Four Pasadena-based schools, including Pasadena, Muir, La Salle and hosts Maranatha, hit the hardwood on Tuesday to tip off the 17th Annual Rose City Roundball Classic.
The Southern California renowned tournament is a six-day expedition in which 16 teams duke it out for the title in a double-elimination bracket.
Half of the first-round matches took place on Monday while the other half took place on Tuesday. All Pasadena teams played their opening game on Tuesday as La Salle took on Alemany, Muir took on Oaks Christian, Pasadena took on Culver City and Maranatha took on St. Genevieve.
The Lancers were given the chance to set the tone as they opened the day with a tough match-up against the Warriors. However, they struggled and played from behind for a majority of the contest.
Alemany's defense proved too robust, preventing La Salle from getting anything going. The Lancers kept the deficit within single digits until early in the third when the Warriors eventually ran away with the lead and a 74-58 win.
The Mustangs got off to sluggish start in the first quarter against the Lions but quickly rebounded in the second to take a 26-24 lead at the half.
To Muir's dismay, Oaks Christian turned the tides for good, regaining the lead in a methodical and effective fashion. Muir kept it interesting all the way through but wound up falling 63-56.
Ethan Fleming finished with 21 points for the Mustangs.
With the Pasadena schools going 0-2 halfway through the day, the Bulldogs decided it was time to get in the win column. The runners-up from last season's CIF-SS Division 1 Championship game took a little while to warm up, but once they got up to speed, there was no looking back.
Culver City put up a formidable effort but Darius Mason's 20 points and Danny Pina's 19 were too much for the Centaurs to overcome, especially in the later stages of the game. Pasadena went on to comfortably close out the game 78-69.
Hosts Maranatha rounded out Tuesday's slate with a game against St. Genevieve that was all but over by the end of the first quarter.
The Minutemen dominated in all phases of the game, holding the Valiants to a mere four points in the opening period. The lead ballooned to 30-14 by halftime as Maranatha eventually cruised to a 55-30 victory.
Andrew Quach and Wes Clarkson each netted 12 points for the Minutemen.
All four teams will play again on Thursday where La Salle and Muir will respectively play against Culver City and St. Genevieve in the consolation bracket quarterfinals. Pasadena and Maranatha will respectively face off against Alemany and Oaks Christian in the championship bracket quarterfinals.


Noviat was created in 2009 by two specialists in the computer world, Luc de Meyer and Marc Pirenne. Their expertise, complementary and acquired according to the responsibilities exercised within large companies and SMEs, covers multiple technical aspects as well as the thorough understanding of all the processes of a company.
The decision to move towards the integration of Open Source ERP Odoo has been imposed, for several reasons, and mainly that to meet the challenge of no longer having to choose between the organization of a large company and the the dynamism of an SME but to be able to benefit from the advantages of both types of structures.
ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning) is the major tool of a company to optimize the computerized management of all its processes. The vast majority of ERPs on the market require significant investment, as well as having to adapt to a very inflexible tool. If there are cheaper ones, their flexibility remains extremely small and therefore poorly meets the needs of small and medium-sized enterprises.
Open Source proves to be a profitable choice for these companies as they find in this approach a response to their need to control their investments and a capacity for complete adaptation to their configuration. It is in this logic that Noviat, in addition to its role of integrator initially turned towards the private sector, innovated by creating new modules and thus met the expectations of local authorities, in search of solutions to meet at best the expectations of taxpayers.
In a context where digitalization of the private sector (SME / SMI) and the public sector has become a major issue for almost all European partners, its companies and communities will be able to find Noviat and its entire team , a quality partner to ensure their transition, development and sustainability.


text:
package com.intellij.lang.properties.refactoring;

import com.intellij.lang.properties.IProperty;
import com.intellij.lang.properties.psi.PropertiesFile;
import com.intellij.openapi.project.Project;
import com.intellij.psi.PsiElement;
import com.intellij.refactoring.RefactoringSettings;
import com.intellij.refactoring.safeDelete.NonCodeUsageSearchInfo;
import com.intellij.refactoring.safeDelete.SafeDeleteProcessor;
import com.intellij.refactoring.safeDelete.SafeDeleteProcessorDelegate;
import com.intellij.usageView.UsageInfo;
import com.intellij.util.IncorrectOperationException;
import org.jetbrains.annotations.NotNull;

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Collection;
import java.util.Collections;
import java.util.List;

/**
 * @author yole
 */
public class PropertiesFilesSafeDeleteProcessor implements SafeDeleteProcessorDelegate {
  @Override
  public boolean handlesElement(final PsiElement element) {
    return element instanceof PropertiesFile;
  }

  @Override
  public NonCodeUsageSearchInfo findUsages(@NotNull final PsiElement element, @NotNull final PsiElement[] allElementsToDelete, @NotNull final List<UsageInfo> result) {
    PropertiesFile file = (PropertiesFile) element;
    List<PsiElement> elements = new ArrayList<>();
    elements.add(file.getContainingFile());
    for (IProperty property : file.getProperties()) {
      elements.add(property.getPsiElement());
    }
    for(PsiElement psiElement: elements) {
      SafeDeleteProcessor.findGenericElementUsages(psiElement, result, allElementsToDelete);
    }
    return new NonCodeUsageSearchInfo(SafeDeleteProcessor.getDefaultInsideDeletedCondition(allElementsToDelete), elements);
  }

  @Override
  public Collection<PsiElement> getElementsToSearch(@NotNull final PsiElement element, @NotNull final Collection<PsiElement> allElementsToDelete) {
    return Collections.singletonList(element);
  }

  @Override
  public Collection<PsiElement> getAdditionalElementsToDelete(@NotNull final PsiElement element, @NotNull final Collection<PsiElement> allElementsToDelete,
                                                              final boolean askUser) {
    return null;
  }

  @Override
  public Collection<String> findConflicts(@NotNull final PsiElement element, @NotNull final PsiElement[] allElementsToDelete) {
    return null;
  }

  @Override
  public UsageInfo[] preprocessUsages(final Project project, final UsageInfo[] usages) {
    return usages;
  }

  @Override
  public void prepareForDeletion(final PsiElement element) throws IncorrectOperationException {
  }

  @Override
  public boolean isToSearchInComments(PsiElement element) {
    return RefactoringSettings.getInstance().SAFE_DELETE_SEARCH_IN_COMMENTS;
  }

  @Override
  public boolean isToSearchForTextOccurrences(PsiElement element) {
    return RefactoringSettings.getInstance().SAFE_DELETE_SEARCH_IN_NON_JAVA;
  }

  @Override
  public void setToSearchInComments(PsiElement element, boolean enabled) {
    RefactoringSettings.getInstance().SAFE_DELETE_SEARCH_IN_COMMENTS = enabled;
  }

  @Override
  public void setToSearchForTextOccurrences(PsiElement element, boolean enabled) {
    RefactoringSettings.getInstance().SAFE_DELETE_SEARCH_IN_NON_JAVA = enabled;
  }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


When streaming HTTP content in VLC, it will automatically ask for login credentials as needed. However, when using the downloader within VLC, it won't and simply fails with a 401. Adding HTTP basic auth support the downloader would solve the issue and allow downloads of media via http/s from servers protected with username and password.


text:
University of South Carolina Spending Transparency
USC 内蒙古快三PAGE
USC CAMPUSES
SALKEHATCHIE
MONTHLY SPENDING
PAYEE SEARCH
University of South Carolina Transparency Initiative
The University of South Carolina is committed to openness about the sources and uses of university funds. This transparency Web site provides information on payments to university vendors as well as for athletics team travel and state procurement cards. This site also contains links to university financial statements, budget documents approved by the university's Board of Trustees and annual reports compiled by the university for other state agencies. The University of South Carolina is a multi-campus system with funding sources that include unrestricted and restricted funds available to support the university's general operations in carrying out its primary mission of instruction, research, and public service. All state general fund appropriations derived from state taxes and state revenue collections are used to fund a portion of salaries and fringe benefits and are therefore not a source of funding for the spending transparency website. For fiscal year 2015-2016, state appropriations account for 10.2% of the total current funds budget of the University system. Other sources are student tuition and fees (47.8%), grants, contracts and gifts (25.7%), departmental sales and services (2.7%) and auxiliary enterprises (13.6 %).
CARD STATEMENTS - TEAM TRAVEL (June 2018 and forward can be found here)
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY
USC LINKS:
Spending Transparency
transparency@
© University of South Carolina Board of Trustees

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


MacGillivray Freeman Films' large-format pic "Everest" has exceeded Miramax's expectations in homevideo sales since its March release.
"We're very pleased with the initial release and the response to the film," said Kevin Kasha, exec VP of Miramax Home Entertainment, which acquired worldwide homevideo rights to the pic last December (Daily Variety, Dec. 2, 1998).
Sources said the $19.99 video has sold more than 200,000 units since it hit video stores March 30, outstripping other large-format film video sales.
Some 20,000 copies were sold during the year "Everest" was on sale at Imax theater gift stores — the traditional and limited market for large-format videos — before Miramax began distribution.
"Everest" has grossed $621,000 in its first five weeks of release as a video rental, according to the Video Software Dealers Association. The video opened at No. 88 in the chart and fell to 132.
Kasha said "Everest" had translated well to video, despite being intended for a screen eight stories tall.
Miramax is assembling for DVD an "Everest" collector's edition, including footage of the film's making, which should be available this summer.
MacGillivray Freeman is still distributing the film to giant screen theaters, where it has accumulated a worldwide box office gross of almost $85 million.


