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tv [untitled] September 17, 2012 9:30am-10:00am EDT
market. is going to. find out what's really happening to the global economy with mike stronger for a no holds barred look at the global financial headlines tune into cars a report. this is r t so your headlines now more dead as a global anti american protests over a film mocking escalate with violent outbursts now expanding to new frontiers. the first arrests in new york where activists of mocking a year since the occupy wall street movement began protests to say the plight of the so-called ninety nine percent still isn't being addressed and they won't stop until it is. tokyo clings to powerful allies like the u.s.
sealing it anti missile defense deal with washington amid an escalating with china over some disputed islands. now it's time for all it's he said plunder the crime of our time taking a close look behind the curtains of the global economy revealing the true reason so for the financial disaster this is art. thank you we're going to leave the car and we're going to do a picket line around his house ok. i mean let it go and thank there isn't really a relative i want to. come out of. the
first month. to make their bread or what they're preparing. for many. folks.
we say we live in the capital is big society but the bad mood. capitalism is our way of life the market system its highest expression our media hypes it in quasi religious terms even if its impact is sometimes quite negative and even debated in classrooms can't we agree that capitalism is an economic system a system for the production and distribution of things we need one i want to pretend that you can you think something about government to there have to be a legal basis for a moment that's going to operate. most of us recognize we live in an inherently volatile system problem free but so the conventional wisdom goes better than any alternative many still believe the free market is our salvation even as our economy has crashed brought down to not just by greed but calculated scams and schemes that flow out of the intent of our laws in
ridged a few and devastated the economy leading to a massive loss of jobs homes and personal wealth. leads us in two thousand and six my film in debt we trust warned of a coming economic collapse. the stock think the next great economic crisis a special report about by the debt but it will create an economic crisis so deep that it threatens us i was called a doer and damon and a long list television. in the sixty's just written a little a book called plunder i followed up with a book that came out before lehman brothers went bankrupt speaking on wall street i called for a jail out not a bail out i used to think of wall street as a financial center i now think of it as
a crime scene. nomi prins was a managing par. bear stearns and goldman sachs this is the most expensive take out the biggest crime in world history we're talking about a crime we can't even quantify we're talking double digit trillions of dollars into this film we'll explore the scale of money's missing written off lost ripped off in these various scams and in the case of the bailout funds unaccounted for. graydon carter editor of vanity fair may have summed it up best when he wrote it can fairly be said that the chain of catastrophic bets made over the past decade by a few hundred bankers me will turn out to be the greatest nonviolent crime against humanity in history they brought the world's economy to its knees last tens of millions of people their jobs and homes and trashed the retirement plans of
a generation and they could drive an estimated two hundred million people worldwide into dire poverty in other words never before have so few nuns so much to so many and when experts estimate the total money last may reach a hundred ninety six point seven trillion dollars and that could be low like millions of americans i've lost thousands of dollars in retirement funds and i haven't had as bad as many it's not just about them it's about me too i have a stake in it and like millions of angry about the way our economy whistle records . to help with our investigation we spoke with convicted white collar criminal sam and talked to white collar criminal has dealt with because for those who subpoenaed documents we destroy documents you subpoena witnesses we walk so if
you were at a disadvantage that accosted a white collar worker in effect we are economic predators. to an investigative reporter on the business speak wall street steals far more than the mafia says gary weiss a wall street. takes large much larger sums of money the involved the mafia stamps the regulatory system is such that they can get away with it the lack of media scrutiny the absence of regulation the widespread illusion that markets and real estate could only go up created a casino mentality and environment for successful fraudsters and white collar criminals your honor for many years until my arrest on december eleven two thousand and eight i operated a ponzi scheme i knew what i was doing was wrong and the criminal. white collar crime on wall street has been underreported except for
a very few high profile cases as when hundreds of reporters staked out a new york courthouse to report bernie made all submission of guilt in his ponzi scheme and there are millions and millions of dollars there is all the o.j. sort of day as many of them readily angry at an ira worth one point three million of my other money it was about one point eight million pieces and it's gone on that how do you think he got away with this for so long watching how a person has run a stand for so many years without that effect that was one of the things i thought of a hippie a scam nobody could successfully run a scam for that long made off was not alone regulators are now investigating scores of similar crimes they say there is a ponzi monium under way there's four levels in every white collar crime is the got it gives the what is the people who take the what is the people that know what was going on but didn't participate and the people that should have known what was going on like boards of directors or it is but they didn't participate so what they
try to do is they try to. get to the culpability of the guy at the top by working from the bottom the problem that you have in the bernie madoff case is they got the guy at the top first and he's protecting the other three layers underneath that wall street a lot of the extraction tends to be very borderline illegal because the people extracting tend to be the ones setting up the legal framework route economics is what limited not only calls it in our new book but the reason why the line between what is criminal what is now criminals disappear is because a did it will exist but when you remove all that is fiction when you remove all the controls then of course what is legal and want this illegal so you're creating a crime scene and you're creating the crime. you're. affectively by the police officers all at the same time only in the form of
a regulatory body or excessive for the laws that work for wall street in june two thousand and nine the f.b.i. said it was investigating thirteen hundred securities fraud cases including many ponzi schemes his will is more than five hundred eighty fraud cases most of these cases got little attention but the media loves arch criminals like financier bernard made off these are complicated white collar crimes of which the government does not have the resources to thoroughly prosecute and the white collar criminals know it so they set it up not as a single transaction that's a crime but a series of transaction that once that it's all put together makes it a crime but to do that you have to go beyond the prosecution of one wrongdoer and look at the way wall street itself became a ponzi scheme you have to examine a pattern a system of criminality which brought the investment and real estate worlds
together in a multi trillion dollars. scam. to simplify there were three interconnected rings in this circus involving the biggest firms in the industry it started in the real estate business where our desire for homes the him her dream was turned into a scheme first pretty tory subprime lending over the years got people into mortgages they couldn't afford and that the lenders knew they couldn't sustain it was enabled by artificially low interest rates with financing provided by twenty five of the top banks in the country the second component of the crime involves what happened next when the biggest banks and investment houses on wall street bought and then securitized loans as structured financial products these mortgage bundles would be sold worldwide without full disclosure of their lack of underlying
assets or the risks the banks that bought these derivative products failed to do due diligence rely on rating agencies that overvalued their worth and accounting firms that did not do their job the whole process was corrupt to the core. finally the third level of this interconnected but decentralized criminal enterprise involved insuring these often fraudulent practices in some cases betting against them by the very people who sold them to guarantee that they would be protected when borrowers who couldn't afford the loans to faulted they used insurance companies like ai g. . put these three criminal components together and a pattern emerges a pattern of financial crime. the financial crisis started because people could no longer afford to make payments
on their subprime mortgage loan this is. a good strict. all of this from being foreclosed all of that you can see anyone under strict nobody moves in nobody wants to rent the housing crisis hit america like a tsunami destroying neighborhoods and costing millions of families their homes but . still open. but close. to us. how did it happen why did so many top banks lend to some of the poorest members of society in a practice known as sub prime lending featuring loans like the one called need no income no jobs no assets apparently no problem the reason higher fees up front and billions more when mortgages were turned into securities resold by wall street.
sixty percent of the subprime borrowers could have qualified for less costly prime rates but most were told their homes would go up in value many accepted onerous terms to give their families a piece of the american dream. many old into believing they could afford houses with no money down and low introductory interest rates watched the cost of the just the bill rate mortgages were the ones shoot up when i first got it i got a one percent introduction loan then my mortgage came down the second month and went up to seven point nine zero and now it's up to nine point nine and it just keeps on going up if i'm paying twenty eight hundred dollars a month for my home i want to live next to j. lo and marc anthony. now where i say.
