgelost. Voor de vier bewegingen rechtsaf worden verbindingsbogen aangelegd: wegen waar men op in- en uitvoegt, die een boog van 90° naar rechts maken. De bewegingen linksaf vormen een probleem omdat de hoofdrijbaan in de weg ligt. Voor deze relaties zijn verscheidene vormen bedacht, die later aan bod komen.

Onderdelen

Een verkeersknooppunt bestaat uit verschillende onderdelen die hieronder beschreven worden. De figuur hiernaast geeft deze weer.

Uitvoegstrook en invoegstrook
Het verkeer verlaat de hoofdrijbaan zijdelings aan de rechterkant naar een uitvoegstrook. Deze uitvoegstrook kan overgaan in een verbindingsboog of in een rangeerbaan. Meestal telt een knooppunt per rijrichting één uitvoegstrook en na het knooppunt ook één invoegstrook voor invoegend verkeer vanuit de andere richtingen. Deze stroken zijn met voldoende lengte gebouwd, zodat het verkeer zo min mogelijk op de hoofdrijbaan hoeft te remmen of hoeft op te trekken.

Rangeerbaan
Rangeerbanen vindt men in klaverbladknooppunten en varianten hiervan. De rangeerbaan verbindt de uit- en invoegstroken met elkaar en geeft toegang tot verbindingsbogen: de boog met grotere straal die 90° naar rechts draait en de boog die 270° naar rechts te draait en een beweging linksaf mogelijk maakt. Door het aanleggen van rangeerbanen ondervindt het verkeer op de hoofdrijbaan geen overlast van het afslaande verkeer dat snelheid mindert om in een verbindingsboog te rijden. In Nederland en België zijn vrijwel alle klaverbladen van rangeerbanen voorzien.

Weefvak
Een weefvak is het gedeelte van de rangeerbaan waar bestuurders van strook wisselen. Verkeer dat linksaf slaat op een klaverbladknooppunt voegt eerst uit, rijdt vervolgens op de rangeerbaan en kan op het weefvak uitvoegen om vervolgens de verbindingsboog op te rijden. De verbindingsboog verlaat men dan weer op het volgende weefvak, waarna de rangeerbaan via uitvoegstrook weer toegang geeft tot de hoofdrijbaan. De verkeerscapaciteit van weefvakken is door het gelijktijdige wisselen gelimiteerd. Dit beperkt het klaverblad ook in de maximale capaciteit.

Verbindingsboog
Verbindingsbogen maken afslaande bewegingen mogelijk. Bewegingen rechtsaf worden gemaakt door een verbindingsboog met grotere straal die 90° naar rechts draait. Voor links afslaand verkeer zijn verbindingsbogen met verschillende vormen ontwikkeld.

Brug en fly-overs
De kruisende hoofdrijbanen van een knooppunt worden meestal door middel van een brug van elkaar gescheiden. De constructie van brug en bijbehorende grondlichamen dragen sterk bij aan de kosten van een verkeersknooppunt. Verbindingsbogen die als fly-overs op hoogte over het knooppunt heen verlopen zijn duurder dan de indirecte verbindingsboog linksaf van het klaverblad. Om voldoende hoogte te hebben boven het knooppunt is over een aanzienlijke lengte een stijgend wegvlak nodig, gevolgd door een dalend gedeelte na de ongelijkvloerse kruising. Een belangrijk aspect uit kostenoogpunt bij de keuze van het te bouwen knooppunt is daarom de vorm van de verbindingsbogen.

Knooppuntsvormen met vier richtingen
Er bestaan vier hoofdvormen van kruisingsvrije verkeersknooppunten, die onderling verschillen in capaciteit, veiligheid, bouwkosten en ruimtegebruik. Bij alle hoofdvormen worden de bewegingen rechtdoor en rechtsaf op identieke wijze gemaakt, het verschil zit in de wijze waarmee links afslaan gecreëerd wordt. Na de vier hoofdvormen voor vier richtingen (klaverblad, turbine, windmolen en sterknooppunt) komen gemengde vormen en enkele curiosa aan bod. Vervolgens worden de vormen voor knooppunten met drie richtingen beschreven.

