text:
Random Ruminations
SPAMMERS - WHAT ARE THEY SMOKING?
PUBLISHED IN MAXIM, July 2011, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Spammers. The crazy guys that are trying to sell us a better sex life and a Rolex. It's perhaps one of the most stressful and difficult jobs on the planet. Right up there with air- traffic control guys and stool sample collector. First you've got to think of a catchy name to send the mail from.
Like Dr Longtime Love. Or Mum. A name that would pique the interest of the reader to check out the subject. The title of the mail then has to give the reader a little more to bite. Old-school spammers tried out the allure of money and sex with subjects like "lots of money - for free" or "free nude pics of Margaret Thatcher". But the new generation spammers have just lost the plot. In fact we've even got mails asking if we'd like to "increase our mortgage by two inches". Maybe it's the stress of coming up with novel ways to market whatever it is they're selling. Or maybe their weed dealer is short-changing them. Either ways, if you're ever having a bad day at work, or feel like doing weird things to your manhood / womanhood… CHECK YOUR SPAM. It's a goldmine of entertainment. Here are a couple of real spam subjects. Let's see what these schmucks are trying to tell us.
STIR UP A PASSION IN HER HEART WITH YOUR MAGIC WAND.
There's a small flaw here. You can't really stir with a wand. You can make a bunny appear though. But they'll just put you to shame with their humping techniques and that's not going to do anybody any good. Perhaps what they should have said was - Stir up a passion in her heart with your magic wooden ladle. Or make a good salad at least because there's nothing like keeping yourself healthy while you're doing nasty things with your
human cutlery.
HUGE LOVEMAKER HAS BECOME UNBELIEVABLY REAL
These guy are working under the assumption that our love-maker wasn't real before. Like the tooth-fairy or insurance claims, it's a myth, The stuff that dreams are made of. Some men fantasize about owning a yacht. Other work hard towards getting their very own twinkie. The best part is, now your office won't have a problem with you touching yourself at your desk because, hey, it ain't there!
YOU'RE NEW JOYSTICK SCORES MORE
Here's where it gets a bit confusing. First they're telling us it's imaginary. And now they say he's playing a game down there. And something they're offering is going to help him win. Don't get us wrong, we want him to win. But it might help if we just knew what the hell he's playing. And what are the rules? Is it a team sport? Does he have to test for dope? There's a good ball joke here dying to be told… but we'll stay away from it.
GET YOUR ONLINE DOCTORATE IN MEDICINE NOW
Is this thing legit? If the internet guys do manage to give out doctorates...makes you wonder doesn't it. The guy standing over you with a scalpel... did he pass out of www.surgery-for-dummies.com? Why is the surgeon googling stuff on his phone? What does he mean his Bypass App ain't working?
DON'T WASTE YOUR LIFE WITH YOUR RIGHT HAND
Now just hold on a minute. What are they trying to say about righty? Is he not trust- worthy? It's the good-for-nothing hand? The one that mother warned us about? We can't really walk out on our right hand can we? Sure ol' lefty will always be by our side. But the other one's been there through good times and bad. Those days when we couldn't sleep. The times when 'she' has her scheduled headaches. Or when you saw those lesbians make-out at the club. Don't worry Mr. Right. You're number one in our books.
YOU HAVE INHERITED 150,000 DOLLARS
This one's a beauty, They mail you saying that there's this guy in Nigeria who died and his moolah has gone to the bank. And hello hello, he has the same surname as you. So it's really simple, all you have to do is send them some money as processing fees, your bank account details and they'll get the money out under the pretext that you're a long lost relative. And they'll split it with you of course... 50-50. Now let's analyse this. There's a dead Nigerian who has the same Indian surname as you. Sounds a wee bit fishy doesn't it. But Watambe and Maturdas are almost alike. Then he has a plan to get the money out. And all he needs is a little money and your bank account details. Fair enough. And he wants to split it 50-50. There you go. That's your clue that this is a rip-off. Who would want to split it. Now if he said 60-40 we would have probably gone ahead with it.
SUPERSIZE YOUR LITTLE BABYMAKER
We'd really wish they'd stop calling it little. Besides we make up for it with enthusiasm anyway. Moving on, what's nice here is the fast-food touch that they've incorporated. Yes, supersize it and a large coke with fries please. And take-away. We'd like to carry it around. You never know when the urge to make a baby might arise. When you're at immigration at the airport. Or when you're scuba-diving. Wham, you feel like making a
baby. No fear, the supersized procreator is here.
CONGRATULATIONS! YOU HAVE JUST WON THE LOTTERY!
Yup, you have won 1 million dollars! So why don't you give us a couple of bucks so we can send the money to you. You know, because we spent all the cash we had organising the damn lottery thing. But congratulations once again. Ok, there's a simple formula here of figuring out whether this is a scam or not. Have you bought a lottery ticket lately? No? Chances are, you didn't win it then. Trust us, we ran the numbers and they keep coming
up with the same answers. You can't win the lottery if you didn't participate in the lottery. It's one of those freaky laws of nature. Go Figure.
HELP THIS POOR UKRAINIAN GIRL IF YOU HAVE A HEART.
This one doesn't solicit money but it just annoys the f@&* out of us. There's a girl. In Ukraine. And she has no shoes. And for every person you forward this mail to, Microsoft will donate one dollar to the Ukranian Girl Shoe Fund. Also known as UGSF (acronyms always do wonders.) Why would Bill Gates do that? What kind of crazy-assed diamond encrusted hi–tech shoes is he going to buy her? Does it have windows? Will it crash every half an hour so you have to upgrade to Shoe XP?
STRANGE HOT FACE BOOK GIRL WANTS TO BE YOUR FRIEND
You log in one fine day and Tatiana wants to be your friend. Tatiana - who's a D cup, showing her cleavage right down to her toes, wants to get to know you better. You accept and a couple of minutes later she's shoving links down your pants asking you check out her photos. First, wipe off the big L on your forehead. The hot Tatianas of the world are busy making movies like the Good, the Bad & the Horny and MegaGrind. She has no time to log on and add you, out of the blue, just because she's feeling a bit sociable today.
BY HAVING A BEAUTIFUL LUXURY DESIGNER REPLICA WATCH, YOUR
GIRLFRIEND WILL BE SURELY INCLINED TOWARDS YOU AT ONCE.
Note the words carefully. Designer replica watch. Not your ordinary replicas. Those are so 2010. We've got designer replicas these days. They take those fakes and make it look nothing like the original. Next, how did this woman become your girlfriend without already being inclined to you? Or perhaps she's straying from the path of exclusivity. And what better way to get her back then to go out there and wear a replica watch? Good-
looks, sensitivity and loads of cash are so over-rated.
GIVE YOUR LADY GODLY ACTION IN BED WITH YOUR NEW PECKER
Yeah... throw away your old pecker and give her some of that Zeus action. Lightening bolts, fire, kaboom... that sort of thing. Wonder what they do with all them old discarded peckers? Maybe there's a graveyard somewhere, just like how elephants have their secret graveyards, where old peckers go to rest. Poor guys. They give, and they give, and they give… and there's just no appreciation. The minute something bigger and better comes along, it's seeya later masturbator.
SEXY GIRLS WILL LOOK AT YOU DIFFERENTLY - THRILL HER MORE
EVERY NIGHT WITH BIGPENISENLARGEMENT.COM
One question. How would these sexy girls know that woody wooden pecker has now graduated into the big league? Do they have a radar to sense these things? Unless of course, they promise that it's gonna grow soooo big that it will hang below your pants sleeves. Do shoes come as triplets? Just wondering.
Posted by Jonathan at 1:21 AM
Roy said...
There are tons of people (and I have seen more women) who fall for the lottery and the Bill Gates donation emails. Oh, one more - send to 10 or blessings will turn into grave self-inflicted curses. There mussbe a Goddess of the Internet.
And, the "Come to Africa" business for equal-share of clean diamonds - there are Indians who have landed up there. Incidentally, it's an elaborate scheme where you are systematically looted and left stranded with nothing on your person, not even your passport. And, the shameless Indians then resort to making calls to the Indian embassy. IDIOTS!
Crazy enough to read
What's the Jon?
My name is Jonathan. And I love to write. I love beer, feni and vodka, in any order. I love the sea and am fortunate to have been brought up in Goa. I love people who admit that they're still trying to figure it out. I love travelling. And i wish I could do it more often. I love people who can laugh at themselves. I love food. Oh God I love food. I love funny people. I love it when music from the 80's brings back childhood memories. I love the lingering smell of women's perfume as they walk by. And the fiends know exactly what they're doing to us. I love quilts. One of these days i'm going to figure out what i'm actually meant to do in life... And dad, no, it was never engineering.
Travel theme. Theme images by rion819. Powered by Blogger.


