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Competition is available to Western Australia only.
Applicable to all local or national business that have a Western Australian division.
All eligible participants must be associated or have an interest with the welding industry in some form or manner.
Entries are only given on the basis of that Alphaweld has been given the opportunity to give a demonstration on the PAPR Helmets that are currently offered by Alphaweld.
Demonstrations will be given onsite or in the organziser's workshop.
In-house demonstrations at Alphaweld, 13 Meares Way, Canning Vale are subject to demonstrators discretionary rights.
Likewise five entry chances will be given to the organizer (host) if a purchase is also made within December 2018/January 2019 as a result from the demonstration.
One entry chance will given to any purchase from Alphaweld over $1,500+gst during December 2018 to 31 January 2018.
The organizer (host) will be given a free promotional football while stocks last.
Competition starts 1st December 2018 and ends 31 January 2019.
Winning entry will be drawn Friday 1st February 2019 and the winner will be notified by phone call.
Winner acknowledges that it will be promoted on Alphaweld's social media sites.
Alphaweld reserves rights on all competition terms and reserves the right to exclude any applicant on the basis if it does not serve in Alphaweld's best interests.
Click to read all about Welding Fumes.
CLICK HERE now to arrange your demonstration of these helmets.


text:
Grief Is Good Medicine
Loss is a part of life, but in the West we're generally not good at experiencing and expressing grief. Sobonfu Somé, one of today's top voices of African spirituality, recently shared lessons on grief from the Dagara tradition of Burkina Faso at a talk in Asheville, North Carolina. Here, Omega shares our top takeaways.
Omega Institute for Holistic Studies
01/18/2016 08:13am EST | Updated December 6, 2017
Grief Is Not Bad
"Time heals all wounds" is the advice often given to someone who has just lost a loved one or ended a relationship. While time and space will help heal, it is also good to find ways to express our grief and find support.
Sobonfu Somé, whose name means "keeper of ritual," said grief is not bad. It's the "lack of expression of our grief" that can cause us trouble.
But most of us avoid talking about pain. Think of the last time someone asked, "How are you?" The go-to response is usually "Fine." or "Good, how are you?" Somé observed that in the West we usually say what will get others to leave us alone, rather than saying what's truly on our mind or in our heart.
Yet we have a lot to grieve over, including loss, difficult relationships, inherited emotional pain from our families, and global issues like war, poverty, or the state of the environment. Pain and grief can accumulate and block our creativity, leaving us feeling less joy and less desire to connect with others. It can also negatively impact our physical health.
Somé explained that in her culture they regularly practice "grief rituals" in a soul-invigorating ceremony that "healing and preparing the mind, body, spirit, and soul to receive the spirituality that is all around us."
Try this resource for establishing your own grief ritual.
Learn to Talk & Listen
Somé suggested we start the process of grieving by learning how to communicate our feelings.
"We have not been given language to help us say what we are going through," she said. "We don't know how to say, 'I need help!' When we see a person who hasn't smiled in a while, we need to ask, 'What's going on for them?' When we know a person is a great artist, we need to ask 'Why haven't they created in a while?' What does it take to say, 'I am in pain. Can we talk about this pain?'"
No human should be allowed to carry their grief on their own, said Somé. We must learn to show up for ourselves, and then learn how to hold space for others.
"Showing up is at least 60 percent of the work," she said. "Being able to hold space for someone else is important. It helps us look at the pain we hide."
If you don't know what to do, she suggests to keep it simple. Make them some food. Do their laundry. Or just sit quietly and listen to someone express their feelings.
"If one person can totally show up, it can make all the difference. It gives an extra eye to the pain."
Welcome the Tears
"Tears have a reason to be here," Somé said. "A tear is a prayer. It's also a way to say yes to life. It's the other side of joy. If you can't express your grief, you can't be genuinely happy. Tears enable us to be alive."
When someone is grieving, they are seeking healing. Grief is way to release and cleanse whatever is no longer needed within the self, and we can welcome tears as a part of that process.
"Don't ignore the pain that's aching you," Somé said. "Give it a voice. Seek help. Enlist other people. Acknowledge that you have the grief. Grief is good medicine!"
Explore more in the category of Health & Healing.
© 2016 Omega Institute for Holistic Studies, Inc. All rights reserved.
This post is part of Common Grief, a Healthy Living editorial initiative. Grief is an inevitable part of life, but that doesn't make navigating it any easier. The deep sorrow that accompanies the death of a loved one, the end of a marriage or even moving far away from home, is real. But while grief is universal, we all grieve differently. So we started Common Grief to help learn from each other. Let's talk about living with loss. If you have a story you'd like to share, email us at strongertogether@huffingtonpost.com.
death-amp-dyinghealthy livingcopingHealthcoping with death

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Elijah Wald is the author of Dylan Goes Electric!
What happened next is obscured by a maelstrom of conflicting impressions: The New York Times reported that Dylan "was roundly booed by folk-song purists, who considered this innovation the worst sort of heresy." In some stories Pete Seeger, the gentle giant of the folk scene, tried to cut the sound cables with an axe. Some people were dancing, some were crying, many were dismayed and angry, many were cheering, many were overwhelmed by the ferocious shock of the music or astounded by the negative reactions.
The Almanac Singers, Woody Guthrie (top center) and Pete Seeger (lower right) with Sis Cunningham, Cisco Houston, and Bess Lomax.
The Golden Chords, Monte Edwardson, Leroy Hoikkala, and Bobby Zimmerman in 1958.
Dylan and Bill Lee re-create southern segregation at the Viking Hotel.
Peter, Paul, and Mary, Joan Baez, Bob Dylan, the Freedom Singers, Pete Seeger, and Theodore Bikel sing "We Shall Overcome" in 1963.
In most tellings, Dylan represents youth and the future, and the people who booed were stuck in the dying past. But there is another version, in which the audience represents youth and hope, and Dylan was shutting himself off behind a wall of electric noise, locking himself in a citadel of wealth and power, abandoning idealism and hope and selling out to the star machine. In this version the Newport festivals were idealistic, communal gatherings, nurturing the growing counterculture, rehearsals for Woodstock and the Summer of Love, and the booing pilgrims were not rejecting that future; they were trying to protect it.
Elijah Wald is the author of Dylan Goes Electric! Newport, Seeger, Dylan, and the Night That Split the Sixties. His ther books include The Mayor of MacDougal Street, inspiration for the film Inside Llewyn Davis; Escaping the Delta, about the myth and music of Robert Johnson; and How the Beatles Destroyed Rock 'n' Roll: An Alternative History of American Popular Music. He has won a Grammy Award, an ASCAP-Deems Taylor award, and the American Musicological Society's Otto Kinkeldey award; has taught blues history at UCLA; and travels widely as a speaker on popular music. He lives in Medford, MA.


Chromaticity started out as casual lunch-time banter in our office on how colors are terribly misrepresented from screen to print. Having to deal with colours on a daily basis, this unapologetically led to a full-blown discussion of why colors are, well, the way colors are. Akin to Plato's Allegory of the Cave, we are unknowingly prisoners of our own understanding of colors. Color is three dimensional in nature; a spectral distribution of electromagnetic waves made visible by our evolved visual system. How we perceive colors is better understood in the terms of a viewer's objective reality. This explains the difficulty when we try relaying our own thoughts on colors to others. We may never truly be able to convey our understanding of the phenomenon of colors through science. Instead, how can we better raise the notion of colors as a malleable entity, one we can manipulated through the physical world? Chromaticity strips the intricacies of color theory and its science down to a leaner approach in engaging visitors with this installation. Colors hues are arranged naturally in an array across the room. Saturation or "color richness" are being tiled with increasing value from bottom up, per column of hue or individual colors of the rainbow. This recreates a recognisble hue palette creatives use in their daily color work.
By introducing a third dimension in this seemingly limited two-dimensional space, folded tetrahedrals form the base element to tessellate the color array. When a light source from the room hits a tessellation, differing facets receive a variation of light, hence creating color's third dimension, lightness, or commonly known as "value". At first glance, it may appear that each triangle consists of three distinct colors, but in truth it is nothing more than a simple play of lights and shadows.


Next week in Genoa City, Jack and Summer find out the truth about her paternity. Watch the sneak peek below.
Read about the Restless Rant for thoughts on Jill and Hilary. Get the scoop on the 90210 mini-reunion in Las Vegas.


text:
Q: how can i regexp this? With what regexp can i process strings like
2.3.5...9
4...
...

to
2.3.5.0.0.9
4.0.0.0
0.0.0.0

I've tried preg_replace('/\.([^0-9])/', '.0', $mystring) but no luck, thanks!