Klaverblad

Het klaverblad dankt zijn naam aan de zeldzame vorm van klaver met vier deelblaadjes: het klavertjevier. In België, Duitsland en Nederland is het klaverblad een vaak gekozen variant voor twee kruisende snelwegen. Bij de bouw van een klaverblad kan volstaan worden met slechts één brug van relatief korte lengte, waardoor deze variant goedkoop is wat betreft aanleg van kunstwerken. De bochten linksaf worden door krappe verbindingsbogen die 270° naar rechts draaien mogelijk. De verkeerscapaciteit van een klaverblad is wat lager dan die van duurdere varianten; op de rangeerbanen en weefvakken komt verkeer met verschillende snelheden elkaar tegen. Daarom vinden op een klaverblad meer verstorende in- en uitvoegende bewegingen plaats dan bij andere varianten.

Dit nadeel van deze bouwvorm is bij het Frankfurter Kreuz, van oorsprong een klaverbladknooppunt, creatief opgelost door de rangeerbanen te ontvlechten. Wanneer een klaverblad niet meer voldoet voor de verkeersdrukte wordt echter vaker gekozen voor een mengvorm: klaverturbine of klaverster.

Turbineknooppunt

Het turbineknooppunt kent geen rangeerbanen en weefvakken zoals het klaverblad. Daardoor ligt de capaciteit van een turbine ook hoger dan die van een klaverblad. Ook blijft dit type knooppunt met twee tot drie verdiepingen qua hoogte beter in te passen in de omgeving, dan het gestapelde sterknooppunt. De bochten linksaf worden door verbindingsbogen gemaakt met grotere boogstralen dan de indirecte bogen bij het klaverblad. Een nadeel van het turbineknooppunt is dat veel meer kunstwerken geconstrueerd dienen te worden dan bij een klaverblad: negen versus een. Het turbineknooppunt kan ook in mengvorm worden aangetroffen: zie hiervoor de klaverturbine en sterturbine.

In België zijn meerdere turbineknooppunten aangelegd: knooppunt Zwijnaarde, Daussoulx, Sint-Stevens-Woluwe en Zaventem. Ook knooppunt Lummen is sinds oktober 2010 een turbineknooppunt. Oorspronkelijk was dit een rotondeknooppunt (zoals in Nederland Leenderheide). In Nederland is dit type nooit volledig toegepast, wel is onder meer bij Amsterdam Zuidoost, Almere en Den Bosch een halve turbine aangelegd. Ook zijn op diverse knelpunten klaverbladen omgebouwd tot klaverturbines: bijvoorbeeld knooppunt Oudenrijn en Rijnsweerd.

Windmolenknooppunt

Bij dit weinig toegepaste type knooppunt verlopen de verbindingsbogen linksaf een stuk scherper dan bij de turbine. Hierdoor is per relatie linksaf maar één brug of tunnel nodig in plaats van twee. De besparing van vier kunstwerken heeft wel als nadeel dat de boogstralen van de verbindingsbogen linksaf kleiner zijn; hierdoor moet het verkeer sterker afremmen, treden er grotere snelheidsverschillen op bij het invoegen en komt de capaciteit van een windmolenknooppunt lager uit dan van een turbineknooppunt van vergelijkbare grootte.

Het enige voorbeeld van een windmolenknooppunt in Nederland was knooppunt Vaanplein. Vanwege het besluit tot aanleg van de havenspoorlijn moest het Vaanplein echter op de schop. Sinds 2017 heeft knooppunt Beekbergen een windmolenlus. In mengvorm is het windmolenknooppunt ook in Duitsland op diverse plaatsen te vinden. Knooppunt Herne, Mönchengladbach en Breitscheid zijn qua vorm een combinatie van klaverblad en windmolen.

