When you're looking at Audio equipment you'll hear the terms 'Audio Zone' and 'Audio Rooms' a lot. Sometimes even interchangeably, although that's not totally accurate.
It's a simple thing but really helps to understand so you can design your audio system the way you really want.
So let's take a real quick look at both.
A zone of audio is an area where all speakers work together. Each speaker comes on at the same time, plays the same music, and runs at the same volume level. You control all the speakers in a zone together. Volume up turns all speakers up.
Changing the music selection changes it for all speakers in that zone. There's no limit on the number of speakers a Zone can have. And… while I don't recommend zoning multiple rooms, there's no limit to the number of rooms a Zone can cover.
An audio room is just like it sounds. It's one room of Audio; so your Master Bedroom is a room of Audio. Normally a room of Audio gets one 'pair' of speakers. It takes '2 channels' from your Amplifier to power the pair of speakers. When you're shopping for Amplifiers, it will often say something like '6 Room Amplifier.' That means it has 12 channels, 2 per room, for a total of 6 rooms.
Smaller rooms like a Laundry Room often use a single speaker called a 'Dual Voice Coil.' This is a special speaker that has a stereo sound even though it's just one speaker. It still requires 2 speaker cables, and 2 channels of amplification from the Amplifier.
This is an oversimplification, but an Audio Switch manages Zones, and Amplifiers manage rooms (channels). Sometimes designing your system by zones can give you greater flexibility and even save cost on the overall project. Larger rooms like a large rec room, game room, or maybe a covered deck, often benefit from having multiple pairs of speakers.
The extra speakers help generate a more even volume level throughout the space, and a noticeably better listening experience even for the non-audiophile. Let's look at the Covered Deck example. You have 8 speakers spread across your covered deck. You use your Smart Home App, select Pandora, and tell it to play out to the deck.
The Audio Switch sends Pandora to the Covered Deck Zone. Then the Amplifier, uses 8 channels to power the 8 speakers.
Now the benefit is that I can break the Covered Deck into 4 zones, and play each zone by itself, but you can see how the cost adds up quickly. Running the covered deck as one zone will almost certainly save you money.
Another way of zoning is to split a shared zone with volume controls. I'm not a fan of this approach at all, but there are applications where it makes sense. The most common place I see this, is with the Master Bathroom and Master Bedroom. There are 2 pairs of speakers. One in the bedroom, and one in the bathroom.
Clients start to see they can save money by combining the two rooms into one zone. But when someone takes a shower early in the morning with, the person sleeping will hear. Because it's a zone, all speakers in the zone come on together, and all speakers in the zone play the same music at the same volume level.
So one way to make this work is to add in volume controls for both pairs of speakers. Using the Sonos example again, you can use one Sonos Amp, and power both pairs of speakers. When you turn on the zone both bedroom and bathroom get power and music. However, the person taking a shower can use the volume controls to turn the bedroom volume down, and the bathroom up.
Now understand the volume here is 100% manual control. You're selecting your music from the app, and you can set the master volume via the app. But you can only control the room's volume at the volume control.
Sonos is a 1 Room Amplifier. It's not an Audio Switch, and it really isn't built to Zone audio. But we can cheat the Sonos amplifier with Volume Controls, and make it manage two zones. So people start thinking that Sonos can manage zones. But its' just a hack. Now on the other end of the spectrum, people hear about using something like Sonos and Volume Controls to split a zone, and they assume Volume controls work with any system.
Volume Controls don't work with every audio system. Some systems like Sonos will accept a Volume Control. Other systems like Autonomic will not support 'analogue' volume controls. It will actually burn the amp. You have to use 'digital' volume controls, and they're almost always proprietary to the manufacturer of the audio system you're using.
So if you're thinking about using Volume Controls in your Audio Design, be sure to verify the Volume Controls will work with the Audio equipment you're purchasing.
If you're looking for help designing an Audio System, let us know. We now ship Audio Systems all over the US that you can self-install.
And if you're looking to design a little more intricate system, check out our Design Service.
HOW MUCH DOES CONTROL4 AUDIO COST?
HOW MUCH DOES SAVANT AUDIO COST?


I'm pretty, basically, completely obsessed with Fall.
The warm soups and hot cocoas.
The sound of crunchy leaves.
The fall food! Brussels sprouts, squash, pomegranates, apples, and let's not forget PUMPKIN!
Obviously, I was more than ecstatic to decorate my newly built shelf with all my Fall decor.
Is it just me, or do navy and orange look AMAZING together! I seriously need to make a quilt with these colors, because I love how they look. I also love how you can see my phone in the photo below. See it there? It really adds to this cute decor.
Most of these decorations are from Target, Michaels, and ikea.
When I decorate, I like to grab things I have from all over the house, Pillows from the family room. Shoes, sweaters from my closet. Pictures from all over the home! If you look at anything else I've decorated you will see the same items popping up over and over!
I can't wait to decorate this shelf for Christmas!


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Region of Murcia – Maps, History, and Culture
Region of Murcia, Spain Interactive Map
Murcia Map Links:
1906 Cartagène
Cartagena 1634
Cartagène 1901
Circumscriptions of the region of Murcia
Counties of the Region of Murcia
Diagram of the Battle of Cartagena in – 209
Localization of the Carxe in the Region of Murcia
Location of El Carxe-El Carche, a region of Murcia, Spain
Ascombrera harbor 1730
Bay of Cartagena and Escombreras, Spain 1804
Port of Cartagena 1730
Settlements of the Carxe
Judicial districts (with municipalities) in the region of Murcia, Spain 2011
Murcia 1795
Plan of the Project to build a Navy Arsenal in the Port of Cartagena 1751
Plan of the Spanish city of Cartagena and its bay in 1670
Plan of the Spanish city of Cartagena with his Arsenal in 1799
Schematic illustration of Battle of Cartagena, 209 BC
Siege of Nova Carthago by Scipio Africanus – first assault (209 BC)
Siege of Nova Carthago by Scipio Africanus – second and decisive assault (209 BC)
The region of Murcia is located in the southeastern corner of Spain and sits along the Mediterranean coast. The three autonomous regions of Andalucia border it to the west, Castilla la Mancha to the north, and Valencia to the east. The region of Murcia is approximately 4,300 square miles, making it 9th in size out of all 17 autonomous regions of Spain.
City List:
Languages: Spanish, Castilian, Murcian dialect
Ethnicities: Murcian, Castilian, Valencian, Andalucian
Capital: Murcia
The History of the Region of Murcia
Before the Roman Hispania era began around the 2nd Century BC, the Carthaginians ruled the region. The Carthaginians settled in the town of Cartagena, the town by which the tribe got its name. Once the Romans conquered the territory in 209 BC, the region was called Hispania Carthaginenses.
The Romans took what the Carthaginians started and improved it. There were many towns and municipalities that were established during this time. The Romans built theaters, churches, and villages during this time, which can still be seen today.
During the 5th Century BC, the Roman Empire was weak and vulnerable to invaders. The first invaders to enter the region were the Suebi and Vandals. The Romans tried to fend off the Suebi and Vandals but were unsuccessful, so they asked the Visigoths for help.
The Visigoths were a German tribe that had entered the area around the same time. The Romans asked the Visigoths to help them defeat the Suebi and Vandals, to which the Visigoths were successful. By 476 AD, the Roman Empire had completely fallen, leaving the region under the control of the Visigoths.
By 711 AD, Muslims had entered the eastern region of the Iberian Peninsula after the death of the Islamic Prophet, Mohammed. This period is known as the Islamic Al-Andalus when Muslims invaded the Iberian Peninsula and pushed out the Christians. Many Christians fled to the northern territories of the Iberian Peninsula as the Muslims could not penetrate the rugged terrain of the mountains in the north.
By 1243, the Christian Reconquest was underway, and Christians were taking back the Iberian Peninsula and pushing the Moors out. The region of Murcia finally saw peace in 1243 when the Treaty of Alcaraz was signed. The Treaty of Alcaraz stated that Murcia would become part of the Crown of Castile, a decision that was not supported by all municipalities in the region.
Because of this, Castilian armies had to conquer the cities that did not support the union of Murcia into the Crown of Castile. By incorporating Murcia into the Crown of Castile, it gave Castile access to the Mediterranean for the first time. The Christian Reconquest was significant in Murcia because the region of Murcia gave territories to the returning Christians to help repopulate the Christian faith.
During the Napoleonic Wars of the early 1800s, the French empire attempted to conquer different regions throughout Europe and the Iberian Peninsula. Spain agreed to let Napoleon pass through its region for the French to conquer Portugal.
Unfortunately, Napoleon betrayed Spain and, instead, conquered many Spanish provinces during this time. Because of this, many soldiers from Murcia and other provinces banded together to fight the French.
The French attacked the Kingdom of Murcia in 1810 and gained total control of the region by 1812, leaving a path of destruction in its wake. Two years later, with the help of Cartagena and the British, the French were defeated, and Murcia was restored.
The Spanish Civil War of the 1930s was a significant time in Murcian history. Murcia supported the Spanish Republic, and Cartagena was the main naval base of the fleet for the Spanish Republic. This kept the coastal city of Cartagena from the destruction that other areas of Spain were experiencing; however, the industries located throughout the region suffered greatly during this time.
After the death of General Franco in 1975, Murcia began its journey to full autonomy and was officially recognized as an autonomous territory on June 9, 1982.
The official language of Murcia is Spanish, specifically Castilian Spanish. Castilian Spanish is spoken throughout Spain and is considered the official language of the country because of its native origins. The region of Murcia, as it was once a part of Castilla la Mancha, speaks Castilian Spanish.
A Murcian dialect is a form of Andalucian Spanish, as the Andalucia region borders Murcia to the west. This dialect is typically only heard spoken in the region of Murcia, as it is important to those who are from the region of Murcia.
Roman Catholicism is the primary religion in the region of Murcia because of the strong Roman influences that were found throughout history and after the Christian Reconquest.
Islam was a religion that was practiced for centuries during the Muslim Invasion. Without the Christian Reconquest, Islam would still be a primary religion of the region today. However, the Christian Reconquest was successful in pushing Muslims out of the area and allowing Christianity to be re-established.
The geography of Murcia is filled with faults, mountains, valleys, and coasts. The many faultlines that run through the area have caused earthquakes over time. The most notable earthquake in recent history was the 2011 Lorca earthquake, which registered around a scale of 5.1.
The many accesses to water throughout the region give Murcia its dense forests, abundant wildlife, and strong agriculture. There are hundreds of trees, bushes, and flowers that grow throughout the region. A large variety of animals thrive in the land and water of the region as well, giving the region a strong ecosystem.
The culture of Murcia includes Roman, Christian, and Islamic cultures, as each of these influences had a strong presence throughout the history of the region. There are Roman structures, Christian churches, and Islamic relics that can be found throughout the region that give Murcia the deep and contrasting culture we know today.
Immigration & Migration Patterns
After the Napoleonic Wars in the 1800s, Murcia suffered greatly. The French had caused an immense amount of damage and destruction to the area, leaving the region impoverished.
Many men left the region of Murcia to find a better opportunity in more wealthy regions of Spain. When this was not feasible, they would travel to the New World in the western hemisphere to find better opportunities.
Some of the areas they would travel to include the southern United States, Central America, South America, and the eastern Caribbean islands.
The second wave of emigration occurred after the Spanish Civil War. The region of Murcia suffered greatly, although the coastal town of Cartagena remained virtually untouched. The many industries that had begun to thrive were destroyed, leaving many without jobs. This led to the second wave of emigrants leaving the region of Murcia to find a way to make a living.
Neighboring Spanish territories and areas in the western hemisphere were sought out by Murcians leaving the region.
Many Murcians left the region during the 1800s and 1900s because of destruction that had been left after the wars that took place in the region. Because Murcians fled to the western hemisphere, the Murcian heritage can be found in countries throughout North, Central, and South America.
Specific areas that the Murcian territory can be found in is the southern United States, Mexico, Central American countries, South American countries, and the eastern Caribbean. These are the countries in the New World that Spaniards had the most success in finding new ways of life.
Therefore, they emigrated to these areas and started new families with descendants who still live there today.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


