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"Everything is provided free, but they are still hesitant to access healthcare services": why does the indigenous community in Attapadi, Kerala continue to experience poor access to healthcare?
Mathew Sunil George ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-4844-43241,
Rachel Davey1,
Itismita Mohanty1 &
Penney Upton1
Inequity in access to healthcare services is a constant concern. While advances in healthcare have progressed in the last several decades, thereby significantly improving the prevention and treatment of disease, these benefits have not been shared equally. Excluded communities such as Indigenous communities typically face a lack of access to healthcare services that others do not. This study seeks to understand why the indigenous communities in Attapadi continue to experience poor access to healthcare in spite of both financial protection and adequate coverage of health services.
Ethnographic fieldwork was carried out among the various stakeholders living in Attapadi. A total of 47 in-depth interviews and 6 focus group discussions were conducted amongst the indigenous community, the healthcare providers and key informants. The data was coded utilising a reflexive and inductive approach leading to the development of the key categories and themes.
The health system provided a comprehensive financial protection package in addition to a host of healthcare facilities for the indigenous communities to avail services. In spite of this, they resisted attempts by the health system to improve their access. The failure to provide culturally respectful care, the discrimination of the community at healthcare facilities, the centralisation of the delivery of services as well as the lack of power on the part of the indigenous community to negotiate with the health system for services that were less disruptive for their lives were identified as the barriers to improving healthcare access. The existing power differentials between the community and the health system stakeholders also ensured that meaningful involvement of the community in the local health system did not occur.
Improving access to health care for indigenous communities would require UHC interventions to be culturally safe, locally relevant and promote active involvement of the community at all stages of the intervention. Continuing structural power imbalances that affect access to resources and prevent meaningful involvement of indigenous communities also need to be addressed.
Advances in healthcare have significantly improved the prevention and treatment of disease globally. However, the benefits of these developments have not been distributed equally across society. In particular, Indigenous populations often have less access to health services than their non-Indigenous contemporaries [1,2,3,4,5]. Even in high income countries non-Indigenous populations experience better health outcomes compared to Indigenous people [1, 3, 6,7,8,9] with the additional barrier of poor access to healthcare compounding the situation further [2, 10]. The health of Indigenous communities in India mirrors that of other First Nations' people across the globe, particularly with regard to life expectancy, maternal and child health and access to services [9, 11]. Acknowledging ongoing gaps in achieving health for all, the World Health Organisation (WHO) proposed Universal Health Coverage (UHC) as a key policy for enabling equitable access to healthcare [12]. Since the 2005 World Health Assembly (WHA), UHC has been adopted globally, with the inclusion of UHC among the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) signalling its importance as an international health priority. Despite this nearly half of the world's population still struggles to access basic healthcare services [13], with Indigenous communities over-represented in this group.
Despite successes in health and development, the South Indian state of Kerala is not immune to the social exclusion and marginalization of Indigenous communities living in the state. Several studies and reports point to greater disadvantage for Indigenous communities, higher levels of morbidity, and poorer access to healthcare in Kerala [14,15,16,17]. On typical indicators of population health and wellbeing such as rates of infant mortality, maternal mortality and under five mortality, the Indigenous community in Kerala lags behind others (Table 1) [18, 19].
Table 1 Infant and maternal mortality rates of the indigenous communities in Kerala
Attapadi is a tribalFootnote 1 blockFootnote 2 located in Mannarghat taluk in the Palakkad district of Kerala, comprising 192 villages inhabited by members of the muduga, the kurumba and the irula Indigenous communities. Healthcare services in Attapadi are primarily publicly provided (Fig. 1) and follow a three-tier system based on population norms as in other parts of India [20]. In addition to services provided at health facilities, each of the PHCs and the CHC have two mobile medical units (MMUs) which consists of a doctor and a nurse each and visits every village periodically. Frontline workers such as Accredited Social Health Activists (ASHAs) and Junior Public Health Nurses (JPHNs) who have responsibility for the villages that are being visited also join the MMU during the visit. In addition to public health system, there are a small number of private healthcare providers which include two private hospitals and a few private clinics.
Government Health Facility Network
In 2013, the Kerala Department of Health responded to high levels of infant mortality in Attapadi by implementing reparative measures including upgraded health facilities and the appointment of specialist doctors to improve both the quality of care and the services available. They also introduced a complete financial protection scheme which addressed both direct and indirect healthcare costs ensuring free healthcare services and launched a system to ensure free referral care by specialists [21, 22]. All healthcare services, including diagnostics and drugs, were provided free at the point of service provision and indirect costs such as the cost of travel, loss of wages and costs incurred on other expenses related to accessing healthcare were all reimbursed at fixed rates. In addition to these initiatives, the Scheduled Tribes Development Department (STDD) rolled out specific programmes to promote healthcare services among the community including a financial package to incentivise hospital-based ante-natal care (ANC) and delivery. Acknowledging the importance of social determinants, the Government of Kerala also established an active review mechanism to ensure inter-sectoral collaboration and promote convergence among the various departments (Table 2).
Table 2 Interventions to improve universal access to healthcare for Indigenous communities in Attapadi
Yet despite these measures, the Indigenous communities in Attapadi continue to experience high levels of infant mortality and poor health [23,24,25]. We therefore undertook a qualitative exploration of the socio-cultural factors affecting healthcare access in Attapadi to increase our understanding about why these health disparities are ongoing, so as to be able to identify practical solutions.
Initial conceptual framework
We used the conceptual model of healthcare access described by Levesque and colleagues as our starting point [26]. In this model access is the opportunity to identify healthcare needs, to seek healthcare services, to reach, to obtain or use health care services and to have the need for services fulfilled. Access results from the interaction of the abilities of an individual or the population seeking access and the attributes of the health system providing the services. The population must be able to perceive, seek, reach, pay and engage with the service. The corresponding health system attributes are approachability, acceptability, availability and accommodation, affordability and appropriateness. These abilities and attributes are not completely independent, and they often influence each other.
While this conceptual model guided our initial definition of the aspects of access that we planned to explore (Table 3), it became apparent in our early interviews that structural injustice and the lack action on social determinants of health were major issues not explicitly covered by this model. In keeping with the emergent nature of qualitative work, we explored these topics in subsequent interviews in order to understand this further, thereby allowing our fieldwork and analysis to be grounded in the data that emerged.
Table 3 Initial themes explored during interviews and FGDs
Ethnographic fieldwork was conducted between August 2018 and January 2019 and again between August 2019 and October 2019 in Kerala by the first author (MSG) who is fluent in the native language of the participants (Malayalam/Tamil) and has prior experience working with marginalised Indian communities. Prior to commencing data collection, MSG lived among the Indigenous population for 6 months adopting their customs and building rapport with the community. This enabled understanding of context and local traditions including protocols for outsider interactions with the community. Two visits were made to each fieldwork site (villages). The first was to meet the village chief, explain the study, its purpose, and what was required should the community wish to participate. Data collection was carried out in the second visit once permission was granted by the village chief. This approach built trust and rapport between MSG and the participants before data collection, facilitating a frank exploration of issues.
In-depth interviews (IDIs) with the community took place in their homes, whereas focus group discussions (FGDs) took place in the common courtyard in the village which was used socially. IDIs with health system participants and key informants (K.I.s) took place at a location in their homes or offices depending on their preference. Participant observation (PO) involved being present in the common areas of the health facilities during the working hours and observing interactions between the community and the healthcare providers and between the various healthcare personnel working at the facility. This allowed us to observe and record the dynamics of the interaction between the various stakeholders. PO was also carried out in the villages and helped to document health traditions, cultural practices and the challenges of accessing a health facility, particularly for those living in remote villages. MSG also travelled with the mobile medical units (MMUs) in order to observe the services that they provided to remote villages in Attapadi. MSG visited two Indigenous health projects in south India where he was able to conduct participant observation of their activities as well as interact with health service providers.
Participants were identified through theoretical sampling, with initial interviews providing new topics that were explored in subsequent interviews [27]. In each of the villages, information rich participants were sought which included those who had experience of seeking healthcare and also those who had resisted attempts by the community health worker or others from the health system to seek treatment. Twenty-four in-depth interviews (IDIs) and six focus group discussions (FGDs) were undertaken with three different Indigenous communities living in Attapadi. A further 17 IDIs were conducted with local healthcare providers. Six Key informants (KIs) including academics, and experts on UHC and tribal health in south India were also interviewed (Table 4). Data collection continued until saturation of themes was reached. Fifty-two instances of participant observation were conducted at the different villages, the health facilities in Attapadi and the hospitals at the two tribal health projects outside Attapadi. Detailed field notes were recorded and integrated into the analysis.
Table 4 Sampling framework
With the consent of participants interviews and FGDs were audio-recorded, transcribed, translated into English and cross-checked against the original recordings. The translated transcripts were coded using a reflexive and inductive approach to allow themes to emerge from the data. Once the initial open coding was complete, axial coding was used to express the relationships between the various themes as they arose from the data. A second author (PMU) independently coded a sub-sample of the transcripts and the two sets of analysis were compared. This approach to analysis was taken in order to let the data drive our categories and themes rather than using a deductive or a quasi-deductive approach of fitting our findings to a particular framework. Any discrepancies in coding were reviewed and resolved by in-depth discussion and negotiated consensus. Coding of transcripts was carried out using the software package Atlast.ti 8.4.2.
Establishing trustworthiness
Multiple strategies were adopted to ensure that our findings were rigorous and reflected the lived reality of the community for accessing healthcare. Strategies including multiple forms of member checking [28,29,30] and triangulation [31] were used for validating the data. Synthesized findings from the initial analysis were discussed with all participants with the opportunity provided for them to comment and add new data if needed. Feedback received during the member checking process were integrated into the findings that are presented in this paper. Triangulation of the findings is a well-established method in qualitative research to develop a comprehensive understanding of what is being studied and enhance the quality and credibility of qualitative analysis [31]. Data source triangulation [32] was carried out by comparing the perspectives of different stakeholders on the key findings. Methodological triangulation [32] was carried out by comparing the data that was generated across IDI, FGDs, and participant observation. Finally a report on the functioning of the local health system in Attapadi commissioned by the STDD was also used to triangulate the key findings presented in this paper [33].
Ethics approvals
Informed consent was gained from individual participants prior to data collection. The Human Research Ethics Committees of the University of Canberra (20180074) and the Indian Institute of Public Health Delhi (IIPHD_IEC_03_2018) provided ethical approval. Regulatory permissions were obtained from the Kerala Department of Health (GO(Rt)No2677/2018/H&FWD), as well as the local administration in Attapadi.
While Attapadi has three different Indigenous communities, we did not find major differences between the three communities regarding what mediated access to healthcare in Attapadi. While presenting our results we report the major themes that evolved with respect to healthcare access and present the perspectives of the different stakeholders who participated in our study in each of the themes.
Marginalisation of indigenous culture and healing traditions
The understanding of healing and disease in most formal health systems follows a biomedical framework where health and illness are defined primarily from a clinical perspective. While this dominant model has come to characterise most health systems across the world, the significant role played by culture and beliefs regarding healing and causation of ill health especially among Indigenous communities is well known [34, 35]. The Indigenous communities in Attapadi took a holistic approach to life and health which was rooted firmly in their cultural tradition. While discussing healing and health, Indigenous participants would often link the environment, their food and their connection to their ancestors as essential for good health.
While Indigenous communities across the world have their own system of traditional medicine, the actual practise of this system is considered the preserve of a few healers or shamans [36]. However, we discovered that a key aspect of the Indigenous healing traditions in Attapadi was that it was not restricted to a few healers. Community participants explained that everyone in the village was expected to know the different medicinal plants and their usage. Yet another example that emerged in our interviews was the Indigenous practise of birthing at home. The husband was responsible for assisting at the birth of his child instead of depending on anyone else either within the family or from the village. This knowledge was passed on from father to son and was considered an essential knowledge when a young man got married. Only in case of complications during childbirth would the husband find someone else from the village to assist him.
However, several participants described how traditional healing had been superseded by the modern health system. The community felt that outsiders, in particular the health department staff, not only ridiculed their practices as ineffective superstition, but also strongly discouraged their use. This eventually has led to the decline in the use of traditional medicines among the Indigenous communities. They also described how their younger generation were not interested in learning about these traditional medicines. Some of the community participants felt this decline in use of their traditional medicines deprived them of first-line remedies that their communities had practised for various ailments. While the local health system felt such remedies hampered the provision of "good quality" healthcare, communities that lived in remote locations explained that the knowledge and use of traditional medicines were an important part of their lives and not using them rendered them more vulnerable.
"If we use any of our traditional medicines and anyone in the health system comes to know about it then they will scold us for it. But when we are living so far away from the health facilities, we need to use our medicines. At least as a home remedy, at least as a first line treatment."
Indigenous community, IDI, TK 2
"Our healers they used to treat so many diseases. In those days our ancestors had to go and hunt in the forest for food, and what do you think they would do if they were bitten by a snake? They had to find ways of healing themselves. There were no hospitals like we have now. Now very few people use any of our herbs. In fact, many of us don't know about it."
Indigenous community IDI, TI 13
Health system participants were generally unaware of local cultural beliefs about healing and did not consider this to be relevant to the services they provided. The general understanding was that these practices were superstitious at best and harmful at worst. Beliefs and practices around the significance of birthing on country, death etc. were considered as impediments to the delivery of effective healthcare services. There was no acknowledgement of the need to integrate local beliefs into the health system's practice so as to provide culturally safe and respectful services. One of the observations during fieldwork was how husbands of pregnant women from the Indigenous community would not cut their hair till the child was born and named. Some of the doctors pointed this out as an example of a lack of hygiene among the Indigenous community, noting that they continued this practice despite being told it was unhygienic. In contrast community participants explained that this was part of their culture and an expression of the husband's affection towards his pregnant wife. Yet another example was the fear of being referred to a hospital outside Attapadi, especially among the elderly. It was common to find the elderly refusing to access healthcare and remain in their villages despite efforts to convince them to seek care. This was reported as a barrier to providing good quality care by the healthcare professionals. Two major reasons for this behaviour described to us included the commonly held belief among the elderly that once they left the hills of Attapadi, they were no longer under the protection of their ancestors. Secondly, the community also observed that many of those who had been referred to places outside of Attapadi in the past did not survive. This might have been due to the fact that most of those referred were already in very poor health to begin with. However, it left a negative impression among the community and reinforced their beliefs that it is not safe for them to leave the hills of Attapadi to seek treatment. Doctors referred to such beliefs as an yet another example of superstition which had to be rooted out, rather than trying to understand the perspective of the community. This failure to understand and respect the important role played by culture in the lives of the Indigenous led to situations where the community resisted well-meaning advice offered by healthcare providers.
Quite contrary to the approach at Attapadi, we found that successful Indigenous health projects in India proactively tried to understand and integrate culture as a part of the approach to service delivery. One of the key informants who worked for a very well-known Indigenous health project in another part of south India pointed out that adapting healthcare delivery to Indigenous culture was important.
"Culture is very important when we deal with Indigenous communities. For example, the betta-kurumbas have a practise where, when a woman goes into labour all the women from the village gather around the house. It is like a way of showing solidarity with the girl who is about to deliver. When we realised this, we had negotiations with the community and agreed to let their women gather in the meeting room and not outside the labour room. As a result, we were able to get more people to come to the hospital to deliver and they were also happy that we took into respected their traditions."
Key Informant, IDI, KI 5
Such openness to Indigenous culture and traditions and the ability to negotiate and arrive at approaches that was culturally sensitive while being clinically acceptable was grossly lacking in the local health system at Attapadi.
Lack of community engagement
Several village chiefs pointed out that no one ever asked for their opinion regarding healthcare provision for their community. They felt that given their 'illiterate' status, doctors and other health professionals did not see their views as important. Healthcare staff did not inform village chiefs even when an MMU visited a village. They failed to use this as an opportunity to actively engage the community. MMUs would generally arrive at the villages after most of the community had left for their daily work. Village chiefs who were interviewed pointed out that if they knew details about the MMU's visit to their villages in advance, they could discuss it with the community and convince them to stay back in the village for that day. The exclusion of village chiefs and their councils - the traditional decision makers, was common across all programmes. Furthermore, a senior staff member from one of the health facilities revealed that while there was a hospital management committee with Indigenous representation, it was more focussed on the development of the hospital than on improving community engagement. This approach contrasted with the custom among the Indigenous communities where all common issues had to be discussed in village meetings and decisions arrived at by the community.
"Even though I am the village chief (moopan), nobody has asked me anything so far. Even the doctors who come here on medical camp they don't ask me for my opinion. They do things as they think is best. Our opinion is not taken."
Indigenous community FGD, TK 12
This lack of community engagement lead to initiatives with no value either to the community or the health system. Such initiatives gave the impression to outsiders and higher officials that efforts to promote community engagement existed, but in reality, these were nothing more than symbolic gestures undertaken as tick-box exercises. Another example was the feedback system provided at the tribal speciality hospital. None of the participants who had received hospital services knew about its existence. Furthermore, the feedback form was in English and Malayalam two languages that most tribals do not read. One of the doctors interviewed acknowledged that the form was more for the record of the external evaluation team that assessed the hospital. Lack of adequate engagement was also reported by individual participants who had received healthcare services. One of the common issues raised in the interviews was how doctors did not spend adequate time examining patients or discuss their prognosis in detail with them.
"I was with my brother when he was being treated. They did not tell me why he was having this problem. They just told me I will have to take him to the hospital in Thrissur for treatment. Other than that, they did not tell me anything about it."
Indigenous community, IDI, TM7
The exclusion of the community from decision making processes related to the health system added to a lack of belonging that the Indigenous communities felt about the health system. A key informant who headed a well renowned tribal healthcare initiative in south India pointed out that unless there was strong community ownership, interventions carried out among the Indigenous were bound to fail.
"Here the golden rule is that everything has to be discussed with the community first; we have to take them along. It is not easy; it slows things in the beginning. But unless the community is on board, our work is not going to succeed in the long run."
Centralisation of healthcare services
A network of healthcare institutions with trained staff and appropriate infrastructure was present in Attapadi (Fig. 1). In spite of this, most healthcare services including ANC were provided only at the tribal speciality hospital. The general trend among healthcare professionals at the Primary Health Centres (PHC) and Community Health Centre (CHC) was to refer patients to the tribal speciality hospital. When asked why they did not treat them at their facilities, doctors explained that this was because the tribal hospital had specialists and better facilities. In contrast, community members described being afraid to go to big hospitals away from their homes. Many described feeling disoriented in the tribal hospital, a large building with several rooms and offices. Even more worrisome was the fear that they would be referred outside Attapadi for treatment to a bigger hospital. Some of the participants shared stories of how they had travelled for several hours to reach the hospital, even though there were other health facilities closer to their villages.
"If someone falls sick in those villages, we are expecting them to come to the hospital which is so difficult to reach."
Healthcare Provider IDI, TP1
"Here in the PHC they won't do anything, for anything we have to go to the tribal hospital at Kottathara only."
Indigenous community FGD, TI 10
A fallout of the trend to centralise healthcare services in Attapadi, was how other facilities such as sub-centres, PHCs and the CHC were being neglected despite possessing excellent infrastructure and adequate healthcare personnel at these centres. Additionally, this also led to overcrowding at the tribal speciality hospital compromising the time available per patient for diagnosis and treatment thereby affecting the quality of care delivered.
Forced compliance
In efforts to improve community access, the local health system tried to enforce compliance with its programmes and initiatives. Pregnant women were required to make monthly visits to the tribal hospital in Kottathara to receive ANC care. This put many pregnant women, especially those who lived far away, into great difficulty. The community did comply with the requirements of the health system, but primarily from fear of the negative consequences of non-compliance. They felt that the health system was unable to appreciate the context of their daily lives implementing interventions that were disruptive. Healthcare providers stated that they acted as they did for the community's own good. Forced compliance also had a negative impact on the work of community health workers who explained that such incidents made their work difficult as they lost community trust.
"Now if they know there is any pregnant woman here then they will keep a note of it and before the time comes, they will come and take them away. Even if you go and hide in the forest they will come and take you to the hospital. Even one month before your date they will take you away even if you are not happy with it."
Indigenous community IDI, TI8
Closely linked to this enforced compliance, was the fear expressed by the community about receiving inpatient care at the hospital. Doctors found it difficult to communicate effectively with their patients and the community resisted some of the efforts of well-meaning doctors to provide certain services for them. The lack of trust among patients was discussed by some of the doctors who felt that their experience in Attapadi clearly exposed a gap in trust between the healthcare providers and the community.
"The sight of the labour room makes them worried; they get very scared; I have seen that"
Medical officer IDI, MO 1
"Now I won't go, I am alone, it is scary to go alone and stay in the hospital."
Indigenous community IDI, TI 8
"They will never cross a certain line and get close. The personal touch and trust that should characterise a doctor patient relationship, I find it is missing here completely."
Medical Officer IDI, MO3
Fear was also expressed by the community about being referred out of Attapadi for any treatment.
The topic of fear was also brought up by health system participants in the context of working in Attapadi. Doctors in particular pointed out that negative media coverage that followed incidents such as infant or maternal deaths, made them very cautious about treating cases especially related to maternal or child health. Doctors were of the opinion that if something went wrong, they would have to face the consequences and higher officials would not back them up. Hence, they referred complex cases to another centre even if it was located outside Attapadi so that they did not face any trouble in case something went wrong.
Most participants described feeling discriminated against by the health system. This was reported by community members who had received health services, and by Indigenous staff members in the health facilities. Community participants described the condescending manner in which non-Indigenous staff engaged with them at the health facilities. Indigenous healthcare workers also noted that they were treated differently by the non-Indigenous staff. One participant who had resigned from her job because of this, explained that it was distressing to be constantly seen as different. Some participants felt that the image of a tribal as an "uncivilised savage" still persisted. Even though such attitudes were not stated explicitly, the community was unanimous that they were stigmatised by the dominant community, including the health system. It was significant that not a single Indigenous participant, expressed a sense of belonging and ownership about the health system.
"I left because they used to see us tribal staff differently from the others. I did not like it, so I quit my job."
Indigenous community IDI, TM8
"Never once did I feel this is "our hospital". The reason is because they never see us as part of them. And neither have I felt that. They differentiate."
Indigenous community IDI, TK 4
Most of the non-Indigenous participants from the health system were not willing to accept that there was stigma or discrimination against the Indigenous community. They felt that everything was provided for the Indigenous communities and they did their best. Indigenous community members also agreed that direct acts of discrimination were rare, but they could sense unconscious bias which took shape and form in some of the language that was used by healthcare providers.
Addressing the broader determinants of health
One of the key themes that emerged from the community was how the loss of their lands and restricted access to the forests impacted their ability to have a nutritious diet. The loss of lands and the resulting marginalisation of the Indigenous community in Attapadi has been long acknowledged by several governments in Kerala. As a result, many of the Indigenous community members are unable to grow their own food which was the custom in the past. Furthermore, with forest laws that in effect prevented communities from hunting small animals for food- a practise that they were used to for generations or go into the forest to collect roots and other produce freely, access to several sources of food was curtailed. Older community members spoke of the special diets provided in the past to pregnant women. Specific wild root vegetables were eaten to improve the health of the mother and their unborn child. However, access to these nutritious diets has declined over the last four decades. Despite several processes set in motion by various governments, most of the lands have not been restored to the Indigenous community, depriving them of the chance to cultivate their own food as in the past. As noted by one of the doctors, it is unrealistic to leave aside socio-cultural determinants of health and expect clinical solutions alone to address community health issues.
"Whenever people talk of health, I ask them about our land. Unless we eat nutritious food, how can we be healthy, what is the use of these big hospitals?"
Key Informant IDI, KI4
"Let's say for example you are bringing in a 20-year-old girl for delivery and I have seen girls who are secundigravida at that age. Even if it is a primigravida the weight of the girl will be like 37 kgs. Now you tell me, how can I in a short time make her deliver a baby that is above 2.5 kgs.? For that to happen I should be sitting here and doing some magic. That is why I say you can't just do these things sitting here in the hospital."
Loss of lands not only impacted upon the ability to have a nutritious diet but also led to the loss of livelihoods for those who were engaged in the cultivation of millets and other traditional crops on their land. Moreover, during fieldwork, several Indigenous village chiefs took MSG around and pointed out the several instances where cultivable lands closest to the main sources of water in Attapadi no longer belonged to the Indigenous people. Land was not merely a physical asset for the Indigenous people but had a far deeper cultural and spiritual significance in the form of their connect with their ancestors and their traditions and rituals. The inability to regain what was lost was an issue of concern for Indigenous participants and their elders.
"I have been asked multiple times by officials if I can relocate my village from where it is now to a place closer to other facilities including hospitals. But how can I leave this place? Our ancestors are buried here, and our belief is that they live here in this environment. Others do not understand this. Only an Indigenous person will understand why our land is so important for our way of life."
Indigenous community IDI, TK4
Indigenous participants pointed out that while the government was upgrading health facilities and instituting other measures around healthcare, they were not taking adequate action to restore lands and address underlying determinants of health which were important to them. This lack of progress on the social determinants of health, meant that structural inequities continued to be a feature of the Indigenous communities living in Attapadi.
Financial protection alone did not improve access
All healthcare services including referrals to tertiary institutions outside Attapadi were free for the Indigenous community after 2014. In addition to direct costs, indirect costs such as those for transport, food, medicines, loss of wages for an accompanying carer, were all addressed by a special renumeration package. The STDD also implemented schemes to ensure that indirect costs incurred from accessing healthcare services were reimbursed. Additionally, financial incentives were offered in order to promote ANC and hospital deliveries. All participants were aware of the renumeration available, and that they did not have to pay for any care received. Yet access to healthcare was not universal.
"No, it is not a burden. In fact, we used to pay for the transport and all. For ANC too we are paying. For attenders we pay, we give them free food when they are here. We pay something that is the equivalent of a day's wages."
"Everything was free of cost we did not pay anything for his treatment. They gave us food there itself and also for the attender they gave 100 rupees per day."
Key informants described the current approaches and debates around provision of UHC in India as inadequate, having narrowed their focus to the provision of financial protection in the form of insurance packages linked to clinical services, provided through a network of public and private hospitals. This they felt would not be adequate to ensure truly universal healthcare access, however in the face of a global initiative such as UHC, there was a lot of pressure to implement an insurance-based financing mechanism as the way forward. All KIs emphasized the need for decentralising of both planning and the process of conceptualizing the barriers to access and solutions that needed to address them. One of the errors of global initiatives such as UHC was to universalise one intervention and expect diverse populations to respond to it in the same manner.
"I do think that the present approach to UHC is flawed as it is mostly a focused-on hospital-based care."
Key informant IDI, KI 1
"What we need to do is to universalise access, for this we cannot universalise one intervention as the context in Attapadi differs from the context in a big city. So how can you say that one broad approach will ensure access for all?"
"You cannot import something from outside and expect it to work with an indigenous community"
Access to healthcare is a multifaceted concept and has various determinants on both the demand and supply side. Levesque et al. expressed this in the form of a set of abilities and attributes that influence access right from the perception of healthcare needs up to the utilisation and consequences of accessing healthcare [37]. Our study identifies that the mere presence of health facilities and complete financial protection provided by the government had limited success in addressing the healthcare needs of the Indigenous communities in Attapadi. The present approach while providing free healthcare, diminished the various abilities of the Indigenous communities to access healthcare and weakened the attributes of the local health system (Table 5). A key issue to emerge which may explain this finding, was that while the healthcare provided was technically and clinically sound, it did not acknowledge the cultural and traditional values of the Indigenous community. The health beliefs of Indigenous communities are rooted in unique cultural values, obligations and ancient traditions [38,39,40]. Indigenous health traditions typically understand health in a holistic manner and include respect for land, kinship structures as well as connect with ancestors as important aspects of healing and wellbeing [41, 42]. The provision of culturally safe care which both respects and reflects these values is an important facilitator of better healthcare access, that will ultimately lead to improved health outcomes for Indigenous communities [43,44,45]. The lack of efforts to integrate traditional beliefs around healing, death and connection to ancestors into the health system's approach to providing services, led to passive resistance from the communities. Further, the stigmatisation of traditional medicines as mere superstitions meant that the communities were deprived of home remedies which were traditionally used as first line treatments. It is pertinent to note here that such exclusion of Indigenous values and traditions was not restricted to the health system alone but rather reflected the majority view in society about Indigenous people. One approach to improving the well-being of excluded communities such as the Indigenous tribes, has been for the state to locate the cause of their lack of development in the sociocultural aspects of their lives [46]. Under this approach, Indigenous communities can only gain better access to services such as education, healthcare etc., by adopting the ideas and values of the dominant culture. Unfortunately, this approach does not acknowledge the possibility that the lack of access to services may actually result from governance processes dominated by the values of the prevailing culture [46]. Such majoritarian approaches lead to well-meaning interventions, which rather than being the medium of inclusion, reinforce exclusionary processes.
Table 5 Major findings and their impact on abilities and attributes of framework to access by Levesque et al
Culturally safe care ensures that traditional healing practices are integrated into the local health system, allowing care that is delivered to engender respect for the customs and culture of the Indigenous community. Cultural safety also requires the health system to engage proactively with local communities, obtaining their collaboration and involvement where possible [47]. Our findings suggest that community engagement was superficial and the power differentials between health system stakeholders and the community was a key barrier. Culturally safe healthcare impacts the ability to both perceive and seek healthcare, whilst also enhancing the acceptability and approachability of the health system among the community.
Discrimination against ethnic groups and Indigenous communities is a well-documented issue, shown to have serious repercussions for the health of these communities and their ability to engage with non-Indigenous led systems [38, 48,49,50,51]. We found discrimination by healthcare providers against the Indigenous communities in Attapadi was prevalent, mirroring the wider societal view that these are broken communities that need to be fixed. This discrimination emerged as unconscious bias [50], reflected in the condescending attitudes and language used by healthcare professionals when speaking to or about the community, their dismissal of Indigenous health traditions and the manner in which the health system placed the responsibility for poor health outcomes on Indigenous community beliefs and actions. These entrenched attitudes are an important barrier to meaningful Indigenous engagement with the health system and its representatives. Such attitudes clearly had an impact on the ability of communities to engage with the healthcare providers. Some of the healthcare providers we spoke to acknowledged the lack of engagement from the community, but failed to realise that this should be a two way process, and that the communities also felt they were not engaged appropriately by the local health system.
A key observation of this study was of the centralisation of healthcare delivery. This was reported as a significant barrier by the community who not only expressed their discomfort and fear of staying in a large hospital, but also highlighted their hardship in travelling the long distances to reach the hospital. The centralised approach to delivering healthcare from within a large institution meant that interaction between most of the healthcare providers and the community was carried out within the hierarchical set up of the hospital. This also increased the social distance between the community and the health system personnel who were seen as the others. Decreasing the social distance between providers and users of health services has been shown to have positive benefits [50]. While designing UHC interventions, policy makers and programme managers need to ensure that their services are not just clinically sound, and culturally safe, but also geographically accessible to the community. A decentralised approach to the provision of healthcare services with emphasis on providing services as close to the community as possible would make health services more available and adaptable to the community.
The quality of healthcare services provided is an important component of UHC [52]. Multiple definitions and frameworks try to unpack what is meant by quality of healthcare [53, 54]. How we define quality however depends on the components we choose to assess [55]. In defining the care that was delivered for the Indigenous people in Attapadi, the local health system focussed on technical and clinical protocols and quality. However, a key component of quality recommended by the WHO and several others is providing care that takes into account the aspirations and culture of the local community [54]. Failure to do this as has been shown in the literature to lead to a situation where the users expectations are not addressed [56]. This was the case in Attapadi and even those who had received healthcare services expressed dissatisfaction with their experience with the process.
Despite an acknowledgement of the importance of social determinants of healthcare access, an understanding of how power or the lack of it shapes access to resources including healthcare is lacking [57,58,59]. As described by the WHO charter for health promotion, reducing equity of access to healthcare requires empowering marginalised communities to negotiate healthcare that is sensitive, safe and acceptable to them [60]. The lack of this enablement meant that many of our Indigenous participants choose to resist attempts to force them to comply with the requirements of the health system or choose not to seek care when they needed it. While the framework of access developed by Levesque et al. talks about the importance of culture as an attribute of the care that is provided by a health system, and social factors and empowerment of communities as important abilities of individuals and communities seeking care, its focus is on the processes involved in access to health services and thus it does not go beyond the health system. Evidence has however shown that responsive health systems must take into account other aspects of the society in which they are situated if we are to address health inequalities (Greenhalgh 2018). Thus we must move beyond the notion of a health system which is divorced from the rest of the broader sociocultural and political system and engage with uncomfortable issues such as structural inequity whereby government policies - or inactions - keep some groups from obtaining the resources they need to better their lives. Recognition of how groups become marginalised in the first place and addressing these inequities should be seen as integral to improving access to health care, not as a separate topic. As noted by Greenhalgh, structural violence explains how the opportunities and abilities of some groups are hindered, resulting in an unfair distribution of the burden of disease, and moreover why health systems 'still so often exacerbate, rather than ameliorate, these vulnerabilities' [61].
Our findings highlight the importance of social structures for Indigenous communities and the adverse impacts of structural inequities on their health and ability to access healthcare. The lack of timebound action on the social determinants, especially returning their lands, gave the impression to the Indigenous communities that they had to continue in their status quo while depending on handouts from the government while key structural issues were bypassed. Addressing social determinants of health such as restoring lands, access to natural resources and so on are key to empowering Indigenous communities, restoring trust in the system and so improving access to healthcare [62]. The failure to acknowledge the structural inequity in which these communities live means we reduce their health and the determinants of access to a series of clinical issues that need corresponding interventions to resolve them. This approach has been shown to reinforce and perpetuate prejudice as well as reinforce feelings of low self-esteem and disempower Indigenous communities in other contexts [63, 64].
While UHC as a concept is diverse, most interventions to promote UHC are implemented as financial protection schemes that address costs related to accessing healthcare [52]. Indeed, most debates around UHC limit themselves to service provision and financial protection. This study provides evidence that in the context of Indigenous communities, this approach to UHC is ineffective. Hence it is essential for UHC interventions to acknowledge the vital role that local socio-cultural context plays in healthcare access. If interventions to promote UHC are to reach marginalised groups such as Indigenous communities, they must be culturally safe, locally relevant and planned with active involvement of the community. For this, several areas including approaches to policy and programme (Table 6) need to be revisited and revised to ensure culturally safe health care practices are implemented to improve UHC.
Table 6 Recommendations for improving access to healthcare for the Indigenous community in Attapadi
The datasets generated and/or analysed during the current study are not publicly available due to the danger of compromising the confidentiality and anonymity of the participants but are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Indigenous communities in India are officially referred to as Scheduled tribes. The term tribe, tribal all refer to Indigenous communities.
The notification of an area as a tribal block in India ensures that special attention and priority is given to the Indigenous communities living there and special developmental schemes are implemented for their well-being.
ASHA:
Accredited Social Health Activist
CHC:
JPHN:
Junior Public Health Nurse
MMU:
PHC:
Primary Health Centre
STDD:
Scheduled Tribes Development Department
UHC:
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We sincerely thank all the participants of our study– the Indigenous community, the doctors and other healthcare workers in Attapadi and the key informants who shared their experiences with us. Many thanks go to the Department of Health, Government of Kerala and the officials of the local administration in Attapadi for granting the requisite permissions to carry out this research and the support provided during the course of the study. A special word of thanks goes to Rajendra Prasad, Ramu and Udayan of the tribal collective THAMPU for their role in facilitating data collection. We are grateful to Dr. B Ekbal and Dr. Rakhal Gaitonde for the discussions during the course of the fieldwork and the support provided.
This work was carried as part of the Ph.D. research of the first author. Field work was supported through a grant available for all Ph.D. candidates towards project expenses at the University of Canberra.
Health Research Institute, University of Canberra, ACT, Canberra, 2617, Australia
Mathew Sunil George, Rachel Davey, Itismita Mohanty & Penney Upton
Mathew Sunil George
Rachel Davey
Itismita Mohanty
Penney Upton
MSG carried out the data collection and drafted the manuscript with contributions from RD, IM, and PU. MSG and PU were involved in the analysis of the qualitative data. All authors were involved in the design of the larger study from which the data for this manuscript emerged. The authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Correspondence to Mathew Sunil George.
The Human Research Ethics Committees of the University of Canberra (20180074) and the Indian Institute of Public Health Delhi (IIPHD_IEC_03_2018 provided ethical approval for this study. Regulatory permissions were obtained from the Kerala Department of Health (GO(Rt)No2677/2018/H&FWD) and the local administration in Attapadi. All participants gave informed consent prior to data collection.
George, M.S., Davey, R., Mohanty, I. et al. "Everything is provided free, but they are still hesitant to access healthcare services": why does the indigenous community in Attapadi, Kerala continue to experience poor access to healthcare?. Int J Equity Health 19, 105 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12939-020-01216-1