Sterknooppunt

Het sterknooppunt, dat vanwege de vorm ook wel Maltezer Kruis heet, kent net als de turbine geen rangeerbanen en weefvakken. Doordat de verbindingsbogen linksaf door het centrum van het kruispunt lopen hebben deze een nog grotere straal dan bij een turbine. Dus treden er minder snelheidsverschillen op tussen linksafslaand en overig verkeer. Zodoende levert deze knooppuntsvorm een maximale capaciteit bij een relatief gering grondgebruik. Nadelig zijn de aanzienlijke kosten van de lange en hoge verbindingsbogen. Daarnaast is een sterknooppunt door het stapelen van verkeer in vier lagen mogelijk een NIMBY, een punt van tegenstand voor omwonenden. Dit type knooppunt wordt in Europa slechts spaarzaam gebouwd. Tot de weinige voorbeelden horen het Wetzlarer Kreuz, het Prins Clausplein en de kruising van M4 en M25 bij Heathrow. In de Verenigde Staten (waar 's werelds eerste sterknooppunt in 1952 werd voltooid) zijn aanmerkelijk meer van deze knooppunten voltooid. Een uitgebreide variant op het sterknooppunt ontstaat wanneer lokaal en doorgaand verkeer van elkaar gescheiden zijn en voor het lokale verkeer een apart niveau wordt gebouwd, dat als kruispunt fungeert. Dit levert een hoger sterknooppunt in vijf niveaus op, zoals bij de High Five naast de inhoudsopgave van dit artikel te zien is. Langs Beltway 8, een van de ringwegen van Houston worden veel zogenaamde Five Stacks gevonden.

Mengvormen met vier richtingen

Vanwege toegenomen verkeersdrukte bereikt een klaverblad door het groeiende verkeersaanbod na enige tijd soms de maximale capaciteit. De drukste verbindingslus naar links, of de drukste lussen, kunnen dan vervangen worden door ster- of turbinebogen, waardoor het aantal weefvakken in het knooppunt vermindert en de capaciteit omhoog gaat. Sommige knooppunten met een mengvorm ontstaan aan de andere kant ook in eerste instantie al op de tekentafel.

Knooppunt Zaandam is een goed voorbeeld van een klaverturbine met één turbinelus (aan de linkerzijde afgebeeld). Het werd geopend als klaverblad in 1970 en in 1997 kwam de verbindingsboog gereed, zodat het knooppunt enigszins ontlast werd. Ook Knooppunt Eemnes is een klaverturbine, maar een met twee turbinebogen. In principe is met twee turbinebogen het probleem van weefvakken geheel te verhelpen, wanneer de turbinebogen schuin tegenover elkaar worden gebouwd, zoals links schematisch is afgebeeld.

Wanneer de verbindingsbogen om linksaf te slaan dichter langs het midden van het knooppunt verlopen ontstaat een klaverster, vanwege zijn op het kledingstuk gelijkende vorm ook wel vlinderdas genaamd (zie ook links van de tekst). Van deze zeldzame mengvorm zijn er onder meer twee in Italië gebouwd, op de kruisingen van A16 met A30 en A4 met A26. Knooppunt Ouderkerk aan de Amstel, waar de nooit gerealiseerde Rijksweg 3 op de A9 zou aansluiten was gepland als klaverster. Alleen het ruime viaduct herinnert aan dit definitief verlaten snelwegplan.

Voorbeelden van de mengvorm van klaverblad en windmolen, de klavermolen, zijn in Duitsland te vinden: knooppunt Herne, Mönchengladbach en Breitscheid (aan de rechterzijde afgebeeld). De klavermolen maakt op een beperkte oppervlakte een knooppunt zonder weefvakken met gebruikmaking van slechts drie kunstwerken mogelijk.

Een laatste, vrij zeldzame mengvorm is de sterturbine. De verbindingsbogen zijn bij dit type een mix van turbinebogen en stervormige bogen. Dit type knooppunt is in België gerealiseerd op de Brusselse ring: knooppunt Machelen en Groot-Bijgaarden (zie rechts) zijn beide sterturbines. De sterturbine ontstaat meestal op de tekentafel en niet na verbouwing.

Overige vormen met vier richtingen
Bij alle verkeersknooppunten geldt dat - als er rechts gereden wordt - er voor een afbuiging naar links veel kunstwerken nodig zijn. Om dat te vermijden worden bij het gotische knooppunt de linker- en rechterrijbaan van de rechtdoorgaande wegen verwisseld. Dat betekent dat de rechtdoorgaande wegen niet kaarsrecht zijn - wat als een nadeel wordt gezien. Bovendien kan het voor het verkeer verwarrend werken dat er op het knooppunt op de linkerrijbaan wordt gereden. Het gotisch knooppunt is een zeldzaam type verkeersknooppunt, waarvan een goed voorbeeld te vinden is in Riyad, de hoofdstad van Saoedi-Arabië (zie ). Het enige gotische knooppunt dat de VS rijk was, lag aan de rand van de stad Baltimore en wordt sinds 2010 ingrijpend omgebouwd, de oude vormen zijn nog te herleiden (zie ).