This recipe is adapted from Lidia's version here. I don't hold with all that blended tomatoes in a sauce nonsense, but this is a really good quick mid-week meal. Any apples will work including sweet and I used fuji apples. The wheat pasta goes very well and makes the dish a little heartier, but normal noodles can be used.


Voted Off the Island: I'm Not Dreaming -- A White Jewish Christmas!
I really like to know about Oriental Pearl Restaurant. I like to see snow fall in this post. It is very nice to see cloudy weather in this picture. Such a nice post!


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Q: Inserting into a sorted list recursively I need to write a method that inserts items into a singly linked sorted list recursively. The node class for the list looks like this:
protected class Node<T> {

    protected Node(T data) {
        this.data = data;
    }

    protected T data;
    protected Node<T> next;
}

protected Node<E> head;

}
The method signature is: void insert(E data).
I can do this iteratively but I just can't seem to wrap my head around how to do it recursively. Can anyone offer any insight?

A: Assuming you're supposed to be inserting at the end of the list, just recur on this.next until this.next is null.
public void insert(E data) {
    if (this.next == null) {
        // we're at the end, so actually do the insert
        // if you can do it iteratively, you should already know what to do here
    } else {
        this.next.insert(data);
    }
}

A: Create a function that takes a starting node and the data to insert.
If that node is the right place to put the data, just insert it.
If not, call the function recursively to try the next node.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Discussion in 'MacBook Pro' started by MacFly69, Mar 3, 2014.
I'm currently using a MB 2008 unibody, but it's on it's last legs.
I'm considering a new 15" MBP Retina, but i'm afraid if i buy now.....a refresh comes out right after. anyone have insight on when a new MBP Retina will be coming out?
The Broadwell chip version of the 15" isn't due out until next year.
Like others have said, no real point in waiting right now. Most likely anything that changes in the 7+ months will be really minor.
thank you gentlemen! its what i wanted to hear.
i'll be picking up a 15" MBP Retina by the end of the week.
with that said.....any suggestions on the 'best' place to make the purchase?
I prefer B&H or the Apple Store.
A lot of my friends use Mac Mall due to no tax and they work with some sites to offer cash back.
Wherever you buy it, B&H has the best price for AppleCare.


