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Orthodoxy in Russia Today and a Vision For the Future
[Below are two significant recently written articles about the present state oof Orthdoxy in Russia and a very interesting interview with Meropolitan Hilarion regarding how the hierarchs plan to restore a more educated and pious phronema among the Russian people to help them distinguish their Orthodoxy from their ethnicity. Though great strides have been accomplished in this endeavor over the past twenty years since the fall of Communism, there is still an enormous amount of work that needs to be done. -J.S.]
Russian Orthodoxy: Ethnic or Religious Identity?
Berlin, Germany - "I am Russian and so I am Orthodox." The sociologist Natalia Zorkaia, from the NGO Levada Center, thus summarizes the results of research conducted among the population of the Federation entitled "Religion and Religiosity in Russia." It notes that over 72% of people claim to be Orthodox, but only 3% go to church at least once a week. A high percentage loosely follows the precepts of their faith.
The research, commissioned by the Catholic organisation Renovabis, was born of a desire to "observe the return of the religious phenomenon in Eastern Europe and nothing more," says Christopher Dam representative of the organisation that is based in Berlin. Zorkaia says that, interviews from a sample group of 1600 people showed that "Orthodoxy in contemporary Russia is a form of ethnic identity rather than religious conviction."
The figures, presented in late June at a press conference in Berlin, show that 72.6% of respondents stated they were Orthodox and only 7.3% claimed to be atheist. People, who claim to belong to other Christian groups, including Catholicism, count for 1.2%, while Judaism, Islam and Buddhism count for 6.3% of respondents.
The Levada Center research shows that among those who consider themselves Orthodox only 42% say they believe in "unconditionally" God. The survey also notes that of these 55% attend church on the occasion of major celebrations, only 3% visited every week while 12% never go to church. Data regarding the rules and precepts of the faith, such as fasting, confession and prayer, reveals a similar breakdown in percentages.
Hegumen Filipp, professor of Church History at the State University Mgu Moscow, says that the results of research show that "people come to church with their own superstitions and they try to make them a part of church life." The project promoted by Renovabis has aided understanding of the development of the religious phenomenon since the end of the prohibitions of the Soviet era. With regard to the orthodoxy in particular, it covers the period under Patriarch Alexei II.
For Filipp this snapshot of the situation sets out a future task both for the Orthodox clergy and for the leaders of other religions in the country. The Professor, who participated in drawing up the questionnaire, considers training of the clergy to be a vital element. Proper education of the people entrusted with the leadership of the different communities of believers is the only way to raise a genuine religious experience among the laity and greater awareness of the meaning of their faith.
Russian Orthodox Church: The Phoenix is Reborn
Andrei Zolotov
Growing up in 1970s Moscow, I had a nanny who had lived in our family for 45 years. She died in 1981, when she was 93 and I was 13. Like most Soviet people, my family was not religious.
My grandfather prided himself in becoming an atheist in pre-revolutionary Russia and refusing to attend the Orthodox doctrine class at school. It scandalised his father, a priest's son turned high-ranking civil engineer.
Orthodox belief on the rise In Soviet Russia, it was a norm enforced by persecution, education and all-encopassing atheistic propaganda. But my nanny, Yevdokiya Frolova, was different.
She was a nun. After her convent was closed in 1927, like all of her sisters she spent time in a labour camp. Unlike many, she survived and ended up serving four generations of our family selflessly and lovingly, quietly maintaining a rigorous monastic discipline of strict fasting, daily prayers and regular church attendance.
Thanks to my nanny, for me it has always been the Russian church, the church of my ancestors, which somehow had an existence in this world parallel to the Soviet reality.
But much had to happen before it became a faith of my own: an appreciation for the Russian liturgical music and icons; the 1988 celebration of the Millennium of Christianity in Russia, when the church was let into public life; a trip to the US as a student, where I met a prominent emigre Russian priest, Protopresbyter Alexander Kiselev.
Ultimately, it all came into one with my baptism into to the Orthodox church - my faith in God, the immense beauty and profound meaning of Orthodox liturgy and belonging to my family's and my nation's past and present, to the Russian civilisation as a part of the European civilisation, to the whole world around and, hopefully, to God's kingdom.
Ask any Russian, and you will likely hear a similar story. It will rarely be a happy, conclusive or coherent one. Many would simply see Orthodox Christianity as a "Russian faith", but not know much about Jesus, our brothers and sisters around the world or the basic doctrine.
Others see no contradiction between declaring themselves Orthodox, going once in a while to a church to light a candle and, at the same time, reading horoscopes or keeping a lover.
There would be quite a few whose Orthodoxy equals nationalism and those who see the Orthodox church as a medieval force isolating Russia. There would be people from all over the political spectrum and every possible ethnic background or social strata.
Alas, only about one tenth of them in big cities and an even smaller percentage in small towns and rural areas would be regular churchgoers. These stories, told and untold, would be diverse, but would have something in common.
There would usually be a grandmother, or a nanny, or another who managed to keep the faith through Soviet times. There would be the painful identity search: "Where do I come from?" or "Where are we going?"
There would be an occasional bow before the beauty of Orthodox ritual and art - often without understanding. There would be that prettiest building with domes in town, once destroyed, now rebuilt.
There would be a major disappointment with the government and political institutions, placing the church as a beacon of hope and an object of trust. There would be the wise patriarch on television and a local bishop, an influential figure in the region.
There would be uncertainty over the changing world and the institution, seemingly the same over centuries and even millennia. There would also be a lack of knowledge about the church and its teaching and a spread of superstition.
Or the uncomfortable realisation that, once you finally join the church, you'd have to change your life. So it's easier to hang around maintaining a sense of belonging, but not straining oneself too much.
At the turn of the 1980s and 1990s, getting baptised became fashionable and we dreamt of a church that would bring morality and morale to a divided nation in crisis.
The church, in turn, saw the opportunity to rebuild its infrastructure, banking on its status of a national symbol and a state willing to repent for past sins.
The late Patriarch left the church much stronger than he received it in 1990. But although the programme of rebuilding has been fulfilled, the programme of changing society has not.
If the venerable institution wants to be relevant, if it wants to narrow the gap between the two thirds of nominal Orthodox Christians and single percentage points of practising ones, much needs to be done in the field of mission, education and social ministry.
This is the mandate of Patriarch Kirill - the church's most outspoken and dynamic leader.
At his installation in February, Kirill said: "The witness to the truth and beauty of Orthodoxy can be received and accepted only when people clearly understand the meaning of this witness for their private, family and public life and learn to connect the eternal divine words with the realities of daily life, with its concerns, joys and sorrows."
Well, that's like my nanny did.
By the way - There IS God!
Russian Hour TV channel will adorn 25 London buses with posters reading: "There IS God. Don't worry. Enjoy life!" The campaign is in response to adverts that read: "There is probably no God. Now stop worrying and enjoy your life."
Alexander Korobko, head of Russian Hour, says the campaign was approved by the Russian Orthodox church in London and in Moscow.
"With tough times here and the ongoing crisis-mood mongering, people need to brace themselves and find some positive stimulus in life," says Mr Korobko.
A Mission in the World
An Interview by Archbishop Hilarion of Volokolamsk to Expert Magazine
Issue No. 23 (661) 15 June 2009
http://www.mospat.ru/index.php?page=45199
- Your Eminence, one hundred days have passed since the enthronement of Patriarch Kirill of Moscow and All Russia. What has changed in church society relations since? Have any new tendencies emerged?
- Ascended to the throne of the Moscow Patriarchate is a man who has been known for many years as a missionary and enlightener. He has long been in active cooperation with all parts of the civil society, conducting a TV program of his own and making regular appearances in the print media. Even before he was
elected Patriarch, he was known and loved by millions of Russian Orthodox faithful throughout the world. He has gained authority in broad public circles. A unique experience Metropolitan Kirill accumulated during his work at the Department for External Church Relations and through his close cooperation with the late Patriarch Alexy II has fully prepared him for the new role he assumed upon his election to the Moscow Patriarchal throne. But the most important thing is that he is a man who is absolutely committed to the Church; there is no private agenda for him. He has put down all his abilities and talents at the feet of Christ, as St. Gregory the Theologian put it.
Patriarch Kirill's enthronement has given a new impetus to the entire complex of relations between the Church and the world external to it. Patriarch Kirill tends to issue challenges to the clergy and the whole Church in a very tough and clear way. At the same time, he is a church leader not only because of his position but also by virtue of his personality. He can inspire people, mobilizing them to a more pro-active missionary and educational work.
- In your view, what are essentially the changes introduced by the Patriarch?
- Our problem is that we are still lacking in bridges linking Orthodox parishes to the outside world.
Actually what happens to a person who enters an Orthodox church for the first time out of curiosity or inner dissatisfaction or in search for the truth? Nobody will touch him at best. He will be given an opportunity to stand and listen to the service, to look around, etc. But, coming in touch with God's grace and church atmosphere, he may come to feel something. And he will come again and, later, again. Then he will begin searching for books. In this way, gradually, through self-education, he will get involved in the life of the Church. It is a very long and not easy way. A person will have to surmount his own numerous barriers separating him from the church world – barriers psychological, cultural and linguistic.
At worst a newcomer coming to a church from the street will encounter ordinary rudeness. He would be scolded by the babushka who serves behind the candle box. She would condemn him for making the sign of the cross in a wrong way, for standing at a wrong place, for wearing wrong clothes, etc. And after coming to church two or three times, the person will lose any interest in coming back.
We have to break down this mechanism of alienating people from the Church or expecting indifferently that they will come and surmount all the barriers on their own. We should create such a system as to help people without much church experience to get involved in church life gradually. The resources of clergy alone are insufficient to do it. We need active lay people. Our task is to mobilize the laity for pro-active missionary and educational work. I do not mean that this work is absent altogether. It certainly exists. There are many people who work in this area, helping the clergy to bring people to God. But we need a completely different scale of this work.
