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High Resolution: Is It Really Necessary? A white paper by Marco Manunta – M2Tech Srl, Italy
December 20, 2012 • koscsof1
High Resolution: Is It Really Necessary?
A white paper by Marco Manunta – M2Tech Srl, Italy
We're facing a seemingly unstoppable run towards very high resolution in digital audio: from CD to 96/24, to 192/24 up to 352.8/24 and even 352.8/32, not to mention DSD (2.8MHz/1bit or 5.6MHz/1bit). Considering how good some 44.1/16 systems (CD players or DAC) sound, the question is: do we really need very high resolution, and how high should "high resolution" be?
Bit depth
This parameter is maybe the easiest one to evaluate and justify. First, it's useful remind readers that bit depth defines the signal-to-noise ratio of a digital playback or recording system, through a simple formula:
SNR(dB) = 1.76+6.02*N,
Where N is the number of bits per sample or bit depth. In a CD-standard system (N=16), SNR is 98.08dB, a 24bit device will allow for 146.24dB. Literature often forgets the 1.76dB constant, so you may find 144.5dB instead of 146.24 and so on.
We can also define a "virtual" bit depth for analog devices and systems, through the ENOB parameter (Equivalent Number of Bits):
ENOB (bits) = (SNRmeasured-1.76)/6.02
The ENOB of an amplifier with 105dB measured SNR is 17.15 bits (note that .15 bit has no real meaning).
It's easy to realize that a digital source delivering true 24 bits resolution connected to a system in which the overall ENOB is, say, 18 bits, is not guaranteed to fully exploit its performance. On the other hand, one may apply the law of balance and say that a digital source with 18 bits resolution (110dB) is sufficient to obtain the best overall performance from that system.
Things are not that easy. First of all, let's consider the nature of noise in digital systems. Noise is the sum of two contributes: quantization noise and thermal noise. The first one is related to bit depth and is very disturbing for humans ear-brain due to its correlation to the signal (in fact, it is sometimes called "quantization distortion", rather than quantization noise). The second one is related to the analog circuitry used in the analog-digital and digital-analog boundaries and is generally much more tolerated by human ear-brain due to its total non-correlation with the signal.
Devices, and even systems, in which thermal noise buries quantization noise are generally well-sounding setups.
This explains why we cannot define a specific bit depth as a limit value to judge digital devices and systems: a 14-bit source will probably behave very well in a system in which the amplifier has only 70dB SNR, while it will sound awful in another system in which the amplifier has 100dB SNR. Also, this may explain why CD players with tube output have generally a pleasant sound: tubes are noisier than opamps and even than solid-state, discrete components buffers, thus their thermal noise buries the quantization noise from the conversion IC (I won't enter the mined field of harmonic composition of tubes' distortion or biasing issues as it's beyond our scope).
Conversely, an analog source with an outstanding 125dB SNR driving a 16bit ADC is a waste of money, as the quantization noise of the ADC will be easily heard over the source's thermal noise, giving a typical "digital" sound. On the contrary, an analog source with 100dB SNR driving a 24bit ADC will give very good results to listening, as the thermal noise of the source will act a dithering with regards to the quantization process, transforming the signal-correlated quantization distortion in a "quasi-thermal" noise which is much more tolerated by our brain.
Things are even more complicated when we have a more complex digital signal chain than a single-step unit. Let's consider, for example, a CD player with digital volume control. We all know that dithering and noise shaping are necessary to avoid distortion increase when we approach low levels (high attenuation factors). This is due to the fact that the processing engine which does the attenuation (multiply for a number less than one) has generally the same resolution as the incoming signal: to the usual errors due to the finite-resolution mathematic (errors = noise), the final truncation adds a lot of damage, leading to the raise of distortion products. If we measure the effective resolution of a signal passed through a digital volume control, it is generally lower than that of the incoming signal. It's easy that the quantization noise after the attenuation raises over the system thermal noise. What was a good sounding digital signal before attenuation has become a "digital" sounding one.
Things improve as resolution increases: computational and truncation noise can remain below thermal noise, so that no dithering nor noise shaping are necessary. This is already true with 24-bit systems, and even better with 32-bit systems: even if we use 4, 8 or even 16 bit only to sample noise, that noise helps us to keep the sound good while it travels through our system to the loudspeakers.
Summarizing, I dare to say that bit depth is very important for sound quality, even more than sampling frequency. To test the above "on the field", take a good 96/24 recording and get a 96/16 version and a 48/24 version using some editing software. Chances are that you will hear little differences between the 96/24 and the 48/24 versions, while you'll hear a bigger difference between the 96/24 and the 96/16 versions.
Sampling frequency
It's widely known that the ear of a young boy from the countryside (grown far from discos) can easily hear 20kHz, while a mature music lover hardly catches 16kHz. Thus, a digital audio system with an upper frequency limit of 20kHz should be enough to enjoy the real high fidelity. As usual, things are more complicated.