A: You can use preg_replace('/^(?=\.)|(?<=\.)(?=\.|$)/', '0', $mystring)
This covers the cases

*

*start of the string followed by dot

*two dots

*dot followed by the end of the string

A: Your current approach is close, but to make it work we can try using lookarounds.  Replace:
(?<=^|\.)(?=\.|$)

with 0.
$mystring = "2.3.5...9";
$output = preg_replace('/(?<=^|\.)(?=\.|$)/', '0', $mystring);
echo $output;

Here is a brief explanation of the regex logic:
(?<=^|\.)    position is preceded by either the start of the string, or another dot
(?=\.|$)     position is followed by either the end of the string, or another dot

A: If input string is an IPv4 (like) string (with ot without digits) then do this:
echo preg_replace('~\B~', '0', '...'); // 0.0.0.0

See live demo here

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


At 24/7 Drainage Leybourne, we can help you rid your drainage system of clogs and accumulated particles using our dedicated drainage clearance solutions. The immense expertise we bring to the table to offer your drainage system a proper and durable clean is rooted in our many years of operation in the drainage industry. When you hire 24/7 Drainage Leybourne, your drainage system will be free-flowing again.
Behind our reputation as a drainage clearance authority in Leybourne is our ability to identify and employ some of the best minds and skills in the trade.
Another of the reasons for our stellar reputation in drainage clearance in Leybourne resides in the advanced equipment we employ. Our equipment (from various types of high-pressure drain jetting machines for removing blockages to high definition CCTV units for properly surveying drainage pipework before cleaning) helps us deliver our drainage clearance solution in Leybourne with accuracy and meticulousness.
Our Drainage Clearance Service in Leybourne Maintains a High Rating at Rated People We always make good on our guarantee of a free-flowing drainage system, and our Leybourne drainage clearance solution was designed with our customers in mind. This is evident in our listing at Rated People, and in the stellar reviews and quality ratings, we have so far received from our valued customers.
24/7 Drainage Leybourne making their listing is simply a testimony of the quality that accompanies our drainage clearance in Leybourne. In addition, it implies that we have been found to be reputable under the body's various quality standards and compliances.
Our aim at 24/7 Drainage Leybourne is to help to affordably get your pipework free-flowing again, not to drain your bank account. We neither balloon our rates nor hide charges. We leverage dedicated equipment to make our drainage clearance in Leybourne cost-effective. These tools make for precision, help us minimise the time spent on each drainage clearance job, and thus reduce costs.
The good news is that our drainage clearance service at 24/7 Drainage Leybourne can handle both domestic and commercial drainage systems. Be it a sewer, underground drain, manhole, or gutter that you need to be cleaned in Leybourne, we are here to help you.
We are called 24/7 Drainage Leybourne because our emergency drainage clearance in Leybourne is unfailingly available around the clock. You can be faced with a drainage issue at any time.
At an unsuitable hour, the problem can translate to hazards and inconveniences, which can only be easily prevented if you have a drainage company on speed dial. Our use of well-fitted drainage vans and HGV units alongside a ready team of drainage experts means that 24/7 Drainage Leybourne is able to take care of your drainage clearance emergencies in Leybourne as soon as they occur.


Had a nice chat with Jason last night. He happened to be in town, and gave me a call. He had a really fascinating post yesterday on the concept of retirement, and what you would/could do, if you'd start right away.


Come join us at the Pt. Chevalier RSA where we're performing for the Auckland Jazz and Blues Club on Tues. 17th April from 7-30pm. We'll play some blues for you …some of ours….some of theirs.
Door charges: Members $5 and Non members $15.
Looking forward to it….it's been a while. Hope to see you there.


higher level of the language = better ??
Which Automake is Best ?
What's the best way to learn C?
Writing graphical windows app in Linux?
C/C++ IDE & Anjuta Code completion?
Gaimbot - Artificial Intelligence bot for Gaim - How to use ?
Anyway to speed up Eclipse?
A push in the right direction...please!
Python and commercial stuff, would it work? why not?
How to install GTK with C development??
Hot to have "configure command" in phpinfo ?
Parsing a data file into a PHP array.
add software to the ubuntu live cd?
PHP resources/tutorials for complete beginner?
SWT, Swing or AWT: Which is right for you?
help me with Ruby on Rails please. Cant creat scaffold.
How do I install SDL?
smart way of reading file in Python ?
Anyone have any info on pyxfce?
how to deal with global variables in python ?
where do i can find my kernel-headers for amd64??
where are the SDL libs?
Gnome uses gtk, ... uses ?
Learning qt, having an issue with Qt Designer.
Optimum PC configuration to run intensive C code?
Latest DocBook GUI / Web tools?
C++ compiler invoke after jEdit?
How do I run .sh-files?
Man pages for c/c++ library???
error while loading shared libraries?
Using SCONS to make libraries, check for dependencies and compile an executable.
Java periodically polling (checking) a file?
is there a verilog mode for emacs?
Compiled on Linux, Can run on windows?
Is Python programming a marketable skill?
logging into my college account w/ ssh, default is Java build 1.4, need 1.5, help?
is c# only for microsoft and windows ?
What's wrong with this assemly code?
NoClassDefFoundError when class is in classpath?
who are willing to write a firefox plugin for this forum?
A little more advanced Python tutorial.


