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Government Contract Protest Process: Everything to Know
A government contract protest process arises when a party believes that the competitive bidding process for a government contract was violated.3 min read
1. Typical Competitive Bid Standards
2. The Difference Between a Protest and a Dispute
3. Steps for Filing a Protest
A government contract protest process arises when a party believes that the competitive bidding process for a government contract was violated. The competitive bidding process for government contracts, whether at the state or federal level, contains standard steps regulating the way contracts are accepted and awarded.
These standards have either been developed over the years through government contract case law or can be created through statutes to ensure fairness in dealings between companies and the government. They also seek to establish that no partiality has impacted the final decision, for example through previous business dealings or, as can be the case, improprieties arising from favoritism or even graft.
Typical Competitive Bid Standards
Although the exact language in any government contract may vary, competitive bidding standards decree that:
•The bidding process is open to all parties and will be conducted in a transparent manner.
•All final decisions must be unbiased and based purely on the criteria established in the .
•All bidders are placed on an even playing field, meaning that all bidders must be treated fairly and judged on an equal basis.
For instance, RFPs may insist that hiring quotas based on race or gender be met by companies bidding on the project, specify certain construction materials that must be used on the project, or set requirements that small business subcontractors be included in all general construction contracts. If any of these standards are not met, the government has the right to automatically turn the bid down. The government can only waive any contract bidding standards if they are waived for all bidders, and in effect, the RFP is amended.
If on the other hand, the government fails to comply with the standards in the competitive bidding RFP when awarding the contract, then the resulting contract can be determined to be invalid or even illegal as a matter of contract law. If a party believes that it lost out on a contract because it was wrongfully awarded, that company has the right to file a government contract protest.
The Difference Between a Protest and a Dispute
In terms of questioning the awarding of a government contract, two processes apply. A party can either "protest" or "dispute" the contract according to government contract law. While on the surface there may seem to be little difference between the two options, in practice, they are not the same. It essentially boils down to the status of the party taking the action.
•A "protest" occurs when a party that has lost out on a bid files a claim that the contract was awarded unfairly.
•A party to a "dispute" is one that has been awarded a contract but has a disagreement with the contract officer who awarded the contract or specific terms in the contract.
Federal law provides for three levels of protest resolution. In regard to the first two, all protests must be filed no more than10 days after the wronged (alleged) party becomes aware of the basis for the protest. The levels are:
•A protest filed with the agency that awarded the contract in question. This is often the first step a company will take.
•A protest filed with the , which oversees all government contracts.
•A lawsuit filed in the United States Court of Federal Claims (USCFC). This is the highest level of protest available and most likely the costliest step.
Steps for Filing a Protest
There are two types of grounds for protest: pre-award and post-award. As their names imply, each occurs at a different stage of the bidding process.
•Pre-award protest grounds are based on the accusation that the RFP was unclear, biased against them, or unduly restrictive.
•Post-award protests are filed when it is alleged that the awarding agency did not follow established bid award criteria, showed favoritism or had a conflict of interest.
In order to file either type of protest, a party must establish that they are an "interested party," meaning they have an economic interest in the outcome of the bid in question. In general, most protests are lodged after the contract has been awarded, even the government has terminated the contract.
Although both state and federal agencies take steps to guarantee that all bids for work or equipment are awarded fairly, there are bound to be instances where a party believes itself wronged. The government contract protest process gives their grievances a voice.
To learn more about the government contract protest process, you can post your legal need on UpCounsel's marketplace. UpCounsel accepts only the top 5 percent of lawyers to its site. Lawyers on UpCounsel come from law schools such as Harvard Law and Yale Law and average 14 years of legal experience, including work with or on behalf of companies like Google, Menlo Ventures, and Airbnb.
Government Contracting Terms
Government Contracts Attorney
No-Bid Contract
Government Procurement Contracts
How to Apply for Government Contracts
How to Get Contracts
Contracts for Bid
What Is Contract Administration and Management?
Administering Contracts


Welcome back to Hipster Week – the week where we celebrate all things hipster.
Now that the Christmas sweater season is officially upon us why not relish the irony of loving something so charmingly unattractive.
Bend the paper clips into small hangers as shown and set aside.
For jingley tree sweater attach bells with green thread place onto one of the white sweater pieces with a running stitch.
Place second white sweater pieces behind the first and overcast stitch around the outside, stop and slip the hanger inside before closing around the top.
It's helpful to run thread around the "hanger" to prevent any chance of it slipping down.
For Christmas Corsage sweater stitch holly leaves onto one white felt sweater piece add iced berry beads in a cluster of three.
For Christmas Confetti Sweater stitch Moss, Gold Rush and Classic Red sequins down with matching thread. You could also use Beacon felt glue for this.
Join us tomorrow for more Hipster Happenings!
Such a good idea, thanks for the inspiration!
Hipster Week? Hilarious!! These ornaments are super super cute!!
This has been my favorite ornament I've made so far this year! So cute!
This is a fun craft. I made mine longer and put snaps inside to use as a money card. No wasted paper and ornament all in one!


It happens every year, we feel the need to sum up the year. I find that it makes blogging easier during the holiday season which is why I like to do it. It is also interesting to look back at past years and see how much has changed.
Here are 10 ideas for a top 10 list on your blog.
Top 10 Posts With The Most Comments – Look at the posts with the most comments. Were they controversial topics?
10 Posts With The Least Comments – Maybe you can update these posts and they might make it to your most commented posts next year.
10 Posts You Wish You had Written – Sometimes I read a post and I think, "Gee I wish I had written that post." Make a list of those posts.
10 Posts With the Most Retweets – Looking at these posts each year might give you a good idea of the type of posts your readers want to hear more about. It also may be the 10 posts on your blog with the best headlines that year.
10 Ideas You Had, But Never Did Anything About – We all have ideas that we never get around to doing. Write down all your ideas and then make a list of 10 that you didn't get around to yet. Writing them down may help you turn those ideas into reality.
10 Posts That Are In Draft Mode – I currently have 121 posts in draft mode. I would be interested to see what others have in draft mode. Maybe swap lists with someone and complete each other's posts.
10 Silly Keywords Searched To Find Your Blog – Some of the keywords that people use to find my blog make no sense. Those would make a fun list.
10 Pictures That Didn't Make Your Blog – I have taken thousands of pictures when I'm working on a post and some of them are horrible. Show me your worst pictures so I won't feel so bad about mine.
10 Reasons Why You Blog – As my blog grows, my reasons for blogging change. Why do you blog?
10 More Ideas for Top 10 Posts – I'm sure you can come up with another 10 ideas to add to mine. Link to it in the comments. I'm always looking for more ideas to add to my drafts.
Michele McGraw (@ ScrappinMichele), a work-at-home mother of 4, can be found blogging about technology and digital scrapbooking at Scraps of My Geek Life.
I love this! I don't feel so bad for having 20 posts in Draft Mode!


