Batman Year One* is a faithful and extraordinary DC Animation adaptation of the seminal 1987 graphic novel by Frank Miller and David Mazzucchelli. "Year One" is the modern day canonical origin of Batman and heavily influenced Christopher Nolan's Batman Begins, primarily by shining a [batsignal] on the emotional and logistical trials and tribulations 25 year old Bruce Wayne (voiced by Benjamin McKenzie of Southland) faced in becoming the Dark Knight. Year One simultaneously gives equal heft to the character of James Gordon (voiced by Bryan Cranston of Breaking Bad), the only honest cop in the cesspool of Gotham City. In fact, Gordon rises as the more intriguing character; a transplant from Chicago (which coincidentally Nolan chose as the basis for his cinematic Gotham City) with a pregnant wife and a reputation as a snitch who turns in his fellow cops, Gordon bristles under the blatant corruption in the Gotham Police department. Yet Gordon is no saint. He and fellow detective Sarah Essen (voiced by Battlestar Galactica's Katee Sackhoff) begin an affair that compromises Gordon professionally and personally. Meanwhile, after a disastrous outing in crime-fighting that nearly gets him killed, Bruce Wayne divines almost supernatural inspiration to "become a bat" (the comic book's dialogue "Yes father, I shall become a bat" is omitted). As (the) Batman, Wayne targets the most powerful crime lord and city officials in Gotham, creating enemies on all sides. Only Gordon penetrates beyond Batman's vigilante acts and sees his behavior as heroic and necessary to rid Gotham of its corruption, thus the birth of their classic alliance. To its credit and occasional detriment, Batman Year One fiercely adheres to the events in the graphic novel, adding only minute enhancements such as an extended fight scene between Bruce Wayne and Selina Kyle (voiced by Dollhouse's Eliza Dushku). The animated film shares the weaknesses of the graphic novel, including its anti-climactic ending and the superfluousness of Catwoman to the story. Serious dramatic moments involving Gordon and Essen's affair inadvertently come off as trite and comedic, despite best intentions. The animation is superb, closely matching and even enhancing David Mazzucchelli's iconic artwork (panels from the graphic novel play over the closing credits). The voice acting by the well-chosen cast is also particularly strong all around, with none of the sleepy monotone often found in DC Animated films. Cranston in particular really sinks his teeth into the James Gordon role. Batman Year One is head and shoulders the finest DC Animation adaptation yet, whetting the appetite for the much-anticipated Batman: The Dark Knight Returns in 2012.
* Batman Year One exclusively screened at the 2011 San Diego Comic Con.


text:
日本語記事
Economy & Tech
The Japanese Sword Column
Soul of Japan
Abducted: The Japanese Kidnapped by North Korea
Hidden Wonders
Is Abe Playing with Fire by Cozying Up to Beijing?
[Bookmark] Japan's Three Territorial Problems Viewed Under the Glare of International Law
From Trump to Biden: Where Will the U.S. Be Amid Asia's Shifting Power Balances?
Biden's Possible Shift in U.S.- China Policy Presents Problem for Japan, Other Indo-Pacific Allies
EDITORIAL | Moon Jae In's South Korea Must Stop Feigning Ignorance of the Comfort Women Agreement
North Korea's New Year Message Raises the Threat of War
'Evangelion: 3.0+1.0' Movie Opening Delayed Due to State of Emergency in Japan
[Corona ni Makeruna] Coming of Age Day Ceremonies Take Place Despite COVID-19
Japan Extends State of Emergency to 7 Regions in Kansai, Chubu and Fukuoka
Bookshops Make First Comeback in Four Years With Manga Boom
EDITORIAL | WHO Regrets Too Late its Pandering to Beijing
Genome-edited Food for Crops, Fish 'At a Breakthrough Point in Japan's Agriculture'
EDITORIAL | Japan Should Keep Its Advantage As the World Sets Eyes on Electric Vehicles
'Flying Cars' that Don't Require a Runway: Are You Ready?