text:
Q: Android power button and webview or possibly activity lifecycle I have issue with activity lifecycle with webview and power button.
I am loading javascript page with a game inside webview and I am preserving the webview in Application context, so it survives Activity destruction. I know I should't save the view like this but I have very specific scenario where it is the only solution. It is working fine when switching between apps (even with the "dont keep activities" debug flag) but when I do this scenario:

*

*run activity with webview

*once the game loads into webview press power button to turn off the screen

*turn the screen back on

*unlock the screen (by swiping up)

*activity will load, but webview is not loaded, its just black screen

I tried printing out all activity lifecycle methods and its identical in both cases. What is the difference between those 2 scenarios?
Code app context:
public class MyApp extends Application {
    private WebView mWebView;

    //getter, setter ...
    //preserving webview in app context
}

Code activity:
public void onCreate() {
    super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
    setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);
    initWebView();
}

private void initWebView() {
    MyApp app = (MyApp) getApplication();
    mWebView = app.getWebView();
    if (!app.isWebViewInitialized()) {
        mWebView.getSettings().setJavaScriptEnabled(true);
        mWebView.getSettings().setDomStorageEnabled(true);
        mWebView.requestFocus();
        mWebView.addJavascriptInterface(new JavascriptInterface(this), "JSInterface");
        mWebView.loadUrl("http://js-game-url.com");
        mWebView.setLayoutParams(new LinearLayout.LayoutParams(LinearLayout.LayoutParams.MATCH_PARENT, LinearLayout.LayoutParams.MATCH_PARENT));
        mWebView.setWebViewClient(new WebViewClient());

        app.setWebViewInitialized(true);
    } else {
        try {
            ((ViewGroup) mWebView.getParent()).removeView(mWebView);
            //todo remake the try catch
        } catch(NullPointerException e) {
            System.out.println("Null");    //todo remove try catch
        }
    }

    webviewPlaceholder = (RelativeLayout) findViewById(R.id.rlayout2);
    webviewPlaceholder.addView(mWebView);
}

protected void onPause() {
    super.onPause();
    webviewPlaceholder.removeView(mWebView);
}

protected void onResume() {
    super.onResume();
    initWebView();
}

protected void onDestroy() {
    super.onDestroy();
    webviewPlaceholder.removeView(mWebView);
}

I am definitely missing something simple, but I cant find the solution.

A: It wasn't problem with activity lifecycle but wit webview javascript lifecycle. The webview didn't get focus, when the activity got recreated after turning screen back on. This fixed it:
mWebView.requestFocus();

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


View Classic GTO Photos on your monitor.
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ScreenSaver Druid is freeware solution for managing screensavers. Therefore. once you set your preferences for running screensavers in the control center. scheduled and random lists for running screensavers. It can go beyond the usual list of screensavers available in the Control Panel and search for all screensavers that might be scattered on your hard drives. Additional functions provided by the program include bringing up screensaver settings dialog. previewing and deleting screensavers. .
ScreenSaver Druid is freeware solution for managing screensavers. Therefore. once you set your preferences for running screensavers in the control center. scheduled and random lists for running screensavers. It can go beyond the usual list of screensavers available in the Control Panel and search for all screensavers that might be scattered on your hard drives. Additional functions provided by the program include bringing up screensaver settings dialog. previewing and deleting screensavers. . .
ScreenSaver Druid is freeware solution for managing screensavers. Therefore. once you set your preferences for running screensavers in the control center. scheduled and random lists for running screensavers. It can go beyond the usual list of screensavers available in the Control Panel and search for all screensavers that might be scattered on your hard drives. Additional functions provided by the program include bringing up screensaver settings dialog. previewing and deleting screensavers. . . .
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With Screensaver Designer you can create screensavers for yourself or unlimited royalty-free distribution. You can make screensavers from any combination of images.
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Create amazing screensavers for yourself. for promotion or unlimited royalty-free commercial distribution. Make screensavers from images. calendar and RSS screensavers. You can make screensavers for sale using special features for shareware authors - registration keys (single and per-customer).
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Fich3D is a new screensaver of sea nature from a collection of new free screensavers from http://www. newfreescreensavers. NewFreeScreensavers. com offers screensavers of nature. screensavers showing time. and others. The screensavers from http://www. newfreescreensavers. Free screensavers. .
Bright up your desktop with free animated screensavers! Bright up your desktop with free animated screensavers! Choose from various screensaver categories: 3D. Clock screensavers. etc. Our screensavers work on any Windows OS and any screen resolution. All screensavers have flexible settings and sound effects. .
With Ace Pro Screensaver Creator you can create professional screensavers for yourself. or commercial distribution. You can make animated screensavers or slide-show screensavers easily in just a few steps. .
With Ace Pro Screensaver Creator you can create professional screensavers for yourself. or commercial distribution. You can make animated screensavers or slide-show screensavers easily in just a few steps. . .


The results show a surprising 55% in favour of legalising the class B drug. However, the drug is still illegal despite increased lobbying to relax the laws lead by the Liberal Democrats.
Currently anyone found possessing cannabis can be sentenced to a maximum of five years in prison, an unlimited fine or both punishments under UK legislation. Supplying or producing the class B drug can land people in prison for a maximum of 14 years an unlimited fine, or both.
The issue was debated on October 12, 2015, and closed after the government responded by saying: "Substantial scientific evidence shows cannabis is a harmful drug that can damage human health.


text:
Q: How to output particular lines of code in C++ I have just finished learning C++ on my own (no outside help, just through a few website tutorials) and now I am currently working on my own mini project. The project is just a basic bank account system that registers a user (asking the user their account number, name, and current balance)
Here is what I did so far. I have created a text file called "BankAccount.text" and right now it contains the following:
Welcome to your banking account
Your account number:
Your First Name:
Your Last Name:
Your current balance:
Your account number: 1
Your First Name: ftest
Your Last Name: ltest
Your current balance: $10
My question is, how do I output the particular line of text to the user who wants to see their information, for example, a user is asked to enter their account number (say 1, like above), and the program outputs the four lines (1, ftest, ltest, $10)
Here is my code (i won't show the entire thing):
#include <fstream>
#include <cstdlib>
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;

int accnum; //account number of user
string fname; //first name of user
string lname; //last name of user
double balance; //balance amount of user

void show_record()
{
    cout << "Enter your account number: ";
    cin >> accnum;

    /*
    ifstream bnkacct("BankAccount.text"); //needed to read the bank account information file

    if(!bnkacct) //if we couldn't open the output file for reading
    {
        cerr << "Sorry, we could not open your bank account information. We are sorry for the inconvenience" << endl;
        system("pause"); //needed, or else the program will end right away
        exit(1);
    }
    else
    {
        while (bnkacct)
        {
            string strInput;
            getline(bnkacct, strInput);

            cout << strInput << '\n';
        }
    }
    */
}

int main()
{
    cout << "**Banking account information system**" << '\n';
    cout << "\n";
    cout << "Select one of the options below" << '\n';
    cout << "1: Add record to file" << '\n';
    cout << "2: Show record from file" << '\n';
    cout << "3: Search record from file" << '\n';
    cout << "4: Update record information" << '\n';
    cout << "5: Delete record from file" << '\n';
    cout << "6: Exit options" << '\n';
    cout << "\n";

    int option;
    cout << "Enter an option: ";
    cin >> option;

    cout << "\n";

    switch (option)
    {
    case 1:
        add_record();
        break;
    case 2:
        show_record();
        break;
    default: //else if the user did not enter either of the following options
        cout << "You must enter the following options specified!" << endl;
        break;
    }

    system("pause"); //needed if using Visual Studio, else the program ends immediately after program is run

    return 0;
}

So how do i solve this problem?

A: @David C. Rankin has the right idea. I put together a basic implementation for you. It does pretty much no error checking, data validation or anything clever so keep in mind there is a lot of room for improvement here. But it works and should give you something to go on.
struct AccountDetails
{
    string fname; //first name of user
    string lname; //last name of user
    double balance; //balance amount of user
};

void show_record(std::map<int, AccountDetails> bankRecords, int accountNumber)
{
    auto itr = bankRecords.find(accountNumber);
    AccountDetails detailsToDisplay;
    if (itr != bankRecords.end())
    {
        detailsToDisplay = itr->second;

        cout << "Account number: " << accountNumber << '\n';
        cout << "Your first name: " << detailsToDisplay.fname << '\n';
        cout << "Your last name: " << detailsToDisplay.lname << '\n';
        cout << "Your balance: " << detailsToDisplay.balance << '\n';
    }
    else
    {
        cout <<  "Sorry, we could not open your bank account information. We are sorry for the inconvenience." << endl;
    }
}

std::map<int,AccountDetails> ReadRecords(string fileName)
{
    std::map<int, AccountDetails> records;
    ifstream bankFile(fileName);
    string accountNumber;
    string firstName;
    string lastName;
    string balance;

