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Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences
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Knowledge and Attitudes of University Students Towards Hookah Smoking in Fasa, Iran
Ali Khani Jeihooni 1 , Zahra Khiyali 1 , Seyyed Mansour Kashfi 2 , Seyyed Hannan Kashfi 3 , Mohammad Zakeri 1 and Mehdi Amirkhani 4 , *
1 Department of Public Health, School of Health, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
2 Department of Public Health, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
3 Department of Nursing, Larestan School of Nursing, Larestan University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
4 Department of Nursing, School of Nursing, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
* Corresponding author: Mehdi Amirkhani, Department of Nursing, School of Nursing, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran. Tel: +98-9173317818, Fax: +98-9173317818, E-mail: m.amir2006@yahoo.com
Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences: March 2018, 12 (1); e11676
Published Online: January 24, 2018
Article Type: Original Article
Revised: August 25, 2017
Accepted: September 5, 2017
DOI: 10.5812/ijpbs.11676
To Cite: Khani Jeihooni A, Khiyali Z, Kashfi S M, Kashfi S H, Zakeri M, et al. Knowledge and Attitudes of University Students Towards Hookah Smoking in Fasa, Iran, Iran J Psychiatry Behav Sci. 2018 ; 12(1):e11676. doi: 10.5812/ijpbs.11676.
Background: The habit of hookah smoking is increasing among the youth, which requires more attention.
Objectives: This study aimed to assess knowledge and attitudes of university students towards hookah smoking in Fasa, Iran, based on the theory of planned behavior (TPB).
Methods: This study was conducted on 157 university students in Fasa, Fars Province, Iran, in 2015. The data were collected using a questionnaire including demographic information and TPB constructs. Then, the data were entered into the SPSS version 19 statistical software and analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics.
Results: The results showed that 80% of the students had plans for the cessation of hookah smoking. Additionally, a significant difference was found among the students of different universities regarding the scores of attitude (P = 0.003) and behavioral intention (P = 0.005). Moreover, the results of Mann-Whitney test showed that the scores of behavioral intention and attitude were higher among male participants (P = 0.0001 and P = 0.004, respectively). However, females obtained significantly higher scores regarding peer opinion (P < 0.001). Although the students believed that quitting smoking could help prevent many diseases, they continued hookah smoking because they thought it was non-addictive, relieved anxiety and fatigue, and its cessation might lead to the loss of contact with friends.
Conclusions: Interventions for the cessation of hookah smoking should be based on elimination of positive attitudes toward hookah smoking and promotion of refusal skills, relaxation, and skills to cope with the temptation of hookah smoking.
Keywords: Attitude; Hookah Smoking; Students; Theory of Planned Behavior
Copyright © 2018, Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits copy and redistribute the material just in noncommercial usages, provided the original work is properly cited
Today, smoking is considered a health problem all over the civilized world. The number of deaths resulting from tobacco consumption has increased from 4.5 million to 4.6 million in 2015 and it is expected to reach 3.8 million accounting for one out of every three deaths among adults by 2020 (1, 2). Hookah smoking is an old method of tobacco use and has different names in different regions. Nowadays, this phenomenon has gained a widespread popularity among the youth (3, 4). In the recent years, hookah smoking has increased among adults in Asian and African societies, particularly Middle-Eastern and Arab countries (5). In most countries, the rising trend of tobacco consumption has been associated with an increase in the use of fruit-flavored tobacco (6). Hookah smoke contains large amounts of carcinogenic compounds, such as hydrocarbons and heavy metals (7, 8). Different studies have suggested that different factors, such as attitudes and beliefs regarding the lower risk of hookah compared to cigarettes, easy access, and low costs, were involved in the prevalence of hookah smoking (9).
Health education experts use relevant theories and models to design effective prevention programs and promote health. In other words, in studies in which researchers look for a way to raise awareness and change participants' attitudes and behaviors, application of theories and models of behavior and choice change and use of a systematic method are essential (10). Health education researchers have proposed different psychological and social models for behavior change (11). The theoretical framework used in this study to assess students' beliefs about smoking cessation is the theory of planned behavior (TPB), which is one of the prevailing theories of behavior change and prediction. According to this theory, behavioral intention is the most important determinant of behavior. Constructs of behavioral intention include attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control. Perceived behavioral control and intention are the direct measures of behavior, while attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control are independent predictors of intentions (12). TPB is a social-cognitive model of decision-making that provides a useful framework for predicting and explaining health behaviors (13). This theory was proposed in 1885 and developed in 1991 by Fishbin and Ajzen (14). TPB is a motivational model that includes the concept of subjective norms. According to this concept, the behavior depends on social and expectation networks. Various researchers have discovered the importance of subjective norms in juvenile behavior. Another advantage of TPB is that it considers the impact of social factors (15).
In a study conducted by Almeria et al. in Russia, the prevalence of hookah smoking was 23.5% among medical students (16). Moreover, the results of the study by Dehdari et al. in Tehran University of Medical Sciences showed that the most important causes of hookah smoking among students were cost-effectiveness, easy access to hookah, friends who smoked hookah, and the belief that it can fill leisure time and reduce anxiety and fatigue (3). The results of another study indicated that poor refusal skills in relation to friends' offers, inability to deal with the temptation of hookah smoking, and the difficulty of giving up hookah smoking in friendly recreational environments were among the reasons for continued hookah smoking among students (6). In another study conducted in female students in state universities in Iran, the prevalence of hookah smoking was 40.3% (17). According to Shakib et al. (18) and Khubaib et al. (19), a positive attitude towards the use of cigarette and hookah was significantly related to smoking, while negative attitudes towards smoking and the belief that it was not a socially acceptable practice reduced the probability of cigarette and hookah smoking among students.
Given the prevalence of hookah smoking among students and the necessity of knowing the components and dimensions of this behavior in order to design appropriate and effective interventions, this study aimed to determine the knowledge and attitude of university students in Fasa regarding the risk factors associated with hookah smoking according to TPB.
2. Objectives
The current research aimed to assess knowledge and attitudes of university students towards hookah smoking in Fasa, Iran, based on TPB.
This descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted in 2015. Based on previous studies and considering α = 0.05 and the maximum acceptable difference of 0.05, a 157-subject sample size was determined for the study. The participants were selected from Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa University, Payam Noor University, and Islamic Azad University using stratified random sampling. First, the number of students per university was determined. Next, 157 students were randomly selected from different universities in proportion to their population. The inclusion criteria of the study were being a student at universities in Fasa and being willing to participate in the study. On the other hand, the exclusion criterion was an unwillingness to cooperate in the study. After approval of the research project in Fasa University of Medical Sciences, the study questionnaires were administered to the participants and the required data were collected. The data were collected using the TPB questionnaire used by Dehdari et al. in an Iranian context. The validity and reliability of the questionnaire had been confirmed previously. Using the test-retest method with a 10-day interval among 16 students, the reliability coefficient of 0.078 was obtained for intention, 0.75 for attitude (including the constructs of behavioral beliefs and outcome evaluations), 0.76 for subjective norms (including the constructs of normative beliefs and motivation to comply), and 0.92 for perceived behavioral control (including the constructs of control beliefs and perceived power), which were all significant. The content validity ratio and content validity index of the questionnaire were 0.98 and 0.81, respectively (6).
After all, the collected data were entered into the SPSS version 19 statistical software and were analyzed via descriptive and inferential statistics. Independent samples t-test was used to compare the constructs mean scores. In addition, one-way ANOVA and chi-square tests were used to assess the associations between qualitative variables. In case the prerequisites for parametric tests were not met, Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis non-parametric tests were used. All analyses were carried out at the significance level of 0.05.
This study was conducted in 157 university students in Fasa. The subjects were aged 18 - 33 years and their mean age was 23.14 ± 2.49 years. Besides, 109 participants were male (69.42%) and 48 were female (30.57%). In terms of education level, most of the participants were Ph.D. candidates (33%), while the lowest number belonged to master students (2%). Considering parents' education level, most fathers and mothers had academic degrees (47.8% and 37.8%, respectively), while the lowest number was related to illiterate parents (7% and 11.5, respectively). With respect to job status, the most frequent jobs were self-employment for fathers (28.8%) and homemaker for mothers (66.2%). The participants were reimbursed for participation in the study (Table 1).
According to the results, 80% of the students said that they smoked hookah with their friends for the first time. Additionally, 35% of the students stated that they smoked hookah in cafes for the first time. The prevalence rates of smoking and drug consumption were 32.3% and 4.5%, respectively. The highest level of hookah and cigarette smoking was reported in Islamic Azad University (45% and 57%, respectively). Besides, the highest and the lowest rates of drug abuse were related to Fasa University (7%) and Islamic Azad University (2.5%), respectively.
To compare different constructs of TPB, first, the normality of the data was tested using Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Because the normality test was rejected, Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used for comparisons. The results of Mann-Whitney test showed that the scores of behavioral intention and attitude were higher among male subjects (P = 0.0001 and P = 0.004, respectively), while the score of peer opinion was significantly higher among females (P < 0.001).
