text:
WRLH
KYAZ
KTSF
WRCB
in: Television stations in New England, The CW Affiliates, Channel 56,
Former DuMont Affiliates
Former ABC affiliates
Former independent stations
Former WB affiliates
Former NBC Affiliates
Sunbeam Television
The CW New England
Buzzr affiliated stations
WLVI
CW56 (general)
7 News (newscasts)
56.1: WLVI-HD
56.2: Buzzr
LVI (56 in Roman numerals; former analog channel number and current PSIP number) "Living 56"
DuMont (1953–1956)
ABC (1953–1956)
Independent (1962, 1966–1995)
The WB (1995–2006)
Alternate:
NBC (2006–2016)
Former Call Letters
WTAO-TV (1953–1965)
WXHR-TV (1965–1966)
WKBG-TV (1966–1974)
WLVI, virtual channel 56 (UHF digital channel 42), is a CW-affiliated television station serving Boston, Massachusetts, United States that is licensed to Cambridge. The station is owned by Sunbeam Television, as part of a duopoly with independent station WHDH (channel 7). The two stations share studios located at Bulfinch Place in downtown Boston, and also share WHDH's transmitter, located in Needham. The station is automated and operated completely by WHDH staffers.
1.1 WTAO-TV (1953-1956)
1.2 WXHR-TV/WKBG-TV (1965-1974)
1.3 WLVI-TV (1974-present)
1.3.1 WB affiliation and Tribune Company ownership (1995-2006)
1.3.2 CW affiliation and Sunbeam purchase (2006-present)
WTAO-TV (1953-1956)[]
Channel 56 is the oldest UHF license in Boston. It first went on the air on August 31, 1953 as WTAO-TV; the station was originally owned by Middlesex Broadcasting, along with WTAO radio (740 AM, now WJIB) and WXHR (96.9 FM, now WBQT). The station's studio and transmitter were located atop Zion Hill, in Woburn, Massachusetts. WTAO was nominally affiliated with DuMont and ABC, though it was largely programmed as an independent station, especially after DuMont eliminated entertainment programming in 1955 and ABC opted to revert to secondary clearances on WNAC-TV (channel 7, now WHDH) and, to a lesser extent, WBZ-TV (channel 4) – these moves effectively left WTAO reliant on movies and limited local programming to fill its airtime. WTAO was written off as a failure and signed off for the last time on March 30, 1956 due to low viewership (only a small percentage of Boston area television sets were even capable of receiving UHF as set manufacturers were not required to equip televisions with UHF tuners until 1964, following the 1961 passage of the All-Channel Receiver Act) and therefore, lack of revenue from sponsors. The station went back on the air on May 17, 1962 for a six-month Federal Communications Commission (FCC) study before being taken off the air again on November 17 of the same year.
WXHR-TV/WKBG-TV (1965-1974)[]
The channel 56 license, which adopted the WXHR-TV call letters in 1965, was purchased by Kaiser Broadcasting and the Boston Globe in 1966. The new owners returned the station to the air on December 21 of that year as independent station WKBG-TV (standing for "Kaiser Broadcasting/Boston Globe"), operating from a studio in Brookline but using the same Zion Hill transmission tower used by WTAO. Heard over its test patterns in preparing to sign on and in its opening day broadcast, was the Bert Kaempfert hit instrumental "That Happy Feeling."
WKBG intended the Brookline studios to be temporary, and in 1969, it moved to a much larger facility in a former supermarket on Morrissey Boulevard in the Dorchester section of Boston. By that time, the station's transmitter had moved to its current site in Needham. The antenna at the Needham site gave channel 56 better coverage of the southern portion of the Boston market than the Woburn site afforded.
As a Kaiser station, channel 56's schedule consisted primarily of cartoons, off-network sitcoms, older movies and occasionally, network shows that were preempted by other local stations. However, the station was willing to experiment with such projects as Universal Television's Operation Prime Time (although Paramount Television would contribute some programs as well) and syndicated reruns of National Geographic specials in primetime. Such common independent station programming as a Saturday "Creature Double Feature" (following repeats of The Outer Limits) reached youthful and cult audiences. U.S. talk show host Conan O'Brien has credited the station's rotation of classic musicals during its primetime movie offerings with encouraging him to consider a career as a performer.
For most of its tenure as an independent station, channel 56 was well behind WSBK-TV (channel 38) — which had exclusive rights to broadcasting the games of the highly popular Boston Bruins, and was carried on almost every cable provider in New England — in the ratings. Still, it was carried on most cable providers throughout New England, and channel 56 did carry some sports programming of its own, including road games of the Boston Celtics from 1966 to 1969 and road telecasts of the Boston Bruins in 1966-67. It also carried telecasts of the World Hockey Association's New England Whalers (now the NHL's Carolina Hurricanes) from 1972 to 1974 (25 regular-season games during the 1972-73 season and 20 games during the 1973-74 season, some home and some away games broadcast each year). In early 1974, the station agreed to carry away games of the Boston Bulls of the World Football League and carry the TVS package of WFL games, but the franchise folded shortly thereafter. Nevertheless, the station (now WLVI) honored the contract they had signed with TVS to carry the WFL national package.
WLVI-TV (1974-present)[]
In 1974, the Boston Globe sold its share in WKBG back to Kaiser. The call letters were then changed to the current WLVI-TV (reflecting the Roman numeral for 56, LVI) that May, and in 1977, Chicago-based Field Communications (which had acquired 22.5% of Kaiser in 1972) purchased WLVI and the other Kaiser stations (both WLVI, and present-day sister station WHDH, dropped the "-TV" suffix from their callsigns on July 8, 2010).
In 1983, WLVI was sold to the Gannett Company as part of a liquidation of Field's television assets. Under Gannett, WLVI continued its general entertainment format, which included children's programming from 6:00 to 11:00 a.m., as well as from 1:00 to 5:30 p.m. under the WLVI Kids' Club banner. For the generation of New England children growing up during this period, "Uncle Dale" Dorman (also a popular Boston radio personality) was the familiar personality associated with the Kids' Club, who hosted the cartoons via off-screen announcements. By 1990, Dorman had left the station and was replaced by Paul Wagner and Elizabeth Dann, who, unlike Dorman, appeared in on-camera segments and whom also doubled as announcers. From 1985 to 1990, WLVI again became the carrier of the Boston Celtics road games.
WLVI continued to use the Field Communications-style station branding and logo for nearly a decade after Gannett acquired the station. In 1992, the numeric logo changed to a design in which the number "56" was encased in a tall, purple/blue box, with the "WLVI" calls appearing in a thin font above it in a purple/blue strip. The "5" was placed in the top left corner of the box, while the "6" appeared below it in the lower right-hand corner. The logo design, and numerals font, was directly replicated from the positions of the "5" and "6" that appeared on the clock face of the Custom House Tower.
WB affiliation and Tribune Company ownership (1995-2006)[]
In November 1993, Gannett sold the station to the Tribune Company's broadcasting division, which was finalized in early 1994. Tribune then affiliated the station with the fledgling WB Television Network, which launched on January 11, 1995. Soon afterward, after having been branded as "Channel 56" or "TV 56" for most of its history (with the minor exception of its branding as "Living 56" in the late 1980s under Gannett ownership), the station rebranded as "WB 56". A new red and white WB affiliate-style logo debuted in May 1995, which was used on most station branding from the start. The 1992 Custom House Clock Tower logo remained in use only on the 10 p.m. newscast until mid-1996 (along with a top-of-the-hour ID that aired before the start of the newscast, in which the previous logo appeared with The WB's logo and network backlot visuals). The station added WB primetime shows, as well as (by September 1995) children's programs from Kids' WB on weekday afternoons. Cartoons (such as Ronin Warriors and Sailor Moon) and recent sitcoms continued to be part of the schedule, but a few talk and reality shows began to be added by 1996. The station also served as the default WB affiliate for Providence, Rhode Island – where WLVI had been available on cable for decades – until WLWC signed on in 1997.
The station temporarily went off the air in August 1998, when a crane that was erecting a nearby studio-to-transmitter link (STL) tower collapsed onto WLVI's studio building. Though no one was injured and the damage was confined to the station's office spaces, the incident resulted in several hundred thousand dollars worth of damage. The station used a satellite truck for a network programming downlink and studio space at WCVB-TV (channel 5)'s facilities in Needham for its 10 p.m. newscast.
In 1999, WLVI began a one-year stint as the flagship station of the Boston Red Sox, with games produced by an independent company, Jankowski Communications, headed by former CBS executive Gene Jankowski. What was to be a long-term partnership between the team, Jankowski and WLVI, ended after a single year when Jankowski Communications ceased operations. The following year, the station discontinued its weekday morning children's programming block in favor of a short-lived morning newscast. The station also began running even more syndicated talk and reality shows, and dropped most of its off-network sitcoms except during the evening hours. Afternoon children's programming continued to be supplied by Kids' WB until that block was relegated to Saturday mornings only in January 2006. Channel 56 was the last commercial station in the Boston market that continued to broadcast children's programming on weekdays. Around this time, the station began phasing out references to its channel number in its branding, becoming Boston's WB.
CW affiliation and Sunbeam purchase (2006-present)[]
On January 24, 2006, CBS Corporation and Time Warner's Warner Bros. Entertainment (the division that operated The WB) announced that they would dissolve UPN and The WB, and combine UPN and The WB's most popular programs alongside new series on a newly created network, The CW. The network signed 10-year affiliation agreements with 16 of Tribune's 19 WB affiliates, including WLVI. However, it would not have been an upset had then-UPN station WSBK (which had become owned by CBS Corporation through CBS's December 2005 split from Viacom) been chosen as Boston's CW outlet as network officials had been on record as preferring the "strongest" stations among The WB and UPN's affiliate slate, and Boston was one of the few markets where the WB and UPN affiliates were both relatively strong ratings-wise. The CW began operations on September 18, 2006, and WLVI rebranded as Boston's CW to correspond to the affiliation switch.
On September 14, 2006, four days prior to the launch of The CW, Tribune Broadcasting announced that WLVI would be sold to Sunbeam Television, owner of then-NBC affiliate WHDH-TV, for $117.3 million. The sale received FCC approval in late November 2006, creating Boston's third television duopoly (after CBS-owned WBZ-TV and WSBK, and Hearst-owned WCVB-TV and Manchester, New Hampshire-based WMUR-TV). Even though the sale to Sunbeam had already become official by then, Tribune continued to operate WLVI until December 18, 2006, when the Tribune-run station website was closed and replaced with a redirect to the new Sunbeam-run website, and the final Tribune-produced newscast aired.
WLVI's operations were merged with those of WHDH, all of the station's equipment and sales department was moved to WHDH's studios on Bulfinch Place (just six miles from WLVI's old Morrissey Boulevard studio), and the station's news department was closed. The consolidation resulted in about 130 layoffs from WLVI, though some newsroom staffers were retained by WHDH, which took over production of WLVI's daily 10 p.m. newscast. The old set and equipment of WLVI were sold at auction several months later. With the sale, WLVI changed its branding to "CW 56", though the station is sometimes called "New England's CW" on-air. It has largely become a "pass-through" for automated programming.
On November 28, 2019 CW 56LVI becomes LVI56 at 4:00 PM Sunbeam Television is now
Nexstar Media Group WHDH Owned by Sunbeam Television
TV stations in New England
WCCT, Waterbury
WPXT, Portland; WABI-DT2, Bangor; WAGM-DT3, Presque Isle
WLVI, Boston; WWLP-DT2/WFXQ-CD2, Springfield
WNAC-DT2, Providence
WNNE, Montpelier
TV Stations in Greater Boston and southern New Hampshire
English stations
Spanish stations
WGBH 2 (PBS) WUTF 27 (UMas) WMUR 9 (ABC)
WHDT-LD 3 (Ind) WCEA-LD 58 (Ind) WENH 11 (PBS)
WBZ 4 (CBS) WUNI 66 (UNI) WYCN-CD 15 (NBC)
WCVB 5 (ABC) WPXG 21 (Court TV)
WHDH 7 (Ind) WLEK-LD 22 (DrTV)
WBTS-LD 8 (NBC) WWJE 50 (Justice)
WFXZ-CD 24 (Biz TV) WEKW 52 (PBS)
WFXT 25 (Fox) WNEU 60 (TLM)
WSBK 38 (MNTV)
WGBX 44 (PBS)
WWDP 46 (Evine Live)
WYDN 48 (Daystar)
WLVI 56 (CW)
WDPX 58 (Bounce TV)
WMFP 62 (SBN)
WBPX 68 (Ion)
Defunct stations
WHDH 5 (ABC/CBS)
WNAC 7 (CBS/ABC)
WJZB 14 (Ind)
WNHT 21 (Ind/CBS)
WXPO 50 (Ind)
WTAO 56 (ABC/DuMont)
Television stations in New England
The CW Affiliates