text:
Justia Patents Electromagnet Or Highly Inductive SystemsUS Patent for Through air radar level transmitter with galvanic isolation Patent (Patent # 10,502,608)
Through air radar level transmitter with galvanic isolation
Aug 14, 2017 - Magnetrol International, Incorporated
A loop powered process instrument comprises a control system measuring a process variable and developing a measurement signal representing the process variable. A two-wire circuit, for connection to a remote power source using a two-wire process loop, controls current on the loop in accordance with the measurement signal. A power supply with galvanic isolation is connected to the two-wire circuit and the control system to isolate the two-wire circuit from the control system. The power supply receives power from the two-wire process loop and supplies power to the control system. The power supply comprises a voltage regulator receiving loop power and developing a regulated output voltage. A current switching circuit receives the regulated output voltage and drives a primary of a transformer. A secondary of the transformer is coupled to the control system. A voltage shift control includes an isolator circuit driven by the control system for controlling voltage supplied by the voltage regulator.
Latest Magnetrol International, Incorporated Patents:
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This application claims priority of provisional application No. 62/449,647, filed Jan. 24, 2017.
FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT
MICROFICHE/COPYRIGHT REFERENCE
This invention relates to process control instruments and, more particularly, to a measurement instrument with galvanic isolation.
Process control systems require the accurate measurement of process variables. Typically, a sensor in the form of a primary element senses the value of a process variable and a transmitter develops an output having a value that varies as a function of the process variable. For example, a level transmitter includes a primary element for sensing level and a circuit for developing an electrical signal representing sensed level.
Knowledge of level in industrial process tanks or vessels has long been required for safe and cost-effective operation of plants. Many technologies exist for making level measurements. These include buoyancy, capacitance, ultrasonic and microwave radar, to name a few.
In one form, a through air measurement instrument, such as a microwave radar level transmitter, launches a radar signal which reflects off a liquid or other surface and the instrument measures time of flight between transmission and reception of the radar signal. Electrical energy is converted to an electromagnetic wave from a launch element. The wave propagates through free space.
A two-wire transmitter includes two terminals connected to a remote power supply. The transmitter loop current, drawn from the power supply, is proportional to the process variable. A typical instrument operates off of a 24 volt DC power supply and varies the signal current in the loop between 4 and 20 milliamps (mA) DC. Thus, the instrument must operate with current less than 4 milliamps.
While low power circuits are continuously developed, there are other increasing demands placed on performance capabilities of the process control instruments. For example, with a radar level measurement device, the instrument's performance is enhanced by more powerful digital signal processing techniques driven by a microprocessor. In addition to the microprocessor, there are several other circuits, such as the radar transceiver, which requires electric power. To be successful, the instrument must use optimum processing capability and speed. This means making maximum power from the loop available to the electronics, and using it efficiently.
More recently, the loop powered instruments have utilized digital communications. In normal operation, the instrument must allow for 4 mA to 20 mA loop currents while still communicating digital signals via modulation of the loop current. Loop currents as low as 3.6 mA or as high as 22 mA are allowed when the transmitter detects a fault condition. This means that the power available at the input to the switching power supply, which powers the entire transmitter, will be based on input voltage to the switching power supply and the nominal loop current. However, the actual power available will also be based on the efficiency of the switching power supply. In addition, it is necessary to maintain high input impedance for digital communications.
The present invention is directed to solving one or more of the problems discussed above in a novel and simple manner.
As described herein, a loop powered instrument uses a galvanic isolation circuit while maintaining a lower minimum power to the unit which allows a lower minimum supply voltage to the unit.
Broadly, there is disclosed a loop powered process instrument comprising a control system measuring a process variable and developing a measurement signal representing the process variable. A two-wire circuit, for connection to a remote power source using a two-wire process loop, controls current on the loop in accordance with the measurement signal. A power supply with galvanic isolation is connected to the two-wire circuit and the control system to isolate the two-wire circuit from the control system. The power supply receives power from the two-wire process loop and supplies power to the control system. The power supply comprises a voltage regulator receiving loop power and developing a regulated output voltage. A current switching circuit receives the regulated output voltage and drives a primary of a transformer. A secondary of the transformer is coupled to the control system. A voltage shift control includes an isolator circuit driven by the control system for controlling voltage supplied by the voltage regulator.
It is a feature that the voltage shift control circuit shifts the voltage regulator voltage to a higher value at lower current levels and to a lower value at higher current levels.
It is another feature that the isolator circuit comprises an optical coupler controlled by the control system.
It is a further feature that the voltage supplied by the voltage regulator is set by plural voltage reference devices and the voltage shift control circuit comprises an optical coupler controlled by the control system to selectively shift the voltage.
It is a further feature that the voltage supplied by the voltage regulator is set by plural voltage reference devices and the voltage shift control circuit comprises a plurality of optical couplers controlled by the control system to selectively shift the voltage.
It is an additional feature that the current switching circuit converts a 1-to-1 current across the transformer. The current switching circuit may comprise a switching oscillator of the DC-DC converter circuit and the oscillator drives the primary of the transformer. The switching frequency of the switching oscillator may be about 150 kHz to pass lower frequency communication signals.
It is yet another feature that the control system controls loop current at the secondary of the transformer.
It is another feature to provide a dual compartment housing and the two-wire circuit and the power supply are in an explosion proof compartment of the housing and the control system is in an intrinsically safe compartment of the housing.
There is disclosed herein in accordance with another aspect a two-wire transmitter comprising a dual compartment housing defining a wiring compartment and a control compartment. A control system in the control compartment includes a signal processing circuit measuring a process variable and developing a measurement signal representing the process variable. A two-wire circuit and a power supply are in the wiring compartment. The two-wire circuit is for connection to a remote power source using a two-wire process loop, for controlling current on the loop in accordance with the measurement signal. The power supply is connected to the two-wire circuit and the control system to isolate the two-wire circuit from the control system. The power supply receives power from the two-wire process loop and supplies power to the control system. The power supply comprises a voltage regulator receiving loop power and developing a regulated output voltage. A current switching circuit receives the regulated output voltage and drives a primary of a transformer. A secondary of the transformer is coupled to the control system. A voltage shift control includes an isolator circuit driven by the control system for controlling voltage supplied by the voltage regulator.
Other features and advantages will be apparent from a review of the entire specification, including the drawings and claims.
FIG. 1 is a side view of a through air measurement instrument including galvanic isolation in accordance with the invention;
FIG. 2 is a side view, similar to FIG. 1, with a dual compartment control housing separate from a primary element;
FIG. 3 is a side section view of the dual compartment control housing;
FIG. 4 is a block diagram illustrating the relationship between circuit boards in the dual compartment control housing of FIG. 3;
FIG. 5 is a block diagram of the circuitry;
FIG. 6 is a block diagram of a power supply circuit in accordance with one aspect of the invention; and
FIG. 7 is a block diagram of a power supply in accordance with another aspect of the invention.
Referring to FIGS. 1 and 2, a process control instrument 10, also referred to as a two-wire transmitter, according to the invention is illustrated. The process control instrument 10 uses micro power impulse radar (MIR) in conjunction with equivalent time sampling (ETS) and ultra-wideband (UWB) transceivers for measuring a level using time domain reflectometry (TDR). Particularly, the instrument 10 uses through air radar for sensing level. While the embodiments described herein relate to an MIR level sensing apparatus, various aspects of the invention may be used with other types of process control instruments for measuring various process parameters, such as a rangefinder, as will be apparent to those skilled in the art.
The process control instrument 10 includes a control housing 12 and a sensor or primary element 14. In the illustrated embodiment, the primary element 14 is an antenna.
The antenna 14 includes a process adapter 16 for connection to the housing 12. The process adapter 16 is mounted to a process vessel V, see FIG. 1, using a flange 18. The process adapter 16 may be threaded or welded to the flange 18. Alternatively, the process adapter 16 may be threaded directly into an opening in the process vessel V.
The instrument 10 uses pulse-burst radar technology with ETS circuitry. Short bursts of microwave energy are emitted and subsequently reflected from a surface. The distance is calculated by the equation.
D=(velocity of EM propagation)*transit time(round trip)/2.
Level is then calculated by applying a tank height value. ETS is used to measure the high speed, low power electromagnetic (EM) energy. The high-speed EM energy (1,000 ft/μs) is difficult to measure over short distances and at the resolutions required in the process control industry. ETS captures the EM signals in real time (nanoseconds) and reconstructs them in equivalent time (milliseconds), which is much easier to measure. ETS is accomplished by scanning the vessel to collect thousands of samples. The round-trip event on a 65 ft. tank takes only 133 nanoseconds in real time. After it is reconstructed in equivalent time it measures 200 milliseconds.
The through air radar level measurement instrument 10 launches a radar signal which reflects off a liquid or other surface and measures time of flight between transmission and reception of the radar signal. Electrical energy is converted to an electromagnetic wave from the launching element which propagates through free space. The system operates a signal around 26 GHz.
Referring to FIG. 3, the control housing 12 comprises a dual compartment housing including a base 22 defining an explosion proof wiring compartment 24 and an intrinsically safe control compartment 26 connected via a passage 28. A first cover 30 encloses the wiring compartment 24. A second cover 32 encloses the control compartment 26. The wiring compartment 24 houses a wiring board 34 and a galvanic transformer board 35, see FIG. 4, for connecting to a remote power source and including necessary interface circuitry. This circuitry is in communication with a digital PC board 36 and an analog PC board 38 in the control compartment 26. The digital PC board 36 includes a microprocessor for controlling functionality of the overall instrument. The analog PC board 38 includes signal processing circuitry which drives a radio frequency (RF) module 40 and further processes the return signal from the RF module 40. The RF module 40 is in communication with the antenna 14, as described below. A display/keypad PC board 42 is connected to the digital PC board 36 and is viewable through and accessible upon removal of the second cover 32.
The form of the housing 12 and the circuits therein are illustrated and described by way of example only. The invention is particularly directed to galvanic isolation, as described below.
The RF module 40 has a printed circuit board 44 with a conventional launching element. In the illustrated embodiment, the launching element comprises electro-magnetic radiating elements which are conductive traces designed on the circuit board 44. The launching element generates and receives a high frequency signal for measuring level.
An air-filled antenna waveguide 46 is sealingly mounted to the control housing 12 and aligned with the launching element on the printed circuit board 44. Thus, the launching element works together with the waveguide 46 and a waveguide cap 47 to generate the launching signal to the antenna 14, as is known. The air-filled waveguide 46 is adapted to operate in the K-3 band.
The antenna waveguide 46 is surrounded by a quick connect coupler 48 for mating with a corresponding quick connect coupler 49 on the antenna 14, see FIG. 2. This provides a quick connect/disconnect coupling that allows the vessel V to remain sealed upon removal of the control housing 12.
While this application describes the galvanic isolation in connection with a through air radar level transmitter, this circuitry can be used with process control instruments for measuring other parameters and using other technologies including, for example, guided wave radar, capacitance, or the like.
The display/keypad PC board 42 provides a user interface for entering parameters with a keypad and displaying user and status information. The digital PC board 36 would include a conventional microcontroller and memory. The memory may comprise both non-volatile memory for storing programs and calibration parameters, as well as volatile memory used during level measurements. The digital PC board is also connected through the galvanic transformer board 35 to the wiring board 34 for connecting to a remote and external power source over a two-wire loop. The two-wire connection is used to communicate level information, as is well known. The transformer board 35 includes power supply and other circuitry.
As described more particularly below, the circuits in the wiring compartment 24 accept supply voltage at input terminals TB1 from the customer and provide power to the balance of the unit 10 through a galvanically isolated barrier. The galvanic isolation is important because it allows the unit to operate as explosion-proof in the wiring compartment 24 and intrinsically safe (IS) in the control compartment 26, while not requiring a special IS ground wire. Communication signals, such as, for example, HART, Fieldbus or Profibus, or other, must pass cleanly through the circuits.
Referring to FIG. 5, a block diagram illustrates the circuitry in the wiring compartments 24 which includes a two-wire circuit 50 and a power supply 52. The two-wire circuit 50 is for connection to a remote power source using a two-wire process loop, as is known, for controlling current on the loop in accordance with a measurement signal from a control system 54 comprising the circuitry in the intrinsically safe control compartment 26. The power supply 52 has a galvanic isolation barrier and is connected between the two-wire circuit 50 and the control system 54 to isolate the two-wire circuit 50 from the control system 54. The power supply 52 receives power from the two-wire process loop and supplies power to the control system 54.