The results of Kruskal-Wallis test showed a significant difference between the students of different universities regarding the scores of attitude (P = 0.003) and behavioral intention (P = 0.005). Moreover, the results of Mann-Whitney test indicated a significant relationship between marital status and attitude (P = 0.004), peer opinion (P = 0.001), and behavioral intention (P = 0.001). However, no significant differences were observed between married and single subjects concerning other constructs (P > 0.05).
Table 1. Comparison of the Scores of Different Constructs Based on Gender, University, and Marital Status
Male (n = 48)
Female (n = 109)
Payam Noor
Fasa University
Fasa University of Medical Sciences
Islamic Azad
Knowledge 082.8 77.33 0.417 80.96 65.20 77.01 61.60 0.115 082.8 77.33 0.417
Attitude 063.33 85.9 0.004 55.12 67.13 67.12 94.50 0.003 063.33 85.9 0.004
Peer opinion 101.38 69.15 0.001 95.85 76.70 72.65 61.35 0.079 101.38 69.15 0.001
Behavioral control 075.83 80.39 0.560 74.96 64.23 70.65 79.66 0.610 075.83 80.39 0.560
Behavioral intention 61.4 86.7 0.001 63.38 78.47 64.69 92.19 0.005 61.4 86.75 0.001
The prevalence of hookah smoking among students, who are the educated class of the society and a model for other young people, has increased in recent years. Generally, students' physical and mental health and productivity are of great importance because countries need healthy and happy human resources in future. Thus, many material and spiritual assets are used to keep the young population healthy and educated. In this context, factors with negative impacts on students' physical and psychological health and performance have to be identified and prevented or eliminated.
Akl et al. (20) conducted a research and found that hookah smoking was on the rise among students in Eastern Mediterranean countries (EMRO) and Asian students studying in Western countries.
The results of the present study on attitudes of the students who smoked hookah indicated that their belief that hookah smoking was not addictive formed a positive attitude and encouraged them to continue smoking. However, the belief that hookah smoking is not addictive is false. After some time, which is different for each person, the rate of hookah smoking increases exponentially and dependence on hookah appears. Emrich et al. showed a direct relationship between attitude and behavior (21). Taraghijah et al. also reported a significant relationship between positive attitudes toward hookah and smoking among university students (17). Moreover, Maziak et al. concluded that aromatic and fruit-flavored tobacco played an important role in increasing the popularity of smoking among young Syrian people (22). Another positive attitude toward hookah smoking among the students was that it could reduce anxiety and fatigue. Similar studies have also shown that the pleasure of smoking cigarette and its effect on reducing anxiety were the most important factors that increased students' tendency towards smoking (19). In the same line, various studies have shown that psychological problems, such as anxiety and depression, were the most important factors in increasing the youth's tendency to use drugs (23). In order to prevent smoking tobacco including hookah, causes of stress and anxiety among students have to be evaluated and, at the same time, students have to be trained regarding the necessary skills to solve their psychological problems.
The results of the present study showed that 80% of the students smoked hookah with their friends for the first time. Therefore, meetings with friends when smoking a hookah was a positive attitude leading to continued smoking. Studies have shown that the rate of smoking was 10 folds higher among students with smoker friends or classmates compared to those who did not have such friends or classmates (24, 25). Moreover, the likelihood of cessation of hookah smoking reduces among students with positive attitudes towards smoking. Our study findings also indicated a significant relationship between attitude and intention to quit or continue smoking in future. In other words, intention to quit smoking decreased with an increase in positive attitude towards smoking. This shows the necessity to train students, especially even in high schools, at dormitories in order to change their positive attitudes. Such training should be focused on raising awareness about addiction to hookah, reducing anxiety and stress, discouraging socializing with hookah-smoking friends, and increasing refusal skills in face of offers to smoke hookah. Momen Abadi et al. (26) showed the effect of an educational intervention on the behavioral intention for smoking hookah among students.
The results of the current study on subjective norms of hookah-smoking students regarding cessation of hookah smoking showed that the opinions of family and friends were very important for students in their decision to quit hookah smoking. This reflects the significant role of families in reduction and cessation of tobacco use, including hookah, among the youth. Kardia et al. introduced parental substance abuse as a predictor of drug dependence among young people (27). Azami et al. also found a significant association between family history of drug use and the youth's tendency towards drugs (28). In the same line, Tilson et al. reported that good communication between parents and children along with a calm and tension-free family life played a protective role against tobacco use among the youth (29). Majidpour et al. also reported that 17% of the families of medical students in Ardabil smoked cigarettes (30). Another study by Wang et al. demonstrated that existence of certain conditions, including living in dormitories, being away from family, and lack of parental supervision, increased students' vulnerability to smoking cigarettes and tobacco (31). Given that students' families play a fundamental role in controlling their relationships with friends and satisfying their emotional and material needs, training families about their pivotal role in their children's tendency towards smoking through mass media requires more attention.
The results of our study also highlighted the role of friends in starting or quitting hookah smoking. It is noteworthy that hookah is easily accessible for all people, especially the youth. The results of this study showed that 35% of the students smoked hookah at traditional restaurants and cafes for the first time. The study conducted by Maziaket al. in Syria also revealed that hookah smoking among the youth occurred mainly when they spent their leisure time outdoors (32). It should be noted that a regulation banning smoking in public places, such as restaurants, was passed in Iran in 1995 and was reauthorized in 2002. Nonetheless, Heidari et al. carried out a study on more than 458 restaurants and cafes in Tehran in 2002 and indicated that 13% of these places did not have any smoking signs, 30% had ashtrays, and 12% had a place for smoking. Indeed, in 29% of the cases, managers showed no reactions against smoking customers, while they were all aware of the regulation and 50% of them deemed the law useful. Studies on demands for cigarettes showed that authorities' sensitivity to implement and enforce regulations for smoke-free spaces and their attempts to increase public awareness on the right of nonsmokers to breathe smoke-free air could help achieve the ultimate goal of tobacco control programs in public places (33).
Price volatility has also been found to be among the factors influencing the demand for tobacco products, such as cigarettes (34). For example, studies carried out in Iran showed that an increase in cigarette prices could reduce its consumption significantly (35). Rezai et al. also disclosed that availability and low price of cigarettes were important factors in increasing smoking among the youth (36). Thus, increasing tobacco prices and raising taxes on its production are among the important measures for reducing the use of tobacco products, such as hookah.
The results of the present study revealed that poor refusal skills in relation to friends' offers or encouragement, inability to deal with the temptation of hookah smoking, and difficulty of giving up hookah smoking in friendly recreational environments were among the reasons for addiction among the students. Similarly, Kear found that poor refusal skill was an important factor in the youth's tendency towards smoking (37). Additionally, evidence has indicated that individuals with low self-esteem and personal control were more easily encouraged for smoking by others (38, 39). Therefore, possessing skills that enhance individuals' ability to refuse others' invitation to smoke hookah can reduce the rate of vulnerability to social effects and the likelihood of being caught in drug addiction. Indeed, learning anxiety and stress reduction strategies can increase students' self-efficacy for the cessation of hookah smoking. It is noteworthy that filling students' leisure time with healthy activities, such as sports, and taking measures by university authorities to provide the necessary infrastructures, such as building adequate exercise spaces in dormitories, holding events, planning collaborative activities, and establishing recreation camps, are among practical steps to increase hookah cessation among students.
One of the limitations of this study was its small sample size. Hence, further studies are recommended to investigate the relationship between cessation of hookah smoking and intention, attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control in larger populations. Future studies are also suggested to investigate the predictors of continuation or cessation of hookah smoking based on other constructs of behavior change, such as those of health belief model (HBM), trans-theoretical model, and protection motivation theory. Another limitation of this study was the possibility of incorrect answers by some participants due to personal reasons. Yet, this problem was largely resolved through applying anonymity.
5.1. Conclusion
The results of this study showed that the structure of the theory of planned behavior properly describes the intended use of hookah. In this regard, the attitude is the strongest predictor of hookah smoking among students. Thus, creating a negative attitude regarding hookah smoking can reduce and eventually eliminate this behavior in the students. Considering the impact of the perceptions and attitudes of individuals intending to use hookah, it is recommended that experts and officials focus on changing attitudes towards smoking hookah, strengthening control behaviors, enhancing efficacy in the prevention of smoking hookah, and coping with temptation in hookah smoking.
The researchers appreciate officials of Fasa University of Medical Sciences that sponsored this study under proposal number 94090 (ethical committee approval code: IR.FUMS.REC. 1394.199). In addition, the authors would like to thank Ms. A. Keivanshekouh at the research improvement center of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences for improving the use of English in the manuscript.
Authors' Contribution: Ali Khani Jeihooni, Zahra Khiyali, Seyyed Mansour Kashfi, Seyyed Hannan Kashfi, Mohammad Zakeri and Mehdi Amirkhani served as the main investigator, performed the literature review, managed the study, and contributed to writing the paper. Ali Khani Jeihooni, Zahra Khiyali, Seyyed Mansour Kashfi, and Mehdi Amirkhani managed the acquisition of data and contributed to the study design and writing the draft. Ali Khani Jeihooni, Zahra Khiyali, Seyyed Mansour Kashfi, Seyyed Hannan Kashfi, Mohammad Zakeri, Mehdi Amirkhani contributed to the analysis and interpretation of data. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Declaration of Interest: None declared.
