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How is the bootloader activated when device is running?
For the sake of specificity I am referencing my question to Arduino. It applies to all AVRs with hardware USB and a bootloader though.
The bootloader is capable of receiving new program data over the USB interface, and, after programming, releases the interface. It can then for instance be used for the emulation of a serial port, or even register as a HID.
I know what a bootloader is and how it reads program data from the PC and how it writes it to the devices flash memory.
I am asking how the bootloader is triggered again if the user wants to upload a new program. The PC needs to reset the AVR in order to fire up the bootloader. How is this reset instruction implemented in Arduinos with built-in USB hardware (e.g. the Arduino Micro)? Is it solved by performing a software reset after the DTR line goes low just as in e.g. the Arduino Nano, except that the DTR line only exists in software?
EDIT: If that is the case, the solution is unique to Arduinos. I was thinking that there would be some standard way of doing it common to all AVRs.
avr bootloader
linhartr22
polwelpolwel
AFAIR, the Arduino uses the DTR signal from the serial port as a way for the host to trigger a reset of the board (it has nothing to do with USB). This is documented somewhere but I don't recall where. – Roger Rowland Dec 28 '16 at 9:40
@RogerRowland So you are saying that after the USB-to-serial decoding is done (in software, on the MC), a change in the (virtual) DTR line triggers a reset? – polwel Dec 28 '16 at 11:37
What I'm saying (or half remembering!) is that the host - the PC end - uses one of the unused serial signals - I think DTR - to reset the Arduino and therefore force it into the bootloader again. If you look at a recent Arduino schematic, you may see what the reset pin it tied to. In the original Arduinos it was necessary to manually press the reset button when programming, which was imprecise and frustrating. – Roger Rowland Dec 28 '16 at 11:40
Yes, I know that, but I am specifically asking about AVR with built-in USB capabilities, like the ATMega32u in the Arduino Micro. The USB data lines go directly into the chip. There is no physical DTR signal that could be wired to the reset pin. – polwel Dec 28 '16 at 11:43
Closing this question was premature, the OP asks a very specific question, which I don't see answered on the linked question. – Wouter van Ooijen Dec 28 '16 at 13:02
On microcontrollers with bootloader (not just AVRs), the bootloader is a separate executable in flash, and it's typically the program that runs on system startup. The application will have a special trigger, such as a button sequence, getting a specific byte sequence over I2C, or really anything that will tell the bootloader to enter into its "update" mode. From there, the bootloader will have some communication (I2C, USB, WiFi, serial, etc) to download and the flash the new application image.
This link has more information about the Arduino bootloader
On the PC side, to trigger a reset on the RESET pin, the PC (avrdude.exe or GNU/Linux equivalent) opens the serial port to Arduino when your press upload and the code is ready to upload. This causes the Data Transmit Ready (DTR) line of the USB/TTL chip to go LOW. The Arduino board has a capacitor charging circuit that uses this LOW (charging the capacitor) signal to momentarily pull down the RESET line of the ATMEGA328P chip before returning it to HIGH (capacitor charging completes). So Arduino resets each time its serial port is opened.
Upon reset, Arduino enters the bootloader.
The bootloader looks at the source that caused the reset. There are several sources that can cause a reset. If the reset was caused by the RESET pin, then it waits for one second for the PC to send in commands. When it receives valid commands, it will start accepting new Arduino code in HEX format and erase the existing code to load new one. If it doesn't receive valid commands, it times out after one second and triggers a Watch Dog Timer (WDT) reset.
For Arduinos with built-in USB, such as the Micro, the Arduino library (firmware) triggers the system reset. There's a little chunk of code that looks for the virtual COM port to open at 1200 baud and then close. When that happens, the code triggers a system reset (by writing a register, typically) which launches the bootloader.
Rather than requiring a physical press of the reset button before an upload, the Micro board is designed in a way that allows it to be reset by software running on a connected computer. The reset is triggered when the Micro's virtual (CDC) serial / COM port is opened at 1200 baud and then closed. When this happens, the processor will reset, breaking the USB connection to the computer (meaning that the virtual serial / COM port will disappear). After the processor resets, the bootloader starts, remaining active for about 8 seconds. The bootloader can also be initiated by pressing the reset button on the Micro. Note that when the board first powers up, it will jump straight to the user sketch, if present, rather than initiating the bootloader.
Because of the way the Micro handles reset it's best to let the Arduino Software (IDE) try to initiate the reset before uploading, especially if you are in the habit of pressing the reset button before uploading on other boards. If the software can't reset the board, you can always start the bootloader by pressing the reset button on the board.
Personal story: I wrote an I2C bootloader for the PIC32. The only communication with the device was through the I2C bus. The main application had a special 3 byte trigger that would set a non-initialized variable in RAM, and then trigger a system reset. The bootloader, which runs on system startup, would check that variable and if it was set, would wait for commands over I2C to download and flash the new application image. That variable in RAM had to be specially marked as non-initialized, otherwise the C startup code would clear it and the bootloader would never update.
The bootloader also calculated a CRC32 over the application image to validate it before attempting to boot. If the calculated CRC32 didn't match the stored CRC32 (which was part of the application image), then the bootloader would enter its firmware update mode. This was a guard against trying to run a corrupted firmware image, which could happen if power was pulled during the update process.
CHendrixCHendrix
Thanks for the answer. Unfortunately it still misses my main point. I know that e.g. the Arduino Nano has the DTR line hardwired to the reset pin, so the PC can reset the AVR by pulling DTR to ground. How is it done for AVRs with built-in USB hardware? Do the Arduino libraries perform a software reset upon a change in the virtual DTR line? – polwel Dec 28 '16 at 12:02
@polwel I updated the answer to hopefully provide more information about Arduinos with buit-in USB. The bootloader trigger is done within the Arduino virtual COM port library. – CHendrix Dec 28 '16 at 12:17
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Networks Ignore FRC Shooter's Use of SPLC 'Hate Map'
By Katie Yoder | February 7, 2013 4:13 PM EST
It was huge news. A map targeting those with opposing viewpoints led to a tragic attack. Partisan rhetoric was out of control and fringe-types were being driven to gun commit gun crimes. Except that, in the case of the Gabby Giffords shooting two years ago, none of those things were even remotely true. But that didn't stop the media from breathlessly conjecturing that a target-festooned map on Sarah Palin's website had pointed Jared Loughner to Rep. Giffords, and that Palin's "reload" rhetoric made him shoot.
But now we have a case in which a politically motivated shooter has confessed to choosing his targets according to a map. In fact, it was a "hate map" created by the left-wing Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC). But ABC, CBS, NBC, and CNN aren't talking.
On Feb. 6., Floyd Lee Corkins II pleaded guilty to charges, including "committing an act of terrorism with the intent to kill," for a shooting last summer at the conservative Family Research Council headquarters in Washington' D.C., that wounded one unarmed security guard. Corkins confessed he targeted FRC after discovering the organizationvia the SPLC's "Hate Map."
The map lists, "All hate groups [that] have beliefs or practices that attack or malign an entire class of people, typically for their immutable characteristics." The SPLC, "a nonprofit civil rights organization dedicated to fighting hate and bigotry … ," labeled the FRC as "Anti-Gay." The SPLC asserted that, "FRC often makes false claims about the LGBT community based on discredited research and junk science."
In reporting the plea, the broadcast networks failed to mention the map's role in the shooting. But then, the media remained silent even when the actual shooting occurred last year, except for one mention during ABC's World News with Diane Sawyer on August 16, 2012.
Nor did CNN report Corkins' use of the SPLC map – except for one mention on CNN.com. "Corkins -- who had chosen the research council as his target after finding it listed as an anti-gay group on the website of the Southern Poverty Law Center -- had planned to stride into the building and open fire on the people inside in an effort to kill as many as possible…" the website noted
While CNN also noted that the SPLC documented the FRC as a hate group since 2010, CNN failed to mention its own support of the SPLC label. Shortly after the shooting last summer, Early Start's Zoraida Sambolin said the FRC was " spewing hate" and went so far as to say, "… we kind of understand why they were labeled a hate group." CNN's Randi Kaye also used the SPLC as a reliable source for "hate groups" during a report at the time of the shooting.
FRC President Tony Perkins warned of the SPLC's in the shooting during a press conference last summer, saying, "…Corkins was given a license to shoot an unarmed man by organizations like the Southern Poverty Law Center that have been reckless in labeling organizations 'hate groups' because they disagree with them on public policy." Perkins called for recognition of the SPLC's tactics saying they, "…should be held accountable for their reckless use of terminology that is leading to the intimidation, and what the FBI here has categorized, as an act of domestic terrorism."
Unfortunately, while the law might prosecute Corkins, the media's lips are sealed.
Crime Sexuality Homosexuality Broadcast Television ABC CBS NBC CNN Family Research Council Southern Poverty Law Center Floyd Corkins
Katie Yoder
Katie Yoder was Associate Culture Editor, the Joe and Betty Anderlik Fellow at Media Research Center

