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APA Formatting and Style Guide (7th Edition)
Reference List: Other Non-Print Sources
General Format
In-Text Citations: The Basics
In-Text Citations: Author/Authors
Reference List: Basic Rules
Reference List: Author/Authors
Reference List: Articles in Periodicals
Reference List: Books
Reference List: Other Print Sources
Reference List: Electronic Sources
Reference List: Audiovisual Media
Footnotes & Appendices
Numbers & Statistics
APA Headings and Seriation
APA PowerPoint Slide Presentation
APA Sample Paper
Tables and Figures
APA Classroom Poster
Changes in the 7th Edition
General APA FAQs
Note: This page reflects the latest version of the APA Publication Manual (i.e., APA 7), which released in October 2019. The equivalent resource for the older APA 6 style can be found here.
Please note: the following contains a list of the most commonly cited non-print sources. For a complete list of how to cite non-print sources, please refer to the 7th edition of the APA Publication Manual.
Interviews fall into three categories: published interviews, personal interviews, and research participant interviews. However, only published interviews require a formal citation in your reference list.
A published interview is found in places like a radio show, newspaper, or magazine. To cite a published interview, adhere to the format for that particular reference type (i.e., if the interview is on a podcast, cite the podcast). For more information on citing sources where an interview might appear, visit the Articles in Periodicals page or the Electronic Sources page.
A personal interview is considered personal communication and does not require a formal citation in your reference list. See below for more information.
A research participant interview is an interview conducted as part of your research project. You might address this in the body of your paper, saying something like, "As part of my study, I interviewed fifty participants about their involvement with intramural sports." However, you do not need to formally cite this in your reference list.
Presentation at Conference or Symposium
Whether you're citing a keynote address, a paper presentation as part of a symposium, or a poster presentation, follow the guidelines below. While some presentations are published after they're given, others do not have a written component. If the presentation is published, follow the guidelines for citation as laid out in the Other Print Sources page. Be sure to include a URL if the publication is available online.
Presentation Without an Online Source
Contributor, A. A., Contributor, B. B., Contributor, C. C., & Contributor, D. D. (Year, Month Day). Title of contribution [Description of contribution]. Title of Symposium/Conference, Location.
Matson, E. (2018, Nov. 5). Drones and autonomous vehicles: The latest new technology to come with potential threat [Conference session]. Dawn or Doom 2018 Conference, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States.
Presentation With Online Source
Contributor, A. A., Contributor, B. B., Contributor, C. C., & Contributor, D. D. (Year, Month Day). Title of contribution [Description of contribution]. Title of Symposium/Conference, Location. URL
Bailey, C. (2019, April 5). How to get your brain to focus [Address]. TEDxManchester, Manchester, U.K. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hu4Yvq-g7_Y
Individual Presentation in a Larger Symposium/Panel
Contributor, A. A., Contributor, B. B., Contributor, C. C., & Contributor, D. D. (Year, Month Day). Title of contribution. In E. E. Chairperson & F. F. Chairperson (Chairs), Title of larger symposium/panel [Description of symposium/panel] Title of symposium/conference, Location. URL if available
Fabian, J. J. (2020, May 14). UX in free educational content. In J. S. Doe (Chair), The case of the Purdue OWL: Accessibility and online content development [Panel presentation] Computers and Writing 2020, Greenville, NC, United States.
Unpublished Works
You may find yourself needing to cite a dissertation or a manuscript that has not yet been formally published. To correctly classify the work, describe the work and put that description in square brackets. Be sure the date you list is the year the work was completed, whether it's the final version or not.
Unpublished Manuscript
Barkley, S., Chen, M., & McDonald, P. (2018). The effects of sodium on children's health [Unpublished manuscript]. Department of Biology, University of Cincinnati.
Manuscript in Preparation
Glass, A. (2019). How avocados changed America [Manuscript in preparation]. Department of Sociology, Michigan State University.
Manuscript Submitted for Publication
Jones, R. (2019). Walt Whitman and the American Dream [Manuscript submitted for publication]. Department of English, University of Mississippi.
Any communication that cannot be directly retrieved by a reader is considered "personal communication." Emails, phone conversations, text messages, and social media messages are all examples of personal communication. You do not include personal communication in your reference list; instead, parenthetically cite the communicator's name, the phrase "personal communication," and the date of the communication in your main text only.
(E. Robbins, personal communication, January 4, 2019).
If you reference personal communication in a footnote, as is common practice in certain fields and publications, you can document it in the same way.
1. P. Smith (personal communication, November 3, 2019) also claimed that many of her students had difficulties with APA style.
Although you do not need to cite personal communication, do try to locate a source when possible. For example, if your friend told you about a research study he heard on a podcast, and you want to include that information in your essay, it is best to cite the original podcast, rather than the communication with your friend.


Employers are sometimes faced with the situation where an employee has exhausted leave under the federal Family Medical Leave Act (FMLA), but is still not able to return to work. While FMLA obligations may end at that point, the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) has long taken the position that terminating the employee without considering offering additional leave may violate the federal Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA).
The federal Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) requires employers to reasonably accommodate a qualified individual with a disability, and more time off may be a form of reasonable accommodation. But how much more time off is reasonable?
In her article published in Indiana Bankers Association's November/December 2017 feature of Hoosier Banker, Debra Mastrian addresses the Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals decision, which was contrary to EEOC guidance and prevailing precedent in other federal circuits, ruling that an employee who required multi-month leave after his FMLA leave expired was not protected by the ADA.
While this decision is good news for employers in the Seventh Circuit, Debra emphasizes that employers should still exercise caution when considering requests for leave. The EEOC is not expected to change its position that extended leave may be required as a reasonable accommodation.
Read the full article in the November/December feature of Hoosier Banker digital here.


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Fashion Week in Review: Threeasfour ? Yoko Ono; Rodarte Dresses Us for the Apocalypse
by Angela Ashman
Photos by Angela Ashman.
It was the kind of avant-garde spectacle that fashion outsiders would mock. Models, one by one, snipped away pieces of a spiral white dress worn by a model in the center of the room, until she was left wearing nothing but a bandeau top and high-waisted briefs. But performed for the Fashion Week crowd at the Threeasfour show on Thursday night, the production received a standing ovation — led by none other than Yoko Ono and Sean Lennon from the front row.
Of course, they were slightly biased. The models were performing Ono's performance-art work Cut Piece, which she first staged in 1964 in Tokyo, inviting the audience to cut away all her clothes until she was naked…
The Threeasfour trio of Angela Donhauser, Adi Gil, and Gabriel Asfour named the legendary 76-year-old Ono their muse for spring, and it really was all about her. Besides the re-creation of her seminal work, the show also featured music from Ono's forthcoming Plastic Ono Band album, which her son produced (think Ono's signature "eeee-eeee-eeee" wailings over a tribal beat), and Ono's dot drawings on flowing robes and dresses — our favorite pieces of the show. The collection predominantly consisted of all-black looks, including a few fantastic sculptural dresses over sliced leggings, but ended with a gorgeous white suit — perhaps a nod to John Lennon's signature '69 look. Overall, it was a show we won't forget soon.
However, as far as spectacles at Fashion Week went, nothing could top Rodarte's apocalypse-themed show at Gagosian on Tuesday. Models, wearing black lipstick and painted-on tribal body tattoos, walked through clouds of toxic-looking yellow haze dressed in, well, really gorgeous rags. (What did you think you'd be wearing to the apocalypse? A ball gown?) Sisters Kate and Laura Mulleavy, who received the women's wear designer of the year award from the Council of Fashion Designers of America this summer, did everything they could to ruin their materials — burning the plaids, sandpapering the silks, and tossing on some paint for good measure. Apparently we were supposed to imagine a woman who was burned to death and then reborn as a condor who has to forage a barren landscape for scraps (you can't say they're not imaginative!). But the way they twisted, cut, and shaped the tangle of dark scraps into something feminine and even beautiful was breathtaking.
Celebrities taking it in from the front row included Kim Gordon, Elijah Wood, Kirsten Dunst, Milla Jovovich, Jason Schwartzman, and every major fashion editor you can think of, including Anna Wintour and Carine Roitfeld. Some had to cover their noses and mouths from all smoke. But as Gordon gushed afterwards to the Daily magazine, "This was the greatest kind of horror fashion fantasy!" We couldn't have said it better ourselves.
This article from the Village Voice Archive was posted on September 18, 2009
More:EventsFashion