Funding/Support: The present study was approved by Fasa University of Medical Sciences (Grant No. 94090).
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Zahra Khiyali: [PubMed] [Scholar]
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Home > Members > Senator Lee Metcalf
Senator Lee Metcalf (1911 - 1978)In Congress 1953 - 1979
Montana 87th-95th (1961-1979)
Montana, District 1 83rd-86th (1953-1961)
Legislation Sponsored or Cosponsored by Lee Metcalf
1. S.2343 — 95th Congress (1977-1978) A bill to ensure the quality of imported meat. Sponsor: Sen. Melcher, John [D-MT] (Introduced 12/06/1977) Cosponsors: (17) Committees: Senate - Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry Latest Action: Senate - 12/06/1977 Referred to Senate Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition and Forestry. (All Actions) Tracker:
2. S.2303 — 95th Congress (1977-1978) Resources and Conservation Act Sponsor: Sen. Melcher, John [D-MT] (Introduced 11/04/1977) Cosponsors: (3) Committees: Senate - Governmental Affairs Latest Action: Senate - 11/04/1977 Referred to Senate Committee on Governmental Affairs. (All Actions) Tracker:
3. S.2255 — 95th Congress (1977-1978) A bill for the relief of Suneetha DeSilva, her husband Ajith DeSilva, and her daughter Varsha Aneetha DeSilva. Sponsor: Sen. Metcalf, Lee [D-MT] (Introduced 10/28/1977) (Private Legislation) Cosponsors: (0) Committees: Senate - Judiciary Latest Action: Senate - 10/28/1977 Referred to Senate Committee on the Judiciary. (All Actions) Tracker:
4. S.2236 — 95th Congress (1977-1978) Act to Combat International Terrorism Sponsor: Sen. Ribicoff, Abraham A. [D-CT] (Introduced 10/25/1977) Cosponsors: (35) Committees: Senate - Governmental Affairs; Intelligence (Select); Commerce, Science, and Transportation; Foreign Relations Latest Action: Senate - 08/09/1978 Reported to Senate from the Select Committee on Intelligence with amendment, S. Rept. 95-1079. (All Actions) Tracker:
Array ( [actionDate] => 1978-08-09 [displayText] => Reported to Senate from the Select Committee on Intelligence with amendment, S. Rept. 95-1079. [externalActionCode] => 14000 [description] => Introduced [chamberOfAction] => Senate )
5. S.2193 — 95th Congress (1977-1978) Telephone Privacy Act Sponsor: Sen. Anderson, Wendell R. [D-MN] (Introduced 10/12/1977) Cosponsors: (8) Committees: Senate - Commerce, Science, and Transportation Latest Action: Senate - 10/12/1977 Referred to Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation. (All Actions) Tracker:
6. S.2187 — 95th Congress (1977-1978) A bill to authorize the Secretary of the Interior to construct hydroelectric power plants at various existing water projects. Sponsor: Sen. Metcalf, Lee [D-MT] (Introduced 10/10/1977) Cosponsors: (2) Committees: Senate - Energy and Natural Resources Latest Action: Senate - 10/10/1977 Referred to Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources. (All Actions) Tracker:
7. S.2169 — 95th Congress (1977-1978) A bill to name a certain Federal building in Washington, D. C., the "Hubert H. Humphrey Building." Sponsor: Sen. Dole, Robert J. [R-KS] (Introduced 10/03/1977) Cosponsors: (98) Committees: Senate - Environment and Public Works Committee Report: S.Rept 95-485 Latest Action: 10/23/1977 Public Law 95-141. (All Actions) Tracker:
8. S.2162 — 95th Congress (1977-1978) A bill to provide for the establishment of the Jackson Hole Scenic Area in the State of Wyoming. Sponsor: Sen. Wallop, Malcolm [R-WY] (Introduced 09/30/1977) Cosponsors: (2) Committees: Senate - Energy and Natural Resources Latest Action: Senate - 09/30/1977 Referred to Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources. (All Actions) Tracker:
9. S.2133 — 95th Congress (1977-1978) Mining Law Sponsor: Sen. Metcalf, Lee [D-MT] (Introduced 09/23/1977)(by request) Cosponsors: (0) Committees: Senate - Energy and Natural Resources Latest Action: Senate - 09/23/1977 Referred to Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources. (All Actions) Tracker:
10. S.2120 — 95th Congress (1977-1978) A bill to amend section 133 (e) of the Legislative Reorganization Act of 1946 in order to provide for individual views in the Senate committee reports in lieu of supplemental views. Sponsor: Sen. Metcalf, Lee [D-MT] (Introduced 09/21/1977) Cosponsors: (0) Committees: Senate - Rules and Administration Latest Action: Senate - 09/21/1977 Referred to Senate Committee on Rules and Administration. (All Actions) Tracker:
11. S.2103 — 95th Congress (1977-1978) A bill to exempt disaster payments made in connection with the 1977 crops of wheat, feed grains, upland cotton, and rice from any payment limitation. Sponsor: Sen. Packwood, Bob [R-OR] (Introduced 09/15/1977) Cosponsors: (15) Committees: Senate - Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry Latest Action: Senate - 09/15/1977 Referred to Senate Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition and Forestry. (All Actions) Tracker:
12. S.2088 — 95th Congress (1977-1978) Advisory Committee Termination Act Sponsor: Sen. Metcalf, Lee [D-MT] (Introduced 09/13/1977) Cosponsors: (1) Committees: Senate - Governmental Affairs Latest Action: Senate - 09/13/1977 Referred to Senate Committee on Governmental Affairs. (All Actions) Tracker:
13. S.2079 — 95th Congress (1977-1978) A bill for the relief of Lawrence Youngman. Sponsor: Sen. Metcalf, Lee [D-MT] (Introduced 09/09/1977) (Private Legislation) Cosponsors: (0) Committees: Senate - Judiciary | House - Judiciary Committee Reports: S.Rept 95-1204, H.Rept 95-1659 Latest Action: 11/02/1978 Private Law 95-168. (All Actions) Tracker:
This bill has the status Became Private Law
Array ( [actionDate] => 1978-09-29 [displayText] => Reported to House from the Committee on the Judiciary, H. Rept. 95-1659. [externalActionCode] => 5000 [description] => Introduced [chamberOfAction] => House )
Became Private Law
Array ( [actionDate] => 1978-11-02 [displayText] => Private Law 95-168. [externalActionCode] => 41000 [description] => Became Private Law [chamberOfAction] => )
14. S.2054 — 95th Congress (1977-1978) A bill to amend the Federal Water Project Recreation Act, relating to the provision of uniform policies with respect to recreation and fish and wildlife benefits and costs of Federal multiple-purpose water resource projects. Sponsor: Sen. Metcalf, Lee [D-MT] (Introduced 08/05/1977) Cosponsors: (5) Committees: Senate - Energy and Natural Resources; Environment and Public Works Latest Action: Senate - 08/05/1977 Referred to Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources. (All Actions) Tracker:
15. S.2053 — 95th Congress (1977-1978) Deep Seabed Mineral Resources Act Sponsor: Sen. Metcalf, Lee [D-MT] (Introduced 08/05/1977) Cosponsors: (3) Committees: Senate - Energy and Natural Resources; Commerce, Science, and Transportation; Foreign Relations Latest Action: Senate - 09/11/1978 Reported to Senate from the Committee on Foreign Relations with amendments, S. Rept. 95-1180. (All Actions) Tracker:
Array ( [actionDate] => 1978-09-11 [displayText] => Reported to Senate from the Committee on Foreign Relations with amendments, S. Rept. 95-1180. [externalActionCode] => 14000 [description] => Introduced [chamberOfAction] => Senate )
16. S.2047 — 95th Congress (1977-1978) Small Hydroelectric Power Projects Act Sponsor: Sen. Durkin, John A. [D-NH] (Introduced 08/05/1977) Cosponsors: (9) Committees: Senate - Energy and Natural Resources Latest Action: Senate - 08/05/1977 Referred to Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources. (All Actions) Tracker:
17. S.2028 — 95th Congress (1977-1978) Electric Utility Tax Reform Act Sponsor: Sen. Metcalf, Lee [D-MT] (Introduced 08/05/1977) Cosponsors: (0) Committees: Senate - Finance Latest Action: Senate - 08/05/1977 Referred to Senate Committee on Finance. (All Actions) Tracker:
18. S.1991 — 95th Congress (1977-1978) National Electrical Energy Reliability and Conservation Act Sponsor: Sen. Metcalf, Lee [D-MT] (Introduced 08/03/1977) Cosponsors: (5) Committees: Senate - Energy and Natural Resources Latest Action: Senate - 08/03/1977 Referred to Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources. (All Actions) Tracker:
19. S.1927 — 95th Congress (1977-1978) Energy Industry Competition and Performance Act Sponsor: Sen. Kennedy, Edward M. [D-MA] (Introduced 07/26/1977) Cosponsors: (10) Committees: Senate - Judiciary Latest Action: Senate - 07/26/1977 Referred to Senate Committee on the Judiciary. (All Actions) Tracker:
20. S.1922 — 95th Congress (1977-1978) A bill to amend section 16 (b) of the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act. Sponsor: Sen. Stevens, Ted [R-AK] (Introduced 07/25/1977) Cosponsors: (2) Committees: Senate - Energy and Natural Resources Latest Action: Senate - 07/25/1977 Referred to Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources. (All Actions) Tracker:
