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Azerbaijan 4.1.5
Compendium of Cultural Policies & Trends / Country Profiles / Azerbaijan 4.1.5
The Constitution of the Republic of Azerbaijan (1995), the Labour Code (1999) and laws On Employment (2018), On Trade Unions (1994), and On Culture (2012) regulate employment in the cultural field. A unified system of salaries is in place for those working in the different spheres of the public sector. Relationships between employers and workers are based on a contract system (usually concluded on a permanent or short-term basis). The collective contract is signed between the employer on the one side and the trade union on the other. In the event of the trade union's absence, the working collective signs the contract. The trade union, working collective, employer, corresponding executive and representative body of employers can initiate signing the contract. The trade union can promote the negotiating related to the contract signing. In the event of its absence, the working collective can establish a commission for that purpose. The Law on State Service (2001) regulates the employment of state employees at all levels.
"ASAN service" centres were established by the Presidential Decree On Measures to Establish the State Agency for Citizen Services and Social Innovations under the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan and to Improve the Services Provided to Citizens by Government Agencies" (2012). It should be noted that ASAN centres, which increase transparency and speed up the transition to e-services, have quickly gained immense popularity among the population and have practically eliminated potential corruption in relations between officials and citizens.
The public legal entity "ABAD" under the State Agency for Citizen Services and Social Innovations, created in 2016 by the corresponding decree of the President, plays a significant role in increasing employment and forming competitive family farms. For instance, ABAD centres implement projects to support family businesses operating in decorative and applied arts and food production. In addition, ABAD centres provide business planning, marketing, training, branding and design, financial accounting, legal assistance and, most importantly, sales organisation and equipment. Furthermore, certification of manufactured products on the principle of "one-stop-shop", organisation of logistics and sales are also carried out by ABAD.
The Small and Medium Business (SMB) Development Agency under the Ministry of the Economy was established following the Presidential Decree On Further Improvement of Management in the Field of Small and Medium Business" (2017). The goals are to improve the system of business regulation and effective coordination, to increase the role and competitiveness of small and medium enterprises in the country's economy. In addition, they aimed to adapt the management system to modern requirements, strengthening the legal support of entrepreneurship and creating favourable conditions for developing entrepreneurship in the regions.
The "Sustainable and Operational Social Security Agency" (DOST Agency), a public legal entity under the Ministry of Labour and Social Protection of Population, was established according to the Presidential Decree On Additional Measures to Improve Governance in the Areas of Employment, Labour, Social Protection and security" (August 2018). The DOST centres, managed by the Agency, provide services for the appointment of pensions, benefits, employment, and solve other relevant issues.
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The famed K-Pop singer and Jeremy Scott muse Chaelin Lee, who goes by CL, released her debut American single, "Lifted," today, which is also her first single written fully in English. Formerly known best as the frontwoman of K-Pop group 2NE1, CL has since pursued a solo career and, much to the chagrin of some of her longtime fans, is now catering to a Western audience. This was made loud and clear with "Lifted," which makes direct references to the Wu-Tang Clan's 1993 hit, "Method Man," with lyrics like, "I got myself a 40 / I got myself a shorty."
In the music video, CL wears much Moschino — in an interview with W magazine, the singer refers to Mr. Scott as her close "friend" — as well as a Vetements hoodie, and jorts over sweatpants. In classic "New York hip-hop" fashion, she smokes on a fire escape, waves around a paper-bagged beer, and hangs around a basketball court with none other than Luka Sabbat, who wears Gosha Rubchinskiy. Method Man himself even makes a smiley appearance, giving the much-appropriated song his stamp of approval.
Does that make "getting lifted," okay, though? The rest of the Wu Tang clan has yet to comment.
Watch the full "Lifted" video below.


