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ENG Vol.10 No.10 , October 2018
Effect of Single Pass Laser Surface Treatment on Microstructure Evolution of Inoculated Zr47.5Cu45.5Al5Co2 and Non-Inoculated Zr65Cu15Al10Ni10 Bulk Metallic Glass Matrix Composites
Muhammad Musaddique Ali Rafique
Eastern Engineering Solutions LLC, Detroit, MI, USA.
Abstract: Bulk metallic glass matrix composites are advocated to be material of future owing to their superior strength, hardness and elastic strain limit. However, they possess poor toughness which makes them unusable in any structural engineering application. Inoculation has been used as effective mean to overcome this problem. Zr47.5Cu45.5Al5Co2 bulk metallic glass matrix composites (BMGMC) inoculated with ZrC have shown considerable refinement in microstructure owing to heterogeneous nucleation. Efforts have also been made to exploit modern laser-based metal additive manufacturing to fabricate BMGMC parts in one step. However, the effect of laser on inoculated material is unknown. In this study, an effort has been made to apply single pass laser surface treatment on untreated and inoculated BMGMC samples. It is observed that laser treatment not only refine the microstructure but result in change of size, morphology and dispersion of CuZr B2 phase in base metal, heat affected zone and fusion zone in Zr47.5Cu45.5Al5Co2. A similar effect is observed for β-Zr and Zr2Cu in non-inoculated Zr65Cu15Al10Ni10. This effect is documented with back scatter electron imaging.
Keywords: Additive, Bulk Metallic Glass, Composites, Inoculation, Phase
Over time, there has always been a quest for hard, strong and tough material [1] [2] which can effectively withstand the loads encountered in practical extreme engineering problems. Various efforts have been made to achieve this [3] [4] and many new materials were developed over time. Although they were discovered in 1950s [5], very recently, bulk metallic glasses [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] have emerged as potential candidates to solve this problem [11]. They possess high hardness [12] [13] and strength due to parent glassy structure but have poor ductility, hence poor toughness and exhibit catastrophic failure under the action of external load [14] [15] [16]. This problem limits their application.
Effort has been made to overcome this problem by introducing crystallinity in the glassy matrix. This may be achieved by various means including; external [17] [18] [19] introduction of reinforcing particles (ex situ) or internal (in-situ) [20] - [26] precipitating of same during processing (solidification [27] [28] [29], devitrification [30] [31] [32] [33], powder metallurgy [34], foaming [35] or solid-state processing). However, this quest is still far from exhausted. In-situ introduction of precipitates during solidification have proved out to be best mechanism to tackle this problem and newer methods have been introduced to achieve this mostly by control of melt composition [36], chemistry, and adjustment of processing conditions [37] [38]. Successful introduction of precipitates to form composite structures was reported for the first time by Prof. Johnson's group at Caltech in 2000 [39]. Since then many groups in the world have produced a multitude of composites using similar philosophy [21] [28] [40] - [56].
Additive manufacturing has also emerged as new innovative and competitive route for a quick, efficient and one step solution to produce near net shape complex parts [57] [58] [59] [60] [61]. Components from nearly all types of metals and alloys can be produced by this technique (laser [58] [59] [60] [62] [63] or electron beam [64] [65] based) as the temperature obtained is a function of laser power and can be flexibly controlled over a wide range. Need and interest has also sparked in the use of this technique for microstructure control [54] [66] [67] [68], manipulation [69] [70] and manufacturing of parts by bulk metallic glasses and their composites [55] [67] [71] [72] [73]. Both simulation [55] [63] [65] [74] - [80] and experimental [64] [67] [68] [81] [82] methodologies have been rigorously applied to study, determine and ascertain the effect of various material and process parameters on final part quality and its properties. Different AM variants such as laser surface remelting [38] [54] [66] [67] [68] [69] [83] - [89], 3D printing [90] [91] [92] [93] LENS [94], welding [95] [96] [97], pulsing [98] [99], shock peening [100], and laser solid forming [66] [69] [98] [99] [100] [101] [102] have been successfully applied to fabricate parts of various types, size, nature and geometries.
Recently, an established grain refinement technique—inoculation [3] [103] [104] has been applied to Zr based bulk metallic glass matrix composites and found to successfully improve properties of as cast composites [28] [105]. However, the effect of the incidence of a high energy laser with varying scan speeds on these inoculated composites is not known—an important parameter for full scale part development. Gaps exist in the literature and reported research in how these versatile materials whose grain structure has been improved by inoculation will behave under intense source of heat energy (laser)? What will be the effect on type, size, distribution and morphology of phases as well as size, dimensions and geometries of associated melt pools, heat affected zones and unaffected base material? The present study is aimed to bridge this gap. A systematic study is carried out in which bulk metallic glass matrix composites with different percentages of ZrC subjected to a laser source of constant size (spot size). The effect of laser power and scan speed are evaluated.
2. Experimental Procedure
As cast bulk metallic glass matrix composites are produced using vacuum arc melting and suction casting button furnace. They are produced by mixing appropriate amounts of pure elements Zr, Cu, Al and Co with different percentages of ZrC inoculant such that a small button is produced which is placed in the hearth of furnace and melted with the help of an arc. The melted volume is placed on a small orifice and sucked through a chute into a copper mold beneath using negative pressure generated by a vacuum pump. The sucked volume adopts the shape of copper mold and generates a gradient of microstructure across its length due to the difference in cooling rate. Resulting cast parts are cut from middle of wedge along parting line so that the cut surface having the maximum microstructural features is exposed. One of half is further cut into two small pieces from the middle along the longitudinal direction such that two small strips are produced (Figure 1).
Two pieces, one half wedge and one small strip were subjected to laser surface treatment on a Trumpf laser with different parameters. Samples are placed in the enclosed chamber and machine is operated in over pressure of inert gas condition. Three tracks were produced on each of three samples. The first one was made with 500 W power, 0.61 mm spot size and 600 mm/minute scan speed, second one was made with 300 W power, 0.61 mm spot size and 600 mm/minutes can speed while third one was made with 300 W power, 0.61 mm spot size and 1500 mm/minutes can speed. In all three cases, the spot size was kept constant while the power and scan speed were varied to check their effect on final microstructure. An increase in laser power was assumed to exert more energy input, cause more turbulence in the melt pool, increase spatter [3], denudation zones [55] [76], evaporation and distort the surface structure with irregularities (shrinkage, segregation, lapping, cracks, porosity, pin and gas holes [3] [103]) produced during solidification [4] [104] [106] [107].
High laser power is also proposed to induce solid state transformations [108] in solidified melts. These defects are even more pronounced at varying scan speeds and produce range of melt pool geometries [64], shapes and morphologies with a multitude of solidification microstructures. After laser surface treatment, samples were prepared form etallographic examination. A detailed procedure of melting, casting and metallographic sample preparation can be found in a previous study [109].