- Is there a gap emerging now between the Patriarch's rhetoric and the real work of parish priests?
- Much depends here on the personality of the priest and the ruling bishop. If the missionary spirit coming from the Patriarch is not taken up properly, if lay people and clergy rely on the proposition that `we bear witness to the truth of Orthodoxy by the very fact of our existence', then I believe the task of bringing new people to the Church will be unfeasible. This proposition is usually put forward to counterbalance Protestant and sectarian preachers. Indeed, we do not go from door to door inviting people persistently to come to church. That is to say, we do not use aggressive and importunate methods of mission. But it does not mean that we must simply sit and wait doing nothing until people themselves come to us. If the apostles had settled down in the Cenacle after the Resurrection of Christ in the belief that they `bore witness to Christ by the very fact of their existence', I am afraid Christianity would have died in the first generation. But the Saviour's disciples went out to the world and this predetermined the universal triumph of Christianity in the world.
- The Patriarch's recent meetings with young people – is it an attempt to point to new ways of developing church-society relations?
- The Patriarch sets an example to the whole Church. But a single person is not sufficient to carry out the truly titanic work that is necessary for a real initiation of society to the Church. It is very important that the missionary imperative be felt deeply and accepted on other levels, those of bishops, priests, lay people and monastics. The Patriarch's call to pro-active stand in life and to dynamic preaching of Christ and Christian moral values should inspire all members of the Church.
- Today there is a lot of youth movements who march streets with slogans calling, say, `to rebuff' homosexuals. Participants in such actions claim to be Orthodox. Are they `those active lay people' whom the Church needs?
- No. Active does not mean aggressive. Active is a person for whom faith in Christ stands first and who builds his life on the basis of Christian values. An active lay person is inspired by the religious ideal not only within church walls but also in everyday life and seeks to build it in accordance with the gospel's law. He should not be necessarily a missionary in the purely technical sense, walking around and preaching. He must first of all bear witness to Christ by his way of life, his actions and his good works. `In the same way, let your light shine before men, that they may see your good works and glorify your Father in heaven' (Mt. 5:16) – these words of Christ were addressed to all Christians, who are called to become the salt of the earth and the light of the world (cf. Mt. 5:13-14).
An aggressive stand however is completely inappropriate for the Church. We should struggle with sin in all its manifestations, but first of all in ourselves and only after that in people around us. It is certainly easier to struggle with sin in others than in ourselves. We must and can help our neighbours and generally people around us, doing it in the first place through our own example and way of life.
The Church states very clearly that sin is sin. The Church is against accepting sin as a norm. But we should not be hostile to people leading sinful life, because sin, from the Christian point of view, is an illness. And we should treat such people as ill, that is, be compassionate and tolerant towards them. We should struggle with sin but be compassionate to a sinner. Compassion does not consist either in saying to an ill person that he is healthy and does not need any treatment or in prescribing medicines to him. On the contrary, compassion consists precisely in calling an illness and illness, in making the right diagnosis and proposing medical assistance. In this lies the mission of the Church. John Chrysostom described the Church as a spiritual hospital. The Church is a place to which people come for healing. Our task is to heal the spiritual illnesses of individuals and society, doing it by no means in an aggressive way.
- How do you plan to develop a system of church education? Indeed, it makes it possible to train clergy capable of carrying out a more active work with the world, on the one hand, and secular and religious education come in little contact professionally, on the other...
- There was a hot debate in the Church about whether theological schools should be accredited to ensure that their graduation certificates are recognized by the state. The opponents of accreditation made this case: if our diplomas are recognized by the state, then our seminarians will not join the clergy but upon graduation will rather go into the world. I would give this response to this: if a person does not want to join the clergy, he will not do it anyway, be his diploma recognized or not. But if a person is a theological graduate, say, from St. Tikhon's Orthodox Humanitarian Institute, and becomes not a priest but an active layman, for instance, a minister or a cultural worker, what's wrong with it? The Church should enlighten the whole world. And the task of theological education is to cultivate people who would become the salt of the earth – in parishes or in administrative offices. These are people who should be present in various spheres of public life and in various walks of life and should be missionaries as the apostles were.
Because of this polemic a decision on the accreditation of theological schools was actually postponed for a few years. It is only now, with the coming of a new Patriarch, that this work has been fully resumed and I hope it will succeed.
It is my conviction that we should expand the framework of church education and should not to be afraid that people we cultivate do not become priests standing at the altar but become secular specialists with a good theological education, serving the Church in their own way in their own field. These people will become our, if you will, `agents of influence' in the world and they will help to bring Christian moral values to those sectors of society which may not be directly reached by the preaching and mission of the clergy.
- What is your view of the Church-State relations as they were before the 1917 Revolution? Today there is a popular nostalgia for those times as a certain ideal...
- If it were all so good in the pre-revolution Church, people would not fall away from it en masse in the revolutionary and post-revolutionary period. Perhaps there would be no revolution at all. It seems to me that the cause of the spiritual crisis that led to the revolution is very well exposed by Protopresbyter George Shavelsky in his memoirs. He was the leader of the army clergy; he was close to the tsar's family and met personally with the tsar. He knew the Church very well at its every level. His memoirs represent essentially a selection of facts. They point to an enormous spiritual decay that existed both in the Church and the Russian state. He shows a great distance which separated the tsar's family and the people in spite of the ardent love they had for the people and desire to become akin to them and to understand them. He shows a gap that existed between the Church and its supreme leaders, on the one hand, and the real world, on the other. Certainly, there were many positive things in the pre-revolutionary status of the Church in the state. But on no account we should try to restore the pre-revolution situation today. We should create a new model of church-state relations to exclude those negative things in church and public life which had led to the revolution.
- Today the liberal part of society maintains that the state becomes ecclesiastical and inclined towards Orthodoxy as almost a state religion. But isn't there a different tendency acting up, when the Orthodox Church is leaning against the state? Don't you see here a threat as to the ability of the Church to have an independent existence and independent policy?
- In my view, nobody is leaning against anybody today, either the Church against the State or the State against the Church. There is separation between Church and State, which is reflected both on legal and political levels. The state does not interfere in the internal life of the Church. The Church does not participate in political struggle, nor does it support any particular party. The Church is open to relations with all. Any political figure, be he etatist or oppositionist, can be a member of the Church.
I do not think the state runs the risk to become clerical, while the Church state-run. But at the same time it should be taken into account that the popular term `multiconfessional state', which is often used in Russia, fails to point to the obvious reality that most of people in Russia belong to the Russian Orthodox Church, even if they are not regular church-goers. About 80 percent of citizens in Russia identify themselves with the Orthodox Church. It means that the Russian Church is a majority religion. At the same time there are millions of people in Russia who belong to other confessions or profess no religion. We should respect and be friends with all. We should create a common cultural space. It should not be forgotten that it was the Orthodox Church that made a decisive influence through centuries on the formation of the spiritual identity of Russia and the Russian people.
- But you cannot deny that there are certain solid ties between the Church and the State.
- The Church and the State have very many common tasks with regard first of all to the spiritual and material welfare of our citizens. There are tasks which cannot be done single-handed, for instance, the population problem. It cannot be solved only through material benefits or TV public service advertising. What is needed here are joint efforts of the State and the Church. And when I am speaking of the Church I refer to the Church's cooperation with traditional religious confessions. In this regard, representatives of traditional religious confessions have very close and sometimes even identical views.
- Patriarch Kirill's recent remarks about the victory in the Great Patriotic War have provoked rather harsh criticism coming also from those close to the authorities. The Patriarch was criticized for seeing the victory as a miracle, while the war hardships as retribution for apostasy. The Patriarch was also criticized for underestimating the role of Stalin and the Bolsheviks. To which extent are you ready to oppose this criticism?
- I am ready to oppose it and so much as to provoke a wave of criticism against myself by stating my own view of Stalin. I believe that Stalin was a monster, a spiritual cripple who created a horrible anti-humane system of governance built on lies, violence and terror. He unleashed genocide against his own people and is personally responsible for the death of millions of innocent people. In this respect Stalin is quite like Hitler. Both brought so much grief into this world that no military or political successes can redeem their guilt before humanity. There is no essential difference between the Butovo firing ground and Buchenwald, between GULAG and Hitler's system of death camps. And the number of victims of Stalin's repression is quite comparable with our losses in the Great Patriotic War.
The victory in the Great Patriotic War was really a miracle because Stalin did before the war all that was possible to destroy the country. He eliminated the whole army top leadership and by his mass repression put once a powerful country on the brink of survival. When a census was carried out in 1937, it was found the country was a dozen of millions of people short. Where did these millions vanish? They were eliminated by Stalin. The country entered the war almost bleeding white. But despite all the flagrant repression, the people showed unprecedented heroism. It cannot be called other than miracle. The victory in that war is a victory of the people who showed the greatest will of resistance. The miracle of victory in the war is a great manifestation of our people's fortitude which could be crushed by neither Stalin nor Hitler.
Posted by John Sanidopoulos at 12:22:00 PM
Labels: Orthodoxy in Russia


