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text:
Otumfuo blasts Ghana Gas
THE ASANTEHENE, Otumfuo Osei Tutu II, is angry with Ghana Gas for its purported role in the incessant power cuts in the Ashanti Region, lately.
According to Otumfuo, he is privy to information that Ghana Gas is not giving enough gas to fuel generating companies to produce the required energy for Ashanti region in particular.
NPA management and board call on Asantehene
GJA urges extreme caution in coverage of Asantehene, Dormaahene feud
The Asantehene indicated that the Ashanti Region, especially Kumasi, has been experiencing frequent power cuts with its attendant challenges due to the supposed lack of production from Ghana Gas.
Otumfuo has therefore vowed to lead a team of powerful Asante chiefs to the Jubilee House in Accra and officially complain to the President if Ghana Gas does not turn a new leaf and do the right thing.
"The head of Ghana Gas, tell him that I said if he refuses to adhere to my advise to him to work and ensure free flow of gas, then I will lead a team of powerful Asante chiefs to the presidency and complain," Otumfuo threatened.
Otumfuo was speaking when the Energy Minister, Dr. Matthew Opoku Prempeh aka 'Napo' led a team from his ministry, GRIDCo, VRA and ECG to the Manhyia Palace in Kumasi last week.
The Energy Minister and his team were at the palace to officially apologize to Otumfuo and Asanteman over the recent power cuts in the region, and also brief Otumfuo about efforts being made to solve it.
Napo informed the Asantehene that a fallen pylon of a certain communication company had damaged three towers of GRIDCo and it had resulted in the recent power challenges in the Ashanti Region.
He also said he is aware of the challenges that residents of Asanteman have been facing as a result of the power outages, and assured that a team of experts were already at the accident scene to fix the damaged towers.
RELIABLE INFORMATION:
But in his remarks, Otumfuo insisted that he has reliably gathered that Ghana Gas were not pulling their weight, with regards to the provision of enough gas (fuel) to produce power and it has contributed in the recent power cuts.
"The company working on the pipelines have paid a courtesy call on me here at the Manhyia Palace and they informed me that they have secured a loan to enable them embark on the capital intensive project already.
"However, I have been told that one of your agencies, Ghana Gas, is distracting their efforts; you (Napo) are the minister of Energy, this agency is under you, from here, talk to the Ghana Gas Boss to cooperate with the company," the Otumfuo said.
The Asantehene at that moment asked if the head of Ghana Gas, Dr. Ben Asante, was among Napo's delegation at the Manhyia palace, asking "is he not here with you today?"
INDIGNATION:
Otumfuo then said "the leader of Ghana Gas, tell him that I, Otumfuo said if he refuses to take my advice, then I will lead a team of Asante chiefs to the presidency and officially lodge a complaint soon."
The Asantehene also tasked GRIDCo to quickly tackle the damaged transmission towers so that Ashanti Region would leave the era of power cuts "which have destroyed all the electronic devices in my house recently."
About plans to construct a power generating plant in Kumasi by the current government, Otumfuo stated that "my only interest is to see the power plant in Kumasi and producing power so Napo work on that for me."
rawgist.com
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Fort Douglas
Explore the Salt Lake City UT Fort Douglas Historic Site
Salt Lake City UT Fort Douglas Historic Site is a historic site that was established in 1857 by Brigham Young, the first president of the Mormon Church.
The site is significant because it was used as a refuge for those fleeing from the United States from 1857-1859. It also served as a military and governmental center during this time period. See Rio Grande .
This Salt Lake City UT Fort Douglas Historic Site is one of the most famous sites in America and houses many historical artifacts. The site includes two museums, four monuments, and one of the best preserved military structures in America today.
Explore headquarter for the Saints of Zion Battalion, a militia force of Mormon men. Their goal was to defend the state of Utah from federal government takeover during and following the 1857 Utah War.
The Salt Lake City UT Fort Douglas Historic Site is now home to various exhibits like this one.
The Salt Lake City UT Fort Douglas Historic Site is now home to various exhibits like this one. The site was built in 1857 and has been used as a military post, a prison, and a hospital.
The Salt Lake City UT Fort Douglas Historic Site is now home to various exhibits like this one. The site was built in 1857 and has been used as a military post, a prison, and a hospital. One of the most popular exhibits at the site is the building that once served as the Army's Provost Marshal General's office.
Salt Lake City UT Fort Douglas Historical Center offers tours and programming on how the site has changed over time and how it has influenced history in Utah.
The Salt Lake City UT Fort Douglas Historical Center offers tours and programming on how the site has changed over time and how it has been used.
The Salt Lake City UT Fort Douglas Historical Center is a historic site that offers tours and programming on how the site has changed over time, from its use as a military fort to its current use as a museum.
Enjoy learning about these fascinating exhibits like this one!
The Fort Douglas Historical Center is a museum in Salt Lake City, Utah that features exhibits about the history of the fort. This exhibit has a lot of interesting facts about Native Americans and their relationship with the fort.
Fort Douglas Museum is an excellent place to learn some fascinating information about the history of Fort Douglas and its history with Native Americans. It also has a lot as well as other interesting exhibits such as animals, guns, and military artifacts on display.


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Contributing
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See [Contributing](https://github.com/dotnet/corefx/blob/master/Documentation/project-docs/contributing.md) for information about coding styles, source structure, making pull requests, and more.

Developers
==========

See the [Developer Guide](Documentation/project-docs/developer-guide.md) for details about developing in this repo.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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Interactive Science Grade 4
AAASpell features a comprehensive set of interactive spelling lessons, games and exercises. Grade: 6-12. I'm pretty excited about this one!. Grade 3/4 Grade 8 Grade 8. Earth & Space Science 10-14 points. 0 or above and 1024x768 screen resolution or above. 5th Grade Math & Science Teacher Wayland Union Schools August 2018 – Present 1 year 4 months. You may need a PDF reader to view some of the files on this page. com: Interactive Science 2012 Student Edition (Consumable) Grade 4 (9780328520992) by Scott Foresman and a great selection of similar New, Used and Collectible Books available now at great prices. Activities That Teach the Process of Science - Classification Grade 1; What Do Plants Need in Order to Live? Interactive Websites for Students. The School of Dragons free science worksheets introduce different scientific concepts to kids of different grades. Learn more about our science program now!. · Plants adapt to changes in their environment in order to survive. This document contains samples of Science materials from the New Jersey Assessment of Skills Pages 3-37 provide the grade 4 samples of test questions. A fun interactive family-friendly website features free, online nutrition education games for kids to play, healthy nutrition tools, wellness information, fun facts and tips for families to learn about the Food Pyramid and healthy eating. STEM Cases, Handbooks and the associated Realtime Reporting System are protected by US Patent No. Science education is the most engaging when it features hands-on lessons, numerous labs and worksheets. Solids, liquids and gases worksheets. ExploreLearning ® is a Charlottesville, VA based company that develops online solutions to improve student learning in math and science. Or watch our Life Cycle. © Copyright 2019, Planet Interactive, Inc. We recognize that the proficiency numbers listed on this. That' s why my teacher videos strongly emphasize you being mentally prepared. Her route is 16 km long. This enables fertilization which results in development of seeds from the flower. 5th grade science activities- All Fun? With 5th grade science activities, being interactive is important, but I want to do more than just entertain your students. Learn grade 4 interactive science with free interactive flashcards. Interact with your World! Pearson is proud to present Interactive Science, a next generation K-8 science program featuring an innovative write-in student edition that makes learning personal, relevant, and engaging. Best ever Lungs Working Model, Science Models and Science Fair Projects for 7th Grade - Duration: 4:38. Worksheets are A pilot study of two chapters of pearsons interactive, A pilot study of pearsons interactive science program in, Chapter 1 introduction to earth science, Pearson interactive science forces and energy 2011 cpo, Interactive and textbook lessons, Intact work for interactive science. grade 4 username: jkgrade42016 pearson interactive science. 