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Tel-Instrument Electronics (TIK) is extremely undervalued based on the most recent quarter, pre-announced next quarter, and order backlog. Let's take a deeper look to see if it's still cheap.
TIK is a high growth microcap company that designs and manufactures avionics test equipment. Their largest customer is the US military, accounting for 89% of the most recent quarter's revenue. TIK has three major programs: CRAFT for the Navy, TS-4530A for the Army, and ITATS for the Navy. The TS-4530A program is split up in two parts: SETS which are a complete new units and KITS which are an upgrade of an old unit. The CRAFT project also has two parts: the 708 product and the 719 which is a subset. I will let you visit the TIK website to learn more about these products but basically they are Mode 5 avionics test equipment. Mode 5 is the latest standard that the US Military is migrating to as we speak; in the past there was Mode 1, 2, 3, etc. TIK has only one competitor in the Mode 5 space, Aeroflex, but TIK has the upper hand since they have all the big U.S. government contracts.
TIK for now
The most recent quarter's numbers were great. They did $5.03M in revenue which is an increase of 23% YOY and 40% sequentially. That translated to a non-GAAP EPS of $0.09. They recently pre-announced Q4 revenue of $6.4M and I have heard estimates that will come in with non-GAAP EPS of around $0.30. Recently the company has talked about getting to $7M per quarter. A recent SA article puts next year's non-GAAP EPS at $1.40 which would means you can buy for a forward PE of around 4x (given the recent price of $5.75). The SA author has been pretty accurate with his TIK numbers lately but even if he's way off and the EPS comes in at $0.70 we still have a forward PE of only 8x.
TIK started TS-4530A KIT production in July 2014 and only finally got to full rate production on ITATS in December 2014. CRAFT has been in production since the end of 2012 and after some production issues they are going full steam. The recent uptick in revenue is a result of the 3 programs all finally being in production together and the path to $7M quarterly revenue is getting the TS-4530A SETS into production. The company expects to receive a production release on TS-4530A SETS in May 2015, but we will talk more about that later.
The most recent quarter's backlog stands at $32.6M. If TIK averages a quarterly revenue run rate of say $6M then we have 5 1/2 quarters right there without any new orders. If TIK achieves the $7M per quarter that the CEO mentioned then we still have over a year of work just from the backlog.
When I look at TIK I see an undervalued security based on the most recent data. If the company continues with quarterly revenue of $6-7M then it should be priced much higher. The first question I ask myself in a situation like this is "why is it so cheap?" What do I know that other don't? Why am I being given this opportunity? So let's go deeper into the story to figure out why it's priced so low and whether it deserves a higher valuation.
I think there are 3 reasons TIK is cheap:
1. Broken promises from the past 10 years. Investors have been told over and over that production and profitability are right around the corner for too long.
2. Aeroflex litigation against TIK. Aeroflex has filed a lawsuit against TIK claiming that TIK stole their intellectual property (IP) for the TS-4530A program. Trial is currently set for Feb 2016.
3. Revenue beyond the current backlog is unclear. TIK has orders for about as many units as they can produce over the next couple of years but what happens after that?
TIK's past 10 years
The story of TIK is really the story of their big 3 programs. These programs make up the bulk of TIK's revenue and without these this would not be an interesting stock story. All of the dates and messages in the timelines below come from TIK's SEC filings.
Over the past decade, TIK investors have been told over and over that production (and hence, profitibility) were right around the corner. The dates were continually backed up. TIK is finally now most of the way there but it has taken much longer than originally quoted. I want to be clear that I do not think TIK intentionally mislead anyone, but rather I think they underestimated what it would take to get to full military approved production on these programs.
I asked the CEO why these programs took so much longer than expected. He said that CRAFT and TS-4530A were out of the ordinary because their suppliers (for the transponders I think) were developing hardware at the same time. There were also some direction changes from the military in the middle of development.
CRAFT was the first of the big 3. TIK won the contract in March of 2005 and made it to production in Nov 2012. This is the project that laid the ground work for TIK's Mode 5 presence. It was this project that helped TIK win the TS-4530A contract (more on that later).
I think a pictorial timeline will help illustrate the feelings of shareholders along the way. In Mar 2005 they were told that the project would be over in 5 years and soon after were told production shipments would commence in 2008. Well production claims were backed up more than once and eventually TIK made it there 4 years later than the 2008 claim, at the end of 2012. There was a hold up in July 2011 with the FAA frequency allocation that TIK claimed would be resolved "within 60 days" yet ended up taking about 16 months. Actually this is still not resolved, though it's out of TIK's hands. In late 2012 the Navy was given interim frequency allocation but they still have not been given full allocation from the FAA; this just means the units have to be run in tethered mode right now (connected to the aircraft rather than wireless).
CRAFT Timeline
One thing that lengthened the CRAFT timeline was the introduction of the 719 product. The original craft award was to be fulfilled by the 708 product. In the middle of the program (2008) the Navy decided they wanted something to come to market quicker so they selected a subset of the functionality and issued the 719 contract award. 719 came to production quickly but the 708, unfortunately, did not.
TS-4530A was the second of the big 3. This is the largest contract of the 3 and is the only one not yet completely in production. TS-4530A also triggered the lawsuit from Aeroflex which we will discuss later.
This project is an update to the previously existing TS-4530 test set used by the Army, bringing the unit up to Mode 5 capable. Aeroflex built the old TS-4530. Aeroflex and TIK were the two bidders for the TS-4530A upgrade contract. I think a big reason TIK won the contract was their already existing US military Mode 5 contract for the CRAFT program.
TIK won the contract in Feb 2009. Production shipments were first expected to start in 2010. Soon after, TIK was saying volume production would begin at the end of 2012. Once again TIK was way off on their estimates and here we are today, May 2015, without a production release of the SETS. TIK received the production release for KITS in June 2014. A few months ago we were told to expect the production release for SETS in Apr 2015 then that got pushed back to May... and so it continues.
TS-4530A Timeline
ITATS is the last of the big 3. This is also the only program not completely designed in house. I am not sure the reasoning but for this program TIK outsourced some of the work.
Once again you can see the incorrect timing estimates and broken promises. The contract was won in July 2006 and soon after we were told to expect production shipments in 2009. The production release was expected in 2010 then 2012 and finally received in the summer of 2013. ITATS is now in full rate production as of Dec 2014.
ITATS Timeline
As you can see, TIK has been less than stelar with timing estimates over the past 10 years. I think this has turned off investors and kept TIK's share price low. Even now we are waiting on the production release for the TS-4530A sets which is due to arrive any day now, but when do you think it will really come?
Aeroflex litigation against TIK
The largest near term source of potential downside to TIK is a lawsuit against them from their primary competitor, Aeroflex. As I said before, the big 3 programs currently account for most of TIK's revenue and judged by the size of the original contract, the TS-4530A program is bigger than the other two combined.
My research into this litigation has come from the case files and the little blurb in their 10Q/Ks. I received the case (about 130 scanned documents) from the Sedgwick District Court in Kansas then spent a lot of time reading. Let me first say that I am no lawyer and I have no law training. Do not take any legal advice from me and please come to your own conclusions. I did ask a lawyer about a few things but that's it.
It will be easiest to explain the lawsuit, and Aeroflex's side of the case, with another timeline. The lawsuit was initiated by Aeroflex shortly after TIK won the Army contract to upgrade the TS-4530 to Mode 5. Aeroflex won the original TS-4530 contract in 2003. In 2005 - 2006 the Army issued then retracted 3 separate sole source awards for Aeroflex to upgrade the TS-4530 to Mode 5 because they believed Aeroflex was the only company that could perform the upgrade. However, TIK filed a protest after the 3rd sole source award saying that they could do the upgrade. So the Army retracted the sole source award and prepared to issue a request for proposal which multiple companies could bid on. In the mean time, TIK hired two key Aeroflex employees and then won the contract.
Soon after the contract award, Aeroflex filed a protest with the Army and a lawsuit in the District Court of Sedgwick County, Kansas, claiming that TIK stole their intellectual property and the two former employees violated their confidentiality agreements. The Army responded to the protest in TIK's favor, saying that they do not believe TIK stole Aeroflex's IP, then Aeroflex withdrew their protest with the Army. The lawsuit is ongoing. The district court ruled that TIK was not under their jurisdiction since they are not located in Kansas but the state supreme court disagreed with that and now the case is back before the district court awaiting trial.
Aeroflex Litigation Timeline
Currently the trial date is set for Feb 29, 2016, but I wouldn't be surprised to see that pushed backed further. So far the trial date has been set 7 different times. Recently the trial length was extended from 9 days to 3 weeks, but I don't think we can read much into that other than note there probably is more testimony than originally anticipated.
TIK Trial Dates
District court vs state supreme court
I don't think the district court's original dismissal for lack of personal jurisdiction means anything. Yes it was a 'win' for TIK but all it meant was the court didn't believe it was the right place to hold the trial. TIK argued that they are a small company located on the east coast and the trial should happen there, if at all. There was contention about what Aero had to show to establish a Kansas court's jurisdiction; at first the district court agreed with TIK that Aero did not show enough but then the state supreme court agreed with Aero that they had shown enough. Whatever. Either way the trial would have just been moved to another state or court.
The case for Aeroflex
Aeroflex's basic complaint seems to be: we don't understand how TIK could do this upgrade without stealing our IP so they must have stolen our IP. Aero claims that TIK hired Allen to get to Filardo and specifically hired the two of them to steal Aero's IP then win the Army contract. Allen is a project manager or sales type of person and Filardo is now TIK's Director of Engineering. Aero makes it sound like Allen and Filardo were both key members of their TS-4530 Mode 5 upgrade team. Aero claims Allen was working on the pricing structure and took that knowledge to TIK which enabled them to undercut Aero's bid. Aero claims Filardo was a key engineer who knew the complete design and gave that knowledge to TIK.
Aeroflex owns the design for the original TS-4530 and the Army contract is to upgrade this unit with Mode 5 capabilities while retaining the "fit and function" of the original. Aero claims that this could not be done without intimate knowledge of their hardware and software.
Looking over the timeline of events, it is suspicious that Allen and Filardo are hired so soon after TIK's protest of Aero's award was successful. From Aero's point of view it looks like when TIK learned they could submit a bid for the TS-4530 upgrade they immediately recruited the main guys from Aero's TS-4530 team.
As far as Aero's protest of TIK's award with the Army, Aero claims that was just not the right place to fight this fight. Aero says that it's in the Army's best interest to find that TIK did not steal Aero's IP because that backs up the contract award already given to TIK. So of course the Army would say they don't think TIK stole IP. Aero says they withdrew the protest with the Army because they felt that a court was the right place to take this argument rather than the Army.
The case for TIK
Of course TIK denies all charges. They say they developed everything on their own. TIK says they hired the two Aero guys just because they had good experience and the aviation test equipment world is a small place to find candidates within. There are 3 key components to TIK's denial of wrongdoing:
1. TIK was awarded the CRAFT contract in Mar 2005, more than a year before filing the protest of Aero's sole source award for the TS-4530 upgrade. So TIK was already working on Mode 5 capabilities and therefore had no need to steal Aero's IP. TIK claims they already had working Mode 5 technology in place. That is why TIK filed the protest and believed they could do the job. That also gave TIK leverage to help convince the Army that they could handle the TS-4530 upgrade. TIK says "This TIC Mode 5 technology was completed and demonstrated well before the arrival of either Chris Allen or Dr. Filardo at TIC."
2. TIK's plan for the upgrade was to gut the existing unit while retaining only the carcass. So once again TIK claims they had no need to steal Aero's IP. TIK's original proposal to the Army stated that it would in fact be a benefit to gut the old unit because it "does not restrict us with the older legacy technology design but allows us to use the latest cutting edge technology available." TIK goes as far as to say they are using the same board inside the CRAFT unit and the TS-4530A.
The Army response to Aero's protest:
"...the Army's conclusion...is that TIC's approach as set forth in its proposal is acceptable and will not necessitate an infringement of Aeroflex's propreitary rights. Aeroflex made two erroneous assumptions in formulating its protest against award of the contract to TIC. First, Aeroflex assumed TIC must have modified Aeroflex's proprietary hardware. Second, Aeroflex assumed TIC must have modified Aeroflex's proprietary software. As to hardware, TIC completely gutted the RTS and replaced the hardware with a single printed circuit board design utilizing new hardware components. ... As to software, the software TIC utilized is based on software developed internal to TIC and currently being used on similar Mode 5 equipment used elsewhere within the DoD."
3. So far Aeroflex has not produced any proof of wrongdoing. Aero claims TIK has stolen trade secrets while Allen and Filardo have violated their non-disclosure agreements but they offer no proof. Aero's original complaint says "Upon information and belief, TIC misappropriated Aeroflex Wichita's confidential and proprietary business information..." Aero later restated the complaint without the "upon information and belief" line but the idea is the same. It seems Aero is claiming TIK stole their IP based only on a belief that TIK must have done it and then Aero is hoping to find proof as they go through discovery.
The district court included the following statement when they originally found they did not have personal jurisdiction over TIK:
"Despite conducting discovery the plaintiff has produced no evidence Filardo misappropriated plaintiff's confidential and proprietary business information while working in Kansas and in fact the U.S. Army's investigative report rejected the plaintiff's claims. The evidence supports a finding Filardo worked on developing TIC's own proprietary software for the bid."
During the discovery phase, TIK did find a couple of emails from Allen and Filardo that mention Aeroflex. From Aeroflex's court docs:
"In those discussions, Filardo asked Allen: 'Do you think Aeroflex will provide the capabilities to decode all registers as they do in their current commercial product?' And Filardo asked Allen 'What multiple target capability do you think that Aeroflex will include?'"
These two sentences don't seem like much proof to me but I'm not a lawyer and I don't know what instructions will be given to the jury. In June 2013, TIK said they have given up 9274 pages of documents, including the original TS-4530 upgrade proposal for the Army, during this case and "they are drawing a line in the sand" here such that they will give no more "when Aeroflex has not described with specificity the trade secrets it alleges were misappropriated." Are these two sentences all that Aero found in 9274 pages of documents? In July 2013, Aero says they submitted a "19-page, single-spaced, detailed description of the trade secrets at issue in this lawsuit." I cannot find this 19 page document so I think it is hidden from public record for the time being. I do know that the discovery phase has been ongoing since 2013 so maybe Aero convinced the court to make TIK give up more info.
The amount of information Aero is requesting seems over the top. They are requesting basically all documentation and communications relating to the TS-4530 upgrade project. On top of that they are also requesting all documents relating to the CRAFT project since both projects use the same board! Here is what they want from TIK:
I am no lawyer, but it just does not seem right that TIK would have to give up all its designs to a competitor just because the competitor is suing without proof. But then again maybe Aero has found enough proof through further discovery as time has gone on.
What resolution is Aeroflex seeking
Aero is seeking the following remedies:
I believe the $75k is a court minimum and Aero will ultimately ask for much more. They are asking the court to stop the defendants from using their stolen IP. The TS-4530A contract was worth a max of $44M and if Aero wins then they could make the argument that should have gone to them. I can't imagine the Army allowing an Aero win to stop production on their order so if Aero were to win this lawsuit I think the likely resolution would be a major monetary penalty as well as some sort of license fee for any further products sold. Needless to say this would be devastating for TIK. I wonder if this would bankrupt TIK so that Aero could buy them up.
What orders lie beyond the current backlog
TIK's total backlog is $32.6M as of the most recent quarter. On the surface this is very healthy and positive for a $19M market cap company. As we look into the unit quantity this comprises and the production run rate we can see that TIK will burn through this backlog within a year and half:
The military contracts are defined as Indefinite Delivery Indefinite Quantity (IDIQ) with a certain maximum dollar value. The military issues purchase orders against these contracts for a certain number of units. Right now there is 17.1+2.4+2=$21.5M worth of orders the military could issue against the current IDIQ contracts which would take another year or so for TIK to get through. So based on the current contracts TIK will be going all out for another 1-2 years. That does not include any other business, but as I said these 3 programs make up the bulk of TIK's revenue.
Beyond the current backlog several things could happen to generate more sales, let's list them then discuss. Note that all of these will lead to higher margins as the initial contracts are given at a lower price.
The military could issue further IDIQ contracts for these programs. I don't know how many units the military needs in total or how this number might change in time so I don't know how likely this is to happen. They have issued add-on IDIQ contracts in the past, for example a follow on $9.5M IDIQ contract for CRAFT was issued in 2013.
TIK could successfully translate these military products over to the commercial side of the business. I don't know how to judge the potential market for this.
TIK could receive orders for these products from outside the US Military.
The CEO has told me that TIK's next big goal is to translate the military programs over to the commercial business which they've been ceding to Aeroflex over the past 5 or 10 years. He said that 10 years ago TIK's revenue split between military and commercial was about 50/50 and now it is more like 90/10.
Outside of the US Military there is will be an international market and the Joint Strike Fighter (JSF) program. On the international side of things TIK will be competing with Aeroflex while they will not likely have much competition on the JSF side. Since TIK has won the US Military contracts they have the upper hand in outside sales, why would any other government choose Aeroflex if the US has chosen TIK? I asked the CEO to quantify this market and he said for CRAFT there may be 2000 units for the international market and 1000 for JSF. If we say TIK gets 75% of those orders then that is 2250 units which would take 7.5 years to get through at their current rate of production. He told me there is a similar market for TS-4530A but did not get into specific numbers and he did not comment ITATS in this regard.
So the next question is over what time can we expect these international and JSF orders? How long will the market for this Mode 5 equipment last? TIK's website includes the following statement:
"The transition to the new Mark XIIA Mode 5 avionics equipment and support equipment is now in process and will entail a major effort for the U.S. military and all participating NATO countries over the next 10-15 years. TIC is proud to be a part of this milestone avionics system development effort."
I believe there is a madate for all NATO countries to upgrade to Mode 5 by 2020, and the CEO told me he expects them to upgrade in this time frame. I asked about the "next 10-15 years" comment on their website and he said he does expect CRAFT and TS-4530A to generate revenue for that long but the rush to upgrade will probably be over by 2020. He said the Mode 5 market in general will probably last for the next 20-30 years.
So how much revenue are we talking about here? Well I have gathered various prices for the different products. CRAFT 708: $22k-$30k for the current US military orders, $36k for the latest Lockheed order. CRAFT 719: CEO told me $28k. TS-4530A: CEO told me it's in the $18k-$22k range. ITATS about $53k.
Given these prices and the production rate, we end up with the following quarterly revenue from each product:
TS-4530A => $3M per quarter
ITATS => $0.8M per quarter
CRAFT => $2.7M per quarter
total for big 3 projects => $6.5M
If TIK does get 2250 orders for CRAFT at $36k each that is $81M. Let's say the rush does happen in the next 5 years so TIK gets 70% of those orders, that'd make 315 units per year over the next 5 years which is right around their current production rate of 300 units built per year. That would be about $11M annually for the next 5 years, just from CRAFT 708. That could not start until they make it through the current backlog so from now we are talking about having CRAFT fully ordered at full production rate for the next 6-7 years.
As for TS-4530A the CEO told me it'd be 'similar' to CRAFT but I am not certain what he meant by that. If he meant similar quantities then if we just adjust the CRAFT numbers for the TS-4530A price of $20k we end up with 11*20/36=$6.1M annually for the next 5 years. If he just meant 'similar' in that there's a international and JSF market then I don't know how to judge the potential market size. I suppose if we are figuring CRAFT will be going full bore until around 2020 then maybe 'similar' means TS-4530A will be as well.
So what does the future hold? That is always the question. With this company I see a wide range of possibilities.
As far as the lawsuit, it seems to me that TIK did nothing wrong and Aero is just upset about losing the contract. Aero is the bigger company and so maybe they are just trying to bury their smaller competitor in legal fees. When I spoke with the CEO he said he was more worried about how much the lawsuit will cost them than the trial result. He seemed confident that TIK had done nothing wrong. I don't see any proof from Aero but then again I don't have access to all of the documents. If Aero has in fact found proof during discovery then maybe they can win the case. At a minimum there have been enough discussion points unearthed to extend the trial from 9 days to 3 weeks. From the current situation thiis lawsuit gives TIK nothing to gain and a whole lot to lose. What if Aero wins the case? I don't know how to judge the potential monetary penalty but if TIK has received $27M in revenue from a product built using stolen IP then could the penalty be $5M? $10M? $20M? For a $19M market cap company the penalty could be huge.
On the upside, TIK may do really, really well over the next few years. First off all there is winning the Aeroflex lawsuit. Then in the best case maybe TIK exceeds the $7M quarterly revenue the company has recently discussed, so let's say they do $7.5M quarterly. If they get 3000 international and JSF orders for CRAFT as well as a 'similar' amount for TS-4530A and ITATS then this quarterly revenue could be sustainable without any further products for the next 5-7 years. If on top of that the company is able to successfully translate this Mode 5 technology into the commercial space and get back to a 50/50 split then this quarterly revenue would go up to say $12M. This is a lot to go right so maybe not that likely but still a high side possibility.
The worst case comes down to the simple binary action of TIK losing the case, so let's say Aeroflex wins the lawsuit which causes TIK to completely lose the TS-4530A program. Since TIK has said they are using the same board for the TS-4530 and the CRAFT programs I suppose it's possible that both programs are lost. Within a year or two TIK would be done with the current backlog and in this scenario there is no more CRAFT or TS-4530A. If there are no more military versions of CRAFT and TS-4530A then there are also no commercialized versions so after the current backlog the company is basically done for. The trial date is set for next year so we get one year of ~$6M quarterly revenue and then it'd be a money losing operation.
At this point I don't have to go any farther. The worst case that I can think of is a total loss of capital: TIK losing the trial and along with that their TS-4530A and CRAFT programs. I'd say this is not the likely scenario but it is possible so I cannot invest. I think it's likely TIK does very well over the coming years but until this lawsuit is out of the way I can't be involved. I will keep watching the situation.
-- Dan
Disclosure: no position
Labels: TIK