This is the lab blog of Dr Kevin Hamill and his team, in the Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease at the University of Liverpool .
We are a cell and molecular biology research team working on a variety of projects related to cell-matrix interaction and alternative splicing. We take a holistic approach with different team members working on different aspects spanning from whole organisms and whole tissues right down to the genetic level. We also work in both directions; starting from the protein/gene and trying to improve understanding of biological mechanisms, and starting at the disease level and working toward putting our fundamental knowledge into practice by identifying therapeutic interventions.
We're currently putting together a set of non-specialist descriptions of lab research focuses; check out our friendly introductions to laminins here, and LaNts here and our cancer research project here, more coming soon.
As if the matrix biology isn't enough (it really is), we have an interest in sun protection and UV imagining. You can read about one of the published studies here or a how-to-guide for imaging with blacklight/UV cameras here. They also have links to some of our headlines.
The blog pages (here) contains a mixture of updates of events in the lab, grants, publications and fun stuff! Look out for the series of "they grow up so fast" marking significant events in my students' progress, and "you can tell a lot by looking" with cool lab images.
We also recently started adding cartoons based on "Life in the Laminin Lab". Storylines contributed by team members (either directly or indirectly!).
In addition, I have prepared a series of scientific writing guides aimed at new writers to help them through the process of drafting their first manuscript/project report/thesis.
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Marzena Sowa continues her endearing memoir recounting childhood behind the Iron Curtain in Poland. Even at the height of summer vacation deep in the countryside, the noise of urban unrest carries, bringing news of rations, strikes, and Solidarność. Amid a young girl's typical worries—the witch neighbor, the school nurse, her mother's angry temper—come the echoes of the strange and confusing world of adults.