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


What Is Your T-Shirt Style?
Never out of season, T-shirts represent a smooth way of wearing at least one layer on any occasion. You wear a T-shirt on a night out, under a jumper in the colder days of winter and as a stand-alone item for others to marvel at during the summer. There are night T-shirts, work T-shirts and workout tees. Most men would even wear a T-shirt under their tuxedo when leading the bride to the altar. And why not go the whole hog and just wear a dinner jacket tee?! French luxury fashion label Hermès shows how T-Shirts can be used to hit to the catwalks of this world. Available at the paltry sum of $91,500, the croc leather tee is worth what could probably get 200 school classes dressed for a year, which reminds us that Spreadshirt's tees are an absolute steal.
Some T-shirts stay with us for life. French fashion journalist Charlotte Brunel even argues that any life story can be told on a T-shirt. When she was little, she would wear a fire brigade T-shirt, then a graduation T-shirt once she finished school, and later bought a "I heart Barcelona" tee when she did her term abroad. Then there was the T-shirt her mates presented to her on her hens' night, and the latest T-shirt given to her was on mother's day. So, in a way, T-shirts do indeed give expression to quite a few of our milestone events. And then you wear them again to remember the good aul' times. What's more, tees facilitate a super easy way of expression. They are the number 1 means of merchandising during football world cups. This comes hardly as a surprise – just try and spot somebody wearing anything other than a T-shirt next time you're at a football ground.
In 2014, Glamour magazine recognised slogan T-shirts as the coolest way of making fashion statements. Even when wearing an unbuttoned blouse or shirt on top, the slogan tee will still stand out and express a highly personalised degree of uniqueness. Stars love printing messages on their tees, and we at Spreadshirt towers fondly remember Drew Barrymore wearing a T-shirt saying Mother of dragons. Standing next to her daughters, she brilliantly demonstrated maternal pride whilst playing on the fame of "Game of Thrones" at the same time.
Politicians wear T-shirts with their campaign slogans, and everybody can use a tee as their own custom billboard to express political opinion. Early in 2015, the Charlie Hebdo slogan Je suis Charlie was printed on T-shirts all over the world as an expression of freedom of speech. What a brilliant way to demonstrate solidarity and speak up against violent oppression.
What started as a piece of underwear in the 19th century has long been promoted to a publicly worn top. Sailors would take off their trademark blue shirts and would freely wear a knit shirt on board during a time when the word T-shirt didn't even exist. So, in a way, the image of a free-roaming adventurer has always been attached to what was to become a symbol of a laidback attitude towards life as a whole. It seems only natural that the T-shirt would be recognised as a cult icon one day, and in the 1950s a plain white T-shirt then took the world by storm when Hollywood Stars like Marlon Brando and James Dean were the epitome of coolness. T-shirts have never given up this status ever since, and Don Johnson went on to make tees perfectly socially acceptable when wearing formfitting T-shirts with his suits when appearing as Sonny Crockett in the 1980s cult series Miami Vice. Women magazine ELLE commented back then that a T-shirt is a basic that never goes out of fashion, because it's always a part of it".
The name is obviously derived from its shape, and the first time it was publically recognised and adopted was by America's Merriam Webster dictionary in the 1920s. It has since breached all language barriers: in Chinese it's known as (T恤, T xù) and Japanese as (ティシャツ, tishatsu) – so clearly the sound of the T has been passed on to other languages as well. We also like the fact that there are still regional varieties of the term, and our favourite one is what people in Berlin call it: Nicki. How nice, who wouldn't want another lovely Nicki?!
One of the world's most iconic t-shirts is… no… not the "I'm with Stupid" t-shirt but the I ♥ NY t-shirt! This t-shirt recognized around the world has not only spawned countless spinoffs and variations, but—little known fact—has its roots firmly planted in a citywide campaign in 1977 to promote tourism in New York. Bet you didn't know that!
Brought to You by Canada?


The vaDoma tribe, also known as Doma or Dema, is the only hunter-gatherer tribe in Zimbabwe living in the Kanyemba region around the basins of a tributary of the Zambezi River Valley.
They speak the Dema language and believe their ancestors emerged from a baobab tree and walked upright to hunt and gather fruits. The secluded tribe is Zimbabwe's only non-agricultural society.
The tribe is rather famous for having the rare genetic condition known as Ectrodactyly or lobster claw syndrome. This is the absence of one or more fingers or toes at birth.
The inherited dominant genetic mutation affects only the feet of one in four children within the vaDoma population. Their middle three toes are absent and the two outer ones are turned in.
The condition resulted in the tribe being referred to as the "two-toed" or "ostrich-footed" tribe. It is against the tribal law for members to marry outside the group and as a result, the two-toed condition does not spread to other tribes.
Those with the condition are not considered disabled in the community and it is believed that their toes enable them to climb trees better.
The vaDoma people are reported to have resisted incorporation into the Korekore Shona kingdom of Mutapa prior to the European colonisation. This has cost them fertile land to grow crops.
They currently live their nomadic lifestyle in the Chewore Safari Area which has now become their mountain homeland. They are also facing threats from game rangers who are cracking down on poaching.


Pacific NW Expeditions captain Peter Frost and wife Kelsey Boesch keep written accounts of their voyages. Their journals provide useful information for mariners seeking local knowledge about sailing the Inside Passage, Alaska, BC, and the north Pacific coast. Read all about our exciting adventures and contact us if you seek further knowledge about a specific area. Enjoy!
Vicky Frost keeps Peter's journal entries updated throughout his voyages. Often she receives them hand-written in the mail and and posts them on this site.
Privateer has circled the globe! Alaska to SF to Marquesas to NZ via the Coconut Run, then on to Vanuatu & over the top of Australia, across the Indian Ocean to South Africa, then on to St Helena & across the Atlantic to the Caribbean & up the US East Coast to NYC, then to the St. Lawrence Seaway and Pine Island. 2 salty children born en-route! Click the above link to read our journals from the ocean. Read all about it here!
S/V "Silent Partner" embarks on a 7, 500 mile journey through the wilds of Alaska and BC! Peter and and crew sail their beloved O'Day 27 from Washington to Homer Alaska and back again, and everywhere in between! They catch the winter winds up the Inside Passage, brave towering seas in the Gulf of Alaska, saddle up to the mighty glaciers of Prince William sound, sail down the Kenai Peninsula, figure-8 the Queen Charlottes and back to Puget Sound via the west coast of Vancouver Island. This is "the Bible" for the mother of all Alaskan sailing voyages!
What happens when your engine conks out in Alaska and there's nobody around to fix it? Sail the high seas back to "civilization" via the offshore route! What follows is an incredible 8-day journey that transforms three greenhorns into offshore veterans. S/V "Aurora" and her crew of 4 sail at the heels of a HUGE northwesterly, encounter monster waves, and clear the entire west coast of Vancouver Island on a single tack! The Valiant 40 is up to the task. Written by Pacific NW Expeditions client Carol McCreary.
Winter in Baranof: Kelsey's Journals!
Straight from the Captain's log of S/V "Privateer." Welcome aboard! Follow along for the ride during our 2012 spring/summer/fall sailing Expedition season in Alaska. This site will be updated throughout the 2012 season as internet access allows–keep watching for new journal entries here! Captain Frost's journals are intended to provide a useful and entertaining look into the cruising life in Alaska, and for those interested in making their own passages or joining us on an Expedition!


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A limited number of meeting facilities were found in Oslo, Norway. Your search was widened to include meeting facilities within 300 miles of Oslo, Norway. To find more area meeting facilities, click the Zoom link shown above.


UNIVERSITY CITY Condos, Lofts and Townhomes For Sale | San Diego Condo Mania!
University City is located in the area of the city that is bounded by three freeways: Interstate 5, Interstate 805, and California State Highway 52. These freeways form a triangular border around the region, hence the area is often referred to as "the Golden Triangle". The University Towne Center (UTC) shopping mall is located near the center of University City, while the campus of the University of California, San Diego, from whom the town derives its name, is to the west. A lot of residents refer to the area simply as part of La Jolla, the broad community to the west of the 5 Freeway, or as "East La Jolla".
University City condos are usually low-rise or mid-rise buildings. This is a popular area for UCSD students as some buildings are within walking distance of the east part of campus, and the campus shuttle services some of this area as well. But proximity to employers, the beach and highways make this area a good choice for everyone.
Currently, there are 26 active Condo listings in UNIVERSITY CITY priced from $249,500 to $725,000.


Hey ladies! Just joined the app my names april jule I'm 27 years old and this is my second pregnancy! I'm 14 weeks and 3 days due this coming January! Excited to meet everyone!
Hiya Ladies! I'm April Jule 27 years old this is my second pregnancy! I'm from dixie Georgia and I'm due January 9th!


OMG! Come See Me at the Farmers Market.
Anything can happen at an Open Mic . . .
Thursday, August 25, 2016 at 5 PM, Dog-Eared Pages Bookstore, 16428 N. 32nd St, Phoenix. I can't wait to see who shows up. Then, when it's my turn, I'll read some poetry.
Every caregiver needs a support group. You may think you don't, but you do.
See page 79 of the Arizona Consortium For the Arts magazine The Blue Guitar for details.


On November 14-16, 2018, the North Carolina Innocence Inquiry Commission held a hearing in State vs. James Blackmon (Wake – 83 CRS 84695). Mr. Blackmon was convicted for the September 28, 1979 murder of Helena Payton in her college dorm at St. Augustine's College in Raleigh, NC.
During the hearing, the Commission's Executive Director, Lindsey Guice Smith, presented the case to the Commissioners. The Commission's lead investigator on this case was Staff Attorney Julie Bridenstine. After carefully considering the evidence, the Commission unanimously concluded that there was sufficient evidence of factual innocence to merit judicial review. The case was referred for a hearing before a three-judge panel. The Chief Justice of North Carolina Supreme Court, Mark D. Martin, will appoint three superior court judges to hear the case in Wake County.
The North Carolina Innocence Inquiry Commission is a state agency charged with investigating post-conviction claims of factual innocence. The agency was created by the General Assembly in 2006 and began operations in 2007. The Commission is the first and only of its kind in the country. Since 2007, the Commission has conducted investigations that have resulted in the exoneration of 10 individuals and over 2500 claims have been submitted to the agency. Since November 2017, the Commission has held three hearings which resulted in referral to a three judge panel. All are awaiting hearing.


Power tools have the ability to make any task less complex and more efficient. If you are a contractor who requires multifaceted tools for his personal workshop, power tools are essential for a highflier. It is also equally imperative to get your hands on the right types of tools. Shop for power tools from brands like Bosch DIY, Hitachi, Makita and get yourself rolling with the best tools in town. There is a whole list of power tools available at Jumia Nigeria including saws, drilling machines, grinders and the like and understand which one adequately gets the job done.
Drilling machines are the most oft-used power tool. When used with the right adapters, they help to drive and tighten screws as well as help to make holes in wooden boards etc. They are available in both wired as well as portable rechargeable forms. Choose the right drill with just the right amount of power to complete a given task. Drills with a pistol clutch are the commonly used on a daily basis. A trigger charges up the drill and a trigger lock will allow for advanced types of grilling to take place. If you need to drill heavier materials, you will be needing a T-shaped drill. T-shaped drills are very much like traditional pistol clutches but feature an advanced grip. Sometimes, T-shaped drills come with an extra feature that allows for the drill part to strike against the area being drilled. Called hammer drills, these are used on enormously solid surfaces. Finally, right angle drills are used in highly tight and inaccessible areas that need to be drilled. The power at which a machine does its best will ultimately influence your decision to buy a wireless drilling machine. The voltage also ultimately impacts the weight of the drill.
You can also find at your disposal, a range of power saws at Jumia Nigeria. In general, the greater the voltage of the saw, the more powerful it will be. The larger the number of teeth, the saw has, the sharper the blade would be. Although these are two very important factors to consider in terms of their technicality, it is crucial to get your hands on the right type of power saw for the particular task at hand. There are different types of power tools available from brands like Panasonic and Black & Decker including circular saws, scroll saws and the like at Jumia Nigeria.
Place your orders for power tools on a smooth mouse click from the comfort of your homes and remain reassured of free shipping and cash on delivery which is provided at your doorstep. Order via a smooth, hassle-free, convenient and compatible mobile app which is nothing, but sheer convenience on the go. You can also compare and contrast the prices, quality, design, durability, reliability, voltage and other aspects of purchase concerning power tools and buy whichever is best suited to your needs.