In landen als Italië en Spanje waar tol geheven wordt op snelwegen vindt men in enkele gevallen snelwegen verbonden door twee trompetvormige knooppunten (voor de enkelvoudige versie zie hieronder). Zo'n dubbel trompetknooppunt maakt het mogelijk om op één punt een tolgebouw te plaatsen waarmee al het verkeer bediend wordt (aan de rechterkant een voorbeeld van dit type in de buurt van Pisa). Nadeel is de geringe capaciteit van de constructie door het volledig afremmen bij het betalen van de tol.

Tot slot zijn er nog knooppunten met een complexe kluwen van verbindingsbogen die niet thuis zijn te brengen in een van de voorgaande systematische categorieën. Spaghetti-achtige knooppunten kunnen ontstaan omdat de kruisende snelwegen onder een kleine hoek kruisen. Knooppunt Loncin is een voorbeeld hiervan; knooppunt Kaiserberg illustreert eveneens dat een kleine hoek van kruisen een spaghettiknooppunt kan geven.

Als vuistregel geldt voor knooppunten dat er drie of vier richtingen verknoopt worden. Een tegenvoorbeeld is het knooppunt Xinzhuang in Shanghai, aan de linkerzijde afgebeeld. Op dit uitgespreide en ingewikkelde knooppunt kan vanuit elk van de vijf richtingen voor vier richtingen gekozen worden. Omdat voor een volledig knooppunt met vijf richtingen twintig relaties benodigd zijn, wordt eerder gekozen om te splitsen in twee knooppunten waardoor minder verbindingsbogen gebouwd hoeven te worden.

Knooppuntsvormen met drie richtingen

Trompetknooppunt
Een knooppunt met drie takken komt voor op plaatsen waar een doorgaande snelweg aantakt op het begin van een snelweg. In zulke gevallen wordt vaak een trompetknooppunt aangelegd, dat zijn naam dankt aan het muziekinstrument met dezelfde naam. Dit type knooppunt kan ook gebruikt worden om een aansluiting op een autosnelweg te realiseren. Bij dit type is slechts één kunstwerk benodigd, waardoor de trompet een goedkope oplossing is. Een van de bochten in het knooppunt verloopt met een vrij krappe straal. Het rijden in "de trompet" is gebonden aan een relatief lage snelheid. Hierdoor komt het verkeer langzamer uit deze bocht dan het verkeer waarmee het samenkomt waardoor het invoegen hinder kan ondervinden. Dit type knooppunt kan ook gespiegeld worden aangelegd, in dit geval spreekt men van een omgekeerd trompetknooppunt.

Half klaverblad-, turbine-, en sterknooppunt
De hoofdvormen van verkeerswisselaars kunnen ook gebouwd worden als een knooppunt met drie richtingen. Een half klaverblad wordt met name aangelegd als er plannen zijn om op termijn uit te breiden naar vier richtingen. Bij de bouw van een half klaverblad is in de planning dus rekening gehouden met de uitbreiding tot een compleet klaverblad. Het halve turbineknooppunt is enkele keren in Nederland gebouwd; knooppunt Almere en knooppunt Empel zijn voorbeelden hiervan. Knooppunt Benelux en knooppunt Hintham zijn gebouwd in de vorm van een half sterknooppunt. Net als bij de gehele knooppunten is ook een half sterknooppunt prijzig vanwege de te bouwen kunstwerken. Analoog aan de kenmerken van deze knooppuntsvormen in complete vorm geldt dat turbine en sterknooppunt door grotere boogstralen een hogere capaciteit met zich meebrengen, omdat er minder snelheidsverschil tussen de verkeersstromen optreedt.

Onvolledige knooppunten, verkeerspleinen en snelwegaansluitingen

Onvolledigheid in de context van verkeersknooppunten houdt in dat niet alle relaties in een wisselaar aanwezig zijn. Voor de ontbrekende routes moet de snelweg ter plaatse verlaten worden (rechts afgebeeld), of had al eerder een andere route gevolgd moeten worden. Knooppunt Everdingen mist bijvoorbeeld vier van de twaalf relaties. Door de relatief korte afstand tot andere knooppunten aan de A12 en A27, waar wel gekozen kan worden voor deze richtingen wordt dit probleem echter ondervangen.