    AccountDetails temp;

    if(bankFile.is_open())
    {
        while (!bankFile.eof())
        {
            getline(bankFile, accountNumber);
            getline(bankFile, firstName);
            getline(bankFile, lastName);
            getline(bankFile, balance);

            temp.fname = firstName;
            temp.lname = lastName;
            temp.balance = atof(balance.c_str());

            records.emplace(atof(accountNumber.c_str()),temp);
        }
    }
    return records;
}

int main()
{
    cout << "**Banking account information system**" << '\n';
    cout << "\n";
    cout << "Select one of the options below" << '\n';
    cout << "1: Add record to file" << '\n';
    cout << "2: Show record from file" << '\n';
    cout << "3: Search record from file" << '\n';
    cout << "4: Update record information" << '\n';
    cout << "5: Delete record from file" << '\n';
    cout << "6: Exit options" << '\n';
    cout << "\n";

    int accountNumber = INT_MAX;
    int option;
    cout << "Enter an option: ";
    cin >> option;
    cout << "\n";

    std::map<int,AccountDetails> bankRecords = ReadRecords("BankAccount.text");

    switch (option)
    {
    case 1:
        break;
    case 2:
        cout << "Enter your account number: ";
        cin >> accountNumber;
        show_record(bankRecords, accountNumber);
        break;

    default:
        cout << "You must enter the following options specified!" << endl;
        break;
    }

    system("pause");
    return 0;
}


Mati Rogers is a Junior. She is an active and strong member of Mock Trial. She was also, an acting powerhouse in Regis Jesuit's perfomance of "The Sister Act," as Sister Mary Lazarus. She was so good in fact, that she was awarded (along with one other girl) the most superior votes for female monologues. Thats right, Regis Jesuit's own Mati Rogers was among the top 15 actors and actresses out of 750 that performed at Thescon, and top 2 for female monologues.
The First Ever Photo of a Black Hole!
Is True Crime Written in Our DNA?