There are many different ways to get your brand out there and to advertise but nothing is quite like a billboard that moves around. It is a good plan to have this when your business is either lagging or you want to promote a particular sale. The cost is an investment that is well worth the business it generates. Nothing gets attention better.
You could hire a plane to fly around with a banner for your store but that is a very expensive thing you might want to save for special occasions. With a mobile billboard truck, on the other hand, you can display your brand and literally drive it through the town. People will notice with rubberneck speed and intrigue and they are sure to remember it.
Think about what you want to have on the billboard. It is best to have some kind of sale incentive to bring more people in since the truck will not be driving around forever. It is eye catching, that is for sure, but it needs to be a bit more than just that. You need to offer something special to get those people through the door. This part is important because you want everyone to see and buy.
With all of this in mind, you are definitely going to put your brand logo up there and have it moving about at a decent and smooth pace so many people can see. It is best to have it driven through populated areas on surface streets rather than on any highways. After all, you don't want to distract people from driving.
Instead, you just want to get attention and advertise in an active way. It will be worth it and you will see how well it works. Find the right company to help you out and get started right away.


AAR needs on-going support for its life-saving programs . . .
AAR is a "limited admission" shelter which means that to the best of our ability animals are screened for temperament and untreatable health issues before being accepted into the adoption program. Since AAR does not euthanize for space, in order to avoid overcrowding and warehousing, intake rates must match adoption rates. I.e. Space is made available by adoptions. Once in the AAR adoption program, AAR believes in helping the greatest number of animals with available resources. AAR holds to and often exceeds the Asilomar Accord Definitions of "Healthy," "Treatable," "Unhealthy & Untreatable." We place healthy or treatable animals into new homes. We provide rehabilitation for those animals that may need some extra care and attention before they are adoptable. And we only euthanize animals that are so sick or behaviorally damaged that they would not become adoptable.
"Spay-Neuter" AAR knows that rescue is a "band-aid" on the pet overpopulation problem. The number of homeless pets far out-weighs the number of potential adopters. The "cure" to pet overpopulation is no more litters; all animals must be spayed or neutered. All AAR cats and dogs are spayed or neutered prior to adoption. We also maintain the StarFund to help pet owners who can demonstrate financial need spay/neuter their pets.
"StarFund" The StarFund is used for two types of extreme needs: 1) to prevent the unnecessary euthanasia or surrender of dogs or cats due to the owner's inability to afford emergency care, wellness care, behavioral-training or feed or house their pet due to unforeseen circumstances; and to support spay/neuter for pet owners who can demonstrate financial need, and 2) to give extra-ordinary medical care to cats or dogs surrendered to AAR. The goal is to allow the AAR board to provide emergency veterinary care without monetary concern in circumstances where there is no time to raise money, or to provide short-term help that enables someone to care for and keep their pet during a financial predicament.
The StarFund is financed through donations raised online or through requests for help for a specific animal. Money raised in excess of the needed amount for a specific animal is added to the StarFund; this is considered "restricted" funds. The "Ounce of Prevention" program is part of the StarFund and provides wellness support that includes vaccinations, flea/tick treatment, internal parasite treatment, heartworm preventive for pet owners in financial need.
"Sit-to-Stay" AAR's Sit-to-Stay goal is to increase dog adoption rate by training AAR's Dog Handlers, training a specific dog and using play-yard techniques. AAR's Dog Handlers attend training classes. The goal is that while at AAR all dogs will receive training in basic leash walking, sit, stay and other skills that will make them more adoptable. We will place dogs with more severe issues in an off-site training program at an accredited dog training school. The Sit-to-Stay budget is funded by donations, grants and, as necessary, from AAR's reserve operating fund.