Reaction from weekend rains pressured futures prices lower today, which was the common theme for corn, soybeans, and wheat at the close. Dry areas that needed a shot of rain got it and the 5-day forecast shows Eastern NE and Western IA getting another couple inches (see below). Both corn and soybean export inspections were on the strong side of expectations today, but still below the averages needed to meet USDA projections – which added more pricing pressure. Crop ratings improved this week for corn, up 1% nationally to 73% G/E. Iowa stayed steady at 75% rated G/E. Last year at this time, corn was rated 59% G/E nationally. Nearby soybeans closed 40 cents lower today on fund liquidation, with weather pressuring new crop prices down 13 cents. Soybeans showed a slight decline of 1% in G/E ratings, coming in at 70% rated G/E. Last year, we were at 58% nationally. Iowa remained unchanged from last week at 73% rated G/E.


Timothy L. Dillard, Birmingham, for petitioner.
Petition of Tony Browder for Certiorari to the Court of Criminal Appeals to review and revise the judgment and decision of that Court in Browder v. State, 54 Ala.App. ___, 308 So.2d 729.
HEFLIN, C. J., and MERRILL, MADDOX and SHORES, JJ., concur.


Identification and characterization of multiple species of tenascin-X in human serum.
Title: Identification and characterization of multiple species of tenascin-X in human serum.
Author(s): Egging, D.F. ; Peeters, A.C.T. ; Grebenchtchikov, N.J. ; Geurts-Moespot, A. ; Sweep, C.G.J. ; Heijer, M. den ; Schalkwijk, J.
We analysed the diversity of tenascin-X (TNX) species in serum and studied parameters that could affect determination of TNX levels in serum. Using western blot analysis we identified at least seven distinct TNX species, ranging from 75 kDa to the presumably full-length 450 kDa form. Purification of serum TNX followed by sequence analysis positively identified two major TNX species of 75 and 140 kDa. We found that serum TNX binds to tropoelastin but not to fibrillar collagens. We conclude that serum TNX is composed of distinct molecular species that retain functional activity.


Realistic modeling of dynamic management actions (DMA) is critical to many areas of the management of a life insurance company, although, historically, actuarial models effectively assumed static rules for future management actions.
In an ideal world, management would react to events in a dynamic way and decide in advance how they would react to the range of circumstances that may arise in the future. Frequently, however, not enough attention is devoted to the planning, modeling, and monitoring of dynamic management actions.
This research report discusses the issues involved in modeling DMA and how this provides a crucial link between Pillar I and Pillar II of Solvency II, as well as playing a key role in enterprise risk management.
This paper was originally presented at the Staple Inn Actuarial Society in London on 6 March 2012.


text:
Ikana Canyon
Ikana Canyon in its glory
Mystery Man
Pamela's Father
Gibdos
Garos
Points of
Sakon's Hideout
Spring Water Cave
Music Box House
Spirit House
Beneath the Well
Ancient Castle of Ikana
Secret Shrine
Stone Tower
Ikana Canyon is a location found in Majora's Mask. It is the main and largest area within the region of Ikana. The entrance to Ikana Canyon is situated within the easternmost section of Termina and can only be accessed with Epona. The canyon itself is divided into two main sections: the lower river, which contains Sakon's Hideout, and the main village. Ikana Canyon used to house the great Kingdom of Ikana, a once thriving civilization, but over time, the Kingdom has greatly diminished. The canyon is now somewhat of a barren wasteland housing regretful spirits and the undead.[1]
Link must obtain the Garo's Mask and speak to the strange figure atop of the canyon cliff. The strange figure is known as the Mystery Man, and he allows Link access to the upper section of the canyon via a small tree that Link can Hookshot up to. Link soon realizes that the main section of the canyon is deserted, and the only beings that reside there are undead Gibdos. The only notable inhabitants of the village are Pamela and her father, who reside within the Music Box House. Link can sneak into the house and play the Song of Healing to lift the Gibdo curse set on Pamela's Father. This grants Link the Gibdo Mask, which allows him to talk to the undead.[2]
To the eastern section of the canyon lies the Spring Water Cave, which has been the cause of the recent drought in the canyon. Link must restore the flow of water by playing the Song of Storms to the cursed Poe, Sharp. Flat, Sharp's brother, tells Link that his brother is cursed as he sold his soul to the devil, thus the reason for his evil actions.[3] Once the flow of water is restored, it provides power to the Music Box House. With the waterwheel now spinning, a song begins to play from the house called "Farewell to Gibdos". This magical song causes the undead to sink into the ground, therefore freeing the canyon from evil.[4]
Link can later travel Beneath the Well, where he obtains the Mirror Shield. This powerful item allows Link to pass through the Ancient Castle of Ikana, to the north of the canyon. Here, Link encounters Igos du Ikana, who teaches him the Elegy of Emptiness, which allows Link to traverse up the treacherous Stone Tower.[5] The mountainous accent up Stone Tower later leads into the fourth dungeon in the game, the Stone Tower Temple.