Scanning electron microscopy: Back scatter electron microscopy of laser surface treated inoculated samples was performed on a JOEL 7001F FE-SEM equipped with thermally assisted Schottky type field emission gun at the University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia. Microscope was operated at cathode voltage of 15 KV. Sample was placed in chamber at a vacuum of 10−6 mbar created by the diffusion pump connected to it. Secondary electron imaging was performed by a collection of electrons at wall mounted secondary electron (Everhart Thornley type) detector (not shown). Back scatter electron imaging was carried out. These electrons carry information about compositional contrast and clearly identify areas where microstructure is 100% glass, affected by heat (heat affected zone) and remain unaffected and unaltered (base metal). Working distance was maintained at 10.7 ± 0.1 mm.
Electron microscopy in back scatter imaging mode was performed in all three zones (base metal, heat affected zone and fusion zone) for each and individual track of laser on all three (untreated, inoculated with 0.25% and 0.5% ZrC) Zr47.5Cu45.5Al5Co2 samples and non-inoculated Zr65Cu15Al10Ni10 sample.
3.1. Zr47.5Cu45.5Al5Co2 (Inoculant = 0%) Track 1
This track is laid with following parameters; Power 500 W, Spot size 0.61, Scan speed 600 mm/min. Three distinct regions may be identified in micrographs of cross section of sample taken at low magnification (Figure 2(a)). These are labelled as A, B and C which may be attributed to Fusion/melt zone, Heat affected zone (HAZ) and untreated/base metal zone respectively. For this sample with given parameters, a very large, wide and deep fusion zone is formed. This is due to very high powers of the laser which cause localised concentration of energy resulting in incipient fusion. At the same power of laser complete melting and
Figure 1. (a) Schematic of wedge shape and cut made on it; (b) Actual cut piece.
Figure 2. (a)-(d): Zr47.5Cu45.5Al5Co2 (0% inoculant) Track 1, (a) low magnification (×50) image of cross section of laser track, (b) Back scatter image of fusion zone/melt pool indicating formation of glass and spherulites avoiding nanocrystallites, (c) back scatter image of heat affected zone and (d) back scatter image of base metal indicating presence of different phases (CuZr B2 and small Al2Zr fcc phase [112]).
rapid solidification of CuZr B2 [20] occurred. This can be observed by the appearance of 100% glassy structure in region A (Figure 2(b)).
Another very important characteristic of this zone is formation of spherulites. These are consistent to observations made in a previous study [54] and are in contradiction to nanocrystalline phases observed upon isothermal annealing [110] [111]. Due to the rapid heat extraction and dissipation, these non-equilibrium products are formed. The width of melt pool or fusion zone is approximately 600 µm at the surface while its depth is 300 µm. There is shrinkage of approximately 30 - 40 µm at the top in the middle. Corners or edges of the melt pool are also blurred or torn apart and show signs of deterioration due to intense heat generated by highly localised source of heat (laser). As the point of observation moves away from region A, a region which is depicted by mixed or hazy areas is observed. This is zone where incomplete transformation has occurred, and the structure tends to freeze or coexist as crystalline metastable phase and glassy matrix. This happens as insufficient time is given to allow for complete dissolution of solid to liquid and then from liquid back to solid. This is known as the heat affected zone (HAZ). As the name suggests, it is region which is affected by heat, but incomplete transformation occurs. Some phases or features are transformed, while others remain untransformed. It appears as distinct region in this sample. The width of this region ranges from 120 - 140 µm. Finally, as the point of observation moves further deep into sample, the base metal or untreated sample is observed (Figure 2(d)). This is characterised by observation of well-known and documented spheroidal CuZr B2 phase [20]. There are few small brittle Al2Zr fcc [112] dendrites emerging from background of glassy liquid. Phases formed are indicated by light colour while glassy matrix appears as dark background. Evidence of small porosity is also observed which appears as areas of black colour indicating empty space.
This track is produced with following parameters; Power 300 W, Spot size 0.61 mm, Scan speed 600 mm/min. Once again, three distinct regions may be identified in micrographs of cross section of sample taken at low magnification (×50) (Figure 3(a)). Once again, these are labelled as A, B and C which are representation off usion/melt zone, heat affected zone (HAZ) and untreated/base metal zone respectfully. For this sample with given parameters, a large, wide and deep fusion/melt zone is observed. This again is due to the high power of the laser which results in concentration of energy causing incipient fusion and formation of melt pool. As the spot size and scan speed are kept constant while laser input power is reduced, it resulted in less deep melt pool. Also, there is less evidence of turbulence caused by reduced power laser. There is some blurring or inconsistency at the top of melt pool but still, it is not as evident as was the case when laser power was 500 W. Some cracking is also observed at the edges of heat affected zone (HAZ). This is due to the difference in temperatures between the melt pool and base metal which causes thermal stresses. Another reason for this may be attributed to emergence of different coefficients of thermal expansion in metal solidified at melt pool (glass) and the composite structure of base metal.
Another phenomenon of interest observed in this track is the emergence of small precipitates in the melt pool region (Figure 3(b)). These appear in the form of small equiaxed grains. These may be an indication of incomplete fusion due to the low energy input. Another reason for this, may be attributed to complete melting, freezing and then precipitation of a large number of small equiaxed grains from the glass (recrystallisation/devitrification) due to intense localised heating. There is no evidence of a change inmorphology. Another possibility is that complete fusion occurred and then precipitation of CuZr B2 spheroidal phase from the rapidly solidifying melt. Their size is small as rate of heat extraction from the very small area is very fast resulting in nucleation of large numbers of small grains with suppressed kinetics/growth. As the point of observation moves away from melt pool/fusion zone, a profound heat affected zone (HAZ) is observed in the form of boundary/interface between melt pool and base metal. This region is characterised by an emergence of crystalline phases
Figure 3. (a)-(e): Zr47.5Cu45.5Al5Co2 (0% inoculant) Track 2: (a) Low magnification (×50) back scatter image of cross section of laser track, (b) Melt pool and lower region of heat affected zone (×500), (c) Upper region of heat affected zone and its interface with base metal, (d) Back scatter image of base metal indicating presence of CuZr B2 and small Al2Zr fcc phase [112], (e) base metal at higher magnification (×2500) indicating presence of glassy matrix (dark grey areas)and ductile precipitates (light areas).
and a glassy matrix. However, as the laser power is low, its effect is not as profound as was when power was 500 W. Small cracks were also observed at the edges of the HAZ with base meal. The size of this region is around 120 - 140 µm. Once again, the reason for the cracking may be attributed to difference of temperature or coefficient of thermal expansion between different phases of material. Regular spheroidal shape CuZr B2 [20] precipitates are observed along with tree/flower like small brittle Al2Zr fcc phase [112] as the point of observation moves further deep into sample towards base metal zone.