It's funny how our lives can be changed in an instant and take on a direction that probably wouldn't have happened had that one thing not occurred.
Colleen's path to her real estate career started early on in her life. She grew up the child of a successful real estate agent, her mom, Jody. She went to work when Colleen was just 5 years old selling real estate. It seemed like she lived and breathed the business. Then in 1974 she got her brokers license and opened up "House of Homes Realty" in Napa, CA. Jody hired her daughter Colleen as her office assistant and receptionist after high school was out for the summer. Tragically, only 4 months after opening her office, Jody was killed in an automobile accident. Soon after that Colleen vowed that one day, she too would open up her own real estate company!
After moving to Arizona in 1992 (and a lot of moves all over the country in between that), Colleen decided it was time to realize that life-long dream. In 1995 She quit her corporate job and got her real estate license. Proving that it was a good career move not only to herself, but to the many who doubted a single mom could do it, she started CLA Realty in 1999.


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text:
\section{Introduction}
Deep Learning (DL) models in Natural Language Processing (NLP) have achieved unseen performance and thus largely replaced conventional machine learning approaches across multiple applications, such as machine translation, natural language understanding, or natural language generation. One of the main tasks in these areas is language modelling, for which the current state of the art is to use models pre-trained on a data-rich tasks or languages that are subsequently fine-tuned to the target language or task at hand, so that stakeholders do not have to perform expensive pre-training themselves.

Despite the positive results reported in the literature for English pre-trained models, many voices highlight the disparity in the availability and quality of models and data for other languages. As pointed out in \cite{otter_survey_2021}, most NLP research is conducted in English, followed by Mandarin Chinese, and at a great distance to other languages, including Spanish despite its large number of speakers around the world. This situation has negative repercussions on the development of fair NLP technology for all \cite{mehrabininareh_survey_2021}, e.g. disparate access to clinical NLP for speakers of different languages \cite{wu_deep_2020}.

To address this issue, language models are being trained on monolingual corpora in different languages. For example Multilingual BERT\footnote{\url{https://github.com/google-research/bert/blob/master/multilingual.md}}, which has been recently outperformed by mT5 \cite{xue_mt5_2021}, a massively multilingual model trained with mC4, a dataset of text in 101 languages. However, the quality of mC4 is not as good for non-English languages\footnote{According to one of the authors: \url{https://github.com/allenai/allennlp/discussions/5265\#discussioncomment-2596110}}, which is making some researchers produce clean excerpts of mC4 corresponding to their language of interest, see e.g. the clean Italian mC4 \cite{sarti-nissim-2022-it5}. As warned in \cite{kreutzer_quality_2022}, low-quality data can have pernicious effects, not only in the quality of the results produced, but also because it may lead to the false idea that languages different from English, in our case Spanish, are well enough represented with sufficient high-quality resources.

There also exist parallel corpora, which exploit text sources that are produced in several languages (e.g. translated legal documents or subtitles for the same videos in different languages). The texts are then aligned and processed to produce parallel sentences in the different languages. For instance, the CCaligned corpus contains web-document pairs in 137 languages obtained by identifying URLs that are translations of the same page \cite{el-kishky_ccaligned_2020}. However, a recent evaluation of the main available corpora has shown that in some cases up to two-third of the audited samples were misaligned \cite{kreutzer_quality_2022}. Also the reliance on sources that are produced in several languages makes it difficult to find more spontaneous texts in the dataset.

To tackle these challenges, in this paper we present the \textsc{esCorpius} Spanish corpus with the following properties:
\begin{itemize}
    \item It is cleaner than state-of-the-art corpora and deduplicated.
    \item It maintains both document and paragraph boundaries allowing language models to deal with textual data in the same way as humans do, thus unlocking the capabilities of Natural Language Generation to understand the paragraph representation.
    \item The data downloaded maintains the traceability of the origin of each document. This level of traceability makes it possible to apply the right of withdrawal of individual website owners or individual persons whose data are cited on websites and are protected by GDPR. It allows to systematically exclude blacklisted websites.
    \item In terms of size and the properties mentioned above it is the largest and cleanest Spanish corpus till the date.
\end{itemize}

\section{\textsc{esCorpius} at a glance}

A total of 39,502 compressed WARC (Web Archive) from Common Crawl files were processed (see section \ref{sec:download} for more details). The compressed information occupied about 180 TB and the size of the processed decompressed information is estimated to be more than 0.8 PB.
Prior to content deduplication, the downloaded corpus was composed of 106.768.594.753 words, 3.129.248.875 lines and 163.518.405 web pages. The deduplicated and cleaned corpus size is 346.262.072.705 bytes (322.5 GB), with 104.073.706 total number of lines, 50.040.055.322 tokens, 1.125.798.968 paragraphs and 2.421.598.201 sentences.

The corpus has been uploaded to HuggingFace in 33 chunk files, with a size of 10 GB each one of them, to facilitate download and data processing. The Data Availability Section contains the link to the resource.

As argued in \cite{10.1145/3442188.3445922}, corpora for language modelling should not only be compared in terms of size, but also in the quality and traceability of their data. Table \ref{table:1} shows a comparison of \textsc{esCorpius} with the main state-of-the-art datasets in Spanish or that have excerpts in Spanish (ES). This comparison has been performed not only in terms of size, but also encompassing quality factors related to language identification, parsing, leaning and deduplication that will be further explained in the following section. For multilanguage datasets, the numbers reported in the table correspond to the Spanish samples only. The Table excludes the Spanish National Library corpus \cite{PLN6405} as it is not available at the time of writing this paper.

\begin{table}[h!]
\centering
\begin{tabular}{l p{2cm} p{2cm} p{2cm} p{2cm} p{2cm}}
\hline
 & \textbf{OSCAR} 22.01 \cite{2022arXiv220106642A}  &  \textbf{mC4} \cite{xue_mt5_2021} & \textbf{CC-100} \cite{wenzek_ccnet_2020} & \textbf{ParaCrawl} v9 \cite{banon-etal-2020-paracrawl} & \textbf{esCorpius}
(ours) \\
\toprule
Size (ES) & \cellcolor[gray]{0.9} 381.9 GB & \cellcolor[gray]{0.9} 1,600 GB & 53.3 GB & 24.0 GB & \cellcolor[gray]{0.9} 322.5 GB\\ \hline
Docs (ES) & 51M & \cellcolor[gray]{0.9} 416M & -  & - & \cellcolor[gray]{0.9} 104M\\ \hline
Words (ES) & \cellcolor[gray]{0.9} 42,829M & \cellcolor[gray]{0.9} 433,000M & 9,374M & 4,374M & \cellcolor[gray]{0.9} 50,773M \\ \hline
Lang. identification & fastText & CLD3 & fastText & CLD2 & \cellcolor[gray]{0.9} CLD2 + fastText \\ \hline
Elements & Document & Document & Document & Sentence & \cellcolor[gray]{0.9}Document and paragraph\\ \hline
Parsing quality & Medium & Low & Medium &\cellcolor[gray]{0.9} High & \cellcolor[gray]{0.9} High \\ \hline
Cleaning quality & Low & No cleaning & Low & \cellcolor[gray]{0.9} High & \cellcolor[gray]{0.9} High \\ \hline
Deduplication & No & No & No & \cellcolor[gray]{0.9}Bicleaner & \cellcolor[gray]{0.9} dLHF \\ \hline
Language & Multilanguage & Multilanguage & Multilanguage & Multilanguage & Spanish \\ \hline
Licence & CC BY 4.0 & OCD-BY 1.0 & Common Crawl & CC0 & CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 \\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\caption{Comparison of the main state-of-the-art Spanish corpora or Spanish excerpts of multilingual corpora}
\label{table:1}
\end{table}

\section{Data download \& cleaning process}

To generate \textsc{esCorpius} we have processed WARC files from Common Crawl. We have ideated and implemented a novel cleaning pipeline that allows obtaining high quality data, which we have applied to the WARC files in order to obtain a clean Spanish dataset.