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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LIVE ANALYSIS
ELECTION THREATS
Biden wins the presidency: The latest updates
Here's the latest action from the historic 2020 election.
Presidential election results
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President Donald Trump's campaign continued with its efforts to overturn the Nov 3. election, saying it had filed a new petition with the Supreme Court. | Patrick Semansky/ AP Photo
Trump wants Supreme Court to overturn Pennsylvania election results
The president and his legal team have repeatedly tried to change the outcome in Pa.
12/20/2020 06:07 PM EST
WASHINGTON — Undeterred by dismissals and admonitions from judges, President Donald Trump's campaign continued with its unprecedented efforts to overturn the results of the Nov 3. election Sunday, saying it had filed a new petition with the Supreme Court.
The petition seeks to reverse a trio of Pennsylvania Supreme Court cases having to do with mail-in ballots and asks the court to reject voters' will and allow the Pennsylvania General Assembly to pick its own slate of electors.
Sen. David Perdue speaks to the crowd during a rally with Vice President Mike Pence in support of himself and Sen. Kelly Loeffler on Dec. 10, 2020 in Augusta, Ga. | Jessica McGowan/Getty Images
GEORGIA SENATE RUNOFF 2021
GOP winning the Georgia ad war as Dems shift money to ground game
Super PACs have tilted the advertising battle toward Republicans, as Democratic donors invest in groups working on the ground.
By ELENA SCHNEIDER and JAMES ARKIN
Democrats are getting out-advertised in the Georgia Senate runoffs thanks to a megadonor-funded blitz from GOP super PACs in the races that will decide control of the Senate.
Republicans hold an overall advertising advantage across the state, largely fueled by $86 million in outside spending supporting their candidates, compared to just $30 million spent by Democratic outside groups on TV advertising so far, according to AdImpact. Democratic candidates Jon Ossoff and Raphael Warnock are hauling in record small-dollar cash, far ahead of GOP Sens. David Perdue and Kelly Loeffler — but not enough to own the airwaves.
What Happened to the Democrats Who Never Accepted Bush's Election
The 2004 vote-fraud conspiracy movement never really died. What does that mean for Trump's true believers—and America?
By JOANNA WEISS
Steven Freeman felt, in his bones, that something was wrong with the election. It was November 2, 2004, and the exit polls had predicted an overwhelming victory for Democratic presidential nominee John Kerry. But as the night rolled on, the margins grew for President George W. Bush—especially in Ohio, where the race remained uncalled as the clock ticked into the wee morning hours.
For most of the world, the uncertainty didn't last. Kerry conceded the next day, making a cordial call to Bush, after concluding that a recount in Ohio wouldn't change the outcome of the race. But Freeman, then a research scholar at the University of Pennsylvania, remembers wondering, "How could this be?" He dug around for the exit poll numbers he had fleetingly seen on TV. Then he went down a rabbit hole of statistical analysis, in search of explanations for the Bush votes that seemed to have magically appeared. A week after the election, he shared a draft of his findings with colleagues, with the conclusion that "fraud was an unavoidable hypothesis." His analysis wound up spreading widely, drawing thousands of responses from around the country: people who believed, as he did, that the election had been stolen.
The Insurrection Act has gained popularity among the far-right fringes, mainly as a way for President Donald Trump to solve all their problems. | Spencer Platt/Getty Images
MAGA leaders call for the troops to keep Trump in office
A growing call to invoke the Insurrection Act shows how hard-edged MAGA ideology has become in the wake of Trump's election loss.
An 1807 law invoked only in the most violent circumstances is now a rallying cry for the MAGA-ites most committed to the fantasy that Donald Trump will never leave office.
The law, the Insurrection Act, allows the president to deploy troops to suppress domestic uprisings — not to overturn elections.
Incoming Biden White House deputy chief of staff Jennifer O'Malley Dillon is shown in Chicago in a Dec. 28, 2011 file photo. | AP Photo/Charles Rex Arbogast
Top Biden aide walks back expletive description of Republicans
"I used some words that I probably could have chosen better," Jen O'Malley Dillon said of her recent interview with Glamour magazine.
By QUINT FORGEY and MATTHEW CHOI
Jen O'Malley Dillon, President-elect Joe Biden's campaign manager and incoming White House deputy chief of staff, walked back comments she made in a recent interview suggesting that congressional Republicans were "a bunch of f---ers."
The mea culpa came in a virtual conversation Thursday with veteran Democratic operatives Stephanie Cutter and Teddy Goff, during which O'Malley Dillon acknowledged she "used some words that I probably could have chosen better" when speaking with author Glennon Doyle for a Glamour magazine interview published Tuesday.
A supporter leaves with campaign signs during a rally for Republican Sens. Kelly Loeffler and David Perdue on Nov. 19 in Perry, Ga. | Jessica McGowan/Getty Images
GOP launches legal war on absentee voting ahead of Georgia runoffs
Federal judges will hear cases Thursday aimed at restricting absentee voting in the Jan. 5 Senate runoffs.
By ZACH MONTELLARO and JAMES ARKIN
Federal judges in Georgia rejected a pair of Republican-led lawsuits to restrict absentee voting ahead of next month's Senate runoffs — the first salvos in a GOP effort to change voting rules for future elections following President Donald Trump's loss in 2020.
Republicans filed three lawsuits — two in federal court, one in state court — in Georgia ahead of the Jan. 5 runoffs, in which hundreds of thousands of people have already voted by mail or in person for races that will decide control of the Senate in 2021. The suits primarily target the use of drop-boxes to return absentee ballots, as well as aiming to raise the threshold for signature verifiers to accept absentee ballots.
Former Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency Director Christopher Krebs testifies Wednesday before the Senate Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Committee. | Jim Lo Scalzo/Pool via AP
'Conspiracy theories and lies': Dems cry foul as GOP airs unsupported election claims
Christopher Krebs, Trump's former top election security official, said attacks on the election have undermined American democracy.
By KYLE CHENEY
A Republican-led Senate panel provided a three-hour platform for allies of President Donald Trump to dispute the results of the 2020 election, with the hearing at one point devolving into a shouting match between the top Republican and Democrat on the committee.
Throughout the partisan clash, Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Committee Chair Ron Johnson argued the forum was simply to evaluate information, while Democrats like Gary Peters countered it was giving oxygen to conspiracy theories undermining U.S. democracy.
President Donald Trump arrives on the South Lawn of the White House on Dec. 12. | Al Drago/Getty Images
Trump turns on McConnell for calling Biden president-elect
The Senate majority leader had been reluctant to recognize the president's loss in recent weeks.
By QUINT FORGEY and MARIANNE LEVINE
President Donald Trump scolded Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell on Twitter early Wednesday morning for finally acknowledging that President-elect Joe Biden won the 2020 White House race.
But Senate Republicans are just about done with the president's tweets about the election and brushed off Trump's criticism of the Kentucky Republican.
Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell speaks during a news conference with other Senate Republicans on Capitol Hill in Washington, D.C., on Dec. 15, 2020. | Nicholas Kamm/Pool via AP
How McConnell and the GOP let Trump down gently
The top Senate Republican finally recognized Biden's win, but he still needs the president's help.
By BURGESS EVERETT
Before recognizing Joe Biden as America's next president, Mitch McConnell was careful to make sure President Donald Trump was in the loop.
The Senate majority leader transmitted a message to the White House ahead of time that he would be giving remarks congratulating Biden on his win over Trump, according to a source familiar with the matter. What might have been a pro forma congratulatory speech had morphed into an exceedingly delicate issue in GOP politics: finally admitting that Biden won.
