Let me start off today's post by saying that I got to school today and quickly realized that while I had my camera, my camera memory card was back home still in my laptop. Needless to say, I had to make do today with my cell phone, which luckily takes decent photos, but unfortunately made it a bit more difficult to take as many as I normally try to. Although as our menus expand and our dishes become more difficult, it is getting harder and harder to take photos of the cooking process!
Day Five included another potage (type of soup), a salad made with celery root, apple, and tossed in a remoulade (explained below), and a light dessert of oranges with zest confit! The day was much less intense in terms of time crunches and little details than yesterday, but still time-consuming and full of many new techniques.
Today's potage was a creamed potato and leek soup with a garnish of finely julienned celery, carrot, and leek. Traditionally, it is known as Potage Julienne Darblay. You might be familiar with the name of of the cold version of this soup: vichyssoise. This soup involved a few more new techniques and types of equipment we haven't used yet.
Essentially the soup is cooked by sweating the leeks (not allowing to gain color), adding stock, a bouquet garni (which is essentially a cheesecloth sachet to add flavor, including peppercorns, fresh thyme, parsley stems, and a bay leaf). At this point, you add roughly chopped potato and simmer slowly until cooked. This all gets thrown in the blender and then strained through a chinois—which is essentially an extremely fine-mesh strainer, which we have had yet to use until today. They also cost a fortune!
To this soup, we add the julienne darblay, which is a special technique of cooking called ETUVEE, which means literally "to smother". After fine julienning our carrot, celery and leek, these vegetables all got added to small saucepan, along with a very small amount of stock and butter, and then put on very low heat. The vegetables are then covered with a CARTOUCHE, which is a piece of parchment paper, cut to the diameter of the pan, and pressed against the vegetables. This cooks very slowly until all the vegetables are tender—without caramelizing or turning color.
New Food Fact of the Day: Today we learned the difference between a garnish and décor. A garnish is not, as I originally though, a type of food added on top or what have you, for presentation purposes. A garnish is something that is added to a dish, but not a step in the cooking process. However, it is still considered an integral part of the dish. In this case, the julienned vegetables were a garnish. Décor is something that is strictly used to decorate a plate or dish at the end for presentation. Definitely did not know any of this!
Me and my partner's saucepot of julienned vegetables was all cooked, sitting off the heat, and ready to go for plating. Unfortunately, when we got around to plating, probably 30-45 minutes later, we discovered that our vegetables were burned to a crisp and had essentially evaporated and dried out. Not good. There was no time to make more either! Essentially what happened was that some other fellow students of ours must have accidentally mistaken our burner knob for their own and turned ours on again! With all of us being new to the kitchen, sharing burners and stoves, I'm sure this will happen many more times—but it still sucked! I will definitely be more mindful of all my pots from now on. Essentially this meant that we had no garnish to add to our soup, which is why the photograph is particularly blah-looking. Sorry guys!
In addition to our soup, we also served a julienned celery root and apple salad tossed in homemade remoulade, which we learned today is a small or derivative sauce of mayonnaise. Therefore, we got to make homemade mayonnaise again! For the remoulade version, we added minced capers, anchovy, cornichon pickles, parsley, and chervil. It was then served on a bed of arugula. It was pretty interesting and tasty, but not necessarily something I would make again at home.
Lastly, as our light dessert, we made a citrus salad with zest confit—which is basically candied orange zest. As we learned in lecture this morning, to "confit" means to cook. This is usually done in either two ways, with sugar or with fat. For example, duck confit is an example of a meat cooked in fat.
Zest confit, on the other hand, is the zest and peel of a citrus being cooked in sugar—in this case, simple syrup. To do this, we first peeled our oranges and then very finely julienned the peel. The peel was then blanched (at our school, this term is defined as 'cleaning' or removing impurities of something by putting it into boiling water—not 'par boiling', which many other consider blanching).
This step was done three times—starting each time with new cold water and bringing to a boil—this step is very important, because it helps removes the natural oil from the peel and get rid of any bitterness. Lastly, we placed the blanched peel in simmering simple syrup (equal parts sugar & water) until it was soft and no longer gummy.
The remaining orange was then 'peler a vif'-ed, removing any outer pith. Today, instead of segmenting, we sliced the orange into coins. Meanwhile, we kept half the zest confit in the simple syrup, while the other half, we removed, allowed to dry slightly and then tossed lightly in granulated sugar. To sum up in one word: candied orange peel!
For plating, we topped the orange slices with a little bit of zest, as well as simple syrup, a few strands of sugared zest, as well as some chopped pistachio. We also then added a small slice of our genoise cake, that we learned how to make yesterday. To make it a bit more moist, we spooned a bit of the simple syrup over that as well. The oranges were pretty delicious for being so simple in concept!
Lunch was followed by clean-up (I somehow got the lovely task of cleaning the entire stockpot again?!) and eventually today's afternoon demo, which was a lesson on breaking down whole chickens!
This is something I have been very interested in, because I really have no knowledge of any sort of meat butchery at all. After watching Chef Brian break it down, we each got our own chicken and followed suit with our boning knives. I need to practice this over the weekend! I found some of it easy, but some parts tricky—such as removing the chicken breasts and 'oysters' as cleanly as possible. I'm kind of excited that I can do this at home now though!
Though we ended class today right on time at 2:30, I volunteered yesterday to stay until 5:30 to help our chef instructor with a recipe photo shoot for Bethesda Magazine! Something which obviously appeals to me. The photo shoot recipe was for duck, andouille, and shrimp gumbo. I was there to help with all the prep (chopping vegetables and getting mise en place ready—and also as an assistant during the cooking process), and then helping to clean-up at the end. Not only did I get to practice my knife skills a bit more, but I also got to see the process of photographing a recipe step-by-step, and even better, be a taste tester at the end. The gumbo was SO good—I wish I could have taken it all home with me. I got the recipe too, so I might be recreating this in the near future, once I get my hand on all the spices!
I also got to taste a small slice of a beautiful lemon meringue tart (seen above) made by the pastry students too—it was full of deliciously tart lemon curd and topped with soft marshmallow-y meringue. Hmmm… Apparently we will be learning how to make this, so there is more in my future.
First of all your beautiful photos are a testament to the incredible technology built into phones today. Kudos to you for a very thorough explanation of techniques and definitions. Well done!
Thanks so much Jill! I haven't been focused that much on food photography while at school, but at home when I am creating new recipes in the kitchen, I try to work on it as much as possible. It really is fun! I'm just trying to take as many pictures as possible to remember the experience and share it with you all! Glad you are enjoying it.


Henrico County has appointed Shelby P. Johnson to serve as director of Community Corrections, effective Feb. 16.
As director, Johnson will be responsible for coordinating a program of local probation, pretrial supervision and related services as a continuum of community-based sanctions and services. Community Corrections has an approved budget of $1.6 million and 22 employees in fiscal year 2018-19.
Johnson holds a Bachelor of Science in criminal justice from the University of Maryland Eastern Shore and a Master of Public Administration from Strayer University.


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Libertarian Party Radical Caucus Platform
Adopted by the Libertarian Party Radical Caucus, April 24, 2016; amended at the Membership Convention held June 24, 2017
1 Statement of Principles
2 1. The Individual
2.1 1.1 Self-Ownership, Freedom, and Responsibility
2.2 1.2 Freedom of Association and Discrimination
2.3 1.3 Freedom of Communications
2.4 1.4 Freedom of Religion
2.5 1.5 Families and Children
2.6 1.6 End of Life Decisions
2.7 1.7 Sexual Rights
2.8 1.8 Justice for the Individual
2.9 1.9 The War on Drugs
2.10 1.10 Criminal and Civil Laws
2.11 1.11 Safeguards for the Criminally Accused
2.12 1.12 Protection of Privacy
2.13 1.13 The Right to Self-Defense
2.14 1.14 The Right to Property
3 2. The Market
3.1 2.1 Finance and Capital Investment
3.2 2.2 Inflation and Depression
3.3 2.3 Trade Barriers
3.4 2.4 Subsidies
3.5 2.5 Unions and Collective Bargaining
3.6 2.6 Licensure
3.7 2.7 Monopolies
3.8 2.8 Intellectual Monopoly and File Sharing
3.9 2.9 Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA)
3.10 2.10 Space Exploration
4 3. The Community
4.1 3.1 Consumer Protection
4.2 3.2 Agriculture
4.3 3.3 Pollution
4.4 3.4 Transportation
4.5 3.5 Education
4.6 3.6 Energy
4.7 3.7 Juries
4.8 3.8 Government and Mental Health
4.9 3.9 Health Care
4.10 3.10 Poverty and Unemployment
4.11 3.11 Social Security
4.12 3.12 Resource Use
5 4. The State
5.1 4.1 Sovereign Immunity
5.2 4.2 Government Secrecy
5.3 4.3 Death Penalty
5.4 4.4 Internal Security and Civil Liberties
5.5 4.5 Government Debt
5.6 4.6 Taxation
5.7 4.7 Immigration
5.8 4.8 World Government
5.9 4.9 International Money
5.10 4.10 Foreign Aid
5.11 4.11 Human Rights
5.12 4.12 Colonialism
5.13 4.13 Negotiations
5.14 4.14 Military Policy
5.15 4.15 Presidential War Powers
5.16 4.16 Weapons of Mass Destruction
5.17 4.17 Election Laws
5.18 4.18 Secession
6 5. Omissions
We, the members of the Libertarian Party, challenge the cult of the omnipotent state and defend the rights of the individual.