we should not have to leave out homes dream i mean even us because you know. the rates are going up so high and we don't even understand why it's going up it's going in somebody's pocket but not out of it should have been no surprise to anyone fraudulent lending practices resulted in a steep rise in foreclosures beginning in late two thousand and six some of the biggest subprime lenders themselves later declared bankruptcy in the news media homeowners took most of the blame it was said they had exercised a sale year of personal responsibility to responsible borrowing was stigmatised irresponsible lending was not. into the fifty first occasion the f.b.i. describes its responsibility for investigating financial fraud on its website it is called mortgage fraud and epidemic and they're calling it operation malicious
mortgage the f.b.i. unveiled the result of a three and a half month probe it's in mortgage related fraud f.b.i. director robert muller for this operation more than four hundred defendants have been charged and we have a paid one hundred seventy three convictions in crimes that accounted for more than one billion dollars in estimated losses the f.b.i. first warned of this fraud epidemic in two thousand and four reporting also though that their corporate crime units had been downsized to join the fight against terrorism some criminal cases are reported in the press but not all are prosecuted with companies often paying fines rather than facing a judge or a jury goldman sachs paid sixty million dollars to settle a so brian complain the massachusetts authorities said they had this design and mortgages to fail and they paid sixty million dollars but they did not admit any of
that standard standard when wall street firms. negotiate. what are in effect plea bargains with regulators for them not to admit guilt according to an investigation by the center for public integrity twenty five of the sleaziest subprime lenders were backed by the biggest banks in the united states citi group wells fargo j.p. morgan chase and bank of america together the financial times reported they originated one hundred billion dollars in sub prime mortgages between two thousand and five and two thousand and seven almost three quarters of the total. what i did in the mortgage industry i first got involved in about one thousand nine hundred eight i was a loan originator. and during that time what i had seen was nothing short of amazing in terms it was very predatory the techniques that were being used the
salesmanship that was being used to gimmicks on the loans and how they were structured it really disturbed me catchall to this and how they can get away with that is people hear full disclosure depending on the lending institution you went to in other words a bank a broker or lending institution or three different all three have different sets of regulations that govern them and so full disclosure it wasn't necessarily important to the loan itself just get them to sign on the dotted line if they were happy with the numbers you have a loan. how many ms mo but daryn i'm with you and say basically what we do is you sometimes have more issues and several other issues but what i want to do is show the signature of it and. what we're finding out is eighty percent of the people don't even know that while asians are. this is the signature on her. basically which is right here. and then have this signature here which is
your actual signature which shows a completely different signature it doesn't take to me an expert to figure out that there's something terribly wrong here someone gets to set a set alone docs and they're usually probably two to three inches thick and there might be fifteen or twenty really pertinent disclosures that force you to worry about ok and they're very good in there and i don't know what they're signing and usually they'll send out a notary to sign the loan with them and loan sign and a notary usually has no clue of what is in that loan and it's all part of the scheme we like to call it and then we go here we start looking at wideout and then we have a consultant fee. we see a consultant fee on the mortgage that should set off red flags that there's not really any consultants are on a mortgage or a sale that should have been one fee to rise mortgage this mark murphy is apparently someone we need to investigate and find out exactly who he is and why he got seventy eight hundred dollars on a small these people basically project we took this woman's home that she's been
living in for over fifteen years and thinking that it's hers where it was actually never it was her since one thousand nine hundred three the fraud and deception that was built into these transactions was a necessary part of the transaction in order to generate the profits. wall street doesn't do mortgage lending what wall street dead was package sell repackage and resell mortgages making what was a small housing bubble a gigantic housing bubble and making what became an american financial problem very much a global financial problem. we'll come to wall street today con amidst max wolf who works in the financial industry he's our tour guide here looking at people who've gone through ten unthinkable low probability events in a four month period when every time you think you can catch a breather there's another leg down atmospheres on trading floors and in a lot of these firms are few new aerial friends are gone bonuses are gone futures
are on shore. it's been very difficult as we spoke people wanted to get into a conversation i mean the regular times i was with a bank examiner ten years ok and i want to get the regulators are to the city called when i got offices it was good when you're around you know there was yes you see where all the guys are supposed to be watching you know what's going on and when i was about it's never been years ago you know we had surprises in the way they were the ones you know but we we got to the homes around nobody got their arms around this i just wonder if you think the average person in america really grasped that too but across the room i hope they do and i think it's an excellent question my personal guess is no my personal guess is they'd be much more angry and much more interested if they understand how much is on at play here. and the destruction here is a relic luckiest red tape hirsch's trade deals all the money's been made at this
point all the take out happened a couple years ago now you're just sort of looking at the remains of a very profitable time which will be followed by another very profitable time because the same people will still be involved instruction the same types of things his biggest crime in all of this is the thing that's the least able to be understood and examined by the f.b.i. by the department just as by anyone in washington the trading timing lowest layer of the crisis that started with some prime defaulting at the homeowner borrower level the money wasn't made there the money was made because several layers of the pyramid wall street investment firms and commercial bank investment groups decided to repackage those mortgages and create layers of them that they then result to investors here's what happens there are three defaults on mortgages.
the bank that holds the. sells those at ten cents on the dollar to a second bank that bank puts those together with three other defaults and three other defaults makes a second package and sells to a third bag the third bag sells six of these things for kids as a bundles them and sells them to some investor no idea what he has. they borrowed against those layers which is the real crime they would take a little piece of a layer of the security underneath the which somewhere there was a bunch of home buyers and they would take it and they would borrow thirty times the amount of money that it represented five big investment banks dominated wall street it is really who took the subprime loans purchased from banks packaged them as bundled investments to be sold worldwide there were reports that there was what was called sanction from wall street other words wall street investment houses as they began to make billions on these securitized loans and c.d.o.
xin derivatives were pressuring the mortgage people at the local level give us more give us more give us well you know the reason why wall street was putting the pressure of the sucking sound that you referred to or the lower the originators because the profits that they were generated with this whole concept first opened up and people realized the money that was to be paid on the back and trading the paper they were essentially creating liquid cash from nothing but talking to instances fourteen trillion dollars worth of aspects with sub prime and other types of mortgages and c.e.o.'s created between two thousand and three and two thousand and seven fourteen trillion were created on the. investment houses had funds and private equity funds could leverage thirty forty times banks could leverage fifteen to twenty times on average they could only leverage thirteen times on certain security more than the value of the whole country of the whole gross
domestic product if you want average in this. a very conservative estimate assume that the average for the fourteen trillion dollars worth of c.d.'s was ten times which to me is a conservative estimate that's one hundred forty trillion dollars worth nothing. if you lose the fourteen trillion the other hundred forty minus the fourteen trillion doesn't exist you have nothing you have no collateral left to pay to the people you borrowed money from it off the practice to sell a mortgage is. clearly can't afford to target people in order to give them mortgages and then to take mortgages back to the banks in order to create market but security is a criminal practice for sure and i think the bank does their. civil and
considerably in some cases criminal but that's a lie build your rises when they sell their portfolio of mortgages to investors who believe they are getting. mortgages and there were very injured victims that chain and that end of the distribution chain because i can direct you to school boards around the country that have lost. funds and lost their pension funds. right. now i have to wait. hoping they. take such a large. you know what i guess you can think. of and i would even say that this is racketeering because it took place between. real estate agencies and back. together a lot of people made
a lot of money but when these homeowners. record numbers. the whole system became infected.
well for. science technology innovation all the list of bella mints from around russia we've got the few jerks covered.
<div class="tv-ttl">[untitled]<div> September 17, 2012 9:30am-10:00am EDT</div></div>
F.b.i. 5, American 2, Goldman Sachs 2, Washington 2, New York 2, America 2, Marc Anthony 1, Mark Murphy 1, Max Wolf 1, Hirsch 1, C.d.o. Xin 1, Brian 1, J. Lo 1, Stearns 1, Damon 1, Nomi Prins 1, Graydon Carter 1, Bernard 1, Sam 1, Gary Weiss 1
Channel 89 (615 MHz)