This track is laid with following parameters; Power 300 W, Spot size 0.61 mm, Scan speed 1500 mm/min. As the power and spot size are kept constant while scan speed is increased, it results in shallower and narrow melt pool or fusion zone as laser tends to move quickly in a given time over an area causing less abrupt action. Consequently, less volume is melted, and only surface effects are observed. There is almost no turbulence and no pronounced effect of shrinkage is observed. Absence of turbulence also promotes homogenisation and fully glassy structure is formed without shrinkage, segregation and appearance of defects caused by movement of melt in confined volume, its interaction with environment (gases and air) and their entrapment. Size of melt pool is approximately 600 µm wide and 350 µm deep. There is small localised depression in the middle of pool which indicates localised shrinkage. As very less volume is melted and the interaction of energy with matter is extremely brief, size of heat affected zone is subsequently decreased and it spans to a maximum width of 100 µm. Considerable decrease in size of heat affected zone indicates effectiveness and suitability of process to develop layer by layer (LBL) patterns as the need of removal of excess unwanted hard material is minimised. Grains in base metal region are mostly uniformly spaced. CuZr B2 tends to retain its near spheroidal morphology but is observed in sparse locations. Most of microstructure is filled with three dimensional small brittle Al2Zr fcc phase [112] appearing in the form of randomly but uniformly distributed dendrites whose size range from 10 µm to 25 µm (Figure 4).
3.4. Zr47.5Cu45.5Al5Co2 (Inoculant = 0.25%) Track 1
Track produced by incidence of laser on inoculated material surface, subsequent analysis of zones developed, and microstructure evolved in these are explained in Figure 5(a)-5(d). These represent areas where laser energy produces different features on surface of inoculated material. These materials are characterised by presence of certain amount of ZrC inoculant. This imparts grain refinement to material and decreases the size of features (primarily CuZr B2) which can be easily observed in back scatter images of base metal (Figure 5(d)). However, effect of laser generates different regions which will be explained in detail below. Laser parameters on this sample are; Power 500 W, Spot size 0.61 mm, Scan speed 600 mm/min. Figure 5(a) shows general form and shape of melt pool. It indicates that melt pool is deep and narrow. This is due to intense heat generated by high power laser localised in a confined area. This is backed up with a small spot size and slow scan speed which helps in further confinement of heat in small area increasing the depth to which it can penetrate. Overall width of melt pool and its depth is high as compared to width and depth when material of same composition without inoculants is subjected to laser surface treatment. Width of melt pool ranges to maximum of 900 µm while its depth extends roughly to 850 µm. Structure of melt pool shows complete fusion, dissolution of all precipitates, homogenisation/mixing, rapid cooling and formation of 100% glassy structure. There is marked indication of cracking due to intense heat generated in a confined area and sharp temperature gradient which exist between fusion zone and neighbouring cold base metal. Cracking may have also been caused due to frictional forces generated during grinding as the material is hard at fusion zone as compared to surrounding and it tends to show resistance to absorb energy and cracks. This crack extends all throughout the volume of material starting from surface towards base metal. Soon after fusion zone, an area depicted by intense effect of heat is witnessed. This is known as heat affected zone (HAZ). This is area which is marked by incomplete/partial transformation. Size of this heat affected zone is very pronounced and profound in this sample. It ranges to maximum of 200 µm wide to 200 µm deep/long. An important feature is observed in this sample. This is presence of small crystals in partial or incomplete transformed
Figure 4. (a)-(d): Zr47.5Cu45.5Al5Co2 (0% inoculant) Track 3: 300 W, spot size 0.61 mm, Scan speed 1500 mm/min, (a) Low magnification (×50) back scatter electron micrograph of cross section of laser track; (b) Melt pool/fusion zone and lower region of heat affected zone at high magnification indicating complete melting and 100% glassy structure; (c) Upper region of heat affected zone and its interface with base metal; (d) Back scatter image of base metal indicating presence of CuZr B2 and small Al2Zr fcc phase [112]. Different morphologies of phases can be observed as light areas originating from back ground of glassy matrix (dark areas).
Figure 5. (a)-(d): Zr47.5Cu45.5Al5Co2 (0.25% inoculant) Track 1: Power 500 W, spot size 0.61 mm, scan speed 600 mm/min.
glassy matrix. Appearance of these crystals may also be attributed to inoculation effect itself. As there are stable inoculants present in melt which provide potent sites for heterogeneous nucleation, this sample shows appearance of small crystals even in heat affected zone. Presence of small hairline cracks indicates development of air pockets in solidifying metal. These may have also been caused by shrinkage. Finally, as the point of observation moves away from HAZ towards base metal, microstructure consisting of small precipitates (mainly CuZr B2) emerging out of glassy matrix is observed. This microstructure is characterised by finely dispersed crystals which are present all throughout the matrix. Size of these precipitates/crystals is on average around 2 - 6 µm while their morphology is spheroidal. They are dispersed all throughout the volume of material. They become the source of increase in ductility and toughness of material. There are other small precipitates present in matrix as well bearing dendritic structure which is small brittle Al2Zr fcc phase [112]. They are consistent with similar structure observed in first glass matrix composite produced by Prof. Johnson's group [39].
As the laser power is reduced while keeping spot size and scan speed constant, structures shown in Figure 6(a)-6(e) appear. These clearly show the effect of decrease in laser power which generates less heat and thus causes melting of less amount of material. This in turn generates small melt pool whose size is maximum 800 µm wide and depth is 450 µm. Decrease in penetration depth is an indication that low power of laser did not generated enough heat at a point to cause deep impression. However, 100% glassy structure is formed and observed in melt pool which is an evidence that amount of heat was enough to cause complete fusion followed by rapid solidification. An important feature shown and observed in this sample is presence of small region in which no melting has occurred. This is characterised by a dark colour spot (Figure 6(b)). This may have been produced because of unmelted ZrC inoculant particle at the centre of growing grain. The grain itself has not grown and may have been frozen due to extremely high cooling rate in a confined volume at the corner of small melt pool. There are few dark spots at top right corner of micrograph which indicate presence of porosity or gas holes. Once again, these may have been caused by poor melt treatment, improper casting practice or improper sample preparation.
Figure 6. (a)-(e): Zr47.5Cu45.5Al5Co2 (0.25% inoculant) Track 2: Power 300 W, spot size 0.61 mm, Scan speed 600 mm/min.
As the point of observation moves away from melt pol, once again, an area bearing the effect of intense heat is observed, known as heat affected zone (HAZ) (Figure 6(c)). Once again, due to prior inoculation it shows evidence of heterogeneous nucleation in which ductile crystalline particles tend to appear randomly in matrix despite of immense cooling rate observed here. Size of this zone is also very large spanning from approximately 200 µm wide to 250 µm deep. It is marked by a lower and an upper line. Mostly equiaxed grains are observed in this region with a mix of glassy matrix. However, few small columnar grains are observed at the interface of HAZ and base metal. They are formed because of difference of temperature between these two regions and heat transfer occurring as a result (Figure 6(d)). Finally, as the point of observation moves to base metal, a microstructure independent of any impulse is witnessed. This is glassy matrix in which number of small CuZr B2 phases is uniformly distributed. Size of these crystalline phases is clearly decreased while their amount has increased. On average, their size is found to be around 1.8 - 2.5 µm. This is evidence of increase in toughness of these alloys which is observed in another study based on microhardness testing described by author elsewhere.