Philip M. Wells, Koushik Chakraborty, and Gurindar S. Sohi.
Philip M. Wells and Gurindar S. Sohi.
The 31th International Symposium on Computer Architecture (ISCA-31), 2004.
36th International Symposium on Microarchitecture (MICRO-36), Dec. 3-5, 2003.
The 30th International Symposium on Computer Architecture (ISCA-30), June 9-11, 2003.
First Value-Prediction Workshop (at ISCA-30), June 7, 2003.
35th International Symposium on Microarchitecture (MICRO-35), Nov. 18-22, 2002.
28th International Symposium on Computer Architecture (ISCA-28), July 2001.
7th International Symposium on High Performance Computer Architecture (HPCA-7), Jan. 20-24 2001.
International Conference on High Performance Computing (HiPC-00), Dec. 17-20, 2000.
33rd International Symposium on Microarchitecture (MICRO-33), Dec. 10-13, 2000.
MEDEA Workshop, Oct. 19, 2000.
27th International Symposium on Computer Architecture (ISCA-27), June 2000.
32nd International Symposium on Microarchitecture (MICRO-32), Nov 1999.
International Conference on Supercomputing (ICS), June 20-25, 1999.
26th International Symposium on Computer Architecture (ISCA-25), May 2-4 1999.
31st International Symposium on Microarchitecture (MICRO-31), Nov-Dec 1998.
8th International Conference on Architectural Support for Programming Languages and Operating Systems (ASPLOS-VIII), Oct 1998.
25th International Symposium on Computer Architecture (ISCA-25), June-July 1998.
SIGPLAN '98 Conference on Programming Language Design and Implementation (PLDI), 1998.
Fourth International Symposium on High-Performance Computer Architecture (HPCA-4), Feb 1998.
30th Annual international Symposium on Microarchitecture (MICRO-30), Dec 1997.
24th International Symposium on Computer Architecture (ISCA-24), June 1997.
Third International Symposium on High-Performance Computer Architecure (HPCA-3), Feb 1997.
Technical Report #1333, Computer Sciences Department, University of Wisconsin-Madison, February 1997.
29th International Symposium on Microarchitecture (MICRO-29), Dec 1996.
Technical Report #1344, Computer Sciences Department, University of Wisconsin-Madison, November 1996.
23rd Annual International Symposium on Computer Architecture (ISCA-23), May 1996.
IEEE Transactions on Computers, May 1996.
Technical Report #1316, Computer Sciences Department, University of Wisconsin-Madison, March 1996.
Proceedings of the IEEE, December 1995.
28th Annual International Symposium on Microarchitecture (MICRO-28), 1995.
22th International Symposium on Computer Architecture (ISCA-22), 1995.
27th Annual International Symposium on Microarchitecture (MICRO-27), 1994.
in IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems, 1994.
SIGPLAN '94 Conference on Programming Language Design and Implementation, 1994.
21th International Symposium on Computer Architecture (ISCA-21), 1994.
The Handbook of Electrical Engineering, CRC Press, 1993.
26th Annual International Symposium on Microarchitecture (MICRO-26), 1993.
Technical Report #1189, Computer Sciences Department, University of Wisconsin-Madison, November 1993.
Technical Report #1162, Computer Sciences Department, University of Wisconsin-Madison, July 1993.
25th Annual International Symposium on Microarchitecture (MICRO-25), 1992.
19th International Symposium on Computer Architecture (ISCA-19), 1992.