Complex signals contain multiple frequencies which interact to produce intermodulation in all systems in which they travel. Our ear, together with our skull bones, is one of these systems. High frequencies intermodulate to the lower frequency range (for example, a 21kHz and a 22kHz tones can modulate down to 1kHz, well into our audible range). If we record and/or play a recording through a system with 20kHz limit, we miss those tones which should intermodulate into our ear and head, losing some of the original information content (that 1kHz tone which is part of the original signal, even if is produced into our body). Recording professionals may say that no microphone can capture frequencies higher than 40kHz, so this may state the real useful high frequency limit in the recording-playback chain. Even so, this means a minimum sampling frequency of 80kHz (according to Nyquist, the minimum sampling rate to accommodate a certain bandwidth is twice the bandwidth). Standards indicate 88.2 or 96kHz, with a usable bandwidth of 44.1 or 48kHz, respectively.
But there is something more. It's known by signal processing experts, and absolutely not popularized amongst music lovers, that converting an analog signal into a discrete-time one (as it happens when converting from analog to digital) destroys the phase information in the two top octaves of the resulting spectrum. In a CD-standard digital recording, all phase information are lost from 5.5kHz up to 22kHz, which is the highest frequency present in that recording. This affects mainly harmonics (very few fundamentals are available over 5kHz), disrupting the notes's envelope. This may explain why different instrument of the same kind recorded on CD's often sound very similar.
To raise the lower limit of the affected range to 20kHz, we need to record with a bandwidth at least 80kHz, so we need a sampling frequency at least 160kHz. Standards indicate 176.4 or 192kHz, for a usable band of 88.2kHz and 96kHz, respectively.
Then aliasing comes in. Aliasing is a phenomena due to sampling process which must be avoided in order to keep the original sound quality. The only way to do it is low-pass filtering the original analog signal before converting it into digital. This can be problematic when the signal's upper frequency limit is very close to half the sampling frequency. In this case, a very steep filter (commonly called "brickwall") is necessary, which is affected by a sever phase rotation down to audible frequencies. This is the case of the CD, in which the upper frequency limit (20kHz) is very close to half the sampling frequency (22.050kHz). In CD-like systems, at least 90dB attenuation must be obtained with a transition band of just 2kHz!
Using higher sampling frequencies means having a larger transition band, thus less steep filters and more gentle phase behaviour, affecting higher frequencies. A 24-bit, 192kHz system handling an audio signal with 20kHz bandwidth can use a transition band of 76kHz to attenuate at least 120dB. This means that a simple 10-pole filter is sufficient. Much better and easier to implement than a 200-poles filter used in CD-like systems! Even better, a 32-bit, 384kHz system may use a 7-pole filter, something which is very similar to the natural band limiting in analog systems.
High resolution is not marketing hype. It can help to make a digital system of device sound more similar to an analog one, provided users and experts keep in mind the real meaning and usefulness of having large bit depths and high sampling frequencies.
Posted in ÁltalánosTagged high resolution audio, M2TechBookmark the permalink.
Megérkeztek és kipróbálhatóak a Canon EOS C500 4k RAW kamera és Canon Cinema optikák
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Building a Therapy Dog or a Crisis Response Dog from puppy on thru adult isn't always as straight forward as it may seem. It goes beyond the basics of sit, down and come. Puppies, adolescents, and young adult dogs have special considerations during certain developmental stages. Handlers that have the goal of being part of a working dog/handler team learn how to keep things real and work through all of these stages while becoming better at observation and handling.


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Image by samchills on Flickr under Creative Commons License.
Edinburgh Introduction Walk (Self Guided), Edinburgh
Comfortably yet tightly packed on the hilly terrain, Edinburgh – the Scottish capital – is a picturesque city much popular with tourists, in large part, due to its unique architecture comprising medieval (Old Town) and elegant Georgian (New Town) buildings. The cityscape is dominated by Edinburgh Castle, once the seat of the Scottish royals and now home to the country's crown jewels. To see this and other most prominent sights of Edinburgh, follow this orientation walk.
Edinburgh Introduction Walk Map
Create Your Own Self-Guided Walks in Edinburgh
Guide Name: Edinburgh Introduction Walk
Guide Location: Scotland » Edinburgh (See other walking tours in Edinburgh)
Author: alexei
Princes Street Gardens
Multrees Walk
Nelson Monument
Calton Hill Observatory
St. Giles' Cathedral
The Elephant House
Greyfriars Bobby's Statue
Greyfriars Church
1) Grassmarket (must see)
One of the best places for shopping or relaxing over a pint or a meal in Edinburgh is undoubtedly the Grassmarket.
It is a historic market nestled in a small valley so that it is lower than the surrounding street levels. Between 1477 and 1911 it was the most important horse and cattle market in the city, and because it drew large crowds, it was also the place where public executions were held.
According to legend a woman was hanged here and lived to talk about it afterwards! Maggie Dickson was a fishwife accused of murdering her child and she was sentenced to be hanged for her crime. In those days "until you are dead" didn't figure in the sentence proceedings.
Maggie was duly hanged and then cut down and her body taken away for burial, but on the road to the cemetery, she woke up. She couldn't be re-tried and was considered to have paid her debt to society and so she went free. There is a pub in the market that bears her name.
The market was a poor area until the 1980s when it began to become popular with students – perhaps because of its numerous pubs and clubs. The area was renovated with many of the pubs setting up outside terraces and installing dining rooms. A lot of shops moved into the market and it is a great place to find good clothes and souvenirs at bargain prices.