The Year in Our Stories: Economy and Technology Battle COVID, Bring Inspiration
Hayabusa2 Lights Up Japanese Space Technology with Asteroid Sample Success
Slam Dunk to be made into an animated feature film
'Super Nintendo World' at Universal Studios Japan Hit with New Delay due to COVID-19
Tokyo is Most Instagrammable Place in the World for 2021
[JAPAN SPORTS NOTEBOOK] Hisashi Iwakuma Rejoins Mariners as Special Assignment Coach
ICE HOCKEY | Young Standout Yu Sato Shooting for Success
[ODDS and EVENS] 'King Kazu' Miura's Never-Ending Farewell Tour is Farcical
RUGBY | Hanazono is a Special Venue that Can Breed the Next Generation of Brave Blossoms
[JAPAN SPORTS NOTEBOOK] Global Pandemic Continues to Wreak Havoc on Sports
Record Snowfall Hits Hard in Northern Japan
Mother of Late Wrestler Hana Kimura Campaigns to End Abuse on Social Media
Confession of a Recovering Pro-China Sympathizer: It's Time to Stop Giving Aid and Comfort to the CCP
[Hidden Wonders of Japan] Illuminate Your Xmas Spirit Around Tokyo and Beyond
Mizumoto Koen: Tokyo's Park for All Seasons
[Hidden Wonders of Japan] Santa Claus Dives Christmas Greetings to Osaka Aquarium Visitors
[A Photographer's Notes] Updated Take on an Old Style of Photography
[Hidden Wonders of Japan] Gundam the Giant Space Robot Arrives in Yokohama
Real Issues, Real Voices, Real Japan Podcast – 2020 Reflections #10
Real Issues, Real Voices, Real Japan Podcast – A Chat with Agnes Tandler #09
Real Issues, Real Voices, Real Japan Podcast – Impacts of the U.S. Election on Japan and Asia #08
Real Issues, Real Voices, Real Japan Podcast – The King's Singers Digital Tour #07
Real Issues, Real Voices, Real Japan Podcast – Sports Update EP #06
Politics & Security Special Reports
Coronavirus Politics & Security
Yoshihisa Komori
Viewed from here in Washington, D.C., Prime Minister Shinzo Abe's recent statements concerning China seem odd, and even dangerous.
His recent stance on China appears to be diametrically opposed to the supra-partisan consensus of opinion towards Beijing in the United States, an ally which the Prime Minister himself has described as the cornerstone of Japan's national security. It might also be seen as a rejection of the China policies of the Trump administration.
In his general policy speech to the Diet on October 4, Abe emphasized that he wanted "to expand interchanges with China at all levels." That, despite the fact that at this very time Washington, D.C., is seeking to contain Beijing's thuggish actions abroad by unprecedented downscaling of interactions with China in various areas.
However, aside from comparisons with the United States, Abe's statements are in many ways hard to accept. They might in fact be considered merely an elaboration of the policy speech he made this January in which he said, "Japan-China relations are back on a completely normal track."
Yet even now armed Chinese vessels regularly continue to intrude into Japanese territorial waters around the Senkaku Islands, and China even displays a posture of being prepared to take these islands by force. How then can this bilateral relationship be characterized as "normal"? (RELATED ARTICLES: China's Coercive Posturing in the Senkakus: A Quest for Dominance | China's Coercive Posturing in the Senkakus: Waiting for A Radical Turn)
Look At China's Core Policies
China is bitterly opposed to the Japan-U.S. alliance and seeks to derail all bilateral defense cooperation, including a missile defense system for Japan. At the same time, the military threat that Beijing's own buildup of its armed forces poses to Japan is crystal clear.
Domestically, the Chinese government has for years pushed "anti-Japan" education policies that remain focused solely on wartime "atrocities" carried out by the Japanese military in China. The regime of President Xi Jinping has elevated ceremonies marking historical incidents linked to Japanese "aggression," such as the Marco Polo Bridge Incident and the Nanjing Incident, to the highest level of state ritual.
Within China, Japanese companies continue to be impacted by a lack of transparency in business practices that the United States has been harshly condemning. This is evidenced by the blatant failure to protect foreign intellectual property and the manner in which foreign joint ventures with Chinese entities are mistreated.
Then there is the glaring recent suppression of human rights in Xinjiang and Hong Kong. China's actual actions stand in stark contrast to the impassioned plea for respect for human rights in Abe's speeches.
How then can a bilateral relationship with such bad actors be called "normal"?
Game of Subterfuge
Xi Jinping's government recently began to display "smile diplomacy" vis-à-vis Japan. Domestically, too, it has toned down some of the anti-Japan rhetoric and behavior. With the Trump administration outrightly confronting China for a wholesale settlement of outstanding issues, China is eager to reduce confrontation with Japan.
This is obviously a tactic to create daylight between Tokyo and Washington, D.C. The proof is in the fact that China continues unabated to pursue core policies that treat Japan as an enemy, as I noted above.
The Abe administration's touting of "from competition to cooperation" as its slogan for Japan-China relations and its indirect cooperation in China's "one belt, one road" initiative run directly counter to the Trump administration's policies.