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Grade 4, Interactive App, Develop students' understanding of scientific concepts and vocabulary using 150 daily activities! 30 weeks of instruction introduces students to standards-based science concepts while they answer motivating questions about the world they live in. This is great for studying for upcoming quizzes &. Scroll down for a list of lessons and topics. Teacher resources and professional development across the curriculum. 4th Grade NGSS Interactive Science Notebook This notebook resource is for 4th grade teachers in states that adopted the Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS). 1Chapter19:RespiratoryandExcretorySystems 377 27. Free interactive printable math activities for kids - reinforcement of the curriculum. , the free science worksheets for 5th grade will introduce 5th graders to concepts such as different types of rocks, difference between reptiles and mammals, and more. Types of clouds, mass of air, longitude and latitude with Earth composition lesson plans and more can be found in here. "My students and I LOVE your thematic units! I work in a school with little to no resources for K-1, so I was searching everywhere to find some engaging resources that could tie science and social studies into literacy and math. Interactive Notebooks Science, for grade 4, is a fun way to teach and reinforce effective note taking for students. Visit Funbrain today. It may look so complex and difficult but for the science lovers, it maybe just another simple task for revision purposes. pdf Social Studies Test # 1 Social Studies 2. Since each of my 6th grade science lesson plans has been used in a real classroom you know you're getting more than a great sounding idea that might work. Life Science. 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Get the whole family involved with this simple science experiment that is a fun and exciting way to combine Halloween and science. Interactive questions, awards, and certificates keep kids motivated as they master skills. English Language Arts Standards » Reading: Literature » Grade 5 » 4 Print this page. org, please. Students enrolled in fourth grade science will have access to both third and fifth grade science lessons as part of their membership, so they can move ahead or review at their own pace. This section features science lessons created by real teachers working in schools across the United States. igneous rock C. Scientific Inquiry: 4 StudyJams! Interactive Science Activities. Engage your students with Interactive Science, a Pearson Science Curriculum. Florida Science Grade 6 Home > Florida Science Grade 6 Welcome to Florida Science Grade 6. Facts and answers to common questions about science careers round out the series of games. com® opened in September 2002 as a free public service to teach children to read. 4th Grade Science Smartboard Games – Parts of the Human Body, Ozone Layer, Life Cycles – Frogs Butterflies Birds, Life Cycles, Erosion, Parts of a Flower, Food Chains, Animal Characteristics – Play these fun, interactive and free Science games on the Smartboard!. By working with this program, you'll ensure your child has access to an exciting learning experience that will help him or her develop a love for the subject. Writing Activities. Skills Handbook Part 1: The Nature Science. Determine the meaning of words and phrases as they are used in a text, including figurative language such as metaphors and similes. Grade 6 Body Systems Worksheets For Printable Download. Browse her site for free examples and strategies for making the most of foldables in your classroom. Build on their problem-solving skills, life skills & more. We are in the process of removing these Flash Based links and replacing them with more current activities. Contains a guide for teachers including note taking, lesson plans and reproducibles for creating notebook pages on a variety. 10,410,534. Our science worksheets tap into that fascination with grade-specific lessons and activities about astronomy, geology, chemistry, and more. Formative assessments help us to mind the gap. Warm water moves throughout. We are the home to award-winning digital textbooks, multimedia content, and the largest professional development community of its kind. ) Students will complete a panel drawing (comic strip) showing the life cycle stages of a plant. Interactive Textbook (Grade 1-6) Interactive Textbook, Grade 1 Interactive Textbook, Grade 2 Interactive Textbook, Grade 3 Interactive Textbook, Grade 4 Interactive Textbook, Grade 5 Interactive Textbook, Grade 6 Reading and Writing in Science (Grades 1-6) Reading and Writing in Science, Grade 1. Writing in Science Activity Got it! Digital Quiz 4 GRADE 4 TEACHING THE INDIANA STANDARDS In the Indiana Standards Correlation Guide, you will find a wealth of reading, inquiry, and digital resources to teach every standard at your grade level. Terms and Conditions of Use. Teach them about fossils, tsunamis, sediments, and more!. Advantages Of These 6th Grade Science Lesson Plans. Naomi is a Real Science-4-Kids student and explains what she learned from our Focus On Elementary Chemistry program. Welcome to the IQ Site. This consumable, interactive Student Worktext is the center of instruction for the Pearson Interactive Science Grade 4 curriculum. All Areas Test. 0 Interactive Science: Grade 8 2012 Earth Science and the Environment , Graham Thompson, Jon Turk, Oct 4, 2006, Science, 720 pages. This is a place where I candidly share my classroom experiences, lesson ideas, and a dash of my day to day life and loves. Registration complete! You can now click on the Login link and enter your username and password. Science Activities for 6th Grade. The body is made up of different systems which meet a specific objective in the body. org, your source for Student Tutorials and Resources. BBC [email protected] Bitesize: Science Interactive science sites for the intermediate grades including sections on. The Earth revolves around the sun. com's offering. Interactive Science Grade 3 (Buckley et al. Best ever Lungs Working Model, Science Models and Science Fair Projects for 7th Grade - Duration: 4:38. STEM Cases, Handbooks and the associated Realtime Reporting System are protected by US Patent No. Solids, Liquids, & Gases - Interactive Game In this game students act as an agent and have to identify various solids, liquids, and gases in order to destroy the listening devices, or bugs, in the kitchen. It takes Serina 0. Have fun while your child develops their motor and social skills. Content Leveled Readers - 4th Grade Curriculum Set - Leveled Readers (Below, On and Advanced Levels) 1 book of each (23 books total ). Because these standards are not a revision, but were newly designed in their entirety, it was decided that the use of the grade level designations in the traditional middle grades (6-8) would be overly inhibiting to apply universally to all schools in. For example, I wrote on 4 different slips of blue paper "I'm so hungry I could eat a horse. Practice Reading Test Answer Section. Free Science worksheets, Games and Projects for preschool, kindergarten, 1st grade, 2nd grade, 3rd grade, 4th grade and 5th grade kids. Play kids online games, free!. Learn grade 4 interactive science with free interactive flashcards. Introduce and reinforce 11 important ecosystem-related topics, including food webs, symbiosis, and the water cycle, through these fun interactive activities. Fourth (4th) Grade Skills | Grade Level Help at Internet 4 Classrooms, internet resources for teachers & students, children & parents Educational for elementary 4th grade Javascript Menu by Deluxe-Menu. Teacher Tip: This lesson is designed to expose students to the 5 layers of Earth's atmosphere. Check back for new version. hmh tn science 2019 grade 4 lti v1. It may look so complex and difficult but for the science lovers, it maybe just another simple task for revision purposes. Balloons & Buoyancy: Balloons and Static Electricity: Blackbody Spectrum: Diffusion: Fluid Pressure and Flow: Gases Intro: Gas Properties: Glaciers: Gravity And Orbits. Waiting until it's time to take a grade may be too late. Activities That Teach the Process of Science - Classification Grade 1; What Do Plants Need in Order to Live? Interactive Websites for Students. They can describe each part of the cycle and how water changes and interacts as it. This consumable, interactive Student Worktext is the center of instruction for the Pearson Interactive Science Grade 4 curriculum. (Grade-specific expectations for writing types are defined in standards 1-3 above. The states of matter worksheets are suitable for grade 1,2 or 3 students depending on their. Unlimited practice is available on each topic which allows thorough mastery of the concepts. The HOI downloadable link includes: Approximately 40 interactive activities. Study 4th Grade Science - Chapter 4 Changes in Ecosystems Flashcards at ProProfs - Book: Science by Scott Foresman\nChanges in Ecosystems\nVocabulary and Test Review. Interactive Notebooks: Science for grade 4 is a fun way to teach and reinforce effective note taking for students. Gravity Launch - Science NetLinks. Earth Science Lessons dealing with the environment, space, the earth & more. NeoK12 makes learning fun and interesting with educational videos, games and activities for kids on Science, Math, Social Studies and English. Textbook 