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biblical figure
Alternative Titles: Gedeon, Jerobaal, Jerubbaal
Gideon, also spelled Gedeon, also called Jerubbaal, or Jerobaal, a judge and hero-liberator of Israel whose deeds are described in the Book of Judges. The author apparently juxtaposed two traditional accounts from his sources in order to emphasize Israel's monotheism and its duty to destroy idolatry. Accordingly, in one account Gideon led his clansmen of the tribe of Manasseh in slaying the Midianites, a horde of desert raiders; but, influenced by the cult of his adversaries, he fashioned an idolatrous image from the booty and induced Israel into immorality. In the parallel version he replaced the idol and altar of the local deity Baal with the worship of Yahweh, the God of Israel, who consequently inspired Gideon and his clan to destroy the Midianites and their chiefs as a sign of Yahweh's supremacy over Baal. The story is also important for showing the development of a monarchy in Israel under Gideon's son Abimelech.
biblical literature: The roles of Deborah, Gideon, and Jephthah
…important other than Samuel, was Gideon, whose exploits are related in chapters 6–8. The oppressors of Israel during the time of Gideon were the camel-borne raiders from Midian, roving bands that pillaged the farms and unfortified villages for seven years. A prophet appeared among the Israelites and denounced them for…
Manasseh
…the tribe of Manasseh was Gideon, a fearless warrior who served as judge for 40 years.…
Religion, human beings' relation to that which they regard as holy, sacred, absolute, spiritual, divine, or worthy of especial reverence. It is also commonly regarded as consisting of the way people deal with ultimate concerns about their lives and their fate after death. In many traditions, this…
Related Biographies

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


595,984 is an even composite number composed of two prime numbers multiplied together.
595984 is an even composite number. It is composed of two distinct prime numbers multiplied together. It has a total of fifteen divisors.
See below for interesting mathematical facts about the number 595984 from the Numbermatics database.
Cardinal: 595984 can be written as Five hundred ninety-five thousand, nine hundred eighty-four.
595,984 seconds is equal to 6 days, 21 hours, 33 minutes, 4 seconds.
To count from 1 to 595,984 would take you about six days.
A cube with a volume of 595984 cubic inches would be around 7 feet tall.
"Facts about the number 595984". Numbermatics.com. 2019. Web. 25 April 2019.
The information we have on file for 595984 includes mathematical data and numerical statistics calculated using standard algorithms and methods. We are adding more all the time. If there are any features you would like to see, please contact us. Information provided for educational use, intellectual curiosity and fun!
Keywords: Divisors of 595984, math, Factors of 595984, curriculum, school, college, exams, university, STEM, science, technology, engineering, physics, economics, calculator.