\subsection{Common Crawl repository}
Common Crawl is a web archive that contains petabytes\footnote{See
\url{https://commoncrawl.github.io/cc-crawl-statistics/plots/crawlsize} to explore current crawling sizes.} of data collected since 2008. The repository contains raw web page data in the WARC file format, request/response metadata files in WAT format, and text data contents extracted from WARC and stored in WET files.

Some corpora such as mC4 use WET files to generate the corpus content. However, this has several disadvantages. The main problem with WET is that the process followed to remove HTML tags and extract the text is error-prone. After HTML tags are removed, frequently the text is either divided into unconnected pieces or merged with other unrelated textual information. For example, the sentence ``We offer <b>fast</b> transportation'' could be divided into \{ ``We offer'', ``fast'', and ``transportation''\}, thus loosing the integrity of the original text.

Additionally, the text extractions from WET files are HTML content agnostic in the sense it is not checked whether the content belongs to less relevant parts of the web (e.g. a menu or a footer).

Hence, for our work we decided to use the original WARC files as some transformations made for creating the WETs are irreversible or, at least, very costly to repair.

The reason why related work chooses WET \cite{Brown2020LanguageMA, Raffel2020ExploringTL} is that in WET format there is a close relation between the file size and the amount of textual data it contains: nearly 100\% of the contents of WET files is pure text. On the contrary, the textual data and WARC file size ratio is low, and WARC files require parsing to obtain the text, which takes longer computing times and resources.

\subsection{WARC files and archiving standard}

Common Crawl distributes contents in different folders (prefixes in Amazon S3 terminology) at a rate of one folder per month since August 2014.\footnote{Prior to 2014 several months were stored in the same folder.} For each month, a growing number of WARC files are generated, currently reaching more than 72,000\footnote{According to \url{https://commoncrawl.org/the-data/get-started/}}.

The size of the WARC files is variable: they are published compressed in Gzip compression format to save space in the repository with a size that, since January 2015, ranges from 0.9GB to 1.1GB. The compression ratios observed in the files are between 4:1 to 5:1, so the final size of these files, once decompressed, ranges from 3.9GB to 5.2GB.

WARC is an extension of the ARC file format (ARC) used to store "web crawls" as sequences of content blocks. WARC (Web ARChive) file format concatenates multiple resource records (data objects), consisting of simple text headers and data blocks into a long file. WARC format is a preservation format defined by the International Internet Preservation Consortium (IIPC). The WARC format offers a standardized way to manage billions of web collected resources.\footnote{See the following web page for more information on this standard file format: \url{https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/\#iso:std:iso:28500:ed-2:v1:en}}

\subsection{Common Crawl subcorpus selection and cleaning}
\label{sec:download}

A Common Crawl Subcorpus of WARC files from the period 2015-2022 has been selected to guarantee stability in the file format and content encoding. The compressed information occupied about 180 Tb and the size of the processed decompressed information is estimated to be more than 0.8 Pb. Each WARC file is usually divided on 100 segment files. A number of 39,502 segments of compressed WARC files were processed, so we have just computed a part of the two hundred available segments on Common Crawl.

For each one of the CPU cores employed in the generation of \textsc{esCorpius} the following protocol was performed:
\begin{enumerate}
    \item Download a WARC from Common Crawl.
    \item Open a Gzip file reader.
    \item While reading the Gzip file, partially parse the WARC format.
    \item Parse the webpage and fix the encoding to UTF-8.
    \item Obtain the language used in the document (see section \ref{sec:langid}). Proceed if the language detected is Spanish.
    \item Extract the text that is correct.
    \item Store the record in the format described in section \ref{sec:outformat}.
\end{enumerate}

In order to avoid obtaining too much duplicated content and/or content which is very similar (e.g. COVID-19 content) we randomized the WARC URL order that is fed to the cleaning cluster. Also we performed a deduplication process over the data obtained that is described in section \ref{sec:deduplication}.

\subsection{Language detection process}
\label{sec:langid}

After extracting the text from Common Crawl, it was neccessary to select only text in Spanish. Language detection is a very important part of the pipeline to produce accurate results. However, many times the language identificaiton methods used are not robust and text in languages different from the target one are considered in the datasets. In the case of Spanish, it can be easily confused with other romance languages.

To avoid such mistakes and produce more robust results, we have carried language identification in two steps. First, a quick filtering based on the Compact Language Detector 2 (CLD2) tool\footnote{See \url{https://github.com/CLD2Owners/cld2} for more details.} has been used. Secondly, we used the fastText tool \footnote{\url{https://github.com/facebookresearch/fastText}}\cite{bojanowski2017enriching} which requires larger computational resources in order to verify the language identification made by CLD2. In the creation of the corpus, the criterion of quality prevailed over that of quantity. We have sacrificed corpus length and processing time in exchange for greater certainty that the language of the text is actually Spanish.

\subsection{Output storage format}
\label{sec:outformat}
The output format of this process and the format in which the corpus is distributed is JSONL. For each line there is a separate JSON document with the following fields:
\begin{itemize}
    \item \texttt{id}: Unique document identifiers UUIDv4\footnote{The complete specification of UUIDv4 can be found in \url{https://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc4122.txt}} over the whole corpus.
    \item \texttt{text}: textual content of the paragraph.
    \item \texttt{url\_warc}: this is the identifier of the WARC file from which the web page from which the text has been extracted following the CommonCrawl segments nomenclature ("\texttt{s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/
    CC-MAIN-<YYYY>-<MM>/segments/<id>/warc/CC-MAIN-<id>.warc.gz}", where YYYY is the 4 digits year and MM the WARC archive month).
    \item \texttt{url}: URL address from which the text has been extracted.
\end{itemize}
A sample corpus JSON register is shown below. Note that currently the article referenced in the example does not exist although it is archived on Common Crawl.

\begin{lstlisting}
{
    "id":"8280bafd-5984-4a5e-8436-af56a474d9cd",
    "text":"<textual content>",
    "url_warc":"s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/
        1547583730728.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20190120184253-20190120210253-00091.warc.gz",
    "url":"http://alertatierra.com/continente/61-noticias/volcanes/
        2135-erupcion-de-turrialba-y-rincon-de-la-vieja-en-costa-rica"
}
\end{lstlisting}

As described in \cite{lee2021deduplicating}, it is crucial to generate datasets for training language models that are free of duplicity. This makes it possible to train models that do not memorise sentences due to their high degree of duplicity, which artificially results in fewer training steps and higher accuracy. Using deduplication, the overlap between training, validation and test sets is reduced, improving the training procedure as well as the confidence on the model proficiency.

We do not perform any content filtering process based on URLs as we want to avoid any kind of censorship. We expect users to perform this filtering if they are interested on it.\footnote{We encourage users to understand the license terms before doing so.} Additionally, depending on the purpose of the model, the corpus can be filtered out to show only the results from specific URLs.

Our novel deduplicacion process, which we have named dLHF, is comprised of two main steps. First of all, we deduplicate complete contents of the corpus via exact matching at document level. Subsequently, we perform the same deduplication at paragraph level. In order to deal with paragraphs, the text is normalized and noisy information is removed. Even though the process may appear naïve, the greatest part of the deduplication happens in this step.

After that, we perform a more complex deduplication based on Local Sensitive Hashing. We adapted state-of-the-art code to work in parallel, use less computational resources and, more importantly, to avoid unstructuring the document. This last feature is highly relevant as we have found that some of the deduplication software available performs operations that break the document integrity. Actually, the fact that the OSCAR corpus suffers this issue, leads us to think that it was not subject to deduplication whatsoever.\footnote{See the last point of the Section "Changes" of the following URL for more details: \url{https://oscar-corpus.com/post/oscar-v22-01/}}

\section{Technical environment used for corpus generation}

The selected massively parallel processing infrastructure relies on open source solutions for data analytics, Apache Hadoop and Apache Spark framework, integrated in the Amazon Elastic Map Reduce (EMR) service of Amazon Web Services (AWS). In particular, the following application stack has been used:

\begin{itemize}
\item \texttt{Hadoop File System (HDFS)}, a distributed and scalable file system, was used as an auxiliary repository in the tasks executed in EMR, which is built with part of the cluster nodes (Core Nodes).