The two-wire circuit 50 comprises a two-wire input block 56 and an input filter circuits block 58. The two-wire input block 56 provides the customer input to the unit at the terminal block TB1, see FIG. 4. This is the user connection to the instrument 10. The user must provide suitable power and the unit will draw loop current based on the level in the process as measured by the control system 54. Typical of most two-wire instruments, this unit will draw 4 mA to 20 mA based on the measured level in the process.
The input filter circuits block 58 includes standard filter circuits that suppress noise from entering deeper into the unit 10 where it could cause damage to the unit 10 or corrupt normal operation.
The power supply 52 is on the galvanic transformer board 35, see FIG. 4. The power supply 52 comprises a linear voltage regulator 60. The voltage is set by voltage reference Zener diodes, discussed below, and can be shifted by the control system 54 using a voltage shift control 62, also discussed below, using an optical coupler, also referred to as an opto-coupler. The voltage regulator 60 makes the input impedance appear high to the digital communication signals. The voltage of the voltage regulator 60 must be lower than the terminal voltage to the transformer board 35. However, the regulator voltage must be high enough to supply sufficient power for the unit 10 to operate properly. The voltage regulator 60 also helps to eliminate noise at the terminals TB1 caused by the circuits deeper in the unit 10. The voltage shift of the regulator voltage, as described below, is important to maintain high input impedance over the range of loop current that must pass the circuit. As described below, the voltage shift of the primary voltage is not a closed loop control of the voltage across a galvanic isolation barrier.
The voltage regulator 60 supplies regulated voltage to EMI filter circuits 64 which filter against electromagnetic interference. A switcher circuit block 66 is connected between the EMI filter circuit 64 and a galvanic isolation block 68 which includes a DC-DC transformer 70. The switcher circuit 66 is the switching oscillator of a DC-DC converter circuit. The oscillator drives the primary of the DC-DC transformer 70. The oscillator is free running so that whenever power is supplied to the board, the switcher is oscillating. The frequency of this switching oscillator must be sufficiently high, such as about 150 kHz, to allow the lower frequency communication signals to be passed cleanly through the circuit. Also, the goal of the overall circuit is to have the secondary current of the transformer 70 to be closely matched by the primary current. The close match of the current allows the loop control to be performed at the secondary of the transformer 70 and yet be tightly coupled to the primary and thus to the user terminals TB1. The current transfer is the critical parameter that must be maintained by these circuits. The current loop control, 4 mA to 20 mA, takes place in the secondary circuits via the control system 54.
The galvanic isolation block 68 uses the DC-DC transformer 70 as the primary component. To assure proper isolation, this transformer 70 must meet several specific IS safety requirements. The transformer must meet high isolation voltage requirements and assure proper creepage and clearance spacing requirements. The galvanic isolation circuit 68 must be capable of passing the current modulated signal, without distortion, to the user terminals TB1.
The secondary of the galvanic isolation block 68 is connected to a rectifier circuit 72 to provide a DC voltage. The result is a DC supply voltage which is loosely controlled by the voltage regulator 60 but tightly passes the loop current. An output filter circuit block 74 receives the rectified DC voltage and includes a low pass filter to suppress the switcher edges. The resulting DC voltage must not have switching frequency noise which could disrupt operation of the unit 10. A safety limiting circuit 76 limits the level of the supply DC voltage to the control system 54. The control system 54 comprises the balance of the two-wire transmitter circuitry contained in the intrinsically safe compartment 26.
The power supply 52 also includes a communication bypass path block 78 which allows communication signals, such as HART, Fieldbus, Profibus, or the like, to bypass the galvanic isolation circuit 68.
Referring to FIG. 6, the power supply 52 is illustrated in greater detail. The voltage shift control 62 comprises voltage reference devices in the form of series connected Zener diodes D1 and D2 connected to the voltage regulator 60 to set the supply voltage supplied by the voltage regulator 60 at an output labelled V-PRIMARY. The voltage shift control 62 includes an optical coupler U1 defining an isolator circuit controlled by the control system 54 and connected across the second diode D2. The diode D1 provides a voltage reference of V1. The diode D2 provides a voltage reference of V2. The voltage regulator output voltage V-PRIMARY is equal to V1 plus V2 with the optical coupler U1 off and equal to V1 when the optical coupler U1 is on, as the optical coupler U1 provides a short across the second Zener diode D2. Thus, the optical coupler U1 allows the V-PRIMARY level to be shifted by the control system 54 which results in shift of POWER+ to POWER− voltage from the safety limit circuit 76 provided to the control system 54. This is done while maintaining a galvanic isolation barrier, represented by a line 80, between the two-wire circuit 50 and the control system 54.
Referring to FIG. 7, a power supply 52′ is illustrated which provides four levels of voltage V-PRIMARY. In this instance, the voltage shift control 62′ comprises voltage reference devices in the form of three series connected Zener diodes D1, D2 and D3 connected to the voltage regulator 60. The isolator circuit comprises two optical couplers OPTO1 and OPTO2 controlled by the control system 54. The first optical coupler OPTO1 is connected across the Zener diode D3. The second optical coupler OPTO2 is connected across the second Zener diode D2. The first Zener diode D1 provides a voltage reference of V1. The second Zener diode D2 provides a voltage reference of V2. The third Zener diode D3 provides a voltage reference of V3. With this circuitry, the control system 54 is programmed to selectively shift the level of the V-PRIMARY voltage such that it is equal to V1 plus V2 plus V3 with both OPTO1 and OPTO2 off, equal to V1 plus V2 when OPTO1 is on; equal to V1 plus V3 when OPTO2 is on; and V1 when both OPTO1 and OPTO2 are on.
The described system is an explosion proof process control instrument that includes a galvanic isolation power supply 52. The power supply 52 includes a voltage regulator 60 that feeds a current switcher 66 that converts one-to-one current across the transformer 70. The galvanic wiring board 34 is still a two-wire 4 to 20 mA output device; however, the voltage is fixed from the voltage regulator 60 feeding the switching circuit 66. Ultimately, the digital PC board 36 will also take a minimum amount of voltage to run appropriately. Another limitation of the circuit is that the two-wire power source will typically always have a series input resistance for either DAC or HART communication. As current increases, the voltage drop across the two-wire resistance increases which will lower the available voltage to the instrument. The voltage at the terminal block TB1, post two-wire resistance, has to be above the fixed voltage regulator value of the power supply 52. Therefore, a large minimum voltage value to the unit needs to be specified for when the unit is drawing larger amounts of current with a larger series resistance on the two-wire loop.
The power supply 52 provides a controlled voltage level change of the fixed voltage regular 60. As such, the digital PC board 36 controls the voltage shift control 62. If loop current is above a select value, then the voltage regulator 60 will be shifted to a lower value, while at lower loop current values below the select level, the voltage regulator 60 will be shifted to a higher value. The overall effect is to maintain a lower minimum power to the unit which allows a lower minimum power supply voltage to the unit. Allowing lower voltage at higher loop currents will allow lower turn-on voltage to the unit and thus improve the safe operating area by allowing higher loop resistance at a given supply voltage.
Likewise, with the power supply 52 the digital PC board 36 controls the voltage shift control 62 to provide a step wise higher voltage at lower current values which can be selectable based on reference voltages set by Zener diode voltage levels, as will be apparent. Particularly, the digital PC board 36 will be programmed to selectively turn the optical couplers OPTO1 and OPTO2 on or off based on loop current being above or below each of three select levels.
Thus, the described circuits use two voltage shift levels in one aspect and four voltage shift levels in another. However, other controls may be used to allow for more voltage levels. This could be done by using additional optical couplers and other circuitry, as will be apparent.
As discussed, the control of the voltage shift is done by the control circuitry on the digital PC board 36. The control functionality for the voltage shift may be similar to that specified in U.S. Pat. No. 9,714,861, the specification of which is incorporated by reference herein.
It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that there are many possible modifications to be made to the specific forms of the features and components of the disclosed embodiments while keeping within the spirit of the concepts disclosed herein. Accordingly, no limitations to the specific forms of the embodiments disclosed herein should be read into the claims unless expressly recited in the claims. Although a few embodiments have been described in detail above, other modifications are possible. Other embodiments may be within the scope of the following claims.
The foregoing disclosure of specific embodiments is intended to be illustrative of the broad concepts comprehended by the invention.
1. A loop powered process control instrument comprising:
a control system measuring a process variable and developing a measurement signal representing the process variable;
a two-wire circuit, for connection to a remote power source using a two-wire process loop, for controlling current on the loop in accordance with the measurement signal; and
a power supply with galvanic isolation, connected to the two-wire circuit and the control system to isolate the two-wire circuit from the control system, for receiving power from the two-wire process loop and supplying power to the control system, wherein the power supply comprises a voltage regulator receiving loop power and developing a regulated output voltage, a current switching circuit receiving the regulated output voltage and driving a primary of a transformer, with a secondary of the transformer coupled to the control system, and a voltage shift control circuit including an isolator circuit driven by the control system for controlling voltage supplied by the voltage regulator.
2. The loop powered process instrument of claim 1 wherein the voltage shift control circuit shifts the voltage regulator voltage to a higher value at lower current levels and to a lower value at higher current levels.
3. The loop powered process instrument of claim 1 wherein the isolator circuit comprises an optical coupler controlled by the control system.
4. The loop powered process instrument of claim 1 wherein the voltage supplied by the voltage regulator is set by plural voltage reference devices and an optical coupler controlled by the control system selectively shifts the voltage.
5. The loop powered process instrument of claim 1 wherein the voltage supplied by the voltage regulator is set by plural voltage reference devices and a plurality of optical couplers controlled by the control system selectively shifts the voltage.
6. The loop powered process instrument of claim 1 wherein the current switching circuit drives the primary of the transformer to provide a one-to-one current ratio of transformer primary current to secondary current.
7. The loop powered process instrument of claim 6 wherein the current switching circuit comprises a switching oscillator of a DC-DC converter circuit and the oscillator drives the primary of the transformer.
8. The loop powered process instrument of claim 7 wherein switching frequency of the switching oscillator is about 150 kHz to pass lower frequency communication signals.
9. The loop powered process instrument of claim 1 wherein the control system controls loop current at the secondary of the transformer.
10. The loop powered process instrument of claim 1 further comprising a dual compartment housing and the two-wire, and the power supply are in an explosion proof compartment of the housing and the control system is in an intrinsically safe compartment of the housing.
11. A two-wire transmitter comprising:
a dual compartment housing defining a wiring compartment and a control compartment;
a control system in the control compartment including a signal processing circuit measuring a process variable and developing a measurement signal representing the process variable; and
a two-wire circuit and a power supply in the wiring compartment, the two-wire circuit for connection to a remote power source using a two-wire process loop, for controlling current on the loop in accordance with the measurement signal, the power supply being connected to the two-wire circuit and the control system to isolate the two-wire circuit from the control system, for receiving power from the two-wire process loop and supplying power to the control system, wherein the power supply comprises a voltage regulator receiving loop power and developing a regulated output voltage, a current switching circuit receiving the regulated output voltage and driving a primary of a transformer, with a secondary of the transformer coupled to the control system, and a voltage shift control circuit including an isolator circuit driven by the control system for controlling voltage supplied by the voltage regulator.
12. The two-wire transmitter of claim 11 wherein the voltage shift control circuit shifts the voltage regulator voltage to a. higher value at lower current levels and to a lower value at higher current levels.
13. The two-wire transmitter of claim 11 wherein the isolator circuit comprises an optical coupler controlled by the control system.
14. The two-wire transmitter of claim 11 wherein the wherein the voltage supplied by the voltage regulator is set by plural voltage reference devices and an optical coupler controlled by the control system selectively shifts the voltage.
15. The two-wire transmitter of claim 11 wherein the voltage supplied by the voltage regulator is set by plural voltage reference devices and a plurality of optical couplers controlled by the control system selectively shift the voltage.
16. The two-wire transmitter of claim 11 wherein the current switching circuit drives the primary of the transformer to provide a one-to-one current ratio of transformer primary current to secondary current.
17. The two-wire transmitter of claim 16 wherein the current switching circuit comprises a switching oscillator of a DC-DC converter circuit and the oscillator drives the primary of the transformer.
18. The two-wire transmitter of claim 17 wherein switching frequency of the switching oscillator is about 150 kHz to pass lower frequency communication signals.
19. The two-wire transmitter of claim 11 wherein the control system controls loop current at the secondary of the transformer.
20. The two-wire transmitter of claim 11 wherein the wiring compartment comprises an explosion proof compartment and the control compartment comprises an intrinsically safe compartment.
6062095 May 16, 2000 Mulrooney et al.
7548072 June 16, 2009 Griessbaum
20040100281 May 27, 2004 Nilsson
20080074309 March 27, 2008 Nilsson
20100299542 November 25, 2010 Westfield et al.
20170244326 August 24, 2017 Petrovic
Foreign Patent Documents
0518916 July 1997 EP
International Search Report and Written Opinion for corresponding PCT Application No. PCT/US2018/014411 dated Apr. 5, 2018.
Filed: Aug 14, 2017
Date of Patent: Dec 10, 2019
Patent Publication Number: 20180209833
Assignee: Magnetrol International, Incorporated (Aurora, IL)
Inventors: Kevin M. Haynes (Lombard, IL), Timothy S. Sussman (Bolingbrook, IL)
Primary Examiner: Hal Kaplan
Current U.S. Class: Electromagnet Or Highly Inductive Systems (307/104)
International Classification: G01F 23/284 (20060101); H02J 50/10 (20160101); H01Q 1/22 (20060101); H01Q 13/06 (20060101); H01Q 19/08 (20060101); G08C 19/02 (20060101); G01S 13/88 (20060101); G01S 7/00 (20060101); G01S 13/10 (20060101); H02J 50/80 (20160101); B08B 3/08 (20060101); B08B 5/02 (20060101); H01Q 13/02 (20060101); G01S 7/02 (20060101);