"The Shadow of the Gibbet", dark paving stones laid out in the form of a gibbet are a sombre reminder of the death penalty; you can see them next to the Covenanter's Monument. The Bow Well on one side of the market dates back to 1681.
Why You Should Visit:
Quirky, safe and interesting; great for those who need a regular change of scenery, as there is a variety of shops and pubs for every wallet and taste of music.
Check out Carnivàle Vintage for a wonderful selection of fun vintage clothes, Tasty Buns for a pastry and a coffee, Hula Juice Bar for a healthy meal, and Mary's Milk Bar for pure indulgence.
Up the road from Grassmarket goes Victoria Str. which is also well worth a visit, together with Royal Mile (further up) which has lots of cool independent shops and restaurants/cafés.
Image by Christian Bickel on Wikimedia under Creative Commons License.
2) The Scotch Whisky Experience (must see)
What is the difference between "whisky" and "whiskey"? If you don't know, visit The Scotch Whisky Experience to find the answer to that question and discover a whole lot of other interesting facts about Scotland's favourite tipple.
This interactive museum is great fun, even for children, who have their own guide – "Peat the Cat", that will take them on an exciting tour full of fun facts and games. For the adults, the journey through the museum begins with a barrel ride taking them through a mechanical replica of one of the first whisky distilleries. In there, the "Whisky Ghost" will tell you all about the distilling procedure.
Leaving the distillery, you'll enter the MacIntyre Whisky Gallery where you will learn some, but not all, the secrets about how the different whisky flavours are reached. Certain procedures are kept secret to keep the concurrence guessing! From this gallery, you'll continue into Sense of Scotland and experience the heady aromas of different types of whisky.
Finally, you'll visit the tasting room where you will certainly find a whisky to suit your taste buds – just don't ask for ice or soda, as these additives are almost hanging offenses! The museum has a wonderful shop with over 300 different malts on offer and gift boxes of miniatures.
The shop is open to museum visitors and the general public alike, but if you have taken the tour, you will have a generous discount on your purchases.
To feast your eyes on the largest collection of unopened whiskys with around 3400 different bottles valued at millions of pounds.
You'll learn some history and tasting tips, and get to try whisky on its own as well as with artisan Scottish cheese and chocolate.
If going on the tour with others who do not like whisky as much, they should sign up for the 'silver' and you can sign up for the 'gold' – the two tours are not separate.
Daily: 10am-6:30pm
Image by VerseVend on Flickr under Creative Commons License.
3) Edinburgh Castle (must see)
Edinburgh Castle has overlooked the city since the 12th century and is the second most visited building, after the Tower of London, in the United Kingdom. The very history of Scotland is deeply etched into its ancient stones.
The castle stands on top of Castle Rock, the basalt ventilation pipe of an extinct volcano eroded by glaciers. People have inhabited the site since the 9th century BC. The first castle was constructed by King David I of Scotland and it remained a royal residence until 1603.
As a fortress it was virtually impregnable, but it had one drawback: the basalt rock on which it stands doesn't capture or hold water, so a 28-meter well was sunk, but in droughts or during long sieges, it dried out, and its denizens were then faced with either surrender or dying of thirst.
It was largely destroyed during the Lang Siege in 1573 and the only building from the 12th century still standing is St Margaret's Chapel. In the 17th century, it became a military base and the garrison remained there until the 1920s. The few remaining members hold administrative or ceremonial posts.
Today the castle houses the Scottish National War Memorial, the National War Museum of Scotland and several smaller regimental museums. It is also the home of the One O'Clock Gun which is fired six days a week at precisely 1 PM and the city's clocks are regulated by it.
In the Crown Room, you will see the Royal Scottish Crown, Scepter and Sword of State and actors in period costume re-enact important events of the castle's history. In August the Edinburgh Military Tattoo takes place on the castle's esplanade. In the north-east corner of the esplanade is a small iron fountain called the Witches' Well. It marks the spot where many women were burned at the stake for witchcraft.
The views alone at the castle are some of the best in Scotland, and the walk up visiting all the little places makes it a really good experience.
The entry is cheaper if you book online, and more importantly, you avoid the oftentimes long line.
Take free guided tour – they go every hour at least. Otherwise, the audio guide is £3 and is quite useful.
It could get windy, being at the top of the mountain, so definitely bring layers if visiting in cold weather.
Daily: 9:30am-5pm
Image by Craig Cormack on Flickr under Creative Commons License.
4) Princes Street Gardens (must see)
Between Edinburgh Castle and Princes Street, renowned for its superb shops, pubs and restaurants, lies the beautiful Princes Street Gardens, a haven of peace and beauty in the heart of the city.
110,000 years ago the area that is now the gardens was formed by glacial erosion, when the basalt bulk of Castle Rock caused a glacier to divide around it, forming a depression at the foot of the rock. For thousands of years this area was marshland and when man came to the region, it formed a natural defence at the foot of Castle Rock, which was inhabited since the 9th century BC.
King James III ordered the marsh to be flooded in 1460 to add to the defences of the Old Town and Edinburgh Castle. The flooded area was named Nor Loch and it dominated the area until it was drained in 1759, although the vicinity sometimes gets flooded even today.
When the New Town was under construction, millions of tons of earth were dumped in the former loch and this eventually became The Mound, upon which many prestigious buildings now stand. The gardens were created in 1820; on the east side of The Mound they cover an area of 8.5 acres and on the west side they take up 29 acres.