Cling Parking . Ideal For Temporary Parking Situations. Number Sequence 201-300.Clear Flexible Material Adheres To The Inside Of Car Windows And Won't Come Off.
Cling Parking . Ideal for temporary parking situations. Number sequence 201-300.Clear flexible material adheres to the inside.
About The Cling Parking . Ideal for temporary parking situations. Number sequence 201-300.Clear flexible material adheres to the inside.
More from Cling Parking . Ideal For Temporary Parking Situations. Number Sequence 201-300.Clear Flexible Material Adheres To The Inside Of Car Windows And Won't Come Off.


I am not at all surprised that the media, in South Korea and, indeed, around the world, is taken with Kim Yo-jong, the telegenic and media-savvy younger sister of North Korean madman dictator Kim Jong-un.
Any time that North and South Koreans hold official talks is newsworthy, so Ms Kim's visit is, indeed, news ~ and, potentially, good news, and her coincidental appearances with US Vice President Pence also drew global attention, especially because Vice President Pence seemed uncomfortable in her company while Ms Kim smiled like the cheshire cat … but we need to remember who and what she is: most importantly that "She is believed to be a deputy director of the ruling Workers' Party's Department of Propaganda and Agitation, a key post in the propaganda-heavy totalitarian state," according to a report in the New York Times.
Agitprop, as it used to be called in the old and unlamented USSR, is a mix of agitation ~ stirring people up, often with bald faced lies, about one issues, and propaganda, which might, often, use the truth to "set the scene" for agitation. It worked and I'm guessing it still works.
Kim Jong-un is in a tight spot: his country is militarily powerful but, in every other respect, in every respect that matters, it is teetering on the brink of disaster and collapse. He must retain China's active support ~ his HUGE army and his nukes are meaningless if the people rise up in revolt due to mass starvation, and his army needs fuel and food from China to be kept on his side. The most telling image is, perhaps, this one: Asia, from space, is awash with bright lights, everywhere except North Korean (outlined) which is dark because the country cannot afford street lights and cars and bright neon signs. The country is, as far as most observers can tell guess, a socio-economic basket case that is ready to collapse if pushed in (or from) just the right direction.
Kim Jong-un is, in my guesstimation, trying to do what Prime Minister Trudeau needs to do so often: to change the channel. The PyeongChang winter Olympics provide a perfect opportunity for Agitprop operations aimed, narrowly, at South Korea (a charm offensive) and the world. Kim Yo-jong may be the mastermind of that charm offensive; she has, certainly, become the visible face of it … doubtless as she and her Agitprop bureau planned or, at least, hoped. I'm not blaming the media for any of this: she is newsworthy just because of who she is and what she represents. And that's what we must all keep in mind even as we take note of her undoubted impact and her potential to be some sort of agent for change in the two Koreas.
Every indication is that the enthusiasm for reunification of the two Koreas is less than it was with my generation. We saw that happen in Germany, too. People get used to almost anything and change, of any kind, even change that ought to seem inevitable, will be resisted. Is Korean reunification inevitable? I think so … but I doubt it will be simple, unless China makes it so. I remain convinced that China has a large, loyal "fifth column" in North Korea. I suspect that many of the most senior North Korean officials and generals are loyal to China, not to Kim Jong-un. I also guess that more officials and generals are on South Korea's payroll than are loyal to Kim Jong-un. But that still doesn't make taking Kim down and replacing him with s Chinese puppet regime a sure thing or even an easy thing. But it is a possibility, one of which I am sure both Kim Jong-un and Kim Yo-jong are very conscious.
Right now North Korea is still doing more good than harm for China: it focuses east Asian attention, especially, but also America's attentions on a "supporting actor" while the "lead," Xi Jinping, makes his strategic moves in the South China Seas, throughout East Asia and, indeed, around the world. That can, and I suspect, will change. The line between asset and liability is fine and grey … as soon as North Korea loses its value, as I am convinced it will, China will begin to act to replace Kim Jong-un with someone whose actions will meet China's needs. I wonder if Ms Kim Yo-jong is positioning herself to be that replacement; is she getting ready to step forward when Kim Jong-un is yanked aside? Is she already on someone's payroll? Does she have ambitions of her own? Or is Kim Jong-un actually grooming her to take over and be loyal to the family dynasty? I don't know … sadly, I'm afraid that not many others (possibly none in the US led West) know either.
It is the worst sort of folly, I believe, to treat Kim Yo-jong as some sort of media created celebrity, as an ice-princess. She is a powerful woman in her own right inside North Korea and, therefore, she is important to regional and perhaps even global peace and security. She has now moved into closer view: we must learn what we can about her aims and plans, always bearing in mind that she most probably is, amongst other things, a deputy director of North Korea's Department of Propaganda and Agitation, so her performance, her every move, smile and word, is likely carefully orchestrated, choreographed and "performed" … but she's not Gabrielle Daleman.
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Michael Berns's Fundraising Page
Dear Dear friends and family,
Yes, that is right. I will be playing hockey for a four-hour shift as part of one continuous hockey game called the 11 Day Power Play Community Shift. The game, which will last for 11 straight days at HarborCenter in Buffalo, New York from July 5 -15, 2018, will be played by more than 1,700 hockey players to raise critically-needed funds for important cancer causes.
These causes include cutting-edge cancer research and wellness programs at Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center; and supporting programs that improve quality of life for children, adults and families affected by cancer, provided by Camp Good Days of Western New York; and, granting wishes and amazing experiences to kids with life-threatening illnesses, including cancer, by Make-A-Wish Western New York.
I am playing in this wonderful event to help raise money for a great cause and to support those who are fighting this horrible disease and those who have past that were very close to us. Please help in you can!
I have set a personal goal of [$1,000], and I am intent on exceeding it! Please consider making a donation today. No donation is too small, and every dollar adds up to something greater than any one of us could accomplish alone. To donate, visit my fundraising page at [11daypowerplay.z2systems.com/MichaelBerns], or send a check made out to The 11 Day Power Play to PO Box 4, Buffalo, NY 14223. Include a note directing your 100% tax deductible donation towards my goal.
If you would like to find out more about this event, check us out at 11daypowerplay.com. Follow us on Facebook, Twitter or Instagram to see our preparation in action! Together, we can help find cancer cures and better the lives of those living with cancer. Thank you for supporting me!
Michael Berns
ABOUT 2018 Community Shift
This summer, more than 1,700 pairs of skates will hit the ice to play in the 2018 11 Day Power Play Community Shift to help in the fight against cancer! The 11-day game will be played in continuous, four-hour shifts at HarborCenter in Buffalo, New York. Each shift will feature two new teams. The purpose of this important event is to raise critically-needed funds for important local cancer causes, including: cutting-edge cancer research and wellness programs at Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center; supporting programs that improve quality of life for children, adults and families affected by cancer through Camp Good Days; and, granting wishes and amazing experiences to kids with life-threatening illnesses, including cancer, by Make-A-Wish Western New York. Although it may be physically challenging for our players to play four continuous hours of hockey, it will be a walk in the park compared to what some people have to endure in their battle against cancer. Cancer is a disease that touches everyone, and The 11 Day Power Play wants to make a difference, a big difference. You can help make a big difference by supporting our players' efforts in The 11 Day Power Play Community Shift.
As part of our fundraising efforts, we also offer various corporate sponsorships, providing value greatly in excess of the financial contribution. Please contact Sara Schumacher at sara@11daypowerplay.com or 716-830-3805 for more information. Team sponsorships start at $1,100 and are first come, first serve.
Proceeds of the 11 Day Power Play Community Shift will benefit our local families while supporting cancer research and wellness programs at Roswell Park, Make-A-Wish WNY and Camp Good Days.
Donations are graciously accepted either online or by check. Please write checks out to 'The 11 Day Power Play' and send to PO Box 4 Buffalo NY 14223.
Find out more about this event, or the 2017 World's Longest Hockey Game, at www.11daypowerplay.com. Follow us on Facebook, Twitter and Instagram.
Name Date Amount Comments
Brian Hardy 07/10/2018 $25.00
DJ Berns 07/09/2018 $20.00
John and Shar Edholm 07/09/2018 $50.00
Thomas Lyman 07/09/2018 $25.00
Christopher Puckett 07/07/2018 $50.00 Have Fun!
Steve Stone 07/02/2018 $25.00
Craig Muni 07/02/2018 $50.00
John Edholm 07/02/2018 $10.00 Rest up!
Michael Berns 03/22/2018 $50.00
Fundraising progress:

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


There are apps that exist in the Play Store that manage tethering or hotspot functionality on your devices. Whether or not these apps are necessary, given the OS level integration of tethering, is debatable however I'm posting because some users are asking for information about using these apps to steal from the carriers.
As an example, with Verizon if you have a tiered data plan, tethering is already included and counts against your data allotment. However, if you have legacy unlimited data (not one of the new plans from all the carriers that offers hotspot), Verizon requires the purchase of a tethering plan (at the time of this writing it is about $30 per month) and most phones will perform a subscription check prior to granting access to tethering functionality.
Within the forums, discussions of tethering and apps that help manage the functionality are fine - but discussions of ways to circumvent paid functionality are not. At Android Central, this falls under the "Illegal Activities" section of the forum rules. If a plan in question already allows for tethering and you're not trying to lie about the usage, then that usage doesn't fall under the above and is fine.
To be clear, asking and offering help to defraud, steal from or trick the carriers into getting paid services for free is the issue here and members that violate these rules will see threads closed, receive at least one warning and be infracted as necessary. I'm sure that there will be questions, feel free to send a PM to any moderator or myself to see those addressed.
Ry, B. Diddy, Laura Knotek and 7 others like this.
Galaxy s6 stuck odin and smart switch not helping?
Wifi off and battery drain, how can it drain that much battery?
Can I choose my own security combo, i.e., fingerpint and pin, fingerprint and pattern etc?
For some time I feel that my phone is hacked and some of my photos are stolen, what should I do now?


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Baumkuchen is een Duitse laagjescake die enigszins lijkt op de Indonesische Spekkoek. Het is een traditioneel Europees gerecht, maar ook bijzonder in trek in Japan. De cake dankt zijn naam aan de laagjes die doen denken aan de jaarringen of groeiringen van een boom. De letterlijke vertaling van Baumkuchen is dan ook 'boomcake'.

Reeds in de antieke oudheid kende men een voorloper van deze taart. De Romeinse overheersers introduceerden in Germania, het huidige Duitsland en omstreken, de methode om koeken en cakes te bakken op houtblokken boven een kampvuur of open haard.

De ingrediënten zijn bloem, boter, eieren, suiker, vanille en een snuifje zout. De verhouding bloem:boter:eieren is gewoonlijk 1:1:2. Varianten op het traditionele recept bevatten bijvoorbeeld noten, honing, marsepein, nougat of sterkedrank.

In Japan is bāmukūhen (バームクーヘン) een van de populairste patisseriesoorten. De taart wordt vaak aan gasten geschonken op een huwelijksfeest vanwege de ronde vorm (een verwijzing naar de bruidsringen).