text:
Child and Maternal Health report
Start Page 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
Published on December 2016 | Categories: Documents | Downloads: 34 | Comments: 0
Healthy Communities:
Child and maternal health in 2009–2012
National Health Performance Authority
Sydney, NSW 2001 Australia
www.nhpa.gov.au
© National Health Performance Authority 2014
The National Health Performance Authority licenses use of this report under Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-
No Derivatives Licence 3.0, Australia and the terms of this notice.
You are permitted to make fair use of the report consistent with the terms of the licence. You must not make use of the report in
a misleading or deceptive manner or in a manner that is inconsistent with the context of the report.
Permissions beyond the scope of the licence may be available at [email protected]
This report is produced for health research, health care and health advocacy purposes. This report is not intended to provide
guidance on particular health care choices. You should contact your medical advisors on particular health care choices.
Online ISBN: 978-1-74186-153-2
Suggested citation: National Health Performance Authority 2014, Healthy Communities: Child and maternal health in
Further copies of this document can be downloaded from www.myhealthycommunities.gov.au
Published July 2014.
Please note that there is the potential for minor revisions of this report.
Please check www.myhealthycommunities.gov.au for any amendments.
i National Health Performance Authority www.myhealthycommunities.gov.au Healthy Communities: Child and maternal health in 2009–2012
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii
Key fndings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii
Next steps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vi
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
About this report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Why information on maternal and child health matters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
About the data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Fair comparisons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Key fndings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Infant and young child mortality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Low birthweight and smoking during pregnancy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Antenatal visits in the frst trimester . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Health status and outcomes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Infant and young child mortality rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Infant mortality rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Low-birthweight babies, all women . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Low-birthweight babies, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Prevention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Smoking during pregnancy, all women . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Smoking during pregnancy, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Use of health services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Antenatal visits in the frst trimester, all women . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Antenatal visits in the frst trimester, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women . . . . . . . . . . 36
Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
About the Authority . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Additional document
Healthy Communities: Child and maternal health in 2009–2012, Technical Supplement
ii National Health Performance Authority www.myhealthycommunities.gov.au Healthy Communities: Child and maternal health in 2009–2012
iii National Health Performance Authority www.myhealthycommunities.gov.au Healthy Communities: Child and maternal health in 2009–2012
The numbers of infants and children who die
prematurely has fallen rapidly in recent years on
a population basis. Nevertheless, Australia has
infant mortality rates three times higher than the
best-performing countries.
Even within Australia,
there is a marked difference in infant and young
child death rates between the areas where the
rates are lowest, and areas where they are highest.
Identifying these differences may help to inform
improvements in access to or delivery of services
that could in time lead to reductions in avoidable
deaths among infants and young children.
This is the frst report from the National Health
Performance Authority (the Authority) that
presents data at the local level for infant and
young child mortality, low birthweight, smoking
during pregnancy and access to antenatal care.
There is a strong relationship between antenatal
care that commences within the frst 13 weeks
(frst trimester) of pregnancy and positive child
health outcomes.
Accordingly, in 2011 the
identifed the number of women with at least one
antenatal visit in the frst trimester as an important
indicator of access to care in communities.
COAG also agreed that infant and young child
mortality rates, the proportion of babies born
with low birthweight and prevalence of smoking
are important population health outcome measures
that provide context for the interpretation of local
health system performance.
For example, low-birthweight babies are at greater
risk of poor health outcomes including death and
disability, particularly in the frst year of life, and have
an increased risk in adulthood of diabetes type 2,
high blood pressure and cardiovascular disease.
Measuring access to antenatal care and the health
outcomes of children at the local level, including
premature death, low birthweight and smoking
during pregnancy, allows us to begin to identify the
communities where programs such as antenatal
services are needed or have achieved success.
Other factors such as the quality of antenatal care
provided and broader social determinants of health
also impact on infant and child heath outcomes.
This report shows variation across local areas that
is not seen when reporting at national or state and
territory level. Data in the report cover all children and
mothers and, where the data are available, Aboriginal
and Torres Strait Islander mothers and their babies.
Data are presented for the period from
January 2009 to December 2012, for 61 local
areas across Australia called Medicare Local
catchments. For measures regarding Aboriginal
and Torres Strait Islander mothers and their
babies, data are presented for the period from
January 2007 to December 2011.
Key fndings
Infant and young child mortality rate
In 2010–2012, the national rate of infant and young
child mortality was 4.4 deaths per 1,000 live births
(1,344 deaths).
Across local areas, the infant and young child
mortality rate was more than three times higher
in the catchment with the highest rate compared
to the catchment with the lowest rate.
iv National Health Performance Authority www.myhealthycommunities.gov.au Healthy Communities: Child and maternal health in 2009–2012
The infant and young child mortality rate ranged
Highest: Northern Territory – 9.2 deaths per
1,000 live births
Lowest: Bayside (Vic) – 2.6 deaths per
(Figure 3, page 7 and pages 18 to 19).
To allow fairer comparisons, the Authority
compared local areas across Australia that have
similar characteristics such as remoteness,
socioeconomic status and distance to hospitals.
These catchments are grouped into one of seven
'peer groups' (page vi).
The report shows there are differences in
infant and young child mortality rates across
catchments in peer groups that have similar
geographic characteristics.
Across the metropolitan catchments, the highest
infant and young child mortality rate was more
than double in the local area with the highest rate
(6.1 deaths per 1,000 live births in Greater Metro
South Brisbane) compared to the local area with
the lowest rate (2.6 deaths per 1,000 live births
in Bayside (Vic)).
There were also differences across similar
local areas within the same peer group, even
after accounting for geographic and
socioeconomic characteristics.
• Across lower-income metropolitan
communities (Metro 2 peer group), the infant
and young child mortality rate was more than
double in Greater Metro South Brisbane
(6.1 deaths per 1,000 live births) compared
to South Western Melbourne (2.9 deaths per
1,000 live births)
• Across middle-income regional communities
(Regional 2 peer group), the infant and young
child mortality rate was 86% higher in Country
South SA (6.5 deaths per 1,000 live births)
compared to Goulburn Valley (Vic) (3.5 deaths
per 1,000 live births) (Table 1, page 6).
While this report shows higher rates in many regional
and rural areas compared to metropolitan areas,
and in lower-income compared to higher-income
areas, there are some areas that do not follow this
trend. These areas demonstrate what is possible to
achieve for other similar areas.
For example, Nepean-Blue Mountains (NSW),
Barwon (Vic) and Goulburn Valley (Vic) are middle-
to lower-income regional areas that have infant and
young child mortality rates similar to or better than
many higher-income metropolitan communities
(Figure 4, page 12).
Low-birthweight babies
The national percentage of all liveborn singleton
babies that were of low birthweight was 4.8%
for babies born to all women in 2009–2011 and
11.0% for babies born to Aboriginal and Torres
Strait Islander women in 2007–2011.
Across local areas, the percentage of all live
births that were of low birthweight was more
than double in the catchment with the highest
percentage compared to the catchment with the
lowest percentage.
The percentage of low-birthweight babies ranged
Highest: Northern Territory – 7.7%
Lowest: Sydney North Shore & Beaches – 3.3%
(Figure 4, page 12 and pages 22 to 23).
v National Health Performance Authority www.myhealthycommunities.gov.au Healthy Communities: Child and maternal health in 2009–2012
Differences were found across similar local
areas even after accounting for geographic and
Across middle-income metropolitan communities
in the Metro 2 peer group, the percentage of
low-birthweight babies was 41% higher in South
Western Melbourne (5.2%) compared to Fremantle
(WA) (3.7%).
The report also found that among Aboriginal and
Torres Strait Islander mothers there was a greater
proportion of low-birthweight babies compared
with other mothers in Australia.
Across local areas, the percentage of low-
birthweight babies to Aboriginal and Torres Strait
Islander women ranged from 17.5% in Gippsland
(Vic) to 6.7% in Frankston-Mornington Peninsula (Vic)
The national percentage of women who smoked
during pregnancy was 13.9% for all women for
2009–2011 and 51.7% for Aboriginal and Torres
Strait Islander women for 2007–2011.
Across local areas, the percentage of women
who smoked during pregnancy was 18 times
higher in the catchment with the highest
percentage compared to the catchment with
the lowest percentage.
The percentage of women who smoked during
pregnancy ranged as follows:
Highest: Far West NSW – 33.1%
There were differences found across similar local
Across high-income metropolitan communities
(Metro 1 peer group), the percentage of women
who smoked during pregnancy was more than fve
times higher in Australian Capital Territory (10.2%)
compared to Sydney North Shore & Beaches (1.8%).
The percentage of Aboriginal and Torres Strait
Islander women who smoked during pregnancy
ranged from 66.4% in Goulburn Valley (Vic) to
29.4% in Macedon Ranges & North Western
Melbourne (Figure 5, page 13 and pages
30 to 31).
Antenatal visits in the frst trimester
In 2010–2011, the national percentage of women
who had at least one antenatal visit in the frst
trimester of pregnancy was 67.2% for all women
and 50.3% for Aboriginal and Torres Strait
Islander women.
Across local areas, the percentage of women who
had at least one antenatal visit in the frst trimester
was more than double in the catchment with the
highest percentage compared to the catchment
with the lowest percentage.
The percentage of women who had at least one
antenatal visit in the frst trimester ranged as follows:
Highest: Western Sydney – 87.7%
Lowest: Grampians (Vic) – 36.6%
vi National Health Performance Authority www.myhealthycommunities.gov.au Healthy Communities: Child and maternal health in 2009–2012
Across higher-income regional communities
(Regional 1 peer group), the percentage of
women who had at least one antenatal visit in
the frst trimester of pregnancy was double in
Nepean-Blue Mountains (NSW) (85.5%) compared
to Frankston-Mornington Peninsula (Vic) (41.7%).
areas, there are some that do not follow this trend.
These areas demonstrate what is possible to
For example, Western Sydney is a lower-income
metropolitan area that has a lower rate of smoking
during pregnancy than most higher-income
metropolitan communities, and has the highest rate
of antenatal visits in the frst trimester than all other
metropolitan communities for all women, and the
second-highest rate for Aboriginal and Torres Strait
Islander women who had at least one antenatal visit
in the frst trimester ranged from 80.5% in Nepean-
Blue Mountains (NSW) to 21.8% in Grampians (Vic).
State and territory differences in defnitions and