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Key Figures of Retail›
Monthly sales of retail trade in Ontario 2014-2018
Monthly sales of retail trade in Ontario from 2014 to 2018 (in billion Canadian dollars)*
by Emma Bedford, last edited Jan 8, 2019
This statistic shows the monthly sales of retail trade in Ontario from 2014 to 2018. Retail sales in Ontario amounted to approximately 19.28 billion Canadian dollars in October 2018, an increase from around 19.06 billion Canadian dollars the previous month.
January 2014 to October 2018
* Seasonally adjusted.
Figures have been rounded.
Retail market value in the United Kingdom 2015-2020
Retail sales value monthly in Great Britain 2015-2019
Key Figures of E-Commerce
Internet retail sales value growth in the UK October 2019, by sector
Online share of retail sales in the United Kingdom (UK) October 2018, by sector
Statistics on "Retail trade in the United Kingdom (UK)"
Retail trade overview
Retail sales trends
Retail sales by sector
Retailer rankings
Market value of retailing in the United Kingdom (UK) from 2015 to 2020 (in million euros)Retail market value in the United Kingdom 2015-2020
Turnover of retail trade (except of motor vehicles and motor-cycles) in the United Kingdom (UK) from 2008 to 2017 (in million GBP)Retail trade turnover in the United Kingdom (UK) 2008-2017
Gross value added (GVA) of retail trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles, in the United Kingdom (UK) from 2008 to 2017* (in million GBP)Gross value added (GVA) of retail trade in the United Kingdom (UK) 2008-2017
Share of retail industry sales in Great Britain in 2018, by categoryRetail sales breakdown in Great Britain 2018, by category
Percentage change in average store price in Great Britain in February 2018, by retail sectorChange in average store price in Great Britain in February 2018, by retail sector
Average number of employees in retail trade enterprises (except of motor vehicles and motorcycles) in the United Kingdom (UK) from 2008 to 2017 (in 1,000s)Retail trade employment in the United Kingdom (UK) 2008-2017
Number of retail trade enterprises (except of motor vehicles and motorcycles) in the United Kingdom (UK) from 2008 to 2017Number of retail trade enterprises in the United Kingdom (UK) 2008-2017
Annual sales value of all retailing in Great Britain from 2005 to 2018* (in million GBP)Retail sales value in Great Britain 2005-2018
Annual sales value for all retailing (excluding automotive fuel) in Great Britain (UK) from 2005 to 2018* (in million GBP)Retail sales value (excluding fuel) in Great Britain (UK) 2005-2018
Annual retail sales in Great Britain from 2005 to 2017, based on volume* (in million GBP)Retail sales (quantity bought) in Great Britain 2005-2018
Annual retail sales (excluding automotive fuel) in Great Britain from 2005 to 2018, based on volume* (in million GBP)Retail sales (quantity bought, excluding fuel) in Great Britain 2005-2018
Total monthly sales value of all retailing including automotive fuel in Great Britain from January 2015 to January 2019 (in billion GBP)Retail sales value monthly in Great Britain 2015-2019
Monthly retail sales in Great Britain from March 2014 to March 2019, based on volume* (in 1,000 GBP)Monthly retail sales volume in Great Britain 2014-2019
Average weekly retail sales in Great Britain (UK) from 2004 to 2018, based on volume (in million GBP)Average weekly retail sales in Great Britain (UK) 2005-2018
Average weekly retail sales (excluding fuel) in Great Britain (UK) from 2005 to 2018, based on volume (in million GBP)Average weekly retail sales (excluding fuel) in Great Britain (UK) 2005-2018
Value of all retail sales in Great Britain from 2010 to 2018, based on index number of sales per week*Retail sales value annual index in Great Britain 2010-2018
Volume of all retail sales in Great Britain from 2008 to 2018 as index number of sales per week*Retail sales volume annual index in Great Britain 2008-2018
Volume index of all retail sales monthly in Great Britain from January 2014 to May 2019, based on index number of sales per week*Monthly retail sales volume index in Great Britain 2014-2019
Value index of all retail sales monthly in Great Britain from January 2015 to July 2019, based on index number of sales per week*Monthly retail sales value index in Great Britain 2015-2019
Sales volume of large and small retail businesses in Great Britain from 2010 to 2018, as index number of sales per week*Retail sales volume index of large and small businesses in Great Britain 2010-2018
Year-on-year change in retail sales in the United Kingdom (UK) from April 2019 to June 2019, by category*Retail sales: year-on-year change in the United Kingdom (UK) 2019, by category
Percentage change in retail sales value in Great Britain from 2010 to 2018Retail sales value growth in Great Britain 2010-2018
Percentage change in retail sales volume on a year earlier in Great Britain from 2010 to 2018*Retail sales volume percentage change in Great Britain 2010-2018
Growth in retail sales value in Great Britain in March 2019, by retail sectorRetail spending growth in Great Britain in March 2019, by retail sector
Growth in retail sales volume (quantity bought) in Great Britain in May 2019, by sectorRetail sales volume growth in Great Britain in May 2019, by sector
Percentage change in monthly retail sales volume in Great Britain from January 2016 to March 2019Retail sales volume monthly percentage change in Great Britain 2016-2019
Percentage change in retail sales value in Great Britain from January 2016 to March 2019Monthly retail sales value growth in Great Britain 2016-2019
Average weekly retail sales in Great Britain in June 2017, by sector (in billion GBP)Average weekly retail spending in Great Britain in June 2017, by sector
Retail sales in predominantly non-food stores in Great Britain from 2005 to 2018, based on volume* (in million GBP)Non-food store retail sales in Great Britain 2005-2018
Retail sales in predominantly food stores in Great Britain from 2005 to 2018, based on volume* (in million GBP)Food store retail sales in Great Britain 2005-2018
Retail sales in textile, clothing and footwear stores in Great Britain from 2005 to 2018, based on volume* (in million GBP)Clothing, footwear and textiles retail store sales in Great Britain 2005-2018
Retail sales in non-specialized stores in Great Britain from 2005 to 2018, based on volume* (in million GBP)Department store retail sales in Great Britain 2005-2018
Retail sales in household goods stores in Great Britain from 2005 to 2018, based on volume* (in million GBP)Household goods store retail sales in Great Britain 2005-2018
Annual sales through non-store retailing in Great Britain from 2005 to 2018, based on volume* (in million GBP)Non-store retail sales in Great Britain 2005-2018
Retail sales of automotive fuel in Great Britain from 2005 to 2018, based on volume* (in million GBP)Automotive fuel retail sales in Great Britain 2005-2018
Online retail spending in the United Kingdom (UK) from 2011 to 2018 (in billion GBP)Online retail spending in the United Kingdom (UK) 2011-2018
Share of total retail sales made online in the United Kingdom (UK) in October 2018, by sectorOnline share of retail sales in the United Kingdom (UK) October 2018, by sector
Growth in internet retail sales value in the United Kingdom (UK) in May 2019, by sectorInternet retail sales value growth in the UK October 2019, by sector
Percentage change in annual internet retail sales value in the United Kingdom (UK) from 2008 to 2018Internet retail sales value trend annually in the United Kingdom (UK) 2008-2018
Internet retail sales as a percentage of total retail sales in the United Kingdom (UK) from January 2016 to May 2019*Internet share of retail sales monthly in the United Kingdom (UK) 2016-2019
Average weekly value of internet retail sales in the United Kingdom (UK) from January 2013 to May 2019* (in million GBP)Internet retail sales value: average weekly value per month in the UK 2013-2019
Highest ranking multichannel retailers in the United Kingdom (UK) in 2019*Leading multichannel retailers in the United Kingdom (UK) 2019
Lowest ranking multichannel retailers in the United Kingdom (UK) in 2019*Lowest ranking multichannel retailers UK 2019
Leading general retailer brands ranked by BrandIndex Index score in the United Kingdom (UK) from July 2017 to June 2018Leading general retailer brands ranked by BrandIndex in the United Kingdom (UK) 2018
Leading 10 UK retailers in 2017, based on worldwide retail sales (in billion U.S. dollars)Leading UK retailers ranked by worldwide sales 2017
Leading 30 retailers in the United Kingdom (UK) in 2016/17, based on international sales value (in million GBP)Leading UK retailers ranked by international sales 2016/17
Leading 30 retailers in the United Kingdom (UK) in 2017, based on overall consumer score*Leading retailers ranked by overall consumer rating in the United Kingdom (UK) 2017
Monthly sales of retail trade in Yukon Territory 2015-2019
Monthly sales of retail trade in Prince Edward Island 2015-2019
Monthly sales of retail trade in Manitoba 2015-2019
Monthly sales of retail trade in Nova Scotia 2015-2019
Monthly sales of retail trade in Newfoundland and Labrador 2015-2019
Monthly sales of retail trade in British Columbia 2015-2019
Monthly sales of retail trade in Quebec 2015-2019
Monthly sales of retail trade in Alberta 2015-2019
Monthly sales of retail trade in Saskatchewan 2015-2019
Monthly sales of retail trade in Nunavut 2014-2018
Monthly sales of retail trade in New Brunswick 2015-2019
Monthly sales of retail trade in the Northwest Territories 2014-2018
Leading challenges for retailers in Canada 2014
Operating revenue of non-store retailers in Canada 2008-2012
Monthly sales of retail trade in Canada 2014-2018
Sales performance of retailers in the past 12 months in Canada 2012-2014
Reasons for increased sales among retailers in Canada 2014
Estimated per capita sales at U.S. nonstore retailers from 2000 to 2017
Operating revenue of electronic shopping and mail order houses in Canada 2008-2012
Leading 10 diversified retailers worldwide 2010, based on retail sales
U.S. Furniture Retail
Retail Industry in China
Fresh Fruit in Retail
U.S. Retail Brands
Duty Free and Travel Retail Industry
Second-hand retail in the United Kingdom (UK)
Grocery retailers in Finland
Retail industry in Sweden
Retail industry in Denmark
Grocery retail industry in Norway
Retail brands: Walmart
Retail brands: Macy's
Retail brands: Target
Retail brands: J.C. Penney
Retail Sales, December 2016
Rise in Canada's de minimis threshold - Economic Impact Assessment
Household cleaning products brands: Tide & Febreze
Sainsbury Group in the United Kingdom (UK)
Department stores in the U.S.
Household products brands: Duracell
Department stores in the Netherlands
Market value of retailing in the United Kingdom (UK) from 2015 to 2020 (in million euros)
Turnover of retail trade (except of motor vehicles and motor-cycles) in the United Kingdom (UK) from 2008 to 2017 (in million GBP)
Gross value added (GVA) of retail trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles, in the United Kingdom (UK) from 2008 to 2017* (in million GBP)
Share of retail industry sales in Great Britain in 2018, by category
Percentage change in average store price in Great Britain in February 2018, by retail sector
Average number of employees in retail trade enterprises (except of motor vehicles and motorcycles) in the United Kingdom (UK) from 2008 to 2017 (in 1,000s)
Number of retail trade enterprises (except of motor vehicles and motorcycles) in the United Kingdom (UK) from 2008 to 2017
Annual sales value of all retailing in Great Britain from 2005 to 2018* (in million GBP)
Annual sales value for all retailing (excluding automotive fuel) in Great Britain (UK) from 2005 to 2018* (in million GBP)
Annual retail sales in Great Britain from 2005 to 2017, based on volume* (in million GBP)
Annual retail sales (excluding automotive fuel) in Great Britain from 2005 to 2018, based on volume* (in million GBP)
Total monthly sales value of all retailing including automotive fuel in Great Britain from January 2015 to January 2019 (in billion GBP)
Monthly retail sales in Great Britain from March 2014 to March 2019, based on volume* (in 1,000 GBP)
Average weekly retail sales in Great Britain (UK) from 2004 to 2018, based on volume (in million GBP)
Average weekly retail sales (excluding fuel) in Great Britain (UK) from 2005 to 2018, based on volume (in million GBP)
Average weekly sales in all retail sectors in Great Britain from November 2013 to March 2019 (in 1,000 GBP)
Average weekly sales in all retail sectors (excluding automotive fuel) in Great Britain from November 2013 to March 2019 (in 1,000 GBP)
Value of all retail sales in Great Britain from 2010 to 2018, based on index number of sales per week*
Volume of all retail sales in Great Britain from 2008 to 2018 as index number of sales per week*
Volume index of all retail sales monthly in Great Britain from January 2014 to May 2019, based on index number of sales per week*
Value index of all retail sales monthly in Great Britain from January 2015 to July 2019, based on index number of sales per week*
Sales volume of large and small retail businesses in Great Britain from 2010 to 2018, as index number of sales per week*
Year-on-year change in retail sales in the United Kingdom (UK) from April 2019 to June 2019, by category*
Percentage change in retail sales value in Great Britain from 2010 to 2018
Percentage change in retail sales volume on a year earlier in Great Britain from 2010 to 2018*
Growth in retail sales value in Great Britain in March 2019, by retail sector
Growth in retail sales volume (quantity bought) in Great Britain in May 2019, by sector
Percentage change in monthly retail sales volume in Great Britain from January 2016 to March 2019
Percentage change in retail sales value in Great Britain from January 2016 to March 2019
Average weekly retail sales in Great Britain in June 2017, by sector (in billion GBP)
Retail sales in predominantly non-food stores in Great Britain from 2005 to 2018, based on volume* (in million GBP)
Retail sales in predominantly food stores in Great Britain from 2005 to 2018, based on volume* (in million GBP)
Retail sales in textile, clothing and footwear stores in Great Britain from 2005 to 2018, based on volume* (in million GBP)
Retail sales in non-specialized stores in Great Britain from 2005 to 2018, based on volume* (in million GBP)
Retail sales in household goods stores in Great Britain from 2005 to 2018, based on volume* (in million GBP)
Annual sales through non-store retailing in Great Britain from 2005 to 2018, based on volume* (in million GBP)
Retail sales of automotive fuel in Great Britain from 2005 to 2018, based on volume* (in million GBP)
Online retail spending in the United Kingdom (UK) from 2011 to 2018 (in billion GBP)
Share of total retail sales made online in the United Kingdom (UK) in October 2018, by sector
Growth in internet retail sales value in the United Kingdom (UK) in May 2019, by sector
Percentage change in annual internet retail sales value in the United Kingdom (UK) from 2008 to 2018
Internet retail sales as a percentage of total retail sales in the United Kingdom (UK) from January 2016 to May 2019*
Average weekly value of internet retail sales in the United Kingdom (UK) from January 2013 to May 2019* (in million GBP)
Highest ranking multichannel retailers in the United Kingdom (UK) in 2019*
Lowest ranking multichannel retailers in the United Kingdom (UK) in 2019*
Leading general retailer brands ranked by BrandIndex Index score in the United Kingdom (UK) from July 2017 to June 2018
Leading 10 UK retailers in 2017, based on worldwide retail sales (in billion U.S. dollars)
Leading 30 retailers in the United Kingdom (UK) in 2016/17, based on international sales value (in million GBP)
Leading 30 retailers in the United Kingdom (UK) in 2017, based on overall consumer score*
Monthly sales of retail trade in Yukon Territory (YT) from 2015 to 2019 (in million Canadian dollars)*
Monthly sales of retail trade in Prince Edward Island (PEI) from 2015 to 2019 (in million Canadian dollars)*
Monthly sales of retail trade in Manitoba from 2015 to 2019 (in billion Canadian dollars)*
Monthly sales of retail trade in Nova Scotia from 2015 to 2019 (in billion Canadian dollars)*
Monthly sales of retail trade in Newfoundland and Labrador (NL) from 2015 to 2019 (in million Canadian dollars)*
Monthly sales of retail trade in British Columbia (BC) from 2015 to 2019 (in billion Canadian dollars)*
Monthly sales of retail trade in Quebec from 2015 to 2019 (in billion Canadian dollars)*
Monthly sales of retail trade in Alberta from 2015 to 2019 (in billion Canadian dollars)*
Monthly sales of retail trade in Saskatchewan from 2015 to 2019 (in billion Canadian dollars)*
Monthly sales of retail trade in Nunavut from 2014 to 2018 (in million Canadian dollars)*
Monthly sales of retail trade in New Brunswick from 2015 to 2019 (in million Canadian dollars)*
Monthly sales of retail trade in the Northwest Territories (NWT) from 2014 to 2018 (in million Canadian dollars)*
Leading challenges for retailers in Canada as of March 2014
Operating revenue of non-store retailers in Canada from 2008 to 2012 (in billion Canadian dollars)
Monthly sales of retail trade in Canada from 2014 to 2018 (in billion Canadian dollars)*
Sales performance of retailers in the past 12 months in Canada in 2012 and 2014
Reasons for increased sales in the past 12 months among retailers in Canada as of March 2014
Estimated per capita sales at nonstore retailers in the United States from 2000 to 2017 (in U.S. dollars)*
Operating revenue of electronic shopping and mail order houses in Canada from 2008 to 2012 (in billion Canadian dollars)
Leading 10 diversified retailers worldwide in 2010, based on retail sales (in billion U.S. dollars)