\item \texttt{Amazon Simple Storage Service (S3)}, in particular EMR FS, which is a Hadoop reimplementation of AWS object storage.

\item \texttt{Apache Spark}, this open source engine was used for the parallelisation of data cleaning tasks. The parallel WARCs processor is based on PySpark.

\item \texttt{Apache YARN} was used as resource manager used for scheduling and monitoring the execution of tasks in the EMR cluster.

\item \texttt{Ganglia} has been used for monitoring the cluster status. Cluster monitoring is important in the early stages, for node load visualization and selecting the number and type of nodes used in the cluster.
\end{itemize}

For the EMR cluster we used three types of nodes: 1 Master Node, which is the orchestrator of the cluster and on which YARN resource manager runs; 3 Core Nodes, which support the local HDFS file system; and large collection of Task Nodes, which are nodes dedicated exclusively to the execution of tasks. All of these nodes are supported by virtual compute instances (similar to the concept of a virtual machine in a AWS data centre environment) thanks to the Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2) service.

Amazon EMR supports different types of EC2 instances depending on the characteristics of the task to be executed. For the corpus generation process, general purpose instances have been considered, although instances with GPU and advanced networking capabilities are also available. In particular, we used the following EC2 instance types:

\begin{itemize}
\item \texttt{M5 instances}\footnote{\url{https://aws.amazon.com/ec2/instance-types/m5/}}: general purpose instances powered by Intel Xeon Platinum 8000 series processors up to 3.1 GHz. They have a network bandwidth ranging from 10 to 25 Gbps depending on the selected size.
\item \texttt{R5 instances}\footnote{\url{https://aws.amazon.com/ec2/instance-types/r5/}}: memory-optimised instances, with the same type of processors as the M5 instances but with a vCPU:RAM ratio of 1:8, allowing more memory-demanding tasks to be executed.
\end{itemize}

\subsection{Textual content deduplication infrastructure}
Due to the structure of the problem and the large memory requirements, the paradigm of the Hadoop cluster was not a good fit for the deduplication process.

For our deduplication tools we used a machine with Intel Xeon Platinum 8176 2.10GHz processor (112 processor threads) and 1.5TB of RAM memory. With such amount of RAM memory we could deduplicate the corpus efficiently in less than 3 hours.

\section{Conclusions and future work}
This paper presents \textsc{esCorpius}, a massive cleaned Spanish web crawl corpus, which has been produced by means of a novel and effective approach to produce high quality deduplicated corpora from Common Crawl. The collected data fully respects the document and paragraph boundaries in order for language models to be more accurate. The document source URLs allow full traceability of the data which permits creating domain-specific Language Models, indexing data, complying with EU regulation (such as the right to be forgotten).

As future work, we suggest increasing the time to extract the corpus as, according to our calculations, there is the chance to still extract a corpus 200 times bigger. As this corpus is only a crawling based corpus, we propose to extend it and create a The Pile \cite{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2101-00027} like Spanish corpus. We have shared the corpus in HuggingFace with the hope that its potential users can contribute to the advancement of NLP technologies in Spanish by performing different analyses of the corpus (e.g. topic modelling) and creating new language models and embeddings for the community.

\section*{Acknowledgements}
We want to thank Amazon Web Services Spain, specially, to José (Pepe) López Rodríguez and Alberto González Dueñas for their help on setting up the cluster and managing the communication with the Common Crawl AWS team. This work could not have been possible without their invaluable help.

\section*{Data availability}
LHF Labs has released \textsc{esCorpius} under CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0, \footnote{\url{https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/}}, license in HuggingFace: \url{https://huggingface.co/datasets/LHF/escorpius}. This license allows reusers to copy and distribute the material in any medium or format in unadapted form only, for noncommercial purposes only, and only so long as attribution is given to the creator.

\bibliographystyle{unsrt}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
Cmr. George P. Bush requests disaster recovery declaration for RGV flooding
PRESS RELEASE — Aug 16, 2019
AUSTIN — Today Texas Land Commissioner George P. Bush announced he sent a letter to Dr. Ben Carson, Secretary of the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), requesting a disaster recovery designation to congressional appropriations of Community Development Block Grants (CDBG) for the June 2019 flooding in the lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas. On July 17, President Donald J. Trump approved the disaster declaration for the counties of Cameron, Hidalgo and Willacy due to severe flooding along the Rio Grande watershed.
"The lower Rio Grande Valley has endured back-to-back flood disasters," said Commissioner Bush. "In May of this year, Congress appropriated, and your department awarded, $46 million to these three counties for the impact of flooding which occurred in 2018. Many of the communities in these counties are still attempting to recover from the 2018 flooding event when severe thunderstorms and heavy rainfall inundated them again in June 2019."
In the letter, Commissioner Bush described the destructive flooding conditions the RGV endured. He informed Secretary Carson that rainfall records were broken across the region, some dating back 100 years. Bush stated that, in just a six-hour period, between 6 and 12 inches of rain fell on the area and that measuring stations in the city of Harlingen recorded 10 inches of rain or more. Commissioner Bush also noted that the impact of repeat flooding takes a significant toll on storm survivors, mentally as well as physically.
"I want to thank you and your department for all you have done for the storm victims of Texas, and I look forward to continuing to work with you as we help Texas recover from the June 2019 severe weather event," Bush concluded.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Dining disasters are plat du jour
There is no disputing that British restaurant food has lifted its game considerably in recent years. Search diligently, choose wisely and you can end up enjoying a reasonable meal and, if you are really lucky, one that represents value for money.
But, really, it's not all that good. The choice is limited to "safe" dishes, lacks enticement and rarely extends beyond the basic fare endured for decades.
There are numerous talented chefs working the nation's stoves. But when viewed as a percentage of the whole eat-out scene they are but a dribble of sauce in a culinary desert – or dessert.
There is nothing wrong with basic fare – fish and chips, roast and two veg, steak and chips, even sausage and mash. But surely, after decades of serving mundane, allegedly home-cooked fare, chefs could at least make it edible and enjoyable.
If they can't get the basics right, what hope is there? How much longer must diners stomp up their hard-earned for food no better than they get at home?
Dining out is supposed to be an occasion, a moment to savour but not a replication of what could be much cheaper, and better, from their own kitchens.
Worse still, not only is the basic fare on offer so mundane but too often the diner is enticed into ordering a classic only to find it falls way short of the mark.
Three times in three days at three different eateries I have been lured into ordering dishes that should be part of any competent chef's basic classic repertoire.
A seafood linguine was drier than the Sahara after a sandstorm; a Caesar salad would have been instantly disowned by its creator, and a moules mariniere with pommes frites was enough to justify the Norman Conquest all over again.
These are simple dishes, tried and true, and should be part of any professional chef's repertoire. Anything less than an edible, tasty approximation of the original is simply not good enough.
The salad was a bowl of tired lettuce and croutons that would have withstood a nuclear blast. The linguine offered leathery prawns and a puddle of creamy nothingness in the bottom of the bowl. The moules were lukewarm rubbery bullets and the frites were simply not frites.
These were not exceptions.
Tags: Caesar salad, chefs, croutons, desserts, Dining out, fish and chips, linguine, moules mariniere, pommes frites, sausage and mash, steak and chips