This track is laid out with following parameters; Power: 300 W, Spot size: 0.61 µm, Scan speed: 1500 mm/minutes. Effect of this increased roaster/scan speed at power of 300 W can easily be seen in development of small, shallow and narrow melt pool. Like previous sample, area exhibited by base metal consists of small equiaxed precipitates originating from background of glassy matrix (Figure 7(d)). These are mostly equiaxed in nature dispersed evenly all throughout the matrix. Melt/fusion zone on the other hand is manifested by complete fusion and formation of glass (Figure 7(b)). There is no evidence of nucleation and growth or precipitation. Area known as heat affected zone (HAZ) which occurs in the middle of glassy matrix and base metal is shown in Figure 7(c). Unlike previous HAZ, the size of this area is reduced to width of almost 200 µm and depth of 180 µm. Primary reason of this is increased scan speed which decreases the time laser spend on metal surface thus creates very short incipient melt pool and associated heat affected zone. Morphology of crystallites in this region is again not quite well developed. However, presence of small Al2Zr fcc phase [112] can easily be witnessed by appearance of dark areas (near spheroids or sharp needle like precipitates) emerging from the background of glassy matrix. This area is mostly marked by presence of metastable phase. There is almost no evidence of cracking, porosity, pin or gas holes and microstructure mostly shows uniformity.
3.7. Zr47.5Cu45.5Al5Co2 (Inoculant = 0.5%) Track 1
As the percentage of inoculant increase to 0.5%, a trend marked by increase in number density of phases developed is observed in as cast samples. This is optimistic
Figure 7. (a)-(d): Zr47.5Cu45.5Al5Co2 (0.25% inoculant) Track 3: Power 300 W, Spot size 0.61 mm, Scan speed 1500 mm/min.
indicator as a trend marked by increased toughness is expected (as observed by microhardness testing carried out separately described by author elsewhere). However, change in type, size and morphology of same phases as affected by incident laser power is entirely different as will be explained in detail below. Figure 8(a) shows low magnification (×50) image of melt pool when laser of 500 W strikes the sample with spot size of 0.61 mm and scan speed of 600 mm/minute. This area is marked by violent and turbulent movement of melt in confined space when it gets melted under the action of intense localised heat. There is a lot of surface roughness and sharp discontinuities on the surface. A marked depression is also observed on the surface indicating profound shrinkage. Total width/span of melt pool is calculated to be around 1000 µm at the surface while its depth is around 550 µm (highest point to bottom). The width of heat affected zone is small and may be calculated to be around 100 µm maximum. One reason which may be attributed to this is combination of speed and laser power. Also, it is anticipated that much of heat in this type of situation will be lost to atmosphere by surface exposure as melt pool is wide. When observed at higher magnification (×500), melt pool shows signs of complete melting followed by rapid solidification characterised by 100% monolithic glassy structure. No evidence of partial or complete crystallisation or recrystallisation is observed in melt pool and microstructure shows no sign of development of any feature (Figure 8(b)). Soon after melt pool, an area marked by intense effect of heat on composite is observed known as heat affected zone (HAZ) (Figure 8(c)). This may be characterised into three regions. 1) Recrystallisedregion (light areas) (mostly these are recrystallised equiaxed CuZr B2 grains), 2) Al2Zr fcc phase (dark grey areas) [112] and 3) Recrystallised columnar CuZr B2 grains. These are indicated by yellow arrow and found right at the interface/boundary of base metal and heat affected zone carrying equiaxed grains. Finally, when the point of observation moves further away from surface towards base metal, an area unaffected by the heat of laser is observed known as base metal. This is drastically characterised by presence of (a) small equiaxed CuZr B2 phase, glassy matrix (interdendritic dark areas) and Al2Zr fcc phase (dark grey areas (profound dendritic structure)). There is also evidence of slight interdendritic shrinkage and micro porosity.
Microstructure evolved under the action of decreased power of laser (300 W) with same spot and scan speed is shown in Figures 9(a)-9(e). These are characterised by presence and appearance of typical CuZr B2 phase (spheroidal or near spheroidal), Al2Zr fcc phase (sharp needle like/flower tip like dark grey areas) [112] and small porosity. Under the action of reduced laser power which generates less heat. Size, shape and morphological features of melt pool are altered and are entirely different. Size of melt pool is decreased, it is manifested by lesser
Figure 8. (a)-(d): Zr47.5Cu45.5Al5Co2 (0.5% inoculant) Track 1: Power 500 W, Spot size 0.61 mm, Scan speed 600 mm/min.
Figure 9. (a)-(e): Zr47.5Cu45.5Al5Co2 (0.5% inoculant) Track 2: Power 300 W, Spot size 0.61 mm, Scan speed 600 mm/min.
amount of turbulence, hence less spatter, denudation zones and rough corners/edges. There is small evidence of surface depression which indicates shrinkage and small internal porosity. Overall, size/span of melt pool is reduced to 850 - 900 µm at the surface while its depth is also reduced to around 550 µm. An image of melt pool at high magnification (×500) is shown in Figure 9(b). It clearly indicates formation of monolithic 100% glassy structure with no sign or evidence of precipitation. However, as point of observation is moved further deep into sample, an area depicted by partial melting and recrystallisation is observed. This is heat affected zone (Figure 9(c)). It clearly shows sign of fusion at certain places and then recrystallisation while some areas specially elongated Al2Zr fcc phase are left as such. It appears that CuZr B2 phase is melted completely while Al2Zr fcc phase experience partial or incomplete melting. Size of heat affected zone is very large spanning to a depth of around 220 - 230 µm. This is shown in two parts in Figures 9(c)-9(d). Base metal with unaltered structure is observed in Figure 9(e). This is marked again with three structures shown and described previously.
Finally, when the scan speed of laser is increased to 1500 mm/minute while keeping laser power at 300 W and spot size at 0.61 mm. Melt pool, heat affected zone (HAZ) and microstructures evolved in these are shown in Figures 10(a)-10(d). Surface of material experience intense effect of heat and there are clear and marked signs of surface roughness, spatter and discontinuities. However, as the laser traverses its path quickly, size of melt pool (both in terms of width and depth) is not very large. It spans at around 70 µm on the surface while its depth is almost similar. There is no indication of precipitation or recrystallization of any phase in melt pool and at higher magnification (×500) (Figure 10(b)). Melt pool depicts placid glassy structure with no crystals. There is however, slight effect of burning at the surface which is characteristic of intense heat. Size of heat affected zone (HAZ) beneath fusion zone is not profound as well. It merely has a depth of around 120 µm. Features observed in this are fused and
Figure 10. (a)-(d): Zr47.5Cu45.5Al5Co2 (0.5% inoculant) Track 3: Power 300 W, spot size 0.61 mm, Scan speed 1500 mm/min.
rapidly solidified glass and small brittle Al2Zr fcc phase. Al2Zr fcc phase shows tint of silvery or light grey areas typical of this phase as observed previously as well. Surprisingly, there is no observation of spherulites in fusion zone or HAZ of any of inoculated samples (0.25% as well as 0.5%) and it may be inferred that inoculation resists change of morphology. Structure is found in unaltered state in base metal and found to have small to medium size precipitates around 4 - 6 µm in size. Overall effect of intense heat from localised source of energy is found to cast change in microstructure.