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Design & Innovation talk by Phil White
Thursday, November 29, 2018 - 7:00pm to 9:00pm
Phil co-founded Cervelo Cycles with Gerard Vroomen in 1995. (the name Cervélo is a portmanteau of cervello, the Italian word for brain, and vélo, the French word for bike). Over the next ten years it became the engineering leader in the bike industry and, arguably, completed redefined it. With a focus on technical and marketing innovation, Cervelo grew from a garage startup to become the most popular triathlon bike in the world (based on the Ironman bike count) and the most popular bike in pro cycling (based on Cycling News reader polls). Tour Magazine recognized Cervélo as the continued engineering leader when they found it was the fastest bike in every category that they tested- aero road, lightweight road, and TT/triathlon.
Cervélo was the first bike company in decades "to put our money where our mouth is", and drive the sport forward by starting our own pro cycling team - the Cervélo Test Team- which became the #1 ranked team in the world within 6 months. But the Team also innovated in many other areas as well including fan engagement and product development as well as behind the scenes.
After the sale of Cervélo to Pon Holdings in 2012, I stayed with Pon as the non-executive Chairman of Cervélo, and as a Board member & the Chief Innovation Officer of Pon Bike. In July 2017 Phil left his positions at Pon and Cervélo to pursue other adventures in innovation, mobility, and performance.
Phil continue to believe in the power of entrepreneurship, innovation, & design. He has been a guest lecturer on these topics at a variety of Universities and Colleges in Europe and America including, the University of Toronto, Ontario College of Art & Design University, Universities d'Ottawa, and École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL). As well as an advisor and Board member to a number of companies and organizations, and has been a regular guest on various business & technical forums.
115 McCaul Street, 2nd Floor
Phil White
Digital Screen:
Faculty of Design
Read more about Design & Innovation talk by Phil White


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All Over The Map: Long-gone ferry crossings at Orondo and Entiat
Sep 17, 2021, 5:29 AM | Updated: Sep 20, 2021, 2:50 pm
Color postcard of the Orondo ferry, circa 1930. (Public domain)
(Public domain)
BY FELIKS BANEL
Reporting live from Seattle's past
Crossing the Columbia River nowadays – with a few exceptions – requires driving on a bridge, whether at Megler, or Longview, Vancouver, or Vantage, or many other places along the path of the mighty river.
Before many of those bridges were open to vehicle traffic – and even after several of those bridges were already built – a number of small, private ferry crossings were in operation along the Columbia River as late as the 1950s and 1960s. By some estimates, in the pre-bridge heyday of river crossing, there were as many as 50 different ferries on the Columbia in the early years of the 20th century.
One of the ferry crossings that almost lasted to the 1960s was at Orondo. Orondo is upriver from the bridge at Wenatchee and downriver from the bridge at Chelan Falls, and a succession of small ferries were in operation there from the 1890s until New Year's Eve 1959. They served travelers headed through the area, and local farmers moving crops and livestock to market or to alternate grazing areas.
Common sources say that Orondo was named by community founder J.B. Smith in the 1880s for a mythical figure related to copper mining around Lake Superior, though substantive documentation for this is hard to come by.
Vessels used in crossings at places like Orondo were nothing like the huge double-ender ferries that carry passengers and vehicles to places such as Bremerton or Whidbey Island. These small ferries were more like little barges that could carry just a few cars at a time, or perhaps as many as a half-dozen. Many river ferries were connected to cables that ran across the water to the other bank, so that the little boat wouldn't have to fight the current. Some had side-mounted steam-powered paddle wheels, others had stern-mounted propellers. Some early examples were human-powered.
Construction of the Rocky Reach Dam in the early 1960s eventually created Entiat Lake, which inundated the Orondo ferry landing. Around the same time, highway improvements and bridges made profitable operation of small private ferries less practical. Still, some evidence of the old routes remain.
If you look today at Orondo on Google Maps, you can still see the short section of the vehicle path that leads from the main highway down toward the river – and it's helpfully called "Old Ferry Road."
The ferry may be gone, but Orondo is still home to another piece of Northwest history: Auvil Fruit Company. The grower and packer was founded in 1928 by Grady Auvil and his brothers, and is now employee-owned. Grady Auvil lived to be 93 years old, passing away in December 1998.
Ray Norwood is sales manager for Auvil Fruit. He's been with the company for 25 years, and actually worked, early in his career, with founder Grady Auvil.
Auvil Fruit isn't exactly a household name, but the brand name the company uses for its apples – "GEE WHIZ" – is pretty well known in the Northwest. Grady Auvil is still remembered in fruit-growing circles for being the first grower to popularize Granny Smith apples in the United States, which the company still grows, along with other varieties such as Royal Gala and Honeycrisp. Auvil grows cherries, too, so they're packing fruit year-round at the company facility in Orondo.
And as for the origins of that perfectly clever and catchy "GEE WHIZ" brand name, Ray Norwood says the idea came from founder Grady Auvil.
"I think it dates almost all the way back," Norwood told KIRO Radio. "Grady had a friend who commented on some of his fruit when he shared it with him — 'Gee whiz, that tastes great.' And that's where he grabbed the name."
"We have some photos of the original paper label," he continued. "They used to glue them on the edge of the wood boxes. It's a catchy name, and it's hung on for all these years."
And a ferry crossing just a few miles upriver from Orondo is something else that hung on for years, too. The Entiat ferry, which also dated to sometime around the turn of the 20th century, was in operation as late as 1965. Common sources say Entiat derives from the Indigenous phrase "En-ti-at-kwa," which translates to, writes Place Names of Washington author Robert Hitchman, "rapid water."
That water near Entiat must have been pretty rapid, given the colorful history of ferry mishaps that happened in that stretch of the Columbia. A basic search of the archives turns up newspaper clippings from an incident in June 1907 when the Entiat ferry, loaded with sheep, broke loose from its cable and started floating down river. It didn't get too far until the steamer Chelan came to the rescue, tying a line to the ferry and towing it back upriver to Entiat – and newspaper writers had a field day writing about the errant floating sheep. A year later, the ferry broke loose again and took its helpless human passengers 12 miles downstream before it ran aground on the bank at Keeler's Landing.
While there are no records of what any of those passengers said while they were free-floating down the Columbia, it's a safe bet that their language was a good bit saltier than "gee whiz!"
You can hear Feliks every Wednesday and Friday morning on Seattle's Morning News, read more from him here, and subscribe to The Resident Historian Podcast here. If you have a story idea, please email Feliks here.
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Cold War film 'A Day Called X' imagines Soviet attack on Portland
In 1957, CBS aired a 30-minute film imagining what might happen if Portland, Oregon, came under threat of nuclear attack.
How were Pacific, Pend Oreille and Pierce counties named?
This is the 'Minding Your Ps' edition (and ninth overall episode) of "County Countdown," covering Pacific, Pend Oreille, and Pierce counties.
Remembering the night Larry King broadcast live from the Space Needle
Fans of Larry King remember his late night phone-in program, which stopped in Seattle in 1981 to broadcast straight from the Space Needle.
The worst atmospheric river of all was winter 1861-1862
Even with autumn on the horizon and winter not far behind, for the really stormy stuff, you have to go back to the winter of 1861-1862.
Preservation groups: Seattle City Council making mistake with historic bank
The Seattle City Council will vote next week on a key part of a landmark designation for an old Seafirst bank branch on Denny Way.
Seattle event 40 years ago was a 'New Wave boat show'
It was the 40th-anniversary last week of a landmark event at Seattle Center, marking the rise of so-called "New Wave" music in the Northwest.
As crime increases, our safety measures must too
It's easy to be accused of fearmongering regarding crime, but Seattle residents might have good reason to be concerned for their safety.
Ilona Lohrey | President and CEO, GSBA
GSBA is closing the disparity gap with Ready for Business Fund
GSBA, Comcast, and other partners are working to address disparities in access to financial resources with the Ready for Business fund.
Medicare open enrollment is here and SHIBA can help!
The SHIBA program – part of the Office of the Insurance Commissioner – is ready to help with your Medicare open enrollment decisions.
Choosing Best Windows for Your Home
Lake Washington Windows and Doors is a local window dealer offering the exclusive Leak Armor installation.
Come one, come all! Food, Drink, and Coastal Christmas – Anacortes has it all!
Come celebrate Anacortes' 11th annual Bier on the Pier! Bier on the Pier takes place on October 7th and 8th and features local ciders, food trucks and live music - not to mention the beautiful views of the Guemes Channel and backdrop of downtown Anacortes.
The revolutionary treatment of Swedish CyberKnife provides better quality of life for majority of patients
There are a wide variety of treatments options available for men with prostate cancer. One of the most technologically advanced treatment options in the Pacific Northwest is Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy using the CyberKnife platform at Swedish Medical Center.
FCC Applications | FCC Public File: KIRO-FM | KIRO-AM | KTTH | FCC STATION REPRESENTATIVE: JAYLYNN SLOAN - JSLOAN@BONNEVILLE.COM 206.726.7000


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Lawrence Brilliant (born May 5, 1944) is an American epidemiologist, technologist, philanthropist, and author, who worked with the World Health Organization from 1973–1976 helping to successfully eradicate smallpox.