White House Press Secretary on electoral college vote: only 'one step in the constitutional process'
Former South Bend, Ind., Mayor Pete Buttigieg speaks at a meet the candidate event in Iowa. | Win McNamee/Getty Images)
The back-stage tech tool that knits together all of Democrats' data
Democratic campaigns used Civis Analytics' Platform to compile various data streams in one place.
By SCOTT BLAND
Democratic campaign tools have become household names after four years of anti-Trump fervor and organizing, from the behemoth donor platform ActBlue to the organizing app Mobilize and more. Behind the scenes, another tech tool was stitching together all the data for campaigns seeking the full picture of their supporters' activity.
Civis Analytics, a data analytics firm that grew out of Barack Obama's 2012 reelection campaign, worked with Joe Biden's campaign as well as most of his major Democratic rivals in the primary. One of the firm's top offerings was a piece of software called "Platform" — a central repository for all the data campaigns collect. The tool ported in information from all manners of different tools used by campaigns, matched identifying information in different formats into single voter records, and put it in one place so, for example, the teams recruiting volunteers can see in-close-to real time who has bought campaign T-shirts.
Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell of Kentucky speaks during a news conference at the Capitol in Washington. | Sarah Silbiger/AP Photo
McConnell warns Senate Republicans against challenging election results
His guidance comes one day after the Electoral College officially affirmed Biden's win.
By MARIANNE LEVINE and MELANIE ZANONA
Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell warned Republican senators Tuesday during a private caucus call not to object to the election results on Jan. 6, according to two sources familiar with the matter.
McConnell told his caucus that challenging the results would force Republicans to take a "terrible vote" because they would need to vote it down and appear against President Donald Trump. Senate Majority Whip John Thune (R-S.D.) and Sen. Roy Blunt (R-Mo.) also echoed McConnell's remarks.
McConnell recognizes Biden as president-elect
Joe Biden shakes hands with Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin in Moscow, Russia, Thursday, March 10, 2011. | Alexander Zemlianichenko/ AP Photo
Putin congratulates Biden on winning U.S. election
In his message, Putin wished Biden "every success," according to a Kremlin statement Tuesday.
MOSCOW — Russian President Vladimir Putin on Tuesday congratulated Joe Biden on winning the U.S. presidential election after weeks of holding out.
Putin's message to Biden came a day after the Electoral College confirmed Biden as the nation's next president, ratifying his November victory in an authoritative state-by-state repudiation of President Donald Trump's refusal to concede that he had lost.
President-elect Joe Biden speaks about the Electoral College vote certification process at The Queen theater on Dec. 14, 2020. | Drew Angerer/Getty Images
Biden puts skin in the game in Georgia
The president-elect is expending precious political capital on the Senate runoffs even before taking the oath of office.
By MARC CAPUTO and JAMES ARKIN
When Joe Biden heads to Georgia on Tuesday to campaign for Democrats Jon Ossoff and Raphael Warnock, it won't be because he wants to. He has to.
The success of the president-elect's agenda hinges on the two Senate runoff races that will decide the balance of power in the chamber. If Ossoff and Warnock fail to defeat Republican Sens. David Perdue and Kelly Loeffler on Jan. 5, it will mean a GOP-controlled Senate that's guaranteed to stand in the way of implementing Biden's policy goals.
Senate Majority Whip John Thune (R-S.D.) speaks to reporters at a news conference Dec. 8 on Capitol Hill. | Sarah Silbiger/Pool via AP
'Time for everybody to move on': Senate GOP accepts Biden's win
The Electoral College tally was finally enough for many Republicans to acknowledge reality.
By MARIANNE LEVINE, BURGESS EVERETT and ANDREW DESIDERIO
Senate Republicans are finally starting to recognize Joe Biden as the next president of the United States — even if they waited until the very last minute.
When asked on Monday afternoon whether Biden was the president-elect, some GOP senators paused and asked how far along the Electoral College count was taking place that day. Others declined to comment until results were officially certified and until Biden climbed past the necessary 270 votes.
Michigan Rep. Paul Mitchell, pictured in July 2019 on Capitol Hill, said Monday he was leaving the Republican Party. | Susan Walsh/AP Photo
Michigan congressman quits GOP over Trump's election fights
"I've had enough," said Rep. Paul Mitchell, who is becoming an independent in the final weeks of his legislative career.
By MATTHEW CHOI
Rep. Paul Mitchell is leaving the Republican Party, the Michigan congressman announced Monday, citing his dismay with President Donald Trump and the party's efforts to delegitimize the 2020 presidential election.
Mitchell revealed his decision during an interview with CNN's Jake Tapper, in which he said he'd asked the clerk of the House to change his party affiliation to "Independent." Mitchell plans to retire from Congress next month, at the end of this term.
President-elect Joe Biden speaks at the Queen Theatre on Nov. 25 in Wilmington, Del. He is expected to get 306 electoral votes. | Mark Makela/Getty Images
Electoral College affirms Biden's victory
Democratic electors cast their votes without incident in states where Trump has contested the results, like Pennsylvania and Georgia.
By KYLE CHENEY and ZACH MONTELLARO
The Electoral College officially voted on Monday to make Joe Biden the 46th president of the United States, formalizing his victory under constitutional procedure and dashing President Donald Trump's longshot hopes of reversing the 2020 election results.
The votes rolled in throughout the day, with electors gathering in all 50 state capitals and Washington, D.C., for incident-free ceremonies in line with the vote totals in those states, after legal challenges and attempts to delegitimize the election from Trump and his supporters.
Democrat Jon Ossoff, who is running in one of the runoffs to represent Georgia in the U.S. Senate, greets voters near a polling place on Election Day, Nov. 3, in Atlanta. | Photo By Tom Williams/CQ Roll Call via AP Images
OPINION | politics
The Way to Keep Georgia Blue
Voters of color turned out disproportionately in November. If Democrats want to win the Senate, they neglect voters of color at their own peril.
By CLIFF ALBRIGHT and TORY GAVITO
The 2020 presidential election has come and gone, and, predictably, the pundit class is focusing on all the wrong narratives. Specifically, we think there has been too much discussion of the shifts and opinions of white voters, specifically that Joe Biden's win in Georgia is a story of white seniors and suburbanites breaking for the former vice president; we consider this preoccupation an example of "centering whiteness."
But Democrats should remember that, despite being faced with an unprecedented pandemic and heightened attempts at voter suppression by the GOP, it was disproportionately voters of color who turned out and won the 2020 election for President-elect Biden. Voters of color turning out in record numbers didn't happen overnight. It was the result of years of on-the-ground organizing, led by local leaders, who know their communities best and have built trust over time within their respective communities.
Supporters of President Donald Trump wave a Betsy Ross flag with a circle of 13 five-point stars representing the 13 original colonies flies during a protest Dec. 12 in Washington. | Stephanie Keith/Getty Images
Vandals hit Black churches in D.C. during pro-Trump rallies
"This weekend, we saw forces of hate seeking to use destruction and intimidation to tear us apart," Mayor Muriel Bowser said.
WASHINGTON — Vandals tore down a Black Lives Matter banner and sign from two historic Black churches in downtown Washington and set the banner ablaze as nighttime clashes Saturday between pro-Donald Trump supporters and counter-demonstrators erupted into violence and arrests.
Police on Sunday said they were investigating the incidents at the Asbury United Methodist Church and Metropolitan A.M.E. Church as potential hate crimes, which one religious leader likened to a cross burning.
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Tracking the appointments, the people and the power centers of the next administration.