text:
Adam Engst 8 December 2003
MacPAD: The Future of Mac Software Updates
Every now and then I run across a developer doing something so obvious and cool that I think, "Well, it's about time!" Through a total coincidence, that happened just last week, when Julian Miller of Script Software called to chat about his latest products. After we'd talked about Easy Card Creator and iKey (a macro utility that used to be called Youpi Key) and iClock (SuperClock on steroids), Julian asked if I'd heard about the MacPAD project. I hadn't, and he started telling me about MacShareware.net, a software update site along the lines of VersionTracker and MacUpdate. I commented that I mostly relied on developer sites to find updates for products I use, though I have forever remained disappointed that Apple never opened Software Update up to outside Mac developers. As Julian continued describing MacPAD, I realized it could at long last provide the underpinnings of a Software Update for Everyone Else.
<http://www.scriptsoftware.com/>
Introducing MacPAD — MacPAD is the brainchild of Ricardo Batista, a Macintosh developer best known for writing Extensions Manager, Apple's utility for managing extensions and control panels in the classic Mac OS. As a developer, Ricardo had become frustrated with the existing software update sites for a variety of reasons, and being a developer, he didn't simply get mad, he got even by creating his own software update site – MacShareware.net – with an eye toward addressing those aspects of the other sites that he didn't like. I haven't particularly used MacShareware.net, so I can't say how successful it is, though I do appreciate the site's policy of having a person review all submissions and comments before posting them. Hopefully that addresses the complaints I've heard from developers about ill-informed and misleading comments about their products on other software update sites.
<http://macshareware.net/>
One of the areas Ricardo hoped to improve was the submission process. Right now, if you're a developer with a new product, you must manually submit your product to multiple sites, each with their own different system and requirements. That's a pain, and it's not only unnecessary, it's a problem that's been solved in the Windows world via a technology called PAD (Portable Application Descriptions) and developed by the Association of Shareware Professionals. PAD is essentially an XML file containing a full and rigidly formatted description of a product, and most of the Windows software update sites prefer to receive submissions in the form of PAD files, since that makes life easier for both developers and webmasters. Ideally, the developer merely puts a PAD file on her Web site and gives the software update sites the appropriate URL for them to check on a regular basis for new versions. If you're into reading your news via RSS feeds, you can think of a PAD file as an RSS feed for software updates.
<http://www.asp-shareware.org/pad/>
As much as the PAD format was clearly the right direction, Ricardo felt it was overly complex and not appropriate to the Macintosh world, so he created – with input from other developers – a simplified version called MacPAD. Along with the XML file format and tools that run on MacShareware.net to query developer sites for updated MacPAD files, Ricardo and others have created an open source software development kit (SDK) with which developers can add support for MacPAD to their applications, and that's what interests me.
<http://macshareware.net/sdk.html>
Updates Done Right — How do you learn about updates to your software? If you're like me, you receive an email announcement from the developer, read about it in a news source like TidBITS or a software update site, or if you're lucky, are alerted by the application itself. In most of these cases, you must still download and install the update manually. Only a few programs come with sufficiently clever update code that they can alert you, download the update if you agree, and install it for you, much as Apple's Software Update utility does.
The problem is that rolling a custom update utility is too much work for most developers, and those that have done so haven't been able to create a generalized solution. That's where MacPAD could swing the tide, by providing the standardized XML foundation on which others can build tools. Developer Mark Fleming has already provided the first piece in the puzzle, a simple application called MacPAD that creates MacPAD files, and the code snippets that ship with the SDK should get other developers started on adding basic update checking code to their applications. My hope is that someone will contribute code to the MacPAD SDK for the more advanced aspects of updating, such as automatic downloading and automatic application updating.
And, while I'm filling out my development wish list in time for the holiday season, it would be extremely useful to have a preference pane that would list all your MacPAD-supported applications, the currently installed version of each, and the latest versions with a description of what's new. This update utility would acquire its data by extracting the URL to each MacPAD file from the associated application and then querying MacPAD files on the Internet at a user-specified schedule. A checkbox next to each item would allow you to select applications to update, and clicking an Update button would download and install all the necessary updates. Creating such a utility shouldn't be too hard, given that it's essentially the equivalent of an RSS reader (like NetNewsWire, for instance) for MacPAD files. In fact, I wouldn't be surprised to see the RSS readers add support for MacPAD files as well, for users who want to see what's new with their software while they're reading the latest news.
Why provide such a utility on top of automatic updating inside individual applications? It provides a centralized location to see what needs to be updated, lets the user schedule updating for a convenient time, and simplifies the process of updating multiple applications at once. It might also allow the user to add the URLs to MacPAD files to check manually, to facilitate watching changes to a specific program that wasn't installed on that particular Mac. I could see network administrators wanting to keep track of programs that weren't necessarily installed on their personal machines, but which were in common use among their users.
First Steps — My grand plans can wait for a bit. For the moment, the most important thing is that developers start using MacPAD to submit their software to the software update sites; on 05-Dec-03, TildeSoft's Rendezvous Browser was the first utility to be updated automatically on MacShareware.net via MacPAD. Next we need software update sites other than MacShareware.net to support MacPAD and developers to add the update checking code to their applications. Once all that's in place, there will be an audience for this alternative to Software Update.
But first, Ricardo Batista, Mark Fleming, Julian Miller, Kevin Ballard, and all the other developers who have worked thus far on MacPAD deserve a big round of applause for kick-starting a system that could help the entire Macintosh community.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