↑ "Eee-hee-hee... Ikana Kingdom was founded on this land, stained with a history of darkness, drenched in blood... Even now it is a place where troubled, regretful spirits gather." — Mystery Man, Majora's Mask.
↑ "You got the Gibdo Mask! This mask was once the hideous face of Pamela's father. This mask looks so real that even a Gibdo would mistake you as one of its own.", Majora's Mask.
↑ "Oh...Sharp, my dear brother. He sold his soul to the devil and was the one who locked me in here..." — Flat, Majora's Mask.
↑ "By the way, the song, Farewell to Gibdos, which the music box is now playing, drives away Gibdos." — Pamela's Father, Majora's Mask.
↑ "But Stone Tower is an impenetrable stronghold. Hundreds of soldiers from my kingdom would not even be able to topple it. It is far too reckless for one to take on such a challenge. ...And so... I grant to you a soldier who has no heart. One who will not falter in the darkness. This soldier who has no heart is your twin image. A shell of yourself that you will shed when your song commands it." — Igos du Ikana, Majora's Mask.
Retrieved from "https://www.zeldadungeon.net/wiki/index.php?title=Ikana_Canyon&oldid=108982"
Majora's Mask Locations
This page was last edited on January 27, 2016, at 03:28.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
using UnityEngine;
using System;
using LuaInterface;
using SLua;
using System.Collections.Generic;
public class Lua_UnityEngine_Rendering_RenderBufferLoadAction : LuaObject {
	static public void reg(IntPtr l) {
		getEnumTable(l,"UnityEngine.Rendering.RenderBufferLoadAction");
		addMember(l,0,"Load");
		addMember(l,2,"DontCare");
		LuaDLL.lua_pop(l, 1);
	}
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
In this third volume of The Belgariad, the party continues their quest for the Orb of Aldur, eventually journeying into the mountainous waste of Cthol Murgos to retrieve it. This book is pretty good, because we explore more of Garion's sorcerous powers and things get a bit darker in tone with the party going through places like Maragor (a haunted land), Ulgoland (an underground city in the mountains, with many "monsters" in residence on the surface around it) and Cthol Murgos (home of the Murgos, one of the Angarak races, and Angaraks are bad mmkay).
This is part 3 of my The Belgariad and The Malloreon retrospective
These blogs are most effective with your own re-read of both series
As usual, there are no surprises regarding the story in this volume if you've been paying attention so far and you know your fantasy tropes. Zedar went into Cthol Murgos with the Orb, and Ctuchik, high priest of the Grolims (Angarak sorcerers, who are generally weak) stole it from him and now has it in the fortress city of Rak Cthol. Zedar and Ctuchik are two of the God Torak's disciples. The third, Urvon, lives on the Mallorean continent across the Sea of the East and doesn't appear in the storyline until the next series, The Malloreon.
In the last book Garion made the transition from child to teenager. In this book he learns a lot more about his power, particularly the realization that he can do and understand very complicated magic tasks much easier than Belgarath or any of the others. He jumps into things without thinking about consequences, and this can be attributed to his age more than anything.
We are now at the midpoint of The Belgariad, and usually middle books in a series can feel incomplete, but this one's a good book with a strong beginning and end, and soon you realize that the thrust of the series is not just about the recovery of the Orb, which began the whole thing. That's merely the Prologue, or Part One, so to speak, when you look at all 10 books in both series.