Brilliant, a technology patent holder, has been the CEO of public companies and venture backed start-ups. He was the inaugural Executive Director of Google.org, the charitable arm of Google established in 2005, and the first CEO of Skoll Global Threats Fund, established in 2009 by eBay founder Jeff Skoll to address climate change, pandemics, water security, nuclear proliferation, and conflict in the Middle East. Brilliant currently serves as the Chairman of the Board of Ending Pandemics, and is also on the boards of the Skoll Foundation, Salesforce.org, The Seva Foundation, and Dharma Platform.

Early life and education
Brilliant was born in Detroit, Michigan. His father, Joe Brilliant, was a philanthropist and entrepreneur. He is the grandson of Jewish immigrants from Eastern Europe, whose surname was originally Brilladentov. Brilliant received his undergraduate training as well as his MPH degree (Masters in Public Health) from the University of Michigan, where he worked on the staff of the Gargoyle Humor Magazine, and his M.D. from Wayne State University School of Medicine. He moved to California for his internship at the California Pacific Medical Center, and developed parathyroid cancer from which he recovered. Brilliant is board certified in preventive medicine and public health.

Career

In 1969, a group of American Indians from many different tribes, calling themselves Indians of All Tribes, occupied the Alcatraz island in San Francisco.  A call went out for doctors to help a pregnant woman there give birth and Brilliant joined their occupation as unofficial doctor. The Indians on Alcatraz named the baby "Wovoka" after a Northern Paiute medicine man. After the US government forced the Indians of All Tribes off Alcatraz, Brilliant became a media darling which led to a movie company casting him in Medicine Ball Caravan, playing a doctor in a film about a tribe of hippies who follow the Grateful Dead, Jefferson Airplane, Jethro Tull, and Joni Mitchell.  The cast was paid with airline tickets to India. Brilliant and some others cashed their tickets in and rented a bus to drive around Europe, which then turned into a relief convoy to help victims of the 1970 Bhola cyclone in Bangladesh (then East Pakistan).

Civil unrest stopped the relief caravan so he spent several years in India studying at a Himalayan ashram with Neem Karoli Baba (a Hindu sage) from whom he received the name Subramanyum. After about a year Neem Karoli Baba advised Brilliant to eradicate smallpox, a project on which he would spend the next several years.  He participated, as a medical officer, in the World Health Organization (WHO) smallpox eradication program that in 1980 certified the global eradication of smallpox.  Brilliant found that Indian officials became more receptive to his efforts when they learned of Neem Karoli Baba's involvement, to which he credits a significant portion of the program's success.  Brilliant contributed a seven-page account of his experiences to the book Miracle of Love: Stories of Neem Karoli Baba.

In December 1978, he became a co-founder and chairman of Seva Foundation, an international, non-profit, health foundation. Seva's projects in places like China, Nepal, India, Bangladesh, Cambodia, Tanzania, Ethiopia, and Guatemala have given back sight to more than 3 million blind people through surgery, self-sufficient eye care systems, and low-cost manufacturing of intraocular lenses. One important contribution of his was his helping to set up the Aravind Eye Hospital in Madurai, India.

When he returned to the United States, he became a professor of international health at the University of Michigan and started numerous charitable and business ventures.

In 1985, he co-founded, with Stewart Brand, The Well, a prototypic online community that has been the subject of multiple books and studies.  Time said, "Well was a huge hit, a precursor of every online business from Amazon.com to eBay."

He spent the first half of 2005 as a volunteer helping out in the tsunami in Sri Lanka and working in India with WHO in the campaign to eradicate polio.

On February 22, 2006, Google Inc. appointed him as the Executive Director of Google.org, the philanthropic arm of Google, a position which he held until April, 2009, when he joined the Skoll Foundation, as its President, the philanthropic organization established by former eBay president Jeff Skoll.

In July 2006, he was awarded the TED Prize, granting him $100,000 and 'One Wish to Change the World' which he presented at TED in July 2006.  As his prize nominator summed up, "'Dr. Brilliant' is a name to live up to, and he has."  His one wish that he presented at the conference was, "To build a powerful new early warning system to protect our world from some of its worst nightmares."

Following the H1N1 swine flu outbreak in 2010, Brilliant expressed concern that the public was not suitably concerned by the threat posed by infectious diseases. This led to Brilliant and several colleagues contributing to the creation of the film Contagion, released the following year in 2011.

In May 2013, he gave the commencement speech at Harvard School of Public Health,

COVID-19
In Spring 2020, Brilliant commented that the World Health Organization, where he had worked for ten years, was slow to declare COVID-19 a pandemic.

Brilliant participates as an advisor to the COVID-19 Technology Task Force, a technology industry coalition founded in March 2020 collaborating on solutions to respond to and recover from the COVID-19 pandemic.

Personal life
Brilliant is married to Girija (formerly Elaine) and has three children: Joe, Jon, and Iris Brilliant. Girija holds a PhD in public health administration and is an equal partner in many of her husband's enterprises. Co-founder of Seva Foundation, she was instrumental in the World Health Organization's smallpox eradication program.

Brilliant was a close friend of Steve Jobs and visited him often during the last year of his life.

References

External links

 Are Social Entrepreneurs Heroes? Larry Brilliant on BBC The Forum

 Seva Foundation (Co-Founder)
 Larry Brilliant, President, Skoll Global Threats Fund, Profile at Skoll Foundation

  (TED2006)
  (Skoll World Forum 2007)

1944 births
American businesspeople
American humanitarians
American officials of the United Nations
American people of Russian-Jewish descent
American philanthropists
American public health doctors
Jewish American philanthropists
Jewish American writers
Living people
Google employees
Physicians from Detroit
University of Michigan School of Public Health alumni
University of Michigan faculty
Wayne State University School of Medicine alumni
World Health Organization officials
21st-century American Jews
American epidemiologists

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


The main advantage of using the manual cups is that the suction they create pulls the tissue up and loosens tension without the pressure.
Can Prenatal Massage Work For Me?
Rather than laying on your back or stomach, this massage involves laying on your side with some specialized techniques.


Arterial ageing is characterized by age associated degeneration and sclerosis of the media layer of the large arteries. However, besides ageing, clinical conditions, which enhance oxidative stress and inflammation act to accelerate the degree of arterial ageing. In this review, we summarized the pathophysiology and contributing factors that accelerate arterial ageing. Among them, we focused on hypertension, the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and vascular inflammation which are modifiable causes of the arterial ageing process. Also, novel treatment targets derived from the disease models such as the Hutchinson Gilford Progeria Syndrome were reviewed.


On June 1, Gov. John Hickenlooper signed SB17-040 into law, and this new law becomes effective Aug. 9. Thus, Colorado takes a meaningful step forward on behalf of the people. By updating the Colorado Open Records Act (CORA) in accordance with 21st-century information technology, government becomes more transparent and accountable. The bill was introduced on the second day of the 2017 legislative session and passed the Senate unanimously on the final day after a most arduous legislative journey. The success of this legislation is the result of a dedicated team effort, and here's the rest of the story.
We introduced SB-040, an important bill to make it easier for Coloradans to understand the actions and activities of their government by allowing more effective access to public records, which belong to Coloradans. Before the bill passed, amendments limited its provisions and we passed a bill that was a little more modest but still meaningful.
CORA states that public records, with specific exemptions, that are created or maintained by government custodians must be disclosed. As technology has modernized, most of these records are maintained digitally in various electronic data bases and spreadsheets. When the people get records in searchable and sortable formats, it is easier for them to manipulate and analyze the records to better understand the actions and activities of government. While some custodians release records in these formats, others do not.
Our introduced bill was the result of an eight-month working group convened by the secretary of state and intended to address how records are provided to the public, not what records are subject to disclosure. However, upon introduction, numerous records custodians attempted to use the bill as a vehicle to withhold various public records from the public.
One contention, even though the plain language of CORA states otherwise, was that "data" are not a record and shouldn't have to be disclosed. Those custodians wanted to use our bill to restrict access to data. While that specific issue was troubling, it signaled a bigger problem. Government records belong to the people of Colorado and custodians maintain those records for the people. The underlying argument of many custodians was that records belong to them and the public may only access them on terms and conditions set by custodians.
Issues regarding privacy and security were raised, and through extensive discussions and compromise, we addressed those issues to help the bill pass.
Passage of SB-40 is a meaningful step in the right direction for Colorado, but people who care about government transparency and access to government records must be vigilant. You need to let your legislators know that you expect utmost transparency and accountability in response to those who would argue that the Legislature should reduce access to public records.
We will work hard with our legislative colleagues to ensure your access to government records and, if proposals are made to limit access, it is only because there is a demonstrated threat to privacy and personal security. Coloradans who value government transparency can request that their legislators abide by this important principle.
Senator John Kefalas, D-Fort Colllins, Senator Bob Gardner, R-Colorado Springs and Representative Dan Pabon, D-Denver were the sponsors of SB 40.