24-APRIL-2011 The design has begun on this commission for a HUNTRESS costume which I'm only undertaking because it's for a friend of mine. I'm responsible for the bodysuit and the cape.
Luckily I happen to have the trade paperback of Year One so I compared those images to ones I had found on ComicVine. As it turns out there's a lot of subtle variations. No surprise there. Every artist put his own flare into a character.
I'm working on a HUNTRESS: YEAR ONE variation costume for a friend. She's a completely different size than I am so I had to create a new pattern tracing over one of mine and adjusting it. We've looked at different fabric and decided to go with the Matte Metallic in Black for the main part of the suit. For the contrast color which is purple, we'd going with a great shade that's really vibrant in Milliskin Matte Tricot.
There are times when the purple looks like a "V" shape in the front but other times when it looks like a separate vest. I'm going with the vest look after consulting with my friend about how she didn't like the style where the purple actually looks like a bathing suit over the bodysuit. We've also decided to go with a black crepe for the cape rather than purple so that it can used for other characters; modifying designs this way is one of my essential tricks. Whether a wig, belt, boots or gloves aren't perfectly accurate don't mean as much to me personally as getting use out them because this stuff is not cheap. It's often labor-intensive if I've built the piece myself and/or expensive for the raw materials. Versatility is key!
Using the Kwik Sew 3052 figure skater pattern as a basis, I traced over the initial pattern onto muslin. I took some time to drape spandex over my dress form (again it's my size but I just needed an idea of the vest shape). Then I sketched on the muslin while referencing that panel above until I came up with lines that I hope will work. I highlighted the final lines in fabric marker. Traced that muslin with a different muslin so that I'd have the one original full-length suit pattern and then use the second to cut up into individual pattern pieces for color blocking.
The cape was modified from a commercial pattern.
I didn't have bias tape on hand so I made a strip of the crepe, pressed it in half lengthwise; then pressed each long side into the crease that was just made. Hemmed the short edges in 1/2 inch. With the cape neckline gathered to the correct length (in this case 16″), straight stitch one of the folded over lengthwise sides. Fold over the remaining side over the top of the gathered neckline and top stitch. In my case, I did two rows to make sure I got it on there securely.
Cape assembly is completed. Fully lined.
The last touch is that I took a bracelet, jump ring and a large charm to make a closure clasp.
The color blocking: I made sure the black and contrast (purple) pieces lined up. Put the right sides together and basted.
The tough part for me is corners and this design had a lot of them! You have to use a lot of pins and cut into the corners so that the fabric will lay correctly.
This design is like a faux vest. Each artist obviously varies the design; sometimes the same artist varies it from page to page in order to simplify a scene. Huntress' vest always looked "attached" and not like a full full vest that would meet upward along the chest. So it's done as color blocked contrast here.
Once the color blocking of the left and right sides of the suit were done, the legs were basted at the inseam. Then the left was attached to the right.
The sleeves were installed. Normally I don't have a problem with sleeves. For some reason this time, the armholes were much too big even though I traced them and the sleeve from a pattern that worked before. Maybe because this was the first time I used the XS size and didn't have it tested, I had trouble. Anyway, I had to baste the purple around the arm holes and gather. Unfortunately the gathering is a very different style than smooth/sleek attachments. The shoulder width also looks very small so this definitely needs a client fitting.
The crotch needed alterations and Trish still isn't comfortable with how that isn't fitting properly. She said she'll get bootie shorts to actually cover that. I loved her props!