When deciding where a law firm wants to do its banking, influencing factors are typically interest rates, fees, fund management, etc. While these are obviously important, some firms focus too much on the bottom line and fail to consider the value of their banking relationship.
Having a good relationship before you actually have to rely on a bank is advantageous because you should have access to a variety of options to help your firm thrive financially. Banks are also more likely to work with you to optimize your account and will provide the personalized attention you need if you have a long standing relationship with them. Here are some ways to build a strong relationship with a bank.
First and foremost, make sure a bank offers the range of services your law firm needs. Because commercial banking differs from personal accounts, you will want to look into services like business loans, Internet banking, lines of credit and safekeeping of documents. Knowing you're on the same page in terms of services and that a bank is capable of fulfilling your needs is crucial or establishing a relationship will be difficult.
You also want to know that a bank is willing to work with you and is flexible enough to adapt to your firm's unique situation. That's why you may want to think about working with a community bank instead of a large financial institution. Smaller banks tend to be less rigid in their policies and often have more flexibility as a result. In many cases, they are more willing to accommodate your firm's specific needs. Big named institutions, on the other hand, sometimes have little leeway, which can be a hindrance to your banking.
Speaking with other firms and businesses that are currently using a potential bank is an effective way to get a sense of what you can expect. In particular, it's important to ask about the quality of service that others have experienced and whether or not they would recommend the bank. Getting this type of unbiased feedback should increase your chances of laying down the foundations for a great future.
Once you have made your decision and chosen a bank, do everything possible to maintain open communication and remain on friendly terms. If you visit a particular branch, it's a good idea to remember names and be on a first name basis with staff members. You should be polite and try to achieve some level of rapport that goes beyond regular banking. Getting staff members to see you as a person and not merely as an account is vital for building a relationship. Often, they will go out of their way to keep you happy because they value your business.