The Omnibus
Related to that, they did an omnibus reissue of The Belgariad a number of years ago, and split it into two trade paperback volumes. The split was 1-3 and 4-5. So Part One ends with this volume, which is a good ending place, considering it ends the quest for the Orb.
Alternate cover of Part One, because the American
ones just reuse the Schwinger images. Belgarath
looks like Gandalf here, even though he doesn't
have a long beard or smokes a pipe.
You can see more omnibus covers here. There's one set (shown below) that totally looks like it belongs to The Lord of the Rings. Part One is reminiscent of the Fellowship riding at night, Part Two makes me think of the Rohan charge at Minas Tirith. Eddings said that Tolkien's long-lasting success is what prompted him to try fantasy, so it's no surprise you can find allusions here and there, or that artists unconsciously echo that material. I think all fantasy writers do, at some level. It's hard to get away from the archetypes Tolkien popularized, much like it's hard to get away from the Hero's Journey in any adventure story.
History Prologues
In this series, Eddings used prologues as a means of telling some important backstory for events that relate to each novel. I'm mixed on them, because sometimes they can be boring to read, like a history text - but if you don't tell it there, you have to cleverly relate the history in the narrative (like with Belgarath as the Storyteller in Pawn of Prophecy). Very little fantasy uses prologues like this anymore. It's another cliche that's been done to death and I wouldn't be surprised if publishers today rejected out of hand any manuscript that starts with the typical history prologue.
In Pawn of Prophecy, the prologue told of the creation of the world and the races, how the Gods chose races, the theft of the Orb by Torak, how it maimed him and he Cracked the World (The Wheel of Time, anyone?), and the ultimate retaking of the Orb by Belgarath. Since the story was just beginning, this prologue laid the foundation.
For Queen of Sorcery, the prologue told of the Battle of Vo Mimbre, when Torak and his army of Angaraks made war upon the West, culminating at the city of Vo Mimbre in Arendia, where Brand the Rivan Warder defeated Torak and essentially put him in a coma by revealing the Orb to him. Our party journeys through Vo Mimbre in that book and since Torak is still asleep during our series, it's necessary background.
Now in Magician's Gambit, we get the story of the Ulgos, one of the races we'll encounter. UL is essentially the Father of the Gods, and all the leftover humans and monsters (that the seven Gods created and tossed aside as failed experiments) beseeched him to become their god. Eventually he did.
Future prologues follow the same pattern, so get used to them. Eddings used them in pretty much every fantasy he (or his wife) wrote.
In addition to the traditional history prologues, another thing that's seemed to have gone to wayside in recent years is the "excerpt" on the very first page, just inside the front cover. All of the Del Rey books back then had them. It would be a scene from the book, usually abridged, used to generate buying interest, I suppose. Here's the one from Magician's Gambit:
Did they really work? I guess so, or I suppose they wouldn't have done them. But they weren't a draw for me. I didn't like them mainly because they would be abridged. And I was always more interested in the summary blurb on the back of each novel. This is something else that has changed over time as well; a lot of Tor paperbacks have no summary blurb on the back. Only the hardbacks do, on the dust jacket tabs.
Excerpts in the book itself seem somewhat useless today. A good many potential readers now learn about a book through the internet. That's how I find new works and authors these days. Never do I stand in the bookstore for a half an hour anymore, browsing, looking for something interesting, buying a book solely on cover art, excerpts, summaries or review quotes. I learn about it elsewhere and most times just order it online (or download it immediately for my Kindle).
Again a scene from the end of the book is featured on the cover, this time the encounter with Ctuchik at Rak Cthol. They find the child (Errand) whom Zedar used to steal the Orb, and Belgarath and Ctuchik confront each other in a sorcerous battle that's kind of ho-hum since Ctuchik inadvertantly destroys himself.
When I was young I thought the old man on the cover was Belgarath. I don't know why, I just did. But now I know it's Ctuchik, and I suppose the horror on his face (kinda looks like horror, maybe?) is his reaction to seeing Garion come so close to touching the Orb. He knows what that means, though Garion doesn't yet. That fear is what leads to his undoing.