We hold that all individuals have the right to exercise sole dominion over their own lives, and have the right to live in whatever manner they choose, so long as they do not forcibly interfere with the equal right of others to live in whatever manner they choose.
Governments throughout history have regularly operated on the opposite principle, that the State has the right to dispose of the lives of individuals and the fruits of their labor. Even within the United States, all political parties other than our own grant to government the right to regulate the lives of individuals and seize the fruits of their labor without their consent.
We, on the contrary, deny the right of any government to do these things, and hold that where governments exist, they must not violate the rights of any individual; namely, (1) the right to life -- accordingly we support prohibition of the initiation of physical force against others; (2) the right to liberty of speech and action -- accordingly we oppose all attempts by government to abridge the freedom of speech and press, as well as government censorship in any form; and (3) the right to property -- accordingly we oppose all government interference with private property, such as confiscation, nationalization, and eminent domain, and support the prohibition of robbery, trespass, fraud, and misrepresentation.
Since governments, when instituted, must not violate individual rights, we oppose all interference by government in the areas of voluntary and contractual relations among individuals. People should not be forced to sacrifice their lives and property for the benefit of others. They should be left free by government to deal with one another as free traders; and the resultant economic system, the only one compatible with the protection of individual rights, is the free market. Preamble
We oppose the existence of any state as having a monopoly on the use of force but agree that governments, when they exist, can only legitimately do so to the extent that their membership is entered into voluntarily and without coercion, and any individual member reserves the right to withdraw from such voluntary association as their conscience dictates.
Until we reach that end, we support reducing, and not replacing, the size, scope and power of government at all levels and on all issues, and oppose increasing the size, scope and power of government at any level, for any purpose. While recognizing that change often takes the form of increments and transitions, the policies in the planks that follow are to be taken as quickly and efficiently as possible without interruption or delay.
1. The Individual
No conflict exists between an orderly society and individual rights. Both concepts are based on the same fundamental principle: that no individual, group, or government may initiate force or fraud against any other individual, group, or government.
1.1 Self-Ownership, Freedom, and Responsibility
Individuals own their bodies and have rights over them that other individuals, groups, and governments may not violate. Individuals have the freedom and responsibility to decide what they knowingly and voluntarily consume, and what risks they accept to their own health, finances, safety, or life, provided those choices do not violate the rights of others.
1.2 Freedom of Association and Discrimination
Libertarians embrace the concept that all people are born with certain natural rights to life, liberty, and justly-acquired property, including the fruits of their labor. We reject the idea that a natural right can ever impose a positive obligation upon others to fulfill that right. Government must not deny, abridge, or enhance any individual's inherent rights for any reason and any laws which currently do so must be repealed rather than extended to all groups.
We condemn private discrimination as irrational and repugnant; however, we support the abolition of all laws that attempt to limit or ban it. The right to trade includes the right not to trade — for any reasons whatsoever; the right of association includes the right not to associate — for any reasons whatsoever, for exercise of these rights depend upon mutual consent. Individuals and private organizations, including businesses, retain their rights to set whatever standards of association and terms of voluntary interaction they deem appropriate, and other individuals and private businesses are free to respond with ostracism, boycotts, and other free market solutions
1.3 Freedom of Communications
We defend the rights of individuals to unrestricted freedom of speech, freedom of the press, and the right of individuals to unfettered expression. An important corollary to the right to speech is the right to silence. Language that is deemed offensive is not a cause for legal action. We oppose government-imposed or subsidized speech codes as well as laws against "hate speech."
We recognize that freedom of expression is possible only as part of a system of full property rights and recognize that freedom of communication does not extend to the use of other people's property to promote one's ideas without the voluntary consent of the owners. We oppose government ownership, control, funding, and subsidization of any communications organization, medium, or spectra and call for the abolition of the Federal Communications Commission. We support the right to individual and group privacy via encryption, and oppose any government efforts to restrict encryption development or deployment.
1.4 Freedom of Religion
We defend the rights of individuals to engage or not engage in any religious activities which do not violate the rights of others. In order to defend religious freedoms, we advocate a strict separation of church and state. We oppose government actions which define, aid, or attack any religion or religious membership. We oppose taxation of church property for the same reason we oppose all taxation.
Legislative, regulatory, or judicial decisions about what is a crime must not discriminate on the basis of religious belief or membership. No religious test must ever be required to assert the right to act in a way that does not violate the rights of others, and similarly there must be no religious exemption from responsibility for actions which violate the rights of others.
1.5 Families and Children
We believe that families and households are private institutions which must be free from government intrusion and interference. Parents, or other guardians, have the right to raise their children according to their own standards and beliefs, however they do not have a right to abandon or recklessly endanger their children. Whenever they are unable or unwilling to raise their children, they have the obligation to find others willing to assume guardianship. Accordingly, we oppose all laws that impede these processes, notably those restricting private adoption services, or those forcing children to remain in the custody of, or removing them from the custody of, their parents against their will.
Children are human beings and, as such, have all the rights of human beings. Because the exercise of some rights requires the ability to understand the possible consequences from actions, some rights may not be realized until an appropriate level of comprehension and responsibility is reached. Until such time, rights are placed in the custodianship of a guardian who is entrusted to exercise these rights on behalf of the child. Children must always have the right to establish their maturity by assuming administration and protection of their own rights, ending dependency upon their parents or other guardians and assuming all the responsibilities of adulthood. The path for full acceptance of all rights and responsibilities (also known as "emancipation") must be easy and clear.
We oppose all laws that empower government officials to seize children and make them "wards of the state" or, by means of child labor laws and compulsory education, to infringe on their freedom to work or learn as they choose. We oppose all legally created or sanctioned discrimination against (or in favor of) children, just as we oppose government discrimination directed at any other artificially defined sub-category of human beings.
We also support the repeal of all laws establishing any category of crimes applicable to children for which adults would not be similarly vulnerable, such as curfew, smoking, and alcoholic beverage laws, and other status offenses. We seek the repeal of all "children's codes" or statutes which abridge due process protections for young people. Juveniles must be held fully responsible for their crimes in accordance with their maturity and ability to administer their own rights and responsibilities.
1.6 End of Life Decisions
We believe in self-ownership. We support the inherent right of individuals to end their lives with dignity. All persons must have the right to die at the time and place and under the conditions of their own choosing. We support the concept of living wills in which individuals declare the manner in which they are to be treated and the procedures for disposal of their remains. In the absence of such wills and the ability of the individual to choose (e.g., coma) the matter must be decided by the family or such persons the individual may have clearly preferred with whatever guidance they may desire. In keeping with the principle of non-coercion, no individual shall be forced either to continue or terminate life-sustaining care. We oppose the prosecution of physicians and loved ones who participate in consensual assisted suicide.
1.7 Sexual Rights
Consenting individuals have the right to private choice in sexual activity. We support the repeal of all laws and policies which are intended to condemn, affirm, encourage, or deny sexual lifestyles or any attitudes about such lifestyles. Further, we oppose any government attempts to dictate, prohibit, control, or encourage any private lifestyle, living arrangement, or contractual relationship.
1.8 Justice for the Individual
The present system of criminal law is focused exclusively on imprisonment. As violators of foundational principles, aggressors must be required to compensate their victims and pay for costs of their trial and apprehension. We support restitution to the victim to the fullest degree possible at the expense of the criminal or wrongdoer and oppose any laws which deprive the victim of the right to recover damages from those responsible in the case of injury. Those unwilling to make payments towards a court-ordered judgment must be placed in a competitive private prison agreed upon by arbitration, in lieu of the state-subsidized Prison Industrial Complex whose sole motive is profit with little concern for making the victim whole. We also support the right of the victim to pardon the criminal or wrongdoer, barring threats to the victim for this purpose.
1.9 The War on Drugs
The so-called "War on Drugs" is in reality a war on people. We deplore the suffering that drug misuse has brought about; however, drug prohibition is more dangerous than drugs themselves and comes with a staggering cost in both money and human lives. The War on Drugs is a grave threat to individual liberty, to domestic order, and to peace in the world; furthermore, it has provided a rationale by which the power of the state has been expanded to restrict greatly our right to privacy and to be secure in our homes.
While we do not advocate drug misuse, we are in favor of alternative solutions that do not increase the power of the state. Additionally, we favor the elimination of all laws establishing criminal or civil penalties for the use of drugs, and the abolition of bureaucracies like the Drug Enforcement Agency.
1.10 Criminal and Civil Laws
We hold that any action which does not infringe on the rights of others cannot properly be deemed a crime or civil violation and believe that individuals retain the right to voluntarily assume risk of harm to themselves. We therefore favor the repeal of all laws that create penalties without actual victims. In particular, we advocate:
a. The repeal of all laws prohibiting the production, sale, possession, or use of drugs and alcohol, and of all medicinal prescription requirements for the purchase of vitamins, drugs, and similar substances and call for the abolition of any agencies that exist to enforce any of these restrictions including the Drug Enforcement Agency and the Food and Drug Administration.;
b. The repeal of all laws regarding consensual sexual relations, including prostitution and solicitation;
c. The repeal of all laws regulating or prohibiting gambling;
d. The repeal of all laws interfering with the right to commit suicide as infringements of the ultimate right of individuals to their own lives; and
We demand the pardon and exoneration of everyone who has been convicted solely for these "crimes." We condemn the confiscation of property via civil asset forfeiture that all too often accompanies police raids, searches, and prosecutions for victimless crimes.