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Bubble Houses
Roman: This is 99% Invisible. I'm Roman Mars.
[music playing]
Roman: In 1941, the journalist and screenwriter Leo Rosten wrote, "In Hollywood as in Istanbul or Sioux Falls, the rich hasten to express their wealth and betray their fitful groping for status by erecting homes of unnecessary magnitude and splendor."
David: The man who built many of Hollywood's homes of "unnecessary magnitude and splendor" was Wallace Neff. Neff was a "starchitect".
Roman: I know many people find the term starchitect a pretty contemptable portmanteau, but Neff really was both famous in his own right and an architect to the stars.
David: One of his most famous projects was the renovation of Pickfair, the estate owned by the iconic silent film actress Mary Pickford and her husband Douglas Fairbanks. When the couple moved into Pickfair, the house sat on a nameless street in an empty neighborhood called Beverly Hills. If you are lucky enough to be invited to dinner at Pickfair, you might find yourself seated next to Babe Ruth and the King of Spain or Albert Einstein. Life Magazine called Pickfair "only slightly less important than the White House and much more fun."
Roman: That's Los Angeles based reporter David Weinberg.
David: Neff designed estates for Charlie Chaplin, Judy Garland, and Groucho Marx.
Jeffrey: He designed houses for all three Marx brothers. Madonna has owned a Neff house. Diane Keaton. Who's the blonde from Legally Blonde?
David: Reese Witherspoon?
Jeffrey: Yes. She actually owns the, and we better fact-check this, the Libbey Ranch in Ojai.
David: Jeffrey Head is an architectural historian and the author of a book on Neff. I checked, and Reese Witherspoon does, in fact, own the Libbey Ranch.
Roman: At the end of his life, Wallace Neff could have lived in a grand estate on the coast or a huge mansion on the Hollywood Hills. But instead, he lived in a 1,000 square foot concrete bubble.
David: And Neff believed that this simple dome was one of his greatest architectural achievements.
David: The story of the bubble house begins one morning when Neff was standing in his bathroom, shaving. It was 1934, so it was probably a straight razor. Neff looked down and noticed a small soap bubble that had formed on the sink. He reached out and touched it. The bubble held firm against his fingertip. That was the moment the idea struck him. He could build with air. He could build bubble houses.
Roman: And Neff wanted to build them by the thousands.
Jeffrey: Near the end of the second World War, architects were anticipating the post-war housing shortage and working on various solutions. Neff had a larger view and wanted to create a solution to meet the demand for housing worldwide.
David: Jeffrey Head's book about Neff is titled "No Nails, No Lumber" because the bubble houses needed no nails and no lumber. Head says that Neff never saw the bubble houses as a way to make money. He saw them as a social responsibility, a way to provide low-cost housing for people.
Jeffrey: He really didn't make money from it. In fact, spent a great deal of money from his other architectural practice and put it into the bubble houses.
David: Plus, Neff was already rich. Remember, he was building mansions for the Hollywood elite. And his Grandfather was Andrew McNally, the cartographer who created Rand McNally Publishing.
Roman: Now, Neff's idea of a dome-shaped dwelling was not entirely new. Indigenous cultures in the Americas had certainly explored that territory.
David: Even during Neff's lifetime, another guy, Buckminster Fuller, was creating his own circular solution to the housing shortage, the geodesic dome.
Jeffrey: Yes, and I think there's a misunderstanding. People look at the bubble house and they think, "Oh, this is a variation on Bucky Fuller." And it's really not. It's more of a variation on a form appearing in nature that someone has adopted for human scale or human use.
David: What was original about Neff's design was the way the bubble houses were built. Neff invented a new method of construction.
Roman: He called it "Airform." Here is how it worked.
David: First, a big slab of concrete was poured in the shape of a giant coin. Now, picture a giant balloon in the shape of half a grapefruit with the flat side down. This balloon was tied down to the foundation using steel hooks.
Jeffrey: So once the balloon was tied down, it was inflated through an inlet valve. And it took all of five minutes to inflate it.
David: After the balloon was inflated, it was coated in a fine powder.
Jeffrey: And this would happen before the Gunite process.
David: Ah, yes. Gunite.
Roman: Let's take a minute to talk about the magical substance that is Gunite. Or maybe you prefer the generic term, Shotcrete.
Jeffrey: Yeah. So the Gunite was shot out of a cement gun. And the gun had two hoses that came together at a nozzle.
David: One of the nozzles had water.
Jeffrey: And the other was dry cement mix. And the water and the mix came together under high pressure to form the Gunite.
David: When the Gunite dried, it was more than twice as strong as regular concrete. Neff loved the stuff. Once the balloon was coated in Gunite, a layer of wire mesh was placed over that. Then a second layer of Gunite was sprayed on. And Bam! That's it. Two men with a balloon and a Gunite machine could turn a bare patch of soil into a bubble house in less than 48 hours. And after the Gunite dried, the balloon was deflated and pulled out to the front door so it could be used again on the next house.
Roman: And Neff claimed that the bubble houses were more fire-proof, more earthquake-proof, and even more bomb-proof than any traditional structure.
David: Neff was so confident in his design that he would often invite people to bash the walls of the bubble with the back side of an axe.
Roman: Why was it the backside? [laughter]
David: For some reason, they use the back side. I don't know what the reasoning was. But I've seen on all the photos, they're using the back side of an axe.
Roman: What Neff liked best about the bubble houses though was that they were incredibly cheap.
David: After Neff fine-tuned the airform process, he went in search of a client. Someone with money who would hire him to build more bubble houses. And he found one, the federal government.
Jeffrey: The first bubble houses were done during the war to create quick housing for government workers.
David: World War II had escalated. And the US needed homes for military workers. So Neff convinced the government to build an experimental bubble house community in a forest in Falls Church, Virginia.
Roman: In October of 1941, Neff began construction on the 12 bubble houses in Falls Church that would eventually be nicknamed "Igloo Village."
Kathy: There was no lighting of any kind on the street. And we arrived in the daytime, but it was still quite dark because there we so many trees.
David: Kathy Miles grew up in one of the Falls Church bubble houses. When she was five years old, her Dad, who worked for the military, drove the family into the forest to show them their new house. He hadn't told his wife and two daughters that they would be living in a village of bubbles in the woods. It was dark and damp and isolated.
Kathy: And I can remember coming up the street. And there was a cleared area with still many trees and a very little grass if any. And there were flagstones. And there was this house. It didn't look like a house to me at that time. But there was something rising up from the ground. And it was white and large, and it had two large lamps. And they were held together in the middle with a smokestack. And of course, I was with my parents and I don't remember what they were telling me but I'm sure it was something that we were going to live in this "new kind of house."
David: Do you remember what your Mother's reaction was when she first saw it?
Kathy: Her overt reaction was to stay calm and carry on. I think she was trying to make the best of it and hoping that we wouldn't live there long. So to come to something that looked like this, I think she was truly horrified.
David: The Falls Church community consisted of 2 single bubble houses and 10 double bubble houses.
Roman: Kathy lived in one of the double bubbles.
David: The double bubbles were made by connecting two smaller bubbles with a rectangular center block structure that housed the kitchen and the bathroom. Kathy says that growing up in Igloo Village was incredibly isolating and a major standout. One time, when she was in first grade.
Kathy: I set out to draw a picture of my house. And of course, we colored it and I couldn't color it, because I kept insisting there were no white crayons. And so when the teacher looked at it, she kept saying– trying to explain to me that I was supposed to draw the house I lived in. And I kept saying, "I do live in this house." So finally, I felt that I wasn't doing what I was supposed to. And she clearly had no idea what I was doing. And of course, when we passed all the houses around to our friends to look at the pictures, the other children laughed and made fun of it. And so it was pretty daunting as an introduction to first grade for me.
David: And sometimes, Kathy would be made to feel like an outsider in her own neighborhood. People were constantly driving into Igloo Village to gawk at the weird families who lived deep in the woods, inside strange hobbit dwellings.
Kathy: One of the things that all of us, children in the early days, were uncomfortable with I think was that when we were outside playing in the yards, people would drive up the street. And they– again, it was a dark street because of the trees. And they would drive up very slowly. And even in the summer as they would come up the street, they would roll the windows of the car up. And they would all be pressed against the glass, and you would see them pointing. It was very much a zoo-like feeling. And I can even remember when I went to the zoo one time as a child, I remember thinking about how I felt when people were watching me. And I thought about how the animals were feeling with us watching them. So it had that much of an effect that I was able to make that transference.
David: Life in the bubble house was especially hard on Kathy's Mom. Because there were no straight walls, she couldn't hang pictures or family photos. And the circular rooms were difficult to furnish. But living in a bubble wasn't all bad for Kathy. She discovered that she could easily climb up the side of the bubble onto the roof.
Kathy: I was always a climber. In those days, you called it a tomboy.
David: But on the whole, these houses were really weird.
Kathy: Really, I believe in this area and that time, this place. It was kind of doomed to failure.
David: Even though Igloo Village in Falls Church, Virginia did not flourish, Neff was still able to land a few more clients. In 1942, the Southwest Cotton Company hired him to build a desert colony of bubbles in Litchfield Park, Arizona. The Southwest Cotton Company provided the cotton that Goodyear used to make Neff's giant half-grapefruit balloons. Neff also got a contract to build a bubble house dormitory for Loyola University in Los Angeles. And in 1944, the Pacific Linen Supply Company hired Neff to design the largest airform ever built. It was 100 feet in diameter and 32 feet high. Neff thought that the Pacific Linen bubble with its grandeur and prime location downtown would finally convince the world that airform construction had arrived. Not just because bubbles were practical but because they were beautiful.
Roman: But still, people just did not want to live in bubbles.
David: Eventually, everyone in America moved out of their bubbles. And they were all demolished. All of them except for one which happens to be in Pasadena, about 10 miles from my apartment. It was dark when I arrived at the bubble house. It's in a neighborhood of unremarkable suburban houses from the 1930s. When I got to the front yard, the side of it stopped me in my tracks. A smooth, dark mound against the night sky. It was a little spooky but breathtaking. Standing there looking at it, I immediately thought of a passage I had read in Jeffrey Head's book. The passage was about this very house.
Jeffrey: "One turns on to a small residential street. And is confronted with a house that looks nothing like a house. The fact that it has a front door and a few visible windows only adds to it's incongruous presence. Looking at the house which resembles a smooth mound of earth, it feels as if some ancient space station has suddenly fallen from the sky. And upon landing, it has mysteriously embedded itself into the wrong context. It's presence so strange, it seems to have traveled through both space and time."
Roman: That passage was written by the artist Steve Roden. Steve knows a lot about the Pasadena bubble house. For the last 15 years, he's lived in it.
Steve: The only reason why I drove out here to look at the house with my wife was because the price was so cheap, and the image was so strange. And so when we turned the corner and saw this strange brown dome in the middle of an unbelievably conservative neighborhood, it was sort of like, "What the hell is this?"
David: Steve was fascinated by its history and all the surprises that come with living in a bubble like the way that light moves across its curved surfaces.
Steve: What's really cool in the living room at night is when cars drive by and the lights come in through the window. When it projects on that dome-form, it's like a crazy– it's like Laserium or something. It's really amazing.
David: None of the walls that separate the rooms in the bubble house go all the way to the ceiling. So if Steve's wife is in the bedroom reading, her fingers cast shadows on the ceiling that he can see from the living room. But perhaps the very most badass thing about living in a bubble is the way sound travels through it.
Roman: It becomes a whispering gallery.
David: When Kathy Miles and her sister were growing up in Igloo Village, they also discovered these parabolic imperfections in the walls. And they used them to send secret messages to each other.
Kathy: I think early on, my sister and I learned that if you stood in certain places, you could hear people whispering. And if you stood in other places, you couldn't. And I remember conducting experiments to see where we could best hear and best not hear. Just depending on whether we wanted our parents to hear us, or we didn't want to be heard.
David: Steve loves his bubble house. He doesn't have the same problems that plagued the Falls Church houses. He has custom furniture designed for a circular room. And he's an artist. He likes standing out.
Roman: Given how much Steve loves his bubble, one can argue that perhaps the bubble houses might have endured a different fate if they were piloted here in California rather than Northern Virginia.
David: But there are plenty of people who aren't sad that the bubble house has died out. Like this guy.
Stefanos: I think it was a bad idea.
David: Stefanos Polyzoides is an architect who's quite happy living in a world without bubble houses.
Stefanos: It was a good idea when it came to some industrial uses. But it was a very poor idea when it came to housing and how it may be a very uncomfortable dwelling and the light air assembly into neighborhoods and so on. It did not vary in form by region or by culture or by climate or any other way.
David: For Stefanos, architecture works best when it takes into account the context of its environment and responds accordingly. Bubble houses, they're uniform. You can spray Gunite onto a grapefruit balloon in Virginia or California or anywhere else and it's going to look and function exactly the same.
Stefanos: One of the shortcomings of this house is that it's really mostly focused on the method of its construction.
David: Stefanos took me on a tour of his office, a Spanish colonial building, but he says is an example of great architecture. He showed me a balcony on the second floor where he and his partner sometimes do work.
Stefanos: And it's a favorite place of ours in that we are also urbanists. And we dedicate our entire life fighting sprawl and trying to reorganize world properly. And we have nothing in front of us here but the magnificent view of sprawl. This is our frame into the world. It's like a panoramic view of what the rest of the lives how to fix all these mess.
David: Imagine if the view from this balcony was a sea of bubble houses. Nothing but thousands of identical, industrialized domes stretching into infinity. It would be a dystopian nightmare for Stefanos. And even though he lives in a world of sprawl, he has his office to take refuge in.
Stefanos: This building is magnificent with very thick walls. So it's a perfect building for a hot dry climate, because when it's 80 degrees outside or 90 or 100, you keep the building tight closed, then at 6 in the afternoon, you open all doors and windows and it vents down in no time.
David: Stefanos explained how the arrangement of the windows provide balanced, natural light throughout the entire day. The design was based on the combination of Mediterranean and Spanish styles. Because Southern California has a Mediterranean climate with Spanish roots. These are the things the bubble house can't do: Be culturally relevant and adapt to the environment around it. This office was designed by an architect who spent his entire life designing buildings that did adapt to their environment and were culturally relevant to the surroundings.
Roman: This building was designed by Wallace Neff.
Stefanos: A classic Wallace Neff porch, this chair is actually a reconstruction of Neff. This is a Neff design.
Roman: It was his office before it belonged to Stefanos.
David: I asked Stefanos why he thinks Neff did this complete 180 when he created the bubble house? Why he made something that was so antithetical to the rest of his work. Stefanos thinks that had something to do with the birth of modernism. You see, Neff was known for his Spanish colonial houses – white, thick walls with red tile roofs, and elaborate wrought iron window coverings. They're really popular in California. They're everywhere.
Roman: But there was this new movement happening all around Neff.
David: Architects like Neutra, Schindler, and Frank Lloyd Wright were making simple boxes of concrete with clean lines and lots of glass. They looked nothing like Neff's elaborate mansions.
Stefanos: People were beginning to look at younger architects. Maybe with wilder ideas and more relevance maybe to daily life and so on.
David: You think it was sort of like a mid-life crisis kind of thing?
Stefanos: Of sorts. I mean, I think great architects continue to think their entire life. And there comes a moment in which you look at the movement taking the world over. It's like a wildfire. So you have to ask yourself, "Am I the wood that doesn't burn?" Or, "Shall I become part of the wind?"
David: But the modernists were not impressed with Neff's bubble houses. Steve Roden, the guy who lives in the Pasadena bubble house told me almost the same thing.
Steve: Young architects who are trying to bring modernism forward, they thought he was like a dilettante or something. And I think he was an outsider probably because he was hobnobbing with movie stars. I mean, imagine if Barry Manilow started a metal band. It's not like anyone would take that seriously, right? No matter how great it was. I mean, I'm not talking about ironically great. But you know like, "What if it was great?" None of us would buy into it. And I think that was part of his situation. He wasn't like a hipster. He wasn't an unknown crazy dude. He was a guy with a very strong practice who made giant houses for rich people.
David: And yet, Neff never stopped believing in the bubble house. He continued to make variations on it, designing bubbles with straighter sides and flatter roofs, ones with big holes cut out of the side. Even at the end of his life, long after it was clear that the bubble house had no future, he saw it as one of this greatest architectural achievements. He believed in it so strongly that he spent the end of his life living in a bubble house. In fact, he lived in the same house Steve Roden now lives in.
David: Now, I don't want to play the bubble house off as just some failed idea. I think it should be a symbol of a design inspired by the highest ideals, beauty, efficiency, affordable housing, a willingness to take risks on crazy ideas, to experiment with making the world a better place. Maybe the structure itself, the concrete shell that housed the idea was flawed. Maybe people don't want to live in bubbles. But their legacy deserves reflection. And so does Neff. The guy invented a way to build houses out of air! That's [beep] awesome! And hardly anyone knows about them. And all the remains of his idea is this one last bubble house in Pasadena. Actually, that's not entirely true. It's the last bubble house in the United States.
Roman: There were bubbles in Pakistan, Egypt, Liberia, India, Jordan, Turkey, Kuwait, South Africa, the Virgin Islands, Nicaragua, Venezuela, Cuba. There was an airform gas station in Brazil.
David: But the largest colony of bubble houses.
Roman: 1,200 bubbles in one community.
David: Was built in Dakar, Senegal. Some of them are still standing in all their dome glory.
Juliana: As-Salaam-Alaikum. As-Salaam-Alaikum. [foreign words]
Roman: Senegal based producer Juliana Friend have found the Dakar bubbles.
David: Juliana said that there's actually a sense of pride among some of the bubble dwellers. In comparison to other buildings in the area, the bubbles are pretty old. They were built before Senegalese independence. A guy who owns one of the bubbles told Juliana that, "Yes. They're hot and uncomfortable and they're kind of annoying. But it's part of our heritage. So I'll never knock it down."
Male: [foreign words]
David: So it turns out that it's just Americans who don't want to live in bubbles.
Roman: Or at least Americans are the ones who can afford to have the choice.
David: Because bubble houses were cheap and required so little material, they were way more practical in the developing world. So in a sense, Neff actually got what he wanted.
Roman: 99% Invisible was produced this week by David Weinberg, Sam Greenspan and me, Roman Mars. An earlier version of this story was produced as part of KCRWs Independent Producer Project. This episode is part of the Stem Story Project made possible with funds from the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation. We are project of 91.7 local public radio KALW in San Francisco and the American Institute of Architects in San Francisco.
"Memory Pictures" — Patten
"La Seine" — Hauschka
"Sunlight (Sequence 1 & 2)" — OK Ikumi
"Kamogawa" — Hauschka
"Until Then" — Orcas
"Happiness" — Hauschka
"Bubbles in the Forest" — Lullatone
"Scrambled (Forest World Remix)" — OK Ikumi
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I loved this episode, but was suprised that you said that this method of construction was dead in the US. There is a company in Texas still building these kinds of buildings, and judging from the examples on their site, they have built a substantial number of homes in the last couple of decades. The are monolithic.com. You can also find them by googling "monolithic dome."
Jason Love
That is amazing! Personally I would think for a summer or hunting cabin it would be perfect. I am not sure if I would be interested in living in one for a long period of time.
David French
I'm super happy to hear that as I live in Texas and this sounds like something that's right up my alley! As soon as I heard this episode I was wondering if I could build one. Also considering an underground home too. Very economical and it's amazing what you can do with concrete these days.
Dave Hurley
I live in Silicon Valley and am strangely and inexplicably drawn to these "bubble" houses of which you speak.
Mickey Capper
Does this remind anyone else of Tatooine? http://starwarsblog.starwars.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/06/tatooine.jpg
Eduardo França
Dragon Ball Z. Anyone else?
Tatooine is right! :-) [Also, the country names are spelled: Nicaragua and Venezuela] One of these days, I'm going to have to drive through Pasadena to see the last Neff Bubble House. As usual, great show.
Dome house designs are alive and well. Check out Iranian architect Nader Khalili's 'Super-Adobe' parabolic dome houses at CalEarth.org !
Ric.
Great episode Roman.
You have rather given the impression that Neff bubbles were an architectural cul de sac – a brief episode of innovation that was over before it really began. There is however, a second chapter to the story. The Bini Shell. In the sixties Dante Bini developed a concrete 'bubble' based on a modification of Neff's technique. (Though I do not know if Bini knew of Neff.)
The difference between a Bini shell and a Neff bubble is that the reinforcement and concrete are formed and poured flat on to the foundation and air pressure is used to raise and form the shell before the concrete sets. It was a remarkable innovation. Bini had to devise a system of rebar reinforcement that was connected by a system of springs to allow it to flex into the inflated form with the wet concrete.
Bini shells were not a dead end. Though far from the architectural mainstream, the technology is still being used and improved. There is, of course, a web site: http://binishells.com/
Fans of design will love the pictures at that site. The buildings are at once charmingly retro and futuristic. It mirrors the synthesis of nineteenth century aesthetics and contemporary technology we call 'steam punk'. Unfortunately no one has coined a term for the particular re-imagining of futures past from the fifties that Bini shells conjure up.
Finally, I am proud to say that the University I work for, Monash (Australia), has a rural campus which is the proud owner of an early Bini shell. That 'bubble' is eleven meters high and used 300 tons of concrete and reinforcement.
It was inflated in one hour….
http://farm6.staticflickr.com/5083/5368204827_19ec133225.jpg
http://farm6.staticflickr.com/5050/5368814058_d87ea34eda.jpg
And it still very much in use today…
http://farm6.staticflickr.com/5047/5369390139_eb6d4939bf_z.jpg
It would be interesting to know if Bini knew of Neff's work and was building on it. In which case Neff bubbles were by no means a dead end. Just the first chapter in a long and still continuing story of architecture in which it is fiendishly difficult to place a wardrobe.
Jonathan Lundell
A slightly more contemporary rendition (Silicon Valley): http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Flintstone_House
Yes, right here: http://snurl.com/27ty6gh
Concrete canvas has also run with the idea for disaster relief. Pretty cool idea: http://www.concretecanvas.co.uk, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LBHVKFCoYFc
If you drive down interstate 4 from Orlando to Tampa FL you will see huge Domes ABC domes company.
Roo Raymond (@Potoroo)
Amazing episode! Any chance anyone knows where the bubble gas station is in Brazil? :)
Longtime listener, first time commentor.
A friend of mine lived in this dome in downtown Phoenix.
He tried to sell it on a couple of occasions, but no one could get a loan on it because the bank didn't know how to value the house, no comps!
This link is a picture of it: http://goo.gl/maps/gDLGz
Could it be a Neff?
Loved the podcast,
Linda Slater
mmm….interesting. Here's a photo of a Bini Dome that used to exist in Perth, WEstern Australia. Sounds like a similar construction; although one Bini Dome did collapse!
https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=537024459701946&set=pb.483374281733631.-2207520000.1379516348.&type=3&theater
My girlfriend grew up in one of these houses in Tennessee. She lived in it through half of the 90's. Small little house on a gigantic piece of property. http://i.imgur.com/3r1ICf3.jpg
Douglas Butcher
Hope you have a special episode when you hit 99…
Andrew Van Tassel
The bubble reminds me of the early earthship designs (well just the shape) by Michael Reynolds, http://earthship.com/.
Great episode, Roman! It reminds me of a "bubble" house in Midland Michigan, where I live. This structure is Gunite over a Styrofoam dome construction. The technique was quick to erect, strong and well insulated. I have been through the Robert Schwartz designed home a few times and I still find it fascinating and beautiful. For more details try this link: http://retrorenovation.com/2011/06/15/energy-efficient-1964-dome-house-built-of-styrofoam-by-robert-schwartz-a-student-of-buckminster-fuller/
Reese Witherspoon is selling the house mentioned early in the podcast:
http://hookedonhouses.net/2012/09/19/reese-witherspoon-selling-libbey-ranch-in-ojai/
Luke_in_Australia
As a child in the mid-early 1980's I watched a tv show on a innovative construction technique from the USA. It used something like the gunite sprayer, but more chemically based, with a 2 part substance, and not concrete. It was more a spray the gunk onto rebar formwork and let it set, but it was amazingly curvy and beautiful, (though generally vertical walls!) It was a 2 story house I recall, and it came out very white.
I've been trying to find it online to see what happened to the method since. Can anyone suggest possibilities?
So I guess I'm the only one who sees this and thinks "Lars Homestead".
There's a really cool domed home in West South Florida that is being reclaimed by the sea:
http://www.messynessychic.com/2013/06/12/the-mysterious-dome-homes-marching-into-the-sea-before-after/
Eerily neat.
I got to tour one that is located outside of Sedona AZ. Its listed in this website. A 90 degree day, we were surprised at how cool it was inside. http://www.earthmountainview.com/domes/monolithic-dome-homes.html
Diane Forsdale
Loved the show. A few months ago, my husband and I went on a tour of Spaceport America, in the desert of southern New Mexico. We had gone inside the operations center there (which is not the building usually shown for the Spaceport) and been told it was built using concrete over an inflated bubble. You can see a small picture of it at http://spaceportamerica.com/do-business/contractors/ , see last item under Design Team. Can't find anything about its construction online though.
Thanks for your terrific show!
Here is a link to a small description of that structure.
http://www.es2eng.com/industrial/projects/328-new-mexico-spaceport-authority
Jake Hirsch-Allen (@jakehirschallen)
Teshima Island, Japan has an amazing and very similar creation: http://www.benesse-artsite.jp/en/teshima-artmuseum/ and http://www.designboom.com/architecture/ryue-nishizawa-teshima-art-museum/
Loved this episode. Near where I grew up there was a home made from a series of domes on the side of one of the Menan Buttes near Rexburg, Idaho overlooking the Snake River, http://tinyurl.com/lks6au5 (google maps).
Turns out the family is really into domes and has quite a history. Three companies have grown out of the original family creating these domes back in the 70's: Monolithic Domes (http://www.monolithic.com), Dome Technology (http://www.dometechnology.com), and South Industries (http://www.southindustries.com). The president of South Industries lives in the dome shown in the google map link above.
Nathan Lorenz (@lostinokay)
I'm not sure if these are made with the same style of construction, but there are a bunch of these near El Reno, Oklahoma: http://www.flickr.com/photos/radicalwacko/6608753199/in/set-72157628654942599
Steven Parkes
A variant of this style was built in Palo Alto in the last five years or so:
http://goo.gl/maps/CwcWx
It's four cylinders with dome and flat roofs on each cylinder.
It sounds like it uses the tech described in the story: balloons and spray. Quite the topic of the neighborhood when it was being built.
It was started during the height of the housing bubble. Then the housing bubble popped and it was never finished. It's sat there unfinished and unchanging for years.
This is a fairly pricey neighborhood. We're all kind of wondering what's going to happen to it.
That has to be the most punnish of realities to come out of the "housing bubble"
Judith Lautner
I was a little disappointed to hear the way your dismissed these homes, saying "people don't like to live in them". When in fact some people do. The complaints that you "can't hang pictures" is so ridiculous. Instead of trying to make the home like another home, take it as it is and love it.
Frank Hieber
These are still being built, but in a somewhat different way.
Watch the video here:
http://www.monolithic.com/
Kate Godfrey
Excellent listening. I wonder if that's a bubble house I see as I drive up 280 to SF? I'l dig and find out.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Flintstone_House
These sound like they would be very stable in earthquake prone areas like Afghanistan or Pakistan. Has any one looked into this?
and what about the Mushroom houses in rochester, NY? similar concept, but with tall mushroom stalks beneath.
This has convinced me, everything should be in bubble form.
you sound incredibly unimaginitive when you assume that the bubble house had to be all the same shape. This is idiotic!
any combination of bubbles and shapes that can be inflated can be made. No two need to be alike. porches, head shaped, shell shaped, gaudiesque… you made me want to smash my speaker.
AAtallah
could this quick and strong way to make shelter be used in the Philippines to help house all of the displaced people from the typhoon?
fortisgw
They're so cute and if you'd learn to live with its disadvantages, I think it would still be a very good place to stay in.
planwell
This story might have touched on:
Nader Khalili and P.J. Vittore. CalEarth Dome home community created in Hesperia.
http://calearth.org/about/visiting.html
Thanks this was so useful, because we used it to help us in our school compotition!
The unique construction needs to be followed accurately and if it isn't the domes quickly lose their structural integrity. Due to faulty construction practices, there have been issues with the domes' strength and in a few cases, Binishells have failed to the point of collapse.
Here is a picture of one in Sydney built as a gym.
http://www.flickr.com/photos/[email protected]/9047315402
Great episode. A well crafted story. But… Your research neglects that these forms are very typical in vernacular architecture. They are indeed responsive to some climates and acknowledge a culture of building that is still typical in many parts of the world.
Also, If Neff was interested in fulfilling a housing shortage, why shouldn't he be deemed successful if these prototypes are still being used in other parts of the world where quick construction and limited materials are common building constraints.
Your final line "maybe he did get what he wanted" suggests that success is achieved first and foremost for ideas that are relevant within the United States. The typological suburban, American home is an anomaly. In no way a global standard. Don't be afraid to be a little less US-Centric.
Bill McMahon
In the late 60s and early 70s whilst attending architecture school a lot of us were Bucky (Buckminster Fuller) freaks—an offshoot developed–the foam dome. An inflated plastic bladder sprayed on the outside with polyurethane foam—instant enclosure with a very high R value! Unless oversprayed quickly with some coating UV radiation turned them 70% cacao in a few weeks. One or two popped up in Boulder and as a matter of fact one of my classmates/buddies built quite a few in his fledgling practice therafter. Off-gasing? For quite a few weeks, a no-fly zone for small birds….Hey there Ski! What's up?!
Looooove this. Thank you so much!
Have you ever heard of a Yaca-Dome? They were designed/patented/built by Joseph Yacaboni. His original dome was built in Pittsburgh in 1969. My BF now owns it, and we currently have it listed on Airbnb.
https://www.airbnb.com/rooms/1114987
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rn7_MQ_D6Nk
PJK
One is being built in Pinebluff NC 28373 on Pinebluff Lake Road near Pinebluff Lake. Town has approved construction, and it looks wild! 05/13/14
Ricky Neff
I am Neff, our family is back to ensure things go smooth. Enjoy the ride.
This is a fantastic episode! I'm currently saving up to purchase a house, and the prospect of affordable, durable, quick airfoil construction housing is incredibly attractive. Doubly so for the Bini shell designs and other creative forms.
Davis, California has a cluster of domes used as a co-op.
http://bagginsend.net
I think Roman should take a tour!
Monolithic domes are being built all over Texas and Oklahoma. I am involved in a project building a 35,000 sq ft event center using this design. They still inflate the balloon and spray the interior with gunnite. Roman should do a follow-up.
J. Tony Smith
New note from wired on similar construction:
http://www.wired.com/2014/07/a-wild-proposal-for-domed-houses-made-of-inflated-concrete/?mbid=social_fb#slide-id-1286721
I am impressed with dome houses and specially a balloon dome building. How can I buy a balloon .????
Modular pieces of BRITE coloured anti-mould polypropylene Mold injected plastic & sikaflex glued &pop rivited Inuit construction style dome shell with flue & light openings ,press stamped steelmesh outer covered by spraycrete with1.5 m deep basement 15 m dome diameter, 2 xdouble doors & annexes diametricly opposed openings at ground level though offset from centre to catch all available breezes, internal water tanks for rainfall, slow conbustion cooker & at least two levels of floorspace @ what$$$ is that worth if you do most of the work yourself.It would be bushfire proof,defensible,longlasting,defiantly stronger than current building techniques in material ratio quantities maybe it's time to reinvent this ancient Inuit tech because I have been through 2 category 5 tropical revolving storms (300+km/h winds) @ Innisfail Qld. Aust. Global warming or just coincident that there was 2 in a decade on the same area coastline ??? My building is cracked, I think a dome wouldn't have any problem accept rainwater blowing in sideways!
tboom
monolithic dome high school, 2002, Grand Meadow, Minnesota.
http://www.monolithic.org/featured/featured-schools/grand-meadow-minnesota-a-grand-campus-of-5-monolithic-domes
M. Seavey
In the early 90s I led a Girl Scout camp session called 'Keystoners'. Each session the girls would get to build a lasting structure for camp. The also learned about architecture through field trips to House on the Rock, FLW's School, and Zanadu- the House of Tomorrow. This episode reminded me of Zanadu, a foam dome house tourist attraction in the Wisconsin Dell's. It is gone now but found this great story about it:http://www.dells.com/blog/vintage-attractions-xanadu-foam-house-future/
That camp session, along with rocket camp, were two of my favorite to plan because the campers got to create something new.
nickp
I remember these well, my primary school, Timber Lane Elementary, was constructed adjacent to them and my scout group used to meet in one. A few of the kids I went to school with lived in them. They were eventually all abandoned and demolished to make way for an apartment complex.
didnt the concrete overheat in the summer? I cant imagine what this structure would be like without proper insulation…
I found this website that you can use to listen to 99% Invisible: http://99invisible.radioserie.com/
Esther Riggs
This is a Great article, also check out biohome.net with Ed Dilley he has created homes in the Nevada Desert. He uses the metal frame and Expanded foam.
Those domes visible while driving north on 280 on the San Francisco Peninsula were built by Fame Homes using gunnite sprayed over balloons inflated within a dome-shaped framework of re-bar. They were marketed as being highly earthquake resistant. I went to the opening cocktail party for the development, sometime back in the 1970s. I think Fame Homes was based in Arizona. Full details probably could be found in the files of any of the daily newspapers still published on the Peninsula. While some papers that published accounts of the Fame Homes project are gone, their files may be obtainable from successor newspapers or local public library reference materials.
Leon Chase
I'm curious to know where the wiring and plumbing hides?
who builds these in new jersey?
http://inhabitat.com/magical-dome-house-in-remote-thailand-constructed-in-six-weeks-for-just-8000/
This construction process is still in use. It is used to construct dome structures that can be designed as FEMA safe shelters that double as schools, auditoriums, gymnasiums, or wellness centers. It is also used in the construction of some impressively large industrial storage structures. These domes can be all sizes and store many different types of materials. Check out these websites for more info.
https://www.dometechnology.com/
http://www.es2eng.com/industrial/markets/39-architectural
Christophe Récipon
Had the author asked French children (or any French adult under 45) he would have got a very different answer to his final question. As a matter of fact bubble houses were the natural habitat of the Barbapapa family, the heroes of a hugely popular series of children's book (and subsequent TV cartoon). You can actually witness the construction of the houses as our shape-shifting characters morph into giant bubbles and pour concrete on one another. As a kid I would have loved to live in one of these houses.
There are some of them in Milan, Italy. Search Igloo in https://it.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maggiolina and look for "via Lepanto, Milan" on Google Maps satellite view. They say their design came from the USA.
Derelict Dome
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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It's a man's world when it comes to architecture and design. This disparity is clearly reflected within one of most popular online encyclopedias, Wikipedia.
Sixteen percent of licensed architects in the United States are women, while 17 percent are firm principals or partners, according to a 2012 survey by the American Institute of Architects. But forty-nine percent of architecture students are women. In other words, it's a man's world when it comes to architecture and design. This disparity is clearly reflected within one of most popular online encyclopedias, Wikipedia.
ArchiteXX, an independent organization for women in architecture, is teaming up with the AIANY and the Beverly Willis Architecture Foundation for the NYC #WikiD Edit-a-thon where participants will write female architects and designers into Wikipedia this Sunday in honor of International Women's Day.
Lori Brown, associate professor at the Syracuse University School of Architecture, is co-founder of ArchiteXX alongside Nina Freedman, who serves as director of projects for Shigeru Ban Architects. Their mission is to promote women in leadership, redefine success in the workplace and increase diversity.
Brown uses ArchiteXX and her role as a professor to expand awareness of gender and its impact on spatial relationships. She hopes to see Sunday's event as a step toward bridging the gap between the number of male and female architects listed on Wikipedia.
Brown was inspired to start the event after talking to a friend who was struggling last year to write women into a certain section of activism on the site, but received pushback from Wikipedia editing trolls. She was further motivated after rereading Despina Stratigakos' essay, "Unforgetting Women Architects: From Pritzker to Wikipedia," in Places. Stratigakos' words are a call-to-action to write women architects into history books, read female theorists in curriculum and simply create public awareness.
Brown hopes #WikiD will become an annual event, with schools and professionals around the world collaborating to write women in design into Wikipedia. Syracuse University held an informal meeting to write women in on Monday in Slocum Hall. Brown is committed to helping the university and its students understand and adjust the imbalance. She said she acts as a watchdog within the faculty and the school to ensure enough women are hired as student coordinators within the studios or are included in the composition of review juries.
Within the Syracuse School of Architecture, there are 328 female undergraduates and 27 female graduates. Six women on faculty are tenured as opposed to 14 men out of the 40 full-time positions held. Brown thinks the #WikiD movement will not only bring public recognition to the gender gap in the profession, but spur schools to consciousness as well.
The #WikiD Edit-a-thon will be held at the Center for Architecture (AIANY) in New York City this Sunday from 1 to 4 p.m.
Click here if you cannot attend but would still like to sign up to write someone onto Wikipedia. The profile sections will consist of standard Wikipedia entry material such as biography, early life, education, sample work, awards, exhibitions and references. Much of the information can be found through the Beverly Willis Architectural Foundation and the International Archive of Women in Architecture.