The background has the requisite map of the book's journey, featuring Ulgoland, the Vale of Aldur and Rak Cthol in the bottom-right corner (looking much higher than I imagined it). The silhouette this time is a mask, which one can assume is the Grolim mask since it looks quite evil. I also like the choice of color - the reddish tinge to everything. Fits well in the locations of the book (mountains and desert/wasteland), signals danger and allows the brillant blue of the Orb to pop out.
Maragor
Our Let's-Stop-At-Every-Country-And-Region tour continues with Maragor, which is not a country proper, but a region. Technically it's part of Tolnedra now, but Eddings splits it out for the story. The Marags were one of the seven original races, chosen by the God Mara. They were an odd culture: 8 out of every 9 births were female, they practiced cannibalism and had an odd construction sense (Mar Amon, their ruined city, is laid out in a spiral - this is attributed to the fact there are so many females in the race, and they think in circles vs. males who think in straight lines... or so they say).
The Marags were annihilated by the Tolnedrans centuries ago because there was abundant gold in their land, and as we know from the last book, Tolnedrans can be very greedy - so much so that they felt the need to commit genocide. Mara grew quite upset and decided after that that no one would have the gold. He haunts the place now, eternally crying in Mar Amon, and anyone venturing in looking for gold goes mad.
Garion and company were originally headed to the Vale of Aldur, but are forced to cut through Maragor because Murgos are on their trail. How convenient. Belgarath and Polgara put them all to sleep so they won't go mad, but Garion awakes and sees everything, unfazed by the ghosts.
Oh, and there's no ruler of Maragor, but they do stop by and talk to Mara, the weeping god (as shown in the above book excerpt), and it's His land, so Garion's streak of meeting the ruler of each land is still alive. This is also the second god he's met, after Issa in Queen of Sorcery.
The Vale of Aldur
The Vale is another region, technically the southern tip of Algaria, surrounded by mountains. It's a peaceful place where the god Aldur lived and where Belgarath, Polgara and the other disciples of Aldur make their home. Not much happens here aside from meeting Aldur, checking out Belgarath's towers and Garion learning some more about sorcery. Oh, and meeting a few more major characters.
There is Beldin, another sorcerer and disciple of Aldur, an ugly hunchback of a man with a foul mouth. Beldin has been keeping watch over Torak's comatose body for the last five hundred years, ever since the Battle of Vo Mimbre.
You also meet Beltira and Belkira, twin sorcerers that have the annoying habit of finishing each other's sentences. They are throwaway characters and I've never found them that interesting. They become important during the war in Book 5, Enchanter's End Game, but that's about it.
Since there is no ruler in the Vale aside from Aldur, Garion's Ruler Streak continues with the meeting of Aldur by default. That also brings the God Count to three.
Ulgoland
Ulgoland is somewhat of a No Man's Land. It's in the middle of the mountains between the west coast and inner plains, and filled with "monsters." These come in a large variety, and are explained to be the failed results of the Gods' experiments back when the world was created. Combined with the weather, it's a very treacherous country to cross.
The first portrait-style map!
It's also home to the Ulgos, a godless race of people (Aldur did not choose a race) who eventually were accepted by UL (Father of the Gods). They retreated underground and now live in the caves beneath a mountain. So long have they lived there that they can easily see in the dark, bright light hurts their eyes and the open sky frightens them. Also, some Ulgos have the ability to move their bodies through solid rock and locate caves by divining.
The Ulgos are very holy and pretty much do nothing but worship UL. We meet the Gorim, the ruler of the Ulgos (Ruler Streak) and UL Himself makes an appearance (God Count = 4). The main party parts ways with Ce'Nedra (left in Ulgo for her safety) and Hettar (to warn the Western kings), but picks up a new member in Relg, an Ulgo zealot who can do the moving-through-rock thing.
That ability has inspired some stories and ideas for me over the years. One is the short story Set Free the Sun in my collection called Practicing. Don't know if Eddings was the first to come up with it, but I've always thought it was one of his more original fantasy ideas.