1.11 Safeguards for the Criminally Accused
People must be accorded all possible respect for their individual rights until such time as they are proven guilty of a crime. The rights of due process, a speedy trial, legal counsel, trial by jury, and the legal presumption of innocence until proven guilty, must not be denied.
We oppose labeling cases as civil in order to avoid the due process protections of criminal law and we further oppose pretrial seizure of property. We oppose police officers using excessive force, preventive detention, and no-knock raids, and support the right to film police officers.
Whenever malfeasance of government agents results in persons being arrested, indicted, tried, imprisoned, or otherwise injured in the course of criminal proceedings, injured parties must receive full restitution.
1.12 Protection of Privacy
The individual's right to privacy must not be infringed. Governments must not use electronic or other means of covert surveillance of an individual's actions or private property without the express consent of the owner or occupant. Correspondence, financial transactions and records, medical records, legal records, employment records, and the like must not be open to review without the express consent of all parties involved in those actions.
We support the natural rights of individuals to be secure in their persons and property against unreasonable searches and seizures and oppose any government use of search warrants to examine or seize materials belonging to innocent third parties. We also oppose and call for the abolition of police roadblocks and practices of testing drivers for intoxicants, stopping mass transit vehicles and searching passengers, and Terry stops (also called "stop-and-frisk") in the absence of probable cause.
All federal, state, local, and other government compilations of data must be conducted only with the express consent of the persons from whom the data is sought. To this end, we call for the abolition of the National Security Agency and any other agencies that conduct unwarranted mass surveillance; the abolition of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court, which rubber-stamps secret warrants that can't be challenged; and the abolition of the USA PATRIOT Act, USA FREEDOM Act, Alien and Sedition Acts, Espionage Act, and any other legislation, executive orders, or regulations which authorize violations of rights.
We support the rights of people to develop, sell, and use encryption technology and distributed software that allows users to protect their privacy. Specifically, we oppose any requirement for disclosure of encryption methods or keys ("back doors") and any requirement for use of government-specified devices or protocols. We also oppose government classification of civilian research on encryption methods, and we oppose any attempts to regulate virtual currencies.
When government agencies violate privacy rights, people who are knowledgeable of these violations have a duty to inform the public. To that end, we support protections for whistleblowers and oppose efforts to charge whistleblowers with espionage for exposing governmental wrongdoing.
If a private employer screens prospective or current employees for drugs or medical conditions, that is a term of that employee's labor contract with the employer. Such screening does not violate the rights of employees, who have the right to boycott such employers if they choose. Private contractual arrangements, including labor contracts, must be founded on mutual consent and agreement in a society that upholds freedom of association. We oppose any use of such screening by government; we also oppose mandating it of private employers.
We oppose the requirement to possess an identity card, for any purpose, such as employment, voting, or border crossing, and call upon the Congress to repeal REAL ID which in effect creates a national identification system.
We further oppose the nearly universal requirement for use of Social Security number(s) as personal identification codes, whether by government agencies or by intimidation of private companies by governments.
1.13 The Right to Self-Defense
The only legitimate use of force is in self-defense. This right inheres in the individual, who may seek to be, or agree to be, aided by any other individual or group. Private property owners shall be free to establish their own conditions regarding weapons. The right of defense extends to defense against aggressive acts of government.
We oppose all laws at any level of government restricting, registering, or monitoring the ownership, sale, manufacture, transport, or transfer of firearms, ammunition, or any other tool that could be used for self-defense, including any requirements for background checks. Accordingly, we support abolishing the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives (BATFE) and favor the implementation of fully-legal carry of weapons, open or concealed, without any permit requirement.
1.14 The Right to Property
We hold that property rights are individual rights and, as such, are entitled to the same protections as all other individual rights. We oppose any recognition of fiat claims by national governments or international bodies to unclaimed territory. Individuals have the right to homestead unowned resources, both within the jurisdictions of national governments and within such unclaimed territory as the ocean, Antarctica, and the volume of outer space. We further hold that the owners of property have the full right to control, use, dispose of, or in any manner enjoy their property without interference until and unless the exercise of their control infringes the valid rights of others.
Eminent domain, civil asset forfeiture, governmental limits on profits, governmental production mandates, and governmental controls on prices of goods and services (including wages, rents, and interest) are abridgments of such fundamental rights.
Where property, including land, has been taken from its rightful owners in violation of individual rights, we favor restitution to the rightful owners.
We specifically condemn current government efforts to regulate or ban the use of property in the name of aesthetic values, riskiness, moral standards, cost-benefit estimates, or the promotion or restriction of economic growth. We demand an end to the taxation of privately owned real property, which makes the state the de facto owner of all lands and forces individuals to rent their homes and places of business from the state.
2. The Market
Every individual has the right to offer goods and services to others on the free market. Where governments exists, the only justifiable role in the economic realm is to protect property rights, adjudicate disputes, and provide a legal framework in which voluntary trade is protected.
Efforts to forcibly redistribute wealth or forcibly manage trade are intolerable. We believe that all individuals have the right to dispose of the fruits of their labor as they see fit and that governments have no right to take such wealth. We oppose government-enforced charity such as welfare programs and subsidies, but we support those individuals and private charitable organizations that help the needy and contribute to a wide array of worthwhile causes through voluntary activities.
2.1 Finance and Capital Investment
We call for the removal of all regulation of financial and capital markets and the abolition of the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC).
We oppose any attempts to ban or regulate investing in stock-market index futures or new financial instruments which may emerge in the future. In particular, Blue Sky laws which limit small and risky investments must be repealed.
2.2 Inflation and Depression
We recognize that government control over money and banking is the primary cause of inflation and depression. Individuals engaged in voluntary exchange must be free to own and use as money any mutually agreeable item. We favor the elimination of all government fiat money and call for the repeal of all legal tender laws and of all compulsory governmental units of account. All restrictions upon the private minting of coins must be abolished so that minting can be open to the competition of the free market. We call for the state to desist attempts to regulate cryptocurrency and for the legalization of domestic deposits denominated in foreign currencies. Above all we call for the abolition of the unaccountable Federal Reserve that issues its own money created without oversight and lends it at interest to the government and other banking institutions.
We favor free-market banking. We call for the abolition of the National Banking System, and all similar national and state interventions affecting banking and credit. Our opposition encompasses all controls on the rate of interest. There must be unrestricted competition among banks and depository institutions of all types, including private insurance agencies competing for the business of protecting investors deposits that is current granted as limited and without competition by the National Credit Union Administration and the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation.
2.3 Trade Barriers
Free trade does not require a treaty, rather a lack of government involvement. Tariffs and quotas give special treatment to favored interests and diminish the welfare of everyone. We therefore support abolition of all trade barriers and all government-sponsored export-promotion programs. We affirm this as a unilateral policy, independent of the trade policies of other nations.
2.4 Subsidies
In order to achieve a free economy in which government victimizes no one for the benefit of any other, we oppose all government subsidies. Subsidies can take the form of so-called public-private partnerships, government contracting, mandatory insurance, and similar policies.
We oppose all government guarantees of loans. Such guarantees transfer resources to special interests as effectively as actual government expenditures and, at the national level, exceed direct government loans in total amount. All national, state, and local government agencies whose primary function is to guarantee loans must be abolished.
Relief or exemption from taxation or from any other involuntary government intervention must not be considered a subsidy.
2.5 Unions and Collective Bargaining
We support the right of people to freely associate in labor unions, just as we recognize that the existence of a union does not grant powers that the individuals within the union do not possess. The existence of boycotts, strikes, and lockouts does not justify the initiation of violence against other workers, employers, strike-breakers, or innocent bystanders.
We oppose government interference in bargaining such as compulsory arbitration or the imposition of an obligation to bargain. Therefore, we urge repeal of the National Labor Relations Act and all laws that prohibit employers from making voluntary contracts with unions. We oppose all government back-to-work orders as the imposition of a form of forced labor.
2.6 Licensure
Licensure is a method for government to convert a natural right into a privilege — one that involves paying fees to the government to exercise. Privileges can be and often are revoked by government. Rights must be held inviolate, and no one must be forced to pay to exercise a right.
2.7 Monopolies
We condemn all coercive and government-granted monopolies including public utilities and the United States Postal Service. In order to facilitate their elimination, we advocate a strict separation of business and state, and call for the repeal of all antitrust laws, including the Sherman Anti Trust Act, the Clayton Antitrust Act, Robinson-Patman Act, and Celler-Kefauver Act. We further call for the abolition of the Federal Trade Commission and the anti-trust division of the Department of Justice. Laws of incorporation must not include grants of monopoly privilege. In particular, we oppose special limits on the liability of corporations for damages caused in non-contractual transactions. We defend the right of individuals to form corporations, cooperatives, and other types of companies based on voluntary association and favor the elimination of state or federal limits on the size of private companies and on the right of companies to merge. We also favor the elimination of efforts to expand federal chartering as a pretext for government control of business, particularly those involving industries where government could attempt to create its own monopoly.
