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CYBERFRAUD ALERT!
LET'S WORK TOGETHER TO BEAT INTERNET FRAUD
Can you imagine closing a sale, only to be advised a day or 2 later that the purchaser received an edited email with a fraudster's banking details, that he paid the deposit into that account, and that the money is gone?
We see these edited emails from fraudsters almost every week, and the incidence is growing. As a part of the property sector, where large amounts of money are transferred routinely, we are a logical target, and we need to warn our clients of the risks.
If you adopt the principals and procedures set out below, this will go a long way to ensure that you and your clients are never caught out:
Warn your clients personally about the very real threat of cyberfraud the moment you discuss an offer to purchase, especially the Purchaser who will be paying a deposit!
Be specific about the risk of emails being altered to change banking details (as this is the most common threat).
If the funds are being paid into the agency's account, give your clients your banking details personally, or over the phone, and then confirm by another means if necessary.
Don't send your bank account details to a client via email before you have spoken to them to warn them of the risk of fraud and given them the bank details over the phone, that way they can double check.
When large sums are involved, clients should always make a nominal "test" payment first, and wait for it to reflect, before paying the full amount.
Warn your clients that you will never send them an email to change your banking details.
Do not send a conveyancer's banking details to your clients, let the conveyancers do that themselves.
Never leave your computer, tablet or mobile phone unattended while you are logged in. The information on your device is valuable for a fraudster and might create an opportunity.
Never disclose your computer/email/mobile phone log on credentials to anyone else and change your passwords regularly.
Ensure you have a reputable antivirus software on all your devices and have your computer and other devices scanned for spyware on a regular basis.
Don't disclose the identity of your buyers to anyone who does not need to know who they are.
Avoid using any public Wi-Fi where possible.
Let's work together to beat the fraudsters and to keep our money safe!
Miltons Matsemela Inc.
HOW MANY SIGNATURES ARE ACTUALLY REQUIRED ON AN OTP WHEN A SELLER ACTS ON HIS OWN BEHALF AND ON BEHALF OF A CO-OWNER?
Mr and Mrs Smith co-own property. They get divorced and Mr Smith pays Mrs Smith R2 000 000 for her share in the property. In return, she agrees to transfer her share to Mr Smith. She also grants him power of attorney to sign all transfer documents her behalf, and/or a sale agreement, should he wish to rather sell the property someday, instead of taking transfer of her half share.
Mr Smith does not do anything to take transfer of her half share and some years later decides to sell the property. When he receives an offer, he adds his ex-wife's name to the OTP as a co-seller (since her name still appears on the title deed as a half share owner), but he only signs once. He does not declare anywhere on the OTP that he signs "on my own behalf and on behalf of the co-owner by virtue of power of attorney". In fact, he makes no mention on the OTP at all, of the fact that he is acting in a personal, AND in a representative capacity. He simply initials everywhere and then signs once on the last page.
The buyer defaults, is put to terms, and the sale is cancelled. The agency which assisted Mr Smith in selling, wants to now sue for commission. Do we have a valid sale agreement when the seller only signed once and failed to make any mention that he signs in a dual capacity?
The Alienation of Lands Act provides that "No alienation of land …. shall… be of any force or effect unless it is contained in a deed of alienation signed by the parties thereto or by their agents acting on their written authority".
With thanks to our former senior partner Milton Koumbatis, who assisted us, we were referred to a court case – Glen Comeragh (Pty) Ltd v Colibri (Pty) Ltd, from 1979, where the court referred to a law book entitled "Phipson on Evidence" (11th ed at 714 para 1635) and where this author stated the following: "Where a party executes a document in several different capacities, it is not necessary that he should sign more than once…" This judgment has been relied upon by various judgments ever since but for different reasons, so this is not at all necessarily the conclusive position in our law. Phipson is also a British author. I could also not find any other judgments amongst the 33 000 plus judgments which are available on our "Jutastat On-Line Law Reports", which repeats this quote from Phipson!
I have however also found an article on Google which indicates that in France (https://frenchlaw.blog/2018/05/29/how-many-signatures-for-a-person-intervening-in-an-act-in-a-dual-capacity/) a person signing a contract in a dual capacity needs to only sign once, which lends further support to this argument though.
The end result is this – we cannot say for certain what a High Court in SA would say to this question, if ever it had to be argued before a Judge! What we can however tell you is that we may soon be taking such a matter to court and if we are successful, you will be the first to know. Until then our advice to the reader is simple: if you are going to wear two hats, make it clear on the OTP and rather just point it out, or, sign twice and use "pp" which means "on behalf of"! Better to be safe than sorry.
THE EXPROPRIATION BILL OF 2020 – NEW LAWS TO REGULATE EXPROPRIATION, INCLUDING EXPROPRIATION WITHOUT COMPENSATION
On 9 October 2020 and in Government Gazette number 43798 the latest draft of the Expropriation Bill was published. The first draft of this Bill was published in December 2018 (the 2018 Bill). These proposed Bills, if passed by Parliament, will bring our law of expropriation into line with our constitution.
The 2018 Bill was published after expropriation without compensation was again highlighted as a mechanism for land reform following statements made by the EFF, and the policy adopted by the ANC at their 2017 elective conference, where Cyril Ramaphosa was elected as President of the party. This initiative also resulted in extensive public hearings, and the formation of an ad hoc Parliamentary committee that was tasked to advise Parliament on the amendment of the Constitution to allow for expropriation without compensation. The work of this committee continues.
It was therefore surprising to see that government was persevering with their agenda to pass a new expropriation law without first finalising amendments to the constitution.
I have compared this new 2020 Bill against the 2018 Bill and there are very few changes of any serious consequence. If anything, the 2020 Bill is now more in line with the rights that are enshrined in our constitution. The 2020 Bill provides for a clearly regulated and transparent process for the government to follow should they wish to expropriate property, and provides protection for owners, and third parties, whose rights might be affected.
In section 12(3) of the 2018 Bill, examples of the circumstances in which land could be expropriated without compensation were set out. This section has now been rewritten. I think it is important to highlight the changes that have been made, as this gives us insight into the thinking behind the Bill.
In the 2018 bill, the first category of land where expropriation without compensation was contemplated was where the land was occupied or used by a labour tenant as defined in the Land Reform (Labour Tenants) Act. This category remains, albeit in a slightly different form, in section 12(4) of the 2020 Bill.
The second category of land where expropriation without compensation was contemplated was where the land is held for purely speculative purposes. This category was the most contentious because of the obvious problems inherent in determining what the owner's purpose for holding the land was, and what would amount to "speculation".
This category has now been restated as follows: "where land is not being used and the owner's main purpose is not to develop the land or use it to generate income, but to benefit from appreciation of its market value". While there is still some scope for debate on the interpretation of this category, the new definition does assist to clear up some of the confusion created by the previous draft.
The third category of land where expropriation without compensation was contemplated was where the land was owned by a state-owned corporation or other state-owned entity. This category has also been further defined. Land owned by an organ of state will only fall into this category if that organ of state is not using the land for its core functions, and is not likely to need the land for its future activities. In addition, for such land to be expropriated without compensation, the organ of state must not have paid for the property.
The fourth ground upon which land could be subject to expropriation without compensation in terms of the 2018 Bill was where the land had been abandoned by its owner. This category remains in the 2020 Bill, with minor amendments to the wording.
The fifth category of land that was cited in the 2018 Bill as an example where expropriation without compensation might be applicable was land where the market value was less than the value of direct state investment and subsidy in the acquisition and improvement of the land. This category has been restated verbatim.
The new bill also adds an additional category of land that might be expropriated without compensation. This is where the nature or condition of the property poses a health, safety or physical risk to persons or other property.
While these categories are not exclusive, it remains clear that expropriation without compensation will only be applied in limited circumstances. Furthermore, the constitutional requirement that land may only be expropriated for a proper reason, and in terms of a law that applies equally to everyone in South Africa remains. In addition, property can only be expropriated for a public purpose or in the public interest and all relevant circumstances need to be taken into consideration in determining the issue of compensation. The amount of compensation to be paid also needs to balance the public interest and the interests of those who are affected by the expropriation.
Finally, it is important to emphasise that the courts will be the final arbiter in the event of disputes flowing from any expropriation. Such disputes might flow from the decision to expropriate, the procedures adopted, or the amount of compensation to be paid. The jurisdiction of the courts will not be able to be overridden by a government official with arbitrary powers.
The 2020 Bill therefore remains true to our constitution.
The publishing of the 2020 Bill is surprising in the light of the work that is being done by the Parliamentary ad hoc committee who are tasked to make proposals to Parliament for the amendment of the constitution to allow for expropriation without compensation. I say this because this 2020 Bill is in line with the constitution as it now stands. Are these two initiatives, the first, to pass this new law that fits in with the constitution; and the second, to amend the constitution, evidence of a dual agenda within the ANC, or will they be reconciled at some time in the future?
Whatever the case, if one looks at the proposed changes to the constitution that were published by the ad hoc Committee in December 2019, and if we read the latest draft of the Expropriation Bill, I anticipate no major deviations from the fundamental rights of property ownership that we enjoy in South Africa, as they are currently enshrined in our constitution.
Directors, Trustees: Can You Hold Your AGMs and General Meetings on Zoom?
Regrettably the pandemic still shows no sign of going away any time soon, and the social distancing it has brought to our "new normal" leaves companies with a dilemma. How can you comply – safely and lawfully – with the Companies Act's stringent requirements for the holding of Annual General Meetings and (where needed) interim General Meetings?
The good news is that our South African legislation has for many years allowed the holding of company meetings via electronic communication.
The savings in cost, efficiency and convenience have now – courtesy of the lockdown – been experienced first-hand by many a company and its stakeholders, and a Google search reveals a multitude of AGMs held recently via Zoom or similar platforms (there are also several proprietary platforms specializing in shareholder meetings).
The benefits of meeting virtually are such that even after Covid-19 is no more than a bad memory many of us will continue doing so in place of the traditional "face-to-face all in one place" gatherings.
Expect also an upsurge in hybrid physical/virtual meetings as things get safer.
The formal requirements
Comply strictly with all the Companies Act's requirements in regard to proper notice, conduct and minuting of meetings and decisions.
Observe all the legal requirements set out in ECTA (the Electronic Communications and Transactions Act) in regard to identification of originator, accessibility, storage, retrieval etc.
Shareholder meetings can be conducted entirely by electronic communication unless prohibited by your MOI (Memorandum of Incorporation) but if you want to avoid any uncertainty have your lawyer draw your MOI to clearly allow them.
How you hold the virtual meeting is important, the requirement being that "The electronic communication employed ordinarily enables all persons participating in that meeting to communicate concurrently with each other without an intermediary, and to participate reasonably effectively in the meeting."
Notice of the meeting – over and above the normal requirements for notice, "the notice of that meeting must inform shareholders of the availability of that form of participation, and provide any necessary information to enable shareholders or their proxies to access the available medium or means of electronic communication".
It's then over to shareholders (or their proxies) to arrange their own access at their own expense, although good practice might be to assist with technical and perhaps even financial support where necessary. Any suggestion of an infringement of shareholder rights could come back to haunt you.
Board decisions generally
Unless your MOI says otherwise, your board can make decisions electronically (without a virtual or physical meeting) if the decision is one "that could be voted on at a meeting of the board of that company". Decisions can be "adopted by written consent of a majority of the directors" after "each director has received notice of the matter to be decided."
Shareholder decisions generally
Shareholders can also vote electronically on resolutions relating to any business not required by the Companies Act or by the MOI to be conducted at an AGM
Meetings of public company shareholders "must be reasonably accessible within the Republic for electronic participation by shareholders … irrespective of whether the meeting is held in the Republic or elsewhere".
Bodies Corporate and Home Owners Associations
Community schemes should take advice on whether in their particular circumstances they can/should postpone their AGMs and/or hold them remotely. Bodies Corporate will need to comply with their Rules and Home Owners Associations with their founding documents (either a Constitution or an MOI).
This article was published recently by LawDotNews. We credit the original author.