methods used for data collection affect the
comparability of data relating to smoking during
pregnancy, low-birthweight babies and antenatal
visits in the frst trimester across state and territory
jurisdictions and lower levels of geography within
these jurisdictions.
This is the frst report from the Authority that
child mortality rates, low birthweight, smoking
About the peer groups
To enable fairer comparisons, the Authority
allocated each Medicare Local catchment
to one of seven peer groups, based on
socioeconomic status, remoteness and
distance to hospitals.
• Metro 1: High urban density, higher
• Metro 2: Medium urban density, medium
• Metro 3: Low urban density, lower
• Regional 1: Outer urban areas, middle
• Regional 2: Mostly non-metro urban and
regional areas, middle socioeconomic
• Rural 1: Distant from metro cities, with
diverse socioeconomic status
• Rural 2: Mostly large remote areas, middle
or lower socioeconomic status.
To fnd more information about peer groups,
see Healthy Communities: Child and maternal
health in 2009–2012, Technical Supplement
at www.myhealthycommunities.gov.au
during pregnancy and access to antenatal care
across Australia.
Future reports will allow trends to be monitored
across local communities and may explore other
factors that contribute to poorer health outcomes
for infants and young children.
1 National Health Performance Authority www.myhealthycommunities.gov.au Healthy Communities: Child and maternal health in 2009–2012
The National Health Performance Authority (the
Authority) bases its performance reports on
indicators agreed by the Council of Australian
Governments (COAG). This report focuses on the
following indicators:
• Infant and young child mortality rate
• Proportion of babies with low birthweight
• Prevalence of smoking
• Number of women with at least one antenatal
visit in the frst trimester.
The report provides information broken down
by 61 Medicare Local catchments. The national
network of Medicare Local organisations was
established between 2011 and 2012 to improve the
responsiveness, coordination and integration of local
health services. These organisations are due to be
replaced in 2015 with Primary Health Networks.
Data are presented for the period from January
2009 to December 2012. For some measures
regarding Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander
mothers and their babies, data are presented for
the period from January 2007 to December 2011.
Presentation of the fndings in this report aims to
help clinicians, health managers, administrators
and the public see how rates of infant and child
mortality, low birthweight, maternal smoking and
antenatal care differ across local areas. They are
also intended to provide Medicare Locals, Primary
Health Networks and Local Health Networks
with information they need to plan and deliver
community and hospital care.
Why information on maternal and
child health matters
Infant and child mortality is a broad measure
of the overall health of a population. In Australia,
infant mortality rates have declined by 33%
from 2005 to 2012, from 4.9 deaths to 3.3 deaths
per 1,000 live births.
Australia is currently ranked
14 of 30 OECD countries for which infant
mortality rates were reported for 2012. Australia
had an infant mortality rate (3.3 deaths per
1,000 live births) three times higher than that of
the best-performing country, Iceland (1.1 deaths
per 1,000 live births), and twice that of Slovenia
(1.6 deaths per 1,000 live births).
Figure 1: Infant and young child deaths measured in this report
Birth 28 days 1 year
At least 20 weeks or 400 grams 0 to 27 days 28 days to <1 year
Perinatal deaths
Infant deaths (0 to <1 year)
Fetal deaths Neonatal deaths
1 year to <5 years
Infant and young child deaths (0 to <5 years)
Post-neonatal deaths
Measured in this report
Young child deaths
Infant and young child mortality rates are
reported as the number of deaths among children
aged less than 5 years per 1,000 live births during
the three calendar years from 1 January 2010 to
31 December 2012. The number of infant and
young child deaths are reported as the average
number of deaths per year during the same time
period. The majority of these deaths (84%) occur
in infancy (before 1 year of age).
In this report, infant mortality rates are reported
as the number of deaths of liveborn infants aged
less than 1 year per 1,000 live births during the
three calendar years from 1 January 2010 to
31 December 2012. In 2010–2012, 70% of infant
and young child deaths occurred before 28 days
of life (neonatal death) (Figure 1, page 1).
Three years of data were combined to create
stable estimates for reporting mortality rates at
the local area level.
In 2011, there were 297,126 women who gave
birth to 299,588 liveborn and 2,220 stillborn
babies in Australia. Of these women, 11,729 were
identifed on the National Perinatal Data Collection
(NPDC) as being Aboriginal and Torres Strait
Islander women who gave birth to 11,737 liveborn
and 158 stillborn babies.
The leading causes of infant and young child
mortality in Australia are shown below in Figure 2.
Low-birthweight babies are defned in this
report as liveborn singleton babies who weigh less
than 2,500 grams at birth. A baby's birthweight is
a key indicator of health status and may refect the
health of a mother during her pregnancy, including
her smoking status and the quality of antenatal
care received.
In this report, the percentage of babies who
were of low birthweight is the number of liveborn
singleton babies who weighed less than 2,500
grams at birth, divided by the total number of live
singleton babies born.
Figure 2: Most common causes and percentage of infant and young child deaths by category, in Australia,
Source: National Health Performance Authority analysis of Australian Bureau of Statistics Causes of Death Collection 2010–2012.
Infant and young child deaths
0 to <1 year 1 to <5 years
Infant Young child
Fetus and newborn affected by maternal factors and
by complications of pregnancy, labour and delivery
26.6% Accidental drowning and submersion 10.5%
Ill-defned and unknown causes of mortality
(including SIDS)
11.1% Pedestrian injured in transport accident 6.7%
Congenital malformations of the circulatory system 6.7% Ill-defned and unknown causes of mortality 5.7%
Disorders related to length of gestation and
fetal growth (including low birthweight)
6.5% Malignant neoplasms of eye, brain and other parts
of central nervous system
Congenital malformations of the nervous system 4.7% Car occupant injured in transport accident 4.3%
Smoking during pregnancy is the most
common preventable risk factor for complications
in pregnancy and is associated with poorer
outcomes for babies such as low birthweight and
perinatal death
, including sudden infant death
syndrome (SIDS).
In this report, the percentage of women who
smoked during pregnancy is the number of
women who self-reported having smoked at
any time during pregnancy, divided by the total
number of women who gave birth.
Antenatal visits within the frst trimester of
pregnancy are important for monitoring the
health of mothers and babies and identifying
pregnancy complications early so that appropriate
treatment can be provided. Antenatal care within
the frst trimester is within the frst 13 weeks
of pregnancy and involves assessment,
appropriate advice and treatment during
pregnancy either in hospital, in primary health
care or specialist practices, or in the home. An
antenatal visit in the frst trimester represents an
opportunity for appropriate care to be provided
early on in pregnancy.
During an antenatal visit, a GP, midwife or other
health professional provides care to monitor the
health of the mother and fetus. This care may
include taking a medical history, assessing the
woman's specifc health needs, screening tests,
providing advice on pregnancy and delivery, and
referral to a medical specialist if necessary.
Australian clinical guidelines recommend that
the frst antenatal visit is arranged at the frst
contact with a woman during pregnancy. This
visit requires a long appointment and should
occur within the frst 10 weeks. Guidelines
recommend for a woman's frst pregnancy without
complications, a schedule of 10 visits and seven
visits for subsequent uncomplicated pregnancies.
In this report, the percentage of women who had
at least one antenatal visit within the frst trimester
is the number of women who self-reported or who
had a medical record that showed an antenatal
visit occurred within the frst trimester, divided by
the total number of women who gave birth.
Infant and young child mortality rates were
calculated using data from the Australian Bureau
of Statistics (ABS) Death Registrations Collection
and the ABS Birth Registrations Collection for the
calendar years 2010, 2011 and 2012.
ABS births and deaths data contain administrative
information supplied by the births, deaths and
marriages registries in each state and territory.
Deaths are attributed to the catchment in which
a baby usually resided, irrespective of where they
died. Live births are attributed to the catchment in
which the mother usually resided, irrespective of
where the birth occurred.
Information on low birthweight, smoking during
pregnancy and antenatal visits are from the
Australian Institute of Health and Welfare's (AIHW)
National Perinatal Data Collection (NPDC).
The NPDC is a national population-based cross-
sectional data collection of pregnancy and
childbirth. Information is collected from the mother
and the hospital, as well as records taken by a
midwife or other health professional at the time of
birth. The data are based on births reported to the
perinatal data collection in each state and territory
and are compiled and reported on annually by
the AIHW's National Perinatal Epidemiology and
Statistics Unit.
For the measures presented in this report, the
NPDC data are attributed to the local area where
the mother usually resided, rather than the place
where the birth occurred and exclude Australian
non-residents, residents of external territories and
women who could not be allocated to a Medicare
Local catchment because their Statistical Local
Area of usual residence was not stated or was
not valid.
Results for smoking during pregnancy exclude
women whose smoking status during pregnancy
was not stated.
Results for antenatal visits in the frst trimester
exclude women whose gestation at the frst
antenatal visit was not stated.
methods used for collection of data related to
smoking during pregnancy and antenatal visits in
the frst trimester affect the comparability of these
data across state and territory jurisdictions and
lower levels of geography within these jurisdictions.
In particular, as data on smoking during pregnancy
are not available for women who gave birth
in Victoria in 2007 or 2008, the percentage of
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women who
gave birth and smoked during pregnancy during
the fve calendar years from 1 January 2007 to 31
December 2011 does not include Aboriginal and
Torres Strait Islander women who usually resided
and gave birth in Victoria in 2007 or 2008. In WA
and ACT, frst antenatal visits that occur outside of
the hospital may not be included.
Results for each measure in this report are
presented on maps from pages 17 to 37
and on www.myhealthycommunities.
gov.au
Fair comparisons
To enable fairer comparisons, the Authority has
allocated each Medicare Local catchment to one
of seven peer groups, based on socioeconomic
status, remoteness, and distance to hospitals:
three in metropolitan areas, two in regional areas,
and two in rural areas (page vi).
For further information see Healthy Communities:
Child and maternal health in 2009–2012, Technical
Supplement at www.myhealthycommunities.
The data presented on Aboriginal and Torres
Strait Islander mothers and their babies are
infuenced by the quality and completeness of
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander identifcation,
which may vary across local areas.
Infant and young child mortality in this report
refers to the death of a liveborn child before the
age of 5 years. The majority of these deaths (84%)
occur in infancy (before 1 year of age).
Variation across local areas
The percentage of infant deaths compared with
young child deaths also varied across local areas.
Of the 59 local areas reported, infant deaths
accounted for the vast majority (90% or more) of all
infant and young child deaths in fve Medicare Local
catchments – Central Coast NSW, Eastern Sydney,
Macedon Ranges & North Western Melbourne,
Inner East Melbourne and Northern Sydney.
In contrast, infant deaths accounted for less than
75% of all infant and young child deaths in South
West WA, Great South Coast (Vic), Frankston-
Mornington Peninsula (Vic) and Country South SA.
Variation across peer groups
There were differences found in infant and young
child mortality rates across local areas with similar
• Across metropolitan areas, the infant
double in the lower-income urban catchment
of Greater Metro South Brisbane (6.1 deaths
per 1,000 live births, Metro 2) compared
to the wealthier inner-city catchment of Bayside
(Vic) (2.6 deaths per 1,000 live births, Metro 1)
• Across regional areas, the infant and young