7th Grade Science. Search this site. He will be teaching in Cairo, Egypt for the 2004-2006 school years. Related science topics: Cell Division, Division, Cell Structures, Natural Selection Videos are embedded and streamed directly from video sites such as YouTube and others. and the nature of science by planning and conducting investigations in Interactive notes for vocabulary and. Science, Grade 4 (Interactive Notebooks) [Mary Corcoran] on Amazon. Browse her site for free examples and strategies for making the most of foldables in your classroom. Activities by Grade level: SmartBoard Game Templates: Center School District 6-12 Interactive Science Sites for Interactive WhiteBoards. Balloons & Buoyancy: Balloons and Static Electricity: Blackbody Spectrum: Diffusion: Fluid Pressure and Flow: Gases Intro: Gas Properties: Glaciers: Gravity And Orbits. Louisiana Interactive Science Grade 7 2012 Student Edition by Foresman, Scott and a great selection of related books, art and collectibles available now at AbeBooks. STEM Cases, Handbooks and the associated Realtime Reporting System are protected by US Patent No. Encourage their explorations, share in their discoveries, and talk with them about their questions. Studyladder is an online english literacy & mathematics learning tool. Exploring the latest in scientific discoveries from prehistoric life to missions to Mars. 1 - Small Parts. Category: 4th Grade Science. Internet4Teachers - Daily Doses - Scroll down this page to find the science section with links to websites with ideas for class challenges. Elevate Science Grade 4 (Miller, Padilla, Wyession, 2019) Interactive Science Grade 4 (Buckley et al. (Interactive Notebooks) Science, Grade 2 (Interactive Notebooks) Science, Grade 4 (Interactive Notebooks) Property, A Contemporary Approach, 2d (Interactive Casebook) (Interactive Casebooks) (Interactive Casebook Series) 2nd Grade Math Flashcards: 240 Flashcards for Building Better Math Skills Based on Sylvan's Proven Techniques for Success. The student will investigate the effects of force on the movement of objects. Yes! Physical science can be really advanced, but a lot of physical science has to do with how the world around us works. Access thousands of high-quality, free K-12 articles, and create online assignments with them for your students. Each chapter includes: Language-Based Activities Activities cover the content in your science book including vocabulary, writing, note-taking, and problem solving. It is designed to develop basic concepts of science of grade four students. Over long periods of time, species must gradually adapt to meet the challenges of their environment, or they will not survive. Answer: A 5. Flash is no longer being supported by most browsers. grade 4 username: jkgrade42016 pearson interactive science. 5 Adaptations and Habitats: From VDOE. My Environment. Return to Grade Level Help. South Carolina Science Grade 6; South Carolina Science Grade 7; Science Interactions 4; Science Links; Science Probe 1. Grade 5 science quiz bee 1. Interactive Science 2012 Student Edition (Consumable) Grade 4 Interactive Science 2016, Grade 2, Student Edition Scott Foresman. Students will be able to read a thermometer. hmh tn science 2019 grade 4 lti v1. org, your source for Student Tutorials and Resources. 7 Sun, Moon. Louisiana Interactive Science Grade 7 2012 Student Edition by Foresman, Scott and a great selection of related books, art and collectibles available now at AbeBooks. It is not only concerning the tasks for politic business, management, economics, and also other. You may go back to the Reading Section to help you answer the questions. Download now on JS!. The Woodlands schools were established over fifty years ago and have earned a reputation for providing an excellent and rounded education for children in North Tonbridge. · NGSS Pathfinder without paths · NGSS Pathfinder with paths. Exploring the latest in scientific discoveries from prehistoric life to missions to Mars. Quizzes make learning fun! There is no quicker way to learn about Science in Middle School - Grades 6, 7 and 8. Teacher professional development and classroom resources across the curriculum. Interactive Notebooks Science, Grade 4 (9781483831244). Science Made Simple Simple answers to common science questions, plus fun science projects, experiments, and science news. Kindergarten-K, First-1st Grade, Second-2nd Grade Smartboard Math Games. Pearson's award-winning course materials provide an engaging, interactive learning experience focused on academic achievement. Spanning grades kindergarten to grade 8, the Interactive Notebooks series focuses on grade-specific math, language arts, or science skills. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation. Welcome to the IQ Site. Fourth grade science IXL offers dozens of fourth grade science skills to explore and learn! Not sure where to start? Hover your mouse over any skill name to preview it, then click to practice! IXL offers dozens of fourth grade science skills to explore and learn! Not sure where to start?. Follow these simple steps to find online resources for your book. It's About Time, Herff Jones Education Division, Florida Project-Based Inquiry Science Physical Science, Kolodner, et al. com You can help your child accomplish these and other Science-related goals by going using Interactive Science: Grade 4 curriculum set. Study 4th Grade Science - Chapter 4 Changes in Ecosystems Flashcards at ProProfs - Book: Science by Scott Foresman\nChanges in Ecosystems\nVocabulary and Test Review. Click "Check Score" when you're done. STEM Cases, Handbooks and the associated Realtime Reporting System are protected by US Patent No. org are unblocked. Her route is 16 km long. Grade 8 Science Text Books – Comprehensive 3 - State approved: i. Do you know all the organs in the Body and the systems they belong to? If you said yes then take up the Middle School level Body Systems Test-Basic Knowledge questions below and get to refresh your memory on the organs. Interactive Science Pearson. The fun educational games created by Knowledge Adventure have won many awards, including the iParenting Media Award, the Toy Man Award of Excellence and the National Parenting Seal of Approval, to name a few. 32 multiple-choice 4 short-answer items 2 extended-response items Breakdown Science & Technology, Scientific Inquiry and Scientific Ways of Knowing 10-14 points. INSTRUCTIONS * Click on the button beside the answer you think is right. Grades 4-5 Science Elementary School. This document contains samples of Science materials from the New Jersey Assessment of Skills Pages 3-37 provide the grade 4 samples of test questions. EARTH SCIENCE AND THE ENVIRONMENT uses the two themes of earth systems and environmental issues to provide a rich. Science, Grade 4 (Interactive Notebooks) [Mary Corcoran] on Amazon. Pearson Interactive Science Life Student Worktext Edition Middle School 2012. Interactive Science: The Diversity of Life, Student Edition by PRENTICE HALL and a great selection of related books, art and collectibles available now at AbeBooks. 10,410,534. Spanning grades kindergarten to grade 8, the Interactive Notebooks series focuses on grade-specific math, language arts, or science skills. release energy B. Tech Maverick 17,315 views. Their skin is the same color 2. Quizzes make learning fun! There is no quicker way to learn about Science in Middle School - Grades 6, 7 and 8. The item you've selected was not. Interactive Weather Maker Let the sun shine, or make the wind blow by changing the temperature and humidity. 6 Weather: SOL 4. To download HOI for Grade 4, simply click on "Add to Cart," located in the left-hand column and proceed through checkout. Interactive Textbook (Grade 1-6) Interactive Textbook, Grade 1 Interactive Textbook, Grade 2 Interactive Textbook, Grade 3 Interactive Textbook, Grade 4 Interactive Textbook, Grade 5 Interactive Textbook, Grade 6 Reading and Writing in Science (Grades 1-6) Reading and Writing in Science, Grade 1. org, please. Scientific theory and evidence and identifying outcomes and making predictions are two of the topics covered in these four StudyJams! science activities. Welcome to Homeschooling and Oils with Tina! I am a Homeschooling Wife, Author, Wellness Advocate, and Mompreneur of two amazing children. Request a free teacher trial. Aligned to meet current state standards, every 96-page book in this series offers lesson plans to keep the process focused. Learn all about cause and effect as your child experiments with an exploding pumpkin in this engaging fall activity! Get the whole family involved with this simple science experiment that is a fun and exciting way to combine Halloween and science. Using the power of Realize, Interactive Science provides teachers power to raise the interest and achievement of every student! Here's what Pearson Realize has to offer: Standards-aligned content - correlated to NGSS!. For grades K–6, where the SOL at each grade includes content from all areas of science, organized in strands across these grade levels, the science process skills SOL. Funbrain is the leader in online educational interactive content, with hundreds of free games, books & videos for kids of all ages. Pearson Prentice Hall and our other respected imprints provide educational materials, technologies, assessments and related services across the secondary curriculum. pdf Quiz # 5 English Research Process Q. You must spell all the words in the current level to move up to the next. © Copyright 2019, Planet Interactive, Inc. This is your Practice Reading Test Answer Section. 