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Home > Advocacy > Legislative & Regulatory Issues > Business Aviation Essential to Local Economies and National Interest > Business Aviation: A Vital Part of America's Economy and Transportation System
Business Aviation: A Vital Part of America's Economy and Transportation System
Aviation in the United States is categorized three ways – as commercial (which includes the scheduled airlines) military, or general. Business aviation is a subset of general aviation, and is commonly defined as the use of general aviation aircraft for business purposes.
The Business Aviation Community: A Diverse Composite
There are about 15,000 business aircraft registered in the United States. "Business aircraft" is defined as fixed-wing turbine aircraft plus piston-twin general aviation aircraft and flown as business or corporate operations as determined by the FAA in 2002. About 3 percent of these aircraft are flown by Fortune 500 companies, while the remaining 97 percent encompass a broad cross-section of operators, including governments, schools and universities, churches, farms, foundations, charitable organizations and businesses – large, medium and small. Business aircraft operators are registered in every state in the country.
The Business Aircraft Fleet: Many Types of Aircraft
The types of business aircraft vary widely, ranging from propeller-driven aircraft to jets to helicopters. Although the fleet includes international business jets capable of seating 19 persons and flying New York to Tokyo non-stop, the vast majority seat six passengers in a cabin roughly the size of a large SUV and fly an average stage length of less than 1,000 miles.
The Need for Business Aviation: Providing Access, Strengthening Local Economies
While companies that rely on business aviation represent many different professions and locations, they all have one thing in common: the need for fast, flexible, safe, secure and cost-effective access to destinations across the country and around the world. In many instances, business aviation is the appropriate transportation solution, opening the door to global commerce for small-community and rural populations by linking them directly to population centers and manufacturing facilities. The benefits of business aviation to the U.S are clear:
Civil aviation contributed over $900 billion and 11 million jobs to the U.S. economy in 2000, at least 9 percent of the total U.S. gross domestic product.
Of this contribution, one dollar in nine is contributed by general aviation.
Of the general aviation economic contribution, 80 percent is generated by business aviation.
Business aircraft help companies increase productivity, because travel times are compressed and the office-like environment aboard aircraft enables employees to be productive in transit.
For more information about the role of business aviation in your state and across the U.S., contact Dick Doubrava, NBAA vice president, legislative affairs, at rdoubrava@nbaa.org or Christa Lucas, NBAA vice president, legislative affairs, at clucus@nbaa.org.
BUSINESS AVIATION SNAPSHOT: CLAYTON HOMES
Clayton Homes is a commercial and residential construction company based in Knoxville, TN.
Clayton is typical of many companies utilizing business aircraft today, in that its three aircraft (two piston twins and one turboprop) are used to efficiently conduct business between 18 facilities located in rural areas across 14 states. For Clayton Homes and thousands of other companies in the U.S., business aviation is a critical business tool that facilitates commerce in rural America.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Our Versailles Collection is a staple of Harmony's line, with new versions of this combo every year. With artisan detail and amazing intricacy, Harmony's Mandala style in this color combination is a red-carpet crowd stopper, but don't be afraid to rock a pendant with a few bracelets as you run your errands. Green Onyx, Black Onyx, Black Spinel & Peacock Pearls comprise this beautiful line of classic elegance.