text:
Jane Jensen on how Doom killed Adventure games, casting Mark Hamill and more
Posted 9 years ago by Jonathan Holmes
Get to know the people that make great videogames
A week and a half ago on Sup Holmes (now on iTunes) we welcomed Jane Jensen of Pinkerton Road to the program. Jane started her career as a computer programmer in the 80's, but before long, her inescapable love of storytelling and videogames came together to send her down the path of the videogame developer. It's a path she's been on for over 25 years.
We talked with Jane about her formative experiences at Sierra working on series like Police Quest and King's Quest, moving on to create her own horror/adventure series with Gabriel Knight, experiencing the evolution from pixel art to FMV to polygon based graphics first hand, casting big names like Mark Hamill and Tim Curry in her games, how E3 has evolved from a enthusiast event to bloated spectacle of softcore sex and violence, the way Doom changed how publishers approach the PC market, the recent resurgence of adventure game, the difference between making "games for guys" and making them for "everyone", and so much more.
Jane's got two new games in the works as we speak — a enhanced remake of the first Gabriel Knight and an all new adventure called Moebius. While it will be fun to revisit Gabriel and his voodoo problems, I'm even more excited for Moebius. It sounds like a cross between the current Cumberbatch-infused Sherlock Holmes and The Matrix. It's hard to imagine how that could fail to hit, especially coming from a developer as passionate and imaginative as Jane.
Thanks again to Jane for appearing on the show, and tune in this Sunday at 1pm PST/4pm ESTwhen we close of Sup Holmes's run on Dtoid with Chris Seavor, creator of Conker and the upcoming Unlikely Legend of Rusty Pup. It's going to be conclusive!
Jonathan Holmes
Destructoid Contributor - Jonathan Holmes has been a media star since the Road Rules days, and spends his time covering oddities and indies for Destructoid, with over a decade of industry experience "Where do dreams end and reality begin? Videogames, I suppose."- Gainax, FLCL Vol. 1 "The beach, the trees, even the clouds in the sky... everything is build from little tiny pieces of stuff. Just like in a Gameboy game... a nice tight little world... and all its inhabitants... made out of little building blocks... Why can't these little pixels be the building blocks for love..? For loss... for understanding"- James Kochalka, Reinventing Everything part 1 "I wonder if James Kolchalka has played Mother 3 yet?" Jonathan Holmes
Filed under... #Notable#Sup Holmes#Sup Holmes Full Episodes