Abe's Dangerous Path
The U.S. government has identified China as a dangerous rival bent on destroying the existing U.S.-led international order. And in response it is in fact advocating a strategy of "from cooperation to competition."
Washington is also giving the "one belt, one road" the cold shoulder, viewing it as nothing more than a concrete expression of Xi Jinping's hegemonic ambitions.
In October the Trump administration announced that it would refuse to grant U.S. visas to high officials in the Chinese government who had been involved in the ongoing oppression of the Uyghurs in Xinjiang Province. Thus, the Americans are headed in the opposite direction from the "expanded cooperation" the Abe administration wants.
Individuals connected to the Trump administration have objected to the Abe administration's friendly stance towards China.
One such voice is Christian Whiton, who, as a political appointee, served as a senior advisor for strategic communications at the U.S. State Department during the early days of the Trump administration. There he offered advice on public diplomacy, media, and East Asia issues.
In a recent article he warned about the path Japan is on, arguing that Japan's cozying up to Beijing even as the United States is going all out in its attempts to contain China's reckless expansion is doing grave damage to the U.S.-Japan alliance, as well as the Trump administration.
Whiton, who is now Senior Fellow for Strategy and Trade at the Center for the National Interest in Washington, D.C., cautions that, unless Tokyo changes direction, in a worse-case scenario "President Trump will no longer consider Abe his friend." The United States then might even raise tariffs on Japanese motor vehicles.
(Click here to read the article in Japanese.)
Author: Yoshihisa Komori,
Associate Correspondent in Washington, D.C. for The Sankei Shimbun
Related Topics:Abe Xianti-Japan policiesBeijingChina military threatChina stanceChina's coercive posturingChinese intrusionChristian Whitonfrom competition to cooperationHong Konghuman rights suppressionJapan-ChinaJapan-China relationsJapan's territorial watersMarco Polo bridge incidentNanjing incidentNational Securityone worldsankei shimbunSenkaku IslandsShinzo Abesmile diplomacyTrump administrationUS-ChinaUS-Japan allianceXi JinpingXinjiangYoshihisa Komori
Yoshihisa Komori is the associate correspondent for the Sankei Shimbun in Washington, D.C.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Durant la Segona Guerra Mundial, l'Operació Llevataps (anglès:Operation Corkscrew) va ser la invasió aliada de l'illa italiana de Pantelleria (situada entre Sicília i Tunísia) el 10 de juny de 1943. Ja hi havia un pla inicial per ocupar l'illa a les darreries de 1940, però es va avortar quan la Luftwaffe incrementà l'amenaça aèria de l'Eix a la regió.

L'interès aliat cap a Pantelleria tornà a inicis de 1943. Les instal·lacions aèries i l'aeroport de l'illa eren vistes com una amenaça per la planejada invasió de Sicília. A més, hi havia una oportunitat de valorar l'impacte del bombardeig preparatori sobre defenses molt fortificades.

L'intens bombardeig aeri de 10 dies reduí substancialment les defenses, i la guarnició italiana es rendí quan les forces britàniques van desembarcar-hi. Un informe del Professor Sir Solly Zuckerman afirmava que les defenses havien quedat reduïdes a un 47% d'efectivitat. La senzillesa de l'operació portà a una avaluació optimista sobre l'efectivitat del bombardeig, la qual no sempre seria així.

Les guarnicions italianes de les illes properes (Linosa i Lampedusa) van caure ràpidament. Això aclarí el camí per a la invasió de Sicília un mes després.

Operacions de la Segona Guerra Mundial
Batalla de la Mediterrània
Campanya d'Itàlia
Història de Sicília
Llevataps

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Pakistani court hands down 55-year sentences to 86 Islamists
January 18, 2020 January 18, 2020 admin 0 Comments Aasia Bibi, Ameer Hussain Rizvi, courts, Khadim Hussain Rizvi, Pakistan, pakistani, Tehreek-e-Labbaik party
Party activists were charged with damaging public property, beating people up while protesting against Aasia Bibi's acquittal.
ISLAMABAD: A Pakistani court has sentenced 86 members of a right-wing party to 55-year prison terms each for taking part in violent rallies in 2018 over the acquittal of a Christian woman in a blasphemy case, a party official said Friday.
The verdicts, unusually harsh for Pakistan, were announced late Thursday night by the court in Rawalpindi, a garrison city near Islamabad. The trial had lasted for over a year. Pir Ejaz Ashrafi, a senior leader of the Tehreek-e-Labbaik party, said the sentences would be appealed.
Among those sentenced was Ameer Hussain Rizvi, the brother of firebrand cleric Khadim Hussain Rizvi who heads the party.