0 or above and 1024x768 screen resolution or above. All of the best K-5 online, interactive, educational games and simulations in one place! Look for NEW activities added for the 2016-2017 school year: PLEASE NOTE: We are working to upgrade Interactive Sites for all platforms (including IOS). Grade 4 students will learn about animal classification, vitamins and minerals, matter, light, rock types, energy resources, and more. The student will investigate the effects of force on the movement of objects. Tech Maverick 17,315 views. Interactive Science, Grade 4, Teacher's Edition and Resource, 9780328871469, 032887146x on Amazon. Elementary Lessons and Worksheets for Fourth Grade. Contents EARTH SCIENCE CHAPTER 4 Earth's Water Chapter Concept Map. Soil Horizons. Listen to the story, then click on the empty boxes to spell the words. This is a supp. The 4th grade science worksheets too are a step in that direction. Science Monster. This is the most basic skill in science. In other words, students will start to connect with science as a subject and look forward to your science class, instead of just viewing it as "just another part" of their school day. Colorado P-12 Academic Standards for Science Grades 6-8 Interactive Science Series ©2011 c. Teacher's Edition and Resource, Chapter 1, Grade 4 (Interactive Science) [Pearson Education] on Amazon. I have had several people asking me what I have students write under the flaps in my Science and Social Studies Interactive Notebooks. It transitions smoothly from Grade 4 so you and your child will have no trouble adjusting to the next Grade level. Welcome to FloridaStudents. These worksheets are for young learners to help with the understanding of the properties and solids, liquids and gases. Warm water moves throughout. Soil Horizons. Time-Saving interactive notebook templates that allow students to show what they know!In Interactive Notebooks: Language Arts for kindergarten, students will. Interactive Textbooks Check out the latest news in biology from Biology authors, Kenneth Miller and Joseph Levine at millerandlevine. Related science topics: Cell Division, Division, Cell Structures, Natural Selection Videos are embedded and streamed directly from video sites such as YouTube and others. Science-Interactive Text (Grade 4) (GA) Expertly curated help for Science-Interactive Text (Grade 4) (GA). Our K-8 science curriculum can make the classroom a fun experience. It is designed to develop basic concepts of science of grade four students. Many of the science worksheets and puzzles found here can be utilized by multiple grade levels. Each chapter includes: Language-Based Activities Activities cover the content in your science book including vocabulary, writing, note-taking, and problem solving. Types of clouds, mass of air, longitude and latitude with Earth composition lesson plans and more can be found in here. Aligned to meet current state standards, every 96-page book in this series offers lesson plans to keep the process focused. The Interactive Notebooks bundle for grade 4 offers an affordable solution for implementing personalized and effective note taking. Now, when teachers mix the two together, there is an activity students will be excited to engage in. Engage your students with Science Programs. Elevate Science Grade 4 (Miller, Padilla, Wyession, 2019) Interactive Science Grade 4 (Buckley et al. Product currently undergoing updates. The fun educational games created by Knowledge Adventure have won many awards, including the iParenting Media Award, the Toy Man Award of Excellence and the National Parenting Seal of Approval, to name a few. 10,410,534. ExploreLearning ® is a Charlottesville, VA based company that develops online solutions to improve student learning in math and science. Translated Concept Summaries. Find your path through the Next Generation Science Standards with help from the Concord Consortium. Our free printable worksheets offer a wide-range of content covering the four basic subjects (English/Language Arts, Math, Science, Social Studies) and a large variety of other subjects, including Early Education, Art, Music, and Study Skills. Continued from previous page…. • Teresa Kennedy is a teacher at Our Lady of the Snows Catholic School in Reno, Nevada. For this reason, the Interactive Science: Grade 4 curriculum for homeschooling features those components. Interactive Textbook (Grade 1-6) Interactive Textbook, Grade 1 Interactive Textbook, Grade 2 Interactive Textbook, Grade 3 Interactive Textbook, Grade 4 Interactive Textbook, Grade 5 Interactive Textbook, Grade 6 Reading and Writing in Science (Grades 1-6) Reading and Writing in Science, Grade 1. Pearson is your one-stop shop for classroom education solutions. Grade 5 Standards PDF Word. Find science crossword puzzles lesson plans and teaching resources. Kindergarten, 1st and 2nd grade students may not understand Einstein's theories, but they know from experience how gravity works–even if they don't know the name for it. 10,410,534. Spanning grades kindergarten to grade 8, the Interactive Notebooks series focuses on grade-specific math, language arts, or science skills. A 12-year-old black girl from Virginia has recanted an accusation that her white sixth grade classmates pinned her down and cut off her dreadlocks, her family said in a statement Monday. Introduction: The Grade 4 Life Science Unit focuses on ecosystems and addresses the California Science Standards for 4th grade Life Science. Free Science Worksheets. 0 Results and. Here are 10 quick-fire starters: • A giraffe sleeps for 20 minutes a day • A Koala sleeps for 22 hours a day • The Earth travels through space at. Grade 5, Interactive App, Develop students' understanding of scientific concepts and vocabulary using 150 daily activities! 30 weeks of instruction introduces students to standards-based science concepts while they answer motivating questions about the world they live in. Colour:Nebuliser Parts B Contents: 1 x mask for adults 1 x mask for children 1 x cup 1 x mouthpiece 1 x soft tubing Read More Inhaler Parts Contained: 1 mouthpiece, 1 soft tubing, 1 cup, 2 mask (for Adult/Kid) Special design for the mask. Pearson Interactive Science Grade 4 Chapter 4 lesson 1 and lesson 2 Learn with flashcards, games, and more — for free. org, your source for Student Tutorials and Resources. Life science - Living things and a branching key Full lesson plan and interactive worksheet. Students become a part of the learning process with activities about traits, food chains and webs, types of energy, electricity and magnetism, rocks, fossils, the sun, Earth, and more!. How fast does sound travel in water? In this science worksheet, your child learns about the speed of sound in different environments and interprets. Find 9780328520930 Indiana Interactive Science Grade 4 by Miller at over 30 bookstores. Science notebooks are modeled after the way scientists really work, and each scientist's notebook is unique to that person, area of inquiry, type of experiment, and investigation. Tomm's Quia! class page - An assortment of online games - flash cards, quizzes, and more - for science careers, chemistry, earth science, and more! Visit the Quia main page for tons of great ready-to-use online games for every subject! JLab Science Puzzles - An assortment of science related puzzles to print or play online. IXL is the world's most popular subscription-based learning site for K-12. Pollination. ,;] -- "The ©2016 update of Interactive Science focuses on an implementation of Problem-Based Learning, STEM, Performance Expectation activities, and support for new standards while transitioning to a. Teacher professional development and classroom resources across the curriculum. Displaying all worksheets related to - Interactive Science Pearson. A Pilot Study of Two Chapters of Pearson's Interactive Science Program i Prepared by Magnolia Consulting, LLC. Teach them about fossils, tsunamis, sediments, and more!. Trimmer has a strong 3/4-inch wood base and square boards to offer easier cutting of larger sheets. I teach in 10-14 day mini-units. Back to: Science California Science Grade 4. I watched baby Bald Eagles take their first flight from their nest, saw Osprey catch fish for their young, found a huge dead sea lion on the beach, and helped protect the Western Snowy Plover. If you are not in a state using NGSS, I recommend looking at the All in One Science Notebook Bundle. Grade 5 Science Test Blueprint. It is our hope that after completing a worksheet or activity, children will become curious and pursue additional information about a topic or branch of science. Click on the links below to open PDF pages of the science text book. 10,410,534. Within an ecosystem, organisms are interdependent and adapted to the environment. Choose from 500 different sets of grade 4 interactive science pearson flashcards on Quizlet. Because these standards are not a revision, but were newly designed in their entirety, it was decided that the use of the grade level designations in the traditional middle grades (6-8) would be overly inhibiting to apply universally to all schools in. A food chain is an interconnected sequence in an echo system where one organism eats another and is eaten by another and so one. The "Atomic Force Microscopy Market (AFM) by Offering (AFM, Probes, Software), Grade (Industrial Grade, Research Grade), Applications (Materials Science, Life Sciences, Semiconductor & Electronics, Academics), and Region - Global Forecast to 2024" report has been added to ResearchAndMarkets. By working with this program, you'll ensure your child has access to an exciting learning experience that will help him or her develop a love for the subject. By the end of the unit students will know: ecosystems are communities of organisms that interact with each other and their. Welcome to the science worksheet page at TLSBooks. STEM Cases, Handbooks and the associated Realtime Reporting System are protected by US Patent No. all games Pre-K Games Grade K Games Grade 1 Games Grade 2 Games Grade 3 Games Grade 4 Games Grade 5 Games Grade 6+ Games videos PARENTS & TEACHERS blog common core About ABCya Redeem Gift Cards. Help students understand the solar system, including the universe, gravity and inertia, and the planets, using these six science activities and their real-world examples. 