Voltaren is a brand (trade) name for diclofenac.
Diclofenac helps to relieve pain and inflammation by blocking the effects of cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes. This prevents prostaglandin synthesis (prostaglandins elevate body temperature and make nerve endings more sensitive to pain transmission).
Voltaren belongs to a class of medicines known as NSAIDs (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs).
May also be used to relieve mild-to-moderate pain due to other causes.
Relieves inflammation and lowers temperature.
May also be used in the treatment of ankylosing spondylitis (a form of spinal arthritis).
Voltaren is available as a generic under the name diclofenac.
Water retention, headache, constipation, and nausea.
Stomach-related side effects such as indigestion, belching, heartburn, and bleeding. People of an older age, taking other medicines that affect the stomach, or who drink more than 3 glasses of alcohol per day may be more at risk. Voltaren is more likely than ibuprofen to cause stomach-related side effects.
Other side effects including tinnitus (ringing in the ears) have also been reported.
Most NSAIDs have been associated with an increased risk of serious cardiovascular events including stroke or heart attack. The risk may be higher in patients with pre-existing cardiovascular conditions and with higher dosages. Voltaren may be associated with a higher risk compared with other NSAIDs, such as ibuprofen.
Voltaren is an effective medicine for relieving pain but may be associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular and gastrointestinal side effects compared with some other NSAIDs.
Taking Voltaren with food may help with stomach-related side effects.
Should not be taken for for long periods of time, especially in seniors.
If you have experienced asthma-like symptoms, developed hives (urticaria) or other allergic-type reactions in the past after taking aspirin or other NSAIDs (like ibuprofen), do not take Voltaren.
Combining Voltaren with alcohol may increase the risk of developing a stomach ulcer or bleeding from your stomach.
Time to peak effect varies from 30 minutes to 3-5 hours depending on the formulation of Voltaren taken.
Immediate-release tablets should be dosed two to three times daily. Extended-release tablets are usually taken once daily. Different formulations (for example enteric coated tablets and extended-release tablets) are not necessarily bioequivalent even if the milligram strength is the same.
Others, such as cyclosporine, lithium, methotrexate, pemetrexed, pirfenidone, or tacrolimus.
Drinking alcohol while taking Voltaren may increase the risk of gastrointestinal-related side effects or kidney damage.
Note that this list is not all-inclusive and includes only common medications that may interact with Voltaren. You should refer to the prescribing information for Voltaren for a complete list of interactions.
Remember, keep this and all other medicines out of the reach of children, never share your medicines with others, and use Voltaren only for the indication prescribed.