3.10. Zr65Cu15Al10Ni10 (Inoculant = 0%) Track 1
This track is laid with following parameters. Power 500 W, Spot size 0.61 mm, Scan speed 600 mm/min. At this high-power melt pool is characterized by distinct regions describing complete fusion followed by rapid cooling, turbulent fluid flow, aggressive agitation, discontinuous or broken corners, blurring, inward protrusion or shrinkage, segregation, oxidation and even burning. These are distinctive features of intense heat generated by high power laser in a very small confined volume. A unique feature of this area is burning in the middle of fusion zone. This is due to high heat caused by high power laser. There is thin but continuous white strip all around this burned region indicating rejection of high melting constituents of alloy, oxidation or devitrification. Though, most probable reason for this is oxidation, yet, it is uncommon phenomena observed in these alloys. Exact nature and causes of this are still unknown and further investigation is required before reaching any inference. Almost no porosity is observed in this fusion zone indicating complete melting and fusion followed by rapid cooling which results in formation of glassy structure. Width of this fusion zone at the surface is around 700 µm while its depth is around 600 µm. Maximum depth of shrinkage at the middle of sample is around 200 µm. As the point of observation moves away from this region further deep in to specimen, a region characterized by footprints and effects of heat is observed. This is known as heat affected zone (HAZ). Depth of heat affected zone is very large ranging from 450 - 480 µm. This is indicated by partially melted and fused grains which not only change their size but a considerable change in their morphology is also observed. Mostly equiaxed grains are observed distributed equally all throughout the area of heat affected zone (HAZ).Small footprints of interdendritic shrinkage and porosity are also observed in the form of small black spots. Finally, as the heat affected zone is finished, base metal or region which remains unaltered is observed. This is primarily marked by presence of small to medium size flowery plate like grains of β-Zr. Their size hovers around 100 - 380 µm. Small porosity is also observed specially in grains further away from heat affected zone (Figure 11).
This track is laid out with reduced power of 300 W while spot size and scan
Figure 11. (a)-(d): Zr65Cu15Al10Ni10 (inoculant = 0%) Track 1: Power 500 W, spot size 0.61 mm, Scan speed 600 mm/min, (a) Low magnification (×50) back scatter electron micrograph of cross section of laser track; (b) Melt pool/fusion zone and lower region of heat affected zone (HAZ) at high magnification (×500) indicating complete melting and 100% glassy structure. Note: There is no porosity in fusion zone as 100% glass is formed; (c) Upper region of heat affected zone (HAZ) and its interface with base metal; (d) Back scatter image of base metal indicating presence of β-Zr and Zr2Cu phase [41] [79] [113] [114]. Different morphologies of phases can be observed as light areas originating from back ground of glassy matrix (dark areas).
speed are kept constant at 0.61 mm and 600 mm/min respectively. Once again, three distinct regions may be identified and observed in low magnification (×50) micrograph (Figure 12(a)) of cross section of this sample. These are labelled as A, B and C which may be designated as fusion/melt zone, heat affected zone (HAZ) and untreated/base metal zone respectively. Once again, for this sample with given parameters, a very large, wide and deep fusion zone is observed. This is due to still high-power laser with slow scan speed which not only causes localisation of energy in a small confined area but provides enough time for its stay resulting in complete melting/fusion of β-Zr and Zr2Cu phase [41] [79] [113] [114], turbulent flow, mixing and rapid solidification. This may be observed by the appearance of large 100% glassy structure in region A (Figure 12(b)). Once again, large number of small equiaxed grains is observed in fusion zone. These may have been caused by complete melting, solidification and then precipitation of many small equiaxed grains from the glass (recrystallisation/devitrification). There is no evidence ofa change in morphology. Another possibility is complete
Figure 12. (a)-(d): Zr65Cu15Al10Co10 (0% inoculant) Track 2, (a) low magnification (×50) image of cross section of laser track; (b) Back scatter image of fusion zone/melt pool indicating formation of glass; (c) back scatter image of heat affected zone and (d) back scatter image of base metal indicating presence of different phases (β-Zr and Zr2Cu phase [41] [79] [113] [114]).
fusion followed by in-situ precipitation of β-Zr and Zr2Cu phase from the rapidly solidifying melt. Their type is mostly fine equiaxed grains and size is around 2 - 4 µm. The width of melt pool or fusion zone is approximately 720 µm at the surface while its depth is around 500 µm. There is an indication of small outward protrusion in the middle of sample. No visible or profound shrinkage is observed. White areas indicating segregation have disappeared and have transformed into small streaks spread radially along curvature of heat affected zone (Figure 12(c)). Width of heat affected zone (HAZ) ranges from 180 - 200 µm. Finally, as the point of observation moves further deep into sample, base metal or unaffected sample is observed (Figure 12(d)). This is characterised by observation of well-known and documented β-Zr and Zr2Cu phases [41] [79] [113] [114]. Their type (morphology) varies from small equiaxed to large plates with high aspect ratio as rate of heat extraction from very small area varies from very fast→medium→slow. Their size varies from 6 µm to 20 µm. Evidence of small porosity is also observed which appears as areas of black colour indicating empty space.
3.12. Zr65Cu15Al10Co10 (Inoculant = 0%) Track 3
This track is laid out with following parameters; Power 300 W, Spot size 0.61 mm and Scan speed 1500 mm/min. Once again, three distinct regions labelled as A, B and Cindicating fusion/melt zone, heat affected zone (HAZ) and untreated/base metal zone respectfully are observed in low magnification (×50) micrograph (Figure 13(a)). For this sample with given parameters, a large, wide and shallow fusion/melt zone is observed. This is marked by profound and distinct inward protrusion or depression indicating major shrinkage. Melt pool is shallow as laser power is not too high. Corners of melt pool indicate marked discontinuities, blurring or broken edges which is due to turbulence caused by localised source of heat energy. No grains are observed in melt pool as complete melting/fusion results in formation of 100% glass. White region again appears in the form of small continuous thin boundary layer at the interface of melt pool ad heat affected zone. This may have been formed by segregation of elements during solidification. Another reason could have been formation of an intermetallic. This may have also been an effect of action of sample preparation fluids on surface of material. Yet, another reason for its formation could have been surface oxidation. However, no evidence of surface oxidation has been witnessed in any previous study. These alloys are amenable to selective dissolution [28] [53] [115] [116] but surface oxidation is rarely observed. Evidence of small porosity is also
Figure 13. (a)-(d): Zr65Cu15Al10Co10 (0% inoculant) Track 3: (a) Low magnification (×50) back scatter image of cross section of laser track; (b) Melt pool and lower region of heat affected zone (×500); (c) Upper region of heat affected zone and its interface with base metal; (d) Back scatter image of base metal indicating presence of β-Zr and Zr2Cu phase [41] [79] [113] [114].
witnessed at the centre of melt pool or fusion zone (Figure 12(b)). As the point of observation moves away from fusion zone, heat affected zone (HAZ) is observed. Depth of heat affected zone (HAZ) in this sample is around 400 µm in a line along the midpoint of sample while it decreases to around 300 µm at the edges. Small porosity is also observed in HAZ. Soon after HAZ, base metal appears which mostly remains unaltered throughout the specimen. Size of β-Zr plates increases many times as compared to when laser power was very high indicating steady state heat transfer (because time laser spend on material is very low). There is very small cracking at the corners of melt pool indicating presence of thermal gradient between cold base metal and hot fusion zone.