During an annual plein-air paint-out in the Carmel-Monterey area an artist friend invited me to stay at their 100-year-old carriage house on the 17-Mile Drive. We walked along the coast and took reference photos of exquisite coves, rocks and beaches. Now I have material for many wonderful paintings. My YouTube channel has passed 950,000 views and 3,200,000 minutes of artists watching 63 painting videos. Analytics show that 94 countries have tuned in to paint with "Marge Kinney". That encourages me to continue to donate my time and support, to "expand my territory" to those people who want to paint, whether rich or poor, near or distant. Many do not have access to materials so I show a variety of materials for painting and list them in English, Spanish and French. It is fascinating to read the emails from emerging artists from Egypt, Netherlands, South Africa, Ukraine, Austria, Spain, the Caribbean and more.
Locally, at the Art A Fair Festival there are 100 new small oil paintings as well as large seascapes. Art A Fair is located at 777 Laguna Canyon Road, Laguna Beach, CA and is open during July and August. Please come to visit me and 130 artists' beautiful art.
Marge has painted for the House of the Americas and Women's Museum of Art in Washington, D.C., Hotels including the Ritz-Carlton, Montage Resort, Surf and Sand, Hilton, and Marriott Resorts. Foundations hold her work including the Annenberg Estate, Marconi Foundation, Blue Cross, as well as many corporations and families nationally and internationally.
She was in the corporate world for many years, and has an MBA from Pepperdine University.


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Home Articles In Conversation With… KOLBAK
Beyond The Strait
In Conversation With… KOLBAK
Photo Credit: Jan-jaap Heine
Let's take another trip Beyond The Strait and get to know a great three-piece from the Netherlands. KOLBAK is an indie pop rock band that defies genres, experimenting with many different styles and sounds. With the release of their single "Once" from their EP Twists and Turns, we caught up with KOLBAK for an extensive interview, a rare occurrence when each member had the chance to give their full answers to every question. Get to know the band, and then have a listen to "Once"!
From the Strait: Who were your musical influences growing up, and how to do they differ from your current ones?
Harold Pflug (singer, guitarist and main songwriter): I guess my musical taste has always been pop mixed with an off-kilter edge. I really started listening to music at the precocious age of three, since my sister taped her favorite top 40 songs on a cassette (my parents were not exactly musical role models). I think that was the basis of my eclectic approach to music today. This was around 78, so Grease would mix with Kiss, Bowie, Boomtown Rats etcetera. I heard those songs over and over again and I can still recollect the song order on each cassette. So they were definitely the base. But I really got involved in music because of Duran Duran and a-ha. I was about eight or nine years old. They fueled me with — I guess — pop sensibilities and they definitely made me want to be in a band, but even at that age I tended to go with songs that were a wee bit edgier than my sister's choice (she would spin a lot of Wham!). I vividly remember begging her to let me have Echo and the Bunnymen's 45 of "Bring On The Dancing Horses".
By the time I was in high school, I hopped from one genre to another, and my eclecticism went off the charts: hip hop, R 'n' B, metal, indie, movie scores (I'm an avid soundtrack collector), post punk, you name it. But the artists that formed me were De La Soul, Joe Jackson, R.E.M., songs by George Gershwin and a little later on Pearl Jam, Primus and Radiohead.
They all sparked the fire, showed me how to be musically creative, how to write lyrics, and foremost: they taught me to be your own dog. Plus: when you mix genres you can come up with even better ones and not be pigeonholed. I'm not sure you can hear all this in "Once", but when you flip the KOLBAK catalogue, you can hear it.
Dennis Aaij (drums): Well, I grew up listening to my dad' s record collection at the time he somewhat lost interest in music. It was a small collection but he had some records that stood out for me. Especially albums by Deep Purple, Bad Company and Brainbox got me hooked on music. I remember listening in bed to hardrock on noisy pirate radio at night, recording cassette tape after cassette tape. I broadened my horizon almost immediately. At age 11, popular radio got me into Elvis Costello, David Bowie and Talking Heads and it was around that time I started playing the drums. At the same time I knew I was a little more into the Beatles than into the Stones.
The stuff I currently like to listen to (Wilco, Yo La Tengo, Spoon, New Model Army and London Grammar to name but a few) is still made by genuine craftsman and -women, so there's no difference there. The difference between then and now is that I listen to music being a musician myself. Knowing how to play an instrument, how recording an album works, and playing live in front of an audience feels like, thát changes the way you listen to music. So is there a difference between early influence Ian Paice from Deep Purple and current influence Glenn Kotche from Wilco? Yes, in playing style and technique and No because listening to either one makes me want to get behind my drumkit.
Rick Ruhland (bass guitar): I grew up with the early sounds of rock and roll (Presley and the likes). Also a big part of my first decade of my life 'Schlager' from the sixties and seventies like Freddy Quinn, Udo Jürgens and Freddy Breck. It still gives me a strong feeling of 'Heimweh nach damals'. Another German oriented music style in the house I grew up (I had a German father) in was brass-band music from bands like Ernst Mosch, and dixieland from artists like Aker Bilk and Kenny Ball (the 'white guys dixieland). So, my musical youth is a very mixed bag.
When I became musically mature (at the age of 12, 13), I started listening to music my parents had no idea of. Experimental music by Pink Floyd, boogie rock by, for example, Status Quo, Neue Deutsche Welle with bands like Ideal, ska (Madness!), old school reggae (e.g. Desmond Dekker) and new wave (debut records by U2, The Cure, Joe Jackson) started to rule my world. This was also the time I started playing on stage in my first band. At the same time I have discovered classical music by Bach and Satie, which is still, to this day, a big part of my daily dose of music. I love modern big bands (Harry Connicks Blue Light Red Light is one of the finest cds ever, both songwriting and production). Classic bands and artists like The Beatles,
David Bowie. Crooners like Frank Sinatra. There's virtually no end to the music I like.
So, what has changed in the course of my live and my music? My current taste of music and therefore my bass playing style and my song writing, has a base in the music of my youth, but has also been influenced by ambient-techno-dub (think The Orb), folkrock, minimal music (piano) postrock like Sigur Ros, alternative and college rock (I hate those terms, but okay) like REM and Radiohead, British bands from 80's and 90's like Suede, The Smiths, The Housemartins, and so on.
FTS: Tell us about your new single "Once".
Harold: It's the closing song on our EP "Twists and Turns", which was released to favorable reviews in September. I think it is a hopeful song and theses are hard to do. The song was written in the aftermath of a rough period for me. So the theme of the song — pull yourself together and out of this daily sameness — definitely originated there. Having said that, it is a work of fiction wherein the main character is much more stuck in his loop hole than I ever was. Maybe I wrote it with cathartic intentions. I don't know. But I think everyone has moments in their lives where one finds oneself go round in circles, not really getting anywhere and hoping for something to pull them out of it all. Willing yourself to do something. It's different from the other songs, in that the characters in the other ones are mean or over-conscious or even doubtful, so the record ends with a streak of positivity, I think.
Dennis: "Once" is a song where I think you can hear the influence of Glenn Kotche on the drum track. I chose not to play HiHat on this song. Instead I attached the headless tambourine to my HiHat stand so I could play the tambourine using my foot, leaving my hands to play toms and snare. The groove is very laid back which works great with the way Harold sings the song; somewhat determinate. Together with the wailing guitar and Rick's weaving bass, the song is nothing short of a perfect blend.
Rick: The first times we started throwing ideas to each other trying to catch the musical core of "Once", the bass line felt alien to me in the sense that I picked notes that were raw. Edgy, not the collection of smooth base notes I would normally choose to play. Since I don't really listen to the words of a new song when thinking about my bass notes, the song grew into the song on the EP that for me – is part a dialogue between guitar and bass in the verses, and a dialogue between drums and bass (chorus and solo). When we play Once live, it is one of those songs I have to dig into on stage, meaning: I am extremely aware of playing every note on the right spot (both the harmonics and the rhythm).
FTS: What's next for KOLBAK?
Harold: KOLBAK will be promoting the EP with a couple of shows in the Netherlands, maybe in a few other surrounding countries. It's been three years since our previous record "Sea" came out, and we hope to follow this one up a bit quicker with some new songs. Right guys?
Dennis: (smiles) More blending!
Rick: I would love to see us explore styles and (I suppose this is what Dennis is hinting at) blending styles. Also: longer songs, 'small opera in one song' kind of songs. Maybe the use of piano and keyboards instead of guitar? Maybe use some of our personal musical interests? Sky is the limit.
More songs. Quicker.
FTS: It's the hardest question to answer, but one of our favourites to ask – if you were stranded on a desert island with only 5 albums, what would they be?
Harold: Oh jeez. That is a tough one. It so depends on my mood. I guess at the moment it would be these, ex aequo:
– Love – Forever Changes (and yeah it beats Class of '67 mates Sgt Pepper and The Velvet
Underground and Nico)
– De La Soul – Three Feet High and Rising (The happy maker)
– This Mortal Coil – It'll End in Tears (the post punk record to replace all others especially my Radiohead and Talk Talk albums that would have made the top ten)
– Elvis Costello and the Attractions – This Year's Model (beating Joe Jackson, Wilco and XTC)
– Scram C Baby – The Thing that Wears My Ring (a witty, snarly and clever hidden gem by fellow Dutch garage noise rockers a la Guided by voices, something to remember home by).
Dennis: I can easily come up with ten of these lists but let me narrow things down to 'Live Albums', because I think that's what I need most on a deserted island.
– The first record in my bag will be Made in Japan by Deep Purple. I've played along with this album for so many hours when I was just starting to play the drums! It's full of memories and great songs that make me feel alive.
– I would also slide in The Trinity Session by The Cowboy Junkies. It's debatable wether it's a live album but to me it sure has the feel of it. The album was recorded in Toronto's Church of the Holy Trinity with only one microphone and a Sony Betamax SL-2000 video cassette deck. I've never felt so much intimacy on one album.
– Third is Stop Making Sense by Talking Heads. It's hands down the most creative live album ever recorded.
– I couldn't go to the island without Tom Petty's The Live Anthology. Recorded throughout his career, this 4 disc anthology simply contains 48 great rock songs to sing along to, even if you can't sing, like me. But who cares! The island is supposed to be deserted, right?
– The last record i'd grab could very well be Life After Death by Iron Maiden. I guess if I'd be playing it really loud, a passing ship wil hear Bruce Dickinson's screams and comes to rescue me. If that would be the case, I will no doubt bring ashore all 5 albums I brought to the island.
Rick: Oof. Phew. Whew. Oh dear. Even when setting aside music styles like classical music (Bach, Satie, Ockeghem), folk and folkrock (Runrig, Capercaillie, Peatbog faeries, Wolfstone), dixieland (Dutch Swing College) and so on? This is torture. Music is not out there to be restricted. If I have to choose, the list of just 5 albums also depends on the mood of the day / week / month. Nonetheless, my choices:
– Pink Floyd – The Wall
– Zappa – Joe's Garage I
– Iron Maiden – Live After Death
– The Orb – Adventures Beyond the Ultraworld
– Marillion – The Thieving Magpie
Check out "Once", the latest single from KOLBAK!
KOLBAK
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Nothing to worry about, just click through. Game won't crash. It's caused because some teams in game can't field a starting 11/squad due to players being injured/cup tied or on international duty.
All leagues selected or only 6 (same problem). Can you help me please?
Last edited by ziemekp; 15-07-17 at 08:03 PM.
Try changing the compatibility mode of cm0102.exe to "Windows XP Service Pack 3".
I tried normal XP mode, but with SP3 works great. Thanks!!
I've followed #1 summaries to install game. But when clicking to play, it says "v3.9.68T Langlib..cpp 479", then I clicked <Ok>, it says "v3.9.68T game_config..cpp 131". What should I do to solve those? Thank you very much!!!
It sounds like the Data folder is missing, not named properly (just Data) or did not copy across fully.
Delete the Data folder, download the one from post #1, extract/unzip it and paste it in your Championship Manager folder again.
I've seen a few similar issues in the Tech Support forum, so I don't think it has anything to do with this patch. Make sure you're running the cm0102.exe as administrator or else the files may be saved in the Virtual Store (C:\Users\<user>\AppData\Local\VirtualStore).
Bit of a strange one - after I've taken over the manager's role at my desired club I still have the option in the top right hand corner to 'Apply for Job'. Is this normal? It almost looks like I'm viewing someone else's squad in that the three best players still have the asterisk next to their name.
Yeah, it was left in by saturn.
Odd, I would've thought the suspension change would cover this too. I'll have a look when I get the time.
zionmaster, I don't think your problem is a patch issue so please try the Technical Support forum.
v3.9.68T match_eng.cpp612 and then once clicked different numbers at the end. Whilst this seemed ok to start with - it seems to have affected the ages of my players. Some are now 4,5 an 6 years old?
Yeah, I think so! Then I am waiting in Technical Support forum! Thank you for everything!
Hi, I'm knew to this build recently purchased the game, I install it and put si patch in, then put april 2017 update on and everything works fine but as I try to put update on where u start from the year 2016, I start the game and it instantly comes up error and literally goes through what must b the entire leagues on the game and teams saying unable to find them, it then freezes and comes up not responding and closes the programme down.
- I downloaded the game and installed Patch 3.9 68.
- I then exchanged the EXE file with NoCd EXE.
- Then set Tapani 2.21 patch with starting year 2016.
^ with a normal record like "October 2017 Data Update" I could now play.
The game starts. Choose language German. But does not go without CD to the country selection / loading process. What do I do now ? Or does anyone have a NoCd exe for this update ?
- Why is not the WM in Russia 2018 displayed as a host or in an earlier record the European Championship in France 2014? In every record, I almost always see Mexico at the World Cup and at the European Championships, at least Ireland .... can you change that somehow?
I would like to be able to choose where the WM takes place, for example in South Africa?
TECHNICAL PROBLEM 3: "Austrian League Patch April 2015"
- I get this patch not started before it breaks off is not Austria to choose but only "Amber" what I am wrong?
TECHNICAL PROBLEM 4: HOW TO CREATE YOUR OWN LIGA AND BIND THESE ?
I would like a game based on Saturn Patch 2.21+ v2 in the 2016 starting year and World Cup 2018 in Russia. For example, the European Championship can be held in England. And I would like to edit the leagues myself or insert new ones as for examplei Technical Problem 3.
I started a new game with the latest Saturn patch found in the Downloads section. All installled correctly according to instructions.
I took Indonesia and all was going well: qualified for World Cup 2018 and reached quarter-finals, won Asian Cup 2019, played Confederations Cup 2021.
I'm now at the end of 2021 and I've just noticed that my nation has been completely ignored by the game for the 2022 World Cup qualifyers for Asian countries.
Indonesia, the current Asian Cup holder, therefore not a minor nation anymore, hasn't been invited at all to take part in the qualifyers. Even freaking Nepal and Maldives were, but not me!
I was hoping to be automatically qualified after winning the Asian Cup, but that's not the case. The final list of World Cup participants has been issued and I'm not in there.
I've checked the Saturn patch notes and nothing seems to justify this gross omission.
I'm so gutted. What sort of moronic bug is that? How could this have been avoided?