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text:
Genocide in Attappady: VS Achuthanandan
THIRUVANANTHAPURAM:, August 27, 2013 16:28 IST
Updated: June 04, 2016 11:56 IST
Ponnamma and Maruthan of Attappady still seek the reason for their twins' death, they say the doctors asked them to leave the hospital immedietly after the babies died. This is the second time the couple lost their baby to malnutrition. File Photo: Thulasi Kakkat | Photo Credit: Thulasi Kakkat
He alleged that the State government had thrown these children to death by neglecting its duty to provide nutritious food and medical attention to the mothers during their pregnancy period.
Leader of the Opposition V.S. Achuthanandan has said that the State government should be booked for genocide in the context of the report of a Central expert team that squarely blamed it for the child deaths in the tribal hamlets of Attappady in Palakkad district.
In a statement here on Monday, Mr. Achuthanandan said report of this expert team from the National Institute of Nutrition in Hyderabad had pointed out that 49 per cent of the children in the Attappady tribal hamlets had stunted growth due to malnutrition. The report had also noted that the death of 24 newborn children in Attappady during a short period prior to the team's visit to the place to study the issue was also due to the absence of adequate hospital care. The report observed that at least 20 of these deaths could have been averted.
Mr. Achuthanandan noted that a medical team led by senior doctor B. Iqbal constituted under the initiative of the CPI(M) and another led by senior paediatrician Sathyanji constituted under the initiative of some of the tribal organisations had drawn the attention of the government to the same issues.
Related Topics Kerala
Two more tribal infants dead in Attappady
Attappady newborn dies of suspected malnutrition
Hunger: Attappady's silent killer
Rise in abortion cases among tribal women
Melanism, Albino syndrome among Palakkad wildlife
Once verdant, now a parched piece of land
One more tribal child dies in Attappady
Printable version | Jan 20, 2020 1:19:02 AM | https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/genocide-in-attappady-vs-achuthanandan/article5064761.ece
Thiruvabharanam to set off today
Sabarimala-bound ceremonial procession to start from Pandalam palace
Maradu apartments demolition: Jain Coral Cove and Golden Kayaloram to be razed on January 12
The Jain Coral Cove is scheduled to be brought down at 11 a.m. while the Golden Kayaloram will be brought down at 2 p.m.
Kochi Bureau