21. S.1872 — 95th Congress (1977-1978) A bill to provide price support for sugar at not less than 60 per centum of the parity price therefor. Sponsor: Sen. Church, Frank [D-ID] (Introduced 07/15/1977) Cosponsors: (17) Committees: Senate - Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry Latest Action: Senate - 07/15/1977 Referred to Senate Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition and Forestry. (All Actions) Tracker:
22. S.1868 — 95th Congress (1977-1978) National Crude Oil Supply and Transportation Act Sponsor: Sen. Melcher, John [D-MT] (Introduced 07/15/1977) Cosponsors: (32) Committees: Senate - Commerce, Science, and Transportation; Energy and Natural Resources Latest Action: Senate - 07/15/1977 Referred to Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources. (All Actions) Tracker:
23. S.1847 — 95th Congress (1977-1978) Federal Advisory Committee Act Amendments Sponsor: Sen. Metcalf, Lee [D-MT] (Introduced 07/13/1977) Cosponsors: (2) Committees: Senate - Governmental Affairs Latest Action: Senate - 07/13/1977 Referred to Senate Committee on Governmental Affairs. (All Actions) Tracker:
24. S.1828 — 95th Congress (1977-1978) A bill to provide for the establishment of the George W. Norris Home National Historic Site in the State of Nebraska. Sponsor: Sen. Curtis, Carl T. [R-NE] (Introduced 07/11/1977) Cosponsors: (55) Committees: House - Interior and Insular Affairs Latest Action: House - 07/12/1977 Referred to House Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs. (All Actions) Tracker:
26. S.1812 — 95th Congress (1977-1978) Reclamation Lands Family Farm Act Sponsor: Sen. Nelson, Gaylord [D-WI] (Introduced 06/30/1977) Cosponsors: (5) Committees: Senate - Energy and Natural Resources Latest Action: Senate - 06/30/1977 Referred to Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources. (All Actions) Tracker:
27. S.1780 — 95th Congress (1977-1978) Optional Educational Simplification Act Sponsor: Sen. Domenici, Pete V. [R-NM] (Introduced 06/29/1977) Cosponsors: (18) Committees: Senate - Human Resources Latest Action: Senate - 06/29/1977 Referred to Senate Committee on Human Resources. (All Actions) Tracker:
28. S.1766 — 95th Congress (1977-1978) Federal Computer Systems Protection Act Sponsor: Sen. Ribicoff, Abraham A. [D-CT] (Introduced 06/27/1977) Cosponsors: (12) Committees: Senate - Judiciary Latest Action: Senate - 06/27/1977 Referred to Senate Committee on the Judiciary. (All Actions) Tracker:
29. S.1764 — 95th Congress (1977-1978) A bill to amend the Budget and Accounting Act of 1921. Sponsor: Sen. Metcalf, Lee [D-MT] (Introduced 06/27/1977) Cosponsors: (0) Committees: Senate - Governmental Affairs Latest Action: Senate - 06/27/1977 Referred to Senate Committee on Governmental Affairs. (All Actions) Tracker:
30. S.1738 — 95th Congress (1977-1978) A bill to authorize Federal assistance under the Consolidated Farm and Rural Development Act with respect to using solar energy in residential structures on family farms. Sponsor: Sen. Leahy, Patrick J. [D-VT] (Introduced 06/22/1977) Cosponsors: (11) Committees: Senate - Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry Latest Action: Senate - 06/22/1977 Referred to Senate Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition and Forestry. (All Actions) Tracker:
31. S.1737 — 95th Congress (1977-1978) Solar Energy for Homes Act Sponsor: Sen. Leahy, Patrick J. [D-VT] (Introduced 06/22/1977) Cosponsors: (10) Committees: Senate - Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs Latest Action: Senate - 06/22/1977 Referred to Senate Committee on Banking, Housing and Urban Affairs. (All Actions) Tracker:
32. S.1736 — 95th Congress (1977-1978) A bill to amend title 38, United States Code, to provide Federal loans and loan guarantees to veterans for the purchase and installation of heating and cooling systems which utilize solar energy. Sponsor: Sen. Leahy, Patrick J. [D-VT] (Introduced 06/22/1977) Cosponsors: (9) Committees: Senate - Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs Latest Action: Senate - 06/22/1977 Referred to Senate Committee on Banking, Housing and Urban Affairs. (All Actions) Tracker:
33. S.1695 — 95th Congress (1977-1978) Radiation Health and Safety Act Sponsor: Sen. Randolph, Jennings [D-WV] (Introduced 06/15/1977) Cosponsors: (12) Committees: Senate - Human Resources Latest Action: Senate - 06/15/1977 Referred to Senate Committee on Human Resources. (All Actions) Tracker:
34. S.1675 — 95th Congress (1977-1978) A bill to assure that an individual or family, whose income is increased by reason of a general increase in monthly social security benefits, will not, because of such general increase, suffer a loss of or reduction in the benefits the individual or family has been receiving under certain Federal or federally assisted programs. Sponsor: Sen. Hathaway, William D. [D-ME] (Introduced 06/10/1977) Cosponsors: (12) Committees: Senate - Finance Latest Action: Senate - 06/10/1977 Referred to Senate Committee on Finance. (All Actions) Tracker:
35. S.1671 — 95th Congress (1977-1978) A bill to designate the Absaroka-Beartooth Wilderness, Custer and Gallatin National Forests, in the State of Montana. Sponsor: Sen. Metcalf, Lee [D-MT] (Introduced 06/10/1977) Cosponsors: (0) Committees: Senate - Energy and Natural Resources | House - Interior and Insular Affairs Committee Reports: S.Rept 95-624, H.Rept 95-927 Latest Action: 03/27/1978 Public Law 95-249. (All Actions) Tracker:
Array ( [actionDate] => 1978-03-06 [displayText] => Reported to House from the Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs, H. Rept. 95-927. [externalActionCode] => 5000 [description] => Introduced [chamberOfAction] => House )
36. S.1636 — 95th Congress (1977-1978) A bill to amend the American Folklife Preservation Act to extend the authorization of appropriation contained in such Act. Sponsor: Sen. Abourezk, James [D-SD] (Introduced 06/07/1977) Cosponsors: (11) Committees: Senate - Rules and Administration Latest Action: Senate - 06/07/1977 Referred to Senate Committee on Rules and Administration. (All Actions) Tracker:
38. S.1608 — 95th Congress (1977-1978) A bill to abolish the Joint Committee on Congressional Operations. Sponsor: Sen. Metcalf, Lee [D-MT] (Introduced 05/25/1977) Cosponsors: (1) Committees: Senate - Rules and Administration | House - Rules Latest Action: House - 07/13/1977 Referred to House Committee on Rules. (All Actions) Tracker:
40. S.1526 — 95th Congress (1977-1978) A bill to establish an associate administrator for women's business enterprise within the Small Business Administration. Sponsor: Sen. Bartlett, Dewey F. [R-OK] (Introduced 05/16/1977) Cosponsors: (19) Committees: Senate - Small Business (Select) | House - Small Business Latest Action: House - 09/07/1977 Referred to House Committee on Small Business. (All Actions) Tracker:
41. S.1516 — 95th Congress (1977-1978) A bill to assist the States in raising revenues by encouraging more uniform severance taxes on coal and oil shale and to impose a countervailing duty on imported coal and oil shale. Sponsor: Sen. Metcalf, Lee [D-MT] (Introduced 05/13/1977) Cosponsors: (0) Committees: Senate - Finance Latest Action: Senate - 05/13/1977 Referred to Senate Committee on Finance. (All Actions) Tracker:
42. S.1500 — 95th Congress (1977-1978) Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act Sponsor: Sen. Metcalf, Lee [D-MT] (Introduced 05/12/1977) Cosponsors: (7) Committees: Senate - Energy and Natural Resources Latest Action: Senate - 05/12/1977 Referred to Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources. (All Actions) Tracker:
43. S.1493 — 95th Congress (1977-1978) Energy Impact Assistance Act Sponsor: Sen. Hart, Gary W. [D-CO] (Introduced 05/11/1977) Cosponsors: (5) Committees: Senate - Environment and Public Works; Governmental Affairs Latest Action: Senate - 10/15/1978 Reported jointly to Senate from the Committee on Governmental Affairs with amendment, S. Rept. 95-1412. (All Actions) Tracker:
Array ( [actionDate] => 1978-10-15 [displayText] => Reported jointly to Senate from the Committee on Governmental Affairs with amendment, S. Rept. 95-1412. [externalActionCode] => 14000 [description] => Introduced [chamberOfAction] => Senate )
44. S.1448 — 95th Congress (1977-1978) Natural Gas Industry Competition Act Sponsor: Sen. Metzenbaum, Howard M. [D-OH] (Introduced 05/04/1977) Cosponsors: (2) Committees: Senate - Judiciary Latest Action: Senate - 05/04/1977 Referred to Senate Committee on the Judiciary. (All Actions) Tracker:
45. S.1436 — 95th Congress (1977-1978) A bill to authorize the Secretary of Agriculture to prohibit the availability of so-called junk food served to children under the Child Nutrition Act of 1966 and the National Lunch Act. Sponsor: Sen. Case, Clifford P. [R-NJ] (Introduced 05/02/1977) Cosponsors: (7) Committees: Senate - Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry Latest Action: Senate - 05/02/1977 Referred to Senate Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition and Forestry. (All Actions) Tracker:
46. S.1388 — 95th Congress (1977-1978) A bill to reaffirm the right of State education agencies and school districts to expend funds appropriated for school construction and other purposes under the Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act. Sponsor: Sen. Metcalf, Lee [D-MT] (Introduced 04/26/1977) Cosponsors: (0) Committees: Senate - Indian Affairs (Select) Latest Action: Senate - 04/26/1977 Referred to Senate Select Committee on Indian Affairs. (All Actions) Tracker:
47. S.1320 — 95th Congress (1977-1978) A bill to amend the Federal Election Campaign Act of 1971 with respect to the filing of reports with State officers. Sponsor: Sen. Stone, Richard (Dick) [D-FL] (Introduced 04/20/1977) Cosponsors: (4) Committees: Senate - Rules and Administration Latest Action: Senate - 04/20/1977 Referred to Senate Committee on Rules and Administration. (All Actions) Tracker:
48. S.1287 — 95th Congress (1977-1978) Indian and Alaska Native Housing and Community Development Act Sponsor: Sen. Gravel, Mike [D-AK] (Introduced 04/18/1977) Cosponsors: (4) Committees: Senate - Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs Latest Action: Senate - 04/18/1977 Referred to Senate Committee on Banking, Housing and Urban Affairs. (All Actions) Tracker:
49. S.1286 — 95th Congress (1977-1978) A bill to designate certain lands in the Gallatin and Beaverhead National Forest, in Montana, as wilderness. Sponsor: Sen. Metcalf, Lee [D-MT] (Introduced 04/18/1977) Cosponsors: (0) Committees: Senate - Energy and Natural Resources Latest Action: Senate - 04/18/1977 Referred to Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources. (All Actions) Tracker:
50. S.1262 — 95th Congress (1977-1978) Consumer Protection Act Sponsor: Sen. Ribicoff, Abraham A. [D-CT] (Introduced 04/06/1977) Cosponsors: (11) Committees: Senate - Governmental Affairs Latest Action: Senate - 07/17/1978 Placed on calendar in Senate under Subjects on the Table. (All Actions) Tracker:
Array ( [actionDate] => 1977-05-16 [displayText] => Reported to Senate from the Committee on Governmental Affairs with amendment, S. Rept. 95-169. [externalActionCode] => 14000 [description] => Introduced [chamberOfAction] => Senate )
51. S.1248 — 95th Congress (1977-1978) Federal Land Mining Act Sponsor: Sen. Metcalf, Lee [D-MT] (Introduced 04/06/1977) Cosponsors: (1) Committees: Senate - Energy and Natural Resources Latest Action: Senate - 04/06/1977 Referred to Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources. (All Actions) Tracker:
53. S.1225 — 95th Congress (1977-1978) Employment and Training Amendments Sponsor: Sen. Metcalf, Lee [D-MT] (Introduced 04/04/1977) Cosponsors: (1) Committees: Senate - Human Resources Latest Action: Senate - 04/04/1977 Referred to Senate Committee on Human Resources. (All Actions) Tracker:
54. S.1200 — 95th Congress (1977-1978) A bill to amend the Public Health Service Act to provide additional programs of assistance for health personnel training programs. Sponsor: Sen. Abourezk, James [D-SD] (Introduced 03/31/1977) Cosponsors: (19) Committees: Senate - Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry Latest Action: Senate - 03/31/1977 Referred to Senate Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition and Forestry. (All Actions) Tracker:
57. S.1140 — 95th Congress (1977-1978) Federal Aid in Nongame Fish and Wildlife Conservation Act Sponsor: Sen. Hart, Gary W. [D-CO] (Introduced 03/28/1977) Cosponsors: (26) Committees: Senate - Environment and Public Works Latest Action: Senate - 05/24/1978 Measure passed Senate, amended. (All Actions) Tracker:
Array ( [actionDate] => 1978-05-15 [displayText] => Reported to Senate from the Committee on Environment and Public Works with amendment, S. Rept. 95-872. [externalActionCode] => 14000 [description] => Introduced [chamberOfAction] => Senate )
60. S.985 — 95th Congress (1977-1978) Solar Air Rights Act Sponsor: Sen. Humphrey, Hubert H. [D-MN] (Introduced 03/11/1977) Cosponsors: (4) Committees: Senate - Governmental Affairs Latest Action: Senate - 03/11/1977 Referred to Senate Committee on Governmental Affairs. (All Actions) Tracker:
61. S.984 — 95th Congress (1977-1978) National Wildlife Refuge System Organic Act Sponsor: Sen. Metcalf, Lee [D-MT] (Introduced 03/11/1977) Cosponsors: (0) Committees: Senate - Environment and Public Works Latest Action: Senate - 03/11/1977 Referred to Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works. (All Actions) Tracker:
62. S.975 — 95th Congress (1977-1978) A bill to improve the administration of the national park system. Sponsor: Sen. Williams, Harrison A., Jr. [D-NJ] (Introduced 03/10/1977) Cosponsors: (13) Committees: Senate - Energy and Natural Resources Latest Action: 07/21/1978 Provisions inserted in H.R. 8336 as passed Senate. (All Actions) Tracker:
Array ( [actionDate] => 1978-05-12 [displayText] => Reported to Senate from the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources with amendment, S. Rept. 95-808. [externalActionCode] => 14000 [description] => Introduced [chamberOfAction] => Senate )
63. S.938 — 95th Congress (1977-1978) A bill to prohibit aerial spraying using the chemical dioxin in the national forests. Sponsor: Sen. Bumpers, Dale [D-AR] (Introduced 03/08/1977) Cosponsors: (3) Committees: Senate - Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry Latest Action: Senate - 03/08/1977 Referred to Senate Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition and Forestry. (All Actions) Tracker:
64. S.924 — 95th Congress (1977-1978) Construction Industry Collective Bargaining Act Sponsor: Sen. Williams, Harrison A., Jr. [D-NJ] (Introduced 03/04/1977) Cosponsors: (4) Committees: Senate - Human Resources Latest Action: Senate - 03/04/1977 Referred to Senate Committee on Human Resources. (All Actions) Tracker:
65. S.905 — 95th Congress (1977-1978) Central Arizona Indian Tribal Water Rights Settlement Act Sponsor: Sen. Kennedy, Edward M. [D-MA] (Introduced 03/04/1977) Cosponsors: (1) Committees: Senate - Indian Affairs (Select) Latest Action: Senate - 03/04/1977 Referred to Senate Select Committee on Indian Affairs. (All Actions) Tracker:
66. S.896 — 95th Congress (1977-1978) A bill to amend Public Law 91-118, the act of November 18, 1976 (83 Stat. 194), providing for a Great Plains Conservation Program. Sponsor: Sen. McGovern, George [D-SD] (Introduced 03/03/1977) Cosponsors: (2) Committees: Senate - Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry | House - Agriculture Latest Action: House - 08/04/1977 Referred to House Committee on Agriculture. (All Actions) Tracker:
Array ( [actionDate] => 1977-07-26 [displayText] => Reported to Senate from the Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition and Forestry with amendment, S. Rept. 95-364. [externalActionCode] => 14000 [description] => Introduced [chamberOfAction] => Senate )
67. S.840 — 95th Congress (1977-1978) Family Farm Antitrust Act Sponsor: Sen. Abourezk, James [D-SD] (Introduced 03/01/1977) Cosponsors: (12) Committees: Senate - Judiciary Latest Action: Senate - 03/01/1977 Referred to Senate Committee on the Judiciary. (All Actions) Tracker:
68. S.820 — 95th Congress (1977-1978) Agricultural Energy Demonstration Act Sponsor: Sen. Humphrey, Hubert H. [D-MN] (Introduced 02/25/1977) Cosponsors: (8) Committees: Senate - Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry Latest Action: Senate - 02/25/1977 Referred to Senate Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition and Forestry. (All Actions) Tracker:
69. S.752 — 95th Congress (1977-1978) Young Farmers Homestead Act Sponsor: Sen. McGovern, George [D-SD] (Introduced 02/22/1977) Cosponsors: (12) Committees: Senate - Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry Latest Action: Senate - 02/22/1977 Referred to Senate Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition and Forestry. (All Actions) Tracker:
70. S.717 — 95th Congress (1977-1978) Federal Mine Safety and Health Amendments Act Sponsor: Sen. Williams, Harrison A., Jr. [D-NJ] (Introduced 02/11/1977) Cosponsors: (26) Committees: Senate - Human Resources Committee Reports: S.Rept 95-181, S.Rept 95-461, H.Rept 95-655 Latest Action: 11/09/1977 Public Law 95-164. (All Actions) Tracker:
Array ( [actionDate] => 1977-10-27 [displayText] => Conference report agreed to in House: House agreed to conference report, roll call #707 (376-35). [externalActionCode] => 21000 [description] => Resolving Differences [chamberOfAction] => House )