Almost 100 years ago, the artist Albert Valentien began a project that was ten years in the execution. He began his work in 1908 when he was commissioned by Ellen Browning Scripps to paint the wildflowers of California. The plan was to publish a book of the paintings when he finished. However, in the end, Miss Scripps decided the cost was too prohibitive and Valentien's hope of seeing his work reproduced and admired by a large audience was dashed. In 2000, the San Diego Museum of Natural History, which had received the Valentien watercolors from Miss Scripps's Estate, decided to embark on its own project to restore, photograph, catalogue, and exhibit these exquisite works. The resultant exhibition of 80 stunning watercolors of native California plants painted in the early 1900s is funded by Eleanor and Jerry Navarra and is being toured under the auspices of the Irvine Museum.
Albert Robert Valentien was born in 1862 in Cincinnati and showed great artistic talent from an early age. By the age of 19, he was employed at the Rookwood Pottery in Cincinnati, and he became the head decorator there, staying for 24 years. He created many beautiful ceramic pieces, some now in the collections of the Victoria & Albert Museum and many others. In 1900, he received the Gold Medal at the Paris Exposition for his work at Rookwood.
In 1884 Rookwood hired Anna Maria Bookprinter, an artist and sculptor in her own right, and three years later Anna and Albert were married. As Rookwood employees, Anna and Albert traveled to Europe in 1899 to receive further art training and to prepare the Rookwood Pottery exhibit for the Paris Exposition of 1900. During their visit to the Black Forest in Germany, while Albert was recuperating from an illness, he began to paint the wildflowers of the region, which proved to be a turning point in his career.
Because they had heard about the natural beauty of California, they traveled west in 1903 to visit Anna's brother near San Diego. Over the next eight months, Valentien painted 150 species of plants, and both artists fell in love with the area. They decided to resign from Rookwood and move permanently to San Diego in 1908.
Shortly after they arrived, Ellen Browning Scripps, a prominent San Diego philanthropist with an interest in natural history, commissioned Valentien to take on a monumental task-the painting of all the wildflowers and plants of California. He began work in 1908 and for the next ten years traveled all over the State, from the Mexican border to the northern California coast, collecting specimens in chaparral, deserts, mountains, by rivers, in canyons, and along the beaches and salt marshes. California at this time offered an unspoiled wealth of incredibly diverse plants and animals for an artist to study and depict. Valentien always painted from fresh specimens and by 1918 had completed 1,094 sheets that depicted 1,500 species altogether. Although he had initially focused on the wildflowers, he enlarged his scope to include trees, grasses, and ferns as well. His exquisite paintings were botanically accurate and meticulous in their execution, yet subtle and vibrant in their coloration and full of spontaneity, no doubt due to Valentien's training as a pottery decorator.
In each painting, Valentien rendered the organic wholeness of stem, leaf, flower, or fruit with a fluid and seemingly effortless grace that almost takes your breath away. When you see the whole crinkled petals of the Matilij a poppy leap off the page, or the spines of the cactus appear so real they could hurt you, you realize why Albert Valentien called these "plant portraits." Unlike many flower paintings that seem stiff or forced, these paintings capture the living essence of each plant. We feel we are seeing them anew, as Mr. Valentien saw them, almost a hundred years ago.
Valentien had assumed that his work would be published at its completion, but Miss Scripps decided that publication would be too costly, and although attempts were made to get some of the paintings included in various publications, this was never successful. Obviously, this was a grave disappointment to the artist. Valentien began to paint more landscapes in oil and explored other subjects. He died unexpectedly of a heart attack in 1925.
Valentien painted his plant portraits in a 14" X 20" format on toned paper, so that white flowers painted in gouache would show up well. Each specimen painted was later pressed and sent to Professor H. M. Hall at the University of California, Berkeley, for identification. Valentien mounted each painting on dressed linen and labeled them himself. There are 1,094 individual sheets, many of them depicting more than one species. These were bound into 22 portfolios. In 1933 the entire collection was donated to the San Diego Natural History Museum by Robert P. Scripps, executor of Miss Scripps's estate.
4" x 5" transparencies of all the watercolors, and he did a masterful job in recording their nuances. The Balboa Art and Conservation Center was consulted regarding the proper treatment, storage, and care of the artworks. The Museum is constructing a computer database that will identify each plant's correct scientific name, current range in California, whether it is an endangered or threatened species, flowering season, and other special notes. Finally, in collaboration with the Irvine Museum, the San Diego Museum of Natural History has produced the book, Plant Portraits: The California Legacy of A. R. Valentien, which reproduces a selection of the watercolors in a manner that would have made Valentien proud.
The Wildling Art Museum would like to thank the San Diego Natural History Museum for lending us this exhibition and providing the images and adapted text for use within this monograph.
Botanic illustration has a long and world wide history. The primary objective of the botanic illustrator is always the documentation of species. But behind the most revered illustrations is the artistic impulse—to make the resultant work more than a scientific record, but a thing of beauty—comparable, but distinct, from the plant described.
This was the second exhibition featuring the work of an historic, botanical illustrator mounted by the Wildling Art Museum. In 2001, the Museum exhibited the work of Sophie Alstrom Mitchell, a Victorian woman who lived in St. Helena, California, until her death in 1940. Her watercolors, depicting the native plants and wildflowers of the Napa Valley, were distinguished both for their botanic accuracy and their artistic sensibility.
The milieu in which Albert R. Valentien (1862-1925) worked was the Arts and Crafts Movement of the early 20th century, so the artistic qualities of his watercolors were quite intentional. We are moved by his perseverance and the high standards he set himself in a project that was never fully realized.
We were grateful to the Irvine Museum and the San Diego Natural History Museum for making this exquisite collection available to us. We want particularly to thank Mr. James Swinden, Vice-President; Dr. Jean Stern, Executive Director; and Merika Adams Gopaul, Assistant Director, of the Irvine Museum for their help in bringing this exhibition to the Wildling.
We are very pleased that Margaret Dykens, Director of the Research Library of the San Diego Natural History Museum and curator of the exhibition, can be present for the opening and to speak to our docents. Thanks also go to Bob Dycus, our exhibition designer and installer, to Jessica Reichman, for her registration assistance, and to my Assistant, Holly Cline, for her superb job in overseeing the design and publication of this monograph.
1908–1918 using watercolor on paper.
They were exhibited in rotation.