Cthol Murgos
Our last locale is the home of the Murgos, one of the five tribes of the Angaraks. We only venture to Rak Cthol in the northern part, a city atop a high plateau that is the seat of the Grolims (the priests of Torak, who are weak sorcerers and one of the five tribes as well). This is where the party finds Errand and the Orb.
They also find the last Important party member (in terms of prophecy): a slave girl named Taiba, who is actually descended from the Marags, whom we thought had been completely annihilated by the Tolnedrans. But this is prophecy, our characters really don't have to worry about much... they find everyone they need to in due time.
Eddings keeps Cthol Murgos pretty mysterious, and not much is revealed during our brief time there. At one point Belgarath says that they don't even know all the names of the cities in southern Cthol Murgos - which makes no sense, given that he's 7,000 years old and has surely travelled there during that time to "keep an eye on the Murgos." He and the other sorcerers should know all the cities that exist. I think that was a mistake on Eddings's part. Either way, basically an entire book of The Malloreon (Book 2, King of the Murgos) takes place in southern Cthol Murgos, so more on that then.
We don't come anywhere close to the capital of Cthol Murgos, but as fortune would have it, their King - Taur Urgas - comes by a resupply station while our party is there. How convenient! Garion doesn't actually meet him because they sneak away, but they stay and watch from a distance, and I will count it. And you thought the Ruler Streak would end here! Tsk tsk.
The Sacrifices to Torak
It's not until this volume that we really learn what the Grolims do on a regular basis to instill fear within the Angarak society. The series generally shrugs off violence and cruelty, with the warriors of our party vanquishing nameless enemies off-screen half the time, and doing it with glee. We like our heroes and don't think much of it since we don't have an emotional connection to any of the worthless rabble that die here and there.
Eddings steps it up a notch in this book, though. When they are sneaking through Rak Cthol, they go through one of the temples of Torak, and we finally see how the Angarak religion operates. It's a religion based on fear, and they are the true power in the Angarak nations. They regularly sacrifice their own people to Torak by bending them over an altar, cutting out the heart and burning it in a brazier. Kind of like the Aztecs did. Or what Mel Gibson said the Mayans did in Apocalypto (which is historically inaccurate, BTW):
It's fairly violent, but not particularly shocking because of how it's written. It doesn't go into a lot of detail and sacrifices are always some nameless Thull (one of the Angarak tribes). It doesn't have as much impact on the reader as it maybe should, but that seems intentional, given the audience at the time and the fact that mainstream fantasy back then (early 80's) was still in its infancy and pretty tame.
The Mistake
In closing, I want to mention the conversation that Garion and the Voice of Prophecy have during their trip through Maragor. The Voice clarifies what they are doing a little more. At some point in the past, there was a mistake, something happened that wasn't supposed to, and ever since there have been two possible outcomes to the future of the Universe. Because of this there are two prophecies (one that Belgarath / good guys follow and one that bad guys like the Angaraks and Torak follow) and one will eventually trump the other and rectify the mistake.
This probably explains why thousands of years have passed yet all the cultures have essentially remained the same, with little change or technological progress. They are seemingly stuck until the mistake is fixed. At least that's how I explain it to myself.
Anyway, the mistake that happened eons ago hasn't been explained to the reader yet. But this conversation doesn't jive because the Voice says that what Garion must do is the Most Important Thing Ever in the Universe. Everything rests on him. This is not true, however, since The Most Important Thing Ever occurs in The Malloreon (Cyradis making the Choice). That's when one prophecy finally ends and the mistake is fixed.
Book 4 - Castle of Wizardry
Book 2 - Queen of Sorcery
Book 1 - Pawn of Prophecy
All maps by Shelly Shapiro
Labels: david eddings, retrospective, the belgariad
The Hope of Memory [Update 7] Book Two Midpoint
For those who care, I'm just about halfway done with the first draft of the second book in my The Hope of Memory trilogy, entitled Wilders. There will be a total of 19 chapters in the first part, I'm on 16 right now, at around 76K words. I'm trying to keep each part under 90K, so I'm on pace to hit that. It has taken me roughly 3 months to write the first half.