4 Produce clear and coherent writing in which the development and organization are appropriate to task, purpose, and audience. He teaches 7th grade Earth Science. Formatively assessing students along the way helps us to catch students' misconceptions and reteach for success. Aligned to meet current state standards, every 96-page book in this series offers lesson plans to keep the process focused. The item you've selected was not. 2nd Grade NGSS Interactive Science NotebookThis notebook resource is for 2nd grade teachers in states that adopted the Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS). online access for student textbooks some teachers may have individual log ins for assessments. Laser Game Sun, Light & Shadows Light & Dark How We See Light Sources & Light Rays Light Sources & Light Rays Questions (test yourself) Reflection: Seeing Objects. This enables fertilization which results in development of seeds from the flower. On behalf of all the children, staff and Governors, I'd like to warmly welcome you to the Woodlands Primary School website. Used by over 70,000 teachers & 1 million students at home and school. Interactive Notebooks: Science for grade 4 is a fun way to teach and. In other words, students will start to connect with science as a subject and look forward to your science class, instead of just viewing it as "just another part" of their school day. Learn grade 4 chapter 6 interactive science with free interactive flashcards. 6 hours ago · **Grade 6 Version** Level BThe topics included in this huge worksheet packet are the same as in my Interactive Reading Literature Notebook. Many of the science worksheets and puzzles found here can be utilized by multiple grade levels.


Sept. 28, 2018 - Two updated American Institute of Architects Continuing Education System (AIA CES) registered courses can be accessed via Vitro Architectural Glass' online "Continuing Education" portal.
"Glass Production, Processing and Performance" examines different types of glasses, including clear, tinted and low-iron glasses, and highlights common application processes for coated low-e glasses and their effect on buildings' energy and environmental performance. Flat glass fabrication and processing methods also are featured, as well as technical considerations of thermal breakage, wind load, sound attenuation and size limitations for glass specification.
Both courses are designated as providing Health, Safety and Welfare (HSW) learning units by the AIA. They can be taken online for no charge at Hanley Wood University. "Understanding Low-E Coatings" also is available at BD&C University, AECDaily, Architectural Record Continuing Education Center and The Architect's Newspaper CEStrong Platform.
In addition, both courses can be delivered onsite in a classroom setting by Vitro Glass representatives throughout the U.S. Instruction lasts one hour.


I make "how to" origami videos for my website foldsomething.com I just discovered FMA and it's a great resource to find background music for my videos. Here's an example of one of my videos featuring "Desconocido" by Fosforo.
I discovered the FMA while reading an article by Don Reisinger. This is a great idea and it's very well excecuted! I've already downloaded a track ("Desconocido" by Fosforo) to use in a video I produced. Check out my video if you get a chance.


We could have our third UK No.1 in as many weeks this Friday if George Ezra has his way. 'Shotgun' is currently this week's hot contender to take the title and will give the singer-songwriter his first ever chart-topper on the Official UK Singles Chart this Friday if he continues the way he is.
Ezra has already previously reached No.1 on the Official UK Albums Chart with both his debut album Wanted On Voyage and this year's Staying At Tamara's both reaching No.1 but in today's Official Chart Update, he could beat his previous Singles Chart personal best and knock Clean Bandit and Demi Lovato's 'Solo' from the top after just one week.
Elsewhere, 'Solo' looks likely to drop to No.2 this week while Anne-Marie and Jess Glynne are both holding their ground at Nos.3 and 4 with '2002' and 'I'll Be There' respectively.
Following the death of rapper XXXTENTACION last week, his single 'Sad' vaults 26 places to No.5, which will become his highest ever charting song in the UK. The rising star – real name Jahseh Onfroy – was shot dead In Florida last Monday.
Chart information © Official Charts Company 2018.
Check out the current Official Singles Chart Top 40 here.


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Lemur species duplicate at a moderate rate. They mate for around 3 weeks every year. The season will rely upon the Lemur species and the atmosphere. They may have from one to six youthful at once. The littler species have a tendency to have more posterity without a moment's delay than the greater ones. All types of Lemurs have a death rate of the greater part. This implies just a little level of them will make it to development.
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text:
Kiwi father and daughter vow to return to Samoa
Dear Tourist (Photo: Vaitogi Asuisui Matafeo)
Dear Tourist
New Zealand Father and daughter, Graham and Natalie Schist have vowed to return to Samoa.
The first time visitors arrived in Samoa last Sunday and have been spending most of their time snorkelling around the waters of the country.
"We wanted to go somewhere nice and warm, with nice beaches and snorkelling so that's why we're in Samoa," Gramham said.
"We've been snorkelling twice, that's been very nice and then we went onto the other side of the island and then we went to a resort, had some lunch and the Tosua Trench, that was really cool," added Natalie.
When Dear Tourist team asked how they were finding the experience, Natalie immediately said, "very hot, but it was really nice," and laughed.
Yesterday was the pair's last day in Samoa and they were spotted having a last stroll around the flea market in town, but not before pointing out their least favourite experience about Samoa.
"It's been great, but the only thing is there is a lot of litter in the rural areas which if you cleaned that up, it would be so pretty.
"Just driving by, we saw a school boy after eating his potato chips he just dropped it on the ground, walking home from school and that's not good, apart from that, everything has been beautiful" Graham said.
They enjoyed their trip so much they were unsure about their favourite spot, saying "we don't know because its all so nice," added Graham.
Apart from all the touristy adventures, 17-year-old Natalie pointed out how "fun" it was to be driving in Samoa.
"The driving is very different here; there's rules but people just go with their own Samoan rules, but it's okay, we get used to that," she laughed.
Based in Christchurch, Graham is a flight attendant on New Zealand's flag carrier airline, Air New Zealand while Natalie is on her last year in Cashmere High.
"We would definitely come back, with more people and definitely stay for a bit longer," they both agreed.
Fifty-five-year-old Graham assured they will be back and encouraged the Samoan people to keep being their friendly selves and to keep Samoa clean.
"People are very friendly, keep that up! So yes, keep smiling and clean up the litter," Graham added.


text:
A 29880 Andytran (ideiglenes jelöléssel (29880) 1999 GQ28) a Naprendszer kisbolygóövében található aszteroida. A LINEAR projekt keretében fedezték fel 1999. április 7-én.

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Introducing Helena Christensen
White Paper: Production of Cannabinoids using biotechnology and synthetic chemistry as a path to sustainability
Written by Istok NahtigalHead of Process And Applied Sciences
Biosynthetic precision fermentation is becoming increasingly important on environmental grounds and the developments in the underlying technology that make this production method possible have created many opportunities for more sustainably produced compounds to be obtained across multiple industries. Society today is replete with numerous examples where compounds created via biosynthetic processes feature in everyday products and medicines. For instance, the precision fermentation techniques that produce Cellular Goods' products featuring lab-made Cannabidiol (CBD) and Cannabigerol (CBG) that are molecularly identical to field produced compounds, are being used for creating consumer goods not just in cannabinoids, but also lab-made vanilla extract, replacement human hormones, and alternative dairy products using lab-made lactose.