child mortality rate was almost double in the
lower-income catchment of Country South
SA (6.5 deaths per 1,000 live births, Regional
2) compared to the wealthier catchment of
Nepean-Blue Mountains (NSW) (3.3 deaths per
1,000 live births, Regional 1)
• Across rural areas, the infant and young child
mortality rate was almost double in the Rural
2 catchment of Northern Territory (9.2 deaths
per 1,000 live births) compared to 4.9 deaths
per 1,000 live births in Country North SA
(Rural 1) and Goldfelds-Midwest (WA) (Rural 2).
Variation within peer groups
There were differences across similar local areas
even after accounting for broad geographic and
socioeconomic circumstances. For example:
• Within the Metro 2 peer group, the infant and
young child mortality rate was more than
1,000 live births).
• Within the Regional 2 peer group, the infant
and young child mortality rate was 86% higher
in Country South SA (6.5 deaths per 1,000
live births) compared to Goulburn Valley (Vic)
(3.5 deaths per 1,000 live births) (Table 1,
page 6).
Key fndings: Infant and young child mortality
While this report shows higher rates of infant and
young child deaths in regional and rural compared
to metropolitan areas and in lower-income
compared to higher-income areas, there are some
areas that do not follow this trend. These areas
demonstrate what can be achieved for other
similar areas.
Peer group Highest rate Lowest rate Difference
Metro 1 4.2 2.6 62% (1.6 times higher)
Metro 2 6.1 2.9 110% (2.1 times higher)
Regional 1 5.8 3.3 76% (1.8 times higher)
Rural 1 7.3 4.9 49% (1.5 times higher)
Table 1: Highest and lowest infant and young child mortality rates across Medicare Local catchments,
by peer group, 2010–2012
to lower-income regional areas that have infant
and child mortality rates similar to or better than
many higher-income metropolitan communities.
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander infant and young child mortality
Infant and young child mortality rates for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children have
declined over the past decade with 42% of the decline in infant mortality rates due to a decrease
in sudden infant deaths syndrome (SIDS) and 25% due to a fall in deaths from certain conditions
originating in the perinatal period.
External causes (injury and poisoning) account for just over half
of all deaths of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander infant and young children.
The recent Australian Government report on Closing the Gap (2014) showed that changes in the
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander infant and young child mortality rate are currently within
range to meet the target of halving the gap in mortality rates by 2018.
However, between 2006
and 2010 Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander infant and young child mortality rates were still
double the non-Indigenous rate, as were infant mortality rates (8 deaths per 1,000 live births
compared with 4 deaths per 1,000 live births). Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander infant mortality
rates also varied across states and territories, from 6 deaths per 1,000 live births in SA, to
13 deaths per 1,000 live births in the NT.*
* Reliable data on child mortality for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people are available for NSW, Qld, WA, SA and the NT.
(< 1 year)
Infant and
young child
(< 5 years)
Figure 3: Infant and young child mortality rates, by Medicare Local catchment, 2010–2012
Medicare Local catchments
Infant and young child deaths per
* The number of deaths may vary across Medicare Local catchments with similar rates due to differences in the number of live births.
NP Not available for publication.
Notes: Deaths are attributed to the Medicare Local catchment in which the infant or young child usually resided, irrespective of where they died.
Births are attributed to the Medicare Local catchment in which the mother usually resided, irrespective of where the birth occurred.
Sources: National Health Performance Authority analysis of Australian Bureau of Statistics Death Registrations Collection 2010–2012 and Australian Bureau of
Statistics Birth Registrations Collection 2010–2012.
NATIONAL RESULT 3.7 4.4 1,344
annual no.
< 5 years*
Bayside (Vic)
Sydney North Shore & Beaches
Eastern Sydney
Inner East Melbourne
Inner NW Melbourne
South Western Melbourne
Perth North Metro
South Eastern Sydney
Perth Central & East Metro
Central Adelaide & Hills
Fremantle (WA)
Bentley-Armadale (WA)
Eastern Melbourne
Sthn Adelaide-Fleurieu-Kangaroo Is.
Metro North Brisbane
Gold Coast (Qld)
Greater Metro South Brisbane
Northern Melbourne
Macedon Ranges & NW Melb
West Moreton-Oxley (Qld)
South Eastern Melbourne
South Western Sydney
Nepean-Blue Mountains (NSW)
Barwon (Vic)
Perth South Coastal
Illawarra-Shoalhaven (NSW)
Frankston-Mornington Peninsula (Vic)
Hunter (NSW)
Sunshine Coast (Qld)
Goulburn Valley (Vic)
Southern NSW
Gippsland (Vic)
Hume (Vic/NSW)
Great South Coast (Vic)
Grampians (Vic)
South West WA
North Coast NSW
Loddon-Mallee-Murray (Vic/NSW)
Darling Downs-SW Qld
Murrumbidgee (NSW)
Western NSW
New England (NSW)
Wide Bay (Qld)
Country South SA
Country North SA
Townsville-Mackay (Qld)
Far West NSW
Lower Murray (Vic/NSW)
Central Qld
Goldfelds-Midwest (WA)
Kimberley-Pilbara (WA)
Central & NW Qld
Far North Qld
Low birthweight, all women
Nationally, the percentage of liveborn babies* of
low birthweight was 4.8% for babies born to all
women in 2009–2011 and 11.0% for babies born
to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women in
The percentage of all live births that were of low
birthweight ranged as follows:
There were differences in the percentage of babies
born of low birthweight across local areas with
similar geographic characteristics.
• Across metropolitan areas, the percentage of
all liveborn babies of low birthweight was 73%
higher in the lower-income urban catchment of
Northern Adelaide (5.7%, Metro 3) compared
to the wealthy inner-city catchment of Sydney
North Shore & Beaches (3.3%, Metro 1)
• Across regional and rural areas, the percentage
of all liveborn babies of low birthweight was
higher in most lower-income catchments
(Regional 2 and Rural 2) compared to higher-
income catchments (Regional 1 and Rural 1).
Key fndings: Low birthweight and smoking
There were differences across similar catchments
even after accounting for geographic and
socioeconomic circumstances.
• Within the Metro 2 peer group, the percentage
of all live births that were of low birthweight was
41% higher in South Western Melbourne (5.2%)
compared to Fremantle (WA) (3.7%)
• Within the Regional 2 peer group, the
percentage of all live births that were of low
birthweight was 27% higher in Country South
SA, New England (NSW) and Tasmania (5.6%)
compared to South West WA (4.4%) (Table 2,
Smoking during pregnancy,
Nationally, the percentage of women who smoked
smoked during pregnancy was 18 times higher in
the catchment with the highest compared to the
catchment with the lowest percentage.
* Multiple births are excluded for the results for low birthweight in this report.
There were differences in the percentage of
women who smoked during pregnancy across
local areas with similar geographic characteristics.
• Across metropolitan areas, the percentage
of women who smoked during pregnancy
was 12 times higher in the lower-income
urban catchment of Northern Adelaide (22.4%,
Metro 3) compared to the wealthier inner-city
catchment of Sydney North Shore & Beaches
(1.8%, Metro 1)
• Across regional areas, the percentage of
women who smoked during pregnancy was
compared to higher-income catchments.
For example, the percentage of women
who smoked during pregnancy was almost
double at 26.5% in Wide Bay (Qld) (Regional
2) compared to 14.0% in Barwon (Vic) and
Illawarra-Shoalhaven (NSW) (Regional 1).
However across rural areas this trend of lower
rates of smoking during pregnancy in higher-
income areas compared to lower-income areas
was not apparent.
of women who smoked during pregnancy was
more than fve times higher in Australian
Capital Territory (10.2%) compared to Sydney
North Shore & Beaches (1.8%)
three times higher in Southern Adelaide-
Fleurieu-Kangaroo Island (SA) (14.5%)
compared to South Eastern Sydney (4.7%)
(Table 3).
Table 2: Highest and lowest percentage of low-birthweight babies of all women across Medicare Local
catchments, by peer group, 2009–2011
Table 3: Highest and lowest percentage of smoking during pregnancy among all women across Medicare
Local catchments, by peer group, 2009–2011
Peer group Highest percentage Lowest percentage Difference
Metro 1 4.4% 3.3% 33% (1.3 times higher)
Regional 1 4.9% 4.3% 14% (1.1 times higher)
Rural 1 7.5% 5.0% 50% (1.5 times higher)
Metro 1 10.2% 1.8% 467% (5.7 times higher)
Regional 1 18.8% 14.0% 34% (1.3 times higher)
Rural 1 33.1% 19.5% 70% (1.7 times higher)
10 National Health Performance Authority www.myhealthycommunities.gov.au Healthy Communities: Child and maternal health in 2009–2012
* The results do not include data for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women who usually resided in Victoria and gave birth in Victoria in 2007 and 2008.
Low birthweight, Aboriginal and
Torres Strait Islander women
Across local areas, the percentage of live births to
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women that
were of low birthweight was 2.6 times higher in
The percentage of live births to Aboriginal and
Torres Strait Islander women that were of low
birthweight ranged from:
Highest: Gippsland (Vic) – 17.5%
Lowest: Frankston-Mornington
Peninsula (Vic) – 6.7%
Across the three metropolitan peer groups,
there was no apparent trend of lower rates of
low-birthweight babies in higher-income areas
compared to lower-income areas. Similarly, no
trend was seen across regional areas or across
rural areas.
There were differences across similar
catchments after accounting for geographic and
of all live births that were babies of low
birthweight born to Aboriginal and Torres
Strait Islander mothers was twice as high in
Bentley-Armadale (WA) (14.3%) compared to
Metro North Brisbane (7.1%)
percentage of all live births that were babies of
low birthweight born to Aboriginal and Torres
Strait Islander mothers was more than twice
as high in Gippsland (Vic) (17.5%) compared to
Wide Bay (Qld) (7.6%) (Table 4).
Aboriginal and Torres Strait
Islander women
Across local areas, the percentage of Aboriginal
and Torres Strait Islander women who smoked
during pregnancy* was more than double in
ranged as follows:
Highest: Goulburn Valley (Vic) – 66.4%
Lowest: Macedon Ranges & North Western
Melbourne – 29.4%
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women
who smoked during pregnancy across regional
peer groups with higher rates of smoking during
pregnancy in almost all lower-income areas
compared to middle-income areas.
Across metropolitan areas and across rural areas,
this trend of lower rates of low-birthweight babies
in higher-income areas compared to lower-income
areas was not apparent.
Table 5: Highest and lowest percentage of smoking during pregnancy among Aboriginal and Torres Strait
Islander women across Medicare Local catchments, by peer group, 2007–2011*
Table 4: Highest and lowest percentage of low-birthweight babies of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander
women across Medicare Local catchments, by peer group, 2007–2011
of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women
who smoked during pregnancy was more
than double in Northern Adelaide (62.0%)
compared to Macedon Ranges & North
Western Melbourne (29.4%)
percentage of Aboriginal and Torres Strait
Islander women who smoked during
pregnancy was almost double in Goulburn
Valley (Vic) (66.4%) compared to Grampians
(Vic) (34.7%) (Table 5).
Metro 1 13.5% 8.0% 69% (1.7 times higher)
Regional 1 13.0% 6.7% 94% (1.9 times higher)
Regional 2 17.5% 7.6% 130% (2.3 times higher)
Rural 1 13.6% 9.1% 49% (1.5 times higher)
Metro 1 53.7% 35.1% 53% (1.5 times higher)
Metro 3 62.0% 29.4% 111% (2.1 times higher)
* Women who usually resided in the Australian Capital Territory and gave birth in New South Wales were not counted in the results for the Australian
Capital Territory Medicare Local catchment for antenatal visits in the frst trimester, smoking during pregnancy and low birthweight.
# Interpret with caution. In WA and ACT, frst antenatal visits that occur outside of the hospital may not be included.
Notes: Jurisdictional differences in defnitions and methods used for data collection affect the comparability of these data across jurisdictions and lower levels
of geography within jurisdictions. For data limitations and exclusions, see this report's Technical Supplement.
Sources: Customised data report prepared for the NHPA from the AIHW National Perinatal Data Collection 2009–2011 (birthweight, smoking during pregnancy) and
2010–2011 (antenatal visits) and NHPA analysis of ABS Death Registrations Collection 2010–2012 and ABS Birth Registrations Collection 2010–2012.
Figure 4: Percentage of all women who had at least one antenatal visit in the frst trimester, by measures of
child and maternal health, by Medicare Local catchment, 2009–2012
Infant &
per 1,000
visit in frst
trimester
Low birth-
Western Sydney ...................................