The most important monument in the gardens is the Scott Monument, and there are a lot of statues dedicated to John Wilson, David Livingstone, and Allan Ramsey, among others. There is a play area for children, lush lawns and spreading trees, lots of benches, kiosks and a café.
In the weeks leading up to Christmas and into the New Year the park hosts fairground rides, the city's main Christmas Market and an ice-skating rink.
Image by dun_deagh on Flickr under Creative Commons License.
5) Princes Street (must see)
Princes Street in the New Town runs from Leith Street to the Lothian Road and offers over a mile of shops, cafés and pubs. It is, in fact, the most important shopping street in the city.
The street was named after two of King George III's sons: Prince George (who later became King George V) and Prince Frederick. The early 18th century buildings were renovated in the 19th century, and then in the 1960s under the "Princes Street Plan", some of the buildings were pulled down and replaced with "pro-forma" pattern constructions to enlarge storefronts.
Most of the shops are on the north side of the street, the south side looks out over the valley towards the Old Town and Edinburgh Castle. Most of the valley is taken up by Princes Street Gardens, which were created in 1820 when Nor Loch was drained.
The gardens comprise 38 acres separated by the Mound, and they are a favourite tourist venue. They are filled with statues and monuments, the most important of which is the War Memorial erected for Scottish-American soldiers.
In the summer open-air theatre performances and concerts are held on the Ross Bandstand. There is also a beautiful floral clock to admire.
Image by Rev Stan on Flickr under Creative Commons License.
6) Scottish National Gallery (must see)
No art lover should miss a chance to visit the Scottish National Gallery, which you will find on the Mound, just next to the Royal Scottish Academy.
In 1859 when the building opened the gallery shared the place with the academy. It also housed the Portrait Gallery and the lack of space became a real problem until the Portrait Gallery moved to its new building. But by 1906 more space was needed and the academy moved into the building next door. The gallery was entirely renovated in 1912.
The gallery features both Scottish and European art and you will be delighted with the collection that counts over 30,000 paintings, prints, drawings and sculpture from the early Renaissance period to the end of the 19th century.
You will see works by Bassano, Bernini, Botticelli, Cézanne, Constable and Degas. You can admire "Vision of the Sermon" by Gauguin, paintings and drawings by El Greco, Titian, Tiepolo, and da Vinci. Among the statues is the beautiful sculpture of "The Three Graces" by Canova.
The gallery also houses an amazing Research Library that contains over 50,000 books, journals, microfilms, and slides from 1300 to 1900. This is one of the finest reference libraries in the world.
The Western Link is an underground interconnection between the gallery and the academy. In this area, there is a lecture theatre, a restaurant, and the gallery shop. There is also an interactive IT Gallery where using touch-screens, you can see the gallery's entire collection.
Good selection of non-Scottish and great Scottish works; an intimate and cozy way to spend a couple of hours.
Entry is free for permanent exhibitions and there is a small fee for special collections.
Make sure you go into both the main Gallery building itself and the Academy building which sits behind it.
Note that the wonderful Turner watercolor exhibition goes on show every January – truly some wonderful insights into his travels around Europe.
Fri-Wed: 10am-5pm; Thu: 10am-7pm
Image by Alberto Garcia on Flickr under Creative Commons License.
7) Scott Monument (must see)
Sir Walter Scott was perhaps Scotland's best-loved poet and novelist, so it is only natural that the nation wanted to pay him homage. You will find the Scott Monument in Princes Gardens.
When Scott died in 1832 an architectural competition was launched to build a monument in his honour. A great many noted architects submitted their ideas; the winning design was by George Meikle Kemp, a draughtsman who had no architectural experience and who had submitted his design under the name of John Morvo, a 15th-century stonemason and architect.
The 61-metre high monument has several viewing galleries reached by narrow winding stairways. The highest gallery is reached after climbing 287 stairs and when you reach the top you are given a certificate to prove that you survived the climb!
The monument was built out of Binny Sandstone, a substance so oily that it attracts dirt very fast, so that a year after the construction was finished, it looked as if it had been there for centuries. The American author, Bill Bryson described it as a "Gothic rocket-ship".
The lovely marble statue of Sir Walter, seated with his writing implements and his faithful dog at his feet, was sculpted by John Steell. The 64 statues decorating the monument feature characters from Sir Walter's books. You will also see many grotesques – those hideous character faces so beloved by Gothic architects, which Kemp included in his design to add to the monument's "ancient" appearance.
You can enjoy the monument casually at its base, or you can climb up to have a 360-degree view that is open-air (though there's a fee attached to that).
It might be good to know – especially if you are claustrophobic – that this gets a little tight, especially if others climbers happen to be going the other way.
Daily: 10am-7pm (Apr-Sep); 10am-4pm (Oct-Mar)
Image by Paul Robertson on Flickr under Creative Commons License.
8) Multrees Walk
Multrees Walk is a pedestrian shopping area off the east side of St. Andrew Square, Edinburgh, Scotland. Created in 2003 as part of a redevelopment, it links St Andrew Square and St James Shopping Centre and its shops sell luxury goods including clothing, stationery and handbags. The shopping development features a number of brands from across the globe, many of which have located their only Scottish store within the walk. These brands include: Harvey Nichols, Louis Vuitton, Burberry, Michael Kors, Nespresso, Tommy Hilfiger, Sandro.