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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In late March, a report was presented to the City of Edmonton's Executive Committee outlining the status of legalization of a recreational marijuana market in Canada. The contents of the report presented to the executive committee included the federally appointed Task Force's recommendations, in addition to case studies on how municipalities in Toronto and Vancouver have been dealing with cannabis up to this point.
City staff already have drafts of municipal by-law amendments in the works in anticipation of the soon-to-be tabled Federal legislation. With this proactive approach already underway, Edmonton anticipates that provincial and municipal legislation be drafted in 2018 and implemented by 2019. These by-laws will include various permits and business license by-laws and go to vote this June.
Generally speaking, municipalities are entitled to regulate via by-laws in relation to zoning, business licensing and community standards. These areas are likely to be the first areas that municipalities deal with pending legalization.
With respect to zoning legislation, municipalities may create by-laws that regulate the locations of licensed producers, retail outlets, and the like. Specifics related to the location of marijuana businesses are likely to be some of the first by-laws to be passed.
Additionally, we expect to see public- place type by-laws come into effect fairly quickly, which will regulate where cannabis may be consumed, if anywhere, in public. As we have seen in Vancouver's by-laws related to medical marijuana use, restrictions exist relative to distances required from schools, community centres, and neighbourhood houses. We expect similar restrictions related to public safety and security to be fairly standard in other Canadian municipalities' future by-laws.
Business licensing fees for retail and distribution outlets of recreational cannabis are also within the control of municipalities. Vancouver, for example, has already implemented amendments to their zoning and development by-laws whereby business licensing fees for retail dealers of medical marijuana have been set at $30,000 annually.
We look forward to seeing more municipalities take a proactive approach to legalization as we get closer to the launch of the recreational market.