2.8 Intellectual Monopoly and File Sharing
The phrase "intellectual property" is a misnomer. What the state calls intellectual property is more accurately referred to as "intellectual monopoly" as the is a state-granted grants a monopoly on the use of an idea, or goods, and services derived from an idea to a certain limited group. We call for the elimination of the protection of such monopoly thereby freeing the market, encouraging content providers and product developers to improve on existing products thereby bringing more and better choices to the market.
In particular, we call for the end of the prohibition of online file sharing, just as we oppose all victimless crimes. When content is shared it is not stolen as no one loses any property, only a potential loss of some future revenue, which is natural in any open market.
2.9 Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA)
We advocate the complete separation of employment from state. We therefore call for the repeal of the federal Occupational Safety and Health Act and any state level equivalent. These laws deny the right to liberty and property to both employer and employee, and interfere in their private contractual relations. Instead, we promote free market solutions to help increase employee safety.
2.10 Space Exploration
The development of space and the establishment of a spacefaring civilization, being in the greatest common good of the human race, should not be restricted by governments.
We oppose all government restrictions upon voluntary peaceful use and exploration of outer space. We condemn all international attempts to control, prevent, or limit private exploration, industrialization, and colonization of the moon, planets, asteroids, satellite orbits, Lagrange points, or any other extra-terrestrial resources.
It is important to allow free market entrants to create innovative launch systems and business models, and for them and their customers to determine their own acceptable levels of risk.
Therefore, we support the abolition of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, and replacing its functions with private-sector alternatives.
3. The Community
Current problems in such areas as energy, pollution, health care delivery, decaying cities, and poverty are not solved, but are primarily caused, by government. The welfare and protection state, supposedly designed to aid the poor and protect the public, is in reality a growing and parasitic burden on all productive people, and injures, rather than benefits, the poor themselves, while violating the rights of peaceful persons to be free to keep the fruits of their labors and to trade freely.
3.1 Consumer Protection
The natural right to produce and purchase products and services must not be restricted by law.
In the free market, consumers would be protected because:
a. A good name is an asset to a business and it can best be maintained by fair and honest dealing;
b. The use of certificates, guarantees, and warranties issued by manufacturers and suppliers of goods and services is a protection to the consumer;
c. Both professional and non-professional people can voluntarily form associations for the specific purpose of maintaining high standards both in work and behavior; and,
d. Privately-owned consumer protection organizations producing journals and magazines would proliferate in a free market.
We therefore endorse and advocate the elimination of all government consumer affairs bureaus or departments such as the Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC), and the Food and Drug Administration, (FDA), and the repeal of all laws regulating the production, transportation, sale, possession, advertising, quality, safety, or use of any product or service.
3.2 Agriculture
We seek a return to a free, dynamic market with every possible and desirable crop being produced and sold by as many market participants as possible, using any method that meets with the approval of the buying public that does not spread external harm.
Private sector labeling must be allowed to replace government-mandated labeling — consumers will be better served with competitive certification and labels and the ability to reject products whose labeling fails to meet their personal standards.
Private individuals or corporations must bear full responsibility for damages they inflict on their neighbors with unwanted externalities including pesticides, herbicides, and genetic modifications.
3.3 Pollution
Pollution of air, water, and land violates the rights of individuals to their lives and property. We support the development of an objective legal system defining property rights to air and water and a modification of the laws governing such torts as trespass and nuisance to cover damages done by pollution. Strict liability, not government agencies and arbitrary government standards, must regulate pollution. Governments will no longer be able to be among the worst polluters due to the fact that they will be held liable like everyone else under this system.
We support holding property owners fully liable for damages done by their toxic waste. We oppose the creation of governmental funds, backed by the taxing power, to finance toxic waste clean-up.
We call for the repeal of environmental regulations and call for the abolition of the federal and state Environmental Protection Agencies and the return of all questions of violations of the rights to life and property to the jurisdiction of the courts.
3.4 Transportation
The transportation industry must not be treated differently from any other industry, and must be governed by free markets and held to strict liability.
We call for the dissolution of all government agencies concerned with transportation — including the Department of Transportation, the Interstate Commerce Commission, the Federal Aviation Administration, the National Transportation Safety Board, the Coast Guard, and the Federal Maritime Commission — and the transfer of their legitimate functions to competitive private firms. We call for the privatization of airports, air traffic control systems, passenger rail, and all public roads.
We advocate an immediate end to government regulation of private transit organizations and to government favors to the transportation industry. In particular, we support the immediate repeal of all laws restricting and regulating transit competition such as the granting of taxicab and bus monopolies and the regulation or prohibition of peer-to-peer transportation services. We call for the repeal of the Merchant Marine Act of 1920 which restricts the carriage of goods or passengers between United States ports to US-built and flagged vessels, and urge immediate deregulation of the trucking industry.
We advocate the complete separation of education and state. Government schools lead to the indoctrination of children and interfere with the free choice of individuals. We condemn compulsory education laws and call for their immediate repeal. Government ownership, operation, regulation, and subsidy of schools and colleges must end.
The provision of energy must be left to the free market. We oppose all government control of energy pricing, allocation, distribution, and production. We oppose all government subsidies for energy research, development, and operation. We support abolition of the Department of Energy and its component agencies.
We oppose all government conservation schemes through the use of taxes, subsidies, and regulation. We oppose any attempt to compel national energy self-sufficiency. The government must not be in the business of stockpiling natural resources; therefore we call for the complete disbursement of the national strategic oil reserve.
We favor the creation of a free market in all forms of energy by respect for property rights and by the repeal of all government controls over output in the energy industry. All government-owned energy resources must be returned to private ownership.
3.7 Juries
We assert the common-law right of juries to judge not only the facts but also the justice of the law. Without the ability to judge the law, juries can do nothing to protect the people against government oppression. Since the jury trial is a crucial element to the judicial system of checks and balances against some of the more ludicrous legislative creations, juries need to be informed of their right to nullify all laws that are unjust or oppressive, and find against the government and the law by voting "not guilty."
We oppose the current practice of forced jury duty and favor all-volunteer juries.
3.8 Government and Mental Health
We oppose the involuntary treatment or commitment of any person for mental health concerns, as well as government pressure requiring parents to obtain counseling or psychiatric drugs for their children. We advocate an end to the spending of tax money for any program of psychiatric, psychological, behavioral research, or treatment.
3.9 Health Care
We advocate a complete separation of medicine from the state. Accordingly, we support a free market health care system and oppose government mandates in insurance and healthcare. We recognize the freedom of individuals to determine the services they want (if any) and all other aspects of their medical care. We advocate replacing compulsory or tax supported plans to supply health services or insurance with voluntarily supported efforts. We oppose any government restriction or funding of private medical or scientific research.
3.10 Poverty and Unemployment
We oppose all attempts to criminalize homelessness. We therefore call for the immediate repeal of all laws against sleeping, camping, eating, feeding, or solicitation.
Traditional, voluntary sources of emergency support from families, churches, private charities, and mutual aid societies have always been more humane, more effective, and willingly borne by the givers rather than being coercively taken from others. Therefore we call for the complete disbandment of the welfare state.
While we are being oppressed by the current tax system, we propose shortening the time when governmental programs are replaced by effective private institutions we advocate dollar-for-dollar tax credits for all charitable contributions.
Government fiscal and monetary measures that artificially foster business expansion guarantee an eventual increase in unemployment rather than curtailing it. We call for the immediate cessation of such policies as well as any governmental attempts to affect employment levels.
We support repeal of all laws that impede the ability of any person to find employment, such as minimum wage laws, so-called "protective" labor legislation for women and children, governmental restrictions on the establishment of private day-care centers, and the National Labor Relations Act. We deplore government-fostered forced retirement, which robs the elderly of the right to work.
3.11 Social Security
Retirement planning is the responsibility of the individual not the government. Therefore, we call for the elimination of the coercive government-sponsored Social Security system.
3.12 Resource Use
Resource management is properly the responsibility and right of the legitimate owners of land, water, and other natural resources. We oppose government control of resource use via taxes, incentives, or regulations.
We call for the homesteading or other just transfer to private ownership of government controlled lands and other resources. We recognize the legitimacy of resource planning by means of private, voluntary covenants. We oppose creation of new government parks or wilderness and recreation areas. Such parks and areas that already exist must be transferred to non-government ownership. Pending such just transfer, their operating costs must be borne by their users rather than by taxpayers.
The allocation of water must be governed by unrestricted competition and unregulated prices. We call for the divestment of government and quasi-government water supply systems. The construction of government dams and other water projects must cease, and existing government water projects must be transferred to private ownership. Only the complete separation of water and the state will prevent future water crises.
4. The State
Foreign policy must seek peace with the world and the defense — against attack from abroad — of the lives, liberty, and property of persons within its territorial borders. Provision of such defense must respect the individual rights of people everywhere.
The principle of non-intervention must guide relationships between governments. The United States government must return to the historic libertarian tradition of avoiding entangling alliances, abstaining totally from foreign quarrels and imperialist adventures, and recognizing the right to unrestricted trade, travel, and immigration.