Bootstrapping Barcelona-based visual commerce startup Photoslurp has taken its first external funding: Announcing €750,000 (~$870k) in pre-Series A financing, led by Spanish VC Inveready Technology Investment Group, with participation from Bankinter VC, Caixa Capital Risc and ICF.
The team's SaaS platform is designed for brands to build influence by leveraging user generated content (UGC) in their marketing — with the underlying premise being that online advertising is delivering diminishing returns, thereby placing more importance on 'native advertising' techniques, and specifically on embedded UGC as a key avenue for digital marketing.
Photoslurp's tech works by crawling social media platforms (specifically Instagram, Facebook and Twitter) looking for tagged photos and videos of products being used in the wild — to act as "shoppable social proof", as it calls it, to help brands sell their stuff via integrating the UGC into their online stores, in a 'shop this look' format.
The harvesting of relevant UGC is done automatically by the platform — after which there's an intended manual curation process to refine the final selections.
"Our platform collects visual content that has been hashtagged with those hashtags related to the brand. Through our collection dashboard brands have an array of tools that allows them to perform logic hashtag searches into the social networks, as well as blacklisting both secondary hashtags and/or users," says Photoslurp CEO Eulogi Bordas.
While the platform crawls multiple social networks, Instagram is (unsurprisingly) the main source of UGC that's considered shiny enough by brands to double as appropriate marketing sides — Photoslurp tells us that 98 per cent of the collected content is generated there.
The startup, which was founded in 2014, says it's working with over 150 brands across 20 countries in Europe at this stage. It name-checks the likes of Links of London, Folli Follie, Tally Weijl, Cluse Watches, Adolfo Domínguez and Lindblad Expeditions as some of its flagship clients.
The new funding will go on further development of the platform, including spending on image recognition tech to "further help ease the detection of products" from the UGC pool, and on ramping up on sales and marketing globally.
On the competitive front, the startup names Olapic, Curalate and BazaarVoice as playing in a similar space — though says it's differentiating by focusing on brands in the SME space vs targeting larger, enterprise players.
"Growing brands benefit hugely from the visual content tools that we provide, and is a market that was not catered to before we joined the game," argues Bordas.
He adds that R&D efforts fueled by the need funding will also be targeted at helping its target brands make more out of the organic content their customers are creating and uploading.
"On the immediate roadmap we are starting to delve into areas such as audience engagement, and performance benchmarking," he says, flagging up a free Instagram analytics tool Photoslurp launched last week to help brands to measure the impact of their marketing efforts on social media.