Nepean-Blue Mountains (NSW) ............
Sydney North Shore & Beaches ............
Northern Sydney ..................................
Central Adelaide & Hills .........................
Central Coast NSW ..............................
Western NSW .......................................
Northern Adelaide .................................
Eastern Sydney ....................................
New England (NSW) .............................
Murrumbidgee (NSW) ...........................
North Coast NSW .................................
Hunter (NSW) .......................................
Metro North Brisbane ...........................
Illawarra-Shoalhaven (NSW) ..................
Country North SA .................................
Country South SA .................................
West Moreton-Oxley (Qld) .....................
Inner East Melbourne ............................
Bayside (Vic) .........................................
Sthn Adelaide-Fleurieu-Kangaroo Is. .....
Far West NSW ......................................
Perth South Coastal .............................
Northern Territory ..................................
Inner West Sydney ................................
Eastern Melbourne ...............................
Great South Coast (Vic) ........................
Southern NSW .....................................
Lower Murray (Vic/NSW).......................
Sunshine Coast (Qld) ............................
South West WA ....................................
South Eastern Sydney ..........................
Tasmania ..............................................
Inner NW Melbourne .............................
Townsville-Mackay (Qld) ........................
Barwon (Vic) .........................................
Northern Melbourne .............................
Darling Downs-SW Qld .........................
Gippsland (Vic) .....................................
Hume (Vic/NSW)...................................
Central Qld ...........................................
Bentley-Armadale (WA) .........................
South Western Melbourne ....................
Gold Coast (Qld) ...................................
Greater Metro South Brisbane ..............
Goldfelds-Midwest (WA) .......................
Loddon-Mallee-Murray (Vic/NSW) .........
Central & NW Qld .................................
South Western Sydney .........................
South Eastern Melbourne .....................
Perth North Metro .................................
Far North Qld ........................................
Fremantle (WA) .....................................
Perth Central & East Metro ...................
Macedon Ranges & NW Melb ...............
Kimberley-Pilbara (WA) .........................
Australian Capital Territory* ...................
Frankston-Mornington Peninsula (Vic) ...
Goulburn Valley (Vic) .............................
Wide Bay (Qld)......................................
Grampians (Vic) ....................................
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%
# Interpret with caution. In WA and ACT, frst antenatal visits that occur outside of the hospital may not be included. Data on smoking during pregnancy
were not available for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women who usually resided in Victoria and gave birth in Victoria in 2007 and 2008.
Source: Customised data report prepared for the NHPA from the AIHW National Perinatal Data Collection 2007–2011 (birthweight, smoking during pregnancy)
and 2010–2011 (antenatal visits).
Figure 5: Percentage of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women who had at least one antenatal
visit in the frst trimester, by measures of child and maternal health, by Medicare Local
catchment, 2007–2011
Key fndings: Antenatal visits in the frst trimester
in 2010–2011 was more than double in the
catchment with the highest percentage compared
to the catchment with the lowest percentage.
the frst trimester across local areas with similar
Across rural areas, the percentage of women who
was 41% higher in the Rural 1 catchment of
Country North SA (75.2%) compared to the Rural 2
catchment of Far North Queensland (53.5%).
However, across metropolitan areas and across
regional areas this trend of higher rates of women
trimester in higher-income areas compared to
lower-income areas was not apparent, with some
local areas demonstrating what can be achieved
for other similar areas.
the frst trimester was 37% higher in the lower-
income urban catchment of Western Sydney
(87.7%, Metro 3) compared to wealthier inner-
city catchment of Inner North West Melbourne
(64.1%, Metro 1)
the frst trimester was almost double in the
lower-income catchment of Western NSW
(82.7%) compared to the wealthier catchment of
Frankston-Mornington-Peninsula (Vic) (41.7%).
of women who had at least one antenatal visit
in the frst trimester was 33% higher in Sydney
North Shore & Beaches (85.5%) compared to
Inner North West Melbourne (64.1%)
percentage of women who had at least one
antenatal visit in the frst trimester was double
in Nepean-Blue Mountains (NSW) (85.5%)
compared to Frankston-Mornington-Peninsula
(Vic) (41.7%) (Table 6, page 15).
Table 6: Highest and lowest percentage of all women who had at least one antenatal visit in the frst trimester
across Medicare Local catchments, by peer group, 2010–2011
and Torres Strait Islander women who had at
least one antenatal visit in the frst trimester in
2010–2011 was almost four times higher in
Islander women who had at least one antenatal
visit in the frst trimester ranged as follows:
Highest: Nepean-Blue Mountains (NSW) – 80.5%
who had at least one antenatal visit in the
frst trimester across local areas with similar
frst trimester was almost four times higher
in the wealthier catchment of Nepean-
Blue Mountains (NSW) (80.5%, Regional 1)
compared to the lower-income catchment of
Grampians (Vic) (21.8%, Regional 2)
• Across rural areas, the percentage of
frst trimester tended to be higher in the Rural
1 peer group compared to the Rural 2 peer
group. The percentage was 58% higher in
Far West NSW (60.8%, Rural 1) compared to
Central & North West Queensland (38.5%,
Rural 2).
However, across metropolitan areas this trend
of higher rates of Aboriginal and Torres Strait
visit in the frst trimester in higher-income areas
compared to lower-income areas was not
apparent, with some local areas demonstrating
what can be achieved for other similar areas.
Regional 1 85.5% 41.7% 105% (2.1 times higher)
Note: Results for Medicare Local catchments that are to be interpreted with caution are not included.
For example, across metropolitan areas, the
percentage of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander
women who had at least one antenatal visit in the
frst trimester was almost three times higher in
the lower-income urban catchment of Western
Sydney (74.7%, Metro 3) compared to Greater
Metro South Brisbane (27.6%, Metro 2).
frst trimester was almost double in Central
Adelaide & Hills (51.9%) compared to Greater
Metro South Brisbane (27.6%)
Table 7: Highest and lowest percentage of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women who had at least one
antenatal visit in the frst trimester across Medicare Local catchments, by peer group, 2010–2011
visit in the frst trimester was more than three
times higher in North Coast NSW (70.0%)
compared to Grampians (Vic) (21.8%) (Table 7).
Metro 1* - - -
* Data were only available for two Medicare Local catchments in this peer group.
Health status and outcomes
National Health Performance Authority www.myhealthycommunities.gov.au Healthy Communities: Child and maternal health in 2009–2012 18
Results for Medicare Local catchments
were ranked from highest to lowest and
then split into fve equal-sized groups.
The range within each of the
fve groups was as follows:
Medicare Local
catchment boundary
Numbers on map are
Medicare Local reference codes
ii. Adelaide and
i. Perth and
iii. Melbourne and
iv. Canberra and
1. Each Medicare Local has been assigned to a quintile group.
2. For more information on peer groups and the calculation of peer group results refer to this report's Technical Supplement.
Data can be downloaded from www.myhealthycommunities.gov.au
Years of data: 2010–2012
During 2010–2012, the infant and young child mortality rate varied across Medicare Local catchments
and across peer groups, ranging from 2.6 deaths per 1,000 live births in Bayside (Vic) to 9.2 deaths
per 1,000 live births in the Northern Territory.
Number of deaths among infants and young
children aged less than 5 years per 1,000 live
births, 2010–2012
5.4 – 9.2
National Health Performance Authority www.myhealthycommunities.gov.au
National overviews
Healthy Communities: Child and maternal health in 2009–2012 19
Metro 1 3.3
Bayside .................................. 202
Sydney Nth Shore & Beaches . 108
Eastern Sydney....................... 101
Northern Sydney ..................... 107
Inner East Melbourne .............. 206
Inner West Sydney .................. 102
Australian Capital Territory ....... 801
Inner NW Melbourne ............... 201
South Western Melbourne ...... 203
Perth North Metro ................... 502
South Eastern Sydney ............ 103
Perth Central & East Metro ...... 501
Central Adelaide & Hills ........... 402
Fremantle ............................... 503
Bentley-Armadale ................... 504
Eastern Melbourne .................. 207
Sthn Adelaide-Fleurieu-Kang. Is. 403
Metro North Brisbane .............. 301
Gold Coast ............................. 303
Greater Metro South Brisbane . 302
Northern Melbourne ................ 205
Northern Adelaide ................... 401
Macedon Ranges & NW Melb . 204
West Moreton-Oxley ............... 305
Western Sydney...................... 105
South Eastern Melbourne........ 208
South Western Sydney ........... 104
Regional 1 4.3
Nepean-Blue Mountains .......... 106
Barwon ................................... 210
Central Coast NSW ................. 109
Perth South Coastal ................ 505
Illawarra-Shoalhaven ............... 110
Frankston-Mornington Peninsula 209
Hunter .................................... 111
Sunshine Coast ...................... 304
Goulburn Valley ....................... 215
Southern NSW ........................ 117
Gippsland ............................... 217
Hume ..................................... 216
Great South Coast .................. 212
Grampians .............................. 211
Tasmania ................................ 601
South West WA ...................... 506
North Coast NSW ................... 113
Loddon-Mallee-Murray ............ 214
Darling Downs-SW Qld ........... 306
Murrumbidgee ........................ 116
Western NSW ......................... 115
New England .......................... 114
Wide Bay ................................ 307
Country South SA ................... 404
Rural 1 5.6
Country North SA ................... 405
Townsville-Mackay .................. 310
Far West NSW ........................ 118
Lower Murray ......................... 213
Central Qld ............................. 308
Goldfelds-Midwest ................. 507
Kimberley-Pilbara .................... 508
Central & NW Qld ................... 309
Far North Qld .......................... 311
Northern Territory .................... 701
To compare Medicare Locals more fairly, each
Medicare Local catchment has been grouped
into one of seven peer groups
, based on
remoteness and socioeconomic status.
This allows:
• Medicare Local catchments to be compared
within the same metropolitan, regional or
rural peer group, and
with the average for their peer group.
It also allows variation to be seen across peer
groups that may be associated with remoteness
and socioeconomic status.
v. Sydney and
vi. Brisbane and
More information can be found at www.myhealthycommunities.gov.au
and in this report's Technical Supplement.
Notes: Deaths are attributed to the Medicare Local catchment in which the infant usually resided, irrespective of where they died.
During 2010–2012, the infant mortality rate varied across Medicare Local catchments and across
peer groups, ranging from 2.3 deaths per 1,000 live births in Sydney North Shore & Beaches
and Bayside (Vic) to 7.6 deaths per 1,000 live births in the Northern Territory.
Number of deaths among infants aged less
than 1 year per 1,000 live births, 2010–2012
for publication
Low-birthweight babies, all women
During 2009–2011, the percentage of liveborn babies of low birthweight varied across Medicare Local
catchments and across peer groups, ranging from 3.3% in Sydney North Shore & Beaches to 7.7% in
Northern Territory.
Percentage of live births that were of low
birthweight, all women, 2009–2011
Notes: Multiple births and stillbirths are excluded. Births are attributed to the Medicare Local catchment in which the mother usually resided, irrespective of
where the birth occurred. Data exclude births to Australian non-residents, residents of external territories and women who could not be allocated to a
Medicare Local catchment because their Statistical Local Area of usual residence was not stated or was not valid.
Source: Customised data report prepared for the National Health Performance Authority from the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare National Perinatal
Data Collection 2009–2011.
5.6 – 7.7%