text:
Q: Extracting x,y,z points from ParametricPlot3D I would like to know if there is a way to extract x,y,z points from ParametricPlot3D.
>

ParametricPlot3D[{a1, b1, c1, d1, f1, g1, h1, i1, j1}, {t, 3, 4}, {w,
  0, 2 [Pi]}, Axes -> True, AxesStyle -> {Red, Green, Blue},
  AxesStyle -> {Red, Green, Blue}, PlotStyle -> {Red, LightPink},   Mesh
  -> None]
ParametricPlot3D[{a1, b1, c1, d1, f1, g1, h1, i1, j1}, {t, 3, 4}, {w,
  0, 2 [Pi]}, Axes -> False, Boxed -> False,   PlotStyle -> {Red,
  LightPink}, Mesh -> None]

A: We have, for example:
plot1 = ParametricPlot3D[{Cos[u], Sin[u] + Cos[v], Sin[v]}, {u, 0, 2 \[Pi]}, {v, -\[Pi], \[Pi]}]

Then we can extract the points using the following:
pts=Flatten[Cases[plot1, _GraphicsComplex , Infinity][[;; , 1]], 1]

We can then superimpose them on an already existing plot:
Show[plot1, Graphics3D[Point[pts]]]

Or we can save them as a .txt document, in the form of a table:
Export["data.txt", pts, "Table"]

To access them in Mathematica, you can simply do, for instance:
pts[[1]]

{1., -1., -4.48799*10^-7}

I hope this helps.


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text:
50 years of Bosch gasoline injection Jetronic
A backbone of Automotive Electronics
This story is part of History Blog
Discover the whole series
It was the October 2006, when Dr. Heinrich Knapp appeared at the entrance to the exhibition on Bosch history, close to the Stuttgart-Feuerbach plant. The retired engineer handed a small – but extraordinary – scrap of paper to an astonished Bosch associate.
It was the original schematic for an electronic gasoline injection system, which he himself had drawn up in 1959. He said he wanted to donate it to the Bosch archives.
A physicist, Knapp had been one of the key members of this pioneering project to use electronics to control fuel injection. He had been assigned the task of developing the first prototypes in 1959. For this purpose, Bosch bought a Mercedes-Benz 300 as a company car and converted it into a test vehicle for electronic gasoline-injection systems. Before taking the car in for servicing, Knapp revealed when he handed over the drawing, the vehicle was refitted with its original carburetor, so the manufacturer would not suspect what Bosch had in mind.
1969 Electronic Control Unit of a D-Jetronic for six-cylinder engines in the Bosch-Archives
Try, fail, hide
The official task assigned to the Hong Kong office that was opened in fall 1986 was to expand business in this East Asian economic center, but also During the 1950s and '60s, it was still hard to convince customers in the automotive industry of the merits of electronically controlled technology. Electrics, mechanics, hydraulics, and pneumatics were the cornerstones of the reliable technology Bosch supplied to the automotive industry at that time. This applied equally to generators in buses, plow-lifters in tractors, power-window units in sedans, and ignition contacts in mopeds. When it came to electronics, the experts at most European automakers were skeptical, even though the technology was well-established in products such as radio equipment and televisions.
The use of electronic components in cars was a bold move, but there was scope for things to go wrong. For instance, when the U.S. Chrysler Corporation installed the Bendix Corporation's Electrojector, an electronically controlled gasoline-injection system, in its Chrysler 300 sedans, the system turned out to be so unreliable in everyday use that all the sedans had to be refitted with conventional carburetors. Despite its almost nine-year head-start over Bosch, Bendix's system failed. This experience was invaluable for Bosch. Using each other's patents, the two companies were able to develop their injection-technology expertise. However, Bendix subsequently stopped work on its own solution.
"A little too unorthodox"
During the early 1960s, the United States first recognized the need to combat increasing air pollution. The summer smog in Los Angeles presented a major health hazard, and in 1963 this gave rise to the federal Clean Air Act, one of the world's first environmental protection laws.
And this is where Bosch came into play. The subsequent announcement of the even stricter Air Quality Act for automobiles from model year 1968 on, i.e. for vehicle sales starting in the late summer of 1967, presented many automakers with a problem.
Prior to this, for example, Volkswagen AG's range had included its successful type 1, known as the Beetle in the United States, which was then joined by the somewhat larger type 3. The type 3 was fitted with the same four-cylinder boxer engine as the Beetle, but with greater displacement. Using a conventional carburetor, the new pollutant emission standards set by the Clean Air Act would have been unachievable with this higher-displacement engine – the type 3 would not have been approved by the U.S. authorities.
Testing a D-Jetronic ECU at a laboratory, Technical Center Schwieberdingen/Germany, 1972
Bosch was already in contact with VW at this point and was also able to demonstrate its first test vehicles, which were almost production-ready – a Mercedes-Benz 220 SE and a VW 1500. Hermann Scholl played a key role in the development of electronic gasoline-injection systems from 1962 on. Now the honorary chairman of the Bosch Group, Scholl recalls: "In 1964, our customer Volkswagen was initially as skeptical as pretty much every automaker that we had tried to convince of the merits of our innovative injection system."
It was a little too unorthodox and at that point, no similar mass-produced system had yet proved its worth. As Scholl recalls, "automakers had to take a certain risk."
Testing an L-Jetronic injection valve at the Technical Center Schwieberdingen/Germany, around 1980
On September 14, 1967, Bosch unveiled the electronically controlled "Jetronic" at the International Motor Show (IAA) in Frankfurt. It was initially marketed in the United States, owing to the strict new emissions standards in the important Californian market. It took a while for automotive customers in Europe and Asia to follow suit. A Jetronic-equipped VW 1600 debuted in Germany in June 1968, but the mark-up on the car's basic 6,000 price tag was a hefty 600 German marks. Not surprisingly, very few customers ordered the car with this technology, despite the reviews praising the way it improved engine operation. Emissions standards in Europe were yet to cause problems for engines featuring conventional carburetor technology.
However, other manufacturers identified two additional key benefits of Jetronic – lower gasoline consumption and the potential for boosting engine performance. This led automakers such as BMW, Citroen, Jaguar, Lancia, Mercedes-Benz, Opel, Renault, Saab, and Volvo to fit this Bosch technology in some of their top-of-the-range models from 1969 on.
The repercussions
Wall chart from 1971. This chart describes how D-Jetronic works.
Some customers in the automotive industry were not yet sure whether this was really the way forward. Even at Bosch, there were proponents of mechanically controlled injection systems. To be able to supply both kinds of technology, the successor systems developed by Bosch included K-Jetronic, a mechanical counterpart to the electronic L-Jetronic. Both debuted in 1973. In the years that followed, this led to something of an inter-departmental tug of war, with considerably more mechanical systems being sold at first. In the end, electronic gasoline injection won out due to more stringent emissions legislation worldwide.
This legislation meant that catalytic converters were needed to reduce emissions, and this in turn called for additional electronic systems such as the lambda control. The latter regulates the ratio of air and exhaust gas in a combustion engine, ensuring that fuel is burned as cleanly as possible. Mechanical systems were only able to achieve this, if at all, with increasing effort, which soon grew out of hand. The inclusion of both injection and ignition systems in the Motronic digital engine management system, which Bosch unveiled in 1979, finally gave electronics the upper hand in air-fuel mixture technology.
Successors
Jetronic's successors can also be found in contemporary cars. This pioneering technology thus prepared the ground for new standards. What's more, Jetronic was the starting shot for the success of electronic systems, without which automotive electronics would be nowhere near as significant today.
Drivers' confidence in electronic management systems such as common rail, ABS, airbag control, and parking assistants would certainly not have been won so quickly without Jetronic paving the way.
Working space for testing the performance of a Jetronic or Motronic ECU, 1983
Dietrich Kuhlgatz
Since 1998 I have been at Bosch. I am deputy head of the Historical Communications department, working as spokesperson and researcher. I am in charge of product history requests, take care of contacts to technology and transportation museums, and I am in charge of history-related topics in Asia Australia, and Africa.
Before joining Bosch, I studied in history and philosophy at Universities of Konstanz and Hamburg. After graduating, I was editor of a scientific journal and research associate at Deutsches Technikmuseum Berlin.
History History products


Gut microflora may facilitate adaptation to anthropic habitat: A comparative study in .
Title Gut microflora may facilitate adaptation to anthropic habitat: A comparative study in .
Anthropophilic species ("commensal" species) that are completely dependent upon anthropic habitats experience different selective pressures particularly in terms of food than their noncommensal counterparts. Using a next-generation sequencing approach, we characterized and compared the gut microflora community of 53 commensal and 59 noncommensal captured in 10 locations in the Western Ghats, India. We observed that, while species identity was important in characterizing the microflora communities of the two hosts, environmental factors also had a significant effect. While there was significant geographic variation in the microflora of the noncommensal , there was no effect of geographic distance on gut microflora of the commensal . Interestingly, host genetic distance did not significantly influence the community in either hosts. Collectively, these results indicate that a shift in habitat is likely to result in a change in the gut microflora community and imply that the gut microflora is a complex trait, influenced by various parameters in different habitats.