In general, following conclusions could be drawn:
1) Inoculation treatment cast an effect of refinement on microstructure (type, size, nature, amount (volume fraction) and distribution of phases).
2) ZrC is found to be an effective new inoculant for bulk metallic glass matrix composites.
3) As the percentage of inoculant increase from zero to 0.5%, type, size, shape and morphology of phases change and their amount increase.
4) Size of CuZr B2 phase gets refined and decrease from around 4 µm to 2.8 µm with increase of percentage of inoculant from zero to 0.25% while increase slightly when percentage of inoculant increase to 0.5% indicating non-linearity.
5) Another phase namely brittle Al2Zr fcc phase (small to medium columnar dendrites) is also observed to form out of glassy melt.
6) Morphology of CuZr B2 change from spheroids to spherulite under the effect of intense heat observed only when laser power is 500 W and there is no inoculation.
7) Inoculation is found to resist change of morphology of phases in melted and rapidly solidified material as no evidence of spherulites is observed in samples treated with ZrC.
8) Evidence of steady state heat transfer is observed in Zr65Cu15Al10Co10 without any inoculant witnessed by various size and morphology of β-Zr and Zr2Cu phases [41] [79] [113] [114].
Authors would like to thank Dr. Daniel East (CSIRO) for providing experimental facilities for melting and casting of samples, Dr. Dong Qiu for design of inoculants and providing their samples, Mr. Alan Jones (Additive Manufacturing Precinct, RMIT University) for performing laser surface treatment, Mr. Jeremy Gonzalez (Massachusetts Materials Research Inc., Worcester, MA) for cutting, mounting, grinding and polishing of samples and Dr. Simon Hager (University of New South Wales, Sydney) for help in performing scanning electron microscopy in back scatter electron imaging mode. Lead author would also like to thank Prof. Milan Brandt (also author) for moral support, patience, helpful scientific discussion and guidance and RMIT University for providing stipend for tuition and living.
Cite this paper: Ali Rafique, M. (2018) Effect of Single Pass Laser Surface Treatment on Microstructure Evolution of Inoculated Zr47.5Cu45.5Al5Co2 and Non-Inoculated Zr65Cu15Al10Ni10 Bulk Metallic Glass Matrix Composites. Engineering, 10, 730-758. doi: 10.4236/eng.2018.1010052.
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text:
Texas and California Blackouts Show We Need Dramatic Infrastructure Upgrades
A view of high voltage transmission towers on February 21, 2021, in Houston, Texas.
Justin Sullivan / Getty Images
Daniel Ross,
Covering Climate Now
This story is part of Covering Climate Now, a global journalism collaboration strengthening coverage of the climate story.
Over a period of about six months, the United States suffered two extreme weather events that had the same outcome: widespread energy disruptions through rolling power outages that left people dangerously vulnerable to the elements.
Last August, a powerful heat wave knocked out electricity for millions of Californians in what was the first statewide set of power outages in some 20 years. This past February, a brutal and deadly cold snap in Texas caused rolling blackouts, leaving millions of Texans without the usual means to stay warm.
Efforts among allies of the fossil fuel industry to paint these blackouts as primarily a result of unreliable renewable energy sources have since been disproved. With climate change increasing the likelihood of extreme weather events across the U.S., and as broad efforts to green the nation's energy grid move forward, we must take a deep look at the tragic events that unfolded in Texas and California and learn from the mistakes that were made.
To discuss, we spoke with Joshua Rhodes, a research fellow at the Webber Energy Group at the University of Texas at Austin and a founding partner of IdeaSmiths, an energy systems analytical firm.
Daniel Ross: What do you see as the most important lessons to be gleaned from the rolling blackouts that Texas experienced earlier this year?
Joshua Rhodes: One has to look at all of the systems. We rely heavily on our thermal fleet [predominantly powered through natural gas] to be available to meet that winter demand. I think it worked out that, at peak demand, we lost half of our thermal fleet when we relied on 90 percent of it to be there. Part of that comes from: We didn't winterize the power plants; we had cooling water issues; we had cooling water sensor issues in the case of a nuclear facility. I think one of the big kickers is that the electricity sector was relying on the gas sector to be firm, and that turned out to be a bad assumption.
We need to take a broader look not only at the power plants that provide us with electricity but what fuels those power plants.
In particular with Texas, the natural gas we produce is a wet gas — there are lots of other liquids in water that come up with it, and that froze. We lost half of our natural gas production. And when half your gas plants rely on natural gas to make electricity, and you lose half of your fuel, you're going to start off these events with one hand tied behind your back.
Renewables do get a knock for the fact you can't turn them on any more than the sun's shining and the wind's blowing. But I think we learned lessons about fuel security. We need to take a broader look not only at the power plants that provide us with electricity but what fuels those power plants.
An official analysis blamed the rolling blackouts that we saw last year in California on three main things: extreme heat, antiquated grid reliability planning and an energy market that didn't work as efficiently as it needed to. Do you see any similarities between what Texas and California experienced?
We [in Texas] don't have the wind issues that California does with wildfires and things like that — or to that extent, anyway. But what they do share in common is if you take a system that was designed under a certain set of parameters — under a certain set of conditions — and you push it beyond the bounds it was designed for, then you're going to have problems.
California has the target of reaching 100 percent clean energy production by 2045. Given the likelihood of extreme heat events along the West Coast becoming a more common occurrence, what does that state need to be mindful of in terms of energy resilience?
We really need to study the weather conditions that get us to these extreme events, which homes and businesses and people experience, because at the end of the day, it's [about] buildings demanding electricity.
We need to figure out during those conditions what is happening. What is the sun doing? What is the wind doing? What are our neighbors doing? That's especially the case for a place like California that relies a lot on [energy] imports, unlike Texas. If you become too comfortable thinking, "If we get into a bind, our neighbors will be able to help us," but if everyone's in a bind at the same time because you have a massive high-pressure system across the entire Western part of the United States, then that's going to be an issue.
Broadly speaking, how have we planned in the past for extreme weather events?
That's a great question. Historically, we've tended to look backwards in order to predict the future. We look at weather we've experienced in the past, and we use that as a marker with which to build our infrastructure to meet our future demands.
We look at weather we've experienced in the past as a marker with which to build our infrastructure to meet our future demands. Under a changing climate, looking backwards is not a good way of looking forward.
The problem is that under a changing climate, looking backwards is not a good way of looking forward. We're going to have to come up with better ways of figuring out what future demands will be, given that a changing climate will impact those weather patterns that [historically] have given us our demands.