Nagerecht
Gebak

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Do you have a kiddo who loves to build and create? MeeperBOT 2.0, one of the most versatile remote control toys on the planet! The meeperBOT is studded platform that is powered by two motors and controlled by our meeperBOT Controller App on your smart device. MeeperBOT turns your brick kits and creations into movable masterpieces. Connect creations to this powerful platform to bridge physical and digital learning. Your kiddos will love building and play with meeperBOT this holiday season.
My favorite products are the My Little Pony Jumbo Beauty Set and the Frozen Cosmetic Beauty Kit. My granddaughter would love these kits.
I like the My Little Pony Dress-Up Beauty Set!
My favorite product is the My Little Pony 4 Pack Lip Balm with Mirror Set. So cute!
I like the bubble wand set.
Disney Princess My Beauty Spa Kit.
I like the My Little Pony cosmetic pack.
My favorite product is the My Little Pony Fun Nail Kit with Nail Dryer.
I like the My Little Pony Lip Gloss Set with Collectible 3D Tin.
I like Frozen My Beauty Spa kit.
I like the Coco Press-On Nail Wheel. Thanks for the giveaway!
I like the My Little Pony Hand Sanitizers with Holder.
My daughter would love the My Little Pony Bring on the Bling Cosmetic Set.
The My Little Pony Mega Cosmetic Set looks fun!
I like the My Little Pony Dress-Up Beauty Set.
I like the Disney Princess' Belle 18 Pack Nail Polish Set – would be nice for my god-daughter.
MY LITTLE PONY FUN NAIL KIT.
My favorite things from Townley Girl would be anything of the Emoji or Trolls items. My daughter would love anything and everything off of that site!
I like The My Little Pony My Beauty Spa Kit. Thanks for the chance to win such an amazing giveaway. Happy Holidays!!!.
I love the Avengers 4 Pack Nail Polish and Tin.
I'd love the My Little Pony Jumbo Beauty Set for my daughter.
I love the nail art kit.
My favorite item is this one My Little Pony Bedazzled Lip Gloss iPhone.
My niece would flip for the My Little Pony Bedazzled Lip Gloss Phone Case.
I like the My Little Pony Fun Nail Kit with Nail Dryer.
i love the My Little Pony Bring on the Bling Cosmetic Set. it is really nice.
My Little Pony Bedazzled Lip Gloss iPhone.
I checked out the Townley Girl website and my favorite product was the My Little Pony Blinged-Out Cosmetic Set.
Such fun products. I think my granddaughter would swoon over all of them. I like the nail dryer kit, the mega cosmetic kit and the bubbles to start with!
I love the bedazzled lip gloss holders. I also love the My Little Pony Ultimate Cosmetic Set.
I like the My Little Pony My Beauty Spa Kit! So cute!
I love the My Little Pony Lip Balms with Light-Up Mirror.
I like the Secret Life of Pets 4 Pack Hand Sanitizer.
I like the My Little Pony 4 Pack Body Glitter Spray.
I liked the Coco Temporary Tattoo Set and the Play-Doh Bath Soap Molder Set. Thanks!
I like the my little pony lip balms. My daughter has a whole collection of lip balm.
I like the Minnie Mouse Ultimate Cosmetic Set-cute!
My niece would love the My Little Pony Hand Sanitizers set. She always asks for some of my hand sanitizer because she sees it hanging from the holder on my purse, so she would be so excited to have her own and in MLP too!
I like the My Little Pony Bring on the Bling Cosmetic Set!
I like the my little pony mega cosmetics set.


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Tibor Kincses (ur. 12 lutego 1960) – węgierski judoka. Brązowy medalista olimpijski z Moskwy 1980, w wadze ekstralekkiej.

Siódmy na mistrzostwach świata w 1981. Piąty na mistrzostwach Europy w 1981 roku.

Letnie Igrzyska Olimpijskie 1980

Przypisy

Węgierscy judocy
Węgierscy medaliści olimpijscy
Urodzeni w 1960
Medaliści Letnich Igrzysk Olimpijskich 1980
Ludzie urodzeni w Kecskemécie


A questionable traveling violation negated what might have been a state championship-winning layup for an Upper Peninsula team over the weekend.
A questionable traveling call negated what might have been a state championship-winning layup for an Upper Peninsula team over the weekend.
The boys basketball team from Iron Mountain, Michigan, was taking on Pewamo-Westphalia on Saturday in the Michigan High School Athletic Association's Division 3 final on the campus of Michigan State University in East Lansing.
In the final seconds of the game with Iron Mountain leading by one point, a long pass was delivered to Iron Mountain's Tony Feira, who caught the ball and laid it in to give his team a three-point lead with 5 seconds left.
Instead, Feira was called for a travel, and Pewamo-Westphalia regained possession, still down by only a point. Iron Mountain was then called for an intentional foul with less than a second remaining. Pewamo-Westphalia made back-to-back free throws to seal it.
"I don't know if the other team won," Iron Mountain sophomore Foster Wonders told the Mining Journal newspaper of Marquette, Michigan. "I know for a fact we didn't lose that game. I don't know what to say."
Here's a look at the play that likely turned the game away from the Yoopers.
Had the bucket counted — and the defense held — it would have marked the first state title for Iron Mountain since 1939.
As a 20-year varsity official and having been one here for @MHSAA the last two years, I am embarrassed by what I just watched. Iron Mountain was robbed and that crew made all officials jobs harder going forward. Officials decided that game. Unfortunate.


Texas A&M's Johnny Manziel took part in a basketball skills challenge during halftime of Saturday's Hawks game.
ATLANTA — It's easy to get caught up in the football and forget that they're kids.
Then you see them racing between video games, bouncing on their toes, laughing, and yelling at each other over a game of air hockey and reality hits you. Yes, these guys are big, tall, fast, strong and some of them are destined to be millionaires. But they are also 18- to 22-year-old young men at a stage in their lives where trips to Atlanta for a bowl game are new, exciting and fun.
That is what the week-long festivities for the Chick-fil-A Bowl have been about for the players from No. 22 Duke and No. 20 Texas A&M. Sure, there were press conferences, practices, autograph sessions, visits to children's hospitals, and tours of the Martin Luther King, Jr. Historic Site — typical bowl-week fare — but there were also milkshake-making contests, a team version of Family Feud, arcade games and go-kart racing, all part of the bonding experience.
The organizers at Chick-fil-A kept a running tally of each event, afte which the winning team received a WWE-style championshp belt they kept until the next day's competition. Texas A&M led after the Family Feud night (favorite football movie — 'Remember the Titans'), but the kart racing at Andretti Karting Track in Roswell, Ga., appeared to be going Duke's way.
"Our week has been special," Duke coach David Cutcliffe said. "It's been diverse in the events. I've watched our players enjoy every part of it from playing games at Dave & Busters to an incredible FCA breakfast, a great message that was delivered there by Derrick Brooks and Steve Fitzhugh, then from kart riding, to visiting the children's hospital, to the Martin Luther King Jr. experience yesterday. Live, laugh, and learn, and we've been able to do all of that and practice a little football."
"You can see why this particular bowl game will be part of a bigger picture down the road," Texas A&M coach Kevin Sumlin added. The Chick-fil-A Bowl will be part of the new college football playoff system and the coordination of the events this week were a statement by the organizers that they are ready.
"The city is great," Sumlin added. "There are a lot of things for our players to do. But the organization has been the key, with the events that have been competitive outside (of football), and then going to the (Atlanta) Hawks game, being in the children's hospital, doing things in the community, but also the organization of the practice sites and the logistics of travel between the hotels. It's been wonderful and that comes with experience and leadership."
It also comes with understanding the needs of young men during Christmas and New Year's break. Without an organized schedule and a lot of fun events to keep them busy, players at bowl games have a tendency to wander astray, often getting into trouble.
But as the practices wound down and the go-kart racing finished up, it was obvious that Chick-fil-A Bowl organizers had put on quite a show.
The laughs from the players proved it.


FDA's Office of Combination Products ("OCP") recently released a draft guidance entitled "New Contrast Imaging Indication Considerations for Devices and Approved Drug and Biological Products." The draft guidance permits diagnostic imaging device makers to expand labeling for use with a contrast agent or radiopharmaceutical even if there is no change in the labeling for the imaging drug. This document was released as part of an effort to "ensure timely and effective review" of imaging devices used with contrast agents or radiopharmaceuticals, as mandated in the 2007 Medical Device User Fee Amendments commitment letter.
OCP's draft guidance is addressed to the problem of how to bring to market an imaging device intended to take advantage of a new indication for a previously approved imaging drug, when the drug manufacturer is not inclined to seek a change in its own labeling or otherwise cooperate in the clearance or approval process for the device.
The draft guidance is the first ever to implement a so-called "umbrella" approach to the imaging device labeling as a potential resolution of the problem. It permits the new indication for the imaging drug to be added to the imaging device labeling even if the indication is not added to the drug labeling.
OCP has, however, included significant restrictions. First, the umbrella device labeling would likely be developed through the more burdensome PMA process rather than the 510(k) process. Second, the sponsor would likely be required to conduct a clinical trial employing both the drug and device to support the new indication. Finally, the new indication would have to be consistent with the drug labeling and could not require any change in the formulation, dose, rate and route of administration of the drug. If the latter type of changes were required, then the umbrella device labeling approach would not be permitted under this guidance.
Despite these restrictions, OCP's draft guidance represents a promising step forward toward resolution of the vexing issues created by innovation in devices that have an impact on the use of previously approved drugs. This draft guidance, in the circumstances when it applies, should enable the imaging device manufacturer to promote a new indication for an imaging drug in conjunction with its device, even if the drug manufacturer does not seek a change in the drug labeling.