For many children, parents are simply potential sources of embarrassment. Other kids' parents are generally cooler than our own, but any parent may at any time unleash corny jokes or, worse, opine on "you kids today…" or "when I was young…" This embarrassment is most keenly felt during adolescence, but it can occur much earlier given the right circumstance.
In a similar vein, teachers know everything. Children come home from school and, exasperated, explain to their hapless parents how they've got it all wrong because the teacher said… I recall one occasion where the teacher, a Catholic priest, allegedly said that there were some exceptions to the Church's ban on abortions. I guessed he was referring to ectopic pregnancies (which do not end by abortion, by the way) but how stupid to even mention this to a class of eighth grade boys! I set my poor son straight in no uncertain terms, although I did not make his worst nightmares come true by contacting the teacher. No worries, I made up for it over the years!
The trouble is that kids do not want their home world and school world to collide. As a result, they may not share information that they think might upset their parents. One mother I know recalled trying to start up a "facts of life" conversation with her fourth or fifth grade daughter. The child eventually told her mom that her teacher had told them all about this in grade two! Why had she not told her mom about this? Because she knew Mom would be mad and talk to the teacher. And that of course would be her right.
What prompts these musings is a news story of a recent Ontario court decision that ruled a Greek Orthodox father who sends his children to a public elementary school cannot exempt them from objectionable classes dealing with topics such as homosexuality and abortion. The court basically said that if he doesn't like it, he can send the children to private school or homeschool them. So much for religious freedom. Unfortunately, the reality is that it is impossible to exempt children from these influences because they are purposely woven throughout the curriculum.
Back in the day, when I attended Catholic school, that was the way Catholicism was taught. In French, we learned the names of the articles in the church; in reading, the stories were of saints and good Catholic children; likewise in spelling, grammar, math… much of the material was related to our Catholic experience. The lessons were intended to form virtuous young men and women. Now the religion of secularism employs similar methods to ensure that acceptance of every type of lifestyle, family, and culture is enforced. Tolerance, the belief in nothing, is the only "virtue" proposed.
Parents who want to raise their children in the Catholic faith need to be aware of the contrary ideologies that influence their young children daily. We must consciously offer the Christian alternative through our conversations with them and especially through our actions every day. We must walk the walk not just talk the talk, although both are important. Private schools and homeschooling do provide us with more control, however, both options have drawbacks as well. Each family must choose what works best for them and perhaps, like me, everything has its season. Over the years, we sent our kids to both public and private schools, secular and Catholic, and also homeschooled. These are not easy decisions. It is important to be alert and also aware that even the best parent will not catch everything that's going on.
Finally, pray! In the end, that is probably the most important thing of all. Trust in God and pray for our children!