One of the first applications of this biotechnology dates to the earliest days of ancient Egyptian civilization, 1300-1500 BCE [1], when brewing beer and baking bread were first practiced. Both activities employ a microorganism (yeast) to produce a desired output, in these cases, alcohol and bread. As these practices evolved, selective breeding was employed and still is today to bring out advantageous attributes [2]. The 1970s ushered in genetic engineering which has accelerated development in the field, conferring the ability to make changes in the organisms' genetic material [3]. Further advances in biotechnology coupled with computational power has provided a deeper understanding of the potential for modifications of a given biological system.
All living organisms naturally change over time; plants especially with domestication, where desired phenotypic traits are selected for. As a result, crops tend to have a biological and economic limit for being a platform for producing useful bio-products, such as foods and molecules that can be used in other non food industries. To compensate for this limitation, biotechnology has been employed to copy biosynthetic pathways from plant systems and insert these replicated processes into microorganisms such as bacteria and yeast. This type of molecular biology has generally been employed when a desired metabolite present in a plant crop cannot be economically produced or recovered from the original plant itself [4]. Single celled organisms can be grown in large vessels with high efficiency, free from contaminants and over short periods of time, each functioning as independent metabolite factories [5]. Recently, Human Milk Oligosaccharides (HMOs), important components of human milk that are linked to promoting infant health,have been produced using this technology. One of the most common HMOs, Fucosylated oligosaccharides, have been reported to offer gut health benefits that can now be used as a functional food ingredient as a result of lab-made HMO production [33]. Bioengineering has also been used to produce key malaria drug artemisinin (used to treat multi-drug resistant strains of malaria), by using engineered yeast to manufacture the compound in industrial production when previously it could only be obtained from plant material [34]. Elsewhere, biotechnology such as this is routinely used to produce antibiotics, flavors, natural flavanones, pigments and terpenes.
Read the Whitepaper
Biosynthetic processes at production scale
Binarity of bioprocesses
Aspects of sustainable production
Figure 1. Examples of biosynthetic (fermentation) derived products.[6]
Sustainable production methods for cannabinoids will become increasingly important as the demand for consumer products utilising these compounds increases in response to global regulatory relaxation of their use. Primarily driven by increasing demand for CBD for health and wellness purposes, the total global CBD market is estimated to reach USD 47.22bn by 2028, up from USD 4.9bn in 2021, at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 21.3% [35]. The growing popularity is evidenced by the UK market (which according to the Association for the Cannabinoid Industry (ACI) has become the world's second-largest consumer cannabinoids market after the US) spending more on cannabinoid extracts domestically than vitamin B and C combined, indicating the growing popularity of cannabinoids in wellness [36]. Elsewhere, the number of use cases in FMCG for cannabinoids is continuing to climb as the global CBD skincare market totted up a net worth of $710m in 2018 and is projected to surge to $959m by 2024 according to Prohibition Partners' Disrupting Beauty report [37].
Until recently, access to cannabinoids has been restricted to the cultivation of Cannabis sativa and extraction therefrom, a labour and energy intensive process; and akin to other crop productions systems the limitations are being realized as cannabinoid demand is commercialized. High yield variability, microbial and chemical contamination and crop-loss are all issues that plague Cannabis sativa. Furthermore, this type of agriculture has a negative environmental impact as it uses large amounts of land, water, fertilizers and pesticides, and has a high carbon footprint (electrical usage). For instance, the fermentation process in the CBD production used by Willow Biosciences Inc, a biotechnology company producing ultra-pure, biosynthetically produced CBG compounds supplied to Cellular Goods, enables resource efficient and sustainable growth. Willow Biosciences Inc has found that outdoor Carbon Dioxide (CO2) emissions are 44 times higher than by fermentation, and warehouse agricultural production produces 527 times greater CO2 emissions per one kilogram of CBD produced.
Although these challenges have been marginally managed through technological controls (advanced agronomy, green houses and indoor cultivation methods), the production capabilities of Cannabis sativa have shown diminishing economic returns, particularly in the case of extracting / producing minor cannabinoids. With cannabis sativa, approximately 90% of the plant's mass ends up as botanical waste, the culmination of an essential process of growth and maturation where the plant expends a great deal of energy and resources. Cannabinoids collectively make up just 2-5% of the whole plant structure by mass (flower, stem and roots) [7]. Recovery of all the produced molecules (cannabinoids) from the plant is impossible as these elements need to be extracted, which yields complex, variable mixtures of the molecules of interest. Isolation and further separation and purification of these molecules is challenging, largely due to their relatively similar chemical structure.
Biotechnology and synthetic chemistry have provided us with the tools and processes necessary to produce cannabinoids at commercial scale with significantly less of the associated environmental drawbacks and waste. Focusing on the production of cannabinoids through microorganisms has the prospect of not only improved production economics, but most importantly, improved environmental sustainability. Although this technology is still relatively young and further improvements are realized with each iteration, notably in recovery efficiency and multi-fold increases in cannabinoid titres (in biotherapeutic manufacture, titer determination is the measurement of the concentration of the target protein in the fermentation broth). These critical metrics will help establish biosynthesis as an alternative to existing and established agricultural-based production. Biosynthesis uses less energy, is less resource intensive, and has further benefits of steady supply chains and a higher purity, a superior product.
Figure 2., below illustrates the general production scheme and metrics to produce 1000 kg of Cannabigerol (CBG). Key take aways from Figure 2., are the cultivation / fermentation durations and the production yields; biosynthetic processes providing a clear advantage in the production speed (stable supply) and the reduced production footprint. The biosynthesis process illustrated can readily be achieved in a building footprint of less than 1 acre.
Figure 2. General production scheme and metrics to produce 1000 kg of Cannabigerol
As Figure 2., above demonstrates, biotechnology and synthetic chemistry allow cannabinoids to be produced at a commercial scale with increased cost-efficiency and significantly decreased environmental drawbacks compared with agricultural production. To produce 1,000kg of CBG, field-based production requires 208% more time.
Biosynthesis is a broad term encompassing microbial fermentation, genetic engineering and molecular biology all leveraged to create modified microorganisms with the capability to produce an organism with novel traits and alternative access to bioproducts. These candidate organisms are then transferred into the care of fermentation scientists, who test out the enabling cellular machinery in real-world conditions. These experts create the physical environment for the organisms to grow. Fermentation is considered the obvious technology for the effective conversion of renewable, sustainable feedstocks into desirable secondary products. Fermentation has been shown to be well suited to the conversion of sugars and vegetable oils [8]. There are several examples demonstrating the potential of fermentation to utilize a broad range of carbon sources as feedstocks: from simple gases like biomethane and hydrogen; vegetable oils; simple and complex sugars. The organism and fermentation process must be able to use and convert a specific carbon feedstock while also directly yielding specific products of commercial interest [9-11]. Employing biotechnological methods, the resulting metabolites can be produced in relatively high conversion yields and titres [11]. There are some outstanding examples where the fermentation process has been implemented in industry through metabolic engineering: in Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae; the production of 1,4-butanediol [12,13]; and succinic acid [14]. Lee et.al., [15] presented an informative "map" of chemicals, and the routes to synthesize them using fermentation. The speed and precision of biotechnological advances is staggering; however, barriers remain, largely due to cellular constraints such as uptake and export rates, and the need to balance energy and redox, as well as growth constraints. Carbon feedstocks need to be directed in a balanced ratio between cell biomass and desired product, the two are closely tied and different depending on the microbial bio-factory employed (bacterial vs yeast). There are cases where this balance or trade-off does not exist, because either the theoretical yield or the productivity is too low. These are central metrics and significant efforts are invested into analyzing the controlling factors, leading to a reduced number of potential chemicals that can be produced via biosynthetic routes [16,17]. Significant enhancements in biotechnological production are becoming realities using leading computational methods in metabolic engineering [18]. With these technological leaps, challenges that seem insurmountable today may very well be minor issues in the near future.