The objective of this work is to develop a preoperative reconstruction plate design system for unilateral pelvic and acetabular fracture reduction and internal fixation surgery, using computer graphics and augmented reality (AR) techniques, in order to respect the patient-specific morphology and to reduce surgical invasiveness, as well as to simplify the surgical procedure.
Our AR-aided implant design and contouring system is composed of two subsystems: a semi-automatic 3D virtual fracture reduction system to establish the patient-specific anatomical model and a preoperative templating system to create the virtual and real surgical implants. Preoperative 3D CT data are taken as input. The virtual fracture reduction system exploits the symmetric nature of the skeletal system to build a "repaired" pelvis model, on which reconstruction plates are planned interactively. A lightweight AR environment is set up to allow surgeons to match the actual implants to the digital ones intuitively. The effectiveness of this system is qualitatively demonstrated with 6 clinical cases. Its reliability was assessed based on the inter-observer reproducibility of the resulting virtual implants.
The implants designed with the proposed system were successfully applied to all cases through minimally invasive surgeries. After the treatments, no further complications were reported. The inter-observer variability of the virtual implant geometry is 0.63 mm on average with a standard deviation of 0.49 mm. The time required for implant creation with our system is 10 min on average.
It is feasible to apply the proposed AR-aided design system for noninvasive implant contouring for unilateral fracture reduction and internal fixation surgery. It also enables a patient-specific surgical planning procedure with potentially improved efficiency.


Dawn McIver of MicroWorks, Inc., discusses studies that she has done comparing traditional compendial methods of microbiological testing.
"We wanted to study the workflow differences, as well as the specificity of information that we gain from each method," she said. McIver studied various gram-positive and gram-negative organisms, from client-supplied isolates.
Organisms were prepared from stock cultures, and suspensions were prepared and cell density determined with a hemocytometer. Based on cell density dilutions, McIver developed samples of 25 to 50 organisms each. Sample descriptions were entered into bioMerieux's Observa software and bottles were loaded into the instrument. Canisters were observed on a daily basis for growth, McIver said.
In terms of the time that it took to get results, McIver found that results for the rapid method were usually less than a day, while compendial methods varied from two days to even four to six days, depending on the organism being investigated. However, there were several organisms that required as much as five or six days in the BacT/ALERT, and sometimes required more time than the compendial method. At other times, it was not possible to gain data for some organisms via the rapid method, and some organisms via compendial methods.
McIver noted that it was extremely interesting to her to see how differing organisms were easily and quickly identified via rapid methods, but that this did not apply across the board. While the rapid methods did indeed accelerate testing for most major bacteria and other microbes, it was still microbe-dependent.
Does it make sense to put a rapid microbiological system in place? On the whole, yes, McIver suggested. It's also helpful to look at set-up and read time comparisons, she reminded. It was typically one hour to set up the five sterility tests for compendial testing, as compared to 15 minutes for the BacT/ALERT. Daily reads of compendial methods took approximately 30 minutes, as compared to three to five minutes typical of the BacT/ALERT.
As a cost per test comparison, McIver found that the rapid test was $12-$15 per test, versus $20-$25 per test with compendial methods.
The BacT/ALERT provides an alternative method that automates the sterility test process.
Results demonstrated comparability between the two methods.
The rapid system took about ¼ quarter of the time, and the cost per test was lower.


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Whitecaps FC look to continue home undefeated streak against Seattle Sounders FC
July 5, 201310:56PM PDT
Darcy Green
VANCOUVER, BC – Looking to continue their home unbeaten streak, Vancouver Whitecaps FC (7W-5L-5D) host Cascadia rivals Seattle Sounders FC (7W-5L-3D) this coming Saturday, July 6 at BC Place.
Saturday's match between Whitecaps FC and Sounders FC kicks off at 8 p.m. PT and is live on TSN and Bell mobile devices. 'Caps fans can also listen to Saturday night's match live on TEAM 1410 radio and teamradio.ca, starting with the pre-game show at 6 p.m. PT. TEAM 1410 will also have a two-hour post-game show, which will begin following the match.
This will be the second match of the season between the two sides. The 'Caps looked in good steed to earn a victory when they had a 2-1 lead at CenturyLink Field on June 8, but an injury to Andy O'Brien - with fellow centre backs Jay DeMerit, Brad Rusin, and Carlyle Mitchell also already out - turned the tide as the Sounders came back for a 3-2 win.
The 'Caps are undefeated at home since the start of the 2013 season with a record of 6W-0L-4D in all competitions. Also of great importance is the 'Caps standing in the race for the Cascadia Cup. Whitecaps FC are currently third with one point, while Portland are second with two points, and Seattle first with four points. A win by the 'Caps would take them tops.
Last match: Sporting Kansas City 1-1 Vancouver Whitecaps FC
The Blue and White are coming off of a two-match road swing in which they earned a 1-0 victory over D.C. United and a 1-1 draw against Sporting Kansas City. Camilo scored both goals for the 'Caps on the trip, taking him to 10 goals on the MLS season - just a single tally behind league-leader Marco Di Vaio of Montreal Impact.
Due to their recent run of great form, the 'Caps continue to move up the table, currently sitting in fifth spot in MLS's Western Conference with games in hand on three of the four teams above them. However, Seattle are only two points behind them with two games in hand. A win would give Vancouver increased seperation in the ever-tight race for playoff spots in the Western Conference.
Rennie's side will miss Simon Thomas, Russell Teibert, and Carlyle Mitchell all due to international duty, as all three players have been called up by their respective national teams for the CONCACAF Gold Cup. The home side will also continue to miss captain Jay DeMerit (ruptured Achilles tendon) and winger Omar Salgado (foot fracture) indefinitely. Centre back Andy O'Brien (hamstring strain) is questionnable, but will be hoping to be in good enough health to draw back into the lineup for the Blue and White.
Last match: Seattle Sounders FC 2-0 D.C. United
Seattle are coming off of a 2-0 win at home against D.C. United this past Wednesday. Obafemi Martins scored a brace to give the Sounders the win and allow them to gain three points in the ever-tight Western Conference standings.
Martins, Eddie Johnson, and Lamar Neagle all have four goals on the year and have contributed to the Rave Green's success as of late.
Head coach Sigi Schmid's side will be without Osvaldo Alonso (left adductor strain), Steve Zakuani (abdominal strain), and Josh Ford (right patella fracture) all due to injury. Their only international call-up is Mario Martinez, who has joined Honduras for the duration of the Gold Cup.
June 8, 2013: Sounders FC 3-2 Whitecaps FC
This will be the seventh MLS meeting between Vancouver and Seattle, and the 118th time the two clubs have met in all competitions.
Despite several strong efforts, the 'Caps have yet to beat the Sounders in MLS. Since joining MLS, Whitecaps FC have a 0W-3L-3D record versus their arch-rivals from Seattle.
There is a rich history between these two clubs that dates back long before MLS. In the old North American Soccer League (NASL) between 1974 and 1983, the 'Caps recorded 17 wins and 11 defeats versus Sounders FC. Between 1994 and 2008, when both sides competed in the United Soccer Leagues First Division, Whitecaps FC held a record of 25W-43L-15D versus their Cascadia rivals. All-time, Sounders FC have a slightly better record between the two sides with a record of 57W-42L-18D.
There are several connections between the two rivals. One connection is between Seattle midfielder Mauro Rosales and Whitecaps FC defender Young-Pyo Lee who previouslyplayed against each other in the Dutch Eredivisie. Rosales played for AFC Ajax, while Lee played for PSV Eindhoven. Additionally, Sounders FC striker Obafemi Martins played against Lee and Andy O'Brien, as well as midfielder Nigel Reo-Coker in the English Premier League while they played for Tottenham Hotspur, Bolton Wanderers, and Aston Villa respectively. Both O'Brien and Martins played at Newcastle United, but a year apart. O'Brien left in 2005 and Martins joined in 2006.
CASCADIA CUP
This match also counts toward Cascadia Cup standings, with Vancouver, Portland, and Seattle competing in the annual tournament. With a win against their Emerald City rivals, the 'Caps will be tied with the Sounders atop the Cascadia Cup table.
Following this clash of archrivals, the 'Caps will host Eastern Conference side Chicago Fire on Sunday, July 14 at BC Place. Kickoff is scheduled for 4 p.m. PT and will be live on Sportsnet Pacific and TEAM 1410.