Rose Blanche Area Code is 709 and Time Zone is Newfoundland (GMT -03:30).
Rose Blanche Postal Code is a six-character string that forms part of a postal address in Canada. Like British and Dutch postcodes, Rose Blanche - NL postal codes are alphanumeric.
If you want to send a mail to Rose Blanche City, you should use the corresponding Postal Code.


text:
void
lotsOfArgs
(
  int firstArg,
  int secondArg,
  int thirdArg,
  int fourthArg
)
{
  printf ("First: %d Second: %d Third: %d Fourth: %d.\n",
          firstArg,
          secondArg,
          thirdArg,
          fourthArg);
}

int
modifyInt(int incoming)
{
  return incoming % 2;
}

int
main (int argc, char **argv)
{
  if (argc > 0)
    {
      int var_makes_block = argc + 1;
      printf ("Break here to try targetted stepping.\n");
      lotsOfArgs(var_makes_block,
                 modifyInt(20),
                 30,
                 modifyInt(40));
      printf ("Done calling lotsOfArgs.");
    }
  printf ("All done.\n");
  return 0;
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Tidbits - Aug. 30, 2018 - Reader Comments: Trump Above the Law?; Supporters Still Believers; Medicare for All, Free College Wildly Popular; Silent Sam Falls; David McReynolds; Puerto Rico; Far Right in Government-Reports from Europe; and more...
Reader Comments: Trump Above the Law?; Supporters Still Believers; Medicare for All, Free College Wildly Popular; Silent Sam Falls; David McReynolds; Puerto Rico; Spike Lee' BlacKkKlansman; Far Right in Government - Free Resource; Announcements;
August 30, 2018 Portside
Tidbits - Reader Comments, Resources and Announcements - Aug. 30, 2018, Portside
Re: Is Donald Trump Above the Law? (Tom Trumper; Victor Villariny)
Re: Trump Wants to Ban Flipping Because He Is Almost Literally a Mob Boss (Joe Maizilsh)
Re: Why Trump Supporters Believe He Is Not Corrupt (Myrna L Munich; Cliff Gulliver)
Sewer Rats -- cartoon by Rob Rogers
Re: Medicare for All and Free College Tuition Are Wildly Popular Policies (Angel Soto Rosado; Herb Baron; Eric Swanson; Sean Stoltz; Stephen Garlick)
Re: The Dramatic Fall of Silent Sam, UNC's Confederate Monument (Walter Riley; Richard Lee Deaton)
Notorious `Silent Sam' Statue Toppled in North Carolina-What Are the Next Steps? (Kali Holloway - Independent Media Institute)
Re: 1968 protests at Columbia University Called Attention to 'Gym Crow' and Got Worldwide Attention (Daniel Millstone)
Re: David McReynolds, Socialist Activist Who Ran for President, Dies at 88 (Mike Munk)
Remembering David McReynolds (War Resisters League; Judith Mahoney Pasternak)
Re: In Memoriam: Samir Amin (Mike Liston; Jason Schulman)
Re: Review: Spike Lee's `BlacKkKlansman' Journeys Into White America's Heart of Darkness (Dan Jordan; David Berger)
Re: The 52 state strategy: The case of Puerto Rico (Joseph Jamison)
Re: Catholic Sexual Abuse Partly Caused by Secrecy and Mandatory Celibacy, Report Finds (Lydia Brady)
Book Giveaway: "The Far Right in Government. Six Cases From Across Europe" (Rosa Luxemburg Stiftung - New York Office)
Building Our Collective Power Summit: Community Wellness and Defense - Washington, DC - September 8 (Justice For Muslims Collective)
Hurricane Maria Hit Puerto Rico One Year Ago - Community Gathering - New York - September 20
7th Annual LaborFest Hawaii - Honolulu - September 21 (LaborFest Hawai'i)
NYC Troublemakers School - September 29 (Labor Notes)
Re: Is Donald Trump Above the Law?
No but the GOP congress refuses to do their duty. They want their Supreme Court stacked against the middle class before they take any action.
Tom Trumper
Posted on Portside's Facebook page
I believe that he should be indicted for these crimes for the simple reason that they were committed before he became president, contrary to other cases were the crimes were committed by a sitting president. He should not have the benefit of shielding himself behind the office he holds now. There is no precedent for this situation and is a good opportunity to make this matter clear so it doesn't happens again. I'm not a lawyer, but that's the way I see it.
Victor Villariny
Re: Trump Wants to Ban Flipping Because He Is Almost Literally a Mob Boss
Trump accidentally and defensively made more sense than he likely intended: "There are a lot of killers. You think our country's so innocent?" Sure, that was one of the tactics he learned in his childhood in a tyrannical household and honed throughout his career, a reflex to deflect criticism of him for his association with Putin by appealing to the U.S. public's supposed acceptance of whatever the U.S.A. has done as not being so bad as to interfere with the image of purity and strength with which the public has been trained to identify. Accidental as it likely was, it reminds us that much U.S. domestic and international behavior accords with the crime syndicate moral code the article says Trump is showing. To quote just a part of retired Gen. Smedley Butler's 1933 acknowledgment:
"There isn't a trick in the racketeering bag that the military gang is blind to. It has its 'finger men' to point out enemies, its 'muscle men' to destroy enemies, its 'brain men' to plan war preparations, and a 'Big Boss' Super-Nationalistic-Capitalism."
Thus Donald Trump is an appropriate representative of that part of the U.S. past and ongoing traditions, though not one of the generally more publicly polite representatives who reach his office.
Most Portside readers know we have other parts of the tradition on which to stand.
Joe Maizilsh, Los Angeles
Re: Why Trump Supporters Believe He Is Not Corrupt
Excellent article about the hidden agenda of 45 supporters
Myrna L Munich
More doublespeak. Corruption means corruption not some opposition to an individuals rights. He is corrupt and has always been. They are bigots and have always been. They don't get a pass or another excuse simply because they decide that words have no real meaning.
Cliff Gulliver
Rob Rogers
RobRobers.com
Re: Medicare for All and Free College Tuition Are Wildly Popular Policies
The number of Americans who want to eliminate the private insurance industry and replace it with a single universal public program has more than tripled in just four years.
Angel Soto Rosado
If only people understood..insurance companies MUST make a profit. Their profit..you pay for. Yes there are issues with universal health care..but damn, you don't lose your house, your retirement savings.
Herb Baron
You can have it if you are willing to do the opposite of Reaganomics for a decade.
Only way to make healthcare for all and free tuition education is to remove the profits...
Sean Stoltz
You pay more for healthcare which covers fewer citizens. U.S. healthcare is far more expensive than Medicare in other countries. All first World countries have it. No country with it is trying to get rd of it. P.S., apostrophes are free. Try using them.
Stephen Garlick
Re: The Dramatic Fall of Silent Sam, UNC's Confederate Monument
Good riddance to this vial symbol of white racists bigots! Well done my friends!
Walter Riley
Drive Old Dixie down, and bury it.
Richard Lee Deaton
Notorious `Silent Sam' Statue Toppled in North Carolina-What Are the Next Steps?
By Kali Holloway
Independent Media Institute
It took more than a century for "Silent Sam," a Confederate monument to white supremacy at UNC-Chapel Hill, to be removed from its pedestal. Students, faculty and other local activists have been calling for the monument's removal since the 1960s, and spent the last few years navigating a byzantine legal labyrinth to bring the statue down. Unmoved by appeals to either decency or morality, the university and other North Carolina officials did nothing, and the monument to those who fought for black chattel slavery stood for 105 years. On August 20, community anger and outrage boiled over and protesters pulled the monument down.
In recent months, the Make It Right Project bought billboards, designed posters, and published articles to help support activist efforts and educate the public about the violent racist history of the monument. Sam may finally truly be silent, but there are questions that still remain. Will there be efforts by UNC or state officials to further incense the issue and potentially put public safety at risk by resurrecting a tangible ode to white supremacy? Should the pedestal remain and, if so, what genuinely deserving figure should be honored with a new statue? Where should the statue go and how should it now be handled?
We plan to continue supporting the work of activists and contributing to Chapel Hill's anti-racist movement and restorative justice process to answer these questions with an eye toward social justice and equity.
Silent Sam is one of the 10 original statues targeted by the Make It Right Project. Click here to learn more about the other unwanted Confederate memorials.
[Kali Holloway is the director of Make It Right, a project of the Independent Media Institute. Silent Sam is one of the 10 original statues targeted by the Make It Right Project. Click here to learn more about the other unwanted Confederate memorials.]
Make It Right is a project of the Independent Media Institute
18 West 21st Street, Suite 901
Re: 1968 protests at Columbia University Called Attention to 'Gym Crow' and Got Worldwide Attention
Like many actions during 1968, the Columbia Strike was filled with complex unity and division. Stefan Bradley, here, recounts much of this quite clearly. Of course, there's more but this is very good. Thanks to Portside for the link.
Daniel Millstone
Re: David McReynolds, Socialist Activist Who Ran for President, Dies at 88
I first met David in the early 60s when I worked at the old National Guardian and he stood out to me as a rare leftist who included all the organized parties and sectarian grouplets as members of the broader radical community. We argued and agreed over the years in person and in print but remained in touch to the end.
David remains a model for radicals in our time.
Mike Munk
Remembering David McReynolds
It's with heavy hearts we announce our longtime friend + comrade David McReynolds recently passed at the age of 88. From 1960 to 1999, as a member of WRL staff, David was instrumental to the vision of building a demilitarized world through revolutionary nonviolence. A committed socialist and pacifist, David organized some of the first draft burnings, ran for President as a socialist twice, and held weekly dinners every Friday at his home in New York City's East Village. David's family and friends are planning a memorial in the weeks to come.
As WRL reflects on David's life and legacy, heading into our 95th year of radically resisting war, we're humbled and grateful for the kind of politic David brought to our movement + organizational spaces. To make a gift to WRL in David's honor, click here. To write a message of remembrance for David in our 95th Anniversary program journal, click here.
Below is an excerpt about David's life written by Judith Mahoney Pasternak. You can continue reading the piece in full here.
Above Photo: Ed Hedemann
A Death in the Family: David McReynolds, Pacifist, Socialist, Ailurophile
By Judith Mahoney Pasternak
War Resisters League
A great force for a peaceful world left the planet when WRL's—and the nation's—David McReynolds, who for decades was the best-known voice of American radical pacifism, died August 17 of injuries from a fall in his East Village home. He was 88 and had spent almost 40 years on the staff of the War Resisters League as a self-described "movement bureaucrat." He ran for the presidency, for Congress, and for the Senate, traveled the world promoting nonviolent resistance, wrote one book and innumerable articles, memos and pamphlets, came out as gay long before most people in public life did, and documented the movements of his time in indelible photographs. He was one of the last (and youngest) of a heroic generation of pacifists who resisted war and militarism between World War II and the Vietnam War and went on to help forge a vibrant peace movement in the aftermath of the wars.
Born in 1929 into a comfortable Baptist family in Los Angeles, David early on evinced his commitment to pacifism and Marxism, saying much later that he "didn't see how one could be one without being the other." Equally apparent by his adolescence, if not before, were the outsize contradictions that would characterize his adult life. A tall, gangling teenager, aware of his homosexuality from the age of ten and, as he later wrote, "haunted" by it, in high school he joined the World Fellowship Club to oppose U.S. Cold War policies. (It may have been that early that the FBI began keeping the files on him, 400 pages of which he later acquired via the Freedom of Information Act.) A few years later, at UCLA, he became, of all things, a proponent of, and propagandist for, temperance with the youth branch of the Prohibition Party.
Please continue reading here.
Re: In Memoriam: Samir Amin
Thanks for this, I'd been reading articles from Comrade Amin for years, but knew little of his background,
Mike Liston
I must dissent regarding the celebration of Samir Amin. Most of the time, politically, he was wrong. Very wrong. For sharp critiques of Amin, I recommend these writings:
The Universality of Marx
Samir Amin's Russian Campist Anti-Imperialism
Jason Schulman
Re: Review: Spike Lee's `BlacKkKlansman' Journeys Into White America's Heart of Darkness
(posting on Portside Culture)
Saw it yesterday. A bit polemic, it has to be. But absolutely a must see movie.
Dan Jordan
Cops are not heroes of the struggle against racism: not now; not then.
David Berger
Re: The 52 state strategy: The case of Puerto Rico
It was disgraceful for Portside to post this dreadful pro-colonialism article, falsely dressed up as "progressive." The article subordinates the freedom struggle of the Puerto Rican nation to alleged possible "good consequences" of Puerto Rican statehood for US party politics. ( more Democrats will be elected). Let's set aside, for now, a debate about that dubious benefit. Support for independence for Puerto Rico ought to be a litmus test for the US Left. Portside flunked the test.
Joseph Jamison
Re: Catholic Sexual Abuse Partly Caused by Secrecy and Mandatory Celibacy, Report Finds
Protect your children from all religious leaders. Don't leave them alone with your children.
Lydia Brady
Book Giveaway: "The Far Right in Government. Six Cases From Across Europe"
It's our pleasure to present RLS–NYC's latest book, The Far Right in Government. Six Cases From Across Europe. Around the globe, far-right politicians have risen to the highest ranks of world power. This new study takes a closer look at six countries—Hungary, Poland, Turkey, Denmark, Norway, and Austria—to understand what the far right has done to make such headway in recent years. We hope these analyses will provide the democratic left with insights to help fight the rise of these authoritarian forces, in Europe and elsewhere.
This book is available for free, like all of our materials. If you are teaching a class or are part of a reading group that is interested in this publication, all you have to do is fill out this form and we'll send you copies.
You can also find a PDF of this book on our website, available for download:
in English -- auf Deutsch
The Rosa Luxemburg Stiftung is an internationally-operating, progressive non-profit institution for civic education.
ROSA LUXEMBURG STIFTUNG - NEW YORK OFFICE
275 Madison Avenue, Suite 2114 New York, NY 10016
info.nyc@rosalux.org -- 917-409-1040
Building Our Collective Power Summit: Community Wellness and Defense - Washington, DC - September 8
Given the ongoing attacks against Muslims and other marginalized communities under the current administration, Justice for Muslims Collective developed a healing and wellness program. The program is aimed to address the multiple stresses and collective trauma that the Muslim community is facing in an increasingly Islamophobic political, cultural, and social context, we will be holding an event on September 8th in partnership with Malikah and Heart Women & Girls, titled "Building Our Collective Power Summit: Community Wellness and Defense."
A presentation on Muslim rights in the current political context
Know your rights panel across different issues including immigration and hate crimes
Community wellness sessions including yoga, art therapy, and mental health awareness
Self-defense and empowerment sessions
Resource mapping and sharing for Muslims in the DMV area
Please note that the summit is only open to Muslims and those perceived as Muslims who are impacted by Islamophobia.
Justice For Muslims Collective in partnership with MALIKAH, Heart Women & Girls is organizing a day long wellness summit for Muslim communities in the DMV. The goal of the summit is to focus on Muslims and individuals racialized as Muslims, including individuals who live at the intersections of being Muslim, Black, LGBTQIA+, and disabled. From the Muslim Ban, immigration enforcement and separation policies, increase in police brutality, mass incarceration and attacks on our basic rights, we are holding a summit for the following: Grounding ourselves in an understanding of our rights Practicing Community Wellness (yoga, art, and mental health) Learning Self-Defense Sharing and Naming the Resources We Need Now
The mission of the Justice for Muslims Collective is to combat institutional and structural Islamophobia in the DC metro area through education, grassroots organizing, advocacy, and policy change.
Thursday, September 20 - 6pm -- Union Square
7th Annual LaborFest Hawaii - Honolulu - September 21
LaborFest Hawai'i
NYC Troublemakers School - September 29
Saturday, September 29,
9 a.m. – 4 p.m.
The James Baldwin School,
351 W 18th St, Manhattan (between 8th and 9th Avenues)
New York troublemakers are planning a day of skill-building workshops, education, and strategy discussions to put some movement back in the labor movement.
This school will be a great opportunity for union members, stewards, and activists to share strategies and build the solidarity required in these tough times.
A light breakfast, lunch, and a copy of the Labor Notes book Secrets of a Successful Organizer are included with registration.
Workshops will include:
Secrets of a Successful Organizer
Assertive Grievance Handling
Organizing After Janus
Check back soon for complete listing of workshops, panels and speakers.
For group registrations, please add one registration to your cart, then go into your cart and increase the quantity. After paying, please download and fill out this spreadsheet and email to Labor Notes
If you need a scholarship to cover the cost of registration, please contact Labor Notes at email below.
For more info or help, contact Chris Brooks, 718-284-4144, chris@labornotes.org
Medicare for All
Free College Tuition
Confederate Monuments
Silent Sam
David McReynolds
Spike l
Labor Organizing
labor organizers
Europe Unites in Austerity Protests Against Cuts and Job Losses
Reality of Health Costs - Health-Care Deduction Huge, but What's the Return?
Europe's Perpetual Crisis
Tidbits - Reader Comments and Announcements - February 5, 2013
Trump's NLRB: Employers May Now File Decerts
140 Scholars Implores SF School Board Not to Destroy Historic Mural
Karl Marx Still Tells Us What to Fight For and How
This Artist Painted the Black Radical Response to the George Washington Slaveholder Murals. Here's Why He Stands Against Destroying Them


text:
Q: Refresh my mobile page when someone hits back button or do back swipe This code forwards when hitting back button:
<script type = "text/javascript" >
    function preventBack(){window.history.forward();}
    setTimeout("preventBack()", 0);
    window.onunload=function(){null};
</script>

This back button refresh code works in iOS but not in Android:
<input type="hidden" id="refreshed" value="no">
<script type="text/javascript">
    onload=function(){
        var e=document.getElementById("refreshed");
        if(e.value=="no")e.value="yes";
        else{e.value="no";location.reload();}
    }
</script>

So what I want to know is can we mix both to work in every OS?
Can we implement any of these to first prevent back code to make it refresh?
    window.location.href = window.location.href; //This is a possibility
    window.location.reload(); //Another possiblity
    history.go(0); //And another