This unique one owner home with it's beautiful 4 acre property is on a fantastic dead-end street w/ I-205 just 5 minutes away. A solid, move-in ready, custom Pan Adobe log cabin w/ vaulted bean ceilings throughout, built-in shelving, updated vinyl windows & an oversized 2 car attached garage, fenced backyard w/ a chicken coop. Property is entirely fenced along North/South side w/ lots of privacy.
All information deemed reliable but not guaranteed. All properties are subject to prior sale, change or withdrawal. Neither listing broker(s) or information provider(s) shall be responsible for any typographical errors, misinformation, misprints and shall be held totally harmless. Listing(s) information is provided for consumers personal, non-commercial use and may not be used for any purpose other than to identify prospective properties consumers may be interested in purchasing. Information on this site was last updated 4/18/2019 5:28:25 AM. The listing information on this page last changed on 4/18/2019 5:28:25 AM. The data relating to real estate for sale on this website comes in part from the Internet Data Exchange program of RMLS (last updated 4/18/2019 5:28:25 AM) or Willamette Valley MLS (last updated 4/18/2019 5:28:25 AM). Real estate listings held by brokerage firms other than RE/MAX Equity Group may be marked with the Internet Data Exchange logo and detailed information about those properties will include the name of the listing broker(s) when required by the MLS.


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Top Toronto TV Shows Review
Canadian television has developed a strong reputation in the Hollywood scene, creating successful TV shows that have attracted viewers worldwide. We have reviewed some of the top currently-airing Toronto-featured shows below!
Flashpoint Cast
Flashpoint is a series about a fictional police unit called the Strategic Response Unit, based on Toronto's Emergency Task Force. This show is fantastic; I have yet to see a show in which every episode is so riveting, so tastefully created, yet so gut-wrenching. Set in downtown Toronto, the show manages to pull viewers into the professional and personal lives of its main characters while highlighting the challenges that emergency workers (paramedics, police officers, etc.) face every day. Flashpoint does an incredible job of combining action, romance, and personal adversity — all in the city we know and love.
Still from Episode 513
Now heading into its fifth season, Little Mosque on the Prairie has been praised for its innovation and passion. The show revolves around a Muslim community set in a primarily Christian, Anglo-Saxon town in the fictional municipality of Mercy, Saskatchewan. It's shot in Canada, predominantly split between Regina and Toronto. The show's promotional tagline "Small town Canada with a Muslim twist" hints at a major theme: the use of comedy to explore the interactions between Muslim and non-Muslim peoples while highlighting the diversity of each perspective. While the show went through a slump at one point in its third season, the fourth season has developed a very special storyline which is sure to re-hook viewers.
Being Erica -
Erin Karpluk as Erica,
Morgan Kelly as Brent,
Reagan Pasternak as
Julianne in Episode 301
Being Erica is a show shot in Toronto that is both creative and ingenious in concept. The show operates on the notion of "what if?" People often ponder what would happen if they could go back in time and correct a mistake. The show is about a woman in her 30s who is struggling to retain control as her life falls apart. She's approached by a therapist who has a magic ability to transport her back in time, giving her the opportunity to change her own actions or behaviour. This show not only embraces its Toronto location, but is also note-worthy for its creative concept and subtle insight into the human psychology. It forces the viewer to recognize that confronting the past, rather than trying to change it, is the only way to embrace the future.
Degrassi - The Boiling Point
Catered towards the younger generation, Degrassi and all of its subsequent spin-offs have been a huge hit with Toronto youth. Degrassi tackles some tough issues, including racism, suicide, censorship, school shootings, rape, abuse, and more. Despite raising these serious issues, Degrassi and its spin-offs have managed to develop a loyal following of young and adult viewers. While I would suggest some of the episodes can be contrived and unbelievable, the show is still commendable for addressing issues that urban youth must face.
Amy Price Francis as
Jessica King in King
With all the amazing "whodunit" series airing on television currently, it might surprise you that we suggest the new 2011 series King as a noteworthy program. But with all the macho masculinity peppering "CSI"-type shows, King has an unexpected twist: a strong female lead. A show that surprises you before even presenting a mystery is always a show worth watching!
Craig Olejnik as Toby Logan
in The Listener
I had the pleasure of being on scene at the University of Toronto when an episode of The Listener was shot. This supernatural drama revolves on character Toby Logan, a paramedic who suddenly realizes he has the ability to hear people's innermost thoughts. While the show can become a little complicated, it's definitely an interesting watch.
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Get ready for the Great American Solar Eclipse on August 21, 2017! The total solar eclipse will be visible across the entire contiguous United States, making this a wonderful opportunity to teach kids about our solar system and our sun's energy.
You can harness solar energy with a DIY oven project from NASA. Reward yourself after your hard work with a batch of delicious Solar S'mores. No campfire required!
Check out these fun, decorated versions from blogger Desert Chica!
Decorate your cardboard box with fun colors and patterns to make the oven a work of art!
Using the straight edge as a guide, cut a three-sided flap out of the top of the box, leaving at least a 1-inch border around the three sides.
Cover the bottom (inside) of the flap with aluminum foil, spreading a coat of glue from the glue stick onto the cardboard first and making the foil as smooth as possible. Line the inside of the box with aluminum foil, again gluing it down and making it as smooth as possible.
Tape two layers of plastic wrap across the opening you cut in the lid—one layer on the top and one layer on the bottom side of the lid.
Test the stick you will use to prop the lid up. You may have to use tape or figure another way to make the stick stay put.
Set the oven in the direct sun, with the flap propped to reflect the light into the box. You will probably have to tape the prop in place.
Preheat the oven for at least 30 minutes.
IMPORTANT! Note that unlike most recipes, our s'mores have the marshmallow UNDER the chocolate. That's because, in the solar oven, it takes the marshmallow longer to melt than the chocolate.
Break graham crackers in half to make squares. Place four squares in the pie pan. Place a marshmallow on each.
Place the pan in the preheated solar oven.
Close the oven lid (the part with the plastic wrap on it) tightly, and prop up the flap to reflect the sunlight into the box.
For step-by-step diagrams, head over to NASA's Climate Kids website. You can find plenty of other activities and games by becoming a Climate Kid.
Don't forget to tune into the Great American Solar Eclipse on August 21!