4.1 Sovereign Immunity
We favor an immediate end to the doctrine of Sovereign Immunity that ignores the primacy of the individual over the abstraction of the state, and holds that the state may not be sued without its permission or held accountable for its actions under civil law.
Government agents must be subject to civil and criminal liability for any injuries caused by their actions, without regard to whether those actions occurred during the course of their duties. Neither government agencies nor their representatives shall be exempted from laws, statutes and regulations applicable to everyone else.
Government agents must be personally responsible for satisfying judgments against them, and the agency/taxpayersmust never directly pay such settlements.
4.2 Government Secrecy
We oppose the government's use of secret classifications to keep information from the public, especially that which exposes government malfeasance.
4.3 Death Penalty
We oppose the administration of the death penalty by the state.
4.4 Internal Security and Civil Liberties
In order to best protect individual rights, it is necessary to remove the monopoly over domestic security concerns from the state, and allow open and honest discussion of potential security information with competing private contractors. We therefore call for the abolition of the Department of Homeland Security, the repeal of the USA PATRIOT Act, Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act, the National Defense Authorization Act and all other legislation that authorizes secret evidence, holding people without charge, treating material witnesses like convicted criminals, engaging in searches and seizure without warrants, and other violations of individual rights under the color of national security. Additionally, we oppose the existence of internal Border Patrol checkpoints.
Individuals, companies, and government agencies must use discretion when gathering data during any investigation. Security, national or otherwise, must not be considered an automatic defense to charges against those who collect such data, nor must the protection of personal information be automatically guaranteed by the state as all individuals must be responsible for securing their personal data.
We support the abolition of the subpoena power as used by Congressional committees against individuals or firms. We oppose any efforts to revive the House Un-American Activities Committee or any related committees such as the House Internal Security Committee or Senate Subcommittee on Internal Security. We call for the government to openly disclose data they have collected in the past, and that which is not free to be disclosed openly must be destroyed.
4.5 Government Debt
We oppose government entering into debt obligations on behalf of its constituents and their children for decades to come. No person can rightly enter into a contract on behalf of another person without their consent. When governments accrue debt, they are in essence entering into debt on behalf of their constituents and the children of their constituents. We therefore call upon both houses of the United States Congress to promptly pass, and call upon the state legislatures to ratify, an amendment repealing Section 4 of the Fourteenth Amendment, prohibiting future indebtedness and deficit spending on the part of the federal government, and repudiating all federal government debt and debt service obligations accrued prior to the ratification of said amendment.
Until the national debt is repudiated, the federal government must have a balanced budget. To be effective, a balanced budget must provide:
a. that the budget is balanced exclusively by cutting expenditures, and not by raising taxes;
b. that all spending is included in the budget;
c. that neither the Legislative nor the Executive be permitted to override this requirement; and
d. that no exception be made for periods of so-called "national emergency."
Governments facing fiscal crises must always default on their debt obligations in preference to raising taxes. At minimum, the level of government must be frozen. Additionally, the Federal Reserve must be forbidden from acquiring any additional government securities, thereby helping to eliminate the inflationary aspect of the deficit.
4.6 Taxation
Taxation is theft.
Since we believe that all persons are entitled to keep the fruits of their labor, we oppose all government activity that consists of the forcible collection of money or goods from individuals in violation of their individual rights. Specifically, we:
a. recognize the right of any individual to challenge the payment of taxes on moral, religious, legal, or constitutional grounds;
b. support the repeal of the Sixteenth Amendment, and oppose any increase in existing tax rates and the imposition of any new taxes;
c. oppose all taxation, including but not limited to, personal income, corporate income, capital gains, and inheritance taxes; and
d. support a declaration of unconditional amnesty for all those individuals who have been convicted of, or who now stand accused of, tax resistance.
As an interim measure, all criminal and civil sanctions against tax evasion must be terminated immediately including, but not limited to, imprisonment and asset forfeiture.
We oppose as involuntary servitude any legal requirements forcing employers or business owners to serve as de facto tax collectors for federal, state, or local tax agencies.
We oppose any and all increases in the rate of taxation or categories of taxpayers, including the elimination of deductions, exemptions, or credits in the spurious name of "fairness," "simplicity," or alleged "neutrality to the free market." No tax can ever be fair, simple, or neutral to the free market.
In the current fiscal, default is preferable to raising taxes or perpetual refinancing of growing public debt.
4.7 Immigration
We hold that one of the basic core principles of a free market is the freedom to move about voluntarily, and as such, borders are artificial barriers to trade and movement. A free market cannot exist with a closed or restricted border.
Undocumented non-citizens must not be denied the fundamental freedom to labor and to move about unmolested, nor should citizens be denied the right to assist in whatever manner they choose. Furthermore, immigration must not be restricted for reasons of nationality, race, religion, political creed, age, or sexual preference.
We therefore call for the elimination of all restrictions on immigration, the abolition of the Immigration and Customs Enforcement and the Border Patrol, and declare a full pardon for all people who are in the country without government permission. We oppose government welfare and resettlement payments to non-citizens just as we oppose government welfare payments to all other persons. We aim to restore a world in which there are no passports, visas, or other papers required to cross borders.
4.8 World Government
We support the immediate withdrawal of the United States government from, and an end to its financial support for, the United Nations (UN). Specifically, we oppose any policy designating the UN as policeman of the world, committing troops to wars at the discretion of the UN, or placing troops under UN command. We oppose our government's participation in any world or international government and oppose any treaty under which individual rights would be violated.
4.9 International Money
We favor withdrawal from the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund. We oppose any participation in international government-issued currencies whether regional or international in scope and any bailout of foreign governments or American banks, either by means of the International Monetary Fund or through any other governmental device. We strongly support all private sector units of trade and their use in international markets. We oppose any participation in international government-issued currencies whether regional or international in scope.
4.10 Foreign Aid
We support the elimination of tax-supported military, economic, technical, and scientific aid to foreign governments or other organizations, and call for the repeal of all prohibitions on individuals or firms contributing or selling goods and services to any foreign country or organization. We support the abolition of government underwriting of arms sales. We further support abolition of federal agencies that make American taxpayers guarantors of export-related loans, and oppose the participation of the United States government in international commodity circles which restrict production, limit technological innovation, and raise prices.
4.11 Human Rights
The violation of rights and liberty by other states can never justify foreign intervention by the United States government. No state is innocent of violating human rights and liberty, and none can approach the issue with clean hands. Only private individuals and organizations have any place speaking out on this issue.
We abhor the widespread and increasing use of torture for interrogation and punishment. We condemn the use of force, especially the use of terrorism, against the innocent, regardless of whether such acts are committed by government groups.
4.12 Colonialism
We favor immediate self-determination for all individuals living in colonial dependencies, freeing these individuals from American dominance accompanied by the termination of subsidization of them at taxpayers' expense. Land seized by the United States government must be returned to its rightful owners.
4.13 Negotiations
The important principle guiding foreign policy must be the elimination of intervention by the United States government in the affairs of other nations. Negotiations with any foreign government do not necessarily concede moral legitimacy to that government. We favor a drastic reduction in cost and size of our entire diplomatic establishment. Additionally, we favor the repeal of the Logan Act, which prohibits American citizens from engaging in private correspondence with foreign governments with intent to influence the measures or conduct of any foreign government or of any officer or agent thereof, in relation to any disputes or controversies with the United States without authorization of the United States government. However, we acknowledge that individuals involved in such
4.14 Military Policy
We call for a completely voluntary military in both funding and participation where members of the military can quit any time they choose. While borders and taxpayer funded militaries exist, their purpose must be limited to defending the borders of the United States from attack. The United States has no business being the policeman of the world. We call for the withdrawal from commitments to engage in war on behalf of other governments and for abandonment of doctrines supporting military intervention such as the Monroe Doctrine.
We favor the repeal the Neutrality Act of 1794, and all other United States neutrality laws, which restrict the efforts of Americans to aid overseas organizations fighting to overthrow or change governments. We wish to end the incorporation of foreign nations into the American defense perimeter. Further, we call upon the federal government to cease the creation and maintenance of American installations and bases in other countries, and American military troops stationed overseas must be withdrawn as quickly as practicable.
4.15 Presidential War Powers
We call for the reform of the Presidential War Powers Act to end the President's power to initiate military action, and for the abrogation of all Presidential declarations of "states of emergency." There must be no further secret commitments and unilateral acts of military intervention by the Executive Branch.
4.16 Weapons of Mass Destruction
We believe that no government agency must be allowed to acquire, purchase, or otherwise accept for use any vehicles, equipment or weapons unless such hardware is readily available in an open commercial market. If any tool in its intended use is deemed too powerful or destructive for any individual to own, i.e. weapons that would destroy towns or neighborhoods in their applications, those tools are also too powerful for any government to own.
4.17 Election Laws
We call for an end to government control of political parties, consistent with individual rights to freedom of association and freedom of expression. Political parties are private voluntary groups, and must be allowed to establish their own rules for nomination procedures, primaries, and conventions. At the same time, political parties must not be given any special privileges or subsidies in their internal decision-making process. To that end, we call for the complete abolition of primary elections that are funded or controlled by any government body. "Voters" do not own political parties — the people who invest their time and money in them do, and the state must not interfere in their right to run their parties in the manner that suits them.