Open the Windows 10 anniversary update Settings app. The easy way to do this is to press Ctrl+I in your keyboard.
Select Personalization when and Settings app opens and then click on Colors in the left section of the next screen.
After this select/click on a color you want to appear in the Start Menu from the Ascent color section in the right side of the screen, then scroll down the right section and toggle on the switch titled Show color on Start, taskbar, and action center.
You can also toggle on the switch titled Make Start, taskbar, and action center transparent, if you want the color to be slightly transparent.
After you have done all this, you are good to go. But as note in those toggle switch you are to turn on, the color will not only apply to the Start Menu, but also the the Taskbar and Action Center of the Windows 10 anniversary update window.


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Saucers full of secrets: Looking into NZ's unexplained UFO sightings
The Pentagon's much anticipated UFO report was a damp squib. But there are unexplained aerial sightings that are compelling, some of them much closer to home. Bruce Munro looks at the evidence and asks, what does the existence, or non-existence, of aliens mean for us Earthlings?
Out of the blue, on a Saturday, earlier this year New Zealand's Civil Aviation Authority received a surprise email.
"I was wondering if any unusual radar activity, capturing a large signature, was recorded over Upper Hutt, Trentham, on Friday, February 12, at about 2230 hours?" the emailer inquired.
Describing themselves as a retired policeman and private pilot, the person said they had seen "a very large object" in the night sky above the ranges separating Upper Hutt from Porirua.
"I am not a nutter and I had not been drinking.
"It went right over my suburb."
The emailer described the aircraft as "around a football field" in size.
It was, they said, a perfect equilateral triangle, black, with no lights.
"I have no idea what it was but it was impressive, large, fast and totally silent."
Unidentified flying objects (UFOs) are back in the news.
Not least because the Pentagon, headquarters to the United States Department of Defence, has been promising for months that at the end of June it would release a report summarising all it knows about UFOs.
Last weekend, the Pentagon's Unidentified Aerial Phenomenon (UAP) Task Force dropped an unclassified version of that report in the lap of an expectant public. It confirmed what had been previously leaked: the task force investigation of more than 140 US military UFO sightings from the past two decades concluded there was no clear evidence of aliens.
An image from one of three US military videos of unidentified aerial phenomenon (UAP) that have been verified and declassified but remain unexplained. IMAGE: ODT FILES
The report, however, was unable to explain what UAP were. It did say none of the incidents investigated were caused by US advanced technology programmes.
It was not the history-making revelation some hoped for. For others, it gave too much respectability to the possibility of aliens.
That divide, like UFO sightings, goes much further back than the start of this millennium and reaches much further around the globe than the boundaries of US airspace.
Written reports of unnatural objects in New Zealand skies began in Balclutha, South Otago, in July, 1909, and quickly spread northwards.
On August 5, the Otago Daily Times ran a story headlined "Aerial Lights Cruising Over Otago Harbour".
The reporter had spoken to two people who said they saw the reappearance of a light that scores of people previously reported hovering over Logan Point.
"The thing came up the harbour, apparently only 20 or 30 yards above the water, with extraordinary rapidity, and then rose suddenly, swung to the left, and disappeared over the hills in the direction of Anderson's Bay," the article stated.
During July and August, strange lights and airships were reported as far north as Dargarville.
The country's next significant flying saucer flap was in 1952, when 105 UFOs were reported. That included, on the night of December 6, more than 15 similar sightings from throughout the country. But 25 years later, those reports were revealed to be a hoax hatched by University of Otago students before they dispersed throughout the country at the end of the academic year.
The country's best known UFO encounter was during two nights in December, 1978. Film footage shot on the second night made international headlines and is still unexplained.
The New Zealand Defence Force (NZDF) had begun keeping a UFO dossier in 1952. In 2010, it released a redacted version of that file — 2500 pages, in 12 volumes, representing almost 60 years of secret documents detailing eye-witness accounts and official reports of supposed sightings.
Today, Kiwi UFO sightings continue in a steady trickle. Suzanne Hansen, founder of Ufocus NZ, documents them on the organisation's website. Since February's Trentham sighting, the site lists three separate sightings in Hawke's Bay on the evening of Saturday, April 24, and a sighting over Auckland at dusk on Sunday, May 16.
Belief and scepticism have run concurrent through the years.
In 1909, in the middle of the airship sightings, Dunedin's Evening Star, ran a cartoon titled, "The Mystery — Hic — Sholved". It featured an inebriated man pointing at a lamp post and saying, "There'sh annuzer of those blessed airships — hic!"
Included in the NZDF UFO files is a letter from the Director of Civil Aviation written, in 1955, to an un-named man in Timaru who claimed he had "witnessed a flying saucer taking off from Levels airport on the evening of the 23rd of August, 1953".
The director, presumably with satirical satisfaction, replied, "The flying saucer observed by your nephew and yourself may have been carrying passengers for hire and reward, which would be contrary to the Civil Aviation Regulations, as the licence for this aerodrome does not include flying saucers in the categories of aircraft licensed for use.
"In the event that you witness any further unauthorised operations of this nature it would be appreciated if you could be more prompt in advising this Administration."
That incredulity continues today. The University of Auckland's Professor Richard Easther, who studies the physics of the early universe, puts it succinctly. If aliens had the unimaginable technology, and went to the enormous effort needed, to visit Earth, "Why would they come here and then fly around in circles like some kind of boy-racer aliens?".
It all begs the question, unanswered by last week's Pentagon report: is there intelligent alien life out there?
The considered answer, in short, is, almost certainly.
Last month, The Conversation, which produces research-based news and analysis, asked five Australian scientists — two astrobiologists, an astrophysicist, a planetary scientist and a space technologist — whether they thought aliens exist. Four out of five said, yes.
That is a profound change, compared with even 10 years ago.
What has made the difference is expanding knowledge of the cosmos.
Despite Prof Easther's scepticism about UFO sightings, he says it is reasonable to expect that the right conditions for life are present elsewhere in the universe.
"That's the Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy thing: an insignificant little planet orbiting a small yellow sun at the unfashionable end of a spiral arm of a galaxy," Prof Easther says.
"There is nothing, as far as we can tell, particularly remarkable about the circumstances in which we live."
And if life is going to emerge on more than one planet, now is a pretty good time for that to happen, he says.
This stage in the life of the universe offers the stability and raw materials for life to evolve and flourish wherever the right conditions exist.
"The atoms that make up our bodies have passed through stars ... likewise, the iron in our blood is produced in supernova explosions and returned to the cosmos.
"In that sense, you need a few billion years for that first generation of stars to be born and die, and the sun itself is four-and-a-half billion years old ... So it is true that life is more likely to 'take' now than it was 10 billion years ago."
Those "right conditions" appear much more plentiful than once believed, Prof Chris Smeenk says.
Prof Smeenk is director of the Rotman Institute of Philosophy, at Western University, Ontario, Canada.
In 2008, former Safe Air pilot Bill Startup reacquainted himself with the controls of the Merchant Enterprise he was flying on the night of a mysterious encounter with UFOs above Kaikoura in 1978. PHOTO: NZPA
His specialty is the philosophy of science, especially space-time physics and cosmology.
Within the past decade, he says, astronomers' observations have given us a much better estimate of the number of planets that could have earth-like conditions.
"And the number is large — recent estimates of about six billion within the Milky Way," Prof Smeenk says.
"Even if the development of life is a one-in-a-million occurrence on an Earth-like planet, there would be a lot of alien life in the Milky Way.
"I would say that the odds are very high that there is life with a similar level of intelligence."
If aliens have made it to our corner of the galaxy, there are a select group of sightings that are difficult to dismiss as potential evidence.
One was here in New Zealand, the 1978 Kaikoura Lights.
On the night of December 20, Air Traffic Controllers (ATC), pilots, and Royal New Zealand Air Force (RNZAF) staff all saw things they could not explain.
When recently contacted by The Mix, former ATC, John Cordy, now 88, recounted the events of that night.
Over a period of several hours, the Blenheim RNZAF staff saw lights in the sky, Cordy and fellow Wellington ATC saw the same objects on their radar and two pilots aloft in the area had visual contact with large amber-white, pulsating lights that moved at incredible speeds.
"They were objects, they were airborne and we didn't know what they were," Cordy says.
"I'd love to know what they were."
Ten days later — news of the UFOs having already spread widely — Australian television journalist Quentin Fogarty (formerly of Dunedin) was aboard night flights between Blenheim and Christchurch. On the first flight, unidentified lights were seen by pilots and passengers, and tracked by radar in Wellington. A few minutes into the return flight, a large bright light appeared and tracked alongside the plane for 15 minutes.
The film footage went worldwide.
An official investigation gave a variety of explanations — squid boats, Venus or unburnt meteors. But they have been consistently dismissed by those who were on the planes, manned the radar and have examined the film.
Other verified UFO, from this millennium, were captured on video by US Navy fighter pilots in 2004 and 2015. They show fast-moving white oval objects about 15m long without wings or exhaust, that fly while at times simultaneously rotating on their axis. The videos, which had been verified as authentic by the US Navy, were leaked to the public in 2007 and 2017.
If aliens are out there, showing off to the world's pilots, what does it matter? And does it matter if they aren't? Put another way, what is the existential and cosmological significance of the existence or non-existence of aliens?
An academic paper published last week, in Nature, revealed that four suns with potentially habitable planets are currently close enough to receive radio waves from Earth. Have they heard us?
Some think entertaining the possibility of aliens shows a desire to believe in something "other" — a primitive urge we need to outgrow.
It is the sort of approach taken by freelance journalist Sarah Scoles in her book They are already here: UFO culture and why we see saucers. Scoles, who has investigated a variety of UFO phenomenon, urges people to be wary given what she says are humans' deep-seated need to believe in something beyond themselves.
But others see it in reverse.
For Prof Smeenk, the high probability of intelligent alien life elsewhere in the universe means its absence would likely lead people to "other" conclusions.
"Non-existence would be much more striking, although I'm not sure how we would ever actually establish that," Prof Smeenk says.
"It would imply that the origin of life and the particular evolutionary trajectory on Earth were astonishingly improbable, and I expect would provide a lot of support for a new version of the Design Argument."
James Maclaurin focuses on the many ways, positive and negative, an encounter with aliens could change life on Earth.
Prof Maclaurin is a philosopher of science and is co-director of the Centre for Artificial Intelligence and Public Policy, at the University of Otago.
We are inclined to think many features of our culture and biology are inevitable in a highly intelligent evolved species, he says.
That assumption could be shaken to its core if we came face-to-whatever-counts-for-a-face with an intelligent species that has quite different expressions of art, science, ethics, sensory modalities, emotions or consciousness.
"Doubtless, some people might find very challenging the idea of aliens that are smarter than us," Prof Maclaurin says.
"Some people would likely be excited about the prospect of learning from super-intelligent aliens. Others would, perhaps sensibly, fear colonisation."
Even if aliens are, at this moment, standing on potentially habitable planets circling the red dwarf star Ross 128, Teegarden's Star and the TRAPPIST-1 system listening to us, what are the odds we will come into contact with each other?
Not high, Prof Easther suggests.
Humanity might have disappeared before those aliens could visit us, he says.
"It is conceivable that we are one of the few technologically advanced species in the universe.
"Maybe the time in which intelligent life exists on a planet is quite short."
And neither we, nor they, might ever develop the technology needed for interstellar travel.
"It could very well be that there is no easy way to do that.
"As far as we can tell, there are very few loopholes in the laws of physics ... It may be that the universe is structured in such a way that would prevent us from ever building things such as warp drives to let us travel faster than the speed of light."
The Weekend Mix confirmed with the CAA that it received an email from someone saying they had seen a football field-sized, triangular object fly over Trentham at night four and a half months ago.
Airways, which provides air traffic control in New Zealand, says it could be another month before it is able to check back through its radar record for that night.
Citing privacy concerns, the CAA would not contact the person who reported the sighting to ask if they would be happy to contact The Weekend Mix.
All there is to go on, on the Ufocus NZ website, is the unverified email exchange between the claimed retired police officer and pilot and the CAA.
"I am aware that the Wings over Wairarapa airshow are organising a fly-by of a US Air force Boeing B-52 Stratofortress for the 27th February," someone from CAA aeronautical services writes.
"If this fits your description perhaps it was a trial run?"
"No, definitely wasn't a B52,"the Trentham spotter replies.
"It was massive ... I don't believe in flying saucer rubbish but I have to admit I'm struggling with this."
Otago Daily Times
Kiwi chicks take flight
Baby names you weren't allowed in 2021
Youth worker joins Aranui bike repair project
Expert says Brian Tamaki sees himself as a 'martyr'
Keeping our beaches safe
Cuddle Hearts help mums and bubs
Power and peace of land and sea channelled in art
92-year-old Nancy's love for the surf still going strong
Plan to stop using coal to power Lyttelton tug boat
Booze injuries and how much it is costing
Revealed: Most popular baby names in 2021
Search for owners of wedding rings found in Tongariro National Park
How do you cope when your child is diagnosed with a severe illness?
'Just in case' advice helps in shock death
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text:
Q: React: Arrow function expected a return value array-callback-return I have the following snipper of code and I get an error Arrow function expected a return value  array-callback-return but I can't find the problem out.
  render() {
    return (
      <div>
        <Form addCharacter={this.addCharacter} name="Rick" />
        <Input
          onChange={this.filterCharacters}
          placeholder="Filters characters"
        />
        <Container>
          <Row>
            {this.state.characters.map((ch, i) => {
              if (ch.name.contains(this.state.filter_name)) {
                return (
                  <Col>
                    <Card
                      key={i}
                      img={ch.image}
                      rmCharacter={this.rmCharacter}
                      name={ch.name}
                      status={ch.status}
                      gender={ch.gender}
                      episode={this.extractEpisodes(ch.episode)}
                    />
                  </Col>
                );
              } else {
                return;
              }
            })}
          </Row>
        </Container>
      </div>
    );
  }