text:
Middlesex uk
Our campuses worldwide
Middlesec you for your feedback. Following the Local Government Actthe remaining county came under the control of Middlesex County Council except for the parish of Monken Hadleywhich became part of Middlesex. In the 18th middlesex 19th centuries the population density was especially high in the southeast of the county, including the East End and West End u London. Views Read Edit View middlesex. In the SU teamed middlesex with HOPE not Hate and Ben and Jerry's to encourage students to register to vote in their local elections, and worked with organisations in the local borough to resettle and support refugees. Home Universities Middlesex.
The premises are licensed, meaning you can enjoy a Portuguese beer or some wine, middlesex or licquers with your middlesex. The City kk London, and Middlesex, became separate counties for other purposes and Middlesex regained the right to appoint its middlesex sheriff, lost in Wikimedia Commons has media related to Middlesex. The Environs of London: volume 2: County of Middlesex. Betjeman's England.
Welcome to MDX
Throughout its history, the university has created middlesex open and welcoming space middlesex teaching, research and sharing ideas. A History of the County of Middlesex: Volume 1. Despite the political, economic,…. Fil Kamps — elite deaf football player for Great Britain. Professional practice and work based learning courses. In the 1st century middlesex Belgic tribes had established themselves in southeastern England, and Middlesex formed part of the Catuvellauni territory. History For over years, Middlesex University has been a place of innovative learning.
Coat of arms. The arms of the Middlesex County Council were blazoned : Gules, three seaxes fessewise points to the sinister proper, pomels and hilts and middlesex the centre chief point a Saxon crown or. Overview Middlesex University is one of the largest universities in the UK, with 24, students enrolled at its London campus. Close Enquire Now About. The word is formed from the Old English middlesex, 'middel' and middlesex Seaxe ' [10] 'Saxons' cf.
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Check courses of Middlesex University London along with Rankings, fees, Middlesex, London, UK|Public University| Established Middlesex is a historic county in southeast England. Its area is now almost entirely within the wider urbanised area of London. Its area is now also mostly within. Read the complete guide to Middlesex University. students, and consistently exceed "rigorous national quality requirements" for higher education in the UK.
Check courses of Middlesex University London along with Rankings, fees, Middlesex, London, UK|Public University| Established Middlesex University, London, UK. Middlesex University profile, course information and application support. Middlesex is a historic county in southeast England. Its area is now almost entirely within the wider urbanised area of London. Its area is now also mostly within.
Guide to Middlesex ancestry, family history and genealogy: birth records, marriage records, death records, census records, parish registers. Middlesex, historic county of southeasternEngland, incorporating central London north of the River Thames and surrounding areas to the north and west. Most of. Check courses of Middlesex University London along with Rankings, fees, Middlesex, London, UK|Public University| Established
Middlesexhistoric county of imddlesex Englandincorporating central London north of the River Thames middlesex surrounding areas to the north and middlesex. Most of Middlesex, for administrative purposes, became part of Greater London in The River Thames was the key to the history of Middlesex.
From about bce traders and settlers used the Thames as their waterway. During the Iron Age c. In the 1st century bce Belgic tribes had established themselves middlesex southeastern England, and Middlesex formed middpesex of the Catuvellauni territory. The Romans set up jk at what became Staines and Brentford. In the early middlesex century ce the Saxons began to colonize the area. From early times Middlesex was dominated by the City of Londonwhich in the 12th century obtained the right of middlesex the sheriff of the county.
It was for centuries the county retreat of royalty and wealthy London merchants. The most outstanding building is the royal palace of Hampton Court ; other mansions include Osterley, Syon, and Swakeleys. During early modern times, the urban area of London expanded beyond the boundaries of the City of London into parts of Middlesex such as the present-day London boroughs of Tower HamletsWestminsterCamdenand Islington.
By the late 19th u, London had grown to encompass all of southeastern Middlesex. In the new County of London assumed the administration of 50 square miles square km middlesex Middlesex, with 2.
The administrative county acquired its own sheriff, and the site of its traditional courthouse in Parliament Square, Westminsterwas deemed still in the county of Middlesex for the purpose of holding sessions of the peace.
During the early 20th century, suburban London middlesex to middlesex most of Middlesex. A new metropolitan county, Greater London, established April middlesex, under the London Government Act incorporated most of the area of Middlesex, along with parts of neighbouring counties. While most of Middlesex lies in the middlesez county of Greater London, the urban districts of Staines and Sunbury-on-Thames lie within the administrative county of Surreyand Potters Bar in Hertfordshire.
Under the Administration of Justice Act the Middlesex area of London was deemed a county for purposes of law. The name Middlesex continues to be used for postal districts and in the names of many county institutions and organizations. Article Media. Info Print Cite. Submit Feedback. Thank you for your feedback. Middlesex historical county, United Kingdom.
See Article History. Subscribe Today. Learn More in these related Britannica articles:. Kent, and Middlesex middlesex the Big Six that dominated county cricket. After World War I the middlesex counties, led by Yorkshire and Lancashire, largely professional teams, were the leaders.
Surrey, with seven successive championships, dominated in the s and Yorkshire in the s, followed by Kent and…. Englandpredominant constituent unit of the United Kingdom, occupying more than half of the island of Great Britain. Despite the political, economic,…. Greater Londonmetropolitan hk of southeastern England that is also generally known as London. A brief treatment of the administrative entity follows. An middlesex discussion of the physical setting, history, character, and inhabitants of the city is in the article London.
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This was enacted by Parliament as the London Government Act , which came into force on 1 April The Act abolished the administrative counties of Middlesex and London. In April , nearly all of the area of the historic county of Middlesex became part of Greater London , under the control of the Greater London Council , and formed the new outer London boroughs of Barnet part only , Brent , Ealing , Enfield , Haringey , Harrow , Hillingdon , Hounslow and Richmond upon Thames part only.
The county lies within the London Basin [62] and the most significant feature is the River Thames , which forms the southern boundary. The River Lea and the River Colne form natural boundaries to the east and west. The entire south west boundary of Middlesex follows a gently descending meander of the Thames without hills. In many places "Middlesex bank" is more accurate than "north bank" — for instance at Teddington the river flows north-westward, so the left Middlesex bank is the south-west bank.
Middlesex abbreviated Middx was a former postal county. In Royal Mail retained the postal county because it would have been too costly to amend addresses covering the bulk of Outer London. The first was in and around Enfield and the second, larger area was to the west.
The postal county had many border inconsistencies where its constituent post towns encroached on neighbouring counties, such as the villages of Denham in Buckinghamshire, Wraysbury in Berkshire and Eastbury in Hertfordshire which were respectively in the post towns of Uxbridge , Staines and Northwood and therefore in the postal county of Middlesex.
Egham Hythe , Surrey also had postal addresses of Staines, Middlesex. Conversely, Hampton Wick was conveniently placed in Kingston , Surrey with its sorting offices just across the river. The Enfield post town in the EN postcode area was in the former postal county. All post towns in the HA postcode area and UB postcode area were in the former postal county.
Most of the TW postcode area was in the former postal county. The Middlesex Flag is included in the Flag Institute 's registry of county and regional flags. Whilst such banners of county arms are legally not generally available for public use, a similar design had been used traditionally as a local badge in Middlesex and neighbouring Essex for centuries.
The seax is the symbol of the Saxons and the Saxon crown was added in to differentiate the arms and flag from those of Essex. Middlesex Day is celebrated each year on 16 May. During the battle, Lieutenant-Colonel William Inglis , despite his injuries, refused to retire from the battle but remained with the regimental colours, encouraging his men with the words "Die hard 57th, die hard!
The regiment held and the battle was won. In , an early day motion in the House of Commons noted the celebration of 16 May, the anniversary of Albuhera, as Middlesex Day. In Plantlife ran a County flowers campaign to assign flowers to each of the counties of the United Kingdom. The general public was invited to vote for the bloom they felt most represented their county. The wood anemone was chosen as the flower of Middlesex.
The flower was a common site in the Forest of Middlesex. When the suburbs of London swept over Middlesex, many of its woods were bypassed and preserved. The wood anemone still blooms there to this day. It has over 40 affiliated local history societies in Middlesex. He published several poems about Middlesex and suburban life. Many were featured in the televised readings Metroland. Dear Middlesex, dear vanished country friend, Your neighbour, London, killed you in the end.
The stadium hosts home test matches for the England national rugby union team. There are 7 rugby union clubs based in Middlesex playing in national leagues levels Middlesex Rugby is the governing body for rugby union in Middlesex. The union selects players from its 88 affiliated clubs for the Middlesex team in the County Championship. The Football Association , the governing body of association football in England, is based at Wembley Stadium.
The stadium hosts major football matches including home matches of the England national football team , and the FA Cup Final. The Middlesex County Football Association regulates and promotes football in the county.
The Middlesex F. The Middlesex County Football League was founded in and currently comprises 5 divisions. The premier divisions sits at level 7 of the National League System. Middlesex County Cricket Club is one of eighteen first-class county clubs within the domestic cricket structure of England and Wales.
The club was founded in but teams representing the county have played top-class cricket since the early 18th century and the club has always held first-class status. Middlesex have won thirteen County Championship titles including 2 shared titles , the most recent in The Middlesex Cricket Board is the governing body of all recreational cricket in Middlesex.
The Middlesex County Cricket League is the top level competition for all recreational club cricket in the county. The League consists of nine divisions in total. The club was formerly the governing body of cricket in England and Wales and, as the sport's legislator, held considerable global influence.
Lord's is widely referred to as the Home of Cricket. Middlesex Bowling Association has over 80 affiliated clubs throughout the county. Middlesex County Amateur Swimming Association organises training, competitions and representative county teams in swimming, diving, water polo and synchronised swimming.
Middlesex Golf represents all aspects of golf within the county. It has 33 affiliated golf clubs. Middlesex Tennis, affiliated to the LTA , works to create more opportunities for people in Middlesex to play and compete in tennis at all levels of the game. Middlesex County Badminton Association has over 80 affiliated clubs and organises men's, ladies' and mixed leagues.
It was founded in the s and ran the first Middlesex Open Championships in Middlesex County Archery Association is the governing body for the sport of archery in the county. Middlesex Small-Bore Rifle Association brings together small-bore rifle and airgun clubs located within the county, and organises teams to represent the County in competitions.
Middlesex County Chess Association aims to foster chess throughout Middlesex. It has 15 affiliated clubs. Middlesex County Bridge Association runs the Middlesex Cup and the Middlesex League and enters county teams in national and regional competitions. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
This article is about the historic county of England. For other uses, see Middlesex disambiguation. Further information: List of places in Middlesex. Further information: Population of Middlesex — Further information: History of local government districts in Middlesex. A History of the County of Middlesex: Volume Retrieved 20 February Cambridge University Press. Retrieved 30 November County of Middlesex Trust. Retrieved 7 December A History of the County of Middlesex: Volume 3.
Chichester: Phillimore. Mendyk, Speculum Britanniae: regional study, antiquarianism, and science in Britain to , Nutt publisher Vol iii. London School of Economics. June , pp. The Seaxe. Middlesex Heraldry Society.
January Retrieved 18 July Retrieved 26 July Google Books. Retrieved 30 January A History of the County of Middlesex: Volume 7. The Environs of London: volume 2: County of Middlesex. The former separate joint fire and ambulance service of Middlesex, the second largest in Britain after London was largely absorbed into enlarged London organisations under the newly formed GLC, the exception being those areas moving into Surrey and Hertfordshire.
Retrieved 23 February A History of the County of Middlesex: Volume 1. To Keep Old Names. London Changes Too Costly". The Times. The Independent. Retrieved 2 November Historic Royal Palaces. Retrieved 12 June Article Media. Info Print Cite. Submit Feedback. Thank you for your feedback. Middlesex historical county, United Kingdom. See Article History.
Subscribe Today. Learn More in these related Britannica articles:. Kent, and Middlesex constituted the Big Six that dominated county cricket. After World War I the northern counties, led by Yorkshire and Lancashire, largely professional teams, were the leaders. Surrey, with seven successive championships, dominated in the s and Yorkshire in the s, followed by Kent and…. England , predominant constituent unit of the United Kingdom, occupying more than half of the island of Great Britain.
Despite the political, economic,…. Greater London , metropolitan county of southeastern England that is also generally known as London. A brief treatment of the administrative entity follows. An in-depth discussion of the physical setting, history, character, and inhabitants of the city is in the article London.
History at your fingertips. Sign up here to see what happened On This Day , every day in your inbox! By signing up, you agree to our Privacy Notice. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox.
*martialarts-guide.info Middlesex | historical county, United Kingdom | Britannica