Other international brands within the development include: Mulberry, Kurt Geiger, Pandora, G-Star RAW, Hugo Boss, Reiss, Caffe Nero, Sassoon Salon, and others.
Image by Jonathan Oldenbuck on Wikimedia under Creative Commons License.
9) Nelson Monument (must see)
Another monument worth visiting while you are on Calton Hill is the Nelson Monument, which was put up in honour of Horatio Nelson's victory at the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805 and his subsequent death from wounds sustained during the battle.
The monument was built in 1815 on the highest point of the hill, on the site where a mast was once used to send signals to ships entering the Firth of Forth. The monument was designed by the architect Robert Burn in the appropriate form of an up-ended telescope.
It is 32 metres high and its 143 stairs lead to the public gallery, where you will have a wonderful view of the city and the Firth.
In 1853 the Astronomer Royal of Scotland, Charles Piazzi Smith commissioned a time ball to be placed on top of the monument. The ball was connected to the City Observatory by an underground wiring system.
Each day, just before one o'clock in the afternoon the ball was raised and at 1pm precisely it was lowered. Ships in the Firth set their marine chronometers by the time ball. Accurate time-keeping helped sailors determine their longitude once they were out at sea.
The time ball was in use until 2007 when it was damaged in a storm. It was restored and brought back into use in 2009, but as the City Observatory is now closed, the raising and lowering of the ball is done mechanically from a room at the bottom of the monument.
The stair takes a while and the parapet at the top is very narrow; however, here's where you'll get those stunning photo shots down Princes Street and out to sea.
£5 to access the stairs to the top; admission is free at the museum at the foot of the tower.
Daily: 10am-4pm (Oct-Apr); 10am-7pm (May, Sep); 10am-9pm (Jun-Aug)
Last admission 30 mins before closing
Image by Herbert Frank on Flickr under Creative Commons License.
10) Calton Hill Observatory (must see)
Sadly the Calton Hill Observatory was closed to the public in 2009 after it was considered unsafe due to vandalism and theft of the roofing materials, but it is worth climbing the hill anyway to see this remarkable building.
The idea of putting an observatory on the hill arose at the end of the 16th century when Thomas Short inherited a 12ft reflecting telescope designed by his brother. The building was designed by James Craig and funds were donated by the University of Edinburgh, on the understanding that the observatory would be used by students. After the Gothic tower on the southwest corner of the site was completed, the money ran out and the land reverted to the city in 1807.
In 1812 the city council donated the land to the Edinburgh Astronomical Institute and the central building, which resembles a Greek temple, was erected in 1818, designed by William Henry Playfair. A 6-inch refractor telescope was installed in the central dome and a 6.4-inch transit telescope was housed in the eastern wing.
The building became the Royal Observatory in 1822, but due to lack of funding, it was given back to the government in 1847. In 1888 the site of the Royal Observatory was moved to Blackford Hill and the Calton Hill Observatory was used by the Astronomical Society of Edinburgh for many years before it was abandoned and left vacant.
During its lifetime the site's main purpose was to measure time. Astronomers used the transit of certain stars through the Meridian to keep the Observatory's clock accurate for navigation purposes. For many years all ships docking in the port brought their chronometers here to be adjusted.
Offers excellent views not only of the bridge and the Kingdom of Fife but also of Arthur's Seat.
There are oodles of grass for people to picnic, watch sunsets and absorb the city from up high.
Right on top is the Collective Gallery if you're interested in contemporary art.
While a visit is free of charge and open to all, best to bring some cash in case you want to pay the £5 fee to climb the lighthouse.
Image by AlanFord on Wikimedia under Creative Commons License.
11) Museum of Childhood (must see)
If your kids are a bit fed up with visiting ancient monuments and galleries, it's time to take them to the Museum of Childhood on the Royal Mile.
In the early 1950s, Patrick Murray, a member of the Edinburgh Council, realized that a lot of children weren't very interested in the museums their parents took them to on cold, wet days. He began to think about a museum dedicated to children and everything that centers around kids – their education, their health and, of course, their toys and games. In this way, he hoped to amuse and educate both children and adults. In 1955 he founded the Museum of Childhood.
It is really a great place for everyone; the exhibits are spread out in five galleries over five floors and deal, as Mr. Murray hoped, with every aspect of childhood. In the Education section, your children can learn about how schools were run between 1950 and the present day and see photos of classic classrooms. Different uniforms are on display as well as the famous "birch rod", used to discipline unruly pupils.
There are wonderful hands-on activities with a dressing-up room and a puppet theatre. And of course, there are toys all over the place! The children will see and learn about the toys and games that kept you and your parents happy long before video games were ever thought of. They can play with dolls and teddy bears, tin soldiers with cannons that fire match-sticks, numerous board games, train sets and other toys from all around the world.
The museum has a wonderful toy shop, where you'll quickly find that your kids will be choosing a special toy to take home – and where you can perhaps buy a replacement for that favourite teddy you cuddled up with when you were a child.
To step back in time – this place is not just for families. There are all sort of interesting toys & games on display, some dating back centuries, others from recent past decades.