With any one quick look around, you can tell that fall has officially arrived in Pigeon Forge, Tennessee. Crisp air, vividly colored leaves and fall decorations are abundant from street corners to front porches. A truly wonderful time to visit, it's no wonder why this is the Smoky Mountain's busiest time of year!
If you're visiting during the month of October (especially Halloween) you are in luck! The town of Pigeon Forge is filled with fun, family-friendly activities for you to enjoy. Check out some of the great events below and get ready for a great fall vacation to the Great Smoky Mountains!
On October 24th, visit the Pigeon Forge Community Center for a non-scary, family-friendly trick or treating extravaganza! Businesses you are familiar with from the Pigeon Forge community have set up booths and interactive displays for your little ones to enjoy. Visit each business to let the little ones get all the candy they can carry!
If you're looking for an all-in-one stop, Kyker Farms it the place for you! Enjoy an expansive corn maze, pumpkin patch, hay rides, bonfire sites and more. The farm is family-friendly but turns a little scary on Friday and Saturdays after 8PM, when Kyker Farms After Dark emerges! The creatures of the corn maze arise for a haunted adventure that will make your skin crawl. Visit during the day or in the evening – there's no going wrong!
Ripley's Aquarium of the Smokies is proud to present another great trick or treating event! Local Gatlinburg businesses will offer games, characters in costume, inflatable bounce houses and slides, candy and more at this Kickoff Carnival. Hosted on Halloween night, this event is sure to be fun for all!
So, enjoy some fall spirit and head out to the city for some good old fashioned fun. Dress the kids in costumes, don one of your own and get ready for another magical night in Pigeon Forge, Tennessee!


text:
Peoria set for record winter
ANDY KRAVETZ
Peoria's in for a record-setting winter as this week's blizzard pushed snowfall totals to an all-time high for December through February.
And with nearly the entire month of February to go, it's likely the current total of 43.4 inches could top the snowiest winter ever, 1978-1979, when 51.6 inches of snow fell.
Combine that with bone-chilling cold Thursday, and it's been a memorable month so far. Just ask the children who were home from school for yet another day, in part because of sub-zero wind chills Thursday morning.
Well, kids, rejoice, we're going to have a replay Friday, says National Weather Service meteorologist Chuck Schaffer.
The temperature Thursday night was expected to dip down to 3 below zero. Mix in 10 mph winds and wind chills, and Friday morning's temperatures will range from 10 to 15 degrees below zero.
While Thursday was too cold for snowball fights, some people headed to Rainbow Play Systems of Central Illinois, 2322 W. Willow Knolls Drive. Some two dozen kids ran off their cabin fever in the company's showroom of swing sets, slides and other outdoor play sets.
"It's the best-kept secret," said owner Carl Lathrop, who charges $5 to let children go bonkers on the equipment. "We don't advertise and yet word of mouth brings them here."
Kathleen McGee of Peoria was one of those parents who brought her children there. St. Philomena school was closed for a third day, and McGee thought it was time for everyone to get out of the house.
"I told them it was too cold go out," she said, so the family made the trek to Rainbow Play Systems, their routine stop on cold or rainy days.
Mike Matheny of Peoria brought his twin 3-year-old boys so they could play with their nieces and nephews who were off school. While he did not think the day was that cold, he acknowledged the children wouldn't last that long. Sledding will have to wait until the weekend.
The previous snowfall high between Dec. 1 and the end of February was 42.5 inches, which was also set in 1978-1979, according to the National Weather Service in Lincoln.
"And we have all this month to go. We usually get a few inches of snow in March," said meteorologist Chris Geelhart. "If it didn't snow for the rest of the winter, we'd finish in fifth place" of all time.
Jim Angel, state climatologist with the State Water Survey, said the total for Tuesday and Wednesday exceeded the 100-year benchmark of 9.6 inches for a two-day storm. That term means there is a one in 100 chance of such a storm occurring, making it "an extremely rare event," he said.
Andy Kravetz can be reached at 686-3283 or akravetz@pjstar.com.