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text:
Crypto Assets Won't Be Classified As Securities With Proposed U.S. Bill
by Nick Chong
in Cryptocurrency news
Since Bitcoin (BTC) was formally classified as a pseudo-commodity, crypto investors have been pestering regulators, namely the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), about how their favorite cryptocurrencies stack up. Ethereum (ETH), in its "current decentralized state," was hinted at being in the same boat as BTC. But for a majority of other cryptocurrencies, primarily those issued via initial coin offerings (ICOs), pundits have hinted that they can be classified as securities.
SEC Commissioner Jay Clayton, for instance, recently took to CNBC and Coindesk's Consensus Invest conference to state that while ICOs can be an effective way to build war chests, such efforts should adhere to traditional securities laws.
This de facto classification has led to tumult in the token subset, as made apparent by the recent crackdowns on AirFox and Paragon, two projects that raised funds by the way of a token sale, and EtherDelta, a popular decentralized exchange that facilitates the trading of Ethereum-based ERC-20 tokens.
Lawmakers Want The U.S. To Become Leaders In Crypto
Yet, an exclusive report from CNBC's Kate Rooney indicates that on Thursday, two American congressmen have introduced a bill that would turn the regulatory tide in crypto's favor. Per Rooney, the so-called "Token Taxonomy Act," headed by Warren Davidson of Ohio and Darren Soto of Florida, will disallow the SEC from classifying fully-fledged "digital tokens (crypto assets)" as securities.
Speaking in a statement on the matter, Davidson noted:
"In the early days of the internet, Congress passed legislation that provided certainty and resisted the temptation to over-regulate the market. Our intent is to achieve a similar win for America's economy and for American leadership in this innovative space."
CNBC did not specify when the bill, likely the first of its kind, will be run through governmental proceedings. Yet, many crypto diehards have faith in the bill, which is slated to discredit the regulatory uncertainty that has plagued this industry in recent memory.
And while cynics are skeptical that this act will succeed, the joint effort from Davidson and Soto likely already have the support from a number of fellow congressmen. As reported by NewsBTC previously, Colorado's Jared Polis and California's Gavin Newsom, two forward-minded, pro-Bitcoin politicians, were elected into office in America's most recent midterms, which were finalized in early-November. Newsom was one of the world's first political incumbents to accept Bitcoin donations, while Polis actively heads pro-blockchain efforts.
While two is far from a crowd, the recent elections of Polis and Newsom, coupled with the advent of the "Token Taxonomy Act," could indicate that once 2019 hits, the crypto industry will begin its journey to a clear status in regulators' eyes.
This unexpected move comes after talk ramped up regarding XRP's status in the regulatory realm, as rumors have hinted that Ripple's go-to asset will be listed on Coinbase if XRP is formally classified as a non-security.
Featured Image from
Tags: cryptoregulationsec
Nick Chong
I am a writer who has been following Bitcoin for years now. My insights and interviews have been featured in leading publications in the industry such as LongHash and Decrypt. I own a small amount of Bitcoin.
Litecoin Whale Transactions Set New 2023 High, Bullish Signal?