text:
Visiting Special Collections
Theatre Teaching Collection
UTK History Teaching Collections
Modern Political Archives Teaching Collections
Southern Appalachian Teaching Collection
World War II Teaching Collection
Knoxville and East Tennessee History Teaching Collection
Civil War Teaching Collection
Special Topics Teaching Collections
SCOUT (Finding Aids)
Modern Political Archives
Gift in Kind Policies
Rising from the Ashes
Chronicling COVID-19
Betsey B. Creekmore Special Collections and University Archives
LibrariesSpecial CollectionsCollectionsManuscripts
Materials Request
Great Smoky Mountains Regional Project
special@utk.edu
Special Collections is located on the first floor of Hodges Library, one floor below Circulation and the Commons, and one floor above the Volunteer Blvd entrance.
Our Manuscripts collections document the rich history and culture of our region – Knoxville, east Tennessee, the Great Smoky Mountains, and southern Appalachia. Comprised of over 3,000 distinct archival collections spanning more than 5,000 linear feet, Manuscripts collections are made up of unique primary source material such as letters, diaries, photographs, maps, research files, literary manuscripts, memorabilia, and much more. Taken as a whole, these collections are particularly significant due to their expansive scope and wide-ranging appeal.
Some of our traditional collection strengths include:
Civil War in Tennessee
Southeastern Native Americans
Notable Tennessee artists, musicians, performers, and writers
Tennessee presidents Andrew Jackson, James K. Polk, and Andrew Johnson
In addition, we partner with the Center for the Study of War and Society to collect, preserve, and make available the valuable records and histories of our region's veterans. These collections document the veteran experience in 20th century American conflicts and include correspondence, photographs, scrapbooks, military documents, memoirs, oral histories, and more.
Manuscript collections are used to advance the University of Tennessee's teaching and research missions by making collections available and promoting their use to both members of the UT community and the community at large.
For more information, contact special@utk.edu.