We demand repeal of all regulations and regulatory structures including the Federal Election Campaign Act and the FEC which suppress voluntary support of candidates and parties, compels taxpayers to subsidize some politicians and political views which many do not wish to support; invades the privacy of American citizens; and protects the Republican and Democratic parties from competition. We call for an end to all government subsidies to candidates or parties and the repeal of all laws which regulate or restrict voluntary financing of election campaigns.
Many state legislatures have established prohibitively restrictive laws which in effect exclude alternative candidates and parties from their rightful place on election ballots. Such laws wrongfully deny ballot access to political candidates and groups and further deny the voters their right to consider all legitimate alternatives. We hold that no state has a legitimate interest to protect in this area except for the fair and efficient conduct of elections.
Electoral systems matter. The predominant use of "winner-take-all" elections in gerrymandered, single-member districts fosters political monopolies and creates a substantial government-imposed barrier to election of non-incumbent political parties and candidates. We call upon legislative bodies to adopt electoral systems that are more representative of the electorate at the federal, state, and local levels, such as proportional voting systems with multi-member districts for legislative elections and ranked choice or approval voting for single winner elections. Further we oppose implementation of the electoral system known as Top Two.
Competition in ideas and government policies is important to the electoral process and is a cornerstone of fundamental freedoms. At the national level, The Commission on Presidential Debates (CPD), created in 1987 by the Republican and Democratic national parties for the express purpose of keeping minor party and independent candidates out of debates, intentionally limits participation in the nationally-televised debates to the Democratic and Republican Party nominees. The presidential debates organized by the CPD exert a de facto influence on the outcome of presidential elections, because a presidential candidate who is excluded from presidential debates has virtually zero chance of winning the general presidential election. The right to form a party for the advancement of political goals means little if that party's nominee can be arbitrarily excluded from debates and denied an equal opportunity to win votes. While we support the abolition of all intrusive election and other laws affecting the operation of private political parties, to the extent that these laws exist, they must not be manipulated to benefit the dominant parties to the exclusion of minority parties or independent candidates and to the ultimate detriment of the voters who are not presented with the range of potential choices. This effectively disenfranchises voters and violates First Amendment freedoms. Therefore, in accordance with current ballot access laws, we call upon all organizations that host debates to have fair and objective debate criteria that must: include all candidates who are legally qualified to serve and whose names appear on the ballot. Additionally for Presidential debates, candidates must also appear on enough ballots to potentially secure a majority in the Electoral College.
The Australian ballot system, introduced into the United States in the late nineteenth century, is an abridgment of freedom of expression and of voting rights. Under it, the names of all the officially approved candidates are printed in a single government sponsored format and the voter indicates their choice by marking it or by writing in an approved but unlisted candidate's name. We advocate for a strict separation of ballot and state, and call for a return to the previous electoral system where there was no official ballot or candidate approval at all, and therefore no state or federal restriction of access to a "single ballot." Instead, voters submitted their own choices and had the option of using "tickets" or cards printed by candidates or political parties. In order to grant voters a full range of choice in federal, state, and local elections, we propose the addition of the alternative "None of the above is acceptable" to all ballots. We further propose that in the event that "none of the above is acceptable" receives a plurality of votes in any election, either the elective office for that term must remain unfilled and unfunded, or there shall be a new election in which none of the losing candidates shall be eligible.
4.18 Secession
We recognize the right to political secession by political entities, private groups, or individuals. We believe that individuals must be allowed to decide for themselves if and how they will be governed, if at all. Exercise of this right, like the exercise of all other rights, does not remove legal and moral obligations not to violate the rights of others.
5. Omissions
Our silence about any other particular government law, regulation, ordinance, directive, edict, control, regulatory agency, activity, or machination, including the existence of any particular governmental system, must not be construed to imply approval. In every matter, we adhere to the consistent application of the principle of the non-initiation of physical force or fraud.
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text:
Shell's environmental racism against the Ogbodo-Isiokpo community, after a pipeline's explosion and spill, Nigeria
Pollution on the Niger Delta - Photo Courtesy, Mike Uwemedimo; https://www.amnesty.org.uk/slick-pr-cannot-disguise-shell-devastating-oil-pollution-nigeria-niger-delta
Shell did not respond rapidly, leading to 50,000 barrels of oil spill in Ogbodo land. They falsely accused the locals of provoking it, then did not lead a proper clean-up nor did provide an adequate support to the locals living under extreme conditions.
Ogbodo is one of the largest villages (in terms of population) in the Isiokpo Clan of Ikwere ethnic nationality in the Niger Delta. It is an agrarian community with rich swamps, which serve as hunting grounds for community members. Shell Petroleum Development Company (hereafter SPDC) discovered oil in commercial quantity in this community in the year 1972. Aged and rusty pipelines belonging to SPDC have resulted in frequent spills of oil into the Ogbodo environment. These have left the fragile ecosystem devastated and degraded. A major spill happened after a pipeline's burst on June 21th 2000. Even though the villagers alerted Shell the following day after the burst, the slow deployment and response by the company let the spill continue for 18 long days [1]. About 50,000 barrels of oil spilled [2]. The oil multinational employed a contractor to take care of the clean-up operations. The latter put on fire the spilled oil, sweeping away also the villagers' crops, canoes and fishing nets [1]. The locals suffered for days the fume from the burnt oil, affecting their health and worsening their living conditions already heavily affected by the spill. The terrible living condition of the locals have been reported by alternative media. Shell did not take well care of the situation. The locals were deprived from having access to any source of potable water and the water provisions by Shell were insufficient, whose ten drinking water plastic tanks (500-litre each) were refilled every three days. People were getting sick and Shell only sent one doctor working a few hours every day, but not on Sundays. It is women's daily life in particular that has been affected by the spill. As the traditional gendered division of labor allocates them the responsibilities to gather the seafood in the mangroves, make the palm oil, grow and collect the vegetables and medicinal herbs, all resources polluted or killed by the spill. In the medium and long-term it is women's social power and status that is being undermined [1]. Shell made false claims, accusing the locals of sabotage for having provoked the spill. By mid-July 2001, the local chiefs first refused Shell's food supplies until it did not revoke such false claim. The cause of the spill was investigated. It was determined that where the line burst and spilled it was buried six feet underground and it was old and rusty [3]. What is worth stressing is that the company conditioned its immediate help and support to the affected villages on whether the villages' chiefs accepted Shell's proposed Memorandum of Understanding. Shell insisted on providing its immediate support upon the condition that the chiefs accepted a compensation of 100.000 US dollars. That sum was considered ridiculous for a community of 150,000 people. The chiefs and the villagers were in no position to negotiate but yet they still denounced Shell's environmental racism, as they were aware of very different compensation conditions enjoyed in North America and Western Europe [4]. The very same day that Shell was presenting the Memorandum of Understanding to the chiefs, on July 14th2001, community's spokespersons made a public statement asking for help from human rights organizations. The role of women from Ogbodo has been crucial in building the bridges between the community and non-governmental organizations. They actively worked with the NGO Niger Delta Women for Justice, documenting the economic and health impacts on their community by Shell's spill [4]. Niger Delta Women for Justice and Friends of the Earth Nigeria drew from the experience of Ogbodo people, among many others, to lead a global campaign to render visible the so many human rights violations by Shell and other oil multinationals [4].Finally, six members of the Ogbodo community brought the case to court and negotiated the compensation amount outside of the court. "Shell has agreed to pay the community an initial entry fee of 325,000 Nigerian naira, as well as N500,000 more for their legal expenses" [3]. That amount corresponds to less than 2,030 US dollars. In the bigger frame, it is the whole Ikwerre peoples' traditional lifestyles that are drastically being affected and changing under the effects of oil drilling in their lands.