I set an else in the if to make sure I'm always returning something, but it doesn't seem to work.
Thanks a lot in advance!

A: The problem appears to be with the map as you're trying to map items but when it goes to else, you're just doing a return.
Instead of an if else in the map function, I'll rather filter and then map on this.state.characters and remove the internal if else check.
this.characters.filter(..).map(..);

A: you can do like this,
          {
            this.state.characters.map((ch, i) => ch.name.contains(this.state.filter_name) &&
                <Col>
                  <Card
                    key={i}
                    img={ch.image}
                    rmCharacter={this.rmCharacter}
                    name={ch.name}
                    status={ch.status}
                    gender={ch.gender}
                    episode={this.extractEpisodes(ch.episode)}
                  />
                </Col>
              )
         }

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Vertical Village
Project type: Urban Planning, Highrise, Hotel
Time: non-disclosed
GRAFT with Brad Pitt
Vertical Village is a residential, hotel and entertainment development that harnesses the most powerful renewable energy source in the desert: the sun. Arranged to reduce solar gain and maximize solar production, the buildings are massed as self-shading slabs at the north end of the site on the east-west axis to reduce low-angle sun penetration. At the southern end of the site, a vast array of solar collectors is optimally angled toward the sun, facing the main public strip as a potent gesture of the development's sustainable aspirations, which are confirmed by its LEED Gold rated performance.
The solar roof behaves much like a leaf, with veins that divide the solar field into serviceable units and also transport energy, in this case hot water, back to the building where the energy is used to significantly reduce the need for air conditioning and to provide hot water. Beneath the roof lies an urban-scale entertainment district of cinemas, restaurants, shops and a theatre. The scale and degree of privacy transitions from the main entertainment strip to the south and the residential and hotel towers to the north.
The sculptural inclined sliced wedges of the residential and hotel buildings give each building a unique, identifiable appearance, and together form a distinctive skyline that shifts as one drives by. As one approaches the complex, the spaces between the slabs are revealed, then meld together, disappear and reappear, creating a theatrical effect, a subtle and poetic reference to the entertainment functions within the complex.


Paradise Valley Mountain Side Estate. This exceptional estate's walls of glass capture views of the North Valley. This beautiful home offers 5 bedroom suites. The master provides a tranquil escape with sitting room fireplace and private terrace with sunset views. Soaring ceilings, elegant fireplaces and breath taking views from every room. Large gourmet kitchen. An observation deck with plenty of room for dining and seating line the back of the home with a second level patio with dramatic pool & spa. Visit home to truly appreciate. Also available for furnished lease MLS 575168 Seller will consider lease purchase.
Property Co-Listed with Jeni Agha – 480-543-0301.


text:
MITSOTAKIS, PIKRAMMENOS MEET WITH KIS CHAIRMAN & SECRETARY GENERAL
ATHENS -- Prime Minister Kyriakos Mitsotakis and Deputy Premier Panagiotis Pikrammenos met with Central Board of Jewish Communities in Greece (KIS) Chairman David Saltiel and Secretary General Victor Eliezer, at the Maximos Mansion on Thursday.
According to government sources, they welcomed the appeals court ruling on Wednesday condemning the former parliamentary party Golden Dawn as a criminal oganization, and said that it was a historic verdict for Greek justice.
Saltiel said the Jewish communities of Greece had expressed concern when members of the Golden Dawn took seats in parliament in 2012, and recalled the stances of former PM Antonis Samaras and the current PM that the Greek state will not tolerate violence by any neo-Nazi group.
The two sides also discussed the construction of the Holocaust Museum in Thessaloniki and the events scheduled during Greece's presidency in 2021 of the International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance (IHRA), as well as events in the context of the 200th anniversary of the Greek uprise for independence in 1821.
SOURCE: thenationalherald.com, 8.10.2020


text:
Een AV-receiver oftewel audio-videoreceiver is een van de vele componenten van consumentenelektronica, typisch te vinden in een thuisbioscoopsysteem. Het hoofddoel van een AV-receiver is het versterken van geluid vanuit meerdere audiobronnen, alsook het doorgeven van videosignalen naar de televisie, vanuit verschillende bronnen.
De gebruiker kan het apparaat programmeren en configureren, waarbij de invoer komt uit verschillende bronapparaten zoals videocassettespelers, dvd-spelers en blu-rayspelers. Hierbij kan op eenvoudige wijze de bron geselecteerd worden en doorgestuurd worden naar een weergaveapparaat, zoals een monitor of televisie. Ook kan de audio uitgestuurd worden naar de eindversterker waar luidsprekers op aangesloten kunnen worden.