if you want to see iTunes gift card balance then you can access this service easily. You can use these gift cards for shopping your favorite products at Apple Stores. You can enjoy music, apps, books, audiobooks, movies and TV by using gift cards and promo codes. You can also redeem your itune gift cards and codes easily via using mobiles app through your devices. If you want to check your card balance online then you can follow these methods.
3 How To Locate Your Gift Card Redemption Code?
If you have credit balance in your ITunes account then you can check your card balance at your IOS device via ITunes store, apple store, book store and even from your computer iTunes store.
On redeem your iTunes gift cards or gifts you can see updated balance on your iTunes store. On purchases each time, iTunes deducts amount from your account. The entire amount of your gift credited to iTunes account, so you don't need to enter each time gift card number for purchasing content. If you want to check your card balance then you can check your card balance via IPOD, IPHONE, IPAD AND OTHER IOS Devices. Or you can use this link to get more updates.
Use iTunes Store, App Store, or iBook to check your card balance.
If you are using iBook then you can see at the bottom.
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If you have credit in your card then you can see card balance below your apply ID.
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Login to your iTunes account by adding Apple ID and password into the login fields.
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Open your Mac app store first.
Enter your Apple ID and Password to login into your account.
See the option "Featured" at the top of the page.
See Quick Links heading and find account option aligned with balance of your card.
First of all open IBooks.
Enter at IBook Store option.
Enter your login information like Apple ID and Password.
Check Quick Links see your card balance under your account username.
After that access customer support service of Apple.
Take to call operator and inquire card balance.
Enter your card number and get your remaining balance services.
How To Locate Your Gift Card Redemption Code?
If you have purchased iTunes gift card then you can access your redemptions code by following method.
First of all gently scratch or peel the label on the back of your gift card.
To redeem your card you need to have card number that starts from X.
Card number is present on the back of the card at different positions that depends on the card type.


text:
Judge Rules FBI Physical Fitness Test Constitutes Illegal Gender Discrimination
By Brian F. Chandler on June 25, 2014
Federal District Court Judge Rules that FBI Physical Fitness Test with differing standards for Men and Women Constitutes Illegal Gender Discrimination Under Title VII
Virginia Federal District Court Judge T.S. Ellis granted a disappointed FBI candidate summary judgment in his lawsuit against the FBI for requiring that he pass a physical fitness test which required higher physical standards for men. See Bauer v. Holder, 2014 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 80130, Case No. 1:13-cv-93 (E.D. Va., June 10, 2014)
Jay Bauer applied for a position as a special agent for the FBI. Among the requirements for admission into the FBI as a special agent is passing a physical fitness test measuring sit-ups, push-ups and two running tests. The test had separate gender-normed requirements, apparently to take into account "physiological differences" between men and women. According to the FBI, these physical requirements "serve as a foundation for his/her ability to effectively apply principles and non-deadly force alternatives being taught in the [defensive tactics] program." Mr. Bauer repeatedly failed certain portions of this physical fitness test, yet his score was higher than what was required of women to pass the test. Ultimately, Mr. Bauer was given the choice to resign from the FBI or be ultimately terminated.
Bauer sued the FBI, alleging that the FBI's separate standards for men and women constituted illegal discrimination based on sex under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act. Although Judge Ellis indicated that such gender-normed physical fitness tests may be acceptable if the FBI intended to test the basic fitness of FBI cadets, Judge Ellis also agreed with the plaintiff in striking down this test because the physical fitness test was designed to assess the physical abilities of cadets to perform certain job related tasks, and both men and women were required to perform the same tasks. The fact that existing FBI agents are not required to pass any physical fitness tests also detracts from the FBI's argument that the physical abilities measured in the test were required for serving as a special agent.
Employers should be wary when requiring applicants to pass gender-normed physical fitness tests. Although such tests may be acceptable in some circumstances, requiring differing standards for men and women will not likely pass muster under Title VII if the test is intended to measure the performance of similar job tasks.
Author: Brian F. Chandler
Other Employment Law Posts
New Confidentiality Agreement Restrictions for DOD Contractors
By Michael E. Stamp
GAO Calls for More Vigorous Enforcement Actions by OFCCP
Misclassifying Employees as Independent Contractors
Is Your Company's Confidentiality Agreement Unenforceable?
By Brian F. Chandler
Printed from: https://protoraelaw.com/employment-blog-judge-rules-fbi-physical-fitness-test-constitutes-illegal-gender-discrimination/