text:
Venus May Host Active Volcanoes
DieHard Sold To Advance Auto Parts For $200 Million
Ebola Vaccine Now Approved By FDA
Cox Communications Loses Music Piracy Suit
Italian Organized Crime Raids Result In More Than 300 Arrests
U.S. Sues CVS Over Fraudulent Billing
Live Nation Facing Legal Action Over Ticketmaster
Britain Puts Brakes On Amazon's Deliveroo Deal
New Report Details Climate Change Effects On Arctic
'CRISPR Babies' Experiment May Have Unintended Consequences
Netflix Planning To Spend $420M On Content For India
Both Legitimate And Illegal THC Vaping Products Linked To Lung Illnesses
Peloton Under Fire For 'Sexist' Holiday Ad
New Tariffs Levied On Brazil and Argentina
Florida High School Becomes First To Use Synthetic Frogs
European Space Agency Gets Big Funding Boost
Gabrielle Union, Julianne Hough Exiting "America's Got Talent"
Astronomers Annoyed With Elon Musk's Starlink Satellites
Pakistan Using New Typhoid Vaccine To Control Outbreak
J.C. Penney Surprises With Smaller Loss Than Anticipated
Posted by Toi Williams on Dec 25th, 2019
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved a vaccine for the prevention of the deadly Ebola virus disease for the first time. Ervebo, a single-dose, injectable vaccine manufactured by American pharmaceutical company Merck, has been approved for use for individuals age 18 and older. Anna Abram, FDA deputy commissioner for policy, legislation, and international affairs, said in a news release, "Today's approval is an important step in our continuing efforts to fight Ebola in close coordination with our partners across the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), as well as our international partners, such as the World Health Organization (WHO)."
The Ebola virus is one of the most deadly viruses on the planet, causing an often-fatal type of hemorrhagic fever that causes bleeding inside and outside the body. The virus is transmitted through direct contact with blood, body fluids, and tissues of infected people or animals, as well as contact with surfaces and materials contaminated with the virus. The virus has an incubation period that ranges from 2 to 21 days, after which symptoms including vomiting, diarrhea, rash, fever, fatigue, muscle pain, and bleeding may appear. The disease has a fatality rate of 50 to 90 percent.
Ervebo was involved in a two-year study conducted during an Ebola outbreak in Guinea and was used in 2018 by WHO in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) as an investigational vaccine. More than 258,000 people have been vaccinated in the outbreak zone so far. Following the Guinea study and several investigations in the safety of the vaccine, the FDA granted it a Breakthrough Therapy designation. The FDA approval comes a month after the European Union and the WHO both approved the Ebola vaccine.
Ervebo is a live, attenuated vaccine that has been genetically engineered to contain a protein from the deadly Zaire strain of the virus, which killed more than 11,000 people during the 2014 West Africa outbreak. The Zaire ebolavirus is also behind more than 2,200 deaths in the current outbreak in the eastern DRC. Another 1,089 people sickened with the virus have recovered, officials said.
Penserra Capital Management LLC Acquires 562 Shares of Ventas, Inc. (NYSE:VTR)
Insider Selling: Eli Lilly And Co (NYSE:LLY) Major Shareholder Sells 48,953 Shares of Stock


Lake Bogoria lies at the beginning of Kenya's great Northern Wilderness and it is the heart of an arid landscape, in the shadow of the dramatic walls of the Siracho Range. The alkaline waters of the lake attract massive flocks of Flamingo, and the lake is often carpeted with pink.
Hot Water Geyser spewing steam The 32 sq km lake is still volcanically active, and the Western shore is lined with spouting geysers, spurting steam and bubbling geothermal pools. Fresh water springs at the lake edge attract an abundance of birds and wildlife.


Slice tofu into ½-inch thick slabs, cutting each slab lengthwise into smaller strips the size of your preference. Lay flat on a large plate.
In a small bowl, whisk together soy sauce, toasted sesame oil, ume plum vinegar, and fresh grated ginger. Pour marinade over tofu strips, coating evenly. Let set for five minutes, then flip and give them a good soak on the other side. Let rest for another 3-5 minutes.
Heat a large cast-iron or non-stick frying pan over medium flame with 1 teaspoon coconut oil. Add 2 tablespoons chopped green onion, and sauté for 1-2 minutes, until beginning to crisp and brown. Add tofu strips in a single layer and sprinkle with ½ tablespoon black sesame seeds. Pour in remaining marinade. Sear tofu for 2-3 minutes on each side, sprinkling with additional black sesame seeds once you flip, until a crisp layer forms. Remove from heat and set aside.
Prepare and dress salad according to instructions, and top with sesame seared tofu.


We can remove your old countertops and install new laminate, solid-surface, Corian®, Quartz®, Silestone®, or even granite countertops (as well as many others), with your choice of colors and a variety of edge profiles to choose from. And of course, all the work will be performed by certified fabricators and installers. For an informative overview of the different countertop material options available, check out item 6 (entitled "The Pros and Cons of Different Countertops") of the Frequently Asked Questions section of our Kitchen Remodeling Page, which contains information provided by interior designer Tammy Franklin, and is reproduced here with permission.
If your remodeling plans call for new flooring, you'll be glad to know that the folks at Bob's can help you with that, as well! In fact, Bob's team includes flooring experts who can handle everything from material selection to installation, and do it all with the same thoroughness and attention to detail that Bob has built his reputation on.
As with kitchen cabinets, there are many flooring options available (more than ever before, in fact); while this is generally a good thing for home remodelers, it can be a little daunting to find the flooring option that best suits your particular needs and situation. Bob and his team can provide all the guidance you need to help you make the best choice, and then bring your vision to reality.
You'll find photos of a few examples of the custom flooring work that Bob and his team have performed in the Photo Gallery.
A great summary of the many flooring options available can be found in the Flooring section of The Short and Long of Home Renovation website, which we've reproduced here with permission.
The information summarized here originally appeared on "The Short and Long of Home Renovation" (Copyright (c) 2009 Lisa Yannucci and Jason Pomerantz).
PROS – Beautiful, warm, soft on the feet, fairly durable, long-lasting if properly sealed and maintained, can be refinished, many wood types and hues to choose from, can be painted or stained for more color options, helps tie kitchen to other rooms in an open floor plan.
CONS - Susceptible to water damage, darkens with age, expensive to very expensive, softer woods can dent easily, harder to keep clean than vinyl or laminate – water and spills need to be cleaned immediately. Dust everywhere with refinishing or new installation of unsealed wood.
PRO TIP - Material must acclimate for 48 hours before installation.
PROS – Beautiful and durable, with many color and pattern choices. Nearly indestructible. Tumbled or honed finishes give good traction. Granite is the strongest.
CONS - Cold and hard on the feet. Very expensive. Slate is more affordable, but can be rough and can peel. Glossy finishes are slippery when wet and must be polished regularly. Tumbled or honed stone must be sealed regularly. Stone is heavy and may need a stronger subfloor. Marble will be damaged by chlorine and can absorb dirt. Limestone and Slate collect dirt.
PROS – Huge selection of mixable colors, shapes, sizes and patterns. Durable if well made. Glazed tiles are moisture and stain-resistant. Most are easy to maintain. Mosaic tile can be laid on uneven surfaces. Can be very affordable. Easy for do-it-yourselfers.
CONS - Cold and hard on the feet. Can be very expensive depending upon what you choose. Can crack or chip and is difficult to repair. Glossy finishes are slippery when wet. Grout can discolor and is hard to maintain.
PROS – Durable, easy to maintain, scratch-resistant, wide range of colors and designs, can be installed over old flooring, can be affordable, quiet when used with underlayment, good choice for damp areas and below grade, easy installation – good choice for do-it-yourselfers, has color/grain uniformity, many click together styles require no glue.
CONS - Cannot be refinished if damaged. Some can be expensive – as much as wood.
PROS – Inexpensive, durable, easy on the feet, quiet, water and stain resistant, and low maintenance. It's easy to install – especially tiles. 12 foot wide sheets means seamless floors in small rooms. You can create patterns with tiles.
CONS - Prone to dents and tears. Moisture can get into seams leading to mildew and lifting. Glossy finishes are slippery when wet, and can dull easily unless waxed regularly.
PROS – Warm, easy on the feet, quiet, lots of colors and styles to choose from, choice of wall to wall or area rugs, slip-resistant, can be affordable.
CONS - More appropriate for drier climates. Collects dirt and moisture – which can turn into mildew. Wall to wall carpeting is not a good choice for people with dust allergies. It's hard to clean. Polypropylene or washable area rugs best choice.
Cork is one of the natural, sustainable, "green" products available.
PROS – Cork is soft and warm, wide array of colors and patterns, great texture, easy to install, can be affordable. Option of unfinished or polyurethane-sealed.
CONS - Must be sealed, not as durable or easy to clean as vinyl. May not be a good choice for "rough" families.
Linoleum and Marmoleum are also among the natural, sustainable, "green" products available. Made from linseed oil, woodflour and/or cork dust and sometimes pine rosin, jute and limestone.
PROS – Comes in wide range of colors, quiet, durable, biodegradable, environmentally friendly, hygienic and anti-static.
Modern linoleum doesn't wear down like the old type from the '50's. The glue is better, so it shouldn't pucker up over time.
CONS - Porous, it may need to be waxed or polished from time to time. Strong overall, but difficult to repair if there is a problem.
Call Bob at (757)851-9618, and put his experience to work for you.


text:
The Swan (El cisne) fue un teatro en Southwark, Londres, construido entre 1594 y 1596, durante la primera parte de la carrera de William Shakespeare. Fue el cuarto de la serie de grandes teatros públicos londinenses, después del The Theatre de James Burbage (1576), Curtain (1577), y el de Philip Henslowe Rose (1587-8).