71. S.708 — 95th Congress (1977-1978) A bill to amend title XVIII of the Social Security Act to provide payment for rural health clinic services. Sponsor: Sen. Clark, Dick [D-IA] (Introduced 02/10/1977) Cosponsors: (57) Committees: Senate - Finance Latest Action: Senate - 02/10/1977 Referred to Senate Committee on Finance. (All Actions) Tracker:
72. S.688 — 95th Congress (1977-1978) A bill to eliminate a restriction relating to certain lands granted to the State of Montana. Sponsor: Sen. Melcher, John [D-MT] (Introduced 02/10/1977) Cosponsors: (1) Committees: Senate - Interior and Insular Affairs Latest Action: Senate - 02/10/1977 Referred to Senate Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs (Subsequently: Energy and Natural Resources). (All Actions) Tracker:
73. S.672 — 95th Congress (1977-1978) Solar Energy Government Building Act Sponsor: Sen. Humphrey, Hubert H. [D-MN] (Introduced 02/10/1977) Cosponsors: (29) Committees: Senate - Environment and Public Works Latest Action: Senate - 02/10/1977 Referred to Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works. (All Actions) Tracker:
74. S.624 — 95th Congress (1977-1978) A bill to authorize the Secretary of the Interior to convey certain property to the Hadley Memorial Hospital, Washington, DC. Sponsor: Sen. Metcalf, Lee [D-MT] (Introduced 02/04/1977) Cosponsors: (0) Committees: Senate - Interior and Insular Affairs Latest Action: Senate - 02/04/1977 Referred to Senate Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs (Subsequently: Energy and Natural Resources). (All Actions) Tracker:
75. S.582 — 95th Congress (1977-1978) A bill to amend the Colorado River Basin Project Act to extend the period during which the Secretary of the Interior shall not undertake reconnaissance studies of any plan for the importation of water into the Colorado River Basin. Sponsor: Sen. Jackson, Henry M. [D-WA] (Introduced 02/02/1977) Cosponsors: (7) Committees: Senate - Interior and Insular Affairs Latest Action: Senate - 02/02/1977 Referred to Senate Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs (Subsequently: Energy and Natural Resources). (All Actions) Tracker:
76. S.555 — 95th Congress (1977-1978) Ethics in Government Act Sponsor: Sen. Ribicoff, Abraham A. [D-CT] (Introduced 02/01/1977) Cosponsors: (28) Committees: Senate - Governmental Affairs; Judiciary Committee Reports: S.Rept 95-170, S.Rept 95-273, H.Rept 95-1756 Latest Action: 10/26/1978 Public Law 95-521. (All Actions) Tracker:
Array ( [actionDate] => 1978-09-27 [displayText] => Passed/agreed to in House: Measure passed House, amended, in lieu of H.R. 1. [externalActionCode] => 8000 [description] => Passed House [chamberOfAction] => House )
77. S.544 — 95th Congress (1977-1978) A bill to provide for the exclusion of industrially funded personnel in computing the total number of civilian personnel authorized by law for the Department of Defense in any fiscal year. Sponsor: Sen. Bayh, Birch [D-IN] (Introduced 01/31/1977) Cosponsors: (8) Committees: Senate - Armed Services Latest Action: Senate - 01/31/1977 Referred to Senate Committee on Armed Services. (All Actions) Tracker:
78. S.523 — 95th Congress (1977-1978) A bill providing that certain privately owned irrigable lands in Milk River project in Montana shall be deemed to be excess lands. Sponsor: Sen. Melcher, John [D-MT] (Introduced 01/31/1977) Cosponsors: (1) Committees: Senate - Interior and Insular Affairs Latest Action: Senate - 01/31/1977 Referred to Senate Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs (Subsequently: Energy and Natural Resources). (All Actions) Tracker:
79. S.514 — 95th Congress (1977-1978) A bill to amend title XVIII of the Social Security Act to authorize payment under the supplementary medical insurance program for optometric and medical vision care. Sponsor: Sen. Ribicoff, Abraham A. [D-CT] (Introduced 01/31/1977) Cosponsors: (30) Committees: Senate - Finance Latest Action: Senate - 01/31/1977 Referred to Senate Committee on Finance. (All Actions) Tracker:
80. S.491 — 95th Congress (1977-1978) A bill to amend the Act entitled "An Act to authorize establishment of the Fort Union Trading Post National Historic Site, North Dakota and Montana, and for other purposes, approved June 20, 1966 (80 Stat. 211). Sponsor: Sen. Burdick, Quentin N. [D-ND] (Introduced 01/28/1977) Cosponsors: (2) Committees: Senate - Interior and Insular Affairs | House - Interior and Insular Affairs Latest Action: House - 10/04/1978 Measure passed House, amended. (All Actions) Tracker:
81. S.489 — 95th Congress (1977-1978) An Act to authorize supplemental military assistance to Portugal for the fiscal year 1977, and for other purposes. Sponsor: Sen. Brooke, Edward W. [R-MA] (Introduced 01/28/1977) Cosponsors: (10) Committees: Senate - Foreign Relations Committee Report: S.Rept 95-43 Latest Action: 04/30/1977 Public Law 95-23. (All Actions) Tracker:
Array ( [actionDate] => 1977-03-09 [displayText] => Reported to Senate from the Committee on Foreign Relations with amendment, S. Rept. 95-43. [externalActionCode] => 14000 [description] => Introduced [chamberOfAction] => Senate )
Array ( [actionDate] => 1977-04-19 [displayText] => [externalActionCode] => 19000 [description] => Resolving Differences [chamberOfAction] => House )
82. S.461 — 95th Congress (1977-1978) A bill for the relief of Paulito F. Nonog. Sponsor: Sen. Metcalf, Lee [D-MT] (Introduced 01/26/1977) (Private Legislation) Cosponsors: (0) Committees: Senate - Judiciary Latest Action: Senate - 01/26/1977 Referred to Senate Committee on the Judiciary. (All Actions) Tracker:
83. S.418 — 95th Congress (1977-1978) Displaced Homemakers Act Sponsor: Sen. Bayh, Birch [D-IN] (Introduced 01/24/1977) Cosponsors: (19) Committees: Senate - Human Resources Latest Action: Senate - 01/24/1977 Referred to Senate Committee on Labor and Public Welfare (Subsequently: Human Resources). (All Actions) Tracker:
84. S.410 — 95th Congress (1977-1978) A bill to amend part B of title XI of the Social Security Act to assure appropriate participation by optometrists in the peer review and related activities under such part. Sponsor: Sen. Hansen, Clifford P. [R-WY] (Introduced 01/24/1977) Cosponsors: (8) Committees: Senate - Finance Latest Action: Senate - 01/24/1977 Referred to Senate Committee on Finance. (All Actions) Tracker:
85. S.393 — 95th Congress (1977-1978) An Act to provide for the study of certain lands to determine their suitability for designation as wilderness in accordance with the Wilderness Act of 1964, and for other purposes. Sponsor: Sen. Metcalf, Lee [D-MT] (Introduced 01/24/1977) Cosponsors: (0) Committees: Senate - Interior and Insular Affairs | House - Interior and Insular Affairs Committee Reports: S.Rept 95-163, H.Rept 95-620 Latest Action: 11/01/1977 Public Law 95-150. (All Actions) Tracker:
Failed House
Array ( [actionDate] => 1977-09-27 [displayText] => Failed of passage/not agreed to in House: Measure failed of passage in House under suspension of rules, roll call #598 (256-155). [externalActionCode] => 9000 [description] => Failed House [chamberOfAction] => House )
Array ( [actionDate] => 1977-10-18 [displayText] => Passed/agreed to in House: Measure passed House, roll call #664 (315-103). [externalActionCode] => 8000 [description] => Passed House [chamberOfAction] => House )
86. S.302 — 95th Congress (1977-1978) Coal Research Laboratory, Mineral Institute, and Energy Research Fellowship Act Sponsor: Sen. Metcalf, Lee [D-MT] (Introduced 01/18/1977) Cosponsors: (0) Committees: Senate - Interior and Insular Affairs Latest Action: Senate - 01/18/1977 Referred to Senate Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs (Subsequently: Energy and Natural Resources). (All Actions) Tracker:
87. S.301 — 95th Congress (1977-1978) A bill to authorize the Secretary of the Interior to designate the Beartooth Highway, Montana and Wyoming, as the James E. Murray Memorial Parkway. Sponsor: Sen. Melcher, John [D-MT] (Introduced 01/18/1977) Cosponsors: (1) Committees: Senate - Environment and Public Works Latest Action: Senate - 01/18/1977 Referred to Senate Committee on Public Works (Subsequently: Environment and Public Works). (All Actions) Tracker:
88. S.287 — 95th Congress (1977-1978) Mosquito Control Act Sponsor: Sen. Melcher, John [D-MT] (Introduced 01/18/1977) Cosponsors: (2) Committees: Senate - Human Resources Latest Action: Senate - 01/18/1977 Referred to Senate Committee on Labor and Public Welfare (Subsequently: Human Resources). (All Actions) Tracker:
89. S.276 — 95th Congress (1977-1978) Beverage Container Reuse and Recycling Act Sponsor: Sen. Hatfield, Mark O. [R-OR] (Introduced 01/18/1977) Cosponsors: (10) Committees: Senate - Commerce, Science, and Transportation Latest Action: Senate - 01/18/1977 Referred to Senate Committee on Commerce (Subsequently: Commerce, Science, and Transportation). (All Actions) Tracker:
90. S.270 — 95th Congress (1977-1978) Public Participation in Federal Agency Proceedings Act Sponsor: Sen. Kennedy, Edward M. [D-MA] (Introduced 01/14/1977) Cosponsors: (19) Committees: Senate - Governmental Affairs; Judiciary Latest Action: Senate - 01/14/1977 Referred to Senate Committee on the Judiciary. (All Actions) Tracker:
91. S.247 — 95th Congress (1977-1978) A bill to provide recognition to the Women's Air Forces Service Pilots for their service to their country during World War II by deeming such service to have been active duty in the Armed Forces of the United States. Sponsor: Sen. Goldwater, Barry [R-AZ] (Introduced 01/14/1977) Cosponsors: (32) Committees: Senate - Veterans' Affairs Latest Action: Senate - 01/14/1977 Referred to Senate Committee on Veterans' Affairs. (All Actions) Tracker:
92. S.216 — 95th Congress (1977-1978) A bill for the relief of Mondakota Gas Co. Sponsor: Sen. Metcalf, Lee [D-MT] (Introduced 01/14/1977) (Private Legislation) Cosponsors: (0) Committees: Senate - Judiciary Latest Action: Senate - 01/14/1977 Referred to Senate Committee on the Judiciary. (All Actions) Tracker:
93. S.215 — 95th Congress (1977-1978) A bill for the relief of Nostratollah Moradi. Sponsor: Sen. Metcalf, Lee [D-MT] (Introduced 01/14/1977) (Private Legislation) Cosponsors: (0) Committees: Senate - Judiciary | House - Judiciary Latest Action: House - 05/19/1977 Referred to House Committee on the Judiciary. (All Actions) Tracker:
94. S.214 — 95th Congress (1977-1978) A bill to direct the Secretary of the Interior to pay certain legal and other expenses incurred by all parties to the action commenced by the Northern Cheyenne Tribe pursuant to the act of July 24, 1968 (82 Stat. 424, 425). Sponsor: Sen. Metcalf, Lee [D-MT] (Introduced 01/14/1977) Cosponsors: (0) Committees: Senate - Indian Affairs (Select) Latest Action: Senate - 02/21/1977 Rereferred to Senate Select Committee on Indian Affairs (Formerly: Interior and Insular Affairs). (All Actions) Tracker:
95. S.213 — 95th Congress (1977-1978) A bill to amend the Accounting and Auditing Act of 1950 to provide for the audit, by the Comptroller General, of the Internal Revenue Service and of the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms. Sponsor: Sen. Metcalf, Lee [D-MT] (Introduced 01/14/1977) Cosponsors: (0) Committees: Senate - Governmental Affairs | House - Government Operations Committee Reports: S.Rept 95-42, H.Rept 95-480 Latest Action: 10/07/1977 Public Law 95-125. (All Actions) Tracker:
Array ( [actionDate] => 1977-07-01 [displayText] => Reported to House from the Committee on Government Operations, H. Rept. 95-480. [externalActionCode] => 5000 [description] => Introduced [chamberOfAction] => House )
96. S.212 — 95th Congress (1977-1978) A bill to provide additional funds to the States for carrying out restoration projects and programs. Sponsor: Sen. Metcalf, Lee [D-MT] (Introduced 01/14/1977) Cosponsors: (0) Committees: Senate - Commerce, Science, and Transportation; Environment and Public Works Latest Action: Senate - 02/21/1977 Rereferred to Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works. (All Actions) Tracker:
97. S.123 — 95th Congress (1977-1978) A bill to amend the Social Security Act to provide for the payment of services by psychologists. Sponsor: Sen. Inouye, Daniel K. [D-HI] (Introduced 01/10/1977) Cosponsors: (35) Committees: Senate - Finance Latest Action: Senate - 01/10/1977 Referred to Senate Committee on Finance. (All Actions) Tracker:
98. S.76 — 95th Congress (1977-1978) A bill to amend title XVIII of the Social Security Act to authorize payment under the medicare program for certain services performed by chiropractors. Sponsor: Sen. Stone, Richard (Dick) [D-FL] (Introduced 01/10/1977) Cosponsors: (36) Committees: Senate - Finance Latest Action: Senate - 01/10/1977 Referred to Senate Committee on Finance. (All Actions) Tracker:
99. S.22 — 95th Congress (1977-1978) First Amendment Clarification Act Sponsor: Sen. Proxmire, William [D-WI] (Introduced 01/10/1977) Cosponsors: (2) Committees: Senate - Commerce, Science, and Transportation Latest Action: Senate - 01/10/1977 Referred to Senate Committee on Commerce (Subsequently: Commerce, Science, and Transportation). (All Actions) Tracker:
100. S.9 — 95th Congress (1977-1978) Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act Amendments Sponsor: Sen. Jackson, Henry M. [D-WA] (Introduced 01/10/1977) Cosponsors: (1) Committees: Senate - Interior and Insular Affairs Committee Reports: S.Rept 95-284, S.Rept 95-1091, H.Rept 95-1474 Latest Action: 09/18/1978 Public Law 95-372. (All Actions) Tracker:
Failed One Chamber [2]
Economics and Public Finance [14]
Water Resources Development [5]
Finance and Financial Sector [4]
Natural Resources [23]
Energy and Natural Resources [115]
Finance [84]
Post Office and Civil Service [15]
Intelligence (Select) [1]

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


If you live and work locally, then typically you'll need either a residential, which could be in Eumundi or around Sunshine Coast, or Sunshine Coast commercial property that has equity available for the security of the funding. The property can be located pretty much anywhere including Eumundi Sunshine Coast. Generally though, if your property is in the city you'll be able to borrow more against it than if it's in a smaller town.
While most of our lending occurs in the large metro areas, we will happily lend in areas such as Eumundi, Sunshine Coast as well. However, Loan to Value Ratio's will likely be lower for rural areas than for metro.
If you need assistance in financing the regular operations of your company, then a working capital loan might be what you need. They are not meant for long-term assets or investments, rather they're used for everyday things like accounts payable, wages and so forth. If your organization is highly seasonal or has very cyclical sales cycles, then a working capital loan can help during periods of slower company activity.
The cash available to cover a business's short-term operational requirements is called working capital. However, when a company doesn't have sufficient cash on hand or adequate liquid assets to cover those daily operational expenses, they might require assistance in financing these expenses. Working capital loans are a form of easy company debt borrowing, designed especially to cover the shortfall on short-term operations.
Companies having this kind of seasonality often find themselves short of cash on hand to cover wages and other operating expenses, and so needing a working capital loan during their silent period. The loan is usually reimbursed by the time the active period rolls around and the loan is no more required.
It is typical for various kinds of companies to have fluctuating or unpredictable revenue through the year. For example, manufacturing companies often have cyclical sales cycles that follow the needs of their retailers. For example, a great deal of retailers sell a large proportion of product from the fourth quarter over the holiday season, and in order to provide those retailers with sufficient goods that means manufacturers frequently should boost their production throughout the winter months to make sure there is enough stock for the fourth quarter rush. Then at the close of the year retailers have been focussing on selling their inventory down and so reduce their purchasing from the manufacturer, thus reducing the producers earnings.
A working capital loan has the immediate advantage of supplying quick money to pay gaps in the working capital expenditure. In addition to being fast, the additional benefit is a working capital Loan is debt financing and does not require an equity transaction. This means the business owner retains complete control of the company even under a dire funding need.
If a business faces a period before permanent financing can be procured, or an present obligation is complete, a short-term bridge loan may be required. Financing of the sort offers short-term cash flow to allow the enterprise to meet their current duties. Bridge loans are short-term, of up to a year, and are backed up equity in real estate or other property.
Short-term bridge loans may be approved very fast, allowing companies to seal the deal on significant obligations. By way of example, the loan may cover a part of their deposit on a construction while the business waits for their present one to repay or for a longer long-term financing arrangement could be made.
Bridge loans are helpful when businesses need to cover expenses while awaiting long-term financing. Envision a business that is buying a new building, and are looking for a way to settle so they can begin refurbishing it prior to exiting from their present premises. A bridge loan may be used to cover things like lease, the deposit, along with other expenses until the building is prepared.