Gebruik
De term receiver of ontvanger werd oorspronkelijk gebruikt voor een component die een tuner, voorversterker en een eindversterker bevat. Deze werden vroeger receivers genoemd. De ingebouwde tuner in deze apparaten gaf de naam receiver mee aan het apparaat.

Toen de home-entertainmentopties werden uitgebreid, veranderde ook de rol van de receiver. De mogelijkheid om een verscheidenheid aan digitale audiosignalen te verwerken kwam op de voorgrond te staan. Meer versterkercircuits werden toegevoegd voor surroundgeluid. Ook werd er videoschakeling toegepast om het geheel eenvoudiger te maken. Vanaf 2006 werd er meer en meer videoverwerking toegevoegd aan de receivers. Wat eerst de taak was van het bronapparaat werd langzamerhand overgenomen door de receiver.

De term audio-videoreceiver (afgekort AVR), hometheaterreceiver of surroundreceiver wordt gebruikt om onderscheid aan te brengen ten opzichte van de eenvoudiger stereo receiver.

Mogelijkheden

Radio-ontvangst
Receivers hebben meestal een ingebouwde tuner voor AM- en FM-radio-ontvangst. Satellietradiotuners zijn ook aanwezig in veel moderne receivers, waarbij ontvangst met een externe antenne mogelijkheden creëert om satellietradiosignalen op te vangen.

Sommige modellen hebben een HD-radiotuner, of een internetradio- en pc-streamingtoegangsmogelijkheden met een ethernetpoort.

Decoders
AV-receivers hebben meestal een of meer decoders aan boord voor bronnen die meer dan twee kanalen aan audio-informatie leveren. Dit is gebruikelijk bij geluid dat bij een film is ingesloten. Deze audiosporen kunnen via een aantal gecodeerde formaten weggezet zijn in de film.
Het eerste gebruikelijke formaat was Dolby Pro Logic. Dit formaat bevat een centrumkanaal en een surroundkanaal. Receivers die een Dolby Prologic-decoder aan boord hadden konden deze twee toegevoegde kanalen gescheiden houden van de links/rechts-kanalen. Deze twee extra kanalen waren namelijk gemixt in de linker- en het rechterkanaal met een proces wat 'matrixing' wordt genoemd.

Tijdens de introductie van de dvd werd het Dolby Digitalformaat standaard. Dolby Digital-readyreceivers bevatten ingangen en versterkers voor extra kanalen. De meeste AV-receivers vanaf 2004 bevatten een Dolby Digital-decoder en ten minste een digitale S/PDIF-ingang. Deze kan aangesloten worden op een bron die eenzelfde Dolby Digital-uitgang heeft.

Een andere geluidsdecoder die standaard in een AV-receiver zit is DTS. Toen Dolby Labs en DTS de technologie hadden geïntroduceerd om een extra audiokanaal voor achter en centrum toe te voegen vond het zijn weg ook naar de AV-receivers. Receivers met zes versterkers (bekend als 6.1-receivers) hebben zowel de Dolby- als DTS-technologie. Dit zijn Dolby Digital EX- en DTS ES-decoders.

Dolby introduceerde later een techniek waarbij een stereobron kan worden afgespeeld alsof hij gecodeerd is in surroundgeluid. Zij noemden dit Dolby Pro Logic. DTS introduceerde een gelijkwaardige techniek en noemde deze NEO:6. Het aantal kanalen werd vergroot op de receivers (7.1 of hoger), waardoor er andere decoders werden ontwikkeld en Dolby Labs met Dolby Pro Logic IIx kwam.

Met de introductie van high-definition-spelers, zoals blu-rayspelers en hd-dvd-spelers, ontstond de noodzaak voor receivers om de nieuwe audioformaten te ondersteunen. Dolby TrueHD- en DTS-HD Master Audio-decoders kwamen beschikbaar in de receivers vanaf 2007.

DSP-effecten
De meeste receivers bieden een speciale digitale signaalprocessor (DSP). Hierbij kan de receiver bepaalde voorinstellingen van audio-effecten toevoegen, om zodoende de audio aan te passen aan wensen van de gebruiker. Sommige bieden simpele equalizers en balansregulatie, maar er zijn ook meer complexe DSP-simulaties voor het nabootsen van een specifieke geluidsomgeving, zoals "Hall", "Arena", "Opera" enz. Hierbij wordt het geluid gesimuleerd door surroundgeluid en echo-effecten toe te voegen om geluid weer te geven zoals dat ook gehoord wordt op die ingestelde plaatsen.

Versterking
Stereoreceivers hebben twee versterkers, terwijl AV-receivers er meerdere hebben. Standaard hebben AV-receivers vijf versterkers. Deze worden dan ook 5.1 receiver genoemd. Zij leveren een linker-, rechter-, centrum-, linkssurround- en een rechtssurroundspeakeraansturing. 7.1 receivers worden ook steeds meer algemeen en leveren twee extra kanalen voor linksachter en rechtsachter.

De '.1' refereert aan het LFE-kanaal (low frequency effect). Dit wordt meestal verstuurd naar een subwoofer met een eigen versterker. 5.1 en 7.1 receivers hebben meestal geen versterker voor dit kanaal. In plaats daarvan hebben ze een lijnuitgang.

Er zijn verschillende standaarden om het uitgangsvermogen te bepalen. Verschillende landen hebben verschillende regels over hoe fabrikanten dit moeten bepalen en specificeren. Het is niet altijd mogelijk om twee producten met elkaar te vergelijken. Zo kan een receiver met een lager vermogen toch meer geluidssterkte leveren dan een receiver die lager geclassificeerd is met het vermogen. De meeste receivers gebruiken een Klasse AB-versterker. Sommige fabrikanten produceren receivers met een Klasse D-versterker. Klasse D-versterkers zijn efficiënter en kunnen kleiner en lichter dan eenzelfde Klasse AB-versterker gemaakt worden. Normaal wordt de eindversterker met een lage spanning gevoed. De versterker schakelt naar een hogere spanning wanneer de geluidssterkte verder wordt opengedraaid, om zodoende een signaal te produceren zonder clipping.

AV-in- en uitgangen
Er zijn verschillende aansluitmogelijkheden op een AV-receiver. Standaardaansluitingen zijn:
 Analoge audio (tulpstekker), of soms XLR-aansluiting)
 Digitale audio (S/PDIF; Toslink, of met tulpstekker afgewerkte coaxiale kabel)
 Composiet video (tulpstekker)
 S-Video
 Scart-video
 Component video (tulpstekker)
 HDMI (High-Definition Multimedia Interface)

Analoge audio aansluitingen gebruiken meestal tulpstekkers/RCA-stekkers in stereoparen. Daarnaast kan ook de minder gebruikte XLR-aansluiting gebruikt worden. Deze zijn meestal terug te vinden in duurdere receivers. Het voordeel van XLR is dat het audiosignaal over langere afstanden verzonden kan worden zonder veel signaalverlies.
Digitale aansluitingen verzorgen de doorgang van PCM-, Dolby Digital- of DTS-audio. Gebruikelijke apparaten zijn cd-spelers, dvd-spelers, satellietreceivers, en blu-rayspelers.

Composiet-videoaansluitingen gebruiken tulpstekkers (RCA). Composiet video is standaard op alle AV-receivers aanwezig. Hierdoor kan er geschakeld worden tussen VHS-spelers, kabeltuners en spelcomputers. S-Video-aansluitingen leveren een betere kwaliteit dan composiet video. Het maakt gebruik van een DIN-jack. Scart-aansluitingen kunnen een betere kwaliteit doorgeven dan S-Videokabel, door middel van het RGB-signaal. Zowel de bron als de receiver moeten RGB kunnen ondersteunen op de scartin- en uitgang. Het levert minder kwaliteit dan component video. Een Scart-stekker kan zowel video als audio in een aansluiting overbrengen.

Component video is de beste aansluiting voor analoge video.