Many people would like to know about their HVAC unit, but they believe it is difficult. It really isn't that difficult to learn about, though. With this article, you'll find some advice that makes this topic easy to understand.
If you struggle with your HVAC, try touring your home before calling a professional. Determine which rooms are hotter or colder than they should be. This can help the contractor determine the problem areas quickly and fix the problem easily.
Understand what you want before talking to a contractor. It is going to be hard to get a price estimate on the phone if the current system isn't something they've seen. Getting an estimate will be even more difficult if you cannot adequately describe the problem. It's important to know this beforehand.
Regularly remove debris from outside condenser units. Leaves, twigs and other troublesome objects can accumulate, particularly after very windy weather, and this will wreak havoc on your system. This can lead to overheating.
When you're trying to cut your grass, don't cover a unit outside with the clippings. Try shooting the clippings away from it. This same tip applies when you are blowing fallen leaves around the yard. Grass and leaves pose a serious problem for the internal functioning of your unit.
Leaves falling from trees can wreak havoc with your HVAC unit. Whenever leaves are falling, consistently clean the fan grill. The fan must be unobstructed to work properly, and if it becomes blocked, it could cause your system to break down.
Check to determine if the fan condenser on your HVAC system is equipped with oil ports, and if it is, be sure to lubricate every year. They generally have a rubber or metal cap on them. Your oil should be an SAE 20. This particular oil is very lightweight and it only requires about 10 drops per port.
If the current location of your HVAC unit outside isn't working, try having it moved to an area with more shade. As it brings in cool air to cool, you will save a lot of money.
Follow the advice presented here to ease your way into the world of HVAC repair and maintenance. Of course, this will be a more hand-on learning experience once you start working with the HVAC system. Keep learning and reading, and you will be prepared for whatever comes in the future!


Actually i replied to the above post where i had already mentioned about EURUSD as my favorite pair and i guess it is also one of the mostly preferred pair of many traders worldwide.
I prefer to stay with the majors, the main USD crosses and the main JPY crosses. I have traded almost every trading instrument available on Forex platforms, but as time goes by, you back to the basics.
Can we use these manipulations to find some trading edge or they remain always unnoticed for small players?


text:
package com.couchbase.mock.subdoc;

/**
 * Path component
 */
class Component {
    final private String value;
    final private int numval;
    private final static int STRING_VALUE = -2;

    Component(String input, boolean isIndex) throws PathParseException {
        if (input == null || input.isEmpty()) {
            throw new PathParseException("Component cannot be empty");
        }
        value = input;
        if (isIndex) {
            try {
                numval = Integer.parseInt(input);
            } catch (NumberFormatException e) {
                throw new PathParseException(e);
            }
            if (numval < -1) {
                throw new PathParseException("Negative path other than -1 not allowed");
            }
        } else {
            numval = STRING_VALUE;
        }
    }

    Component() {
        value = null;
        numval = STRING_VALUE;
    }

    int getIndex() {
        return numval;
    }

    String getString() {
        return value;
    }

    boolean isIndex() {
        return numval != STRING_VALUE;
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Ostracods from freshwater and brackish environments of the Carboniferous of the Midland Valley of Scotland : the early colonization of terrestrial water bodies
Bennett, C.E.; Siveter, D.J.; Davies, S.J.; Williams, M.; Wilkinson, I.P.; Browne, M.; Miller, C.G.. 2012 Ostracods from freshwater and brackish environments of the Carboniferous of the Midland Valley of Scotland : the early colonization of terrestrial water bodies. Geological Magazine, 149 (3). 366-396. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0016756811000719
Before downloading, please read NORA policies.
CarbMidland.pdf
Official URL: http://geolmag.geoscienceworld.org/content/149/3.t...
The Mississippian Strathclyde Group of the Midland Valley of Scotland yields some of the earliest non-marine ostracods. The succession records shallow marine, deltaic, estuarine, lagoonal, lacustrine, fluvial and swamp environments representing a series of staging-posts between fully marine and limnetic settings. Macrofossils and ostracods are assigned to marine, marginal marine, brackish and freshwater environments based on their faunal assemblage patterns. Key brackish to freshwater ostracods are Geisina arcuata, Paraparchites circularis n. sp., Shemonaella ornata n. sp. and Silenites sp. A, associated with the bivalves Anthraconaia, Carbonicola, Cardiopteridium, Curvirimula, Naiadites, the microconchid 'Spirorbis', Spinicaudata and fish. Many Platycopina and Paraparchiticopina ostracods are interpreted as euryhaline, which corresponds with their occurrence in marine to coastal plain water bodies, and supports the 'estuary effect' hypothesis of non-marine colonization. The success of non-marine colonization by ostracods was dependent on the intrinsic adaptations of ostracod species to lower salinities, such as new reproductive strategies and the timing of extrinsic mechanisms to drive non-marine colonization, such as sea-level change. The genus Carbonita is the oldest and most common freshwater ostracod, and went on to dominate freshwater environments in the Late Palaeozoic.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0016756811000719
BGS Programmes 2010 > Geology and Landscape (Scotland)
06 Jun 2012 15:15 +0 (UTC)


This is an awesome 7th floor apartment overlooking Avenida 23 which leads to and is a short distance from; the world famous Habana Libre Hotel, the famous Malecon(Habana's seawall),jazz bars/restaurants/shopping centers/museums.
Places of interest: nightlife, family activities and public transport. You will love it for the safe location, the comfort and the cozy space. My apartment is good for couples, adventurers and business travelers.


text:
require 'simplecov'
SimpleCov.start
require 'awesome_tracer'
require_relative '../fixtures/foo.rb'
require 'pry-byebug'

describe AwesomeTracer do

  before(:each) {
    AwesomeTracer.start!({path: 'awesome_tracer/spec'})
  }
  after(:each) {
    AwesomeTracer.stop!
  }

  # it "should start and stop" do
  #     Foo.new("foo").bar
  #     AwesomeTracer.should be_running
  #     AwesomeTracer.stop!
  #     AwesomeTracer.should_not be_running
  # end

  describe "trace" do
    before(:each) { Foo.new("foo").bar }
    it "should have files" do
      pwd = Dir.pwd
      expect(AwesomeTracer.files).to eq(["#{pwd}/spec/lib/awesome_tracer_spec.rb","#{pwd}/spec/fixtures/foo.rb"])
    end
  end
end