Voordat Nederlands eerste klaverblad gebouwd werd loste men het probleem van kruisende snelwegen op met verkeerspleinen. Aan het gedeelte plein in de term is al te bemerken dat het om gelijkvloerse oplossingen gaat. Op de plaats waar vroeger snelwegen samenkwamen werd een grote rotonde aangelegd, vaak met verkeerslichten. De capaciteit van gelijkvloerse knooppunten ligt laag, vanwege de slechte doorstroming. Qua veiligheid biedt een verkeersplein ook minder dan een ongelijkvloerse wisselaar. Rond 1970 werd dan ook begonnen met het vervangen van de verkeerspleinen. Hierbij werd een tussenstadium geconstrueerd zodat het verkeer niet geheel gestremd werd voordat het klaverblad voltooid was: het stuiverknooppunt.

Er zijn drie varianten te onderscheiden binnen het verkeersplein:

 Geheel gelijkvloers verkeersplein, bijvoorbeeld knooppunt Joure voor 2017;
 Verkeersplein met één ongelijkvloerse doorgaande weg, bijvoorbeeld knooppunt Velperbroek;
 Verkeersplein met twee ongelijkvloerse doorgaande wegen (ook wel: zwevende rotonde) bijvoorbeeld knooppunt Cheratte of knooppunt Rottepolderplein

De eerste variant wordt tegenwoordig nog wel toegepast bij kruisingen van secundaire wegen en stadswegen, echter niet meer bij een snijpunt van autosnelwegen. Nederlands laatste geheel gelijkvloerse verkeersplein bij Joure in het snelwegennet is op de schop gegaan en is nu een half sterknooppunt. Variant twee wordt aangetroffen en ook nog steeds aangelegd bij een aansluiting van secundaire weg op een autosnelweg. De derde variant komt vrij weinig in de praktijk voor, maar werd in het Verenigd Koninkrijk vaker geconstrueerd. Om drukke verkeerspleinen enigszins te ontlasten worden vaak extra rijstroken aangelegd zodat verkeer dat rechtsaf slaat dit rechtstreeks kan en niet over het verkeersplein hoeft. Deze verbindingen worden bypasses genoemd.

Een laatste variant binnen de gelijkvloerse knooppunten is het gelijkvloerse kruispunt van belangrijke wegen, zoals knooppunt Julianaplein. Dit is qua vorm een kruispunt en voldoet niet aan de vereisten van een knooppunt: (gedeeltelijke) ongelijkvloersheid opdat het verkeer niet hoeft te stoppen. In het dagelijks spraakgebruik wordt dit oneigenlijke knooppunt echter wel op deze manier aangeduid.

Vroege ontwerpen en eerste knooppunten
De geschiedenis van het kruisingsvrije verkeersknooppunt begint wanneer de Amerikaan Arthur Hale in 1916 bij het US Patent Office octrooi aanvraagt. Zijn patent bevat drie technische tekeningen van knooppunten die sterk lijken op het hedendaagse klaverblad. Het idee werd echter voorlopig niet in de praktijk gerealiseerd.

Onafhankelijk hiervan ontwierp de Zwitser Willy Sarbach het klaverbladknooppunt. Na het bezoeken van een HaFraBa–tentoonstelling in Basel in 1927 hield hij zich bezig met de vraag hoe twee snelwegen kunnen kruisen zonder gelijkvloerse kruispunten en hoe de afslaande verbindingen te construeren. In 1928 werd aan hem patent verleend op zijn klaverbladvormige oplossing voor het probleem, onder de naam "Anlage einer Kreuzung oder Abzweigung von Autostrassen unter sich oder mit Landstrassen". Hoewel zijn werk door leden van de HaFraBa en de Zwitserse regering werd gewaardeerd, werd ook dit idee niet binnen afzienbare tijd in de praktijk gerealiseerd.

In het midden van de jaren twintig was de U.S. Route 1 met 60.000 motorvoertuigen per dag reeds een zeer drukke weg (drukke snelwegen in de Randstad hebben anno 2010 een intensiteit van rond de 100.000). De US-1 was weliswaar kruisingsvrij, maar aan de drukste aansluitingen ontstonden desondanks regelmatig files en ongevallen. Er was behoefte aan een oplossing waarbij aansluitingen ook kruisingsvrij werden uitgevoerd en het klaverblad bood deze oplossing. In 1929 opende in Woodbridge, New Jersey aan de US-1 's werelds eerste klaverblad. De ontwerper Edward Delano verklaart dat hij het idee voor de oplossing kreeg door de aanpak van het verkeer in de stad Buenos Aires. Daar ontlaste men het probleem van verstopte kruisingen door rechtsafslaand verkeer (in Argentinië werd toen links gereden) in de drukke stad op door het verkeer driemaal linksaf te laten slaan.