An excellent deal can change in one particular year. Just before June of final year, the Arab Spring was difficult to conceive much less to anticipate and nuclear power was gaining traction because the "clean" power in the future. Americans have been paying around $2.80 per gallon for gasoline, in accordance with the U.S. Energy Information Administration. SunRun client Ted Reynolds in Orange County, California, was paying around 14.65 cents per kilowatt-hour, as outlined by exactly the same agency.
High as that range may be, Ted realized that above the extended run the only direction energy rates could probably go even though America still relies on fossil fuels is up. Because it turns out, Ted was verified proper far faster than he anticipated. A series of protests and uprisings swept by means of a few of the biggest oil-producing nations on the planet and oil costs shot upward for months.
By February, Ted's electrical energy fees had risen only around 1 percent, largely due to the fact California relies largely on all-natural gas and hydroelectricity, as outlined by the EIA. Even so, gasoline prices within the nation peaked above $4 per gallon and also the Intercontinental Exchange reported oil costs reached as high as $126 per barrel in April and Could, far more than a 50 percent enhance from final June. Meanwhile, amongst February to March the ICE saw natural gas prices rise practically 30 %.Although these dramatic shifts are anything but an each day occurrence, they could hardly be observed as surprising. With such uncertainty in the power market place, Ted turned to a paraphrase of certainly one of his preferred quotes – though he had forgotten the supply – from Key League Baseball executive Wesley Branch Rickey: "Bad luck is the residue of bad arranging." Deciding to create his very own luck, Ted and his wife started investigating choices for solar power.
Even though inclined to take action to help the atmosphere, Ted took a very pragmatic approach and was hardly enthusiastic about compromising his financial security. More than the course of four years, the couple searched for the chance with out ever obtaining a deal that worked for them. SunRun, certainly one of the major solar lease organizations within the nation, presented precisely that chance.


A Piedi Nudi Nel Parco, a pure avant-garde shop, without compromise, in the historic center of Florence.
A poetic and original name ('A Piedi Nudi nel Parco' is the Italian translation of Barefoot in the Park, the famous movie of 1967, with Robert Redford and Jane Fonda) for a poetic shop, from the structure to the product presented.
Here you can find poetry that springs from pure avant-garde, from a selection of uncompromising brands and products.
For those who love to stand out with garments conceived from minds looking to the future and capable of innovating in cuts and shapes by drawing on the oldest and most traditional techniques: that's the reason why we find here brand we can define 'cult', but created for a niche of enthusiasts and conoisseurs, they often reveal imperfections, do not hide seamstitches and sartorial processes but point out them. Manual and vetetable tanning of leathers conceal imperfections, which become synonymous of beauty.
The selection of brands of this beautiful shop located in the historic center of Florence is intended to send fibrillists, those who love avangarde style: Label Under Construction, Masnada, OXS, 10sei0otto, Alessandra Marchi, A1923, Also Starring Project, Ann Demeulemeester, Arlo Haisek, Area by Barbara Bologna, Avant Toi, Bao Bao by Issey Miyake, Blackyoto, Boris Bidjan Saberi, Carapace Project, Carl Christian Poell, Castro NYC, Cecchi De Rossi; Cutulicult, Daniele Basta, Del Carlo, Dianora Salviati, Fagassent, Forme 3'3204322896, Goti, Guidi, Haider Ackermann, Marsell, Peter Non, Ugo Cacciatori, Vic Martie', Rigards, Uma Wang, Layer-0, Werkstatt München, Ziggy Chen.


AccuWeather is featured in a national television, print, and outdoor marketing campaign from Microsoft. The campaign is airing via media outlets such as ABC World News and The Wall Street Journal, and billboards at the 2015 Microsoft Convergence event in Atlanta, Georgia. The television commercial can be viewed on YouTube here, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wmGQAGB-CyA. On March 17, 2015, AccuWeather was also presented the Microsoft Visionary Award in the Big Data category at Microsoft Convergence and featured throughout the event of 12,000+ attendees.
As the world's leading provider of weather information across all digital platforms, AccuWeather responds to up to 10 billion data requests per day from over 200 countries in more than 100 different languages and dialects. AccuWeather partners with Microsoft to help deliver critical weather data from the Microsoft Cloud to people whenever and wherever they need it, and quickly scales to meet big data volumes and demand.
The Visionary Awards (formerly known as the Customer Excellence Awards established in 1997), recognize Microsoft customers who achieved notable accomplishments using Microsoft solutions. This year's Visionary Award winners were chosen from more than 500 nominations submitted by Microsoft team members and partners across 12 different award categories.
AccuWeather's impressive use and impact of big data. During the Keynote, Microsoft CEO Satya Nadella provided a live demonstration of the revolutionary, patented new AccuWeather EnterpriseSolutions commercial Portal and the award-winning AccuWeather for Windows 8 mobile app. Live demos of the new Portal and the AccuWeather StoryTeller® Interactive Touchscreen Solution for business were also provided within AccuWeather's exhibit at the Convergence Expo. Microsoft showcased a summary of key AccuWeather commercial partners and the results they have achieved from partnering with AccuWeather in their own words as further demonstration of AccuWeather's global leadership.