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Acculturation and obesity among migrant populations in high income countries – a systematic review
Maryam Delavari1,
Anders Larrabee Sønderlund2,
Boyd Swinburn1,3,
David Mellor4 &
Andre Renzaho5
There is evidence to suggest that immigrant populations from low or medium-income countries to high income countries show a significant change in obesogenic behaviors in the host society, and that these changes are associated with acculturation. However, the results of studies vary depending on how acculturation is measured. The objective of this study is to systematically review the evidence on the relationship between acculturation - as measured with a standardized acculturation scale - and overweight/obesity among adult migrants from low/middle countries to high income countries.
A systematic review of relevant studies was undertaken using six EBSCOhost databases and following the Centre for Reviews and Dissemination's Guidance for Undertaking Reviews in Health Care.
The initial search identified 1135 potentially relevant publications, of which only nine studies met the selection criteria. All of the studies were from the US with migrant populations from eight different countries. Six studies employed bi-directional acculturation scales and three used uni-directional scales. Six studies indicated positive general associations between higher acculturation and body mass index (BMI), and three studies reported that higher acculturation was associated with lower BMI, as mainly among women.
Despite the small number of studies, a number of potential explanatory hypotheses were developed for these emerging patterns. The 'Healthy Migrant Effect' may diminish with greater acculturation as the host culture potentially promotes more unhealthy weight gain than heritage cultures. This appears particularly so for men and a rapid form of nutrition transition represents a likely contributor. The inconsistent results observed for women may be due to the interplay of cultural influences on body image, food choices and physical activity. That is, the Western ideal of a slim female body and higher values placed on physical activity and fitness may counteract the obesogenic food environment for female migrants.
In 2008, over 1.5 billion adults around the world were classified as being overweight (BMI ≥ 25) [1], with an increase in prevalence from 4.8% to 9.8% since 1980 [2].
The determinants of overweight and obesity are manifold, with certain subgroups of the population seemingly more at risk [3, 4]. In particular, people from low- to medium-income countries who have migrated to and reside in high-income countries1, appear to be more susceptible to overweight and obesity than their local counterparts [5, 6]. This is the case even though newly arrived migrants tend to be healthier than the host population - a phenomenon called the healthy migrant effect[7, 8]. Reasons for the healthy migrant effect include the positive selection bias that the formal migration process imposes, such as the rigorous health checks required pre-migration [9–15].
The unhealthy weight gain among migrants appears to increase significantly over 10–15 years post migration, by which time migrants' overweight and obesity rates approach or overtake those of the host population [16–18]. This change, however, is not uniform across all migrant groups, and may vary as a result of actual differences between groups such as ethnicity, gender, age at the time of migration, and period of residency in the new country [19–21]. For example, a health report from Canada found that black immigrant women were more likely to be overweight compared with white immigrant women, regardless of when they immigrated [22]. Similarly, data from a health survey in South Australia demonstrated significant differences between migrants from different ethnic groups in the prevalence of overweight and obesity [23]. Among US- and Australian-based migrant groups, people born in Italy, Greece or Cyprus, former Yugoslavia, Germany, the Netherlands, Poland and other Eastern European countries recorded a higher likelihood of overweight and obesity than people born in Malaysia, Vietnam or Cambodia, the Philippines, or China. Additionally, a number of studies found significant positive correlations between length of residency in the host country and weight gain [20, 24, 25]. Finally, other research has established an inverse relationship between migrants' age at the time of immigration and overweight/obesity [20, 26].
Thus, when examining the relationship between migration and health-related factors such as obesity, there appears to be a wide variety of factors at play, including the healthy migrant effect, length of residence in host country, gender, country of origin, and age.
Acculturation & enculturation
The underlying dynamics of the complex relationship between migration and migrant obesity may be further clarified with a theoretical perspective which takes into account the forces of acculturation and enculturation [27–31]. As indicated above, the majority of people who migrate from low-income to high-income countries eventually adopt obesogenic behaviours, experience weight gain, and record higher body weights than their local counterparts. This change occurs as their immersion into the host culture increases over time [5, 6, 24] and is indicative of the broader and more complex process of acculturation – that is, the gradual exchange between immigrants' original attitudes and behaviour and those of the host culture [32]. This phenomenon has consistently been associated with negative consequences for migrants, including added stressors, fewer coping resources, and poorer mental health [33].
In contrast some migrants may avoid these adverse effects of immigration, by assimilating less to the host culture and retaining more of their traditional heritage. This is termed enculturation[34], and often appears to be beneficial to migrants in terms of social and health effects. In particular, this phenomenon is commonly associated with the maintenance of several protective factors, including social/familial support, shared sense of ethnic identity, and continued practice of traditional values [35].
Thus, acculturation and enculturation are intertwined and representative of important psychosocial factors in the migration process - not least in terms of several health-risks. Indeed it would appear that acculturation is generally associated with adverse health-effects, and enculturation the opposite. Hence, in order to gain a clearer understanding of the impact of migration on migrant health, these two factors must be included in the analysis.
While past research has examined the relationship betweenx migrant health and acculturation, most studies have employed surrogate measures – such as for example length of residency in the host culture, place of birth or preferred language used by immigrants [36, 37] – rather than using standardised acculturation scales. Due to such lack of reliable and consistent methods for quantifying the degree of acculturation, comparative study and meta-analyses have been difficult, if not impossible, leaving a considerable gap in the literature on this topic. Furthermore, the fact that only few studies have taken enculturation into account, has meant that the research in this field has generally failed to separate the differential impact of acculturation and enculturation [38, 39]. This shortcoming represents another limitation of research in this area.
The two most commonly used standardised models of acculturation are uni-directional models (UDM) and bi-directional models (BDM). UDMs are based on the assumption that the maintenance of the original migrant heritage is not possible among those immigrants who become involved in the mainstream host society. Thus, acculturation is inevitably accompanied by a weakening of identification with heritage, and can be represented as a linear change over time.
Similarly, BDMs suggest that the relationship with both original heritage and the new host culture plays an important role in the process of acculturation [36]. This model allows for interaction effects of the original and the new cultures by assessing an individual's cultural identity and participation in the larger society [40].
In summary, the use of acculturation scales may help to more accurately explain the complex relationship between migration and obesity, and further may do so in a more standardised, quantifiable and comparable fashion than past research. The aim of this study is therefore:
To systematically review the evidence on the relationship between acculturation - as measured with a standardized acculturation scale (i.e. UDM or BDM) - and overweight/obesity among adult migrants from low/middle countries to high income countries.
This review was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). This system has been developed to provide clear, practical and systematic guidance in researching and writing systematic reviews.
A comprehensive search of the following databases was conducted during May 2011: Academic Search Complete (EBSCOhost); Academic Search Premier (EBSCOhost); CINAHL with Full Text (EBSCOhost); Global Health (EBSCOhost); MEDLINE with Full Text (EBSCOhost); and PsycINFO (EBSCOhost).
Search strategy & study selection process
The search terms used were based on MeSH keywords for 'obesity', 'enculturation' and 'acculturation'. Searches were conducted by inserting the following terms simultaneously into the EBSCOhost database. Within term groups (that is Obesity terms and Acculturation terms) search terms were divided with 'or', while the two term groups were connected with 'and'. The search strategy including databases, keywords, and limits is defined in Table 1.
Table 1 Search strategy including databases, keywords, and limits
Validity & quality assessment
Articles obtained in the search were appraised in terms of relevance, quality and validity in three rounds. In the first round, articles were included or excluded based on their title. In the second round, articles were retained or excluded after reviewing their abstracts. In the third round, the full-text version of each of the remaining articles was obtained [41] and reviewed separately by two researchers. To determine the quality of the studies reviewed, quality assessment tools were utilised. The strength of the quantitative studies was ranked using the Quality Assessment Tool for Quantitative Studies developed by the Effective Public Health Practice Project from the Ontario Ministry of Health in Canada [42], and recommended by other authors [43, 44]. Studies were ranked as high, moderate or low in quality.
Disagreement regarding any article inclusion or exclusion was resolved through consultation with two authors with expertise in acculturation research (Renzaho, A & Swinburn, B). Due to the small number of studies retained (n = 9), a quantitative weighting by study size or quality (meta-analysis) was not conducted. Instead the strengths and limitations of each study were taken into account qualitatively in a synthesis of overall findings.
A total of 1135 papers were identified in the initial search. The vast majority of these were rejected on the basis of one or more of the following factors: the paper focussed only on acculturation, immigration, overweight or obesity rather than any relationship between the variables; the paper did not use a standardized (UDM or BDM) scale to measure acculturation; the paper did not include original, empirical research (commentaries, book reviews, 'grey' literature, etc.); or a combination of the above (see Figure 1). Overall, nine papers met the inclusion criteria (see Table 2).