The aim of the paper is to analyze and discourse assorted issues of BRIC ( Brazil, Russia, India, China ) states and effort to construe the assorted stairss taken by each of them separately for the growing of their state and how it affects their corporate development. We discuss the assorted similarities and unsimilarities between these Alliess and how they are working upon their strengths for corporate development. The paper besides discusses whether this alliance is an chance for common coherency, or the Alliess will be a menace to each other in the hereafter.
Since there was non much range for a study, the methodological analysis of research was to travel through assorted diaries ( online every bit good as offline ) , newspapers and other stuff available online ( the mentions for which are given at the terminal ) for a better apprehension of their issues.
In economic sciences, BRIC is a grouping acronym that refers to the states of Brazil, Russia, India, and China that are deemed to all be at a similar phase of freshly advanced economic development.
The acronym was coined by Jim OHYPERLINK " hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_O'Neill_ ( economic expert ) " 'HYPERLINK " hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_O'Neill_ ( economic expert ) " Neill in a 2001 paper entitled " The World Needs Better Economic BRICs " . Harmonizing to Goldman Sachs, by 2050 the combined economic systems of the BRICs could overshadow the combined economic systems of the current richest states of the universe. The four states, combined, presently account for more than a one-fourth of the universe 's land country and more than 40 % of the worldHYPERLINK " hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_population " 'HYPERLINK " hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_population " s population and keep a combined GDP ( PPP ) of 15.435 trillion dollars. Gaining the importance of their place in the recent recession and their turning influence in the universe 's economic personal businesss, the BRIC states are seeking to organize a strong confederation in order to change over their turning economic power into greater geopolitical clout. These four states ( besides called the " large four " ) are among the fastest turning emerging economic systems.
China 's economic system will excel Germany in the following few old ages, Japan by 2015, and the United States by 2041.
India 's growing rate will be the highest-not China 's — and it will catch Japan by 2032.
BRICs ' currencies could appreciate by 300 % over the following 50 old ages, supplying a large tailwind for investors in BRIC assets.
Taken together, the BRICs could be larger than the United States and the developed economic systems of Europe within 40 old ages.
By 2025, BRICs will convey another 200 million people with incomes above $ 15,000 into the universe 's economic system. That 's equal to the combined populations of Germany, France and the United Kingdom.
However, Goldman Sachs has since become more bullish on the BRICs. The size of China 's economic system overtook Germany 's economic system in 2007, a twelvemonth earlier than expected, and has over taken Japan 's in July, 2010. Goldman Sachs now believes that the Chinese economic system will catch the United States by 2027. And with India accounting for 10 of the 30 fastest-growing urban countries in the universe, its influence on the universe economic system will be bigger and quicker than was implied in 2003.
The study besides emphasizes the tremendous populations that exist within the BRIC states, which makes it comparatively easy for their aggregative wealth to overshadow the G6, while per-capita income degrees remain far below the norm of today 's industrialised states. This phenomenon, excessively, will impact universe markets as transnational corporations will try to take advantage of the tremendous potency markets in the BRICs by bring forthing, for illustration, far cheaper cars and other manufactured goods low-cost to the consumers within the BRICs in stead of the luxury theoretical accounts that presently bring the most income to car makers. India and China have already started doing their presence felt in the service and fabrication sector severally in the planetary sphere. Developed economic systems of the universe have already taken serious note of this fact. It must besides be pointed out that India and China are preferable finishs of FIIs and FDIs since they are on the growing phase, while the developed states have either reached or are really near to their impregnation degrees for investing. This is a cause for concern for states like US who are still to retrieve from the recession ( Obama 's recent prohibition on outsourcing is a defensive shot in this really context ) .
The diagram depicts the changeless rise in the influence of the BRIC states in the universe GDP.
The BRICs affair because of their economic weight. They are the four largest economic systems outside the OECD ( Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ) . They are the lone developing economic systems with one-year GDPs of over $ 1 trillion ) . With the exclusion of Russia, they sustained better growing than most during the great recession and, but for them, universe end product would hold fallen by even more than it did.
The most dramatic mark of the BRICs ' significance to the universe economic system, though, is likely their portion of foreign-exchange militias. All four are among the 10 largest collectors of militias, accounting for 40 % of the universe 's entire. China is the largest, with a astonishing $ 2.4 trillion, sufficiency to purchase two-thirds of all the NASDAQ-quoted companies. It is the universe 's second-largest net creditor after Japan ( the cyberspace recognition place takes history of equities every bit good as debt ) . Russia 's foreign-exchange militias were virtually zero when it began market reform in 1992 ; now they stand at $ 420 billion. If the BRICs were to put aside one-sixth of their militias, they could make a fund the size of the IMF.
This macro public presentation is being translated into different kinds of influence. Possibly the most of import is an intangible 1: that of repute. In some respects, the BRICs portion a typical position of the universe. They have big domestic markets with significant Numberss of hapless people, so growing and anti-poverty programmes are higher up their list of concerns than in Western states ( this is even true in Russia, though to a lesser extent ) . They are seeking to diversify their economic systems. They are introducing and disputing received impressions about globalisation.
One ground the BRICs affair is that the universe 's most of import state thinks they do, and is willing to lasso them into decision-making. America 's agencies of making this is the G20. It pushed for the group 's enlargement to include the BRICs and declared the nine the main forum for covering with international economic issues. The BRICs and the original group of seven rich states ( G7 ) form natural blocks within the G20. So far, the clearest look of a consistent BRIC agenda-for reform of the international fiscal system and more domestic stimulation programmes-came on the Eve of a G20 meeting in 2008.
A 2nd ground why the BRICs affair is that all four giants have grounds for making a new nine of their ain. China 's leaders know their clip has come. They want to heighten their ain influence and cut down America 's.
The inquiry that truly arises is that whether or non the BRIC states a menace to each other. There are grounds to believe that they can be a menace to each other. They compete every bit much among themselves as they do with America or Europe. For illustration, the India-China competition is no concealed truth: China and India fought a war in 1962. China has taken control of a piece of Kashmir which India says was ceded illicitly by Pakistan. China besides disputes India 's rubric to the province of Arunachal Pradesh. In 2009 it tried to halt the Asian Development Bank from imparting money to India because the loans would hold financed a flood-control undertaking at that place. India has been seeking to restrict the Numberss of skilled Chinese workers. And both have been viing badly to 'win friends and influence people ' by offering them assistance, remittals, investing etc.
In add-on, they ( BRICs ) are different from each other in more ways than one. Two are autocratic states ; two are noisy democracies. Three are atomic powers ( Brazil is non, though it had a nuclear-weapons programme which it abandoned in the 1980s ) . Two have permanent seats on the UN Security Council ; two ( to their huge defeat ) do non.
A more of import obstruction to coherency is strategic competition. True, BRIC states co-operate on a bilateral footing. There have been joint military exercisings between Russia and China, Russia and India, and China and India in recent old ages. Russia and China besides have a mutual-security organic structure, called the Shanghai Co-operation Organisation, which includes Central Asiatic states. The large job, here excessively, is India 's competition with China.
The BRICs have besides stepped up competition between one another in 3rd states. Although the flow of assistance and investing from rich states to hapless has been wavering, China promised $ 10 billion of inexpensive recognition to Africa in 2009-12 and Brazil has invested $ 10 billion in the continent since 2003. The BRICs have besides dramatically increased their purchases of exports from hapless states. As America and the Soviet Union vied for influence through economic and military assistance, the BRICs do now.
Even among emerging market human dynamos, Brazil and China stand out. With enviably strong growing rates, the largest economic systems in Latin America and Asia have come to stand for the displacement in planetary clout from developed to developing economic systems. And as they 've grown, the two states have become more intertwined than of all time.
But the relationship, while reciprocally good, is barely equal. The sheer size of the Chinese economic system means its demands have begun changing Brazil 's, in ways both good and unreassuring. The lopsided relationship underscores the profound challenges that China 's outgrowth as an industrial force airss for developing states.
China, the universe 's 2nd largest economic system, is now Brazil 's top trading spouse, exceling the United States for the first clip last twelvemonth. Brazilian imports from China jumped 12-fold from 2000 to 2009, and exports went up a whopping 18 times. China consumed about 14 per centum of Brazil 's exports in 2009 — and sent back about 13 per centum of Brazilian imports.
The Middle Kingdom has gone beyond simply act uponing the Brazilian economic system — the universe 's 8th largest — and has begun reshaping it, conveying bonanzas to some industries and loads to others.
The above saloon chart is grounds adequate of China 's laterality in the BRIC.
We compare the four economic systems as per the HDI indices. HDI ( Human Development Index ) is a composite statistic used to rank states by degree of " human development " . The statistic is composed from informations on life anticipation, instruction and per-capita GDP ( as an index of criterion of life ) collected at the national degree utilizing a expression.
( The no. to the left of each state 's name is its rank among the 182 states on that peculiar index. The no. to the left is the numerical step of the HDI. For illustration, Brazil ranks 75th in footings of overall HDI, and its HDI value is 0.813 ) .
Out of the 182 states, none of the BRIC states appears in the Very High Human Development scope.
Of the four states, Russia appears at the top ( rank 71 ) , Brazil comes 2nd at rank 75, China is 3rd with rank 92, and India is ranked in the Medium Human Development scope at a low 134.
There is broad derived function between the states in footings of GDP per capita ( PPP US $ ) . Russians earn $ 14700 per capita whereas the figure for Brazil is $ 9500, China $ 5400 and for India a mere $ 2700.
The registration rate excessively varies widely between them. Brazil and Russia are close ( 87.2 % and 81.9 % severally ) though far in front of India and China ( 61 % and 68.7 % severally ) .
In footings of life anticipation, China emerges at the top with 73 years, Brazil closely follows with 72 years, Russia lags buttocks at 66, and India here excessively is the worst at 63 year.
We now eventually travel to the terminal of the paper where we discuss some of the many grounds that led to, and will excite the growing and acclivity of the BRIC.
Brazil dominates Latin America and is rich in natural resources. Brazil histories for most of the universe 's soybean trade and about 80 per centum of planetary orange juice production.
Russia is harvesting the wages of still-high energy monetary values. The former Soviet democracy has the universe 's largest natural gas militias and monolithic gold sedimentations. Russian metropoliss are hustling with commercial activity.
India has a immense and turning English-speaking work force. Over the last 20 old ages, India 's growing rates have skyrocketed.
China is going nil less than the universe 's largest market for reasonably much everything. The sheer graduated table of the growing is mind-boggling. The Chinese economic system is 70 times bigger than it was in 1978. A huge industrial base is transforming the state in impossible ways.
During the recent recession, the BRIC have shown that their sound macroeconomic policies shall maintain them afloat for the times to come. Though there is inter-dependence between them and the West, it is non up to a point that they rely wholly on them.
States like India and China have warmed up to the thought of international trade but they are still cautious, as they understand that if they open their doors a bit excessively much, they might fall into the cavity. And that is why they still have bounds on foreign investings.
A major ground for the diminution of employment in the US and its rise in the Asiatic economic systems is outsourcing. Due to copiousness of labor in Asiatic states, more and more states in the West are outsourcing. Though it makes economic sense ( Comparative Advantage Theory ) , it is bad for the beginning state 's employment, particularly after the recession epoch.
It has been observed that late there is a tendency of rearward migration, whereby non merely are Indians abroad are coming back to India, but besides a batch of citizens from developed states are using for occupations here.
There is no argument over the fact that India and China are the biggest markets. Not merely because of their big populations, but besides because they offer attractive investing chances since there is a enormous range of development in these states. The same holds good for Brazil every bit good. The rise of in-between category in these states provides a stimulation for the same.
These and many other grounds are responsible for the rise of the BRICs.
In decision, we may province that since the growing of BRIC is based on strong basicss, this ascent shall go on in the hereafter. Though there are a batch of unsimilarities excessively, like that of per capita income degrees, HDI, trade policies, nature of authoritiess and economic constructions, these states are committed to their functions in the axis, and are working hard for single every bit good as corporate improvement. Sing the rise in their foreign militias, exports ( of non merely natural stuffs but besides manufactured goods ) , foreign investings, and GDP, we foresee a bright hereafter for these states. It needs to be mentioned here that in order to accomplish its aims, these states must non overlook the grave issues of poorness, unemployment, deficiency of equal substructure, force of force per unit area groups etc. that they face.