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A.	One is appointed by the President Pro Tem (Majority Leader) of the New York State Senate and one is appointed by the Speaker of the New York State Assembly from a list of candidates submitted to them. The list of candidates is to be submitted within fifteen days of receipt of notification of the pre-application preliminary scoping statement. In the event that the President Pro Tem of the Senate or the Speaker of the Assembly does not appoint one of the candidates within thirty days of receiving the list, the Governor shall appoint the ad hoc member(s) from the list of candidates. In the event that one or both of the ad hoc public members have not been appointed within forty-five days, a majority of persons named to the Siting Board shall constitute a quorum.
A.	Based on recent market trends in New York State, the types of electric generating facilities most likely to be proposed pursuant to the Article 10 process are natural gas-fired facilities and wind-power facilities. But it is possible that other types of generating facilities will be proposed. The Summer 2012 installed generating capacity of power plants in the New York Control Area is 38,902 MWs, type classified as follows: Gas with Oil Back-up 36.9%; Gas 15.7%; Nuclear 13.5%; Hydro 11.0%; Oil 8.5%; Coal 6.1%; Pumped Storage Hydro 3.6%, Wind 3.5%; Refuse 0.7%; Biomass (Wood) 0.1%; Solar 0.1%, and Other 0.2%.
A.	If the pre-application preliminary scoping statement is substantially modified or revised, the Siting Board may require an additional pre-application intervenor fee in an amount not to exceed $25,000.
A.	Yes. All proceedings on an application including a final decision by the Siting Board must be completed within 12 months from the date of a determination by the Chairperson that an application complies, except that the Siting Board may extend the deadline in extraordinary circumstances by no more than 6 months in order to give consideration to specific issues necessary to develop an adequate record. The board must render a final decision on the application by the aforementioned deadlines unless the deadlines are waived by the applicant.
A.	The Siting Board must consider: (a) the state of available technology; (b) the nature and economics of reasonable alternatives; (c) environmental impacts found pursuant to subdivision two of this section; (d) the impact of construction and operation of related facilities, such as electric lines, gas lines, water supply lines, waste water or other sewage treatment facilities, communications and relay facilities, access roads, rail facilities, or steam lines; (e) the consistency of the construction and operation of the facility with the energy policies and long-range energy planning objectives and strategies contained in the most recent state energy plan; (f) the impact on community character and whether the facility would affect communities that are disproportionately impacted by cumulative levels of pollutants; and (g) such additional social, economic, visual or other aesthetic, environmental and other considerations deemed pertinent by the Siting Board.


Company Name Paul Penders Botanicals India Pvt. Ltd.
Paul Penders is an active environmentalist and avid animal rights activist who incorporates his beliefs into his skincare and cosmetics. His philosophy of "no chemicals" and "no animal testing" started with shampoos and later on evolved into a bounty of new skincare products for people of all ages.
For more than 50 years Paul Penders is innovative in making natural cosmetics which are effective and safe to use.
Paul Penders is the pioneer in producing natural cosmetics for over 50 years; starting in Europe, then in the US and now in Malaysia and in the Himalayas. We are a socially responsible company providing world-wide certifications for vegan (AVA), environmental and safe cosmetics (EWG) and clean ingredients.
Natural Solutions Magazine editors in the US (with 1.7 million likes at Facebook alone) voted unanimously for 4 Awards of Paul Penders natural products recently in the "7th Annual Beauty With A Conscience Awards".
These Award honor natural beauty products which use natural ingredients and how these products impact a person's look and feel.


SeniorHousingNet.com provides all the available details for facilities or services that Oakmont of Escondido Hills provides at 3012 Bear Valley Pkwy S, Escondido, CA, 92025. Oakmont of Escondido Hills provides an Assisted Living, Alzheimer's Care, Retirement Home for seniors in Escondido, CA. We invite you to contact Oakmont of Escondido Hills for specific questions. However, for a quick overview, explore the above community details like amenities and room features to get a sense of what services and activities are available. After you browse the community photos, read the latest articles related to senior living. Search SeniorHousingNet.com for additional senior housing options near 3012 Bear Valley Pkwy S.


An absorption spectrum is a measure of the wavelengths of radiation that a pigment absorbs. The selective absorption of different wavelengths determines the color of a pigment. For example, the chlorophylls of higher plants absorb red and blue wavelengths, but not green wavelengths, and this gives leaves their characteristic green color.
The molecular structure of a pigment determines its absorption spectrum. When a pigment absorbs radiation, it is excited to a higher energy state. A pigment molecule absorbs some wavelengths and not others simply because its molecular structure restricts the energy states which it can enter.
Once a pigment has absorbed radiation and is excited to a higher energy state, the energy in the pigment has three possible fates: (a) it can be emitted as heat, (b) it can be emitted as radiation of lower energy (longer wavelength), or (c) it can engage in photochemical work, i.e., produce chemical changes. Flavonoids, carotenoids, and betalains are plant pigments which typically emit most of their absorbed light energy as heat. In contrast, chlorophyll, phytochrome, rhodopsin, and phycobilin are plant pigments which use much of their absorbed light energy to produce chemical changes within the plant.