In every bioprocess there are two fundamental elements, up-stream or fermentation, mainly driven by biology, followed by down-stream or isolation and purification, governed by physical chemistry. Process requirements include the requisite need for a bio-based feedstock, a stable biological conversion technology, as well as downstream product recovery schemes falling within the framework of "green" or sustainable chemistry. For a fermentation production process to be sustainable, the choice of feedstock is key. For bulk-chemical production, the feedstock can contribute somewhere between 70 to 80 % of the up-stream production cost. The use of a sustainable feedstock is an essential pre-requisite for a bulk product (including cannabinoids) production process as it largely dominates the environmental profile of these processes [19]. In defining what a sustainable feedstock looks like, it must meet the basic requirements of the triad shown in Figure 3. The feedstock must be:
Renewable: to ensure that CO2 release upon product end-of-life will be re-incorporated in growth to produce future feedstock [20].
Inexpensive: competitive as the cost of feedstock is a dominant factor in the process.
Available: not to compete with food chains and will not lead to price variations as a result of market disturbance [21].
Figure 3. Triad representation of requirements for sustainable feedstock for cannabinoid production.
The majority of fermentation processes use refined glucose or sucrose as the feedstock because the organism bio-factories can efficiently use it [22], with glucose being the universal carbon source for modern industrial fermentation processes. As the number of fermentation processes increase in both number and scale, availability of refined glucose (or sucrose) will begin to be stressed; even though it is renewable and inexpensive, and it comes from a wide variety of sources (sugar beets, sugarcane) but too high of an industrial demand will detract from the food chain supply. When demand exceeds supply, prices rise, and the concept of sustainability becomes stressed. Thus, alternative, non-food sources of glucose are being explored, with significant work and investment in extraction from waste lignocellulosic material [23]. There are innovative processes being developed using alternative feedstocks for example the use of bio-methanol for producing single cell proteins [24]; however, such examples are limited and only represent a fraction of the total existing fermentation processes of any given bioproduct. Regionality also plays a decisive role as there may be a bias towards one feedstock over another, the most notable example is South American ethanol producers using the abundantly available sucrose in the region opposed to a refined glucose.
Down-stream
The recent evolution of technology-augmented molecular biology is occurring at unprecedented rates, enabling major advances in upstream processes, which are leading to dramatic improvements in biologically diverse products, cell culture titers, and overall productivity. At the same time, this evolution places increased strain on existing downstream bioprocessing technology, where product recovery schemes are dominated by mature unit operations that have not seen the same rate of advancement as the biological front-end. Product recovery processes makes up a substantial cost of the overall production either through the cost of the process itself or the purification performance, both impacting the amount of actual recovered material. Recovery and purification of fermentation products (small molecules) in general is the costliest unit operation, typically 40-60% of the overall process. Figure 4 is presented showing the general steps of a typical bioprocess [25].
Figure 4. General steps of bioprocess, figure reproduced from [25]
Bulk-chemicals produced via fermentation are reasonably soluble in water and the technologies and approaches for recovery have been developed and matured to work efficiently. Cannabinoids on the other hand have limited to no water solubility and are thermally unstable, thus creating a novel challenge to production and recovery. Approaches taken on the upstream to compensate, tend to cascade down-stream creating purification complexity, novel methods and approaches are co-evolving; the fact remains that this is the major current hurdle in realizing direct, cost competitive biosynthetic production of cannabinoids as compared to conventional agriculture. This issue is also present when processing agriculturally sourced cannabinoids. It is, however, somewhat minimized as plant-based cannabinoids are most commonly brought to an 80-85% level of purity and in the form of "distillates" which are a far cry from 100% pure. The exception does lie with easily crystallizable molecules such as CBD and CBG, hence the abundance. To approach high purity, efficiencies must be high and closely matched at both the upstream and down-stream phases to optimize economic return. Agricultural derived cannabinoids start off as complex mixture, comprised of hundreds of compounds impacting the purity and quality of the final purified cannabinoid, with the main "bad-players" being trace pesticides and the presence of the intoxicating THC, which is not present through biosynthetic production routes.
Isolation and recovery of fermentation products in general, including cannabinoids, is essential as "products" tend to be single components brought to high purity through several processing steps, the more steps the more cost and loss. This consequently makes it more expensive than the fermentation process itself and the node with the greatest economic challenge. For the recovery of small molecules (cannabinoids fall into this classification), distillation methods are of high importance; several variations are available, and much knowledge exists. Distillation is an effective go-to process where energy is cheap and for many processes this operation will remain dominant. Distillation can rarely be applied directly to fermentation cultures; there must be a preceding separation of the biological component. Cell separation is achieved either by filtration (usually microfiltration, but dependent upon cell morphology) or centrifugation to clarify the liquid culture. The liquid portion of the fermentation broth contains the actives of interest (cannabinoids) and other fermentation products, the selective removal from this volume is the first step of purification. Cannabinoids are extracted into an organic solvent, phase separated and the cannabinoids are removed and concentrated by either solid or liquid phase chromatographic processes. Reactive extraction [26] and crystallization are technologies that are applied as a last step to obtain the cannabinoid in purity exceeding 95%.
Industrialization and the exponential increase in the worldwide human population are drastically affecting the living standard and availability of resources. These challenges have resulted in continuous depletion of natural sources and pose many problems, such as energy crises, global climate change and food shortages [27]. Sustainability and sustainable development are a balancing act between competing needs - our need to move forward technologically and economically, and the need to protect the environment in which we and others share, and it has become of paramount importance to develop clean and sustainable sources to produce fuels, commodity chemicals, food ingredients and pharmaceuticals. In this context, the utilization of natural substances demands sustainable approaches to balance the use of environmental resources, economic growth, and social responsibility. Biotechnology and chemical synthesis encompass key technologies, such as fermentation, bio-catalysis, semi-synthesis and full synthesis represent a sustainable approach to the production of various biobased products [28, 29].
Biosynthesis via fermentation technology is well established and is currently used to produce a plethora of useful products using renewable sources instead of fossil-based sources. The utilization of diverse renewable sources, including lignocellulosic biomass, agro-industrial residues, food wastes and wastewater from industrial plants to produce biobased products and value-added compounds through fermentation processes fulfils the economic viability of manufacturing, and greater sustainability from an environmental point of view [30]. Fermentation feedstock sources are one of the major topics in biosynthetic process sustainability. First generation feedstocks were the first crops and plants used to produce biosynthetic products, they are considered the most efficient fermentation carbon source as they require less land to grow and have a higher yield and "fermentative efficiency" than other feedstock generations.Examples of first-generation feedstock include corn, wheat, sugarcane, potato, sugar beet, rice and plant oil [31]. Nearly all industrial fermentation processes currently utilize first generation feedstocks, as the organism bio-factories developed demand such a requirement. All the current biosynthetic cannabinoid producers employ first-generation feedstocks, with some emerging cannabinoid companies exploring alternatives such as C1 (bio-methane, CO2, methanol) and second-generation feeds. Second generation feedstock refers to crops and plants that are not suitable for human or animal consumption [31]. Second generation feedstock are categorized as either non-food crops (cellulosic feedstock) or waste materials from first-generation feedstock (e.g., waste vegetable oil).
For the foreseeable future, economic and environmental sustainability will be the technology drivers. Biosynthesis will continue to be at the heart of advancements; however, a transition from large-scale fermentation process relying on living organisms to produce products will gradually give way to hybrid and/or bio-catalytic processes where the whole organism is not required but only the enzymatic machinery. Bio-catalysis is the use of biologically active components (enzymes) to facilitate transformations [32]. This process evolution advances both the economic and environmental sustainability aspects, as less fermentation biowaste is produced; processes can be made continuous (opposed to fermentation which is batch) resulting in a smaller operational footprint resulting in lower energy use. Additionally, enhanced capabilities may be tapped as the enzymes are outside of the organism where they must adhere to biological constraints. Scientific research is helping to understand the structure and functional activities of enzymes, which is in turn leading to an increase in their stability, activity, sustainability, and substrate specificity.