El Cisne se ubicaba al oeste del distrito de Bankside de Southwark, al otro lado del río Támesis respecto a la City de Londres. Estaba en la esquina noreste de la finca del Jardín París que Francis Langley había adquirido en mayo de 1589, al este de la casa principal, y a unas 150 yardas al sur de las escaleras de los jardines París al borde del río. Langley hizo construir el teatro casi con toda seguridad en 1595-6. Cuando era nuevo, el Cisne resultó ser el más impresionante visualmente de los teatros londinenses. Johannes De Witt, un holandés que visitó Londres alrededor de 1596, dejó una descripción del Cisne en sus Observationes Londiniensis. Traducido del latín, su descripción identifica al Cisne como "el mejor y más grande de los teatros londinenses," con una capacidad para 3.000 espectadores. Estaba construido en hormigón de sílex, y sus columnas de madera estaban tan hábilmente pintadas que "podrían engañar al más agudo observador para que creyera que eran de mármol," dando al Cisne una apariencia "romana". (De Witt dibujó un esbozo del teatro. Se ha perdido el original, pero sobrevive una copia hecha por Arendt van Buchell, y es el único dibujo que se conoce realizado de un teatro isabelino. Si los Lord Chamberlain's Men actuaron en el Cisne en el verano de 1596—lo que es posible, aunque está lejos de saberse seguro—serían los actores que muestra el dibujo del Cisne.) Cuando Henslowe construyó el nuevo Hope Theatre en 1613, hizo que su carpintero copiase al Cisne, más que a su primer teatro La Rosa, que por comparación debía parecer antiguado y pasado de moda.

En 1597 el Cisne albergó la compañía de actores Pembroke's Men, que interpretaron la infame obra La isla de los perros, de Thomas Nashe y Ben Jonson, cuyo contenido resultó muy ofensivo, sin saberse las razones. Jonson fue enviado a prisión, junto a Gabriel Spenser (un actor de la obra) y otros. Langley, que ya tenía problemas con el Consejo Privado sobre asuntos que no estaban relacionados con el teatro, pudo haber exacerbado su peligro permitiendo que la compañía representase la obra después de una orden real de que cesara toda actuación y que todos los teatros se demolieran. Esta orden pudo haber sido dirigida sólo a Langley; las otras compañías, los Lord Chamberlain's Men y los Admiral's Men, fueron autorizados a volver a escena en octubre.

Dado que tanto la corte como la ciudad tenían interés en limitar el número de troupes de actores en Londres, y que hubo, por consiguiente, un exceso de locales grandes sin techo en la ciudad, el Cisne sólo volvió a representar dramas de manera intermitente. Junto a La isla de los perros, el más famoso estreno aquí fue la obra de Thomas Middleton Una doncella casta en Cheapside, interpretada por la compañía recientemente unida de los Lady Elizabeth's Men y Children of the Queen's Revels (la troupe que se había asociado con el Blackfriars Theatre antes de 1608) en 1613. El teatro ofreció otros entretenimientos populares para la época, como competiciones de capa y espada y luchas de osos, y para el año 1632 había sido derribado.

Referencias
Este artículo es traducción de la Wikipedia inglesa, que señala las siguientes fuentes:
E. K. Chambers, The Elizabethan Stage, 4 Volumes, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1923.
F. E. Halliday, A Shakespeare Companion 1564-1964, Baltimore, Penguin, 1964.

Swan
Swan
Arquitectura de 1596

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Mull Historical Society Performs 'Loss' and Yvonne Lyon *CANCELLED*
Over 14s only. Under 18s must be accompanied by an adult over 18.
Twenty years on from the stunning success of Mull Historical Society's full-length debut Loss – "a beacon of originality in a tiresome sea of dross" (Time Out) – its author Colin MacIntyre reprises the album in full, together with other back-catalogue faves. While Loss's musical hallmarks - irresistibly warm-hearted guitar pop, replete with reflective lyrics and uplifting melodies – have remained MacIntyre signatures, they're now resonantly informed by two decades' accrued experience, musical and otherwise. Ahead of a new MHS album in 2022, he's backed here by Sorren MacIean, Hannah Fisher and Seonaid Aitken, plus more special guests to be announced.
Fellow Scottish singer-songwriter Yvonne Lyon's reputation can readily be judged from the company she keeps: her latest album, 2020's Growing Wild, features co-writes and studio collaborations with Beth Nielsen Chapman, Eddi Reader and Boo Hewerdine, among others. A finely crafted blend of Celtic and Americana influences, her songs match eloquently poignant lyricism with intensely expressive vocals.
Saint Luke's
Bain Street, Glasgow , G40 2JZ


In Part 1 of this current series we established the effectiveness of Alcoholics Anonymous (A.A.); even as we explored A.A.'s cultural embeddedness within a traditionally Christian worldview; and identified a serious problem that arises for recovering individuals who need a cross-culturally more sensitive integration, than A.A.'s, of spiritual resources. In Part 2 we introduced a key distinction between A.A.'s authenticity (ability to transform) and its ongoing legitimacy (ability to translate across time and cultures). There is a need for an experience-near (as opposed to experience-distant) language; one which communicates changes cross-culturally.
Cultural anthropologists, linguists, and missionaries have made the distinction, in translating from one language to another, between formal correspondence and dynamic equivalence (Kim, 2004; Leonardi, 2007; Roembke, 2000). Formal correspondence assumes that the best translation is a word-for-word, literal transposition from language A to language B.
Formal correspondence then would insist on the means of expressing God = God from one culture to another. This operates regardless of there existing any, actually vital and alive cultural reference point for the term God in the second culture.
Dynamic equivalence, on the other hand, takes a quite different tack. Here the focus is on first identifying the essential dynamic, or animating principle, embedded in the first language. Then there follows a commitment to finding the best fit for expressing that very dynamic in the second language. For example, assume that the theistic notion of God has a certain set of internal and cultural reference points within language A. What then would be the word (or words) closest for expressing that dynamic in language B?
A theistic God might well evoke a sense of the transcendent in the first culture of language A. Yet it is quite possible that another, even non-theistic term might best fit within language B in terms of evoking a felt sense, or experiential dynamic, of transcendent spirituality. For example, in Asian religion, one such term is emptiness. This term signifies something quite similar to the traditional, Christian view of God or Christ.
Obviously, it requires cultural sensitivity and inclusivity to seek such a match between one cultural expression and its corollary in a second culture's. Contemporary spiritual author Eckhart Tolle, from a perspective markedly similar to dynamic equivalence, put it this way: "The only important question is whether a word is a help or a hindrance in enabling you to experience That toward which it points" (2009b, p. 14).
As a case in point, we will be further exploring Tolle's work and applying it to one possible, contemporary cross-cultural integration in recovery later in this series. To Tolle, thoughts or beliefs (literal form), including about God, are not to be confused or equated with spiritual awareness (essential dynamic) itself. This spiritual awareness includes the actual experience of transcendence. This in fact is what some, including Christians, would call God. Why does Tolle's point, about not mistaking the "map for the territory," truly matter?
One goal of authentic spiritual transformation lies at the very core of the contemplative, or meditative, strands of all major world religions. That goal involves moving beyond, or letting go of, the exclusively thought-identified "false self," or what Eckhart calls "ego," or more simply, "mind." One thing matters most across the core of these various cultural expressions of religious or spiritual faith. That is: what language will best point the sincere thinker there? There is meant to point toward to a place of pure, non-thought-identified awareness and personal identity. Such an identity entails becoming free from solely identifying with one's thoughts and feelings; again, what Tolle calls the "mind." Such a transformed sense of self (essential dynamic) itself exists beyond conventional, exclusively thought-generated categories (literal form). Such categories, or "maps" and "forms," include those even of religion.
Distinguishing Between Spirituality and Religion in A.A.
Kim, S. (2004). Strange names of God: The missionary translation of the divine name. NY: Peter Lang.
Leonardi, V. (2007). Gender and ideology in translation: Do women and men translate differently? NY: Peter Lang.
Roembke, L. (2000). Building credible multicultural teams. Pasadena, CA: William Carey Library.


text:
Help Nunn Center Term of Use
Interview with Jo Crockett Zingg, November 16, 1990
Project: Appalachia: War On Poverty Oral History Project
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Interview Summary
Jo Crockett Zingg describes growing up on her grandfather's farm in Lee County, Kentucky which had been in the family since the Revolutionary War. Her father was an auto mechanic with his own shop, but he was eventually forced to travel a long distance to find work. Zingg attended Union College in Barbourville, Kentucky and discusses what it was like to be a poor student. In college Zingg became very involved in producing and acting in plays. She describes attending parties where the theatre members discussed radical politics, but states that she felt like an outsider in these male-dominated political discussions. Many of these young people later became Appalachian Volunteers (AVs) and community organizers.
Zingg married, had two children, and her husband began working for the AVs. Zingg states that her husband's activities put them in conflict with the community. He not only worked with the AVs, but he also started an underground newspaper, and initiated a chapter of the Urban League in Pikeville. Zingg remembers that she worried about her family's financial security along with their personal safety. To help support her family, she worked as a case worker for the social welfare department. She describes this as her first exposure to extreme poverty.
Interview Accession
1991oh184_app309
Interviewee Name
Jo Crockett Zingg
Interviewer Name
Margaret Brown
Interview Keyword
anti-poverty organizations Appalachian Volunteers childhood on the farm Hep Cawood Jack Rivel Judy and Richard Martin Lee County War On Poverty
Interview LC Subject
Appalachian Region Appalachian Region--Economic conditions Economic assistance Zingg, Jo Crockett Zingg, Jo Crockett--Interviews
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Zingg, Jo Crockett Interview by Margaret Brown. 16 Nov. 1990. Lexington, KY: Louie B. Nunn Center for Oral History, University of Kentucky Libraries.
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