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Home » Website » National » Highlights Citizenship Act: UN Human Rights Says Act Is 'Discriminatory', Excludes Muslims
Highlights Citizenship Act: UN Human Rights Says Act Is 'Discriminatory', Excludes Muslims
The mobile Internet and SMS services were shut down for 48 hours across Meghalaya on Thursday.
Outlook Web Bureau	13 December 2019
Outlook Web Bureau	December 13, 2019 00:00 IST Highlights Citizenship Act: UN Human Rights Says Act Is 'Discriminatory', Excludes Muslims
Protests against Citizenship Act continued in several parts across India especially in the northeastern region and in Guwahati, Assam.
The Army and security forces continued flag marches in Guwahati city, a day after two persons were killed in police firing during the violent protests.
Meanwhile, in view of the chaotic situation in the city the annual summit between Prime Minister Narendra Modi and his Japanese counterpart Shinzo Abe has been postponed.
While the bill was passed by both the houses of the Parliament, three Chief Ministers; Chief Minister of Punjab, Captain Amarinder Singh, West Bengal Chief Minister Mamata Banerjee and Kerala Chief Minister Pinarayi Vijayan have disallowed the bill to be implemented in their respective states.
Here are the Live Updates:
7:30 PM: United Nations Human Rights Group also tweeted on its Twitter handle saying that the Citizenship Act, which is newly passed, is "discriminatory " in nature because it fails to "extend protection to Muslims."
#India: We are concerned that the new #CitizenshipAmendmentAct is fundamentally discriminatory in nature. Goal of protecting persecuted groups is welcomed, but new law does not extend protection to Muslims, incl. minority sects: https://t.co/ziCNTWvxc2#FightRacism #CABProtests pic.twitter.com/apWbEqpDOZ
— UN Human Rights (@UNHumanRights) December 13, 2019
7:15 PM: CPI-M leader Maruti Mandap, along with leaders of several Muslim organisations, staged a protest outside the office of the Commissioner of Police, Kalaburagi, Karnataka against the imposition of Section 144 in the area.
The protestors were later detained by the police.
This prohibition was imposed in order to ensure the maintenance of law and order in the city a day after the Citizenship (Amendment) Bill, 2019, became an Act after Presidential assent on Thursday.
Meanwhile, CPM leaders in Kerala staged a protest in front of a post office in Kottayam against the controversial Act on Friday.
7:04 PM: The ruling CPI(M)-led LDF and the opposition Congress-led UDF will on December 16 launch a joint protest here against the controversial Citizenship (Amendment) Act, Chief Minister Pinarayi Vijayan said here on Friday.
6:53 PM: Union Home Minister Amit Shah's scheduled visit to Shillong on December 15 to attend a function in North-Eastern Police Academy (NEPA), has been postponed in view of the "law and order situation in the region". Meanwhile, the state police has been using tear gas and lathi charge against the protestors.
5:50 PM: Congress leader Jairam Ramesh has approached the Supreme Court challenging the validity of the Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019.
Senior Opposition leader Ramesh, in his petition, sought appropriate order or direction from the Apex Court declaring and quashing of the Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019 as unconstitutional, null and void and ultra vires of Articles 14 and 21 of the Constitution of India.
5:47 PM: People, agitating against the amended Citizenship Act, on Friday blocked tracks at the Uluberia railway station in West Bengal's Howrah district, vandalised the complex and some trains, injuring a driver, officials said. No passenger was injured in the incident, as per initial reports.
5:44 PM: The All Assam Students Union (AASU) has filed a petition in Supreme Court challenging the amended Citizenship Act on Friday, its chief adviser Samujjal Bhattacharya said.
"Modi had promised to deport all illegal immigrants after May 16, 2014 (when the result of the election for the Lok Sabha was announced). He did not send back a single illegal Bangladeshi, instead, he is now welcoming them," Bhattacharya, who also the adviser to the North East Students Organisation, said.
5:20 PM: Jamia Millia Islamia students tear-gassed by Delhi Police during a protest against Citizenship Act.
5:00 PM: Mamata Banerjee spoke against the Citizenship Act and vowed that it will never be implemented in West Bengal till the time TMC ruled the state: "We will never allow the NRC exercise and Citizenship Act in Bengal. We will not implement the amended Act, even though it has been passed in Parliament. The BJP can't just bulldoze the states to implement it."
"The Citizenship Act will divide India. As long as we are in power, not a single person in the state will have to leave the country," the chief minister added.
4:30 PM: India on Friday announced that the annual summit between Prime Minister Narendra Modi and his Japanese counterpart Shinzo Abe, which was scheduled to be held in Guwahati, has been postponed.
4:00 PM: Assam Chief Minister Sarbananda Sonowal warned of taking strong action against those involved in arson and violence in the state, saying vandalism has no place in any democratic process.
"We will not tolerate any violence. Strong action will be taken against anyone who is involved in vandalism," he told PTI.
Amit Shah Visits BSF Headquarters In Delhi; Asks To Ensure 'Tight Vigil' Along Pakistan, Bangladesh Borders
Outlook Web Bureau	Citizenship (Amendment) Bill (CAB)	Citizenship	National


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Bank associates build, install 'Little Free Library' at Metro East branches
Busey Bank associates recently built and installed 15 Little Free Libraries across communities the bank serves—including at Busey's Downtown Edwardsville branch at 330 Vandalia St. and in Granite City at 3502 Maryville Road.
Built to promote connection and literacy, the Little Free Libraries are available to community members interested in increasing access to books for readers of all ages and backgrounds.
"Building and installing Little Free Libraries is a small way to make a big impact in our communities," said Robin Elliott, president and CEO of Busey Bank. "This creative partnership provides access to free books, allowing for improved literacy and education while fulfilling the Busey Promise by bringing people and resources together to generate positive change in the places we live and work."
What started as a small book exchange created in 2009 has now spread to over 80,000 Little Free Libraries in 91 countries, and more than 120 million books have been shared in this growing global phenomenon. On average, the libraries see nearly 500 visits per location annually and have increased literacy in neighborhoods and communities by offering free access to books.
Throughout the month of September, customers and associates donated more than 5,000 books to the Busey Book Drive. Some of the books collected serve as the first donation to the Little Free Libraries at the Metro East branches, which will be listed on the Little Free Library World Map as charter numbers 111440 and 111441. To learn more, visit littlefreelibrary.org.
The Busey Book Drive and Little Free Library installations are part of a larger community initiative—Busey Drives Generosity. Through this monthly campaign, Busey associates are encouraged to give generously to benefit their neighbors, further strengthening the communities they serve.
In addition to the Book Drive in September, in which associates and customers were encouraged to donate new or gently used books, Busey is hosting the B United Blood Drive for its associates in October—stationing Blood Mobiles throughout its footprint in support of the American Red Cross. In preparation for Thanksgiving, Busey will host a Food Drive in November, accepting non-perishable food items to benefit local food banks.
Busey says it gives more than $1 million and countless volunteer hours annually.


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Roach: Rematch the only reason Pacquiao's still in the game, at 100% he destroys Mayweather!
Trainer Freddie Roach has revealed the real reason Manny Pacquiao is set for a return to boxing this year as the Filipino aims for a second fight with Floyd Mayweather.
Pacquiao was humbled on points by Mayweather in a contest that failed to live up to the hype in May 2015 and calls for a rematch were met with groans by sceptical fans.
Bouts with Terence Crawford, Danny Garcia and Adrien Broner have been touted for Pacquiao's much-talked-about comeback from an April retirement, although the end game is all Mayweather, according to the multiple-time recipient of the coveted Coach of the Year award.
"That's probably the only reason that we're staying in the game because we do want a rematch with Mayweather and we would like to get that," Roach told Jenna J of On the Ropes Radio.
"Mayweather has been to my gym a couple of times and I saw him at a restaurant in LA one time and he took pictures with my friends, he was very polite and very nice. He told me he hasn't trained a day since he retired and I said, "Hey, I thought you were a gym rat, you're always in the gym," and he said, "I haven't worked out a day since I retired."
"I told him, "There's still some big fights out there for you." I didn't ask him about Manny at all but I don't know the real reason why he's coming by to visit. He doesn't want me to be his trainer I don't think, but I thought maybe it was for him and Manny to get together one more time.
"I know Manny wants the rematch really bad, Manny thought he won the first fight and if you look at it with no commentating, you watch and see him landing more punches. I still was a little disappointed in Manny's performance but now he's one hundred percent and I think at one hundred percent, he will destroy him," he added.
Mayweather has shown absolutely no sign of ending his ten-month exile, whilst Pacquiao could be playing a dangerous game facing either Crawford or Garcia, both of whom would pose the 'Pacman' different problems.
A clash with Broner would probably be the best option to ease Pacquiao into a potential return with Mayweather in May 2017, although the pound for pound king's desire to regain his throne has to be questioned at this point in time.


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Q: Why should people ever use a single insertion method over a bulk insertion method? I'm working with a MongoDB database for a project, and I'm making some abstractions for interacting with it. MongoDB exposes the following methods for collections:

*

*insertOne

*insertMany
In terms of implementation, it's my understanding that the insertMany operation outperforms the inertOne operation, so the former section of code is prefered over the latter:
entries: list[object] = ...

# slower implementation
for entry in entries:
  collection.insert_one(entry)

# faster implementation
collection.insert_many(entries)

I've been writing some wrapping interfaces, though they're basically just a few lines in addition to the code above, so I'll leave those details out. But here, my question is, outside of coding conventions and readability, do I have any incentive to use the single insertion interface if I can just do the following?
# put a single entry into a list and add it to the collection using the batch method
collection.insert_many([entry])