" Justice has not been done," Ashrafi told journalists. "We will challenge the verdicts."
The 86 were charged with damaging public property, beating people up and disrupting normal life by staging sit-ins against the acquittal of Aasia Bibi earlier that year.
Bibi was convicted of blasphemy in 2009 and sentenced to death on charges of insulting Islam. Her case stemmed from a quarrel with fellow farm workers who refused to drink from the same water container used by a Christian. She consistently denied the charges against her.
The country's Supreme Court overturned her conviction in 2018 but after hard-line protesters staged nationwide rallies against the ruling, authorities continued to hold her in protective custody before she was allowed to leave for Canada last year to reunite with her family there.
In two related cases, Salman Taseer, the governor of eastern Punjab province, was shot and killed by one of his bodyguards in 2011 for defending Bibi. His assassin, Mumtaz Qadri, was celebrated as a martyr following his execution, with millions visiting a shrine erected in his honor near Islamabad.
Later in 2011, Pakistan's minister for minorities, Shahbaz Bhatti, was assassinated, also after demanding justice for Bibi.
Last year, authorities arrested Rizvi for leading incendiary rallies. He was later freed on bail on medical grounds pending trial.
Last month, in the Pakistani city of Multan, a court convicted Junaid Hafeez, a Muslim professor, of blasphemy, sentencing him to death for allegedly spreading anti-Islamic ideas. He was held for six years awaiting trial and spent most of that time in solitary confinement.
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HMS Leander (1848)
Name Leander (1848) Explanation
Launched (Sail) 8 March 1848 Converted to screw 16 February 1861
8 March 1848 Launched as 4th rate sailing ship at Portsmouth Dockyard.
- 8 June 1852 Commanded (from commissioning at Portsmouth) by Captain Sidney Colpoys Dacres, particular service (Squadron of Evolution)
- 22 November 1854 Commanded by Captain George St Vincent King, Portsmouth, then the Mediterranean and Black Sea during the Russian War
- 1855 Commanded by Captain Swynfen Thomas Carnegie, Black Sea, during the Russian War
6 January 1855 Commanded by Captain William Peel, flagship of Rear-Admiral Charles Howe Fremantle, Black Sea, during the Russian War
- 5 January 1856 Commanded by Captain William Moorsom, flagship of Rear-Admiral Charles Howe Fremantle, Black Sea, during the Russian War
- 23 September 1856 Commanded (until paying off at Chatham) by Captain Edward Bridges Rice, flagship of Rear-Admiral Charles Howe Fremantle, Balaclava after the Russian War
16 February 1861 Undocked as screw.
- 1 January 1866 Commanded (from commissioning at Sheerness) by Commodore Thomas Harvey, southern division of the Pacific station
- 16 June 1866 Commanded by Commodore Michael De Courcy, southern division of the Pacific station
- 17 November 1866 Commanded (until paying off at Sheerness) by Captain William Montagu Dowell, coming back from the Pacific
Tu 3 March 1863 Intelligence has been received at Chatham of the arrival in the Downs of the Channel squadron, under the command of Rear-Admiral Sir R. Smart, K.H., consisting of the Revenge, 73, Capt. C. Fellowes, flagship; the Warrior, 40, Capt. the Hon. A. Cochrane; the Black Prince, 40, Capt. J.F.B. Wainwright; the Defence, 16, Capt. A. Phillimore; and the Resistance, 16, Capt W.C. Chamberlain; The fleet was joined yesterday by the Emerald, 34, Capt. A. Cumming. The squadron will escort the Princess Alexandra to the Nore, where it will be joined by the Formidable, 84, Capt W.G. Luard, flagship of Vice-Admiral Sir W. J. Hope Johnstone, Commander-in-Chief; the Cumberland, 70, Capt. T.P. Thompson; the Leander, 51, and four gunboats.