There is a significant need for sustainable bulk-chemical production, including the popularized cannabinoids, particularly given the cultural pressures of rising consumer awareness, product sustainability, climate change and environmental stewardship. Biotechnology offers opportunities to enable more sustainable production of feedstocks, bioconversion and even downstream recovery. A range of new technologies and research will need to be carried out to usher in industrial acceptance and implementation. Together with the need for creative chemical solutions and biological improvements, there is also the requirement for more process-based research. Meanwhile, developments in molecular biology appear to show no slowing, and will dominate much of the biotechnology landscape. For biotechnologies to succeed in supplanting chemical or agricultural processes, it is imperative that molecular biologists work together with bioprocess engineers to create seamless processes. Biotechnology developers will endeavor to create a bio-based manufacturing industry using microbes to produce fuels, chemicals, and medicines. Natural plant products, such as medicines, flavors, and fragrances, will continue to be challenging to extract sustainably from natural sources or to be synthesized chemically due to their complex structures. Developing and incorporating such pathways into new hosts requires finding or modifying a suitable microorganism host that will accommodate and accept the pathway, resulting in a biosynthetic route to the compound followed by scaling the process. Feedstock type and supply will likely be a large steering force, gradually shifting from first generation agricultural to fully renewable. For some chemicals, the choice may be clear, for others the presence of impurities in the feedstock may be challenging. Hybrid processes using combinations of fermentation, cellular and enzyme bio-catalysis and chemical catalysis [33], as well as leveraging the strengths of each conversion technology, will pave the way for effective, sustainable production of cannabinoids. As the technology develops, matures and the industry further recognizes its potential, the production of cannabinoids through fermentation of microorganisms will be the next frontier for biotechnology through improved production processes that prioritize product quality and environmental sustainability. The environmental benefit of using lab-made cannabinoids is evident.
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Today I found out why your palms get sweaty when you're nervous. Ever been on the edge of a cliff or looking out the window at the top of a skyscraper and your hands start to sweat? Or maybe it's when you're about to speak in front of an audience? The individual who introduced you might shake your hand and hope you didn't just come from the bathroom because your palms are more saturated than a sponge in water. So what's going on here?
Medically, the condition of having excessively sweaty palms is known as "Palmar Hyperhidrosis". In general, it can be caused by two different things- emotional stress and the result of your body trying to control its temperature (thermoregulation). In the case of being excited, scared, or nervous, the cause is stimulation of a specific type of sweat gland from your fight or flight (sympathetic) nervous system. To understand why, let's talk about the different types of sweat glands and what causes all that moisture.
We have three types of sweat glands, Eccrine, Apocrine and Apoeccrine. While the three types can produce sweat because of the same action, like running on a treadmill, it's important to note the difference to understand why your palms sweat when you're standing on the edge of a bungee jump platform.
Eccrine glands make up most of the sweat glands you have. Depending on which study you want to go with, approximately 3 million of the nearly 4 million sweat glands are Eccrine. Their main function is to control body temperature. Areas of the body that have the highest concentration of Eccrine glands are the soles of the feet, palms of the hands, and the forehead. These are the sweat glands responsible for your sweaty palms. When they're stimulated, they release a clear odorless fluid that evaporates into the air, thereby cooling you off when your body temperature gets too high.
Apocrine Sweat glands primarily reside in your armpits and your genital regions. They produce a thicker, oily, odorless, fluid that gets released into your hair follicles. Bacteria that reside on your skin break down this fluid and the result is the odor we smell when we don't shower regularly. In mammals, this oily fluid is thought by some to act as a pheromone to attract a mate, or act as a warning signal to other mammals.
Apoeccrine glands also primarily reside in the armpits and genital regions. They develop during puberty from what are known as Eccrine precursors, and can produce sweat up to seven times faster than Eccrine glands. The role of these types of glands is controversial, but it's thought to be involved in the excessive sweating of people with a condition known as Axillary Hyperhidrosis (excessive armpit sweating).
All your sweat glands are activated by a type of nerve fiber called a sympathetic fiber. These are the nerves that react to your sympathetic nervous system. When this fight or flight system becomes active, you sweat.
When you're running, biking, swimming, or generally putting your body in a situation where it needs to cool itself down, it releases neurotransmitters like dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine, that cause your sweat glands to leak like a bad faucet. The main neurotransmitter responsible for stimulating the Eccrine glands in your palms is Acetylcholine.
So why do your palms get sweaty when you're excited or stressed? When the Eccrine glands in your palms are stimulated by your sympathetic nervous system to control temperature, they get that signal from an area of the brain called your hypothalamus.
On the other hand (pun intended), when we get excited, the areas of the brain that signal comes from are called your neocortex and limbic centers. Since these regions are fairly large, the exact centers aren't currently known, but it's thought they come from areas called your amygdala, prefrontal cortex, insular cortex and cingulum.
You might be asking yourself, "Why does it matter which area of the brain this signal comes from?" It's this answer that's the reason why your palms get sweaty when you're standing on the edge of a cliff.
When emotional stress causes a reaction from your sympathetic nervous system, it primarily affects the Eccrine glands on your face, palms, soles of your feet, and in your armpits. It also causes your veins to constrict. This is a significant distinction from when your hypothalamus causes the reaction- in that case, your veins get larger (dilate). This helps get all of the blood near the surface of your skin to help cool you off.
It's very important to note, however, emotional sweating and thermoregulatory sweating aren't necessarily distinct from one another. They have been shown to influence each other. The difference is very real, though. For instance, emotional sweating has been shown to be unresponsive to temperature changes, thus not affected by your hypothalamus. The result is, you get excited, but don't need to be cooled off- your Eccrine glands get stimulated by your sympathetic nervous system from an area of the brain that doesn't necessarily affect cooling.
Armed with this knowledge, you might be asking yourself why Mother Nature and evolution created such a seemingly complex system that seems to have the same result, sweaty palms. You wouldn't be the first to ask this question. The exact reason why this is, though, is still very controversial.
The prevailing theory is that this is a very efficient way to cause several reactions using the same pathways and glands. The emotional sweating causes sweaty palms that can help control the humidity of the outer layer of the skin. This could improve the friction on the skin thereby helping when you begin to sense you will be hunting an animal, fighting enemies, or about to climb a cliff. The generalized sweating that results from your hypothalamus then helps cool the body when these intense physical activities are happening. It also produces an odor that sends out pheromone signals to those same enemies/animals. The pheromones also could help signal potential mates that you are natural selection's answer to their mating needs.
In the end, stand on the edge of a cliff and sweat confidently knowing your body is working as it's supposed to! Just make sure you bring plenty of extra paper towels and avoid hand shaking.
While sweaty palms is normal for most, excessive sweating can be irritating and embarrassing. Medically this excessive sweating is known as hyperhidrosis. It's defined as, sweating beyond what is necessary for thermal equilibrium. About 1.4% , or approximately 4 million Americans are thought to be affected by this disorder. About 1/3 of those say it affects their daily life and is either barely intolerable or simply intolerable.
Treatments for this disorder are wide ranging. If the cause is simply emotional, your doctor might prescribe medication to help keep you calm, like Diazepam. Anticholinergic medications can also be prescribe to reduce the affect acetylcholine has on your sweat glands. Topical antiperspirants that contain aluminum salts, such as aluminum chloride can also be administered. Aluminum salts work here because they irritate the sweat glands and cause them to swell. This prevents them from excreting their annoying fluid.
Another time tested treatment is to submerge your hands or feet in warm water that has a mild electric current flowing through it. It isn't currently known why this helps, but after about 5-10 sessions, sufferers begin to see results. Botox injections to the area affected have also shown to be very helpful. Should all of these treatments not work, there is a surgery that can help, known as Sympathetic Nerve Reconstruction.
Scott writes for the wildly popular interesting fact website TodayIFoundOut.com. To subscribe to Today I Found Out's "Daily Knowledge" newsletter, click here or like them on Facebook here. You can also check 'em out on YouTube. This post has been republished with permission from TodayIFoundOut.com.


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