Rochester, MN (KROC-AM News) - The State Patrol responded to two fatal crashes on Friday and alcohol use is listed in both crash reports.
The most recent involved two motorcycles and occurred in the Brainerd lakes area. The crash report says a 55-year-old Grand Rapids man was fatally injured around 7:30 pm when the motorcycle he was operating rear-ended another motorcycle driven by a 63-year-old Grand Rapids man after he was forced to hit the breaks while riding on Highway 210 between Brainerd and Crosby. The other motorcyclist escaped the crash with only minor injuries.
The other fatality was reported just before 5 pm in a rural area about 25 miles southwest of St. Cloud. The State Patrol says the victim, 57-year-old Steven Schmidt of Atwater, was a passenger in a minivan that collided with a semi-truck at an intersection north of the town of Grove City in Meeker County.
The State Patrol says the driver of the minivan, who had alcohol in his system, caused the crash by going through a stop sign. The crash report also notes the man killed in the collision was not wearing a seatbelt.


text:
Q: ZfcUser registration complications My problem is that ZfcUser module isnt working properly at OpenShift hosting. Locally on my PC everything is OK i can register and log in but uploaded its not possible. There is no even errors showing up. Everything it says is "Authentication failed. Please try again."
My configs seems to be ok i've tried so many different combinations but looks like scipts have access to database (when i change to something random it shows exceptions etc.).
What i've figured out is that when i submit the register form it passes but it is not adding the user to database it is empty. Other thing is that even the "login_after_reigster" option is "false" it still try to login after "passed" registration.
Everything is the same (expect database configuration) as local (where it works) but not working on remote host

A: Try exporting the local database and import it on the server! I had this problem too, and this seems to resolve it.
Or, if you can, run in the console
php /path/to/public/folder/index.php orm:schema-tool:create --force
Then it will work!

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
zero pollution
Guillaume Périgois / Unsplash
Roadmap points Europe toward safer, sustainable chemicals
EU Commission releases ambitious strategy for getting hormone-disrupting chemicals out of food, products, and packaging.
Europe's chief policy-making body Wednesday called for a safer, more sustainable chemicals market, plotting a zero-tolerance approach that nearly eliminates hormone mimicking compounds.
The strategy, approved by the European Commission, represents some of the most ambitious policy recommendations on the planet and draws a stark contrast with the United States, where endocrine-disrupting compounds—such as bisphenol-A (BPA), phthalates, certain flame retardants and pesticides—remain largely unregulated and ubiquitous in products and packaging.
'Once-in-a-decade opportunity'
Environmental health advocates hailed the effort as "the most transformative chemical policy initiative" in 20 years and a "once-in-a-decade opportunity to rethink Europe's approach to chemicals management."
"Every day, our exposure to cocktails of harmful chemicals is translating in real-life health conditions and diseases for current and future generations," said Natacha Cingotti, senior policy officer for health and chemicals at the Brussels-based Health and Environment Alliance.
"While we welcome this significant step forward, the reality leaves no room for self-complacency and it is urgent the Commission gets to work to implement the promises made to effectively protect people from harm and support safe innovation for non-toxic material cycles."
Five main thrusts
The new European plan, dubbed the Chemicals Strategy for Sustainability, is part of the broader Europe Green Deal, a sweeping proposal for the European Union to achieve carbon neutrality by 2050, eliminate pollution, and promote a sustainable economy.
The strategy released Wednesday has five main thrusts:
Tighter scrutiny of hormone-mimicking compounds, along with an early warning system for chemical risks before such compounds hit the market.
A "one substance, one assessment" approach to increase chemical testing transparency.
Incentives for green chemistry and non-toxic materials development.
Information and tools for citizens to understand chemical risks.
Pressure on international markets to improve chemical safety globally.
At its core, the strategy makes use of the precautionary principle—forcing companies or manufacturers to prove chemicals are safe before they go to market, and making them pay when there is pollution.
Concern from business
While environmental and health advocates lauded the move, business interests cautioned it will stifle commerce and innovation.
"Production cycles and supply chains are complex ... (and) not always well understood by decision makers," wrote EuroCommerce, representing the continents' retail and wholesale business sectors, in a position paper as the policy was being crafted this summer. "We ask the Commission to keep a close eye on the impact of individual initiatives, and its cumulative effects on the retail and wholesale sector and how it affects their economic viability."
Contrast with United States
The Commission's plan stands in sharp contrast to the United States. Despite decades of warnings from academic scientists, U.S. regulators have largely ignored independent, non-industry science about the dangers of chemicals that impact our hormones, often at very low doses.
Endocrine-disrupting compounds are a particular concern, based on science from research labs worldwide. The compounds—added to a broad range of products such as plastics, toys, cosmetics, food packaging—have been linked to myriad health problems, including birth defects, obesity, diabetes, certain cancers, as well as impacts to the brain and reproductive and immune systems.
The highest profile—and highest dollar— effort by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration to get on the same page of academic scientists and Europe on endocrine disruptor science has only deepened divides. An EHN investigation of the FDA's effort on just one chemical, BPA, found the agency stacked the deck against findings from independent scientists studying BPA. It also found that many chemicals used to replace BPA in "BPA-free" products have the same adverse health impacts as the original chemical.
Separate focus on PFAS
Also released Wednesday was an EU strategy that specifically takes aim at PFAS, compounds so persistent they're called "forever chemicals." PFAS, used in products including firefighting foam, non-stick cookware and some clothing, have been found in the water of roughly 2,230 U.S. communities in 49 states, affecting more than 100 million people.
The new European strategy would only allow for PFAS use when the chemicals are "essential for society." In addition, it will fund research for safe alternatives and for monitoring and cleanup.
Toward 'zero pollution'
The framework stems from political guidelines laid out at the end of 2019 by European Union President Ursula von der Leyen that pointed Europe toward "zero pollution."
"I will put forward a cross-cutting strategy to protect citizens' health from environmental degradation and pollution, addressing air and water quality, hazardous chemicals, industrial emissions, pesticides and endocrine disruptors," President von der Leyen wrote in the report.
The Commission plans to release a Zero Action Pollution Action Plan on air, water and soil next year to complement the chemicals strategy.
SUBSCRIBE TO EHN'S MUST-READ DAILY NEWSLETTER: ABOVE THE FOLD
What happens if the largest owner of oil and gas wells in the US goes bankrupt?
Diversified Energy's liabilities exceed its assets, according to a new report, sparking concerns about whether taxpayers will wind up paying to plug its 70,000 wells.
Investigation: PFAS on our shelves and in our bodies
Testing finds concerning chemicals in everything from sports bras to ketchup, including in brands labeled PFAS-free.


text:
Il Gran Premio motociclistico d'Austria 1993 fu il quinto appuntamento del motomondiale 1993.

Si svolse il 16 maggio 1993 sul Salzburgring e registrò la vittoria di Kevin Schwantz nella classe 500, di Doriano Romboni nella classe 250 e di Takeshi Tsujimura nella classe 125.

Classe 500

Arrivati al traguardo

Ritirati

Classe 250

Arrivati al traguardo

Ritirati

Non partito

Classe 125

Arrivati al traguardo

Ritirati

Collegamenti esterni

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Join us at the New Earth Expo Psychic Fair in Carlsbad on Sunday May 20, from 10 AM – 6 PM.
Print out your Free Psychic Fair Pass online here for the Holistic Living Expo Psychic Fair on Oct. 2, in Carlsbad.
Join us at the Psychic Fair in Mission Valley on Sun, April 15, at our NEW LOCATION – the Crowne Plaza Hotel in San Diego – Mission Valley.
For more info on raffle prizes, speakers, vendors, holistic health practitioners and spiritual counselors, go here.
Join us at the Psychic Fair in Mission Valley on Sun, February 25, at our NEW LOCATION – the Crowne Plaza Hotel in San Diego – Mission Valley.
5th Annual Christmas Sale – Singing Bowls, Crystals & More in San Marcos!