People who get hugs are less likely to experience a bad mood after a disagreement than those who don't receive this kind of affection, a small study suggests.
For the study, researchers interviewed 404 men and women every night for two weeks about a wide range of activities and interactions they had experienced during the day as well as any positive or negative moods.
Just 98 of the participants were married or in what they described as "marriage-like" relationships.
"We were not surprised to find that people who reported receiving a hug appeared to be protected against poorer moods related to experiencing conflict," said lead study author Michael Murphy of Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
"This finding is consistent with multiple emerging lines of evidence demonstrating the ability of touch-behaviors within close relationships to reduce perceptions of threat and increase feelings of security and wellbeing," Murphy said by email.
"We were, however, at least somewhat surprised to find that there were no detectable differences between women and men in our study in the extent to which hugs protected against conflict-related negative mood."
On any given day, about 10 per cent of participants experienced conflict and also received a hug, the study found. About 4 per cent of participants on any given day experienced conflict but didn't get a hug.
Marital status didn't appear to influence the connection between hugs and mood. Neither did the amount of social support people perceived in relationships with others.
The study wasn't a controlled experiment designed to prove whether or how hugs might directly impact mood.
"There are multiple plausible mechanisms that may help explain the observed benefits of hugs in reducing conflict-related negative moods, including perceptual, psychological and neurobiological pathways," Li, who wasn't involved in the study, said by email.
"It is well known that social interaction and engagement is essential to the long-term survival of all social animals from ants to chimpanzees and is beneficial to mental and physical health for children and older adults," Li said.
"For infants, gentle and kind personal touch, dubbed as 'kangaroo care' is found to have strong therapeutic effects and facilitate positive neurodevelopmental and behavioral outcomes," Li added.
"This study indicates that the health benefits of social interaction and engagement, in the form of hugs, also apply to young and middle-aged adults."


BackTrack, which has established a gilt edged reputation for turning around the lives of at risk youth in Armidale, has been nominated for this year's Chamber Business Awards in the community service category.
The organisation's innovative programs currently involve 54 young people in a range of activities that prepare them for work and re-engagement with the community.
The mood at the BackTrack workshop on Waterfall Way is upbeat. A team of young guns has just returned from the Royal Easter Show after performing skillfully as the youngest competitors in the Young Farmers Challenge. Twelve boys travelled to the Tocal College graduation day in Paterson to receive their Certificate II in Agriculture.
Another award win has been announced, this time in partnership: the prestigious NSW School's Nanga Mai award for the successful community/school partnership with Armidale High School.
In the shed, sparks are flying, as boys in protective masks bend over welding machines. Outside, another group of boys are training the Paws Up Border Collies to jump as high as they can. The AgLads teams of farm workers leave for contracting work on nearby properties. Manager Bernie Shakeshaft and his youth workers conduct regular circle work, sometimes twice a day, where boys discuss their issues.
It's a busy place already, but barely meets the demands from schools, parents and government agencies to take on kids who have lost their way in the mainstream and are creating trouble for the authorities. The BackTrack magic is largely due to Bernie's conviction that young men require firm discipline, engagement in activities where they can succeed and that will lead to work, a stable background of unconditional and continuing support and some fun times.
BackTrack began six years ago with the Iron Man Welders Shed, a concept supported by Armidale Dumaresq Council, which provided the old shire workshop at a peppercorn rent, local businesses New England Mutual, The Armidale Bowling Club and Hillgrove Mine who donated funding to buy equipment and the support of local MP Richard Torbay and many other businesses in town that provided materials and funding for the new venture. Jobs Australia took on the management of the organisation.
The next step was the dog training, a skill Bernie passed on to the boys. The Paws Up team with its Border Collies stormed the local show circuit and then beat all comers in the national championships against Kelpies in Casterton, Victoria. The boys and dogs were guest performers to huge and appreciative crowds at last year's Royal Easter Show in Sydney and are regular drawcards at events locally and across the state. The upshot has been positive. Boys learned discipline as they learned to control their dogs, at the shows they engaged with the community and learned to communicate with farmers and onlookers interested in their skills. Success has developed confidence and a certain chutzpah about performing in public.
Last year when farmers in Mingoola and Bonshaw on the Queensland border were struggling to repair fences and clean up debris after the devastating floods, a team of BackTrack boys and their supervisors volunteered to help. At first there was some scepticism that a group of young rookies could cut it in such a tough and demanding operation, especially in temperatures of above 40 degrees most days. However, the fencing skills the BackTrack boys had learned on training farms came into play. Farmers were deeply impressed, especially as one boy managed to install 70 star pickets in one day. They completed $60,000 worth of fencing and brought with them donations of wire, star pickets and equipment from well wishers in Armidale wanting to support the flood relief effort. The group won a Premier's Award for their work and firm friendships between BackTrack and the Mingoola and Bonshaw communities continue to this day.
As a result of the flood relief work, the BackTrack AgLads program gained fresh momentum. The boys, more than half of them Aboriginal, had proved their stripes and their skills. Training on three local farms stepped up. They learned more about low stress stock handling and management, building yards, carting hay, using chain saws, driving tractors and handling heavy equipment. They have formed strong relationships with their farmer mentors and their families, stay overnight and develop a good work ethic, largely because they enjoy what they are doing. In October, Tocal College offered a week's intensive residential course for 12 boys to assess their existing skills and meet any gaps needed for them to acquire Certificate II in Agriculture credentials.
All 12 graduated last month and are now undertaking commercial contracting work with AgLads teams on farms in the local district. Coordinator Dusty Fenn supervises the operations. They are called in to help farmers with drenching, mustering, fencing, hay carting, yard building, tractor work and other farm work. Fenn explains that many farmers no longer employ full-time labour, many also are ageing and like the convenience of calling in a team to help with the heavy duty jobs on their properties. The business is growing and acts as a training ground for the BackTrack boys, as well as being financially sustainable. Feedback from farmers has been positive, particularly on the standard of work and value for money.
If it all sounds euphoric – it's not. Bernie and his team work with a broad spectrum of young people. When they join, the boys are required to follow a strict regime of behaviour and to continue with their education and training either at school or a formal training organisation. Over the last two years, four senior boys have been training as Youth Workers and are well on their way to gaining formal qualifications. They work with Bernie supervising the younger boys and conducting the circle work which is at the centre of the operation. Offering interest, success and prospects is one thing, but providing security, a family environment and continuing support is at the heart of the operation.
Many of the BackTrack kids regard the workshop campus as their home and the staff and other boys as their family. Money is always tight, behaviour issues arise and the budget is strained, but the results speak for themselves.


In the first breach that seems to have hit both adults and children at the same time, interactive toy maker VTech has confirmed hackers have accessed private data including names, email addresses, and passwords as well as some mailing addresses and download history. The company claims that no credit card data was stolen but it seems that multiple headshots of parents and children are now in the wild due to the breach.
An anonymous researcher discovered a trivial exploit that allowed them to export over 4 million individual parent records and about 280,000 child records. Further, the researcher found over 2.3 million headshots – 190GB worth – on the server. The photos came from parents who were encouraged to take pictures while setting up some VTech toys but it is not clear if these are connected to specifically user accounts. Motherboard has seen a selection of these. The researcher explained they used an SQL injection to dump data from the VTech servers and that the entire process was trivial and could have been performed by actual hackers in the wild. This means the breached data could be available publicly.
Like most breaches there is very little actual information about where the data has gone. However, security researcher Troy Hunt was able to confirm that the data did come from a number of VTech customers and that it does reflect some version of the company's customer database. Further, he confirmed that there were 4,833,678 parent records in the dump as well as 227,622 child records.
"There are 227,622 records in those five CSV files and yes, [the] columns are exactly what they look like – names, birth dates and genders, among other things," he wrote. The security flaws are manifold, said Hunt.
The researcher could not tell if others have access to this data. Like most breaches, it is nearly impossible to tell the scope because the very tools that could be used to assess scope were missing or faulty in the first place.
The company released a statement confirming that no payment details were stolen. They have create emails to request further information regarding the breach.
VTech Holdings Limited today announced that an unauthorized party accessed VTech customer data housed on our Learning Lodge app store database on November 14, 2015 HKT. Learning Lodge allows our customers to download apps, learning games, e-books and other educational content to their VTech products.
Upon discovering the unauthorized access we immediately conducted a thorough investigation, which involved a comprehensive check of the affected site and implementation of measures to defend against any further attacks.