Process of study selection.
Table 2 Studies included in systematic review
Study characteristics & samples
All of the studies were published in the 1990s and 2000s, and all were conducted in the US. Eight studies utilised cross-sectional designs, while one was longitudinal (see Table 2). Of the studies reviewed, participant mean age was 41 years (SD = 15), and the male: female ratio across all studies was 32:68. The focus of the articles included was limited to immigrant and refugee resident populations, and thus, temporary residents were not represented in any of the studied populations. Study sample ethnicity included, Mexican-Americans [45, 46, 50, 51], Hmong (Thailand and Laos) US residents [49]; Korean-Americans [52], Puerto-Rican Americans [48, 51], and Soviet-American women [53]. Six studies used BDM-scales to measure acculturation [45, 46, 49, 50, 52, 53] and three studies used UDM-scales [47, 48, 51]. Two studies used self-report measures for the BMI measure [46, 52].
Study quality
Table 2 presents the nine papers' qualitative evaluations using Quality Assessment Tool for Quantitative Studies [46, 50, 53]. Three of the nine studies were classified as a 'strong' quality ranking while the remaining six were of 'moderate' quality [45, 47–49, 51, 52]. Studies moderate in quality were so determined due to small sample sizes, data collection weaknesses, participant attrition and participant representation.
Acculturation scales
The acculturation scales used in the reviewed studies are presented in Table 2. The scales were valid and reliable, and all comprised items gauging degree of acculturation/enculturation by typically focusing on language use, use of media in host country, ethnic social relations, social networks, lifestyle, values and/or attitudes. The studies employed both UDM and BDM scales, making it difficult to compare specific results across these studies using a common metric. However, the standardization, validity and reliability of the scales used, ultimately facilitated comparability and synthesis of the results obtained with each type of scale.
Study findings
Of the nine studies reviewed, seven reported overall positive associations between the degree of acculturation and body weight variables [45–50, 52]. The conclusions drawn from these studies generally complemented one another. Three studies [50, 51, 53] found negative associations between higher degree of acculturation and obesity in women. Lee et al. [52] found no significant relationship between acculturation and obesity in their female sub-sample, while more acculturated males recorded higher BMI.
In their study on US-born and Mexico-born Mexican-American adults living in the US, Barcenas et al. [46] indicated significant differences in the relationships between acculturation level and BMI, gender, and birthplace. In Mexican-born participants longer residency in the US was associated with higher BMI. Women residing in the US for more than 15 years recorded a mean BMI of 2.38 kg/m2 (β (adjusted) =2.12, 95% CI, 1.53-2.72, p < .0001) higher than those who had lived in the US for less than five years. Similarly, men living in the US for more than 15 years recorded an average BMI of 1.10 kg/m2 (β (adjusted) = 1.47, 95% CI, 0.59-2.34, p < .001) higher than residents of less than five years. Furthermore, the risk of obesity in men and women with a low degree of acculturation increased with every additional year of residence in the US by 2% (OR = 1.02, 95% CI, 1.00-1.03) and 1% (OR = 1.01, 95% CI, 1.01-1.02) respectively. For highly acculturated men and women the increase in risk was 4% (OR = 1.04, 95%CI, 1.01-1.07) and 3% (OR = 1.03, 95% CI, 1.00-1.05) respectively. In US-born Mexican-Americans, high acculturation and birthplace accounted for 6% and 25% of risk of obesity in men and women respectively.
These general findings of positive correlations between obesity and acculturation in Mexican-Americans, were further supported in the study by Ahluwalia et al., [45] where comparable general associations between the degree of acculturation and BMI were established. Further, Khan et al. [51] found that 2nd and 3rd generation Mexican-Americans had higher BMIs than 1st generation migrants.
A similar study was conducted by Hazuda et al. [50] who established a more ambiguous and complex relationship between acculturation and obesity in Mexican-Americans. In this study, overweight was assessed using BMI, sub scapular-to-triceps skin-fold thickness (SUBTR) ratio, and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR). Both acculturation and socio-economic status (SES) were associated with anthropometry measurements. Specifically, low SES was associated with a high WHR (p < .001), and high scores on the 'family attitude' subscale of acculturation was associated with a high SUBTR-ratio (p < 0.01). Among females, low SES was associated with high BMI, SUBTR-ratio and WHR (p < .01 – p < .001), but, interestingly, high scores on the 'functional integration' acculturation subscale were associated with lower BMI and SUBTR-ratios (p < .01 – p < .0001). This apparently protective effect for Mexican-American women was also evident in Khan et al. [51], where higher acculturation was associated with lower BMI for Mexican-American women (β = −.56, p < .01) but not for males nor either gender in the other ethnicities examined (Puerto Rican and Cuban).
Other studies examined the impact of acculturation on health factors such as smoking, physical activity, fat intake, and BMI, and have included other ethnicities with similar results. For example, Bertera et al. [47] found that acculturation was positively associated with obesity in Salvadoran immigrants in the US, accounting (in combination with other variables such as gender and SES) for 45% of the variance in immigrant obesity (p < .01-.001). Similarly, Fitzgerald et al. [48] discovered that less acculturated Puerto Ricans in the US were 54% less likely to be obese than their more acculturated counterparts. In yet other research on Hmong-American immigrants, higher degree of acculturation also correlated with higher BMI [49]. This relationship was mainly attributed to the changes in diet and physical activity following the adaptation to an environment with higher average income [49].
Comparable effects have also been found in studies among Korean-Americans [52] whereby more acculturated men (but not women) had a higher BMI than their enculturated counterparts, with a mean difference in BMI of 1.7kg/m2 (p < .05) [52]. This effect persisted when controlling for age, income, education, working status, and smoking as well as physical activity, fat intake and parents' body size. In addition, and perhaps paradoxically, acculturated men and women were more likely to engage in light physical activity than enculturated men and women (men OR = 4.34, p < .005; women OR = 7.38, p < .005) [52].
The final paper included in this review [53] reported on a longitudinal study which examined the relationship between acculturation and cardiovascular disease risk factors in Soviet Union-born middle-aged women in the US. Similar to some of the other research reviewed, this study established a significant inverse correlation between acculturation score and obesity in women. Specifically, women with higher acculturation scores at baseline predicted lower changes in BMI over the following ten years (r = −.14, p = .05). Similarly, higher enculturation scores predicted higher changes in mean BMI and waist circumference (r = .25, p = .01; r = .34, p = .01, respectively) in the following decade [53].
Five of the nine studies included measurement of SES [47, 48, 50–52]. Three found no significant correlations between SES and obesity [47, 51, 52], while Fitzgerald et al. [48] established an inverse correlation between these two variables, and Hazuda et al. [50] found both positive and negative correlations for men and women, respectively.
The focus of this paper was to review the research among migrants on the relationship between obesity and acculturation/enculturation as measured by valid and comparable acculturation scales (uni-dimensional and bi-dimensional scales). Only nine studies met the criteria of this review, and all of them were US-based. With the exception of Miller et al. [53] and Khan et al. [51], all of the studies reviewed reported generally similar findings indicating an overall positive correlation between acculturation and overweight/obesity. Barcenas et al. [46] and Ahluwalia et al. [45] established positive correlations between acculturation and obesity in Mexican-Americans. The more acculturated the populations were, the higher the average BMI. While Khan et al. [51] found a negative relationship between BMI and acculturation in first-generation migrants, Mexican-Americans' BMI increased with each generation in the US. Positive relationships between acculturation and obesity were also evident in the studies by Bertera et al. [47], Fitzgerald et al. [48], Franzen et al. [49] and Lee et al. [52] spanning a wide array of ethnicities (El Salvador, Puerto Rican, Hmong, Korean respectively). However, the relationship appeared more complex for women than for men, as both negative and positive relationships between acculturation and obesity were found for women [50, 51, 53].
These findings are likely to also be related to the nutritional transition documented in developing countries [54, 55]. Nutritional transition relates to the tendency of decreased consumption of healthy and nutritional foods in favour of fatty and processed foods, observed among citizens in rapidly developing countries [55]. This effect has been detected globally as unhealthy processed foods are increasingly made available throughout the world [55]. A good example of this transition is Brazil where, since the 1970s, the problems of dietary deficiency have been replaced by those of dietary excess [56]. This nutrition transition would occur more rapidly in a migrating population as they make the transition over months and years as opposed to a whole country making the transition over years and decades. The nutrition transition for immigrants thus involves both the qualitative change in diet and the rapidity of that change which would be accentuated in migrants from low- and middle-income countries to high-income countries [55, 56].
Looking beyond the overall tendencies in the relationship between obesity and acculturation, however, the relationship becomes more complex and appears to vary by gender, country of origin and SES. In some cases acculturation even seems to predict positive behaviour such as increased physical activity [46, 52] and decreased CVD-risk and waist-circumference [53]. Specifically, Khan et al. [51], and Hazuda et al. [50], found protective effects of acculturation in terms of female body weight – that is, an inverse correlation between female BMI and acculturation was apparent in these studies in spite of the overall positive association between BMI and acculturation. Similar findings were evident in Miller et al. [53] study on female Soviet Union immigrants to the US. Of further relevance in this context, it is important to note that while Lee et al. [52] observed positive correlations between acculturation and body weight, this association held true only for men and not for women. Together, these studies thus lend credence to the idea of gender as a moderating variable in the relationship between acculturation/enculturation and obesity.