A: insertOne is marginally faster than insertMany at inserting a single document (in my very limit testing around 4-5% faster) - so in the case where you're inserting exactly one document, you should use insertOne - in the case where you're inserting many documents, you should use insertMany.
A second consideration is that insertMany will succeed or fail atomically - in most situations this is probably desirable, but if (for whatever reason) you expect some of your inserts to fail, but still want the rest to succeed, you'd want to use insertOne in a loop, with a try/catch.
^^ I now realise this portion of the answer was incorrect.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Fruitworms, Armyworms and Climbing Cutworms
by J. Franklin Howell, published 1993
(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Fruitworms, armyworms and climbing cutworms are closely related moths of the family Noctuidae. Tree fruits are primary hosts of fruitworms but only secondary hosts of armyworms and climbing cutworms. In other words, fruitworms may complete their entire life cycle on tree fruits while armyworms and climbing cutworms characteristically move between the tree and weeds on the orchard floor. Very few of the more than 800 species of noctuid moths in the Pacific Northwest are tree fruit pests.
Green fruitworms and climbing cutworms are closely related moths of the family Noctuidae. Tree fruits are the primary hosts of green fruitworms but only secondary hosts of climbing cutworms. Very few of the more than 150 species of noctuid moths in the Pacific Northwest are tree fruit pests.
Three species of green fruitworms are native to the Northwest: the speckled green fruitworm (Orthosia hibisci), the pyramidal fruitworm (Amphipyra pyramidoides) and the green fruitworm (Lithophane antennata). They are found throughout temperate fruit-producing areas of the United States and Canada. Usually, green fruitworms do not cause extensive damage in commercial orchards that are sprayed for codling moth. They are more often pests in organic orchards or backyard trees. However, they may prove troublesome in orchards where codling moth are controlled by non-chemical methods such as mating disruption.
As green fruitworm infestations tend to recur in the same orchards, historical information is useful for monitoring and developing control strategies.
Green fruitworm and climbing cutworms
Speckled green fruitworm
Pyramidal fruitworm
Green fruitworm
Cutworms
Spotted cutworms
Bertha armyworm
Variegated cutworm
Green Fruitworms and Climbing Cutworms
Green fruitworm egg (H. Riedl)
Green fruitworms lay eggs on leaves of the host tree, unlike cutworms, which lay eggs in the cover crop. The egg of a green fruitworm, like that of a cutworm, is almost spherical with a slightly flattened top, a tiny opening in the center called a micropyle, and vertical ribs. The base is flat where the egg is cemented to the plant. It is about 1/30 inch (0.8 mm) in diameter.
Green fruitworm larvae are caterpillars with distinctive colors and markings. See discussion of green fruitworm species that follow for more detailed descriptions.
All green fruitworm pupae are brown and about 1/2 to 3/4 inch (13 to 19 mm long). They are found in the soil or litter in the cover crop.
The adult moths are nondescript and are difficult to identify.
The speckled green fruitworm, pyramidal fruitworm and green fruitworm are general feeders. All tree fruits grown in the Northwest are hosts. Apple is the primary host, followed by pear. Green fruitworms also attack many other plants including crab apple, beech, chokecherry, mahaleb cherry, bird cherry, hawthorn, rose, quince, almond, blackthorn, strawberry, box elder, sugar maple, red alder, hickory, poplar, oak, currant, willow, birch, aspen and, in Canada, conifers.
Green fruitworm feeding damage to pear (J. Brunner)
Green fruitworms damage buds, flowers, leaves and fruit. Bud damage usually goes unnoticed until it is too late for treatment.
The following monitoring methods have been developed for green fruitworms in California:
Take one fruit cluster from at least 100 trees per 20-acre block (or 5 trees per acre) at intervals starting at tight cluster stage and continuing until about 2 to 3 weeks after petal fall.
Take 50 samples per 20 acres with a beating tray.
Spend 30 minutes searching for damaged fruit clusters.
Populations are often spotty, so blocks should be covered thoroughly for sampling. If any worms are found, the potential for crop loss is high because this pest can cause severe damage in a short time.
The only way to sample for bud damage is to look in the trees. Ten trees per acre should be enough. If you find bud damage, you then need to know if the damage was caused by green fruitworm or climbing cutworms. Cutworm damage could have been done during the winter before the cover crop grew and there may be no further damage. If it is due to green fruitworms, they are probably still active. If you find fruitworm larvae, you do not need to look for cutworms. Adults can be collected with blacklight traps, in bait pans and by sugaring. For sugaring, soak a sack or cloth in a solution of molasses or brown sugar and beer, fold it into a pad or bandage and place in the tree or around the trunk. Check for moths at night, as they are nocturnal. However, there are no guidelines relating trap catches of adults to damage by larvae.
Although a number of parasitic wasps and flies attack green fruitworms, the percentage of larvae parasitized is too small to provide control. Parasitoids attacking green fruitworms include Apanteles, Microplitis, Comedo, Paniseus, Meteorus and Eulophus wasps; Wagneria, Tachinomyia, Wintermia, Campsilura and Ernestia flies; and Mermis (hairworm) nematodes.
Insecticides used to control codling moth appear to control green fruitworms. Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) may also give some degree of control.
Orthosia hibisci (Guenée)
There is one generation per year. The speckled green fruitworm overwinters as a pupa in the soil. Adults emerge from March to May and lay eggs on tree leaves. Larvae begin to hatch in April and climb to the tips of limbs and spurs where they feed and grow. They prefer fruiting spurs and often conceal themselves by webbing the leaves together with silk. They feed at first on buds, then later on flowers, leaves and fruit. In summer, mature larvae drop to the ground and burrow into the soil to pupate.
Speckled green fruitworm larva (F. Howell)
The egg is pale gray when first laid. It is spherical with a flat base where it is cemented to the plant. It has 40 to 48 ribs and is 1/30 inch (0.8 mm) in diameter. After a day or two, purple blotches appear around the micropyle and the shoulder.
The larva develops through six instars and measures between 1 and 1-2/3 inches (25 to 41 mm) long when mature. It is green with five white stripes the length of the body (Figure 63). The head is brown at first but gradually turns green.
The adult is a nondescript, reddish-brown moth about 3/4 inch (19 mm) long.
Amphipyra pyramidoides (Guenée)
Pyramidal fruitworm larva (F. Howell)
The egg is similar to that of the speckled green fruit worm, except it is a reddish-violet color and has a depressed micropyle.
The larva is cream colored at first but turns green in the second instar. It has five white stripes. It can be distinguished from other green fruitworms by a dorsal hump at the posterior end which develops in the fourth instar. When mature, the larva is about 1-1/2 inches (38 mm) long.
The adult is a nondescript brown moth, about 1 inch (25 mm) long.
The pyramidal fruitworm has one generation per year. It overwinters on the tree as eggs which hatch in April and May. Because larvae do not appear until after bloom, they do not damage buds. Larvae feed primarily on leaves but also eat away patches on the surface of fruit. In June, mature larvae drop to the ground and make cocoons of silk and debris in which they pupate. Adults appear in July and are active until October. Eggs are laid in the fall, either singly or in groups of up to 230.
Lithophane antennata (Walker)
The egg is reddish brown, about 1/30 inch (0.8 mm) in diameter, and has 30 to 36 ribs and a nipple-like micropyle.
The larva turns from a light cream color to yellow and then to green. In the third instar it develops five white stripes which are less distinct than those on the speckled green fruitworm. During the last two instars it has a prominent white subspiracular stripe which distinguishes it from the speckled green fruitworm. The larva is a little smaller than the other species and is about 1 inch (23 to 28 mm) long when mature. It pupates in a cocoon of silk and debris.
The adult is gray with hints of blue. The orbicular spot has a partially separated lower loop called the suborbicular spot.
Green fruitworm adult (H. Riedl)
Green fruitworm larva (F. Howell)
The green fruitworm has one generation per year. It overwinters as an adult on the ground. Eggs are laid singly or in masses of up to 360 on leaves in spring. Larvae, which are found from April through August, feed on buds, flowers, leaves and fruit. When mature, larvae burrow into the soil to pupate. Adults emerge in the fall.
The same species can be either a climbing cutworm or armyworm, depending on its behavior, and its behavior often depends on the source of food. Cutworms feed on the roots and shoots of herbaceous plants, and the plant is often cut off at ground level. Armyworms are so named because the larvae often migrate in large numbers to a new feeding area.
Cutworms are found in the majority of orchards in the Northwest, but most species are harmless. Scotogramma trifolii (the clover cutworm), Diarsia pseudorosaria and Leucania sp. are among the harmless species.
The two climbing cutworms that have been the most destructive to tree fruits in the Northwest since the 1970s are the spotted cutworm (Xestia [Amathes] c-nigrum) and the Bertha armyworm (Mamestra configurata). The variegated cutworm (Peridroma saucia), black cutworm (Agrotis ipsilon) and the western yellowstriped armyworm (Spodoptera praefica) seldom cause sufficient damage to warrant treatment.
The spotted, black, and variegated cutworms are found worldwide. The Bertha and western yellowstriped armyworms are found only in the western United States and Canada. Many of the cutworm larvae look alike, so it is easy to mistake a harmless species for a destructive ones.
As weeds are the primary hosts of cutworms, proper weed control in the orchard can help prevent fruit trees becoming infested. Unlike green fruitworm that lay eggs on trees, cutworm moths lay eggs on weeds near the ground. They like dense cover. Larvae spend the days on the soil surface and at night move into trees by climbing tree trunks, drooping limbs, tall weeds, props or stakes. If the trunk is the only pathway, damage is likely to be confined to the lower center of the tree.
Eggs of cutworms are similar to those of green fruitworms, although they can be as small as 1/50 inch (0.5 mm) in diameter.
Larvae of the spotted cutworm, Bertha armyworm and variegated cutworm can be distinguished by their different colors and markings.
Pupae of all cutworm and armyworm species are brown and about 3/4 inch (19 mm) long.
Adults are dull in color but some, like the spotted cutworm and Bertha armyworm, can be identified easily by their wing markings.
All cutworms that attack tree fruits prefer herbaceous plants. Their preferred host is lamb's-quarters, a weed that is common in Northwest orchards. Other primary hosts include mustards, plantain, mallow, pigweed, morning glory, Canada thistle and cultivated crops such as potatoes, sugar beets, hops, alfalfa and mint. Tree fruits are secondary hosts.
Before bloom, look for damaged buds, usually in the low center of the tree. In summer, examine the cover crop, trees and fruit for feeding damage. Buds may be partly or completely eaten. Larvae feed from the edges of the leaves, often eating most of the leaf. Larvae often follow trails they make from the ground to their feeding sites on the tree, so damage is often confined to a few stems or limbs, while nearby stems or limbs are undamaged.
Monitoring is similar for all cutworms. It is not practical to sample for eggs, as they are too hard to find among the weeds. Instead, monitor for damage, larvae or adults.The larvae are nocturnal and hide in the soil or under stones and debris during the day. To find them, carefully sort through an area of soil and debris at the base of the tree. One or two areas of 1/2 square yard (0.5 square meter) are probably enough. Larvae are generally at the depth where the soil becomes moist. If there is debris on the ground, keeping the soil surface moist, the larvae remain at the surface. Traps also can be used to catch larvae. The most effective and simple is a board, 8 by 12 inches (20 by 30 cm), or heavy shingle placed on the ground near the trunk of the tree. A rock should be placed on top to hold it snug to the ground or debris and prevent it being blown around by the wind. Leave the trap for a few days, then lift it up and count the larvae that are sheltered beneath it. Adults can be monitored with blacklight or pheromone traps, although reliable treatment thresholds have not been established. If enough food is available in the cover crop, a large number of larvae could be tolerated, otherwise even a small number could be damaging.
Cutworms have many natural enemies. Insects, spiders, birds and rodents all prey on cutworm eggs, larvae and adults. Rodents are good predators but can also damage trees. Predators and parasites, together with good weed control, will usually keep cutworm populations in check.
Cutworm populations are often greatly reduced by a viral disease. Spotted cutworms and Bertha armyworms that are infected by a virus climb to the top of a plant or branch to die. They attach themselves by their legs and hang from the plant. The skin turns black and everything inside liquifies. When the skin breaks, the liquid drips out. The liquid full of virus runs down the plant. Insects feed on the liquid and spread the virus.
Good cover crop management is the most effective way to control cutworms. Eliminating weeds removes egg-laying sites and their preferred food. Mowing discourages egg laying and encourages predation. It also exposes eggs so they dry out and do not hatch. Insecticides can be used to control cutworms. However, the different species of cutworms differ in their susceptibility to these products so it is important to know which species is being treated. Spotted cutworm and Bertha armyworm cohabit, which can complicate control. Spray only the tree trunk and the area under the trees. Keeping chemicals off the tree canopy will allow predators and parasites to survive.
Spotted cutworm
Xestia (Amathes) c-nigrum (Linnaeus)
Spotted cutworm adult (F. Howell)
The egg is a pinkish flattened sphere, about 1/40 inch (0.6 mm) in diameter with 29 to 35 ribs. Eggs are often laid singly on fescue or in clusters on broad-leaved weeds.
The larva develops through seven instars. The first instar is whitish with a dark head. The second, third and sometimes the fourth instars are green with three indistinct white stripes. The larva then turns brown, and black triangles appear on the seventh to ninth abdominal segments. The mature larva is brown with gray flecks and is 1-1/4 to 1-1/2 inches (30 to 36 mm) long. There may be triangles on all abdominal segments, but they tend to be paler on the forward segments. Usually it has a light subspiracular stripe tinged with yellow or orange.
The adult moth is a dark gray-black and has a distinct pyramid-shaped orbicular spot in white bordered with black and a brown reniform spot with a white border. These markings make it easy to identify.
There are two generations in the Pacific Northwest. It overwinters as a larva in the soil. Adults of the first generation are active from May into July. Second generation adults are active from August into October. Eggs can be found all summer long on the ground or cover crop. Second generation larvae overwinter in a cold torpor, rather than diapause, and can become active and feed on warm days during the winter when the temperature reaches 40 to 50ºF.
Bud damage by spotted cutworm (F. Howell)
Larvae often feed before cover crops have begun to grow in the spring, making fruit buds particularly vulnerable. Bud damage ranges from small round holes on the side of the bud to fully eaten buds. Normally buds are half eaten. Spring is when they cause the most damage. Before applying controls, make sure the damage is fresh. It is possible that feeding on buds will have stopped and there will be no further damage. Later in the year, larvae feed mainly on leaves and can defoliate young trees. However, they may also damage fruit and often excavate holes large enough to conceal their entire bodies.
Mamestra configurata Walker
Larva of bertha armyworm (H. Riedl)
The egg is white when first laid but within 24 hours develops brown markings around the micropyle and the equator. It has about 38 ribs. Eggs are laid on the cover crop in batches of 100 to 150 in neat diagonal rows.
The larva develops through six instars. The first four can be shades of gray, brown or green with five broken white stripes. The later instars generally turn brown with conspicuous yellow stripes often flushed with orange. No matter what the basic color, the larva always has black patches down the center back which help distinguish this species. When mature, the larva is about 1-1/4 inches (30 mm) long.
The adult moth is gray with a black-green background color. The green fades after it dies. The orbicular wing spot is gray or gray-brown with a black border and the reniform spot is white, making this moth easy to identify.
The Bertha armyworm has two generations overlapping those of the spotted cutworm. It overwinters as a pupa in the soil. Adults begin to emerge in May. Eggs are laid on the cover crop from late May until October. The first generation overlaps the second. Larvae are most numerous in late June and in late August and September. Bertha armyworm inflicts most of its damage in the fall, as there are no larvae in the spring.
Bertha armyworm damage to pear (F. Howell)
Where weed control is neglected, the Bertha armyworm can defoliate young trees. Newly hatched larvae damage only the surface of fruit, but older larvae excavate large holes. Young larvae skeletonize leaves and older larvae consume the entire leaf except for the mid-vein.
Peridroma saucia (Hübner)
The egg is white with a reddish coloring around the equator and micropyle. It is about 1/50 inch (0.5 mm) in diameter and has 35 to 50 ribs.
The larva goes through six instars that vary from gray to dark brown. A mature larva of this species can be distinguished easily by 4 to 7 distinct pale yellow spots, one per segment, down the middle of the back. Usually, it has a narrow orange-brown spiracular stripe and irregular orange and yellow markings.
The adult moth is a nondescript rusty brown color. The orbicular spot is often distinct. The reniform spot is darker but not obvious. This moth is less easy to identify than the spotted cutworm and the Bertha armyworm.
The variegated cutworm overwinters as a larva in the soil. It does not go into diapause to overwinter and many larvae do not survive. This may be one reason variegated cutworm populations rarely reach damaging levels. Surviving larvae may damage buds early in the year. Larvae pupate in the soil and adults begin to emerge in the spring. Adults fly and lay eggs from April through November.
Larvae are in the orchard throughout the year but usually do not become numerous until fall. Populations are seldom high enough to cause economic damage.