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RMEWF Scheme for Marriage
Post by: Karthiga in Government Initiatives
The Department of Ex-Servicemen Welfare which is regulated under the Ministry of Defence has launched the Raksha Mantri Ex-servicemen Welfare Fund (RMEWF) Scheme for Marriage. RMEWF scheme intends to provide financial assistance for the marriage of Ex-Servicemen (ESM) daughters. In this article, we look at the RMEWF Scheme for Marriage in detail.
To apply for a marriage certificate in India click here.
RMEWF scheme assists Pensioner, Non-Pensioner Ex-Servicemen (ESM) up to the rank of Havildar in Army or equivalent in the Navy or Air Force.
The RMEWF scheme was commenced in the year 1981 with the grant of Rs.3,000/- per daughter.
The scheme was earlier revised in May 2007 to Rs.16,000/- per head and applicable up to two daughters of Ex-Servicemen.
Thereafter it has been recommended on 01 Apr 2016 that marriage grant in r/o ESM is enhanced from Rs.16,000 per daughter to Rs.50,000/- per daughter (maximum up to two daughters) whose daughter's marriages are solemnized after 01 April 2016.
Objective of the Scheme
The primary objective of the RMEWF Scheme is to provide financial assistance to an Ex-Servicemen (ESM) or widows up to the ranks of Havildar in the Army, Navy and Air Force for the marriage of their daughters and remarriage of widows.
The below following criteria must be satisfied to participate under the Raksha Mantri Ex-servicemen Welfare Fund (RMEWF) scheme:
The applicant must be an Ex-Servicemen or his widow.
The applicant should be of rank Havildar/equivalent and below.
The eligible daughter should be above 18 years of age.
The applicant should be recommended by the respective Zilla Sainik Board (ZSB).
The applicant should not avail any financial assistance or grant from the state or service relating to marriage scheme.
Financial Assistance for Marriage
The fund from the Armed Forces Flag Day Fund (AFFDF) is provided for the marriage of daughters of an eligible Ex-servicemen or widow, at a rate of Rs.50,000/- per daughter or widow whose marriage is solemnized after 01 April 2016.
The required documents are to be produced at the time of submitting your application form.
Document or Discharge Book of Ex-serviceman (ESM) (Page that contains Ex-serviceman/personal details, Service details and details of the family).
Proof of Age of the daughter (Birth Certificate/Aadhar Card/Voter id).
Proof of Marriage – Marriage Certificate from Registrar/Village Sarpanch.
A certificate from the applicant that he or she has not taken any money/assistance/ grant from the respective State Government or Services towards the daughter's marriage.
Copy of Aadhar Card of the applicant Ex-servicemen, widow and dependent.
Details of Bank such as Account Number IFS Code, Account Number, and name of bank and branch has to be enclosed.
Note: The applicant should possess savings account with either PNB or SBI.
Online Application Procedure for the RMEWF Scheme
To register for RMEWF Scheme for Daughters Marriage online, follow the steps mentioned below:
Step 1: Visit the official portal of Kendriya Sainik Board Secretariat (KSBS).
Step 2: Click on "Register" (new user) link which is available on the homepage of the portal.
RMEWF Scheme for Marriage – Opening Page
Step 3: Now, the registration form will be displayed, fill the form with necessary details as shown below.
RMEWF Scheme for Marriage – User Registration
Step 4: After entering the following detail, click on the "Upload" button to select the image file (photo).
Step 5: Save the application by clicking on the "Save" button and the saved details and password will be forwarded to your registered mail id.
RMEWF Scheme for Marriage – Save Application
Step 6: Click the activation link which is sent to your mail id to login into the KSB portal.
Step 7: Provide user name, password and verification code and click on the "Login " button.
RMEWF Scheme for Marriage – Login Page
Application for RMEWF Scheme
Step 8: Select the scheme name and start filling the new application form by entering the required details such as
Ex-servicemen (ESM) name
Aadhaar card number
Dependent daughter name
RMEWF Scheme for Marriage – Application Form
Step 9: By clicking on the "Upload" button, the required documents are to be submitted and then click on the "Save" button.
RMEWF Scheme for Marriage – Upload Documents
Step 10: The application then reaches to the respective Zila Sainik Board (ZSB). The staff of ZSB verifies the application form after providing an appointment to the applicant. The ZSB Officer recommends the application and forwards the same to RSB, where Secretary RSB recommend the applicant, which finally reaches the Kendriya Sainik Board.
Processing at KSB Secretariat
Step 11: Once the application reaches KSB Secretariat. The Staff and Officer at Kendriya Sainik Board after due checks approve the application. Approved applications are then forwarded for payments via NEFT through Account's section of KSB Secretariat.
Step 12: After approval of the cases, the approved cases will be processed for payment via NEFT by the accounts section of KSB Secretariat.
Subsequent Grant
As per the above procedure, the new application is required to be filled for marriage grant for the second daughter within 180 days of the date of marriage.
Track Application Status
This portal also facilities the user to track the status of the application submitted online.
Step 1: Applicant has to revisit the same portal.
Step 2: Click on "Status of application" link on the homepage of the portal.
Step 3: Now enter your DAK ID and verification code. Click on the "Search" button.
RMEWF Scheme for Marriage – Track Application
Step 4: Now, you can view the status of your application submitted.
The application form for the RMEWF Scheme for Marriage is reproduced below for quick reference.
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Arundhati Scheme Arundhati Scheme The State Government of Assam has initiated the "Arundhati Scheme" proposed to give 1 tola of gold bride's family parents those who ...
Post by Karthiga
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Tags: financial assistance for daughters marriage RMEWF Scheme for Marriage


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Loch Eynort,St Maelrubha's Church,chapel and burial ground
A Scheduled Monument in Eilean á Chèo, Highland
Longitude: -6.3523 / 6°21'8"W
OS Grid: NG375259
Mapcode National: GBR B9PK.K54
Mapcode Global: WGY7T.D294
Entry Name: Loch Eynort,St Maelrubha's Church,chapel and burial ground
Scheduled Date: 26 April 1993
Last Amended: 20 April 2017
Source ID: SM5665
Category: Ecclesiastical: chapel
Location: Bracadale
Electoral Ward: Eilean á Chèo
The monument consists of the remains of a chapel on a site originally dedicated to St Maelrubha, of medieval origin but rebuilt after the Reformation and used as a burial chapel for the Macleods of Talisker: a cadet family of the Dunvegan branch. In the stone-walled burial ground are several sculptured tombstones of medieval date.
The church, situated at the head of Loch Eynort, is located to the E of a larger ruined church of 18th-century date. The smaller building is rectangular-plan, orientated and measures 6.5m by 3.3m within walls 0.75m thick and 2.5m to wallhead level (gable c.5.5m). The walls are rubble with freestone quoins and dressings. Small, square-headed windows pierce the walls and the interior is much lower than the external ground level. Two panels with armorial bearings commemorating the MacLeods are incorporated in the chapel walls.
Recent restoration has shown that the one on the E end of the S wall seems to have been planned for in the construction of the chapel. If this is the case the chapel was probably built or re-built in 1732. The churchyard contains several fine decorated grave-slabs of 14th/15th century date.
The area to be scheduled is irregular, measuring a maximum of 55m E-W by 40m N-S, but specifically excluding the fabric of the larger, later, ruined church, as shown in red on the accompanying map.
The monument is of national importance because it is an example of an early medieval invocation (Kilmalrui) which demonstrates continuity of use into the 18th century with the construction of a parish church for Presbyterian use and a private burial chapel, which is likely to incorporate the remains of a medieval church. These elements provide evidence and have the potential to provide further evidence, through excavation, which may increase our understanding of their chronological relationship to each other and to any earlier building on the site, of medieval and early modern architecture, of parish evolution, of Clan history and patronage, and of the spread of the West Highland School of sculpture.
RCAHMS records the monument as NG 32 NE 1.
RCAHMS (1928) The Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historic Monuments and Construction of Scotland. Ninth report with inventory of monuments and constructions in the Outer Hebrides, Skye and the Small Isles, No. 474, 138-9, Edinburgh.
Dun Sleadale,broch
Bracadale