https://books.google.es/books?id=CJtxW7mGQA4C&pg=PA328&lpg=PA328&dq=oil+Ogbodo+environment&source=bl&ots=n2CEYvd1SR&sig=ACfU3U1SvUM1jaOzO_OplMGX3Cf7Iss0-g&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjRp5nAkMDhAhWaAmMBHdbuBYoQ6AEwEHoECAkQAQ#v=onepage&q=oil%20Ogbodo%20environment&f=false
https://allafrica.com/stories/200201210391.html
https://www.culturalsurvival.org/news/shell-trial-niger-delta
http://www.africafocus.org/docs01/shel0107.php
Name of conflict: Shell's environmental racism against the Ogbodo-Isiokpo community, after a pipeline's explosion and spill, Nigeria
State or province: Rivers State
Location of conflict: Ikwere Local Government council, Ogbodo village
Specific commodities: Crude oil
Affected Population: 150,000
Company names or state enterprises: Royal Dutch Shell (Shell) from Netherlands
Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria (SPDC) from Nigeria
Environmental justice organizations (and other supporters) and their websites, if available: Environmental Rights Action, Niger Delta Women for Justice, International Oil Working Group
Intensity MEDIUM (street protests, visible mobilization)
Reaction stage Mobilization for reparations once impacts have been felt
Indigenous groups or traditional communities
International ejos
Local scientists/professionals
Forms of mobilization: Creation of alternative reports/knowledge
Development of a network/collective action
Involvement of national and international NGOs
Environmental Impacts Visible: Loss of landscape/aesthetic degradation, Soil contamination, Oil spills, Surface water pollution / Decreasing water (physico-chemical, biological) quality
Potential: Biodiversity loss (wildlife, agro-diversity), Food insecurity (crop damage), Deforestation and loss of vegetation cover, Groundwater pollution or depletion, Large-scale disturbance of hydro and geological systems
Health Impacts Visible: Exposure to unknown or uncertain complex risks (radiation, etc…)
Potential: Mental problems including stress, depression and suicide, Violence related health impacts (homicides, rape, etc..), Health problems related to alcoholism, prostitution, Malnutrition, Mental problems including stress, depression and suicide, Violence related health impacts (homicides, rape, etc..), Health problems related to alcoholism, prostitution
Other Health impacts respiratory difficulties due to the oil fumes from the fires provoked to "clean-up" the spill
Socio-economical Impacts Visible: Loss of livelihood, Militarization and increased police presence, Violations of human rights, Lack of work security, labour absenteeism, firings, unemployment, Specific impacts on women
Potential: Loss of landscape/sense of place, Violations of human rights, Lack of work security, labour absenteeism, firings, unemployment, Lack of work security, labour absenteeism, firings, unemployment, Lack of work security, labour absenteeism, firings, unemployment, Lack of work security, labour absenteeism, firings, unemployment, Loss of livelihood, Loss of livelihood, Loss of livelihood, Loss of livelihood, Loss of livelihood, Militarization and increased police presence, Militarization and increased police presence, Militarization and increased police presence, Militarization and increased police presence, Militarization and increased police presence, Specific impacts on women, Specific impacts on women, Specific impacts on women, Specific impacts on women, Specific impacts on women, Violations of human rights, Violations of human rights, Violations of human rights, Violations of human rights, Violations of human rights, Loss of traditional knowledge/practices/cultures, Loss of traditional knowledge/practices/cultures, Loss of traditional knowledge/practices/cultures, Loss of traditional knowledge/practices/cultures, Loss of traditional knowledge/practices/cultures, Loss of traditional knowledge/practices/cultures, Land dispossession, Land dispossession, Land dispossession, Land dispossession, Land dispossession, Land dispossession, Land dispossession, Loss of traditional knowledge/practices/cultures
Other socio-economic impacts militarized state, state organized violence
Environmental improvements, rehabilitation/restoration of area
Court decision (undecided)
the settlement was obtained outside the court, but yet after the community brought Shell into trial.
Briefly explain: The clean-up by fire is not a proper clean-up, Shell yet to clean up their mess. The populations suffered the spill, the impacts of the oil fumes, without receiving proper compensation. They had no other choice than accept the environmental racism of the oil multinational.
References to published books, academic articles, movies or published documentaries
Oil in the Niger Delta, Amnesty International
Extractable Hydrocarbons, Nickel and Vanadium Contents of Ogbodo-Isiokpo Oil Spill Polluted Soils in Niger Delta, Nigeria, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 110 (1-3):129-39, 2005
Nigeria: Petroleum, pollution and poverty in the Niger Delta, Amnesty International, 2009
Environmental Assessment of Ogoniland, UNEP, 2011
Slick PR can't disguise Shell's devastating oil pollution in Nigeria, January 2018
"The Land is Dead". Women's Rights as Human Rights: The Case of the Ogbodo Shell Petroleum Spill in Rivers State, Nigeria, June-July 2001, Teresa E. Turner
Terisa E. Turner and Leigh S. Brownhill, Women's Oil Wars in Nigeria, in Labour, Capital and Society / Travail, capital et société, Vol. 35, No. 1 (April / avril 2002), pp. 132-164
New action against Shell's Oil spill in Nigeria, August 2001
[2] Nigeria: Oil Spillage: Shell Yet to Clean Up Ogbodo 7 Months After, January 2002
Nigeria: Isiokpo Oil Spillage: Shell Opts for Out of Court Settlement, March 2002
Nigeria: "The Land is Dead": Eyewitness Account of Ogbodo Oil Spill, July 2001
Clean-up of oil pollution in the Niger Delta must finally begin, FOE, June 2017
Major oil spill from Shell facility in Ogbodo-Isiokpo, Niger Delta region, July 2001
Women's responses to state violence in the Niger Delta, February 2009
Nigeria: Militant Group Disrupts Shell Operations in Rivers, October 2000
Ikwerre people
[3] Shell on trial in the Niger delta, Cultural Survival
[4] "The Land is Dead"- Women's Rights as Human Rights: The Case of the Ogbodo Shell Petroleum Spill in Rivers State, Nigeria, Teresa E. Turner, June-July 2001
Pollution on the Niger Delta Photo Courtesy, Mike Uwemedimo; https://www.amnesty.org.uk/slick-pr-cannot-disguise-shell-devastating-oil-pollution-nigeria-niger-delta
Contributor: Nnimmo Bassey & Camila Rolando Mazzuca (EnvJustice team)


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Norwegian Culture
Norway's Must See Stave Churches
By Christian Hoiberg
Verified Expert
Jump to chapter
What is a Stave Church?
Hopperstad
Borgund
Eidsborg
Heddal
Dating back to the 1100s, Stave Churches have become an important piece of Norway's old and fascinating history. It's believed that there was built close to 2000 Stave Churches in Norway during the Medieval era but only 28 remain today, most of whom are built between 1150 and 1350. In fact, Norway is home to most surviving Stave Churches besides those built in the 1500s at Hedared, Sweden and one that was relocated from Norway to Germany in 1842.
If you're planning a visit to Norway and you're interested in experiencing some of its history, then visiting at least one of these majestic churches is something you must do.
A Stave Church is an old traditional Christian church once common in north-western Europe. The churches are built with wood and the construction is made out of poles. When looking at the buildings you can also notice how the Norwegians had a tradition of using wood in their art, as the churches are beautifully decorated with various patterns and symbols. These symbols are a mix of both Viking and Christian symbolism.
Let's look at Norway's most known and iconic Stave Churches that are well worth a visit:
The Hopperstad Stave Church is reckoned to be among the oldest remaining Stave Churches and is believed to date back to 1140. After 700 years, the church was no longer in use, the exterior was stripped and it was in an extremely poor shape. In 1880 it was bought by The Society for the Preservation of Norwegian Ancient Urnes. However, it was the great effort of Peter Andreas Blix, a Norwegian architect, that would make the Stave Church shine once again. Blix restored the church to what he believed it originally looked. During the restoration it was discovered carved sections under the floor, which indicates that the church replaced an older one, probably dating back to the later half of the 11th century.
Kaupanger Stave Church is the largest in the Sogn region. Its name indicates that it's been a trading place here (kaup means trade in old Norwegian).
The church has a total of 22 staves (poles) where there's 8 on the longer sides and 3 on the shorter. This is the highest amount of staves found in any Stave Church.
There have been several restorations of the Stave Church whereof the latest was in 1960. During this restoration, its exterior was built to match its appearance in the 1700s. These restorations have revealed that there were two churches here prior to the one we expect to date back to 1130. The second church was found as a layer of ash and it was beneath this ash they found a coin minted in 1130, which indicates when the new church was built.
Borgund Stave Church is the best preserved Stave Church of all the 28 still remaining in Norway. The church located in the municipality of Lærdal in Sogn og Fjordane is also among the most photographed and visited. Unlike the Kaupanger Stave Church, it is no longer used for church functions but it's now solely used as a museum.
It was built around 1180 and, similar to most other, it has been restored multiple times since that time. The Stave Church is located nearby the iconic Kings Road and Vindhellavegen which was named one of the most beautiful roads of 2014.
While it's not as old as many of the other Stave Churches mentioned in this article, Eidsborg Stave Church is no less beautiful. It is believed to be built between 1250 and 1270 and just like Borgund, it's among the best preserved of the 28 remaining Stave Churches.
The Stave Church in Heddal, just outside of Notodden, is the largest in Norway and was built during the early 13th century. It's still in use and there are regularly weddings held here during summer months (hence it might be closed during Saturdays and Sundays).
Heddal Stave Church has four carved entrance portals and is constructed around 12 large and six smaller pine support pillars. After the reformation, the church was in particularly poor shape and went through a restoration during the period of 1849-1851. However, the restorers lacked the skills and knowledge required and it went through another restoration in the 1960s.
Particularly beautiful is the rose painting from 1668 on the walls.
These churches are part of our history and even though only 28 remain, most of them are well maintained so our future generations can enjoy their beauty as well.
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Employee Pension Plans - Cary NC & Raleigh NC - Insurance Professionals, Inc.
At Insurance Professionals, Inc., we can help your business show its appreciation to its devoted employees by setting up traditional Pension Plans. These plans are entirely company-driven and allow your business to provide additional income to employees upon retiring.
Talk to an insurance specialist at Insurance Professionals, Inc. today to learn more about how you can set up a Pension Plan for your employees, as well as the steps your business should take in order to meet its Pension obligations.