That's hard. Looking backwards, you can actually look at data and you can actually see what happened. It's something you can hold in your hand. It's harder looking into the future because we haven't seen that yet, so, in all likelihood, we're probably going to get it wrong. But it would be better to err on that side of more extreme weather so that we're ready for it, than get caught short without the infrastructure we need.
So, within our broader nationwide push toward greater clean energy reliance, what specifically do we need to be mindful of moving forward?
I think we need to keep the toolbox as big as possible.
There are folks out there who, when they think "clean energy future," they think "renewable energy future" only. I think we can get really far with renewables — I've seen some studies showing 60, 70, 80 percent, depending where you are in the U.S., and depending on what your [energy] mix is like, and particularly whether or not you have something like hydro[electricity], which can be a good baseload. [Norway] can rely on very high [levels of] renewables because they're [more than] 90 percent hydro. You can turn it off and on. It's basically an emissions-free fossil fuel plant.
Getting that last 20 percent energy, I think that's when it can become more expensive. It's what most of the models show. And I think it'll be harder for people to swallow going forward, and so, I think [we'll need to be] keeping the toolbox open … paired with energy storage.
We're pretty good now on short duration energy storage — the things that can modulate back and forth throughout the day. We don't have good seasonal energy storage technology yet. And so, we need to be working on that. The more renewables we want to move from, say, a shoulder season to a summer or winter season, we need to focus on some of those kinds of [long-term] storage technologies.
How do you see Biden's infrastructure plan — given available details — as a vehicle for needed change?
Nominally, there's about $100 billion in the plan for grid upgrades. I think it's a good start, but I think there's some targeted investments that could be made, and I hope there'll be a multiplier effect on that money that would allow more [of the] private sector to come into the system.
It would be better to err on [the] side of more extreme weather so that we're ready for it, than get caught short without the infrastructure we need.
If you add up how much concrete and steel, how many wires and power plants and everything we have on the system — if we had to replace everything we have right now, it would cost about $5 trillion. There's about $2 trillion worth of upgrades that need to be made on the system, and that's just to keep things the way they are. If we want to transition to a different future than what we currently have, I imagine that's going to cost trillions more dollars.
And so, we've got a long way to go in terms of building the energy infrastructure we frankly really need. If you look at the American Association of Civil Engineers, they grade our energy infrastructure as a C-, which, as a college professor, that's barely a passing grade.
Most big studies that look over the entire U.S. show us how to get to high levels of clean energy, or high levels of renewable energy, and they build a lot of transmission [lines]. Sometimes, these weather events are large and they can take up an entire section of a country. And so, if we're going to be able to import power to one part of the country from another part of the country that is not experiencing those conditions, that requires having really long extension cords.
Sometimes it's not money that's the problem — it's getting all the people in the room to agree. One of the issues we have right now is the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, or FERC; they have the ability to force everybody to get into the room to decide long-distance oil and gas pipelines, but they do not have the ability to do the same for electricity, for long-distance transmission lines. So, there's a disconnect. There's no one who can force everyone into the same room to even talk about the issue. It becomes a big logistics, red tape problem in order to build the infrastructure we need.
Honestly, if I could trade in the $100 billion, I would probably trade it in for the ability for FERC to help site those lines.
This interview has been lightly edited for brevity and clarity.
Daniel Ross
Daniel Ross is a journalist whose work has appeared in Truthout, the Guardian, FairWarning, Newsweek, YES! Magazine, Salon, AlterNet, Vice and a number of other publications. He is based in Los Angeles. Follow him on Twitter: @1danross.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


This 16-bar form adds a new challenge to a bass player - to keep track of a long chord progression. In addition to hitting the root notes, try adding other chord tones in your bass line. For a really cool sound, try hitting the Maj 3rd instead of the root note when playing the IV or V chord. That "chord inversion" adds a lot of depth and is an important tool for a bass player to learn. 112 BPM.


text:
The Future of Financial Mathematics
Science and Technology September 6th, 2013, Nicole El Karoui / Professor of Applied Mathematics, Pierre et Marie Curie University (Paris VI), Research Director, Center for Applied Mathematics, Ecole Polytechnique
How do financial mathematics specialists imagine the markets in five to ten years? What exactly will their role look like? To understand these issues, we need to take a closer look at the way this field has developed and at the issues that have shaped the discipline.
finance science development
Managing disruptive technology: a conversation with investor Chamath Palihapitiya
Science and Technology August 22nd, 2013, McKinsey Quarterly / Editors
The venture investor and former Facebook executive examines technologies he thinks will improve the quality of life and economic output, and explains why most executives undervalue technical proficiency.
A Brief History of Robots
Science and Technology July 18th, 2013, Franck Latxague / Engineer, cofounder and editor-in-chief of Humanoides.fr
As well as androids they are our self-guided vacuum-cleaners, our GPS, an automated line on the Paris metro linking two of the city's main underground stations, Internet search engines… From mechanized figurines to the first robot arm, a brief journey through a history 3000 years in the making.
science development technology and business
Microfluidics: a revolution? … or several revolutions in one?
Science and Technology June 18th, 2013, Patrick Tabeling / Physicist, professor at ESPCI ParisTech
Microfluidics is the science of how we analyse and handle fluids at a micrometric level. MIT's Technology Review regularly cites this technology as being one that could change the world. Why?
A new deal for cancer treatment: targeted bio-therapies, nanorobots and genetic engineering
Science and Technology April 26th, 2013, ParisTech Review / Editors
Cancer diagnosis and treatments today are undergoing deep-reaching changes. Therapeutic strategies, until recently, could be summarised as ablation of the diseased organs and destruction of cancerous cells, often leading to serious unwanted effects that weaken the patient or limit the efficiency of the cancer treatment. But innovative approaches are emerging. They target cell functions and its close environment.
Solar photovoltaic energy: today's crisis and tomorrow's technologies
Science and Technology April 19th, 2013, Didier Roux / Member of the French Academy of Sciences, of the French Academy of Technologies, Director of Research & Innovation, Saint-Gobain Group
Could solar power provide some of the needed energy of the future? The much improved availability of natural gas and the crisis that the photovoltaic industrial sector has been experiencing since 2011 serve to make us cautious, viz., not to be over-optimistic. On one hand, we can witness the strategic policies chosen by China and, on the other, the expected advent of new PV cells, could together change the scene. Consequently, we must carefully examine and assess the economics, their dynamics and the supporting technologies.
Big Data: Farewell to Cartesian Thinking?
Science and Technology March 15th, 2013, Jean-Pierre Malle / Scientific Director, Netwave
Big Data marked a break in the evolution of information systems from three points of view: the explosion of available data, the increasing variety of these data and their constant renewal. Processing these data demands more than just computing power. It requires a complete break from Cartesian logic. It calls for the non-scientific part of human thought: inductive reasoning.
internet technology adoption
Could thorium and molten salts represent the future of nuclear power?