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Herminia obliqualis är en fjärilsart som beskrevs av John Henry Leech. Herminia obliqualis ingår i släktet Herminia och familjen nattflyn. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Nattflyn
obliqualis

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Outdoor rock climbing is the natural and progressive step after learning to climb indoors. The skills are similar but the environment and exhilaration of completing your first graded rock climb combine to make climbing outdoors so satisfying.
Our two-day beginners course is aimed at anybody new to climbing, either indoors or outdoors and would like to learn the fundamental elements of outdoor rock climbing in a structured and supportive atmosphere.
Our unique location, near to Kit Hill, Bodmin Moor and Dartmoor provides many suitable venues in which to explore your climbing talents. Our qualified and experienced instructors will be able to seek suitable and varied venues on each of the two days of the course, according to your needs and desires. Our Introduction to rock climbing course is suitable for complete beginners, right up those who have climbed indoors but would like to extend their learning onto real rock.
Day 1 Meet at the Delaware Outdoor Education Centre for an initial brief and equipment check before swiftly moving outdoors to climb at a local rock climbing venue. We will look at basic top-roping skills, movement on rock, belaying, associated risks and their management.
Day 2 Meet at a pre-agreed outdoor rock climbing venue -or- meet at the Delaware OEC and be driven to the venue in one of our minibuses. We will consolidate and improve on the skills learnt on day 1 whilst extending your learning by examining simple and safe top-rope anchor systems and abseiling skills.
We see that operating with a small instructor to client ratio is the safest and quickest way to learn the essential skills required to remain safe on the hill. That is why we only work to a maximum of 1:6 Instructor:Client.
We will provide any equipment that you require as part of the course. Please let us know your waist and shoe size when booking. Note: If you have your own climbing shoes, helmet, harness or belay plate then please bring them along for discussion and perhaps your own comfort.
The weather cannot necessarily be predicted so please bring suitable clothing that will keep you warm and dry in most weathers. As outdoor rock climbing venues are often remote we recommend a comfortable and sturdy footwear for walking to and from the climbing areas. Bring a packed lunch and plenty to drink.
Providing that you feel fit enough to climb then you probably are. We would appreciate however that you confidentially inform your instructor of any injuries or pre-existing medical conditions that may affect your ability to participate. This may help the instructor gauge your ability more effectively and to improve your overall enjoyment of the course.
You can book onto the Introduction to Rock Climbing Course by contacting the Delaware Outdoor Education Centre directly. We will send you a simple questionnaire and booking form by email or post. This will enable us to make the course as relevant as possible to your needs.


There is something magical about seeing the things you create come alive on the screen of an iPhone. The problem is that getting your content to show up on a device with an Apple logo is a hard trek at the best of times. There are simply so many hoops to jump: enrolling in the developer program, battling wayward libraries and insidious bugs, juggling provisioning profiles and finally undergoing that agonizing wait for your app to be approved. It's way too much effort if all you want to do is quickly browse through your content or give your client a very rough idea of how his content would look like on a smartphone.
We were well aware of this challenge and wanted to provide you with an easy tool for browsing entries from your space(s) without the need to go through a lengthy app development and approval process. Today, we'd like to introduce our first step in this direction - an iOS app for browsing the content created on Contentful. the Discovery app follows very straightforward logic: once you provide Delivery API credentials, it will display all entries and assets from your space on your iOS device.
Contentful differs from traditional CMSes in the way we separate actual content from how it is displayed on any given device (the so-called presentation layer). In building the Discovery app, we remained loyal to this distinction and opted to stick to a very basic look with only minimal styling. The few libraries we did use were Bypass library for rendering markdown as HTML and Apple's QuickLook framework to support asset preview, everything else you see is just default iOS styles.
Needless to say, you are free to use these libraries or implement your own ones as well as style your content in accordance with the logic and requirements of your app. While the Discovery app will not tell you how your content will look on the actual app you are about to deploy, it nonetheless helps you answer other important questions: How is my markup rendered in the app? Is the order of my fields be preserved? Is preview of a particular asset supported on the device? What kind of performance will I see with image-heavy posts? How responsive is the underlying API framework? You can answer all these and many other questions by simply playing around with the app or digging into log files on your device.
To access your content on the Discovery app, first go to the Content Delivery section in your space and make sure you generate at least one API key. Below the access token field, you will see a direct link to the app that will automatically supply login credentials if clicked on your device. Otherwise just copy & paste your space ID and access token into the app manually.
Inside the app, you can browse through content types, entries and assets. By default, we display entries in a raw, unstyled preview, but you can also toggle back to editor view to reveal proper field names. Remember that only published entries will show up in the app, those that have status set to 'draft' are not visible via Content Delivery API (CDA) and therefore not visible in the app. In case your space contains hundreds of entries you can also tap search to filter the list down to a more manageable size.
Don't worry if you haven't had time to create your own space yet, we shipped the app with the demo example, so you can always indulge your curiosity (and perhaps even learn something new) by browsing the demo space dedicated to the myths and characters of Ancient Greece. Even better news is that we open-source the app, so you can fork it on GitHub and in no time get your own, Contentful-powered mobile app up and running or download the Discovery App directly from iTunes App Store.
The Discovery app is also available on Android since Sep 2014. Read all about it in the blog, or download it from Google Play.
Including the format beloved by all cats & hipsters - animated GIFs.


Affordable and practical, these homes are ideal as first homes, farm accommodation, rental properties or a holiday bach.
A step up in design and specifications from our First Choice range. Classic homes are timeless and contemporary, at an affordable price.
Designed for casual indoor/outdoor living, from a simple Kiwi bach to a spacious entertainer's delight. Equally at home at the beach, the country or the suburbs.
An innovative and stylish architecturally-designed home at an affordable price. A comfortable, healthy, energy efficient and future-proof home designed to adapt and grow with you.
Our new Internal Garage range is here. Styled from our top selling plans, but with the added benefit of internal access garaging.
Keith Hay Homes have been proudly provided housing and accommodation units to the rural community since 1938.
Cost effective designs for a variety of commercial uses including community clubrooms, administration offices, site offices, storage and more.
As a leader in relocatable classrooms in New Zealand, our goal is to provide solutions that meet the needs of modern teaching.
Each design is a result of listening to parents and teachers describe what they want to see in their centre.
We have considerable experience in customizing classrooms and modifying to meet school requirements.
Examples of buildings modified to meet individual requirements.
A 90 minute trip from Auckland, with Tauranga less than an hour away and the city of Hamilton close by at 70 minutes you will find New Zealand's heart of gold, or Waihi. Located at the Southern end of the Coromandel Peninsula is this thriving community with a rich history.
A diverse playground, from the golden sands of Waihi Beach, cycle and walking trails of the Karangahake Gorge to the rich history of Waihi, this little town is definitely New Zealand's heart of Gold.
This beautiful home is just one of many designs available from Keith Hay Homes, with a style/layout and budget to suit everyone.
For more details phone today as this package is priced for a quick sale.
A stand alone or internal access garage may be added to this plan and priced on request.
Why Choose Keith Hay Homes?