In Duitsland werd in de jaren dertig de bouw van Reichsautobahnen ter hand genomen, en zo ontstond ook het eerste klaverblad van Europa, het Schkeuditzer Kreuz bij Leipzig (opengesteld in 1936, voltooid in 1938). Het zou nog tot lang na de Tweede Wereldoorlog duren voordat in Nederland en België dit voorbeeld gevolgd werd. Knooppunt Badhoevedorp, nabij Schiphol werd in 1967 opengesteld en is het eerste voorbeeld van een klaverblad in Nederland.

Zie ook
 Lijst van autosnelwegknooppunten in België
 Lijst van autosnelwegknooppunten in Denemarken
 Lijst van autosnelwegknooppunten in Duitsland
 Lijst van autosnelwegknooppunten in Nederland
 Lijst van autosnelwegknooppunten in Slovenië

Weginfrastructuur
Verkeersknooppunt

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Campus Reform | USC responds to election with '100 days to inspire respect'
USC responds to election with '100 days to inspire respect'
USC's Shoah Foundation is hosting a 3-month long educational program to counter the "intolerance" and "hate" of the 2016 election.
The program began on Inauguration Day, and is scheduled to address topics including racism, civic responsibility, and women's rights.
Organizers insist that the programming is "nonpartisan" and "isn't about the President-elect," but highlights sentiments like "deport all illegal immigrants" as "modern narratives of hate."
The University of Southern California Shoah Foundation is using the "intolerance" and "hate" of the 2016 election to justify hosting a 3-month long educational program aimed at countering genocide, and suggests that right-wing narratives may be modern-day precursors to genocide.
"100 Days to Inspire Respect" is an online program aimed at middle and high school teachers and students that will use archived testimonies from survivors of genocide to combat "hatred, prejudice, intolerance," and genocide. On each day of the program, participants will have access to a new activity that will teach them about "genocide—the logical conclusion of unchecked hatred, racism, and intolerance."
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The plan was apparently inspired by Franklin D Roosevelt's "aggressive" 100-day plan when he began his presidency in 1933.
The Shoah Foundation's program began on January 20, Inauguration Day, and is intended to "quell some of the divides and intolerance exacerbated by the election," suggesting that organizers believe the 2016 election may have furthered the narratives and rhetoric associated with genocide.
"Following one of the most divisive political campaigns on record, teachers have been reporting an increase in hateful intimidation and harassment across the country," the website claims. "The Southern Poverty Law Center reports there have been over 900 reports of harassment and intimidation on the streets, in homes, at offices, and in classrooms."
In addition to focusing on themes from the election, during the first week teachers were encouraged to show a video touching on "modern narratives of hate" such as "immigrants steal our jobs" and "Muslims are terrorists," simplified versions of talking points usually associated with right-wing politics.
After showing a clip of a Holocaust survivor speaking about hate, the video states that "we still see hate today" and flashes a picture of a white American holding a sign reading, "Deport all illegal aliens."
Nonetheless, Kori Street, director of education at the USC Shoah Foundation, insisted that the program is nonpartisan and not focused on Trump, even after citing "fake news" and "Twitter wars" as "manifestations of rising divisions."
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"Fake news, cyber-bullying, and face-to-face bullying are all manifestations of rising divisions and rising hatred and racism," Street told The Daily Trojan. "But I think it is important to note that we are not focusing on political partisanship. This isn't about the President-elect; it's not about parties."
Stressing the need for civility, Street added that "we need to find our way back to when we could have political or personal dialog and differences without it descending into an inappropriate Twitter war."
Each of the 14 weeks of the program will focus on a different topic, in the following order: racism; civil and human rights; community; respect; intolerance; women/women's rights; immigrant/refugees; cross-cultural understanding; courage; violence and violent extremism; indifference through media; resilience; and civic responsibility.
Campus Reform reached out to the Shoah Foundation and IWitness, the Shoah online educational platform, for comment, but did not receive a response by press time.