text:
Q: Combine multiple rows with similar values in one column but different values on other columns I'm using SQL, trying to combine a table that looks like this:
+-----------------------------------+
| Name  | Cherries | Pears | Apples |
+-----------------------------------+
| User1 |    Yes   |   No  |   No   |
+-----------------------------------+
| User1 |    No    |   No  |   Yes  |
+-----------------------------------+
| User2 |    No    |   Yes |   No   |
+-----------------------------------+
| User2 |    No    |   No  |   Yes  |
+-----------------------------------+

Into a table that looks like this:
+-----------------------------------+
| Name  | Cherries | Pears | Apples |
+-----------------------------------+
| User1 |    Yes   |   No  |   Yes  |
+-----------------------------------+
| User2 |    No    |   Yes |   Yes  |
+-----------------------------------+

I can use GROUP BY to group them by Name but I don't know how to deal with the other columns.

A: You can just use aggregation:
select
    name,
    max(cherries) cherries,
    max(pears)    pears,
    max(apples)   apples
from mytable
group by name

This works because, string-wise, 'Yes' is greater than 'No'. So if both values are present in a group, max() gives 'Yes'.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


← How Do You Stay Hopeful?
Thank you for a most inspiring story.
I really enjoy your newsletters.
Yes! And remember to ask their advice too. Thanks Linda.
I am so glad that you gave these residents the gift of your time and kindness. May we all have such support when it is our turn to live in such a "home".
I hope we can remake these "homes" into something life-affirming, joyous, and playful.
This post and writing should travel to each facility who cares for elders. You did good Laura. Really good.
That's a wonderful article, Laura. Anything that begins to give back meaning to people who feel they've passed beyond it is fantastic. From my own experiences working with the elderly, I felt the saddest thing was that so many stories of the day to day life lived by these folk would be lost when they died – the little experiences and routines and events of seventy or eighty years before that our generations would never hope to experience or, perhaps, even understand.
This is a beautiful piece – very resonant with my experiences and reminding me of people like you in the world who have the patience and gift of genuine interest in aging people to truly listen. Thank goodness you exist.
I love that this is resonant with your experience, Sarah. Sounds as if you are already asking and listening. Appreciate your kind remarks, but I simply want this piece to encourage people to listen to those who aren't heard. Ask for advice, ask about their lived experience, notice the symbols and metaphors and intention and fullness that shines out from their words.


When the economy struggles, families are challenged- especially those going through a family law matter. At Gevurtz Menashe, we are uniquely positioned as a group of attorneys and staff, with a wide spectrum of experience and backgrounds to be ready to serve individuals at many socio-economic levels. As a result, every client benefits from our combined years of legal expertise.
Good times or bad, we continue to be 100% committed to provide the highest quality legal representation to ALL clients.


Kenneth Grahame might have written The Wind in the Willows nearly a century ago, but, as Fiona McIntosh discovered while cruising the Caprivi, his famous fable of Toad, Mole and Rat taking to the water in search of adventure and good times is as inspiring today as it was back then.
Just getting to the Ichobezi, the houseboat on which we planned to spend a few days of game viewing and tiger fishing, was an adventure. Take a deep breath here….
We flew to Livingstone, drove to Kazungula, took a boat across the Zambezi, hopped into another vehicle and entered Botswana for all of 15 minutes before we jumped into another boat (this time one of Ichobezi's tenders), crossed over to the Namibian customs point on Impalila Island, and finally, six stamps and one rapidly filling passport later, boarded the luxury floating palace that would be home for the next few days.
The beauty of having a houseboat on the Chobe River is that when the day-trippers go home, you have the waterway to yourselves. A typical trip takes you along the banks of the Chobe National Park. You'll pass vast herds of splashing elephants, grazing waterbuck and soaring African fish eagles. Then you'll arrive at the first night mooring, a big open area near the Park's Serondella camp.
Few other boats venture up this far so the peace is unbelievable. We headed out with rods and bulldogs. Another couple went off birding. The repeat guests sat up on the deck with their sundowners watching the kingfishers and the game coming down to drink.
The Ichobezi is no standard houseboat – we're talking 5-star comforts here. After a beautifully presented gourmet dinner washed down with fine wines you retire to your en suite room. Here you substitute a full length net screen for one of the glass sides of the cabin and lie in bed watching the moon, listening to the river and enjoying the magic of the bush.
The daily routine is slick. A superb breakfast is followed by the morning outing – to fish, view game or spot birds. Then it's back for a leisurely lunch, a nap or lazing in the sun as the houseboat cruises down the river to the next mooring at Elephant Bay. The bay is aptly named. A large muddy bank suggested the presence of large number of pachyderms, and sure enough it wasn't long before a rustling in the bush announced the arrival of the first herd. We watched as they drank and cavorted in the mud, then we jumped aboard a tender boat for a sunset fishing trip. Amazingly I soon felt a tug on the line and as I struck a big fish leapt out of the water. A tiger fish. The first I had ever hooked. I reeled in and landed the golden fish, admiring the wicked teeth and weighing my catch before returning it to the depths.
We returned to Ichobezi elated as our guide pointed out flocks of egrets draped like big white lilies on the bushes, diving cormorants and a pair of African fish eagles majestically perched on a dead tree. Joburg seemed a long way away. This is Africa at its very best.
To book the Ichobezi Luxury Safari Boat call +27 79 871 7603, email [email protected] or visit www.ichobezi.co.za.
Lake Kariba is the most famous and dramatic destination for houseboating in southern Africa. It offers fantastic game viewing and exciting tiger fishing as you motor your way along the lake shore. Trips start from the eastern Kariba town or from Binga in the west (a few hours' drive from Vic Falls). A full crossing of the lake is the ultimate Kariba adventure. Taking the kids along? Make sure you ask for a childproof boat with nets to stop them falling overboard en route. (www.flameofafrica.com).
Closer to home, a houseboat on Jozini Dam in Pongola is as close as you'll get to a Kariba experience without venturing north of the border. The 85-foot Shayamanzi houseboat is the way to do the dam in style. It offers six luxurious en suite cabins, top-notch cuisine and a top deck jacuzzi for naughty late-night dips. For something more active, hop on board one of the two dedicated tender boats and cast a line for the hard-fighting tiger fish. Jozini is the only place in SA where you'll find this prized sport fish.
To really feel like a seafaring cap'n though, you need to feel the south-easter in your hair and smell the salt in the air. All the while sipping on a G&T, of course. The Nirvana houseboat on Langebaan lagoon is less houseboat and more floating gin palace. It's still a great way to feel the motion of the ocean without worrying about freak storms and feeling seasick.
Moored at Kraalbaai in the stunning West Coast National Park, Nirvana can accommodate up to 24 people on a self-catering or fully catered basis. If you're looking for something more intimate, the houseboat Larus is moored not far away and sleeps up to six people at a time. Both houseboats are anchored in the calm Langebaan lagoon, making them the perfect base for fishing (don't forget your permit), swimming and suntanning.
The lagoon is also a designated Ramsar site (meaning the wetland is of global ecological importance), so twitchers will enjoy the frequent fly-past of feathered visitors from across the globe. With Nirvana weighing in at an enormous 130 tons you won't be going anywhere in a hurry - so if you get cabin fever just hop in one of the tenders and scoot over to the beach for a bit of fun in the sun. (www.sanparks.co.za).


text:
HomePublicationsAbolishing Cruelty: The Concurrent Growth of Antislavery and...
Abolishing Cruelty: The Concurrent Growth of Antislavery and Animal Welfare Sentiment in British and Colonial Literature
https://doi.org/10.1111/1754-0208.12686
Brycchan Carey
Journal for Eighteenth-Century Studies
This article argues that anti‐slavery and animal welfare writers actively and concurrently extended the boundaries of sympathy to promote an anti‐cruelty ethos that encompassed both suffering animals and suffering people and demanded that this shift in sensibilities be enshrined in legislation. It charts this from the 1680s to the 1770s in pamphlets and novels by Thomas Tryon, Sarah Scott, Humphrey Primatt and Laurence Sterne, before exploring parallel early nineteenth‐century debates over bull‐baiting and the abolition of slavery in texts by Thomas Day, Percival Stockdale and Elizabeth Heyrick.
Birds in Eighteenth-Century Literature: Reason, Emotion, and Ornithology, 1700–1840
Carey, B. (ed.), Greenfield, S. (ed.) & Milne, A. (ed.), 22 Sep 2020, Cham: Palgrave. 284 p. (Palgrave Studies in Animals and Literature)
Research output: Book/Report › Anthology › peer-review
Slavery and the Cultures of Abolition: Essays Marking the Bicentennial of the British Abolition Act of 1807
Carey, B. (ed.) & Kitson, P. (ed.), 16 Aug 2007, Woodbridge: Boydell & Brewer. 236 p. (Essays and Studies; vol. 60)
British Abolitionism and the Rhetoric of Sensibility: Writing, Sentiment and Slavery, 1760-1807
Carey, B., 19 Nov 2005, Basingstoke: Palgrave. 240 p. (Palgrave Studies in the Enlightenment, Romanticism and Cultures of Print)
Discourses of Slavery and Abolition: Britain and its Colonies, 1760-1838
Carey, B. (ed.), Ellis, M. (ed.) & Salih, S. (ed.), 25 May 2004, Basingstoke: Palgrave. 240 p.