Despite the small number of publications, potential explanatory hypotheses can be developed for these emerging patterns. For the females in some migrating populations, it may be that as they get wealthier, the more health conscious they become, which in turn is reflected in behaviour and BMI. Such an effect has been documented for the relationship between SES and BMI where this association is positive until a certain level of wealth is reached after which the correlation inverts [57]. This flip in the relationship is much stronger for women than for men, and thus could account for the variability in results concerning female subgroups discussed in this review [57, 58].
The counteracting environments and social norms in Western countries may have a differential impact on the migrating population depending on migrant country of origin, gender and SES [59, 60]. The recurring finding that women with higher levels of acculturation have lower BMIs suggests that greater availability of fatty and processed foods in high income countries may be offset by the Western social norms and fashions which endorse fitness, health and a slim body shape [61–63]. This is supported in the study by Ahluwalia et al. [45] where it was established that obese Mexican-Americans with a low degree of acculturation were more satisfied with their weight and body shape, and less likely to have tried to lose weight than their highly acculturated counterparts. Further, Barcenas et al. [46] and Lee, et al. [52] found that in spite of a comparatively higher likelihood of increased BMI in acculturated men and women, this cohort was also more likely to engage in physical exercise than non-acculturated participants. These findings appear to highlight a possible association between acculturation and both adaptive and maladaptive health behaviours endorsing health ideals, such as physical activity and slenderness, as well as facilitating obesogenic habits.
A strength of this review relates to the chief goal of the paper which was to identify and review the research which has used valid and comparable acculturation scales to measure the relationship between acculturation and obesity in migrants to high-income countries. While only nine studies met the inclusion criteria for this paper, the fact that all of the reviewed research employed acculturation scales in their methodology effectively facilitated comparison and synthesis of the main themes and variations emanating from this research. This has not been done before and has thus far represented a gap in the literature on this topic. Nonetheless, although the studies included in our review used validated acculturation scales they varied in terms of number of items and domains covered. For example, some studies [45–48, 51] included one dimension that focused on language acculturation rather than a broader array of behaviours related to the migration and settlement process. Others included questions regarding language use and preference, social connections, and overall eating patterns [49], while others still focused on functional integration (i.e. adoption of the values, attitudes, and behaviour of the host society) [50], structural acculturation [52], and language, identity, and behaviour [53]. In addition, when examining the relationship between acculturation and obesity, some studies used self-reported BMI measures whereas other used measured BMI, making it difficult to draw conclusions across studies. Thus, the variation in acculturation domains and measurement identified in this review emphasises the urgent need for a standardized international acculturation scale.
Another strength of this review centres on the broader research methodology of the included studies. Eight of them employed a cross-sectional design. While the correlational nature of this methodology prohibits a statistical assessment of cause and effect, it can be more readily applied to large representative samples as well as take into account a number of potentially confounding factors. Further, given the specific nature of the variables measured in the reviewed studies, it is still possible to hypothesise with relative certainty on the direction of the associations found despite the nature of cross-sectional research designs. That is, it is much more likely that acculturation has an impact on body weight than vice versa, and while several other factors may mediate or moderate the relationship, this direction of the association remains the most plausible.
A major limitation to the review, relates to the fact that all of the studies focussed on immigrants in the US – a country which is among the ten most obese nations in the world [64]. In light of this, it is conceivable that obesity may not be related to acculturation in general, but rather to the specific culture to which immigrants acculturate. That is, immigration and acculturation to a country where obesity is not a prominent health issue may not increase migrant BMI. More research examining immigration to countries other than the US is therefore needed for more generalisable conclusions.
Another limitation relates to acculturation scales used. The introduction to this study identified the bi-directional model of acculturation as being more complex and sophisticated than the uni-dimensional model. The current review included studies which used both types of scales, making it difficult to compare specific results across these studies using a common metric. There is also some debate focusing on socioeconomic status and its possible role on the relationship between acculturation and obesity. However, not all the nine studies took this into account and therefore lack of adequate control for SES perhaps partly explain the distinct findings among women.
Finally, the review included studies which used both measured and self-reported BMI (Barcenas et al., 2007; Lee et al., 2000). This comprises a limitation as the accuracy of self-reported BMIs may be questionable.
This review is the first of its kind focussing solely on migrant obesity studies using either bi-directional or uni-directional measurements of acculturation rather than utilizing a surrogate measurement.
Despite the different but standardized measures of acculturation in the studies reviewed here, the findings seem to be relatively consistent. This uniformity has not been observed in studies that solely used a proxy measure for acculturation. It therefore seems imperative to endorse the use of standardized scales of acculturation in future research.
The degree of acculturation seems to reflect the degree of nutrition transition towards a more obesogenic diet and higher BMI. However, there appears also to be some countervailing forces of acculturation that precipitate a more complex pattern for women. There was some evidence of higher physical activity levels among women. Leaner body image ideals and variable SES in high-income countries may explain the mixed findings for the relationship between acculturation and female BMI. Future research should help further unpack this interchange of culture, migration, gender and SES on the development of obesity. Identifying underlying contributors of diet, physical activity and body size perceptions will also be important for this understanding and for informing potential interventions to prevent unhealthy weight gain.
Further, future research should examine the protective factors of enculturation with a focus on retaining the positive parts of the traditional orientation to combine with the positive aspects of the host culture. High income countries (such as the US, Australia and many European countries) which have substantial migrant population from low- and middle-income countries should be active in their efforts to prevent obesity and obesity-related diseases like diabetes in these at-risk populations.
Based on the reviewed studies, there appears to be an overall positive relationship between acculturation and obesity in populations migrating to high-income countries from low- to middle-income countries.
Migrant gender appears to be a significant factor in the relationship between acculturation and obesity. Due to the limited valid research on this topic, future study should focus on this relationship.
The role of nutrition transition in the relationship between acculturation and obesity also is likely to play an important role in the connection between acculturation and migrant weight gain and obesity.
For the sake of empirical reliability and rigour the use of validated, comprehensive and uniform acculturation scales should feature prominently in future study.
1The authors define high, middle and low income countries based on United Nation criteria.
MD is a PhD Scholar in WHO Collaborating Centre for Obesity Prevention, Department of Health& Social development, Deakin University, Australia.
ALS is a PhD Scholar in the Department of Psychology, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, UK.
BS is a Professor of Population Nutrition and Global Health at University of Auckland as well as Alfred Deakin Professor and Director of WHO Collaborating Centre for Obesity Prevention at Deakin University, Australia.
DM is a Professor in the School of Psychology and Associate Director of the Centre for Mental Health and Wellbeing Research at Deakin University, Australia.
AR is the Director of the Migration, Social Disadvantage, and Health Programs in Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Australia.
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The study was funded by a research grant by the Deakin University School of Health, as well as a small grant by A/Prof Andre Renzaho. A/Prof Andre Renzaho's position is supported by an ARC Future Fellowship.
WHO Collaborating Centre for Obesity Prevention, Department of Health, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia
Maryam Delavari & Boyd Swinburn
School of Psychology, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
Anders Larrabee Sønderlund
School of Population Health, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
Boyd Swinburn
School of Psychology, Faculty of health, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia
David Mellor
Global Health and Society Unit, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University; and Centre for International Health, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia
Andre Renzaho
Maryam Delavari
Correspondence to Maryam Delavari.
All authors have made substantive intellectual contributions to this study. 1) MD and AR have made substantial contributions to conception and design. 2) MD, ALS and AR carried out acquisition of data. 3) MD, ALS, BS and DM performed analysis and helped to interpret the data. 4) MD, ALS, BS and DM have drafted the manuscript and revised it critically for important intellectual content. 5) MD, ALS, BS and DM read and approved the final manuscript. 6) All authors have given final approval of the version to be published.
Delavari, M., Sønderlund, A.L., Swinburn, B. et al. Acculturation and obesity among migrant populations in high income countries – a systematic review. BMC Public Health 13, 458 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-13-458
Acculturation scale