The majority of Canadian soldiers buried at Bény-sur-Mer are those who were lost on the front on D-Day, when the Allies landed on Juno Beach.
Once the battle began after the Landing in Normandy, the Canadian forces would lose nearly 1,000 men. In the following days, while the German army tried desperately to fight off the Allied forces, the list of Canadian casualties grew further.
The soldiers who fell on D-Day are now laid to rest at the Canadian cemetery at Bény-sur-Mer in Calvados, close to the village of Reviers. Like many Canadian cemeteries in France, that at Bény-sur-Mer is Canadian territory on French land.
The 2,049 tombs found here belong to soldiers who were in the 3rd Canadian division, as well as 15 pilots.
The bus service between Caen and Arromanches (via Reviers and Ver-sur-Mer) passes the cemetery.


"Will I ever qualify for credit again?
"What's the fastest way to rebuild my credit?
The guide will tell you what to expect when your debts are discharged, how to repair your credit score without credit cards, the quickest way to rebuilding your credit worthiness and where to go for unbiased financial advice and information.
Truth is, I don't often hear from clients after their debts are discharged in bankruptcy. Why? Because they are too busy rebuilding their lives, financial and otherwise. When I do hear from them, it is usually to say that things are going well and that credit card and auto financing offers are rolling in a month to six weeks after discharge.
When someone clearly needs to file for bankruptcy protection and delays, they only hurt themselves. The fresh start provided by a bankruptcy discharge begins with a bankruptcy counseling session.


Abbotsford, B.C. – Home-grown philanthropist Dave Holmberg made a $100,000 gift to the BC Cancer Foundation in support of cutting-edge radiation therapy equipment at the BC Cancer Agency Abbotsford Centre.
Cancer has deeply impacted the Holmberg family. A year-and-a-half after losing his eldest son, David Jr., to brain cancer, Holmberg received a diagnosis of multiple myeloma—a cancer of the plasma cells. After 27 rounds of radiation therapy from BC Cancer Agency specialists, whom Holmberg describes as highly skilled and compassionate, he has now completed his treatment.
Having been a community leader in the agricultural equipment business for 45 years, Holmberg says, "I know how important it is to have the best equipment," which motivated him to make a gift that will advance life-saving radiation therapy in Abbotsford.
"The BC Cancer Foundation is truly grateful for Mr. Holmberg's generous gift, which will provide long-lasting enhancements to patient care for those being treated in Abbotsford, and will open the door to more research opportunities in radiation therapy," says Douglas Nelson, President & CEO, BC Cancer Foundation.
Thanks to research advances and improvements in care through the BC Cancer Agency more and more patients are surviving cancer each day.


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Q: Laravel Nova Hide view button from HasMany field i need to hide view button on HasMany field
In my Manager resource i have new panel with HasMany Relationship Field
new Panel('Orders History', [
                HasMany::make('Orders')
            ]),

I was trying to use policies as described in docs: https://nova.laravel.com/docs/3.0/resources/authorization.html#relationships
in my ManagerPolicy class i create method
    public function viewOrder($user)
    {
        return false;
    }

but its not working...
Need some ideas what im doing wrong
P.S. Please keep in mind that i need to hide view button only on relation the orders page should have this functionality

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Q: OpenPyXL - Entering Values On Specific Row From List Of Rows I am saving a SQL query results with pyodbc and looking to insert the rows in an Excel file with OpenPyXL, but starting on a specific row.
I have been able to do this with a double for loop, basically deconstructing the results in rows and then cells, then entering them one by one.
If I was ok with pasting the results wherever the cursor is, the simple append method would be sufficient, but simply because I want to specify which row to start pasting it, it seems like a lot of extra hussle.
Is there a better way to do this?
import pyodbc
import openpyxl

# openpyxl config
wb = openpyxl.load_workbook(filename = 'test1.xlsx')
ws = wb['Sheet1']

# Connect to SQL Server's DB
conn = pyodbc.connect(Driver='{SQL Server}',
                      Server=server_sql,
                      Database=database,
                      Trusted_Connection='yes')
cursor = conn.cursor()

# Query
cursor.execute('SELECT * FROM table1')
result = cursor.fetchall()

# Copy to Excel
for num, row in enumerate(result, start=1):
    for num2, val in enumerate(row, start=1):
        ws.cell(row=6+num, column=num2).value = val


Giving primarily to improve the education and economic, physical and social well-being of citizens, with a special focus on families and culturally diverse groups. The foundation is further interested in increasing public understanding of American cultural heritage, the cultures of nations and the individual's responsibility to fellow human beings. Program areas include early childhood development and parenting, and Native language initiatives.


text:
Q: Display issue in Laravel 5.5 registration form's errors I created a registration form using make:auth command in Laravel 5.5. Its working alright but not showing errors when validation fails. I've checked many times that code to display errors exists in template but still getting this error.
Template Location:
resources/views/mybladetemplate