text:
Seiano di Vico Equense NA
Grand Hotel Angiolieri
HOTEL-RESTAURANT • CAMPANIA, SEIANO DI VICO EQUENSE NA (80066), • See on the map
Copy link: https://www.lescollectionneurs.com/grand-hotel-angiolieri-4080
An exceptional residence
"Savour the history and tradition of an institution on the Coast of Sorrenta, in soothing surroundings"
Elisa Balzano
DESCRIPTION GRAND HOTEL ANGIOLIERI
In Seiano, not far from Sorrento in Campania, the Grand Hôtel Angiolieri is the perfect mix of breathtaking landscapes and Italian hospitality.
Formerly a Roman villa and then a convent at the beginning of the 19th century, the Grand Hotel Angiolieri - under the name Hotel Seiano - was one of the first hotels on the Sorrento coast and a privileged address for young English aristocrats on their "Grand Tour" in Europe. It was the renovation began in 2006 and completed eight years later that gave new life to the hotel's spaces, adding touches of modernity while highlighting its history.
The decor of the 44 light-filled rooms is elegant and sophisticated, while offering great comfort. The view over the bay of Naples, with the silhouette of Vesuvius and the vivid colour of the coast, completes the setting. The hotel staff are ready to respond to all travellers' needs and offers a range of services, such as cookery courses, a shuttle service for neighbouring beaches, a service for organising excursions and boat hire, or, among other things, child care.
For food lovers, L'Accanto restaurant offers a menu with authentic flavours, based on meticulously selected products by the chef, to be enjoyed in an elegant indoor dining room or on a magnificent panoramic terrace. Le Lucilla Bistrot, which takes its name from the comedy where for the first time the traditional figure of the Italian carnival "Pulcinella" appears, staged a culinary work with traditional and modern flavours at the same time. For an aperitif with a sea view, the "L'A Bar" bar is the perfect choice, and an exceptional selection of cocktails is served.
The infinity pool with sea view will offer you unforgettable moments, and the hotel's ideal location will allow you to visit some of the region's major attractions: Castellammare di Stabia, Vico Equense, Monte Faito, Sorrento, Massa Lubrense, Positano, Ravello, Amalfi, Maiori and Minori.
Cardio-stroke equipment
Reception safe
Places to store/drop luggage before check in or check out
Iron and ironing table
Luggage handling service
Medical practitioner upon request
English, Spanish, Italian, German, French
Accanto
Available in English, Spanish, Italian, German, French
Ristorante Lucilla Bistrot
Via Santa Maria Vecchia, 2, Seiano di Vico Equense NA (80066)
Stazione central di Napoli (50km)
Naples-Capodichino (50km)
VALID AT THE GRAND HOTEL ANGIOLIERI
See our restaurants
Grand Hotel Angiolieri Grand Hotel Angiolieri
Overview Description Photos Restaurant Location Gifts


Recently, Dr. Lisa Masterson sat down with Kristen Hinegardner, Creative Director of women's fashion line "Kaya Di Koko" to talk style, fashion and making a mark in your chosen profession.
Kaya Di Koko is a young woman's collection made in the USA by the same folks from the amazing apparel line Single Dress.
In the interview, Kristen gives advice to young women looking to succeed in the fashion industry and talks about what makes Kaya Di Koko special.
For more information and a look at their latest styles click HERE.
Since its beginning in 2012, kaya di koko has been catering to the savvy, fashion-minded, modern woman. kaya di koko designs are constantly inspired by the Southern California lifestyle and its casual, yet sophisticated way of life.
from season to season, the Los Angeles-based design team focuses on creating chic silhouettes with the perfect fit. utilizing a very extensive library of unique prints this line caters to the modern and timeless woman.
Be sure to Like and Subscribe on our YouTube channel and remember until next time, Be well and Be Fabulous!


text:
Was There Really a 'Sonic Attack' in Cuba and China?
Letter to the Editor (Repost):
William A. Yost, PhD, Spatial Hearing Laboratory, College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
The Hearing Journal: April 2020 – Volume 73 – Issue 4
doi: 10.1097/01.HJ.0000661632.44669.9b
As many as 50 Americans and Canadians in Cuba and China in 2016 and 2018 experienced rather sudden symptoms, including impaired hearing, vestibular and memory function, as well as depression and other abnormalities associated with neural function. Initial speculation as to a cause centered on sonic agents, i.e., sounds of some sort, including sub- and ultrasonic sources. The Hearing Journal'sApril 2019 cover story probably provided the best overview of what was known about these "attacks" as of April 2019 (The Hearing Journal. 2019; 72[4]:22,23,26). The author wrote: "So, the puzzle sits, uncompleted. And after two years, pieces are still missing, leaving the possibility of a satisfying solution beyond the grasp of observers." The article also quotes my previous letter to the editor published in The Hearing Journal (The Hearing Journal. 2019; 72(2):27): "Until more is known," I said in my letter, "I doubt that even the most erudite speculations will turn out to fully explain the mysteries surrounding these sonic attacks."
We now know more, but the new information probably only adds new pieces to the puzzle, expands the questions about these events, and fuels additional speculation. The National Academies of Sciences (NAS) has formed a committee to review these events: the Standing Committee of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine to Advise the Department of State on Unexplained Health Effects on U.S. Government Employees and their Families at Overseas Embassies.
Those testifying before the NAS Committee include all of the lead investigators of the studies published to date and briefly described in The Hearing Journal's April 2019 cover story, as well as a new study (published online in fall 2019) from a Canadian team. This recent multi-institute (including the School of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Dalhousie University, and Nova Scotia Hearing and Speech Centres), and multiauthored, non-peer-reviewed study (doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/19007096) measured multiple hearing, vestibular, brainstem, and related functions in 23 Canadians who were exposed in one way or another (i.e., the Canadians who reported symptoms and were in Havana, Cuba, close to the time of testing or remotely in time relative to the testing). The main measurements were related to brainstem function. The researchers concluded: "We report clinical, imaging, biochemical, and toxicological evidence consistent with the hypothesis of overexposure to cholinesterase inhibitors as the cause of brain injury in our cohort. While other causes cannot be ruled out, our findings point to an environmental (and possibly insecticidal) risk with immediate implications for prevention, screening, and follow-up of individuals in the context of exposure to such neurotoxins." The study pointed out that Cuba had an extensive mosquito-spraying program, which was intensified close to the time of the reported attack to deal with the Zika virus. Some of the measures obtained in the study were consistent with a neurotoxic effect that could be due to the ingredients in the pesticides used in Cuba. As I suggested in my previous letter to the editor, such neurotoxins could affect the single arterial system that serves the brainstem and the inner ear.
So a sonic cause is becoming less and less likely. However, as Friedman, et al., correctly noted, "Other causes cannot be ruled out." More data and less speculation are needed. The first meeting of the NAS Committee was on Dec. 18, 2019, and the second meeting on Feb. 24, 2020. The committee has not published any reports to date, so the next evidence related to this on-going mystery will probably come when the NAS Committee issues its report sometime later this year.


I have tried a number of times to print a page of buttons for a visual schedule that I need for a student with autism tomorrow. Please help!
What happens when you attempt to print? Do you get an error message? Also, can you tell me what platform you are attempting to print from? Are you on a PC, MAC, or Chromebook?
Hi Kim, What happens when you attempt to print? Do you get an error message? Also, can you tell me what platform you are attempting to print from? Are you on a PC, MAC, or Chromebook? Thank You.
I'm on a MAC. We use Chrome at our school. After many attempts I tried Safari and Boardmaker works well.