Opportunity beckons in Bendigo with Gateway sale | Commo.
The listing of a seven-hectare site within Bendigo by Killen Thomas has come a month before Qantas start flying directly to the region from Sydney.
An aerial view of the Gateway.
The site is positioned along the Midland Highway.
Victorian agency Killen Thomas is offering a 'gateway' into Bendigo's bright future as a regional hub with its latest listing.
Spanning seven hectares with 180 metres of highway frontage, the Gateway represents one of the last remaining parcels of industrial land available along the Midland Highway in Epsom.
The suburb recently welcomed a new shopping precinct anchored by Woolworths, Chemist Warehouse and Aldi, as well as newly initiated Bunnings Warehouse.
Selling agent David Marks told WILLIAMS MEDIA the site's position in the "growth area" of Bendigo meant it lent itself to variety of industrial and retail uses.
"The frontage onto the highway is fitted to semi-retail enterprises such as large showrooms, service stations and smaller format supermarkets ," he said.
"The industrial blocks of land out the back could house a range of different businesses.
"Epsom is where all the new homes are being built, and there is now room for companies to open up second stores to service the growth area like Bunnings have done."
Such is Bendigo's potential for growth that Qantas announced it would be connecting the regional city with Sydney in the form of regular flights between the two destinations.
From 31 March 2019, QantasLink will operate flights six days per week with its 50-seat Q300 turboprop aircraft, offering more than 30,000 seats on the route each year.
Flights will increase to daily over the peak summer season.
The launch of the services follow runway upgrades completed at Bendigo Airport last year.
Mr Marks said the service would help businesses in the area expand their reach.
"It potentially opens up Bendigo to the rest of Australia and possibly in the future direct freight flights into the growing Asian markets," he said.
"There is a whole range of businesses that could experience growth as a result of the flights.
"I think it's something potential buyers could be thinking about when looking at a property like the Gateway."
The Gateway is located at 223-237 Midland Highway, Bendigo.
Expressions of interest close on March 14.


i called the place on one night around 9:30 pm to check whether is there any availability on the Labour Day weekend. one lady picked up the call and she sounded really rush for some reasons. not even 10 seconds of our conversation, she put me on hold. she pick up the my call and she ask me what do i want. i told her that i need to know whether is there any rooms available for one night on August 31. she checked and told me there wasn't and hung up my call right away without asking me anything else. i'm not happy, therefore i called the second time. she picked up again and i think there was my caller id that she saw, she told me rudely that the minimum stay for labor day weekend is 3 night. i don't know her name but i felt extremely dissapointed with this kind of attitude of a hotel staff could rendered. imagine what can you expect if you stay at this place. strongly not recommended.
Have you stayed at the Bewitched B & B lately? Post a review to help other travelers.


text:
«Загле́мбє Сосно́вець» () — професіональний польський футбольний клуб з міста Сосновець.

Історія
Колишні назви:
 1906: КС Міловіце ()
 1908: ТС Уніон Сосновець ()
 1914—1917: не виступав
 1918: ТС Вікторія Сосновець ()
 1931: ТС Унія Сосновець ()
 1939—1944: не виступав
 1945: РКС Сосновець ()
 1945: РКУ Сосновець ()
 1948: ЗКСМ Унія Сосновець ()
 1949: ЗКС Сталь Сосновець ()
 1962: ГКС Заглембє Сосновець ()
 1993: Сталь Сосновець ()
 1994: МОСіР Сосновець ()
 1994: СТС Сосновець ()
 1994: СТС Заглембє Сосновець ()
 2001: Заглембє Сосновець ССА ()
 2004: Заглембє Сосновець СА ()

У 1906 році у Міловіце (пізніше приєднано до Сосновця) був організований спортивний клуб, який отримав назву «КС "Міловіце"». Але клуб не був зареєстрований, і тому в 1908 був переєстрований у філію петербурзького клубу «Уніон» з назвою «Уніон Сосновець». Після Першої світової війни наприкінці 1918 року клуб відновив діяльність з новою назвою «Вікторія Сосновець». У 1931 відбулося об'єднання з іншим сосновецьким клубом «КС Сосновець» і клуб перейменовано на «Унія Сосновець». У клубі, крім футбольної секції, існували також секції: хокею на льоді, боксу, спортивних ігор, ковзанярства, велосипедну, мотоциклічну, легкої атлетики, тенісу і туристично-краєзнавчу.

Після Другої світової війни у 1945 році клуб відновив діяльність з новою назвою «РКС Сосновець», яку незабаром змінив на «РКУ Сосновець». У 1948 рішенням польських влад багато клубів розформовано і організовано галузеві клуби на зразок радянських команд. Сосновецький клуб був приписаний до металургійної промисловості і перейменований на «Унія Сосновець». Рік пізніше отримав назву «Сталь Сосновець». У 1955 році команда дебютувала у І лізі і відразу здобула срібні медалі. У 1958 році попрощалася з нею. У 1960 році повернувся до найвищої ліги, а вже за два роки з назвою «Заглембє Сосновець» здобув Кубок Польщі і дебютував в європейських турнірах. У 1986 році клуб знову вилетів з І ліги, потім виступав ще у найвищій лізі у 1989-1992 р.р. і в сезоні 2007/08.

У 1993 році клуб змінив назву на «Сталь Сосновець», а у наступному році отримав сучасну назву «Заглембє Сосновець».

Титули та досягнення
  Чемпіонат Польщі:
 срібний призер (4): 1955, 1964, 1967, 1972.
 бронзовий призер (3): 1962, 1963, 1965.
  Кубок Польщі:
 володар (4): 1962, 1963, 1977, 1978
 фіналіст (1): 1971
  Кубок Ліги Польщі:
 фіналіст (1): 1978 (неофіційно)
Участь у євротурнірах:
  Кубок володарів кубків УЄФА:
 1 раунд (5): 1962/1963, 1963/1964, 1971/1972, 1977/1978, 1978/1979
  Кубок УЄФА/Ліга УЄФА:
 1 раунд: 1972/1973
  Кубок Інтертото:
 1/2 фіналу: 1966/1967
 1 місце у групі: 1967/1968, 1975/1976
 2 місце у групі: 1965/1966, 1969/1970, 1970/1971, 1976/1977, 1977/1978
 3 місце у групі: 1963/1964

Див. також
 Заглембє (хокейний клуб, Сосновець)

Посилання
 Офіційний сайт
 Профіль клубу на сайті 90minut
 Неофіційний сайт

Футбольні клуби Польщі
Футбольні клуби, засновані 1906
Спорт у Сосновці


text:
import django

from django.conf import settings
from django.core.management import call_command

settings.configure(
    DEBUG=True,
    INSTALLED_APPS=(
        'djconnectwise',
    ),
    DJCONNECTWISE_API_BATCH_LIMIT=25,
)

def makemigrations():
    django.setup()
    # If a migration ever says to run makemigrations --merge, run this:
    # call_command('makemigrations', 'djconnectwise', '--merge')
    # (And consider adding --merge to this script.)
    call_command('makemigrations', 'djconnectwise')

if __name__ == '__main__':
    makemigrations()

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Q: Erro ao criar uma validação customizada em ASPNET MVC ( Client Side ) Estou com um problema ao criar uma validação customizada usando dataanotations pelo aspnet mvc.
Minha Model:
    public class Usuario
    {

        public string Nome { get; set; }

        [Idade(18)]
        public string Senha { get; set; }
     }

Minha Classe de Validação:
    public class Idade : ValidationAttribute
    {
        private readonly int _idade;
        public Idade(int idade)
        {
            _idade = idade;
        }

        protected override ValidationResult IsValid(object value, ValidationContext validationContext)
        {

            if(value != null)
            {
                var idadeInformada = _idade;

                if (idadeInformada <= 18) {

                    return new ValidationResult(null);

                }
                else
                {
                    return new ValidationResult("Você não possui idade suficiente para se cadastrar");
                }
            }

            return ValidationResult.Success;
        }
    }

O grande problema é que não está funcionado essa validação customizada, quando dou um POST na página ele não exibe o erro da validação, diferente de quando coloco as validações "nativas" do dataannotations

A: A sua lógica está um pouco equivocada, você não está comparando o valor com o filtro declarado e a condição está invertida.
public class Idade : ValidationAttribute
{
    private int _idadeMinima;
    public Idade(int idadeMinima)
    {
        _idadeMinima = idadeMinima;
    }

    protected override ValidationResult IsValid(object value, ValidationContext validationContext)
    {

        if (value != null)
        {
            var idadeInformada = int.Parse(value.ToString());

            if (idadeInformada < _idadeMinima)
            {
                return new ValidationResult("Você não possui idade suficiente para se cadastrar");
            }
        }

        return ValidationResult.Success;
     }
}

Assim como você deve preparar a sua view para exibir a mensagem de erro e devolver a model para ela após a validação do post na controller.
@Html.ValidationSummary(true, "", new { @class = "text-danger" })

    @Html.LabelFor(model => model.Idade, htmlAttributes: new { @class = "control-label col-md-2" })

        @Html.EditorFor(model => model.Idade, new { htmlAttributes = new { @class = "form-control" } })
        @Html.ValidationMessageFor(model => model.Idade, "", new { @class = "text-danger" })


Parents who choose to have their child taught by someone with Virginia teacher certification may homeschool under this option, which has different requirements from the homeschool statute. Under the certified tutor option, parents do not file a Notice of Intent.
The tutor or teacher must have current Virginia teacher certification.
A parent or non-parent who is Virginia certified may teach using §22.1-254(A).
The tutor may teach his/her own children or other children.
Instruction may take place in the home or outside the home.
End-of-year assessment is not required.
Yearly notification is not required as long as certification is current; new or updated certification should be submitted.
Notification should take place in the form of a letter to the division superintendent. Certification documents must be included for the superintendent's approval. In the letter, be sure to clearly state that you are in compliance with §22.1-254(A). If you choose to use the certified tutor statute, DO NOT FILE a Notice of Intent form. DO NOT check option (ii) on the Notice of Intent form although it shows "certified tutor" as the second option to homeschool. Tutors who use the NOI form indicate they are in compliance with §22.1-245.1, the homeschool statute. The homeschool statute requires end-of-year assessment and yearly filing. Because a certified tutor option is also included on the Notice of Intent form, understandably, some division personnel are confused. Be prepared to explain the difference if there are questions. Read the Court Report article here. View the Superintendent's memo here.