Bridge loans vary from conventional bank loans in the they generally have a faster application, acceptance and funding procedure. But this convenience means the loans are often short term and also have higher interest prices. This is normally acceptable because the borrower requires quick, simple access to capital, and they're willing to pay higher rates of interest in the brief term because they plan to pay it off fast once they arrange longer duration, low interest finance.
Small companies come in a huge variety and often have specific needs, so little business loans have been carefully scrutinised on a case-by-case basis to ensure everything is suitable and applicable. Here are a few important tips that could help you secure a Small Business Loan to expand your company.
It is important to understand the small company loan process. If you understand the overall approval process and the key consideration points and have the required documents done with all the necessary info, you'll be well on the way to becoming accepted.
Have you got a backup plan? It is worth it to have at least two repayment programs prepared. That way, when the loan has any queries or concerns regarding the viability of your company or your loan repayment capacities, a second business plan shows the lender your business acumen and expertise, and allows the loan application to be cleared more easily. The secondary program could include alternative loan repayment programs, or offer some improved collateral that wasn't presented in the initial program.
Irrespective of the dimensions of your enterprise, you might need additional capital during different stages. Small business owners often have limited knowledge of the processes and details of loan applications, making them struggle. By remembering the above mentioned guidelines, and putting appropriate time and consideration into your loan application, you may not just speed up the loan process and funding, but possibly even receive a lower cost loan.
Everything comes down to preparation: from getting the loan documents in sequence, to being confident as you talk about your businesses potential together with all the lending officer, every region of the lending procedure issues. Yes, the lending company will do their due diligence and checks, but the better prepared and presented your data is, the easier and faster your loan application process will be.
The most crucial matter to the lender is surety that your will pay back the loan within the required term. This certainty can be shown through things such as the possible profitability of the business, how fluid the company capital is, a minimum of present debt, a fantastic rate of inventory turnover and a strong customer base. These items help guarantee the creditor and boost the odds of loan acceptance. On the other hand, whatever raises questions about such factors may cause the creditor to deny your loan program.
Are you an existing business looking to expand? Perchance a plumber wanting to expand into a new area, or even an accountant seeking to open up a new branch in another town - these are some examples of small companies which may need capital for business growth, and have specific loan conditions. A pizzeria might want to start a new store in a second place; a clothes store may need additional distance to branch out into designer decals, or even a company might want to expand their offerings through e-commerce.
What's the future potential of the company? Have you got an innovative idea or excellent profits from a prior venture? The lender will look at your previous and current details, and variable in the probable potential as a guide towards the future profitability, all of which will help them be comfortable you will be able to repay the loan in a timely manner. Demonstrating these key details in a clear manner in the loan application will make it simpler. It may be helpful to introduce a year-by-year projection of realistic revenue and profit numbers to assist the creditor to assess and approve your loan program.
Throughout the start-up of a business, profitability is the principal focus. However, growth and earnings are what is needed to generate that first gain. After a provider moves past the startup phase, the owner typically begins to focus more on growth, and identifying growth opportunities become the next item of significance beyond profitability. For a business, this implies growth in some form, growing the business, raising their market and contributing toward improved profitability. Development is measurable through analyzing statistics like overall earnings, number of employees, market share and turnover. Profitability and growth's interrelationship is shown in that growth is best evaluated by taking a look at the company's gain and total sales.
Even where a business's current profitability may be looking great, growth opportunities should always be researched. Those chances to further increase the company can offer increased profitability, and helps keep your company interesting to prospective new investors. An effective expansion strategy necessitates using a good awareness of the company's present condition -- if the organization has weak regions like low performance, revenue or marketability, it is possible that any attempt at growth could rather cause the collapse of the business. Therefore, before looking to cultivate your company, it's necessary to first procure, combine and fortify the company as it currently stands before trying to change it through expansion.
Of course, profitability is essential to any company's long term success. Net gain is the revenue after all costs relating to the manufacturing, manufacturing, and sale of those products (or services) has been deducted. Gain is often known as 'cash in the bank'. It's this profit that is available to be paid out to the organization's owners or shareholders or reinvested back into the corporation. For any company, profit is the primary goal, without which it could not survive. If a company does not have investors or finance available, profit might be the only capital available. Where capital and other financial resources are inadequate, the failure of the company is coming fast. No company can survive for any length of time without adequate gain. Measuring your business's profitability both now and in the future is a critical part of assessing your enterprise.
Your companies' income statement is the key - it shows not just the profitability, but also the related costs and expenses during the applicable time period (normally a year). The Income Statement is vital in calculating your company's sustainability ratio (the quantity of profit generated compared to different distinct metrics - earnings, assets, debt and so forth ). Various different profitability ratios can be computed to help out with analysing your company's fiscal position over that time period.
Both growth and profitability are significant to whether a business is successful and remains in business. Without , it is going to fail to survive or remain appealing to the company's owners or shareholders.
Business success requires both growth and profitability. Profit is the key element in fundamental financial survival; expansion is the key factor in gain and success over the long run.
A cash flow loan isn't regarded as a conventional bank loan, as people typically involve more comprehensive credit analysis of a business. Rather, when determining the terms of a cash flow loan, the lender believes the company's cash flow generation ability.
Would you want some extra capital for daily operations on your small business? If this is so, a cash flow loan might be exactly what you want. This sort of loan can be used to finance working capital in your business, such as funds for payroll, inventory, rent, etc. The cash flow loan has been paid back with incoming cash flows into the corporation.
When your company doesn't have a lengthy credit history or established track record of profitability, a cash flow loan could be suited to your requirements. As a result of shorter company history and so the requirement to compensate for a possibly greater repayment risk, a lender will charge a higher interest rate to get a cash flow loan. This is acceptable provided the gain generated from the loan is adequate to cover the interest, and the loan is repaid as quickly as possible.


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Future Melbourne » Future Melbourne Digital City Hack Wrap Up
Future Melbourne Digital City Hack Wrap Up
The Future Melbourne Digital City Hack 2016 was an ideas-jam, designed to provide passionate civic/city-tech disruptors an opportunity to come up with rapid prototypes for a digitally enabled Melbourne of the future. On the 18th of March, approximately 100 Melbournians, all ranging from entrepreneurs, technologists, futurists, student, consultants and designers arrived at ACMI, Federation square to think about what a smart Melbourne could look like.
Once in teams, participants were taken through a whole range of innovation and human-centred design exercises that started off by highlighting some of the core values, character and uniqueness of Melbourne as a city; what makes us happy, what makes us sad and why we love this town. The teams identified some of the most innate needs and desires of the people in the city; people from all walks of life including residents, students, visitors and workers alike. Using this as a starting point in their ideation, the teams began to imagine and visualise a bespoke smart city, that blended technology with unique Melbourne values.
The pitches and final ideas included the use of sensors, artificial intelligence, machine learning and predictive algorithms, but the best ideas bought in unique Melbourne aspects along with focussing on social and human rather than solely increasing efficiency and usability. The winning idea; Internet of Trees, an integration of Artificial Intelligence and the natural environment enabled a seamless flow of real time information through the use of nature and trees. The runners up used as emerging technology of energy tiles on footpaths and use pedestrian power to generate energy, which through gamification could be socialized both locally and across cities. Artificial intelligence was used to make Melbourne more spontaneous, fun and adventurous along with rethinking the way we interact with our cities.
At the end of the weekend, a total of $6000 in prizes were given out as winning and spot prizes, the ideas were uploaded on the Future Melbourne consultation process and great new friendships formed on the common ground of civic technology.


text: double my_sin(double s);

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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Our History » SEMINCI Magazine
2021 – 66th Edition
Thursday, 28 October
Download pdf9 MB
THE GUEST COUNTRY SLOT IS BACK WITH A LOOK AT THE NEW ARGENTINE CINEMA
The coronavirus pandemic robbed last year's Seminci audiences of one of the festival's staples, the retrospective dedicated to the guest country of each edition. This year's guest country is Argentina, and more specifically Argentine cinema from the last couple of decades. Once again, Seminci showcases titles that are often excluded from the commercial circuit and provides a broad view of specific national cinemas.
«Wild stories, Extraordinary Tales», which is also the title of a book written by Álvaro Arroba and published by Seminci, condenses in sixteen feature films and seven short films what has come to be called the NCA (New Argentine Cinema by its Spanish initials). Names such as Adrián Caetano, Lucrecia Martel, Albertina Carri, Mariano Llinás, José Celestino Campusano, Israel Adrián Caetano, Martín Rejtman, Eloísa Solaas or Lucía Puenzo will surely be mentioned in the scheduled round table on «Argentine cinema between crises".
Here is a tribute to one of the most powerful Spanish-language cinematographies which such a familiar presence in Valladolid as Juan José Campanella could not miss. The Silver Spike winner for Son of the Bride —and the recipient of this edition's Honorary Award— will today share his experiences with the audience attending his master class.
More magazines of this edition
2021 - Nº 10 - Executive Memory