0% 2% 4% 6% 8% 10%
Metro 1 4.0%
Australian Capital Territory* ..... 801
Regional 1 4.6%
Rural 1 5.4%
* In 2009–2011, there were 202 liveborn babies of women who
usually resided in the Australian Capital Territory and gave birth
in New South Wales who were not counted in the result for the
Australian Capital Territory Medicare Local catchment.
Results for Medicare Local
catchments were ranked from
highest to lowest and then split
into fve equal-sized groups.
Low-birthweight babies, Aboriginal and Torres
Strait Islander women
During 2007–2011, the percentage of liveborn babies of low birthweight born to Aboriginal and Torres
Strait Islander women varied across Medicare Local catchments and across peer groups, ranging from
6.7% in Frankston-Mornington Peninsula (Vic) to 17.5% in Gippsland (Vic).
birthweight, Aboriginal and Torres Strait
Islander women, 2007–2011
13.1 – 17.5%
8.2 – 10.0%
Metro 1 10.3%
Regional 2 10.5%
Rural 1 11.4%
* In 2007–2011, there were eight liveborn babies of Aboriginal
and Torres Strait Islander women who usually resided in the
Australian Capital Territory and gave birth in New South Wales
who were not counted in the result for the Australian Capital
Territory Medicare Local catchment.
Notes: Data exclude women whose smoking status was not stated, Australian non-residents, residents of external territories and women who could not be
allocated to a Medicare Local catchment because their Statistical Local Area of usual residence was not stated or was not valid.
Smoking during pregnancy, all women
During 2009–2011, the percentage of women who gave birth and smoked during pregnancy varied
across Medicare Local catchments and across peer groups, ranging from 1.8% in Sydney North Shore
& Beaches to 33.1% in Far West NSW.
Percentage of women who gave birth and
smoked during pregnancy, 2009–2011
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35%
* In 2009–2011, there were 205 women who usually resided in
the Australian Capital Territory and gave birth in New South
Wales who were not counted in the result for the Australian
Capital Territory Medicare Local catchment.
Smoking during pregnancy, Aboriginal
and Torres Strait Islander women
During 2007–2011, the percentage of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women who gave birth and smoked
during pregnancy varied across Medicare Local catchments and across peer groups, ranging from 29.4% in
Macedon Ranges & North Western Melbourne to 66.4% in Goulburn Valley (Vic).
Islander women who gave birth and
More information can be found at www.myhealthycommunities.gov.au and in this report's Technical Supplement.
...... 208
............... 205
Goulburn Valley
...................... 215
Loddon-Mallee-Murray
........... 214
.............................. 217
.................................... 216
............................. 211
Lower Murray
........................ 213
* In 2007–2011, there were eight Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander
women who usually resided in the Australian Capital Territory and
gave birth in New South Wales who were not counted in the result
for the Australian Capital Territory Medicare Local catchment.
# Interpret with caution. Data on smoking during pregnancy are
not available for women who gave birth in Victoria in 2007 or
2008. Therefore, the data presented do not include Aboriginal
and Torres Strait Islander women who usually resided in
Victoria and gave birth in Victoria in 2007 or 2008.
of geography within jurisdictions. Data exclude women whose gestation at frst antenatal visit was not stated, Australian non-residents, residents of
external territories and women who could not be allocated to a Medicare Local catchment because their Statistical Local Area of usual residence was
not stated or was not valid.
Antenatal visits in the frst trimester, all women
During 2010–2011, the percentage of women who gave birth and had at least one antenatal visit in the
frst trimester varied across Medicare Local catchments and across peer groups, ranging from 87.7% in
Western Sydney to 36.6% in Grampians (Vic).
had at least one antenatal visit in the frst
trimester, 2010–2011
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Australian Capital Territory*
.... 801
Bentley-Armadale
.................. 504
..... 501
Frankston-Mornington Peninsula . 209
..................... 506
Goldfelds-Midwest
................ 507
Kimberley-Pilbara
................... 508
# Interpret with caution. In WA and ACT, frst antenatal visits that
occur outside of the hospital may not be included.
Antenatal visits in the frst trimester,
During 2010–2011, the percentage of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women who gave birth and
had at least one antenatal visit in the frst trimester varied across Medicare Local catchments and across
peer groups, ranging from 80.5% in Nepean-Blue Mountains (NSW) to 21.8% in Grampians (Vic).
Islander women who gave birth and had
at least one antenatal visit in the frst
* In 2010–2011, there were seven Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander
Antenatal Pertaining to, or occurring in, the period covering conception up to the time
of birth. Also known as prenatal.
Antenatal visit An appointment with a health care professional for pregnancy-related care
and advice after a pregnancy has been confrmed. An antenatal visit can be
recorded by a variety of health professionals, such as a general practitioner,
midwife or a doctor who specialises in pregnancy and birth (obstetrician).
Visits at different stages of pregnancy can involve specifc tests and health
checks to assess and improve maternal and fetal wellbeing throughout
pregnancy and prior to labour. Also referred to as antenatal care.
Birth For the purposes of this report a birth is counted when a fetus of at least
20 weeks' gestation or weighing 400 grams or more is born. The fetus can
be liveborn or stillborn.
Birthweight The frst weight of a baby measured after birth (usually rounded to the
nearest 5 grams and recorded within 1 hour of birth).
Death The defnition in this report excludes all deaths prior to birth. For the
purposes of the ABS Death Registration collection, a death refers to any
death which occurs in or on the way to Australia and is registered with a
state or territory Registry of Births, Deaths and Marriages.
Gestation The process or period of carrying a baby in the womb from conception
to delivery.
Infant A child who is aged less than 1 year.
Live birth A live birth is the birth of a child who, after delivery, breathes or shows any
other evidence of life such as a heartbeat.
Low birthweight Weight of a baby at birth that is less than 2,500 grams.
Medicare Local Medicare Locals plan and fund health services in communities across Australia.
They help to ensure patients can access the care they need, particularly when a
variety of health workers are involved in providing treatments.
A Medicare Local catchment is a population that lives in a specifc
geographical area covered by a particular Medicare Local. See
Medicare Local.
Mortality rate For the purposes of this report, the number of deaths in a specifed period
per 1,000 live births in the same period.
Multiple birth A pregnancy with multiple fetuses that remain in the womb until 20 weeks'
gestation and are subsequently delivered.
NP – Not available for
This applies when data are not able to be published for reasons related to
reliability, validity and/or confdentiality. Methods used to determine whether
a statistic is published are included in each report's technical supplement or
technical note.
Peer group For some reports the Performance Authority groups Medicare Locals into
peer groups based on factors such as remoteness, socioeconomic status
and distance to hospitals. This allows Medicare Locals to be compared to
other Medicare Locals with similar characteristics, and to the average for
their peer group. See Healthy Communities: Australians' experiences with
primary health care in 2010–11, Technical Supplement for more information.
Perinatal Pertaining to, or occurring in, the period shortly before or after birth (usually
up to 28 days after).
Quintile Five equal parts of a distribution. For example, if 100 patients were ranked
according to the number of times they visit a doctor, the top quintile will
refer to the 20 patients with the most visits, and the bottom quintile to the
20 patients with the fewest visits.
Singleton birth A pregnancy with a single fetus that remains in the womb until 20 weeks'
gestation and is subsequently delivered.
Trimester A period of about 3 months. Pregnancy is divided into three trimesters: frst
trimester (conception to 13 weeks), second trimester (13 to 26 weeks), third
trimester (26 to 40 weeks).
Young child For the purposes of this report a young child is aged between 1 year and
less than 5 years.
1. Organisation for Economic Co-operation Development (OECD) Indicators [Internet]. OECDiLibrary.
2014 Jun [cited 2014 Jul 10]. Available from: http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/social-issues-migration-
health/infant-mortality_20758480-table9
2. World Health Organization (WHO). Chapter 1.6. Provision of effective antenatal care in standards
for maternal and neonatal care [Internet]. Geneva. [cited 2014 Jun 26]. Available from: http://www.
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Performance Framework 2012 Report. Canberra: AHMAC; 2012.
This report has benefted from advice from a
number of individuals and organisations with
interest and expertise in child and maternal health.
The National Health Performance Authority
established a report advisory committee to provide
advice around various aspects of this work. The
group did not have a direct role in writing the
report. The committee was comprised of:
• Dr Jason Agostino
- Data Clinician, National Aboriginal Community
Controlled Health Organisation (NACCHO)
• Ms Sue Cornes
- Executive Director, Health Statistics Branch,
Health Commissioining Queensland,
Department of Health, Queensland Government
• Ms Jan Donovan
- Consumer representative nominated to bring
a consumer perspective by the Consumers
Health Forum of Australia
• Associate Professor Lynn Kemp
- Director, Centre for Health Equity Training
Research & Evaluation (CHETRE), part of
the University of New South Wales (UNSW)
Centre for Primary Health Care & Equity
• Professor Elizabeth Sullivan
- Associate Dean (Research), Professor
Public Health, Faculty of Health, University
of Technology Sydney.
The Authority also received advice from Dr Fadwa
Al-Yaman and Mr Conan Liu from the Australian
Institute of Health and Welfare's Indigenous and
Children's group.
This report relies on data provided by the
Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) and
the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare
(AIHW). These data were used to calculate
the performance measures in this report. The
Authority does a number of checks to ensure data
quality, and also relies on the data quality work of
the ABS and AIHW.
Thanks are extended to all those who contributed.
About the Authority
The National Health Performance Authority has
been set up as an independent agency under the
National Health Reform Act 2011. It commenced
full operations in 2012.
Under the terms of the Act, the Authority monitors
and reports on the performance of Local Hospital
Networks, public and private hospitals, primary
health care organisations and other bodies that
provide health care services.
The Authority's reports give all Australians access
to timely and impartial information that allows
them to compare fairly their local health care
organisations against other similar organisations
and against national standards.
The reports let people see, often for the frst
time, how their local health care organisations
measure up against comparable organisations
The Authority's activities are also guided by
a document known as the Performance and
Accountability Framework agreed by the Council of
Australian Governments. The framework contains
a set of indicators that form the basis for the
Authority's performance reports.
The Authority's role will include reporting on
the performance of health care organisations
against these indicators in order to identify
both high-performing Local Hospital Networks,
Medicare Locals and hospitals (so effective
practices can be shared), and Local Hospital
Networks and Medicare Local catchments that
perform poorly (so that steps can be taken to
address problems).
The Authority releases reports on a quarterly
basis, and also publishes performance data on
the MyHospitals website (www.myhospitals.
gov.au), the MyHealthyCommunities website
(www.myhealthycommunities.gov.au) and on
The Authority consists of a Chairman, a Deputy
Chairman and fve other members, appointed for
up to fve years. Members of the Authority are:
• Ms Patricia Faulkner AO (Chairman)
• Mr John Walsh AM (Deputy Chairman)
• Dr David Filby PSM
• Professor Michael Reid
• Professor Bryant Stokes AM RFD (on leave)
• Professor Paul Torzillo AM
• Professor Claire Jackson.
The conclusions in this report are those of the
Authority. No offcial endorsement from any
Minister, department of health or health care
organisation is intended or should be inferred.
MDP 158, GPO Box 9848
Sydney, NSW 2001, Australia