Free entry, but there are donation boxes as well as funny things and souvenirs you can buy on the ground floor.
Daily: 10am-5pm
Image by Akinom on Wikimedia under Creative Commons License.
12) St. Giles' Cathedral (must see)
You will find St Giles' Cathedral, or the High Kirk of Edinburgh as it is also known, on the Royal Mile and you shouldn't miss a visit to this beautiful church.
The first church to be built on the site was put up in the 12th century but was destroyed by fire and only the central pillars remain. The second church was built in 1385 and over a period of time, many chapels were added, giving the church a rather haphazard appearance. At one time the church boasted over 50 side altars, called aisles.
In 1466 the cathedral became a collegiate church and the lantern tower in the form of a crown was added in 1490. During the Reformation in 1560, most of the church's treasures were removed, stolen or sold, including the most precious relic – St Giles' withered arm and hand which had a diamond ring on one skeletal finger. The church was separated into numerous preaching halls by partition walls during this period.
Although called a cathedral, it was only one for two short periods of time during the Bishop Wars in the 17th century, so its statute of High Kirk is more important. It was restored in the 19th century, the partitions were removed and several chapels were pulled down. The most beautiful of all remaining ones is the Thistle Chapel, built in 1911 in a 15th-century High Gothic style. The wood and stone carvings are marvelous; it is filled with heraldry banners and has a breath-taking delicately carved vault.
Among the memorials here, you will see a bronze relief plaque dedicated to Robert Louis Stevenson in the Moray Aisle, a marble sculpture of James Graham, the 1st Marquis of Montrose, in the Chapman Aisle and another dedicated to Archibald Campbell, the 1st Marquis of Argyll, in the St Eloi Aisle. These two men, deadly enemies at the end of their lives, were the main signatories of the National Covenant in 1638.
Quiet, architecturally very special, and with such a wealth of spectacular stained glass that one cannot be anything else but awed.
Entry is free or by donation, but if you want to take pics, you'll need to fork over £2 for a "permit".
Best to get onto a tour as there's much you could miss just wandering on your own. A rooftop tour (£6) is also worth it.
Don't miss the café downstairs. The food is great and it is really cute.
Image by Helen Simonsson on Flickr under Creative Commons License.
13) The Elephant House
Established since 1995, The Elephant House in Edinburgh is renowned as one of the top destinations for tea and coffee connoisseurs. Eventually, the place has also become famous through association with J.K. Rowling, author of the bestselling Harry Porter series, who used to come here often, as an emerging writer, and create her early novels while sitting in the back room with a view of Edinburgh Castle. Among other literary names to have frequented The Elephant House over the years have been Ian Rankin, author of the Rebus novels, and Alexander McCall-Smith, author of The No.1 Ladies' Detective Agency, Love Over Scotland and other novels. If you consider a writing career for yourself and seek inspiration, or simply want a nice cup of tea or coffee prior to venturing out into historic Edinburgh, feel free to pop in and enjoy the place!
Image by City.and.Color on Flickr under Creative Commons License.
14) Greyfriars Bobby's Statue (must see)
Everyone loves a nice, weepy story about love and loyalty, especially if there is an animal involved! In Edinburgh, the people have erected a statue to their favourite four-legged hero and you will find the Greyfriars Bobby's Statue at the south end of the George IV Bridge.
The beginning of Bobby's history is a little vague: he was either a policeman's dog or a stray adopted by a "bobby" on his rounds, which would account for his name. The policeman's name was John Grey and he kept Bobby for two years before dying of tuberculosis in 1858.
Whether Grey lived alone or whether his widow kicked Bobby out after his master's death, isn't clear; but the little Skye Terrier found himself without a home, so he made one for himself – on his master's grave in Greyfriars Kirkyard, where he stayed for the next fourteen years until his death.
Usually, dogs aren't welcome in churchyards, but the curator took pity on him and fed him. Other people also gave him food and William Chambers, the Lord Provost of Edinburgh paid every year for his dog license, without which he would have been destroyed as a stray.
When he died, Bobby wasn't allowed to be buried on consecrated ground, so he was buried beside the Greyfriars Kirkyard gate. One of the rich ladies of the city had the memorial erected in his name with a double fountain below his statue – the upper one for humans, the lower for animals.
Many versions of the story exist, and a lot of books and films have been made about him. The race of the dog often changes, but Bobby's character remains the same – a dog who remained loyal to his master beyond the grave.
Visit the Greyfriars Kirkyard behind the statue for some incredibly interesting local history and if you're a Harry Potter fan, you can find Lord Voldemort's gravestone!
Image by Andy Hay on Flickr under Creative Commons License.
15) Greyfriars Church
It is easy to find ancient buildings in Edinburgh as the whole city is divided into two quarters: Old Town and New Town. You will find Greyfriar's Church in the former.
The construction of the church started in 1602 and it was consecrated in 1630, making it one of the oldest buildings in the Old Town district, which is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. It was built on the site of an abandoned Franciscan monastery and took its name from the monks who wore grey cassocks and were called the "Grey Friars".
In 1718 a dividing wall separated the nave for the worshippers of Old Greyfriars and New Greyfriars so that the Covenanters were separated from the Roman Catholics, while worshipping in the same church. In 1845 part of the church's roof and interior was destroyed by fire.