text:
Oprah, Trump, Obama: Georgia's star-studded closing act
Video Courtesy of MSNBC
In the final days in one of the nation's hottest governor's races, Oprah Winfrey and President Donald Trump, as well as former Presidents Barack Obama and Jimmy Carter and Vice President Mike Pence, are trying to put their imprint on the Georgia election.
Winfrey joins Democratic nominee Stacey Abrams for two town hall-style events Thursday, the same day that Pence travels to the state for several rallies with Republican Brian Kemp.
Trump and Obama will follow with their party's candidate over the next three days. Carter, an Abrams supporter and former Georgia governor, garnered significant attention already this week with a personal plea that Kemp resign as secretary of state, Georgia's chief elections official, to ensure public confidence in the results of what's expected to be a close race.
The blitz underscores the high stakes in one of the defining contests of next week's midterms, as Abrams vies to become the first black female governor in American history, while Kemp tries to maintain the GOP's dominance in a state Democrats believe is on the cusp of becoming a presidential battleground.
The appearance by Winfrey, among the world's wealthiest and most famous black women, is a significant coup for Abrams, who needs to maximize her support from nonwhite voters but also from liberal white women. All of those demographics overlap with Winfrey's fan base, and she will hit them all with events in Republican-leaning Cobb County and heavily Democratic DeKalb County, both within miles of downtown Atlanta.
Though sometimes mentioned as a 2020 presidential candidate, Winfrey has demurred on her intentions. Her most visible foray into electoral politics was as an outspoken supporter of Obama, her fellow Chicagoan, when he first won the White House in 2008.
Trump's appearance may claim as a casualty the last debate scheduled between Kemp and Abrams.
The two campaigns had agreed weeks ago to a debate at 5 p.m. Sunday in the studios of Atlanta's WSB-TV. But Kemp's campaign said the president's schedule takes precedence, and he's coming to Macon, about 100 miles south of Atlanta, to hold a campaign rally with Kemp at 4 p.m.
Abrams' campaign manager, Lauren Groh-Wargo, says the debate is off because Kemp backed out. Kemp adviser Ryan Mahoney says his candidate is willing to find another time slot, but Groh-Wargo says Abrams is booked through Tuesday's election.
Multiple polls show a statistical dead heat between Kemp and Abrams, with a low percentage of undecided voters remaining. There's a possibility of a December runoff, given that Libertarian Ted Metz also is on the ballot and Georgia's requirement that the winner garner a majority of the votes.
That could mean that events that energize the base, like a rally with Trump or Obama, could carry more weight than a debate less than 48 hours before Election Day.
Both candidates have run consistent appeals to their respective bases. Kemp has embraced Trump and echoed the president's hard-line policies on immigration, and he's focused much of his campaigning in the state's more conservative pockets beyond metro Atlanta.
Visits from Trump and Pence — and the location of those events — illustrate that strategy.
While Abrams has touted her experience working with Republicans as minority leader in the Georgia legislature, her positions on health care, education spending, criminal justice and gun regulations make her an unapologetic liberal. She's openly courting Democratic-leaning voters who have largely sat out midterm elections in the past, arguing it's a better path to victory than trying to coax crossover votes from older white voters who abandoned Democrats.
Obama will appear with Abrams on Friday at a cluster of historically black colleges near downtown Atlanta.


This year I captained the data science track for Boulder Startup Week (along with my partner in crime Sara Bates). Overall it was lots of work, but so rewarding to contribute to this amazing 5 days of 200+ events that are completely free and open to the public.
We wanted to organize a wide variety of events that would be interesting to both beginners thinking of getting into data science, as well as experts who want to get as technical as possible.
We also wanted to touch topics that were data science adjacent, but were not being represented in other BSW tracks.
We also wanted huge attendance numbers, diverse speakers, and a fun vibe. Duh.
This event was targeted at those already familiar with AI/ML, who want to hear about advances in deep learning from the front lines.
With three talks in an hour, it was difficult for the speakers to go into technical detail, but somehow they did manage to nicely balance a discussion of specifics with perspective about where AI is going.
We wanted to have an accessible event for people curious about what data science is all about, or those transitioning into the field.
This panel ended up covering a really wide range of topics, and featured many perspectives. I really appreciated Peemin's perspective about re-entering the workforce after time away to have kids, and all of the work she did to get into data science from an engineering background.
This would normally belong in a product track, but since that didn't exist, we thought it important to discuss which metrics startups should be tracking, and how they should think about all these numbers.
I'm a former co-organizer of this fantastic meetup, which features 3 5-minute lightning talks each month.
We hosted the BSW edition, which featured some fantastic talks, including a hilarious one by Janelle Shane of aiweirdness.com.
This was an experimental event to see what happened without an agenda. People walked in, wrote topics on the white board, and we divided people into groups to discuss.
Data science and data engineering have a very intimate relationship, so we made sure to feature speakers who talked about data pipelines and how startups should think about their data architecture.
Besides these events, we also helped out with Big Data in a Satellite's World (best event title ever?) as well as Future Forward A.I. Learnings & Insights in Healthcare. Phew!
We had ~300 attendees across those 6 events, and wonderful feedback. Next year I'd like this track to get more technical, perhaps with a workshop, and also more fun, perhaps with a dance party.
We missed on having an event on data ethics, an area that deserves way more attention than it gets. So that'll be on the docket for next year.
Interested in speaking? Give me a shout!


text:
Freixianda é uma antiga freguesia portuguesa do concelho de Ourém, província da Beira Litoral, na região do Centro (Região das Beiras) e sub-região do Médio Tejo, com 30,16 km² de área e 2 474 habitantes (2011). A sua densidade populacional era 82 hab/km².

Foi extinta em 2013, no âmbito de uma reforma administrativa nacional para formar uma nova freguesia denominada União das Freguesias de Freixianda, Ribeira do Fárrio e Formigais..

Dentro do Concelho de Ourém, fez fronteira com as freguesias de Casal dos Bernardos, Formigais, Ribeira do Fárrio e Rio de Couros. Do lado nascente faz fronteira com a freguesia da Pelmá do concelho de Alvaiázere. Pelo norte faz fronteira com a freguesia de Abiul do concelho de Pombal.

População

Com lugares desta freguesia foi criada em  1964 a freguesia de Casal dos Bernardos e em 1989 a freguesia de Ribeira do Fárrio

Média do País no censo de 2001:  0/14 Anos-16,0%; 15/24 Anos-14,3%; 25/64 Anos-53,4%; 65 e mais Anos-16,4%

Média do País no censo de 2011:   0/14 Anos-14,9%; 15/24 Anos-10,9%; 25/64 Anos-55,2%; 65 e mais Anos-19,0%

História
A Freixianda é referida pela primeira vez num documento medieval de 1159, por D. Gilberto, bispo de Lisboa, com a forma Fraxineta. Nesse documento não se refere a uma povoação, mas a um rio, que corresponde ao actual Nabão. O texto indica os limites territoriais do castelo de Ceras, na perspectiva do referido bispo. No que diz respeito à Freixianda, diz, em tradução, "passa pela ribeira da Murta (Rego da Murta) conforme desce para a (ribeira da) Freixianda e daí vem ao Porto de Tomar que é na estrada de Coimbra que vai para Santarém". Nesta passagem do texto, Tomar tem de ser tomado no seu significado Medieval, o Rio Tomar, que era a designação de parte do actual Rio Nabão. O referido Porto de Tomar corresponde a uma passagem desse rio, provavelmente entre Formigais e a Sandoeira, da freguesia de Rio de Couros.