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Addresses, phone numbers, and business hours for UPS Drop Offs in Washington MI.
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Vegas Backstage Access (VBA)
Carmen Electra Goes Topless in Las Vegas
When Carmen Electra bared all on the "Crazy Horse Paris" stage in Las Vegas last week, it wasn't because she was told she had to, and it wasn't because she had been asked to, either.
Electra tossed her pasties to the side and went completely topless because she wanted to.
"It felt so good," Electra said. "No one was expecting it. It was a completely last-minute decision," she explained, noting the full reveal was not part of the model-actress' original plan.
"I started off with a bra – a big bra – and a larger-sized panty," Electra said, "(But) once I got here and had a chance to try on some of the costumes and get into some of the numbers, I decided to go with pasties, and then just yesterday right before the show … I was just backstage and they put the pasties on and I thought, no, let's go without it, and I took them off and decided to just completely go for it."
"I thought I would've been a little bit more nervous about showing so much," the 37-year-old former Playmate said, "(But) it was very easy to decide (to do) … I felt really comfortable."
Electra said her impulsive action had nothing to do with fellow topless show guest star Holly Madison's decision to go topless during her stint as a guest star in "Peepshow."
Like Electra, Madison's pasty-free premiere at Planet Hollywood was subject of much will-she-or-won't-she speculation before her debut last month. Rather than competition, however, Electra views Madison as a fellow entertainer and friend.
"There's room for everyone," the non-competitive and uncatty former Pussycat Doll said. "I'm such a girls' girl; I support women and I think it's great that she's doing a show."
Electra said joining the "Crazy Horse" cast has been a thrilling experience. "I'm just having a blast so far doing this," she said.
"The dancers are so amazing, they're so lovely," the former "Baywatch" babe gushed. "They have the most perfect bodies and attitudes and they're so much fun to work with."
Filed under entertainment, Las Vegas, news, Performances, Uncategorized
Tagged as adult entertainment, Carmen Electra, Crazy Horse, Crazy Horse Paris, Holly Madison, Las Vegas, Las Vegas adult entertainment, Las Vegas Backstage Access, Las Vegas entertainment, Las Vegas news, Las Vegas topless entertainment, news, Planet Hollywood, topless, topless entertainment
Las Vegan 'Leverage' Actress Beth Riesgraf Stars as World's Best Cat Burglar – & More!
Las Vegas Cimarron-Memorial graduate Beth Riesgraf stars as Parker in TNT's highly popular "Leverage" TV show, playing a cat burglar with unmatched prowess for stealing priceless works of art, a room full of orphans, and even the Hope Diamond- and putting it back, just because she was bored.
She's back for a second season of "Leverage" that debuts 9 p.m. (PT) this Wednesday, along with her co-stars Timothy Hutton, Gina Bellman, Christian Kane and Aldis Hodge.
Born in Minnesota, Riesgraf moved to the Las Vegas Valley while she was in junior high. Her parents have two construction companies, and once her dad began working in Las Vegas and in California, it only took one visit for her mom to move the rest of the family away from the frigid winters.
Riesgraf was a member of the Cimarron-Memorial high school class of '96, with a list of extracurricular activities longer than your arm, including being the student body president, prom queen, and voted the most admired senior.
She also was involved in photography and sports in high school- pretty much everything but acting. "Acting I always loved," she said during a phone interview from Portland, Oregon, the locale for this season's show, "but I think I was always kind of a character in real life. I was always goofing off and having fun."
Riesgraf is also an accomplished photographer, sponsored by Swedish clothier WeSC, and her work has been exhibited in London, New York and Los Angeles and published in the likes of GQ, Jane and Nylon magazines. She moved to Los Angeles when she was 20 and took up modeling to learn more about photography from the other side of the camera.
Eventually, her agents started sending her on commercial auditions, and she found her calling, making the leap to movies and TV.
She works almost non-stop, taking a brief time out to chat while scrambling for some caffeine to help recover from her 19-hour days. "We're working hard, working long hours. It's a lot of work, but it's awesome. It's fun."
Tagged as Beth Riesgraf, cat burglars, celebrities, Cimarron-Memorial High School, entertainment, Las Vegas, Las Vegas Backstage Access, Las Vegas news, Leverage, news, professional photographers, television shows, TNT, WeSC
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Disney's 'Frozen' sequel is available digitally Feb. 11 and on Blu-ray on Feb. 25. [[ This is a content summary only. Visit my website for full links, other content, and more! ]]
John Boone
The 'Morning Show' star opened up about her 2020 SAG Award win backstage. [[ This is a content summary only. Visit my website for full links, other content, and more! ]]
Rachel McRady
Ozzy Osbourne Recounts the 'Worst, Longest, Most Painful, Miserable Year of My Life'
The Black Sabbath rocker experienced a horrific fall which changed his life in early 2019. [[ This is a content summary only. Visit my website for full links, other content, and more! ]]
Leena Tailor
Dwayne 'The Rock' Johnson Reveals His Father Rocky Johnson's Cause of Death: 'He Went Quick'
The former legendary wrestler passed away last week at the age of 75. [[ This is a content summary only. Visit my website for full links, other content, and more! ]]
'The Bachelor': ET Will Be Live Blogging Week 3 of Peter Weber's Journey to Find Love!
Where do we go after #ChampagneGate? [[ This is a content summary only. Visit my website for full links, other content, and more! ]]
Jennifer Drysdale
Prince Harry's Discussions With the Royals Were 'Extremely Friendly and Constructive'
A royal source opens up to ET about the Duke of Sussex's negotiations with his family. [[ This is a content summary only. Visit my website for full links, other content, and more! ]]
2020 Oscars: How to Watch the Nominated Movies
Here's where to see 'Joker,' 'Marriage Story' and 'Once Upon a Time in Hollywood' ahead of the Academy Awards. [[ This is a content summary only. Visit my website for full links, other content, and more! ]]
Katy Lindenmuth
Brad Pitt and Helena Bonham Carter Have a 'Fight Club' Reunion at the SAG Awards
Pitt also reunited with his ex-wife, Jennifer Aniston, at the show. [[ This is a content summary only. Visit my website for full links, other content, and more! ]]
Renée Zellweger and Catherine Zeta-Jones Share a Sweet 'Chicago' Reunion at the 2020 SAG Awards
The former co-stars took home SAG Awards in 2003 for their roles in the musical adaptation. [[ This is a content summary only. Visit my website for full links, other content, and more! ]]
Serena Williams Shuts Down Meghan Markle Question: 'But Good Try'
The Duchess of Sussex has been entangled in royal drama for the last two weeks. [[ This is a content summary only. Visit my website for full links, other content, and more! ]]
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Feliks Rogoziński (geboren 29. August 1879 in Warschau, Russisches Kaiserreich; gestorben 10. Januar 1940 im KZ Sachsenhausen) war ein polnischer Physiologe und Experte für Ernährungskunde für Haustiere.

Leben
An der Warschauer Universität studierte er von 1897 bis 1901 Fächer an der Fakultät für Naturkunde. Im Jahre 1901 erlangte er den Status eines Kandidaten der physikalisch-mathematischen Wissenschaften. Als wissenschaftlicher Assistent am Lehrstuhl für Tierzucht und Milchwirtschaft betätigte er sich seit 1903 an der Jagiellonen-Universität (JU) in Krakau.

Die Promotion zum Dr. phil. erlangte er im Jahre 1905. Studien zur Vertiefung seiner Kenntnisse führten ihn in den Jahren 1905 bis 1907 nach Straßburg und Berlin. Im Jahre 1910 konnte er sich habilitieren, so dass er eine Position als Privatdozent für Physiologie und Ernährungskunde für Haustiere einnehmen konnte. Darauf nahm er ein Aufbaustudium in Heidelberg und Paris in den Jahren 1910 bis 1911 auf.