During restorations in the mid 19th century the beautiful stained-glass windows were added. It was the first time that such windows appeared in a Presbyterian church and it caused something of a scandal. A little later an organ was placed in the building, which caused a further scandal. The church was further renovated in 1929 and at this time the dividing wall was removed.
The adjoining graveyard is supposed to be haunted by the ghost of George Mackenzie, called the "Bloody" Lord Advocate as he was responsible for the persecution of the Covenanters. According to legend, you will have cuts and bruises wherever his hand has touched you.
Today the church hosts fashion shows, exhibitions, lectures and drama productions. The church museum is full of artefacts found in the area and you will find a comprehensive history of the Covenanters there.
Image by Rebecca Siegel on Flickr under Creative Commons License.
Walking Tours in Edinburgh, Scotland
Create Your Own Walk in Edinburgh
Creating your own self-guided walk in Edinburgh is easy and fun. Choose the city attractions that you want to see and a walk route map will be created just for you. You can even set your hotel as the start point of the walk.
Kids Entertainment Tour
Edinburgh is a city with a thousand and one things for children to enjoy. There are many sources of amusement for children of all ages, from tots to teens, such as playgrounds, toy stores, children's museums, sweet-shops, and wonderful ice cream stores to keep them happy. Take this tour and discover the best kids entertainment venues in Edinburgh!
Museums & Galleries, Old Town
Popular for its rich cultural heritage, Edinburgh attracts a large number of tourists towards its numerous history and science museums that tell the compelling story of Scotland. Edinburgh is also a city where many locals spend their free time visiting galleries and attending art events. You can find amazing collections of original artwork in the many exhibitions around town. Take this tour and... view more
Famous Squares and Streets Walking Tour
While in Edinburgh, discover the popular avenues, boulevards and streets that lead to its most famous squares. While exploring these streets, you can find a copious amount of historic and religious edifices, fashion boutiques, classy restaurants, famous market areas, and other sites. Check out the most popular Edinburgh squares and streets in the following self-guided tour.
Royal Mile Walking Tour
The Royal Mile is not in fact a street, but the name given to a succession of streets forming a thoroughfare at the heart of Edinburgh's Old Town. The thoroughfare is about a mile long and runs between the famed Edinburgh Castle and the Holyrood Palace. The Mile is home to the Courts, St. Giles Cathedral, the City Chambers, John Knox's house, and also numerous shops and restaurants. Take... view more
Religious Sites Walking Tour
Edinburgh is an enchanting city and home to numerous places of worship. The city is open to all religions and features magnificent Presbyterian and Catholic churches, the main two religions in Scotland; as well as Jewish synagogues and Islamic mosques, and even Buddhist centers. Check out this tour and visit some of Edinburgh's beautiful religious sites.
New Town Walking Tour
The New Town is a central area of Edinburgh, considered to be a masterpiece of historic city planing, and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. It is home to the National Gallery of Scotland and the Royal Scottish Academy, but also to an upmarket range of independent eateries and restaurants, as well as some of the best pubs and bars you will find in Edinburgh. Take the following tour to discover the... view more
View all walking tours in Edinburgh, Scotland
19 Best Pubs in New Town, Edinburgh
A guide to the pubs that make up the area that is called Edinburgh's New Town. A description about what you can expect from each of the locations in the directory. A fantastic directory if you are a tourist or even a...
Top 12 Pubs On and Around Royal Mile in Edinburgh
Edinburgh is a vibrant city with abundant nightlife and no shortage of places to go after dusk. The Royal Mile alone, in the very heart of Edinburgh, is laden with character spots craving to be discovered by the first time visitors to the city. This is the highlight of some of the most notable bars...
Scottish Souvenirs: 15 Authentic Scottish Things to Buy in Edinburgh
The popularity of Scotland stretches far beyond its geographical borders, fueled, in large part, by Hollywood's interest in the Scottish theme - Sean Connery (as James Bond), "Braveheart", etc. Indeed, the cultural spectrum of this part of Britain is enormous and comprises great...
Where To Stay in Edinburgh, Scotland - Guide of Best Areas and Hotels

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A memorial service was held for Joan Reed in Kankakee May 7, 2013 at the River North/Freight House Pub at 555 S. West Avenue in Kankakee. Joan's two children, her dear companion, and many community members who cared about and admired Joan came to honor and miss her.
The announcement of the memorial service, submitted several weeks in advance to a local Kankakee newspaper, somehow befell unimaginable mishaps, as was explained to the several people who called asking why the announcement was not yet in the newspaper.
Finally, the afternoon of the event, a good-hearted journalist published the "misplaced" announcement.
If Joan was here, her presence would remind us to be persistent and committed to community and to the ethical values she herself practiced.
Let Joan's memory push us to follow her lead.


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Mechnical properties : Tensile strength = 10 N/mm2 Min.
Designed for the secondary (high current) connection to automatic or hand – held metal arc welding electrodes. It is suitable for flexible use under rugged conditions, on assembly lines and conveyor systems, in machine tool and automatically operated line and spot welding machines.