text:
Papillon (1973 film)
1973 prison escape film by Franklin J. Schaffner
Theatrical release poster by Tom Jung
Robert Dorfmann
Lorenzo Semple Jr.
by Henri Charrière
Victor Jory
Don Gordon
Anthony Zerbe
Fred J. Koenekamp
Robert Swink
Les Films Corona
General Production Company
Allied Artists (USA)
Columbia Pictures (International)
December 16, 1973 (1973-12-16)
France[1]
$13.5 million[2]
$53,267,000[3]
Papillon is a 1973 historical drama prison film directed by Franklin J. Schaffner. The screenplay by Dalton Trumbo and Lorenzo Semple Jr. was based on the 1969 autobiography by the French convict Henri Charrière. The film stars Steve McQueen as Charrière ("Papillon") and Dustin Hoffman as Louis Dega. Because it was filmed at remote locations, the film was quite expensive for the time ($12 million), but it earned more than twice that in its first year of release.[4] The film's title is French for "Butterfly," referring to Charrière's tattoo and nickname.
4 Soundtrack
5 Box office
6 Critical reception
6.1 Awards and honors
8 2017 film
Henri Charrière (Steve McQueen), a safecracker nicknamed "Papillon" because of the butterfly tattoo on his chest, is wrongly convicted of murdering a pimp. In 1933 he is sentenced to life imprisonment within the penal system in French Guiana. En route, he meets a fellow convict, Louis Dega (Dustin Hoffman), an infamous forger and embezzler who is convinced that his wife will secure his release. Papillon offers to protect Dega if he will fund the former's escape once they reach Guiana. Enduring the horrors of life in a jungle labor camp, the two eventually become friends.
One day, Papillon defends Dega from a sadistic guard and escapes into the jungle, but is captured and sentenced to two years in solitary confinement. In gratitude, Dega has extra food smuggled to Papillon. When the smuggling is discovered, the warden screens Papillon's cell in darkness for six months and halves his rations, believing that it will force him to reveal his benefactor. Half-insane and reduced to eating insects to survive, Papillon refuses to give up Dega's name. He is eventually released and sent to the infirmary in St-Laurent-du-Maroni to recover.
Papillon sees Dega again and asks him to arrange for another escape attempt. Dega helps him meet an inmate doctor, who offers to secure him a boat on the outside with the help of a man named Pascal. Fellow prisoner Clusiot (Woodrow Parfrey) and a gay orderly named André Maturette (Robert Deman) join the escape plot. During the escape, Clusiot is knocked unconscious by a guard; Dega is forced to subdue the guard and reluctantly joins Papillon and Maturette, climbing the walls to the outside. Dega fractures his ankle in the fall. The trio meet Pascal and they escape into the night. In the jungle the next day, Pascal delivers the prisoners to their boat, but after he leaves the convicts discover that it is fake. They encounter a local trapper (John Quade) who has killed the bounty hunters that were waiting for them; he guides the three to a nearby leper colony, where they obtain supplies and a seaworthy boat.
The trio eventually land in Honduras and are accosted by a group of soldiers, who open fire and wound Maturette. He is captured along with Dega, while Papillon is forced to flee. Papillon evades the soldiers and lives for a long period with a native tribe; he awakens one morning to find them gone, leaving him with a small sack of pearls. Papillon pays a nun to take him to her convent where he asks the Mother Superior for refuge, but she instead turns him over to the authorities.
Papillon is brought back to French Guiana and sentenced to another five years of solitary confinement. He emerges a graying old man along with Maturette, whom he sees just before the latter dies. Papillon is then moved to the remote Devil's Island where he reunites with Dega, who has long given up all hope of being released. From a high cliff, Papillon observes a small cove where he discovers that the waves are powerful enough to carry a man out to sea and to the nearby mainland. Papillon urges Dega to join him in another escape, and the men make two floats out of bagged up coconuts. As they stand on the cliff side, Dega decides not to escape and begs Papillon not to either. Papillon embraces Dega a final time, and then leaps from the cliff. Grasping his float, he is successfully carried out to sea.
A narrator states that Papillon made it to freedom, and lived the rest of his life a free man.
Steve McQueen as Henri Charrière aka Papillon
Dustin Hoffman as Louis Dega
Victor Jory as Indian chief
Don Gordon as Julot
Anthony Zerbe as Toussaint, leper colony chief
Robert Deman as André Maturette
Woodrow Parfrey as Clusiot
Bill Mumy as Lariot
Richard Angarola as Commandant
George Coulouris as Dr. Chatal
Ratna Assan as Zoraima
William Smithers as Warden Barrot
Val Avery as Pascal
Gregory Sierra as Antonio
Vic Tayback as Sergeant
John Quade as Masked Breton
Mills Watson as Guard
Fred Sadoff as Deputy Warden
Ron Soble as Santini
Don Hanmer as Butterfly Trader
Liam Dunn as Old Trustee
Richard Farnsworth as Manhunter (uncredited)
Peter Brocco as Doctor (uncredited)
Anne Byrne as Mrs. Dega (uncredited)
Dalton Trumbo as Commandant (uncredited)
The prison as it appeared in 1954, not long before it was closed and abandoned
Papillon was filmed at various locations in Spain and Jamaica, with the cave scenes filmed beneath what is now the Xtabi hotel on the cliffs of Negril. The town scenes near the beginning of the film were shot in Hondarribia in Spain.[5] The St-Laurent-du-Maroni penal colony scenes were actually filmed in Falmouth, Jamaica, and the swamp scenes were shot near Ferris Cross. But Steve McQueen's famous cliff-jumping scene near the end of the film took place from the cliffs in Maui, Hawaii.[6] McQueen insisted on performing the cliff-jumping stunt himself. He later said that it was "one of the most exhilarating experiences of my life."
McQueen was paid $2 million along with the contractual stipulation that he receive first billing over Dustin Hoffman.[7] In addition, author Henri Charrière himself acted as consultant on location: he let the makers of the film know of the things he encountered during his years of imprisonment.
The Prison of St-Laurent-du-Maroni where Henri Charrière was held, and where most of the action takes place, was faithfully recreated using the original blueprints.[8] Footage of the historic Prison in French Guiana plays under the end credits, which is shown to be abandoned and covered in jungle growth.
Soundtrack[edit]
The score to Papillon was composed and conducted by Jerry Goldsmith. It was recorded in Rome, Italy at the Ortophonic Recording Studio by the "Unione Musicisti Roma Orchestra". The film marked Goldsmith's fourth of seven collaborations with director Franklin J. Schaffner, following his Academy Award-nominated scores to Planet of the Apes (1968) and Patton (1970). Both the director and composer shared the belief that film music should be used economically; they wanted the music as commentary only in sequences where it can emphasize the psychological aspects of the film. In Papillon, the film is two and a half hours long, but has 40 minutes with music.
Goldsmith's compositions, characterized by a late romantic symphonic and impressionistic style suffused with a metered, exotic timbre (using instruments from Caribbean folk music), are distributed mainly in the second half of the film. They generally accompany scenes outside the prison, during the various escape attempts by the protagonist. He used a delicate melodic approach, dominated by a very catchy theme expressed as a waltz, which was often played by an accordion. This instrument was associated with the French origin of the protagonists. The theme became famous with the popularity of the film, and it was released in many performance variations by different record companies.
The score was partially produced on vinyl in 1973 and reissued over the years. In the 21st century, an edition was produced on CD by Universal Records France. For the first time, this has the complete version of music from the film (it includes about five minutes of previously unreleased tracks). The DVD version of the English-language version of the film includes an option to listen to Goldsmith's music as an isolated audio track.
Goldsmith had his sixth Academy Award nomination for Best Original Score for this soundtrack. It was one of the American Film Institute's 250 nominated soundtracks for the top 25 American film scores.[9]
Box office[edit]
The film was a hit and grossed $3,126,574 in its opening week.[10] It earned theatrical rentals in the United States and Canada of $21.3 million.[11]
Critical reception[edit]
Roger Ebert's review at the time of the film's original release was two-out-of-four stars; he said that the main flaw was a failure to gain audience interest in McQueen's and Hoffman's characters: "You know something has gone wrong when you want the hero to escape simply so that the movie can be over."[12] Vincent Canby of The New York Times called the film "a big, brave, stouthearted, sometimes romantic, sometimes silly melodrama with the kind of visual sweep you don't often find in movies anymore."[13] Arthur D. Murphy of Variety wrote, "For 150 uninterrupted minutes, the mood is one of despair, brutality, and little hope. On a professional level, the Allied Artists release is expert in all creative and technical areas. On an audience level, it is a relentless downer."[14] Gene Siskel gave the film two-and-a-half stars out of four and called it "just plain boring."[15] Kevin Thomas of the Los Angeles Times wrote, "'Papillon' is an eloquent tribute to the indomitability of the human spirit and a powerful indictment of those institutions dedicated only to breaking it. As such, it's lots easier to admire than to enjoy."[16] Gary Arnold of The Washington Post called it "a keen disappointment ... this lumbering vehicle directed by Franklin J. Schaffner leaves Steve McQueen and Dustin Hoffman stranded on the screen while opportunities for vivid filmmaking and sympathetic characterizations are bungled at every turn."[17] Richard Combs of The Monthly Film Bulletin wrote that "what is missing is any of the book's anger at the outrageous hypocrisy, injustice and inhumanity of the system; any of the passion which feeds Papillon's compulsion to escape."[18]
Quentin Tarantino called it "a pretty iconic film for boys my age who saw it when it came out... The film is very involving. It contains maybe McQueen's finest serious acting moment on film, when he sticks his head out of the solitary confinement door and is not only unrecognizable but completely deranged. And the film contains one of the most powerful time cuts I've ever seen in a motion picture. The film's also not a little pretentious, self consciously arty, unrelentingly grim, extremely grueling and except for Dustin Hoffman keeping a bankroll and an extra pair of spectacles up his ass, completely devoid of any entertainment value."[19]
Papillon holds a 79% rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 28 reviews.[20]
In 1974, the film was nominated for an Oscar for Best Music, Original Dramatic Score (Jerry Goldsmith) and a Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture Actor, Drama (Steve McQueen).
The song "Devil's Island" by the American heavy metal band Megadeth, written by lead singer Dave Mustaine, was inspired by this film and appeared on the band's 1986 album Peace Sells... but Who's Buying?. Mustaine mentions this before playing the song during the band's Rude Awakening live DVD.[citation needed]
The song "Human Insecticide" by the Canadian thrash metal band Annihilator from their 1989 album Alice in Hell was inspired by this film.[21]
The Editors song "Papillon", from their 2009 album In This Light and on This Evening, opens with the line 'Make our escape, you're my own papillon.'
Mark Kozelek and Desertshore recorded a song called "Hey You Bastards I'm Still Here", named after Papillon's last quote from the film, spoken in voice-over just before the closing credits start.[22]
A parody of Papillon, Farfallon is a 1974 Italian comedy film directed by Riccardo Pazzaglia.
2017 film[edit]
Another film based on the autobiographies of Charrière and the 1973 film, also called Papillon, was released in 2017, directed by Danish director Michael Noer.[23] Charlie Hunnam played the lead role of Henri Charrière, while Rami Malek played Louis Dega.[24] The film premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival in September 2017.[25]
List of American films of 1973
^ "Papillon (1973)". LUMIERE. Retrieved September 11, 2017.
^ Gardner, Paul (4 September 1973). "Crime In, Sex Out, in New Film Season". New York Times. p. 30.
^ "Papillon, Box Office Information". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved January 17, 2012.
^ "Movie location and cost information", TV Guide
^ "Hondarribia". casa.co.uk. Retrieved 6 January 2015.
^ Franklin J. Schaffner (Scarecrow Filmmakers Series) (1985), Scarecrow Publishing, p. 381. ISBN 978-0-8108-1799-9
^ Sandford, Christopher. Steve McQueen: The Biography. (2002), Taylor Trade Publishing, p. 247. ISBN 978-0-87833-307-3
^ The Magnificent Rebel, "Making of" documentary film included in the DVD released in 1999. The documentary includes footage of Charrière examining the set.
^ "AFI's 100 Years Of Film Scores" (PDF).
^ "Papillon 1st Week $3,126,574". Variety. January 2, 1974. p. 8.
^ "All-time Film Rental Champs", Variety, 7 January 1976 p 20
^ "Papillon Movie Review & Film Summary (1973)". Chicago Sun-Times. 16 December 1973.
^ Canby, Vincent (December 17, 1973). "The Screen: 'Papillon'". The New York Times. 59.
^ Murphy, Arthur D. (December 12, 1973). "Film Reviews: Papillon". Variety. 16.
^ Siskel, Gene (December 24, 1973). "Papillon". Chicago Tribune. Section 2, p. 15.
^ Thomas, Kevin (December 19, 1973). "'Papillon' and 'Alfredo Alfredo'". Los Angeles Times. Part IV, p. 26.
^ Arnold, Gary (December 20, 1973). "Poor Butterfly". The Washington Post. B1.
^ Combs, Richard (March 1974). "Papillon". The Monthly Film Bulletin. 41 (482): 51.
^ Tarantino, Quentin (6 April 2020). "I Escaped from Devil's Island". The New Beverly Cinema.
^ "Papillon (1973)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved December 17, 2018.
^ Vinyl, Music On. "ANNIHILATOR - ALICE IN HELL - Music On Vinyl". www.musiconvinyl.com. Retrieved 2019-01-20.
^ https://genius.com/Mark-kozelek-and-desertshore-hey-you-bastards-im-still-here-lyrics
^ "Steve McQueen's 'Papillon' Gets Remake". Variety. Retrieved 2015-10-08.
^ Fleming, Mike Jr (August 4, 2016). "'Mr. Robot's Rami Malek To Play Dustin Hoffman Role In 'Papillon' Remake". deadline.com. Retrieved August 4, 2016.
^ Harvey, Dennis (2017-09-08). "Toronto Film Review: 'Papillon'". Variety. Retrieved 2017-09-08.
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Papillon (1973 film)
Papillon on IMDb
Papillon at the American Film Institute Catalog
Papillon at Rotten Tomatoes
Films directed by Franklin J. Schaffner
The Stripper (1963)
The Double Man (1967)
Nicholas and Alexandra (1971)
Papillon (1973)
Islands in the Stream (1977)
Sphinx (1981)
Yes, Giorgio (1982)
Lionheart (1987)
Welcome Home (1989)
Twelve Angry Men (1954)
Seven Against the Wall (1958)
Cry Vengeance! (1961)
A Tour of the White House with Mrs. John F. Kennedy (1962)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Papillon_(1973_film)&oldid=999841196"
1970s biographical drama films
1973 independent films
1970s prison films
American biographical drama films
American independent films
American prison drama films
Drama films based on actual events
Films based on non-fiction books
Allied Artists films
Films with screenplays by Dalton Trumbo
Films scored by Jerry Goldsmith
Films produced by Robert Dorfmann
Films set in jungles
Films set in the 1930s
Films set on Devil's Island
Films shot in Hawaii
Films shot in Jamaica
Films shot in Spain
Films with screenplays by Lorenzo Semple Jr.
Films set in French Guiana
Films set in the French colonial empire
1973 drama films


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