Method in Controller:
protected function validator(array $data)
{
    return Validator::make($data, [
        'field1' => 'required|string|max:255',
        'emailField' => 'required|string|email|max:255|unique:users',
        'fieldPwd' => 'required|string|min:6|confirmed',
        'anotherfield' => 'string'
    ]);
}

RegistersUsers Trait:
public function register(Request $request)
{
    $this->validator($request->all())->validate();

    event(new Registered($user = $this->create($request->all())));

    $this->guard()->login($user);

    return $this->registered($request, $user)
                    ?: redirect($this->redirectPath());
}

Registeration Form:
<form class="form-horizontal" method="POST" action="{{ route('register') }}">
                    {{ csrf_field() }}

has('field1') ? ' has-error' : '' }}">
                        Field Name

                            <input id="field1" type="text" class="form-control" name="field" value="{{ old('field1') }}" required autofocus>
                            @if ($errors->has('field1'))

                                    {{ $errors->first('field1') }}

                            @endif

has('emailField') ? ' has-error' : '' }}">
                        E-Mail Address

                            <input id="emailField" type="email" class="form-control" name="emailField" value="{{ old('emailField') }}" required>

                            @if ($errors->has('emailField'))

                                    {{ $errors->first('emailField') }}

                            @endif

                        Another Field

                            <input id="anotherfield" type="text" class="form-control" name="anotherfield" value="{{ old('anotherfield') }}" />

has('fieldPwd') ? ' has-error' : '' }}">
                        Password

                            <input id="fieldPwd" type="password" class="form-control" name="fieldPwd" required>

                            @if ($errors->has('fieldPwd'))

                                    {{ $errors->first('fieldPwd') }}

                            @endif

                        Confirm Password

                            <input id="password-confirm" type="password" class="form-control" name="password_confirmation" required>

                            <button type="submit" class="btn btn-primary">
                                Register
                            </button>

                </form>

A: Use this simple code in your blade to show all of the errors in a ul li structure :
        @if($errors->any())
            @foreach ($errors->all() as $error)

{!! $error !!}

            @endforeach
        @endif


Whitehats Design is a graphic designing company. We provide your brand with online and offline face uplift. Every brand needs to tell a story of its presence, journey and where it reached. At Whitehats Design we are story tellers, innovators, communicators and brand evangelists that carry your business name to new heights.
Our team continuously works with the new and emerging technologies to ensure that your business gets a uniform brand presence across all channels.
We help you build professional corporate websites, highly interactive UI designs for mobile apps and mobile websites, animation based videos, and ecommerce websites that help you optimize your online sales performance.
We also provide our customers with many other value added IT services. The aim always has been to facilitate our customers as much as possible through high quality services. Our team keeps on searching for more innovative and technologically advanced solutions to present to our customers.
We provide the following services to customers at Whitehats Design.
Whitehats is part of the R.Pharaon. & Fils, a Beirut, Lebanon based group established in 1868. Since then, this family owned company has come a long way and has diversified its services into many different fields.
The group has created a remarkable presence in fields of Insurance, Household Appliances, Consumer Electronics, Agrochemicals, Industrial and Domestic Gases, Flavours and Fragrances, Pharmaceuticals and Medical equipment. Whitehats is the group's latest launch.
The group was recently listed on the 56th position in Forbes Middle East for making an impact on the Arab World. Due to its ethical standards and commitment to excellence, group is highly regarded in the world of international business and finance. Pharaon group has several businesses either entirely owned or in partnership in various parts of the world which include regions like Middle East, Africa, Europe and off course in its home country, Lebanon.
We know that discovering and understanding what you need to build in the first place is the most important part of the entire process.
The Whitehats team sets up an initial meeting to get an idea of your business, your requirements, and how the web can be utilized to help you achieve your goals.
Based on the data collected, the team starts planning how to work towards the client's goal. Before designing a website it is essential to know the list of things to be on the website. This serves as a guide as to what content will be on the site and is essential to develop a consistent and easy to understand navigation system. Whitehats also helps the client decide what technology should be implemented in the website.
After gathering the information, it's time to decide the look and the feel of the client's website. It is very essential to keep in mind the target audience while deciding the website. For instance, a site aimed to target children will look much different from a corporate website. We create one or more prototype designs for your website. The mock ups are sent to the client for approval. Once the designs are approved, we step into the next stage.
This is the point where the website itself is created. The website is designed by developing the home page, followed by the shell for the interior page. Once the page is created, the designer will distribute the content throughout the site. Elements such as site map, blogs and shopping carts are implemented and made more functional during this phase. Whitehats makes sure that your "in progress" website is available for viewing, so that any suggestions or alterations can be made. After development our QA experts make sure we follow the standards to meet the requirements that guide its design and development and satisfy the needs of stakeholders.
At this stage the team attends the final details of your website and checks its functionality. We make sure all the codes written are validated for the website. Once the final design is approved by the client, we deliver it to the client site. We also offer domain name registration and web hosting services. Once these accounts have been set up your website is uploaded to the server.
We make website maintenance a simple and stress free experience. Customers can always opt in for Annual Maintenance Contracts for their website. We also optimize you website with elements such as title, description and keyword tags to help your website achieve a higher ranking.
Our Engineers work on the standard principles of Software Development Life Cycle where everything takes place step by step and the final outcome.
The group has been in business for the past 32 years and Whitehats has been providing their services since 2007. The management consists of trained and experienced professionals from the service industry .We are a group of experienced software developers and our engineers are fully trained to understand the problems and solve them by using their technical expertise. Our engineers work on the standard principles of Software Development Life Cycle where everything takes place in a step by step approach and the final outcome is free from errors. Our analysts perform every step with full dedication, the design and developing team fulfills their duty on time to let this system move smoothly.
There is a special team for QA, that tests the software in all possible ways so that our clients have no issues at the time of implementation. The team is delegated the responsibility of support and maintenance of Software Development Life Cycle. We meet the key challenges of legacy websites, reverse engineering heterogeneity, confidentiality, security concerns and maintenance.


text:
أقسام Dota 2 Esports News
Middle East playoffs continue with ASL DOTA 2 Season 1
ASL DOTA 2 Season 1 is already underway in Middle East including best teams in the region.
ASL All Stars League is a League series consisting of various game titles for only Middle Eastern countries. It's the first League of its kind in the region with the purpose of having all of the region's best and rising team's battle to earn the title as the region's best team and gain exposure and experience to compete on an international level.
ASL DOTA 2 Season 1 Sponsored by AMD, Dell Gaming, XPG & Noor ADSL, this is the first season for Dota2 with a prize pool worth over 70000 EGP (~$4,000).
ASL All Stars League system is where 1 team plays against all 7 others and the winner is the one with highest points at the end of the league.
ASL DOTA 2 Season 1 teams:
Four teams were invited and four teams qualified to compete against each other in the League.
Egypt Bend Over.
Jordan Vikings.
Lebanon Team Lebanon.
Egypt Team No Fear.
Algeria Gama 5.
Egypt Army Reborn.
Lebanon Cedars.
Jordan Mario Gaming.
The schedule for ASL DOTA 2 Season 1 is here below:
ASL DOTA 2 Season 1 prize pool:
1st place (5x AMD Ryzen 7 1800x)
2nd place (5x AMD Ryzen 7 1700x)
The season is already underway and will continue until May 3rd, so fans still have a chance to tune in and catch some of the action including the finals on this twitch channel.
Khaled Swaid
التاليA US college is giving away scholarships to pro Fortnite players »
السابق « Riot wants to see Kennen with AD items in upcoming patch 8.9
علامات ASL Dota 2 esports News Season 1
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