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The Budget and Finance Department is responsible for the school system's budgets, financial statement preparation, purchasing, accounts receivable, accounts payable, payroll, benefits, general liability property/casualty, fleet and worker's compensation insurance as well as overseeing fundraisers, school activity accounts and booster club financials. The Chief Financial Officer is Mr. Klinton Guess. For more information, please call (229) 387-2400.


The British Conference for Undergraduate Research was a landmark in the development of undergraduate research in higher education in the UK. The conference was held at the University of Central England in Preston on the 19th – 20th April 2011 with more than one hundred and fifty delegates, most of them students. The conference gave the students the opportunity to present their own research in the context of an academic event.
The British Conference of Undergraduate Research was inspired by other conferences around the world. In particular, the National Conference of Undergraduate Research (NCUR) and the Council for Undergraduate Research( CUR), both American-based. The NCUR and CUR produce vibrant, exciting events for students to showcase their own research. For more on their work, visit their websites at www.ncurg.org and www.cur.org.
The BCUR was organised by a group of academics and students from a number of universities , led by Professor Stuart Hampton Reeves, and supported by colleagues at UCLAN.
The conference began with a keynote lecture from Professor Simon Haslett, 'A British Tsunami' . This was a terrific presentation, charting the process of how an idea for research , in this case a tsunami along Welsh coast , develops into a project of real national and international interest and the central feature of a television series. It gave a real sense of the excitement of the research process as well as demonstrating how the most interesting research often involves lots of different subject areas.
The University of Lincoln was well represented with a group of nine students from Psychology, Criminology and the Natural Sciences, who presented their work either as a paper or as a poster during the poster sessions. These included Samantha Cutter, Alex Keable, Lilleth Dickinson and Gemma Cotton.
The organisers of the conference are currently planning this event for next year. Watch this space.


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6 edition of Preparation for the Psat/Nmsqt found in the catalog.
Preparation for the Psat/Nmsqt
Eve P. Steinberg
Preliminary Scholarship Aptitude Test/National Merit Scholarship Qualifying Test
by Eve P. Steinberg
Published June 1988 by ARCO .
Test Preparation: Short-Term Take the practice test in the Official Student Guide to the PSAT/NMSQT. Understand scoring and "educated guessing." Familiarize . The Smart Edition PSAT NMSQT Study Guide for the PSAT/National Merit Scholarship Qualifying Test was designed to offer significantly more value than any other study guide on the market. We work hard to provide you with the highest quality test prep materials at an affordable price.
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Cracking the PSAT/NMSQT with 2 Practice Tests: The Strategies, Practice, and Review You Need for the Score You Want (College Test Preparation) PSAT Exam Secrets Study Guide: PSAT Test Review for the National Merit Scholarship Qualifying Test (NMSQT) Preliminary SAT. PSAT Prep Study Guide: PSAT/NMSQT Review Book and Practice Test Questions. • Remove this answer sheet from the book and use it to record your answers to this test. CHAPTER 14 / PRACTICE PSAT 2 MCGRAW-HILL'S PSAT/NMSQT. Section 1 Time—25 minutes 24 Questions (1–24) MCGRAW-HILL'S PSAT/NMSQT. B 10 The File Size: 1MB.
Pacifism as a principle and pacifism as a dogma.
You should pity us instead
The Hammond Brothers folk song collection
Thanks for Being My Friend
Memorandum on LCWP no.103
Practical illustrations of the principles of school architecture
Rebel Yell 2
Letters and papers of Charles, Lord Barham; Volume 1.
Dispersion sensitivity of the eight inch Advanced Ramjet Munitions Technology projectile due to wind and minor thrust errors
1923 fall catalogue of bulbs
Ellen, book four
Estimating real production and expenditures across nations
Laughing last
In-service study course for residential child care staff
line of fire
Preparation for the Psat/Nmsqt by Eve P. Steinberg Download PDF EPUB FB2
The best way to think of the PSAT/NMSQT is as preparation for the Preparation for the Psat/Nmsqt book. Students have hours to complete the PSAT, which is typically given at their school. Cracking the PSAT/NMSQT with 2 Practice Tests, Edition: The Strategies, Practice, and Review You Need for the Score You Want (College Test Preparation) The Princeton Review out of 5 stars You probably think this is a typical study guide, however, Accepted, Inc.'s unofficial PSAT Prep Study Guide: PSAT/NMSQT Review Book and Practice Test Questions isn't like other study guides.
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Before You Start You'll need a printer, pencil, calculator, and timer. Here are some tips: Mark your answers in the correct row of circles on the answer sheet. Be especially careful if you skip questions. It's okay to guess. You won't. Explore our list of PSAT, SAT I, & SAT II Study Guides and Prep Books at Barnes & Noble®.
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Condition is Like New. Shipped with USPS Priority on: Arnold, Maryland. Read and learn for free about the following article: Full-length PSAT/NMSQT to take on paper If you're seeing this message, it means we're having trouble loading external resources on our website.
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Finally, in this section of the article, you will be able to get access to the PSAT Prep Book PDF Free Download file format. Also, The PSAT Prep Book PDF Free Download file is on an online repository for the safer downloading of the file.
File Size: MB. DOWNLOAD LINK. COVID Update: To help students through this crisis, The Princeton Review has amended our refund and cancellation policies to ensure maximum course flexibility for those who enroll between April 21 st and May 31 full details, please click here.
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