"The only reason we are continuing the discussions, it is my desire to strengthen the partnership of the two companies in the digital, loyalty programs and online marketing, said Monday evening Sébastien Bazin in a press conference in New York.
"We don't need to be an investor to build a partnership", he said.
The hotel group confirmed on Sunday evening that it was considering a "minority interest" in the capital of Air France-KLM after the information of the Echos, making sure that the number one european hotel, looking at the share of 14.3% of the State in the company's franco-Dutch in full social crisis.
Three options are on the table, according to the daily Les Echos: a redemption of the entire participation of the State by AccorHotels, a partial redemption or an exchange of securities, the State receiving shares AccorHotels in exchange for securities of Air France-KLM.
"Yes, we have started a discussion as to whether we should or should not buy" a portion of the shares of the State, but "we have not yet taken a decision", declared Sébastien Bazin, recalling that the discussions were at a stage "very preliminary".
The title of the hotel group rose on Tuesday (+2,55%), after having plunged 7% Monday.


The Loft at Nine Gables is a spacious and comfortable private apartment perfect for couples and families who are vacationing in the County. The option of booking either one or two bedrooms with ensuite bathrooms (see packages) makes the space suitable for 2 to 5 people.
Follow the loyalist parkway (hwy 33) east through Picton. turn right at the harbour onto Union Street and left onto Maitland Street.


A Parkinson's diagnosis can be difficult to cope with, for both the patient and their family. Today, more and more families are deciding to care for their loved ones in the comfort of home, allowing their loved one to maintain their normal routines.
As the leading provider of Centennial Parkinson's care, we wanted to share some of the most common challenges associated with caring for a senior with Parkinson's. It is important that family caregivers are armed with as much information as possible to ensure quality, safe and effective care at home.
Many people are aware of the tremors and balance and coordination issues associated with Parkinson's. These symptoms occur because the disease prevents the body from producing and using dopamine. However, along with changes in physical abilities come emotional challenges. It is not uncommon for individuals with Parkinson's to encounter problems such as depression as the result of reduced dopamine levels. As the disease progresses, these feelings can increase and in some cases, dementia and other cognitive issues can arise.
When changes in mood and behavior take place, it is important for caregivers to remember that their loved one has little control over how they are acting. Although difficult to cope with emotionally, it is the disease that is causing the unusual behavioral changes. It's also important that caregivers understand they will likely bear the brunt of the frustration that their loved one experiences as they move through each stage of the disease. Caregivers must remain as patient and understanding as possible.
The term caregiver includes many jobs, especially when Parkinson's is a factor. Not only are families responsible for meeting the physical needs of their loved one, they also hold the position of cook, medication manager, driver and financial planner. Whether preparing a nutritious meal according to dietary preferences or helping a senior manage their medications and finances, caregiving encompasses multiple jobs.
With all of the above information in mind, caregivers should also know that they do not have to face this journey alone. Caregivers should never be afraid or embarrassed to ask for help – whether from friends, family, support groups or a professional caregiver in South Metro Denver. Knowing that help is available before your caregiving journey begins can make all the difference in the quality of care you provide. The right support systems will allow you to enjoy respite and time for yourself, while offering your loved one the high level of care and monitoring needed to promote independence and quality of life at home.
Whether you are interested in care a few hours a week or would prefer overnight assistance from a live-in caregiver in Centennial, Home Care Assistance is here to help. Join the countless families in the South Metro Denver area that rely on our experienced caregivers and Care Managers for quality care for their aging loved ones. Call 303-957-3100 and schedule a complimentary, no-obligation consultation today.


text:
Who > H - K > James, Nella "Nellie"
Nella "Nellie" James
Salt Lake City, Salt Lake County, Utah Territory
1871, Salt Lake City, Salt Lake County, Utah Territory
1882-01-03, Salt Lake First Ward, Salt Lake County, Utah Territory, by William Cottom
1882-01-05, Salt Lake First Ward, Salt Lake County, Utah Territory, by H. Steel
Jane Elizabeth Manning and Isaac James Family
Nellie James, the third child born to Sylvester and Mary Ann Perkins James did not live a long life. The family lived in the Salt Lake First Ward when Nellie was born. She was blessed on September 1, 1871 by Joseph Warburton. [1] In 1882, at the age of ten, she and two of her older siblings, William Henry and Esther Jane, were baptized. [2] The place of the baptism is not recorded, but many Salt Lake children were baptized in City Creek. It is possible that Nellie, her brother, and sister were baptized there.
Nellie died of pneumonia during the winter of 1887, when she was sixteen years old. [3] At the time of her death, the James family was living in downtown Salt Lake City, before they relocated to Mill Creek. As a result, Nellie was buried in the Salt Lake City Cemetery where her grandmother, Jane Elizabeth Manning James, is laid to rest. [4]
By Tonya S. Reiter
Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Record of Members Collection. Salt Lake First Ward. CR 375 8, box 2168, folder 1, image 59. Church History Library, Salt Lake City, Utah.
Salt Lake City, Utah. Cemetery Records, 1848-1992. Nellie James. Database. Ancestry.com.
Salt Lake County, Utah. Death Records, 1908-1949. Nellie James. Database. Ancestry,com.
United States. 1880 Census. Utah Territory, Salt Lake, Salt Lake City First Ward.
Black, Susan Easton, compiler. Membership of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, 1830-1848. 50 vols. Provo Utah: Brigham Young University Studies Center, 1989.
James, Nellie. FindAGrave.com
[1] Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Record of Members Collection, Salt Lake First Ward, CR 375 8, box 2168, folder 1, image 59, Church History Library, Salt Lake City, Utah.
[2] Record of Members Collection, image 59.
[3] Salt Lake County, Utah, Death Records, 1908-1949, Nellie James, database, Ancestry,com.
[4] Salt Lake City, Utah, Cemetery Records, 1848-1992, Nellie James, database, Ancestry.com.


Ensure that your business plan meets the needs of potential financial partners. Often times, entrepreneurs will develop a business plan, but not structure it in a manner that meets the needs of early stage financial partners. Ensure that you have covered all of the relevant categories by reviewing business plan tips and templates that are available on the websites of most financial institutions. Financial partners have specific needs when it comes to early stage businesses, so make sure that you understand what they are to ensure that your business plan covers all of the bases. If you know someone who has experience with business plans and financing, it can be helpful to have them read and critique your plan in advance of approaching a potential financial partner.
Cash is king. Potential financial partners are particularly concerned about the estimated cash flow of a new business venture, as they are being approached to lend money to the company. As a result, it is important to develop a realistic financial projection that includes an Income Statement, Balance Sheet, Cash Flow Statement, and assumptions to support the projection so that potential financial partners can understand the amount of cash that the business will generate and when. This will help to determine whether or not repayment can be made in accordance with lending guidelines.
Do the math in advance. You will want to have a good understanding of your business' cash flow as well, so that you can ensure that it will generate a sufficient amount of money to meet your personal income requirements. Will your business be your sole source of income, or are there other sources of income that could help to offset cash shortfalls during the business start-up stage? Also, how long do you expect it will take for your business to generate sufficient cash flow to cover its expenditures? If it is a relatively short period of time (i.e., less than one year), you might be able to get by with a small line of credit; however, if the time period is longer and the dollar amounts are more significant, obtaining a loan in the absence of cash flow to support repayment could be a challenge. The specifics can vary significantly, depending on the type and size of the business, so take the time to run the numbers and consider your options.
Look into grant and business start funding. Since it typically takes a period of time for new businesses to generate sufficient cash flow to support loan repayment, there are often various business start-up programs and grant opportunities available to assist entrepreneurs in getting their ventures off the ground. Your provincial government's website should provide information about the programs in your area (don't forget to check federal and civic websites too!) that might help you to bridge the gap in the start-up phase prior to cash being generated from operations.
Consider financial partners with more flexible repayment terms. Banks and other financial institutions certainly have a role to play in supporting our business economy, but their guidelines may limit what they can provide to businesses in the start-up stage, particularly due to their lack of track record (i.e., level of risk) and cash flow. You may be aware of investors who have an interest in helping young businesses get started; they are sometimes called "angel" investors. If you do choose to investigate this option, be sure to seek out the necessary expertise to help you to understand and cover all of the important details, especially from an investment and a legal perspective.
This is an exciting time, so try to balance the ups and downs with good information. Seek out other entrepreneurs in your area as well, to get a sense of how they were able to get their business started from a financial perspective. Learn from their experiences (both good and bad) where you can.


Eidos Montreal, gli sviluppatori del gioco, hanno rilasciato una nuova patch dedicata a Shadow of the Tomb Raider, in versione PC. Le migliorie più importanti riguardano alcuni problemi grafici che potevano verificarsi con alcune GPU, a causa dei driver installati.
Fix for audio issues introduced by patch 235.3, related to the use of Windows Spatial Audio for Dolby Atmos. For now we have disabled Atmos support while a full fix that will work for all players is under investigation.
Fix for crashes when using NVIDIA 2080 or 2080Ti NVIDIA GPU's with specific driver and OS versions.
Fix for visual corruption and flickering particles and waterfalls on certain GPU hardware and driver versions.
Shadow of the Tomb Raider è disponibile su Playstation 4, Xbox One e PC. Sul sito trovate la nostra recensione e la video recensione.
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text:
Pero de Sessé III, senyor de Morata, Almonacir i altres llocs, influent en tots els assumptes d'Estat en temps de D. Pere II, al que va servir en la guerra contra els moros de València i en la batalla de les Navas.

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Our saltwater open air swimming pool is an exclusive place to relax and take a break. Surrounded by green areas and lawns, fitted out with exclusively designed sun loungers, flower arrangements and original outdoor lamps, the swimming pool is one of the hotel's charms and a key piece of the comfort we offer our guests.
With the historic centre of Tossa de Mar as a backdrop, and just 150 m from the Mediterranean Sea and from Tossa de Mar Castle, you can relax around the swimming pool and enjoy your stay in great comfort.