Which is good, although I do know that I'll need to be beefing up some of the description in some areas - I don't get overly description in a first draft, because for me it's more important to get the story down and hit all the major plot points. Once I get all that down I can later edit in any details I feel are necessary or fix continuity issues, which do happen, since I am writing this longhand and sometimes it's hard to search back through previous notepads to find a specific detail.
Pen vs. Keyboard
The initial drafts for much of my fiction has been written in longhand. In the past this was because I didn't want to take my bulky laptop everywhere; it was easier just to bring along a notepad and write. Laptops are much more compact these days, but now it's more about the fact that writing longhand is slower, so I have more time to think about what I'm writing. Of course, it doesn't help when I'm on a roll and thinking faster than I can write. That's when my handwriting gets very sloppy and my hand cramps.
An added benefit is that when I type it all up, I can do the second draft editing at the same time. It's not a typical way to edit, I suppose, but I've done it many times before and find that it works for me.
When I'm finished I'll post a picture of the complete manuscript. It will be exciting... a pile of yellow notepads.
Labels: the hope of memory, wilders
The Belgariad [1] Pawn of Prophecy (1982)
This was the first "true" fantasy book that I read. I suppose I was bored - I don't remember the exact reason why I starte...


text:
Eupedia Forum > Population Genetics > Y-DNA Haplogroups > T > How and when did the T haplogroup M70 reach Northern Somalia?
View Full Version : How and when did the T haplogroup M70 reach Northern Somalia?
The Y DNA haplogroup M70 is the most elusive and intriguing. Does anyone know how it reach the Norther Somali coastline and around when? I've read somehwhere it has something to do with Phoenician or (even earlier) sumerian sea-farers. :thinking:
zanipolo
Its the "back to africa theory"
http://www.flickr.com/photos/kevinborland/6243496848/
so from persia , it spead everywhere with some going to Africa.
It also followed G and L into the alps as per my project manager
New branch as of 12th October 2012 is
This will not appear on Nat Geno 2.0
T has been renamed from M70 to M184 ......M70 is a subbranch of M184
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_T-M184_%28Y-DNA%29
I always thought I was a special case T in the alps, but
from link
This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup subclades is based on the 2012 ISOGG Tree.
T (M184/PAGES34/USP9Y+3178, M272, PAGES129, L810, L455, L452, L445) Found in Armenia and Northwest Europe.
T1 (M193, L206, L490) Found in Syria.
T1a (M70/PAGES46, PAGES78) Found in Iran.
T1a1 (L162/PAGES21, L299) Found in northern Anatolia
T1a1a (L208/PAGES2) Mostly found in western Europe, eastern Anatolia, Iran, Arabian Peninusla, Upper Egypt and Horn of Africa. Some spots in western Morocco, Sahrawis and Canarias.
T1a1a1 (P77) Mostly found in Middle East, western Europe and Ashkenazi jews.
T1a1a2 (P321) Found in Syria and Ashkenazi jews.
T1a1a2a (P317) Found in Syria and Italian jews.
T1a2 (L131) Mostly found in northern Europe, eastern Europe, southeastern Europe and Anatolia. Also found in Xinjiang, Lemba, Tunisia, south and east Iberian Peninsula.
T1a2a (P322, P328) Found in Scandinavia, Denmark, Germany and Netherlands. Some spots in Yemenite jews and Palestine(P327).
T1a2b (L446) Found in Northwest Europe and eastern Alps.
T1a3 (L1255) Found in Kuwait.
I am just average .........I have 90% of my markers in the noted "red" line
Oh well......my mother says I am still special !!
Rumour is that since this new shorthand ( for Y-dna ) format will start to take effect this year, the proposal is to merge L and T into the L marker and use the T for the R1b.
R1a will remain as the only R
Unsure why they cannot use another letter...maybe there all used up
The Russians are annoyed at the proposal giving lots of data on why L and T are different to each other. They have piles of data sonce 2008 on these markers. so they are against this proposal.