A primeira vez que é mencionada a igreja das Freixiandas é em 1304, na nomeação do clérigo Domingos Peres. Em 28 de Março de 1376 foi nomeado João Afonso para a igreja da Freixianda. (Cristino 1982)

Em 1445, a instituição da Colegiada de Ourém, por vontade de D. Afonso, 4.º Conde de Ourém, 1.º Marquês de Valença, determinou a extinção o priorado das Freixiandas. (Couseiro 213-215)

A partir do seu território original foram criadas, ao longo dos séculos, novas freguesias. Assim, em 1729 foi desanexada a freguesia de Rio de Couros. A 18 de Abril de 1964, através do Decreto-Lei n° 45669 foi criada a freguesia do Casal dos Bernardos. Por fim, em 1989, surgiu a freguesia da Ribeira do Fárrio.

Em 1995, pela Lei nº 55/95 de 30 de Agosto, a sede da freguesia foi elevada a vila.

Na vila da Freixianda funciona desde 1991 a Escola de Ensino Básico 2,3.

Lugares
Na freguesia da Freixianda, onde o povoamento é bastante disperso, contam-se várias dezenas de lugares habitados, de que se destacam:

 Abades
 Aldeia de Santa Teresa
 Arneiro
 Avanteira
 Besteiros
 Casal do Pinheiro
 Casal da Sobreira
 Charneca
 Cumeada
 Fárrio
 Fonte Fria
 Freixianda
 Granja
 Junqueira
 Lagoa de Santa Catarina
 Lagoa do Grou
 Malaguarda
 Parcerias
 Perucha
 Porto do Carro
 Póvoa
 Ramalheira
 São Jorge
 Vale do Carro
 Várzea do Bispo
 Vale da Meda

Do ponto de vista religioso, além da igreja matriz, há capelas de maior ou menor dimensão nos lugares de Avanteira, Charneca, Cumeada, Perucha, Ramalheira e São Jorge.

Ligações externas

Antigas freguesias de Ourém
Vilas de Portugal
Paróquias de Portugal com orago de Maria


We continue to have incidents with dogs and dog owners. It was reported on Monday that a man with seven dogs, all unleashed, were walking the Tartan Trail.
• to operate a motor vehicle, except in designated parking areas, unless necessary to provide maintenance or emergency service, or motorized wheelchairs or scooters designed for the handicapped.
Copies of the complete ordinances may be obtained at County or Town offices.
Citizens have absolutely no right to create unsafe conditions for others while using public lands.
We trust the Town and the County law officers will continue their vigilance.
Our program on the use of native plants and animals by native Americans was fun and informative. Darry Wood of Hayesville area had much to tell and show participants on Wednesday the 4 th . Time went all too fast with items left in his homemade baskets whose uses we missed.
Darry demonstrated the twisting of fibers from the inner bark of the poplar tree into cord of 2 and 4 ply, showing how each addition of of another ply created a stronger and thicker cord. One could eventually make a thick rope by this method. Dog bane fibers and animal sinew, were popular cordage fibers, but many plants have the right characteristics. Of course animal hairs and fur could be used, too.
Darry emphasized that many techniques of making ropes and cordage for nets, sewing, lashings and bowstrings have been found in the history of man for thousands of years prior to native use in America.
Colonial America had deer aplenty, plus beaver, groundhog, buffalo, elk, bear and wolf, whose furs were in great demand in Europe. Early trade centered on deerskins, used in Europe for bookbindings, leather aprons, saddles, shoes and other items of everyday use.
The term "buck" became synonymous with the value of one deer or an item made of deerskin.
Native Americans used the unique plants and animals of America in very creative ways. Every possible part of an animal, killed for food, was used in some way. Skins made clothes, moccasins, tents, and boats; bones made awls, drills, spoons, drumsticks; and animal organs were used to cure hides. Hair, fur and quills decorated clothing, masks and saddlebags.
Horn was made into handles for stone or metal knives, for flutes and decorative items and fastenings; hooves were boiled and produced a sticky substance used as a glue or binder for weapons and containers. Rendered fats made usable oils for lighting and preservation of skins and food.
Plants provided innumerable items beside food and medicines. Bloodroot made an orange dye, walnut husks a dark brown. Shredded oak bark's tannic acid became a dark black when iron was added. These dyes were used in baskets, clothing and leather goods.
Cattail fluff was a substitute diaper for the papoose. Dried cattail stalks made torches and mats.
Rivercane was a big staple. Stacked vertically became walls for their huts or fencing; cut into thin strips could be woven into baskets and mats. Canes were hollowed out and straightened to make blow guns, some up to 12 feet long. These were used to hunt birds, squirrels and rabbits. The dart was made from a thin piece of walnut heartwood, shaved down to size and fletched with the fluff of thistle.
Darry demonstrated the delicate technique of separating the fluff from the dried flower and winding layers with cord along a dart shaft for 3 to 4 inches.
It was suggested that those with a desire to learn more about these skills attend an Earthskills Rendezvous in Georgia, held in the spring and fall. Many likeminded persons camp together at Cherokee Farms and share their skills and artifacts and campfire. Go online to Earthskills Rendezvous for further information about these events.
This concludes our Discovery Walks schedule for the winter. Walks will begin again in March 2010 on the first Saturday of each month. Watch for our schedule in January.
Now that most of the tree leaves are gone we can look for the interesting pods, nuts, balls and berries dangling from the limbs.
Buckeye, walnut and hickory trees have round hard nuts. The buckeye nut is a solid structure, oddly rounded, with small bumps on its surface. When they split open one beautiful shiny nut with a flattened area is revealed. Often folks keep the nut in their pocket and rub it occasionally for good luck. They are not edible.
The Horsechestnut is an Asian relative of the buckeye. It has a thorny husk, and like the buckeyes is somewhat toxic to animals, humans and fish.
The black walnut is a greenish ball; the pit inside has smooth vertical ridges along it length. These pits do not break open easily, as those can swear to (and at) who try to crack them open for great walnut cake.
The white walnut or butternut has a more egg shape overall with the pit inside having sharp-edged ridges. The butternut tree doesn't seem to produce as many nuts as the black walnut.
The hickories usually split open in four sections and reveal a four-ribbed nut with a small point at top. A firm tap with a hammer will often crack them open for their chunks of nutmeat, if the squirrels don't get them first. Shagbark and mockernut hickories have the thickest outer husks with the pignut and bitternut hickory having a rather thin outer shell.
If you have ever come across a very prickly husk about 2 inches in diameter it was probably a chestnut or a chinquapin. The American Chestnut was once a very common tree in our eastern forests, until 1900, when a fungus bark disease, suspected from Asia, decimated them. Sprouts can still be found in our woods, but the blight takes over when the trees are hardly mature, though some do produce nuts. The chestnut forms two or three nuts per husk, and the chinquapin a single nut. Both species are edible.
Pod trees are the locusts, mimosa, catalpa, Paulownia, Kentucky Coffee Tree and the redbud. Among these pods only the catalpa is a long round pod, the others being flat pods of various lengths and widths.
Two other round seed structures are the spiny one and one-half inch ball of the sweetgum and the firm round seed ball of the sycamore. The sweetgum opens its pours and distributes its seeds before winter, the empty case making a neat ornament for the Christmas tree if sprayed gold.
The sycamore holds on to its seed ball until early spring, when it starts to break up and each seed, with its tiny hairs attached, floats down to the ground.
Have you seen some of these nuts, balls and pods along the Greenway?


Can you play in 30 mins?
We're paired for mono wcop, I'm gmt +1 and would prefer to play Sunday, can play all day then.
you still want to play?
Yo we're paired for ost r2 Im gmt +1, when can you play?
Yo we're paired for ost, I'm gmt +1, when can you play?