HDMI is bijna standaard aanwezig op alle receivers vanaf 2008. Het levert zowel audio als video over een kabel. HDMI is een relatief nieuwe technologie en sommige apparaten, zoals kabel- en satelliettuners kunnen nog weleens problemen veroorzaken wanneer deze door de AV-receiver gaan. Sommige receivers schakelen alleen de video en ondersteunen geen audioverwerking. Sommige ondersteunen geen meerkanaals LPCM. Meerkanaals LPCM is een bekende manier voor Blu-ray- en HD-DVD-spelers om het beste geluid over te dragen.

Videoconversie en upscaling
Sommige receivers kunnen videosignaal converteren van het ene formaat naar het andere. Dit wordt upscaling (opschalen) of transcoderen genoemd.
Ook kunnen receivers de lijnen verdubbelen (de-interlacing om er een progressief signaal van te maken (progressive scan). Zo kan een receiver een PAL-signaal van 576 interlaced lijnen (567i) verdubbelen met zijn de-interlacer en dit tegelijkertijd upscalen naar bijvoorbeeld 720 progressive lijnen (720P) of zelfs 1080 progressive lijnen (1080P).

Een aantal fabrikanten die videoconversie en upscaling-chips leveren, zijn Anchor Bay, DCDi, Faroudja, Realta, Reon, en Silicon Optix.

Netwerk
Vanaf 2009 zijn veel AV-receivers uitgerust met een RJ-45-connector voor ethernet. Hiermee kan de AV-receiver verbinding maken met een pc of Network-attached storage-apparaat (NAS). Om deze verbinding te kunnen leggen, zodat audio, video en afbeeldingen kunnen worden gestreamd, wordt er doorgaans gebruikgemaakt van het DLNA-protocol (UPnP). Dit is een standaard die de overdracht van multimediabestanden vergemakkelijkt tussen losstaande apparaten (tv's, stereo- en AV-receivers, draadloze monitoren en spelcomputers) en pc's.
De AV-receiver fungeert als DMP (Digital Media Player) en DMR (Digital Media Renderer). De bestanden worden van een DMS (Digital Media Server) gehaald. Deze server (software) is geïnstalleerd op een pc of een NAS.

Fabrikanten
Bekende fabrikanten van AV-receivers zijn Denon, Harman Kardon, JVC, Marantz, Onkyo, Panasonic, Pioneer, Sony, en Yamaha.

Zie ook
 Digital media receiver
 Home Theater PC
 Thuisbioscoop
 THX
 Versterker

Externe links
  Block Diagram of a typical Receiver
  What To Look For In a Receiver
  DLNA

Consumentenelektronica

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Innocent about the meaning of war and looking for adventure along with so many others, Aidan Jackson, known as Jack, sets out for Gallipoli with his bugle. He becomes best mate to Harry, who later brings Jack's bugle home.
This book is a salute to the men at Anzac Cove. It's a hymn to the mateship and camaraderie shared in the sands of Egypt, and the trenches. And amidst the bullet fire, it's always mates looking after mates with loyalty and sacrifice.
Ever present in the story is the bugle; Jack's Bugle, that brought something singular to the men at Gallipoli and which remained along with a bent photo, the only reminder for Harry of his friend.
Krista Bell has again used a single object - the bugle - to create an interesting reflection on the war that was to end all wars. The story of the bugle is in itself a whole separate tale, uncovered at the end. These books are treasures and serve to remind us Lest We Forget.
Outstanding watercolour illustrations by Belinda Elliott take the reader back to the time and place perfectly with her perceptive translation of the text.


text:
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.ComponentModel;
using System.Globalization;
using System.Text;
using global::SharpDX;

#if !NETFX_CORE
namespace HelixToolkit.Wpf.SharpDX
#else
#if CORE
namespace HelixToolkit.SharpDX.Core
#else
namespace HelixToolkit.UWP
#endif
#endif
{
    using Utilities;

#if !NETFX_CORE
    [Serializable]
    [TypeConverter(typeof(Color4CollectionConverter))]
#endif
    public sealed class Color4Collection : FastList<Color4>
    {
        public Color4Collection()
        {
        }

        public Color4Collection(int capacity)
            : base(capacity)
        {
        }

        public Color4Collection(IEnumerable<Color4> items)
            : base(items)
        {
        }

        public static Color4Collection Parse(string source)
        {
            IFormatProvider formatProvider = CultureInfo.InvariantCulture;

            var th = new TokenizerHelper(source, formatProvider);
            var resource = new Color4Collection();

            Color4 value;

            while (th.NextToken())
            {
                value = new Color4(
                    Convert.ToSingle(th.GetCurrentToken(), formatProvider),
                    Convert.ToSingle(th.NextTokenRequired(), formatProvider),
                    Convert.ToSingle(th.NextTokenRequired(), formatProvider),
                    Convert.ToSingle(th.NextTokenRequired(), formatProvider));

                resource.Add(value);
            }

            return resource;
        }

        public string ConvertToString(string format, IFormatProvider provider)
        {
            if (this.Count == 0)
            {
                return String.Empty;
            }

            var str = new StringBuilder();
            for (int i = 0; i < this.Count; i++)
            {
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Australia Geography Overview
In the accounts of the first voyages made in the southern hemisphere, the epithet of "austral" also appears: thus the journey of Le Maire (1617) from Cape Horn to Java is described as "Australische Navigation". In 1606 de Quiros gave the largest island of the New Hebrides the name of Austrialia del Espirito Santo in honor of an Austrian prince, and the name was then erroneously repeated in the form "Australia" and applied, no longer any relation to the Austria, to the mainland. This, at the time of the discovery, was called by the Dutch Terra Australis and later New Holland; and it seems that only in 1788 the term Australia was used for the first time by a French writer, later supported by Flinders in 1804 and by Governor Macquarie in 1817. But the British government continued to use the term New Holland until 1849. Under the name Australia we generally include the main island and the smaller Tasmania which is only 260 km away. According to Findjobdescriptions, Lord Howe Island, 485 km. to the east, it is part of the constituency of the city of Sydney. Norfolk Island, 1300km. to E., occupied in 1788, was for many years a colony of the Crown and administered by New South Wales; but since 1914 it has become one of the territories of the Federation. The Macquarie Islands, 965 km. to S. of New Zealand, are annexed to Tasmania, but except for whaling landings,
On 23 August 1770, Captain Cook, in the name of King George III, took possession of the east coast and in 1788 the whole eastern portion of the continent up to 135 ° E. and the island of Tasmania, were declared British possession. In 1825 the border was extended to 129 °, which still marks the border of Western Australia; two years later, the remainder of the continent was also annexed to Great Britain. New Zealand was also more or less united with Australia until 1841. In 1825 Tasmania, which had already been recognized as an island in 1798, was declared a separate colony under the name of Van Diemen's Land, changed to the current one in 1856. Western Australia was established as a colony in 1829, but with the border at the height of the Head of Bight (the summit of the Great Southern Bay), hence a territory of 181,000 sq km remained between it and South Australia. called No man's Land, which was only incorporated into the state in 1861. In 1846 a separate state was established with the capital (Gladstone) north of Brisbane, but the following year the order was revoked and no new colony arose in the north until 1859, when Queensland was founded. The border of this first reached up to 141 ° E. and only in 1862 was it extended to 138 °. In the meantime the state of Victoria had been separated (1851), with the boundary determined for the most part by the Murray River. Subsequent political changes mainly concern the Northern Territory. Until 1863 it was no more than an uninhabited outer portion of New South Wales; it was later joined to South Australia. On January 14, 1901, all the colonies were united under the name of the Australian Commonwealth; on January 1, 1911, the Northern Territory was ceded by South Australia to the government of the Federation, and, with the same date, a region of 2360 sq km. (Canberra), ceded by New South Wales, was declared the territory of the federal capital. In 1927 the Northern Territory was divided, along the 20th parallel, into two parts called Northern Australia and Central Australia, independent of each other and administered by the federal government.
British New Guinea (Papua), annexed by the British government in 1884, and for several years administered by Queensland, also passed to federal government in 1905. In September 1914, Australian troops occupied German New Guinea: the territory remained under military rule until 1921, and then passed to the Federation as a mandate on behalf of the League of Nations; it also includes the Bismarck Archipelago and the northern Solomon Islands.
Leaving aside the theoretical speculations, which can also be found among the ancients, about the possibility of a land at the antipodes of our habitable land, and equally disregarding the belief in the existence of a hypothetical southern continent of which the earth seemed to be the first sign mysterious orlante to S. the strait discovered by Magellan, it is certain that we cannot speak with certainty before the century of a discovery of the Australian land (which is quite another thing). XVII. Perhaps some echo of the existence of such a large region is already in the vague hints of Marco Polo and Varthema on the SE islands. of Asia; perhaps Portuguese navigators or others of the sixteenth century, sailing to the Malay islands, had some inkling or knowledge of it; Augumentum descriptionis Ptolemaicae of 1598; but certainly, if there was a discovery, the rivalries between Spain and Portugal, whereby each state concealed its own discoveries or reported longitudes "cautiously brought false" (as Juan Gaetan recalls), meant that nothing for sure leaked out.
But, fell with the end of the century. XVI the ephemeral Asian empire of the Portuguese, the Dutch power resumed all maritime activities in the East Indies, and soon the first adventurous voyages to the northern and western coasts of the new continent begin to take place from the Sunda islands. While in 1606 the Spaniard Luis Vaez de Torres, coming from the Luisiades, passed through the strait that later had his name and continued his journey to the Moluccas without knowing that he had passed between Australia and New Guinea, Willem Janszoon with the ship Duyfken, from the Federico Enrico island, adjacent to the SW. of New Guinea, descended into the Gulf of Carpentaria, without suspecting the existence of the Torres Strait, and skirted the W coast of the Cape York Peninsula as far as Cape Keerweer (first safe Australian discovery), however, considering this coast a continuation of the New Guinea. A few years later (1616) Dirk Hartogszoon, taking a more southerly route from the Cape of Good Hope to Java than usual, met the west coast of Australia at the island that still bears his name and followed it North; others in the following years made the same journey, the ship Leeuwin recognized the extreme tip of Australia to the SW., Gerrit De Witt also discovered the coast to the NW. who retains his name (1628), Pieter Nuyts and François Thijszoon, on a voyage of which too little is known (1627), traveled the southern coast from the W, discovering the whole of the Great Bay up to 133 ° E. So in just twelve years most of the western boundary was discovered, while some progress was also made in N.: Jan Carstenszoon in 1623 with the ships Pera and Arnhem explored the Gulf of Carpentaria and left his name to the Land of Arnhem, Pieter Pieterszoon in 1636 discovered more to the West the island of Melville and the adjacent stretch of coast.
Tagged Australia
Australia History Between 1788 and 1830 – Criminal Colonization Part I
Criminal colonization (1788-1830). – Australia, due to its vastness, geographical position, political and social importance, is the essential part of that complex of lands that in the English colonization passes under the name of Australasia (Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand and adjacent islets). Its seas began, in all probability, to be crossed by chance by Portuguese and […]
Australia Geography and Population
Australia is a independent federal state within the Commonwealth (since 1901; head of state is the sovereign of the United Kingdom). The territory coincides with the homonymous continent (➔ Australia), but also includes the island of Tasmania. Physical characteristics The territory can be divided into three zones: the Great Dividing Range, formed by a series […]
Australia During World War II
The industrialization of the country, already advanced before the war (work in industry: 1933, 21%; 1937, 40%), reached its peak in the first years of the war (see below), then decreased, compared to primary production, with the intervention of the United States, but in the post-war period it was able to maintain an almost constant […]