Zum Titularprofessor wurde er 1916 ernannt. An der JU übernahm er als außerordentlicher Professor im Jahre 1917 den Lehrstuhl für Physiologie und Ernährung der Haustiere. Von 1920 bis 1920 leitete er an der JU das Institut für Tierzucht und Milchwirtschaft. Das Amt des Dekans übernahm er von 1926 bis 1927 und von 1937 bis 1938 an der Fakultät für Landwirtschaft an der JU.

Als korrespondierendes Mitglied wurde er 1927 bei der Polnischen Akademie der Wissenschaften (PAU) aufgenommen, ab 1931 als ordentliches Mitglied. Im Rahmen der Sonderaktion Krakau wurde er am 6. November 1939 durch SS-Sturmbannführer Bruno Müller gemeinsam mit über anderen 100 Professoren verhaftet und in das KZ Sachsenhausen deportiert. An Krebs erkrankt starb er dort an den Haftbedingungen.

Referenzen
 Jochen August (Hrsg.): Sonderaktion Krakau – Die Verhaftung der Krakauer Wissenschaftler am 6. November 1939. Hamburg 1997, S. 313
 Hinweis auf die Krebserkrankung von Feliks Rogozinski

Tierphysiologe
Hochschullehrer (Jagiellonen-Universität)
Mitglied der Polnischen Akademie der Wissenschaften
Opfer der Sonderaktion Krakau
Todesopfer im KZ Sachsenhausen
Pole
Geboren 1879
Gestorben 1940
Mann

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Be a part of the 2019 Riverview Variety Show!
Variety Show will be held at Riverview on Thursday, May 2 starting at 5:00 pm. Families are invited to also walk the art show and stay for an ice cream social!
Some ideas: Sing? Dance? Play an instrument? Group skits? Perform a Monologue? Recite Poetry? Magic? Tell jokes? "How to" demonstration?
Don't want to perform in the variety show but have a talent or interest you'd like to share? You can still participate!
Tables will be set up for displays.
For example, you might create a collage of yourself snowboarding, a lego creation, dance team picture- any interest or talent to display before and after the show! Science demonstrations/projects are also strongly encouraged! Simply turn in the form with demonstration selection or submit topic by e-mail. Students can perform in the show and have a demonstration.


We encourage groups, as well as individuals, to come and visit the gardens. Appointments are required and can be made by email or by phone.
Blooming time begins in mid April and continues into July.
The best times are mid May thru June.


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St. Michael's College
St. Michael's College student uses social media to celebrate diversity, build U of T community
With a focus on Black History Month in February, Oghogho Abigail Iyekekpolor launched a social media campaign, called #SoulsofSMC, to inspire students and ensure representation at St. Michael's College (photo by Emma Graham)
Oghogho Abigail Iyekekpolor, a second-year University of Toronto student at St. Michael's College, understands the importance of feeling represented.
She recalls sitting in a high school class in Toronto as the work of Caribbean poet and playwright Sir Derek Walcott was being discussed.
"I looked around my class and I was the only Black person, yet here were all these other students engaged in his work. It almost brought tears to my eyes," Iyekekpolor says.
She had a similar experience this semester when, on the first day of one of her classes, a Black woman professor walked in to teach.
"It took me telling my friends what it meant to me for them to understand," Iyekekpolor says. "People don't recognize how important it is to have people they can relate to who are models for them.
"It's important for people to take the time to think about how other people – and they themselves – are represented."
Iyekekpolor is now putting that understanding into action at St. Mike's by launching a new social media campaign called #SoulsofSMC. The campaign, to be overseen by the college's office of Student Life, will focus on inspirational student stories that motivate their peers to get involved in a range of activities.
"It's great to know there are other students at St. Mike's who share your values and experience," Iyekekpolor says.
@USMCStudents' #SoulsofSMC campaign continues with Erwin-Jeffrey Komguem, who says that "Getting involved [at @uStMikes] was definitely the best decision I've made in university." @uStMikesPres @UofTStudentLife @univcan https://t.co/X47FvNxd8U
— University of St. Michael's College (@uStMikes) February 10, 2020
Weekly posts will focus on someone – usually a student leader – who will select from a list of questions to share her or his experience at St. Mike's, offering answers to questions such as how to develop a sense of St. Mike's as home or how to navigate cultural challenges. The option to choose which questions to answer promises that the profiles will be as unique and diverse as the students themselves.
Many weeks the posts will be linked to a theme, including Black History Month during the month of February. Iyekekpolor and Student Life Associate Emma Graham have a lengthy list of suggested themes on how to celebrate the community.
Double majoring in neuroscience and psychology, with a minor in French, Iyekekpolor was a participant in her first year in St. Mike's SMC One program the Gilson Seminar in Faith and Ideas. Iyekekpolor also works part-time as a Student Life programming assistant, splitting her time between handling social media posts and helping plan events with various clubs on campus. Graham says it was Iyekekpolor's idea, for example, to plan a pair of workshops on African and Caribbean cooking to mark Black History Month.
When she's not engaged in school or work, Iyekekpolor also belongs to an a cappella singing group through the Faculty of Music and is preparing for a big competition. Her long-term goal is to pursue a career in medicine.
Catherine Mulroney
Student ExperienceBlack History MonthDiversityFaculty of Arts & ScienceFaculty of MusicSt. Michael's CollegeUndergraduate Students


Few genres of music are as unpredictable and mysterious as jazz, and author Jonah Winter's new picture book gives readers a good idea why.
In How Jelly Roll Morton Invented Jazz the story of Jelly Roll Morton is as improvisational as the jazz itself. From the opening page, a nameless, faceless narrator offers readers several hypothetical scenarios that explain how Jelly Roll Morton came to be and how he helped concoct the "rich stew" that is jazz.
For instance, readers learn how Jelly Roll's voodoo queen godmother put a spell on him, how she often took him to saloons and sat him right down on the bar, how he went right to jail with her when she got into trouble, and how he wouldn't stop crying until the inmates sang to him. All these scenarios and more supposedly inspired Jelly Roll to create jazz and make it what it came to be.
Presenting the storyline in hypotheticals is quite creative and inspires readers to place themselves in Jelly Roll's shoes and imagine how they might have turned out if their own lives had gone that way. This in itself could bloom into a great lesson in creative thinking, environmental studies, and personal development (adjusted for a younger audience, of course).
And so, although the individual scenarios in the early pages are quite exciting and mysterious, the reader may find (reluctantly!) that the abrupt shift in presentation makes for a somewhat choppy read.
Still, Mr. Winter's enthusiasm for and devotion to this man and his story are quite obvious. This fact, coupled with artist Keith Mallett's illustrations of dark, rhythmical silhouettes on hazy stages or in smoke-filled saloons, moving with eerie devotion to the unique cadence of that thing called jazz, make this book the perfect keepsake for history lovers everywhere.


Below is a list of best practice statements - choose one of the following for each: No / Not Begun; Somewhat / In Process; Yes / Completed; Not Applicable; Not Sure.
Based on your answers to each statement, you'll be given a list of resources to review in order to help your organization meet best practices. If you answer "Yes/Completed," you are adhering to best practices and will not be given additional resource recommendations.
Please note that this assessment is not meant to be exhaustive - please review Principles & Practices for Nonprofit Excellence in Colorado for a complete list of best practices.


text: Q: How can I sign arbitrary messages off-chain, and then check the id of the signer on-chain in NEAR? Pretty much the title: I want to sign a message with the js-sdk and then submit the message on chain and find the signer id from within a contract.


A recent episode of the CBS News program 60 Minutes included a feature on the Voyager space probes. The two probes were launched in 1977 with a primary mission expected to last four years. Forty years later, and well beyond their expected mission lives, both Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 continue operating.
The story featured a photograph of Earth taken by Voyager 1 that has become known as "Pale Blue Dot". At some 3.7 billion miles away, our home is nothing more than a tiny speck dangling in the sunlight reflected on the camera's lens. Seeing this image made me feel very small and insignificant.
Surely, my presence on the dot does not matter.
As the program continued, the reason for my feeling small and insignificant became clear. "On the dot" and "matter" cannot be separated. Everyone I love currently resides on the blue dot or did at some point in time. For my life to have a chance at being meaningful, I must be with the ones I love, sharing and experiencing together.
The only impact that can resonate 3.7 billion miles away from our home is the one we create together. The quality and quantity of each individual's contribution summed across time. I have influence on this collective legacy and so do you. As a sum of these parts, maybe we can all continue well beyond our initial expected mission lives.


Installed Skype (1.3.0.5 or something like that) from Portage and it works fine other than I can't hear my own voice in the test call. Posted about this but nobody replied. Also looked in forums and google and can't find anybody having a similar problem.