As for me, well I am not savvy on if I should be worried.
nordicwarrior
Very interesting Zanipolo, I had not heard that before. I thought old haplogroup T was now being called haplogroup K? By the way, it's no shocker that R1b is being "promoted" up to T. I always wondered why Spencer Wells didn't just go ahead and put R1b in the "Z" slot. He'll find a way to get his own group up there somehow.
Also, I've always thought it bizarre that R1b and R1a didn't each have their own letter in the alphabet. These are enormous groups after all, especially R1b. Were political considerations involved in the naming decisions?
RobertColumbia
It is interesting. I think there are political considerations in every sort of taxonomy system. It's like the racial classification systems that are used in various countries for "diversity" calculations. In some areas of the UK, Irish ancestry is considered a kind of minority status. In the US, it is not, largely because the Irish-American population has largely assimilated in the same way that the German-American community has, and also because there isn't a well-bankrolled Irish-American lobby trying to get minority status and quotas for itself.
Checking the T1a in Somalia, Kenya, Tanzania and Madagascar I found a 10 year old paper that matches these markers for T1a and O2a in east Africa............I guess they came via east and south India
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/230737052_High_Resolution_Phylogeographic_Map_of_Y-Chromosome_Reveal_the_Genetic_Signatures_of_Pleist ocene_Origin_of_Indian_Populations
Alpenjager
According to Neetu Negi et al 2015, Haplogroup T1a-M70 in India has been considered to be of West Eurasian origin.
i agree...............but I think now that T and L split in the south caucasus and both backtracked via bactria and gedrosia to india ( L more than T )
There is a lot of T and L in eastern Anatolia
Now, at least part of the mystery have been unlocked: Dirs and Garhajis belongs, as I predicted several month ago, to T1a1a2b son branch of Y16897 and reached Horn of Africa from the Arabian Peninsula through the Gulf of Aden.
DYS425=14
I have added them to the tree:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a7/Haplogroup_T-M184_tree.png
in regards to the Lemba, on your tree , they are said to have come from North-levant to Yemen to tanzania without any wifes or children
According to their oral tradition, the Lemba are descended from seven Jewish men who left Israel 2,500 years ago and married African women, according to the BBC. The Lemba prefer their children to marry other Lembas, and marriage to non-Lembas is being discouraged.
Their sacred prayer language is a mixture of Hebrew and Arabic. Their religious artifact is a replica of the Biblical Ark of the Covenant known as the 'ngoma lungundu', meaning "the drum that thunders." The object went on display recently at a museum in Harare, Zimbabwe, and has instilled pride in many of the Lemba.
2500 years ago = 500BC
Do you have their group T1a2?????
https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/israel/familylemba.html
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rrw_Ar0lKag
Yes, Lembas are added under T1a2b2
Fatherland
It originated in Somalia.
It is puzzling that the Dirs of Somalia ( T1a3 ) have nothing in common with Yemeni
The T in yemeni appear to be only of israeli people
http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/gnxp/2010/06/genetics-the-jewish-question/#.WaXVbtFLdPY
and the lemba also from these
IIRC the lemba seem to be from Yazd ( persia ) in origin ............Yazd , I do not mean yazidi even though yazidi and zorastrian have a "fire" god
It spread downstreams from Somalia to Yemenis and Indians, all the clades show it.
There is nothing to discuss.
About the T tree, isogg names the subclades differently, for example:
T1a2b L446
T1a2b1 CTS933
T1a2b1a1 CTS8489
T1a2b1a1a Y17493
https://isogg.org/tree/ISOGG_HapgrpT.html
Just wondering! isogg names the subclades differently, for example:
here is Yfull 5.05V with age of marker ..............on the right I noted any changes of terminology between the 2
https://s20.postimg.org/g5xkb5vgd/505_yfull.jpg (https://postimages.org/)
NO. You are misunderstanding the data. Somalia is not the origin but where migrated 1 unique known T1a1a2 branch
Isogg is not updated being respectful nor rigorous with when the branches are discovered, In my work I give strict priority to the First discovered branches.
Thank you ---
Abdirahman
Garhajis are now removed from the tree , does that mean there was an error in previous finding?