Comment Koga no Tsubone was a favorite of Emperor Takakura. His wife Kenreimonin who was jealous, asked her father Taira Kiyomori to have Koga poisoned. Koga fled to the country, where she was eventually found by Minamoto Nakakuni who recognized the sound of her koto playing.


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Dyrektywa w sprawie rynków instrumentów finansowych (ang. Markets in Financial Instruments Directive, MiFID) – obowiązujące od 30 kwietnia 2004 prawo dotyczące 30 państw Europejskiego Obszaru Gospodarczego (27 członków Unii Europejskiej oraz Liechtenstein, Norwegia, Islandia), którego główne cele ustanowienia to zwiększenie i regulacja konkurencji rynkowej oraz ochrony klientów na europejskich rynkach finansowych usług inwestycyjnych.

Dyrektywa Unii Europejskiej 2004/39/EC MIFiD została uchwalona w roku 2004 zastępując Dyrektywę o Usługach Inwestycyjnych z roku 1993.

Wytyczne MiFID obejmują wszystkie banki, brokerów, giełdy, doradców inwestycyjnych i większość instytucji świadczących usługi finansowe na rynku kapitałowym.

Instrumenty finansowe, do których mają zastosowanie przepisy MiFID to zbywalne papiery wartościowe (w tym akcje), instrumenty rynku pieniężnego, jednostki funduszy inwestycyjnych, walutowe kontrakty terminowe typu forward, walutowe transakcje opcyjne, umowy terminowe na stopę procentową oraz instrumenty pochodne dotyczące przenoszenia ryzyka kredytowego.

Dyrektywa MiFID została uchylona w 2014 r. przez Dyrektywę Parlamentu Europejskiego i Rady 2014/65/UE z dnia 15 maja 2014 r. w sprawie rynków instrumentów finansowych oraz zmieniająca dyrektywę 2002/92/WE i dyrektywę 2011/61/UE - czyli tzw. Dyrektywę MIFID II.

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