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454 - Roman Emperor Valentinian III assassinates Aëtius in his own throne room.
1217 - An Estonian tribal leader Lembitu of Lehola was killed in a battle against Teutonic Knights.
1765 - Antoine de Beauterne announces he had killed the Beast of Gévaudan, but was later proved wrong by more attacks.
1780 - American Revolutionary War: Benedict Arnold gives the British the plans to West Point.
1792 - The French National Convention votes to abolish the monarchy.
1827 - According to Joseph Smith, the angel Moroni gave him a record of gold plates, one-third of which Joseph translated into The Book of Mormon.
1860 - In the Second Opium War, an Anglo-French force defeats Chinese troops at the Battle of Baliqiao.
1896 - British force under Horatio Kitchener takes Dongola in the Sudan.
1897 - The "Yes" letter is published in the New York Sun.
1898 - Empress Dowager Cixi seizes power and ends the Hundred Days' Reform in China.
1921 - Oppau explosion, a storage silo at a fertilizer producing plant exploded in Oppau, Germany, 500—600 killed.
1937 - J. R. R. Tolkien's The Hobbit is published.
1938 - The Great Hurricane of 1938 makes landfall on Long Island in New York. The death toll is estimated at 500-700 people.
1939 - Romanian Prime Minister Armand Calinescu is assassinated by pro-Nazi members of the Iron Guard.
1942 - On Jewish holiday of Yom Kippur, Nazis sent over 1.000 Jews of Pidhaytsi (west Ukraine) to Belzec extermination camp.
1942 - On the end of Yom Kippur, the Germans ordered Konstantynow Jews (Poland) to permanently evacuate Konstantynow and move to the Ghetto - established in Biala Podlaska, meant to assemble Jews from nearby 7 towns among them: Konstantynow, Janów Podlaski, Rossosz, Terespol, and 3 more.
1942 - In Dunaivtsi, Ukraine, Nazis murder 2588 Jews.
1942 - The B-29 Superfortress makes its maiden flight.
1950 - George Marshall sworn in as the 3rd Secretary of Defense of United States.
1961 - Maiden flight of the CH-47 Chinook transportation helicopter.
1964 - Malta becomes independent from the United Kingdom.
1964 - The North American XB-70 Valkyrie, the world's first Mach 3 bomber, made its maiden flight from Palmdale.
1965 - Singapore admitted as a part of the United Nations.
1970 - The Cleveland Browns beat the New York Jets at Cleveland Municipal Stadium 31-20 on the first edition of Monday Night Football.
1970 - New York Times starts first modern op-ed page.
1972 - Philippine President Ferdinand Marcos signs Proclamation No. 1081 placing the entire country under martial law.
1976 - Orlando Letelier is assassinated in Washington, D.C. He was a member of the Chilean socialist government of Salvador Allende, overthrown in 1973 by Augusto Pinochet.
1979 - Two RAF Hawker Siddeley Harrier jump-jets from RAF Wittering collide over the UK. Both pilots ejected safely. One of the jets broke up in midair and fell harmlessly into a field but the other dropped onto the centre of Wisbech in Cambridgeshire, destroying two houses and a bungalow. Several people were injured in the accident - including a mother and her baby - and three people were killed.
1981 - Belize is granted full independence from the United Kingdom.
1981 - Sandra Day O'Connor is unanimously approved by the U.S. Senate as the first female supreme court justice.
1989 - Hurricane Hugo makes landfall in the U.S. state of South Carolina.
1991 - Armenia is granted independence from Soviet Union.
1993 - Russian President Boris Yeltsin suspends parliament and scraps the then-functioning constitution, thus triggering the Russian constitutional crisis of 1993.
1995 - The Hindu milk miracle occurs, in which statues of the Hindu God Ganesh began drinking milk when spoonfuls were placed near their mouths.
1999 - Chi-Chi earthquake occurs in central Taiwan, leaving about 2,400 people dead.
2001 - Deep Space 1 flies within 2,200 km of Comet Borrelly.
2003 - Galileo mission terminated by sending the probe into Jupiter's atmosphere, where it is crushed by the pressure at the lower altitudes.
2004 - The Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) People's War and the Maoist Communist Centre of India merge to form the Communist Party of India.
2004 - Construction of the Burj Dubai starts.
1944 - Steve Beshear, Democratic Governor of Kentucky.
This page uses content from the English language Wikipedia. The original content was at September 21. The list of authors can be seen in the page history. As with this Familypedia wiki, the content of Wikipedia is available under the Creative Commons License.


text:
Q: python-docx and custom bullet style I have a very specific thing I'm trying to do, so I don't know if any of you could give me a tips on this.
The main thing I want to do is generating docx files from txt files.
I want this docx file to follow clear formatting rules, especially concerning bullet lists. I don't like the default Word listing styles, so I would have wanted to create my own one.
Sadly, I don't find in python-docx API anything concerning this issue : there is stuff for formatting paragraph, but it seems limited to indent, while I need to define the bullet I want to use.
Back in the days, my txt files were converted in old MS RTF format (with all the appropriate tags), so I also could try to use the RTF strings directly in the generated doc (I tried that with docxtpl), but I can't succeed on this.
Someone has an idea on this? I have found similar question but sadly there were no response, so I fear there is no solution.

A: Whatever .docx file you start with using document = Document("my_docx.docx") is the "template" file and whatever styles and other default settings it contains apply to the document you then generate using subsequent python-docx calls.
So if you don't like the default styles, just create a new empty document with Word and use the Word UI to edit those styles to suit, then save it and use that as your starting document. Then you can use the regular style names to get the customized result.


Hilary McKay was born in Boston, Lincolnshire where she grew up the eldest of four girls in a family devoted to books.
She studied Botany, Zoology and English at St Andrew's University, and became a public protection scientist. She later gave up work to become a full-time writer and now lives in Derbyshire.
She writes novels for children, which are popular for their lively sense of humour, and often involve eccentric families. Saffy's Angel (2001) tells the story of Saffron, who discovers she is adopted and is bequeathed a stone angel in her grandfather's will - around which an intriguing plot is developed. This book won the Whitbread Children's Book Award the following year. Its sequel, Indigo's Star, was published in 2004, and since then two further books have been published in this 'Casson family' series: Permanent Rose (2005), shortlisted for the 2005 Whitbread Children's Book Award; Caddy Ever After (2006); and Forever Rose (2007).
Her first book, The Exiles, about a family called the Conroys who have an unusual family life, was published in 1991. It won the Guardian Children's Fiction Prize and was followed by further books in the series. In The Exiles at Home (1993), Ruth Conroy decides to sponsor a child in Africa, which leads to many hair-brained fund-raising schemes. It won the Nestlé Smarties Book Prize (Gold Award 9-11 years category and overall winner), and was followed by The Exiles in Love (1996).
A second trilogy, comprising Dog Friday (1994), The Amber Cat (1995) and Dolphin Luck (1998) relates the adventures of two families: the Brogans and the Robinsons, who live at Porridge Hall.
Hilary McKay also writes picture books for younger children, including a series of 'Charlie', 'Lulu' and 'Binny' books.
Hilary McKay is most well-known for her novels for middle-childhood readers (approximately 9-13 years), particularly her two award-wining series, The Exiles and the Casson family series.
I jumped so badly I felt sick and dizzy […] Everyone was laughing so much.
Kiran said, "I am sorry Rose, I am sorry Rose, I am sorry Rose!" but I will never forgive her.
The girls sometimes consider themselves deprived, but are outraged if anyone pities them. Moreover, their unusual home life enables the four of them to indulge their imaginations through reading and other creative activities and adventures, particularly as they are often left to their own devices. It is here that McKay is able to give her modern trilogy a traditional touch which recalls classic family stories such as Louisa May Alcott's Little Women and Edith Nesbit's stories about the Bastable children. The Exiles trilogy has also been compared with Helen Cresswell's series about the eccentric Bagthorpe family.
The Casson family stories span several years, starting when Rose is a baby and finishing when Caddy, the eldest, is grown-up and married. There is also quite a wide age-span between the four children, and the first three books each centre on the child named in the title. In Saffy's Angel, which won the Whitbread Children's Book Award, Saffron is the cynical realist who has always felt different and slightly out of place in this dreamy artistic family. Nonetheless, she is shocked to discover that she is actually an adopted cousin who came to live with the Cassons as a toddler when her own mother died. The mysterious 'angel' bequeathed to Saffy in her grandfather's will introduces a magical, almost fairytale, element to this otherwise realist story, and marks the beginning of Saffy's emotional journey (as well as an actual journey to Italy, where she had lived with her real mother). Her discovery of her past, particularly the story of her mother, is in fact a search for her own sense of self-identity and self-worth, and leads her to appreciate how much she really loves her adoptive family. As such, child readers from all walks of life can identify with the need to know who one is and where one belongs.
Indigo's Star and Permanent Rose both explore, amongst other issues, sibling love, childhood friendships and bullying. In Indigo's Star, both Indigo and Rose form a close friendship with Tom, an American boy who later returns to the US. Permanent Rose follows Rose's heartbreak and eventual recovery as she pines for her American friend, while simultaneously feeling neglected by her scatty mother and much-older siblings. McKay therefore does not shy away from depicting flawed and chaotic families, but equally the love between the family members is apparent. The Casson children, along with McKay's other young characters, always adjust to the challenges and difficulties that come along, and McKay emphasises the importance of meeting life with a sense of humour. The fourth book in the series, Caddy Ever After, is the only one in which each section is narrated by a different sibling, though McKay has said that she was disappointed with how it turned out. She completed the series with Forever Rose, which again centres on the youngest child, the author's favourite character.
@hilary_mckay @HKesvani @AlisonBaker01 And weep crocodile tears over Notre Dame. That steeple always looked out of proportion anyway.
@hilary_mckay @FredaRaphael Haven't seen one for years. Was she nice and chunky?


Preheat oven to 375. Sautee diced/chopped greens (keep only Swiss chard stems) in large stir fry pan (2 batches). Add in minced garlic, rosemary, and thyme. Set aside. In large cast iron pan, heat Earth Balance and stir in flour by tablespoon to avoid clumps. Add milk slowly and stir constantly. Let thicken before adding greens. Mix and place in oiled 13×9 pan, cover, and bake for 30 minutes. Remove cover, add Daiya, and raise oven temperature to 450. Bake until browned/melted (15 minutes).


text:
Fischbach ist ein Gemeindeteil der Kreisstadt Kronach im oberfränkischen Landkreis Kronach in Bayern.