Science and Technology March 12th, 2013, Daniel Heuer / Senior Researcher, Laboratoire de physique subatomique et de cosmologie (Grenoble, France)
Generation IV reactors raise many hopes and expectations, in terms of optimised use of resources, reduced wastes, better safety factors. They are still on the drawing-board today, but may replace, somewhere in the future, Generation III reactors (the EPRs) considered as more efficient than today's PWRs (pressurised water). Physicist Dr Daniel Heuer is currently studying one of the 6 concepts pre-selected in 2008 by the yearly Generation IV International Forum (that set the priority orientations), viz., the concept of molten salt reactors (MSRs) associated with the thorium cycle. What exactly are the advantages of this new technology? Will MSRs earn their place in nuclear power production?
national research policy nuclear energy
A Brief History of Financial Uncertainty
Science and Technology December 27th, 2012, Eric Brian / Senior professor at Ecole des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS, Paris)
Concern is on the rise regarding financial uncertainty, its form and its nature. Is it merely exacerbated during a temporary crisis? Or, with the most unexpected phenomena always possible, is any attempt at forecasting doomed to be vain? It turns out both commonplace statements are missing the point: financial uncertainty is permanent, malleable, and resistant - it is by no means an abstraction that could be dismissed through means of calculation. Far from being constant, its structure varies throughout history: it depends on the given institutional frameworks that allow the flow and recording of economic information.
Rhetoric in Economics
Science and Technology December 3rd, 2012, Itzhak Gilboa / Professor of Economics & Decision Sciences at HEC Paris (AXA Chair for Decision Sciences)
Students, as well as the public, often raise questions about the scientific nature of economics. Indeed, while economics uses very sophisticated mathematical models, their predictive success leaves much to be desired. Yet, economists feel that they learn a lot from these models. It is argued that part of economic theorizing does not follow the Popperian view of science; rather, some of the knowledge that is generated is analogical. According to this view, research in economics attempts to serve rhetorical purposes. As such, analogies can be useful, alongside general rules. Moreover, the role of axiomatic decision theory is understood as serving to clarify arguments in the context of public debates.
Science and Technology June 28th, 2012, Wafa Skalli / Director, Laboratory of Biomechanics (Arts et Métiers ParisTech)
Advances in medical imaging make this discipline a laboratory for the latest scientific methods. Disruptive innovations stemming from the convergence of medicine and physical sciences lead to fundamental questions: is there a place for experts against machines? How to reconcile statistical data, mass produced by new devices, with a focus on he who is central to medical practice: the individual?
health and medical research technology adoption
Science and Technology June 22nd, 2012, [email protected] / Editors
The May 31 successful splashdown of the Dragon capsule, the first private spacecraft to make a trip to the International Space Station, was a major milestone in the entry of private companies into the business of space exploration. The Dragon, built and launched by PayPal co-founder Elon Musk's Space Exploration Technologies Corporation, dramatically demonstrated that private enterprises will now be critical players in space at a time when governments around the globe face fiscal pressures that are forcing them to rethink their galactic ambitions. These firms are pouring money into developing new spacecraft for everything from transporting cargo to asteroid mining, creating new industries that offer tremendous opportunity - and tremendous risk.
Science and Technology May 23rd, 2012, Nicolas Bry / Senior vice-president, Orange Innovation Group
In recent years, many firms have sped up their innovation processes. But can we protect the meaning and relevance of innovation while accelerating and increasing its impact? This is exactly the issue challenged by component innovation.
Science and Technology April 23rd, 2012, ParisTech Review / Editors
The most ancient living beings appeared 3.8 billion years ago: in terms of sustainability, Nature is far ahead from human societies… Each species owes its survival to a natural process of adaptation, a series of trials and errors that led to an expertise and creative genius which are available, for us to use as an inexhaustible source of inspiration: that's the starting point of biomimicry. What could seem at first like an extravagant whim is in fact at the heart of high-end technologies such as aeronautics or medicine.
Of Speculators and their Demons, and Being Reasonable
Science and Technology January 2nd, 2012, Eric Brian / Senior professor at Ecole des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS, Paris)
Whether it comes from ethics or from theory, the impression is that the days of the contemporary speculator are numbered. For this moody character is reckless: he is one to confuse the stock market and roulette. Economic theory has a hard time understanding him. Nevertheless, a theory of the speculator is possible.
bubbles and crises finance
Prospects and Promise of Big Data
Science and Technology December 19th, 2011, ParisTech Review / Editors
Information is more abundant than ever. Day after day, the flood of data is growing at exponential rates. Barely ten years ago, the main issue for politics and industries, was to hold a firm grip on this daunting explosion. Today, the challenge consists in being able, in real-time, to take advantage and transform into value massive swaths of data.
internet science development technology and business
Challenges and Stakes of High Performance Computing
Science and Technology November 30th, 2011, Philippe Ricoux / Executive in charge of Numerical Processing and Modeling, Scientific Division, Total
To understand tsunamis or locate oil slicks, scientists are running ever more complex models in ever more powerful machines. Some are now able to compute nearly ten million billion operations per second. Welcome to the world of HPC (High Performance Calculation) where technical challenge meets major industrial stakes.
Are Patents Hindering Innovation?
Science and Technology September 23rd, 2011, ParisTech Review / Editors
The U.S. Senate just passed a bill reforming the patent system, without appeasing controversies that for the past ten years have been agitating academic circles as well as the Silicon Valley. Patents are generally considered to fuel innovation. But do they?
national research policy science development technology adoption technology and business
Moore and More and More: How Long Can IT Growth Continue?
Science and Technology July 20th, 2011, ParisTech Review / Editors
Intel's breakthrough "vertical" chip means that computer capacity will keep increasing, at least for 10 to 20 years. What will all that new firepower mean for technology and society? And what happens after that?
Role Reversal: Science Should Be Leading Technology, Not The Inverse
Science and Technology June 20th, 2011, Françoise Barré-Sinoussi / Head of the unit of regulation of retroviral infections, Institut Pasteur
Looking for balance between science and technology in modern research, we can observe it is the latter in the ascendant. Research is being dictated by the availability of technological resources but in the past, the reverse was true. Projects began by a review of the available data from which a scientific hypothesis was constructed, and finally a search for the best technological tools would begin. Francoise Barre-Sinoussi has suggested that in the rush to embrace technology, researchers may be missing the chance to learn from what worked so well in the past.
health and medical research national research policy science development
ParisTech Review's Chinese Edition: Chief Editor Wanted!
Shanghai Jiao Tong University and ParisTech Review are launching a joint review online in Chinese. The editorial content is related to the social and economic impact of technologies and innovations. It will comprise articles from ParisTech Review translated into Chinese, and specific articles related to China.
Je ne crois pas que l'on va résoudre les problèmes engendrés par la crises de 2008 et celles à venir en faisant plus de recherche en ...
Nichlas
Re: Les mathématiques financières ont-elles un avenir ?
Oh yeah, the proper word and idea is "uncertainty" not "risk." Risk is a known probability of an outcome. Three is very little of that in finance ...
Brain Molecule Marketing
Re: The Future of Financial Mathematics
Until any of this is fully experimentally tested in double-blind experiments and replicated and picked apart - this is a vast waste of resources. ...
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