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Posted inEconomy and Inequality, Politics and Movements: International, Politics and Movements: US
Inequality is Declining in Latin American and Sub-Saharan Countries
by Stephanie Seguino February 17, 2014 September 23, 2020
Policy measures and increased Chinese demand for minerals have respectively led to a narrowing of inequality in Latin America and sub- Saharan Africa, while inequality has risen in the former Soviet countries and Asia
JESSICA DESVARIEUX, TRNN PRODUCER: Welcome to The Real News Network. I'm Jessica Desvarieux in Baltimore.
There's a new report out titled Humanity Divided: Confronting Inequality in Developing Countries. Its main thesis is that inequality is growing worldwide, and it sets out recommendations on how to tackle it.
Now joining us is one of the coauthors of the report, Stephanie Seguino. She's a professor of economics at the University of Vermont and a research scholar at the PERI institute at the University of Massachusetts Amherst.
Hi, Stephanie. Thank you so much for joining us.
STEPHANIE SEGUINO, PROF. ECONOMICS, UNIV. VERMONT: Thank you for having me.
DESVARIEUX: So, Stephanie, in your report you discuss the growth of inequality worldwide. First of all, can you explain a bit of your process? And how did you reach your conclusion?
SEGUINO: Sure. So the process focuses primarily–the report focuses primarily on developing countries. But also we did an analysis of developed countries as well. And the primary indicator of inequality that we use is the GINI coefficient. So that measures the dispersion of income, household income, several measures before taxes and after taxes. And we compare this to what existed in 1990 and how that GINI coefficient has changed by 2010.
DESVARIEUX: So, Stephanie, can you speak to specific examples where you're seeing a great rise in income inequality? And why does that even matter?
SEGUINO: Sure. Well, first of all, what was interesting about the report is that there is a rise in inequality in developed countries and developing countries. But there were also instances of falling inequality. So it's to suggest that actually something can be done. It's not inevitable that inequality increases during this period of time.
We found that the greatest increases in inequality were primarily in the former Soviet countries, the so-called Commonwealth of Independent States, as well as in Asia. So in Asia particularly, which is the most rapidly growing region, we've also seen the really stark increase in inequality, a 25 percent increase in inequality measured as the GINI coefficient. And if we look at the population covered by the developing countries in which inequality has increased, it's roughly 75 percent of the population in developing countries that live in countries where inequality has increased.
DESVARIEUX: So let's talk about those countries where we saw a decline. Which ones specifically?
SEGUINO: Well, in Latin America, a fairly significant percentage–three-quarters of Latin American countries–have seen a decline in inequality. And one of the reasons that that is significant is that this is also a region that had very high inequality in 1990. So it's very significant that during this period in which countries are experiencing this, widening gaps, the Latin American countries have been able to overcome that, or at least to some extent. They've been able to bring down those gaps to some extent.
The other region of the world in which we see declining inequality is Sub-Saharan Africa.
DESVARIEUX: Those would not be the two regions where I would think that you would see this. Can you speak to which specific Latin American countries and which Sub-Saharan countries are you talking about here?
SEGUINO: Sure. So in Latin America, the countries like Brazil, which had very high inequality, Argentina, for example. Some countries did not see a decline, such as Chile, for example. So in Sub-Saharan Africa, it was just really–just a wide variety of countries had an increase–sorry–a decrease in inequality.
And I think, you know, the difference between the two–the reasons that inequality fell in these two regions differed. In Latin America, the reason–the decline in inequality was largely policy-driven. It was largely a function of policies like raising the minimum wage, and conditional cash transfer programs that targeted the poor, and particularly affected women and female-headed households. In Sub-Saharan Africa, a lot of it has to do with the commodity boom that results from the growth of China and the increased demand for these minerals and so forth that are produced in Sub-Saharan Africa, whose prices have been driven up because of the strong demand from China.
DESVARIEUX: Okay. And there are some that would argue, Stephanie, that growing inequality is natural in a capitalistic society. So how do you respond to those that say reform will never address, really, the structural nature of inequality?
SEGUINO: Well, I think that's true, that capitalism is a system that produces and reproduces inequality. And that's the reason that deregulation and a reduced role of the state, which is what we've observed over the last 20 years, has contributed to the growth of inequality.
If you look at the period between 1929 and roughly 1973 in Europe and the United States, what we've seen is declining inequality. And that largely had to do with a labor-corporate compact. It had to do with regulation of businesses that made them accountable to the local communities in which they worked, and the rules limited their bargaining power.
But what's happened since 1973, really, is that although workers are immobile, firms are free to roam the globe for places to produce the highest profits, or they're able to outsource. And that's really, you know, in my view, the crux of what has happened, along with financial deregulation that's caused a whole host of other problems.
And so there's nothing inevitable about inequality. I would say maybe it is inevitable that you have inequality if you have unregulated capitalism. But if you're willing to regulate, if you're willing to intervene in targeted ways, then inequality can be reduced.
DESVARIEUX: Alright. Stephanie Seguino, professor of economics at the University of Vermont, thank you for your very, very interesting report.
SEGUINO: Thank you.
DESVARIEUX: And thank you for joining us on The Real News Network.
Stephanie Seguino
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Stephanie Seguino is a professor of economics at the University of Vermont and a research scholar at the PERI Institute at the University of Massachusetts Amherst. She is also a Professorial Research Associate at the Department of Development Studies, School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS) at the University of London.
More by Stephanie Seguino