Geographie
Das Pfarrdorf bildet mit dem südlich gelegenen Tauschendorf eine geschlossene Siedlung. Diese liegt am Fischbach, einem linken Zufluss der Rodach. An der Südgrenze des Schlossgartens steht eine ungefähr 300 Jahre alte Sommerlinde mit einer Höhe von 15 Metern und einem Umfang von 3 Metern, die als Naturdenkmal geschützt ist. Die Kreisstraße KC 12 führt nach Wötzelsdorf (1,4 km südöstlich) bzw. nach Planersgut (1,4 km westlich). Gemeindeverbindungsstraßen führen nach Seibelsdorf zur Bundesstraße 303 (3 km östlich), nach Wüstbuch (1,7 km südwestlich) und nach Hinterstöcken (0,8 km westlich).

Fischbach liegt in einer sehr gut erhaltenen historischen Kulturlandschaft mit einer Kalksteinriegel-Heckenlandschaft auf Blockgewannflur. Die Terrassenäcker und Steinriegellagen sind wohl im frühen Mittelalter entstanden.

Geschichte
Die Erstnennung war im Jahr 1325 im Urbar des Hochstift Bamberg unter dem Amt Steinach als "vischbach".

Fischbach lag an der Grenze des Hochstifts mit der Burggrafschaft Nürnberg (und in deren Rechtsnachfolge ab dem 15. Jahrhundert Markgraftum Brandenburg-Kulmbach). 1398 gehörte der Zehnt auch Kulmbach. 1372 hatten noch keine adligen Grundherren die Dorfherrschaft. Ab etwa 1450 besaß das fränkische Rittergeschlecht derer von Waldenfels die Dorfherrschaft. Eine Kapelle wurde um 1500 errichtet. Am 8. Juni 1582 zerstörte ein Großbrand die Dorfmitte. Die Linie derer von Waldenfels starb 1618 aus. Fischbach gelangte um 1600 in den Besitz der Familie von Guttenberg. 1738 erwarben die von Reitzenstein das verschuldete Rittergut Fischbach. Sie bewohnten das Obere Schloss neben der Kirche bis 1917 und das westlich gelegene, abgegangene Untere Schloss. In Fischbach bestand eine komplizierte Gemengelage bezüglich unterschiedlicher Besitz- und Lehensrechte. Der ritterschaftliche Ort war Sitz eines Patrimonialgerichts.

Die meisten Einwohner waren in der Korbflechterei beschäftigt, gefolgt von der Landwirtschaft.

Gegen Ende des 18. Jahrhunderts gab es in Fischbach 44 Anwesen. Das Hochgericht übte das Rittergut Fischbach aus. Es hatte ggf. an das bambergische Centamt Stadtsteinach auszuliefern. Die Dorf- und Gemeindeherrschaft hatte das Rittergut Fischbach. Grundherren waren das Rittergut Fischbach (37 Anwesen: 1 Gut, 6 Söldengüter, 1 Söldengütlein, 5 Gütlein, 22 Häuser, 2 Tropfhäuser), die Pfarrei Stadtsteinach (1 halbes Gut, 1 halbes Gütlein, 1 Haus), das Domkapitel Bamberg (1 halbes Gut, 1 Gütlein) und die bambergische Verwaltung Untersteinach (1 Gütlein, 1 Haus). Neben diesen Anwesen gab es das Obere und das Untere Schloss, 1 Pfarrkirche, 1 Pfarrhof, 1 Schulhaus, 1 Gemeindenachtwächterhäuslein.

Mit dem Gemeindeedikt wurde 1808 der Steuerdistrikt Fischbach gebildet, zu dem Allern, Dobrach, Gössersdorf, Grundmühle, Grünlinden,  Hinterstöcken, Horlachen, Planersgut, Staibra, Stüben, Tauschendorf, Vorderstöcken, Wötzelsdorf und Wüstbuch gehörten. Mit dem Zweiten Gemeindeedikt (1818) entstand die Ruralgemeinde Fischbach, zu der Allern, Dobrach, Grundmühle, Hinterstöcken, Planersgut, Staibra, Stüben, Tauschendorf und Wüstbuch gehörten. Sie war in Verwaltung und Gerichtsbarkeit dem Landgericht Stadtsteinach zugeordnet und in der Finanzverwaltung dem Rentamt Stadtsteinach. 1820 wurde das Patrimonialgericht Fischbach errichtet, das bis 1848 bestand. Es umfasste die von Reitzensteinschen Besitzungen in der Gemeinde Fischbach, Wötzelsdorf und Horlachen, Flurholz und Grafendobrach. Ab 1862 gehörte Fischbach zum Bezirksamt Stadtsteinach. Die Gerichtsbarkeit blieb bis 1879 beim Landgericht Stadtsteinach. 1880 kam Fischbach an das Amtsgericht Kronach, an das Bezirksamt Kronach (1939 in Landkreis Kronach umbenannt) und an das Rentamt Kronach (1919 in Finanzamt Kronach umbenannt). Die Gemeinde hatte 1961 eine Fläche von 8,917 km².

Im Zuge der Gebietsreform in Bayern wurde die Gemeinde Fischbach am 1. Mai 1978 nach Kronach eingegliedert. In die aufgelöste Gemeinde Fischbach war zuvor Wötzelsdorf am 1. Januar 1972 eingemeindet worden.

Einwohnerentwicklung
Gemeinde Fischbach

Pfarrdorf Fischbach

Wappen
Blasonierung: In Blau über einer goldenen heraldischen Rose ein gekrümmter silberner Fisch.

Baudenkmäler

Jakobuskirche

Die evangelisch-lutherische Jakobuskirche ist im Kern um 1500 als Kapelle entstanden. Anfangs war die Pfarrkirche  eine Filiale der katholischen Pfarrei Stadtsteinach. 1523 wurde eine Jakobskirche in Fischbach erstmals erwähnt. 1548 führten die Herren von Waldenfels die Reformation ein. Außerdem entstand eine evangelische Pfarrei. Umbauten folgten 1589 mit einer Verlängerung des Kirchenschiffes, 1660 mit dem Abriss und Neubau des Kirchturmes und 1701/1703 mit der Erneuerung des Dachstuhls und Umgestaltung des Innenraums. Die Kirche ist ein Saalbau. Der Kirchturm befindet sich am Südabschnitt der Westfassade. Das Kirchengestühl stammt aus dem Jahr 1603, der Taufstein etwa aus dem Jahr 1670. Der barocke Kanzelaltar wurde 1703 durch die Werkstatt des Markgräflichen Hofbildhauers Elias Räntz aus Bayreuth errichtet. Im Kirchturm hängen drei Bronzeglocken. Die älteste, die 12-Uhr-Glocke, stammt aus dem Jahr 1367.

Schloss
Das Obere Schloss wurde erstmals 1452 erwähnt. Es ist ein dreigeschossiger Walmdachbau, der im Verlauf des Deutschen Bauernkrieges 1525 niedergebrannt und danach über dem älteren Kern neu errichtet wurde. Ein dreigeschossiger Turm mit einem sechseckigen Grundriss und einer geschwungenen, verschieferten Haube prägt die Ostfront des Gebäudes. Umbauten führte wohl Hans Friedmann aus Küps nach 1600 durch. Die äußere Gestalt besteht seit 1720 unverändert.

Weitere Baudenkmale
Außerdem gibt es zwei Häuser, die Friedhofsmauer, das Pfarrhaus, die ehemalige Gemeindekanzlei und die Sandsteinstützanlage einer Dorflinde, die denkmalgeschützt sind.

Ehemalige Baudenkmale
1963 galten noch vier weitere Gebäude als denkmalgeschützt:
 Haus Nr. 11: Erneuertes Gebäude, die Haustür am Scheitelstein bezeichnet "JV 1825".
 Haus Nr. 16: Zweigeschossiges Gebäude mit Halbwalmdach, der Scheitelstein der Haustür bezeichnet "F. Pf 1849", die rückwärtige Tür im Sturz bezeichnet "1784".
 Haus Nr. 37a: Eingeschossiger, ehemaliger Wohnstallbau, erhalten nur der Wohnteil mit Satteldach, 18. Jahrhundert, Umfassungsmauern massiv mit Ecklisenen, Giebel teils Fachwerk, teils verschalt.
 Haus Nr. 51: Zweigeschossiger Satteldachbau, Erdgeschoss aus Sandsteinquadern, die Türrahmung geohrt und profiliert, am Scheitelstein Wappen der Freiherren von Reitzenstein und die Jahreszahl "1755".

Bildung
Eine Schule ist erstmals für 1582 belegt. Vermutlich bestand sie schon 1548. Ein neues, kleines einstöckiges Schulhaus entstand wohl 1583 gegenüber dem Pfarrhaus, dem 1755 an gleicher Stelle ein zweistöckiger Neubau folgte, der 1866 erweitert wurde. Das vierte Schulhaus wurde am 26. Mai 1913 eingeweiht. Es hatte anfangs zwei große Schulsäle, nach einer Erweiterung Anfang der 1960er Jahre waren es drei. Im Jahr 2000 wurde der Schulstandort Fischbach aufgelöst.

Religion
Der Ort war bis in der ersten Hälfte des 20. Jahrhunderts überwiegend evangelisch und ist nach Fischbach gepfarrt. Die Katholiken waren ursprünglich nach Kronach gepfarrt.

Literatur

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Anmerkungen

Ort im Landkreis Kronach
Geographie (Kronach)
Ehemalige Gemeinde (Landkreis Kronach)
Ersterwähnung 1325
Gemeindegründung 1818
Gemeindeauflösung 1978
Kirchdorf (Siedlungstyp)