Ma 25 July 1864 The Bacchante, screw frigate, 39 guns, Capt. Donald M.L. Mackenzie, arrived at Spithead on Thursday, about 2 p.m., from the Pacific. She sailed from Valparaiso on the evening of the 14th of April, with a freight of 125,000 dollars on board for Rio de Janeiro. At Valparaiso were Her Majesty's ships Leander, bearing the broad pennant of Commodore Harvey, and Alert, Commander Majendie; light southerly winds and calms were experienced after leaving Valparaiso until the 26th. The vessel made very little progress, having at that date only reached lat. 36.57 S.; long. 84.24 W. Beyond this point strong northerly and westerly winds were fallen in with, and continued until Cape Horn was rounded on the afternoon of the 8th of May. The Falkland Islands were passed on the 9th. Of May, fresh westerly winds prevailing. On the 10th of May the ship was under double-reefed topsails and courses, going nine knots, when the main yard was carried away at the slings. On the 14th it had been repaired and sent up again, but on the same day the starboard cutter was carried away in a heavy roll of the sea. From the 16th of May to the 22d the wind was very light. On the 22d of May there was a calm, and steam was got up in two boilers. At noon on the 25th the vessel anchored in the Bay of Rio de Janeiro, and found at anchor there Her Majesty's ships Egmont, Curlew, Stromboli, and Industry. Two deaths occurred on the voyage from Valparaiso to Rio - Henry Harris, private Royal Marine Light Infantry, received from Her Majesty's ship Nereus, and William Harford, gunner of the Royal Marine Artillery, serving on board the ship. The Bacchante having discharged her freight and received on board naval invalids from Her Majesty's ships on the station sailed from Rio anchorage for England on the 1st of June, under steam with two boilers in use, escorting the British ship Sophy out to sea until 20 miles S.S.E. of the bay. Then the Sophy, in obedience to a signal from the Bacchante, cast off the warps of her towing tug and stood out to sea under her canvas, a Federal man-of-war steamer being reported at the same time to be in sight and in pursuit. The Bacchante crossed the equator on the 15th of June in long. 30 W., and the Tropic of Cancer on the 26th of June in long. 42 35 W. Vice-Admiral Sir Michael Seymour, G.G.B., embarked on board the Fire Queen steam yacht, Staff Commander Paul, on Saturday, and proceeding out to Spithead inspected the Bacchante. The vessel after her inspection weighed her anchor and steamed into Portsmouth harbour to dismantle and pay out of commission.


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The Eastern Michigan Eagles Basketball team is a name of the basketball team, representing the Eastern Michigan University in Ypsilanti of Michigan. It had a former name of being the Eastern Michigan Hurons, The school's team competes in the Mid-American Conference, these days.
The team had played for the last time in the year of 1998 in the NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament. The Eagles are currently coached by Charles Ramsey.
The team has won three NCAA Division II national championships and 13 NAIA Division I national championships in five different sports like baseball, men's cross country, men's swimming and diving, men's indoor track and field, and men's outdoor track and field.
The men's cross country team had finished second to Indiana University in the year of 1940, at the national meet hosted by Michigan State University. EMU had been a member of the Illinois Intercollegiate Athletic Conference from 1950-1961.
The team had stood at the sixth place in the baseball team in the year of 1976. the team was defeated by the University of Arizona in the final game of the College World Series at Johnny Rosenblatt Stadium in Omaha of Nebraska.
The team had played very well under the coaching by Ron Oestrike, the Hurons had defeated Maine, Clemson, and Arizona State before losing its last two games to Arizona. The men's basketball team of the school has appeared NCAA Division I tournaments for four times.
They have set a record of 3-4, which was considered as a great tie for third best among Michigan colleges. They had also got the chance to reach in the Sweet Sixteen in the 1991 tournament, where they had defeated Duke University in the first round of the 1996 tournament.
The Eagles also hold the record for the most MAC Championships in a single sport, they have appeared in 25 games, for Men's Swimming and Diving, and had a series of win over for the years like 1979, 1981-1996, 1998, and 2000-2005.
The Eastern Michigan Eagles has a mid-major college football program at Eastern Michigan University. They compete in Division I-A, and the Mid-American Conference. The football team usually plays one home game a year at Ford Field in downtown.
If we look at the history of the program, then it is easy to say that it had problems, to attract the fans for their football games each season. According to the NCAA rules, a team needs to attract an average of 15,000 fans per game, in order to stay in Division I-A for football, each.
Eastern's EMU Foundation purchased 5,000 tickets for local high school students to curb this threat to their status. The annual game at Ford Field also boosts their average attendance.
The interesting and the greatest football victory in EMU history had occurred in December 1987. it was a time, when The MAC Champion Hurons had defeated 17 1/2 point favorite San Jose State in the California Bowl.
The victory culminated a 10-2 season and improbable rise from the depths of Division I-A college football. It happened only after two years of serious losses by the team.
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Order of magnitude shows the relative size of numbers. This is a list of things that fit into the size range.
The number of infallible people at Wikipedia: Jimbo Wales.
The percent of Wikipedia editors who are female: 9%.
The current size of the WMF paid staff is 117.
The amount of grants WMF gave out in 2010-11: $770,000.
The number of vandalism edits each day.
Projected WMF revenue for 2011-12: $29.5 million.
I can't count this high.


text:
Thomas Becket (/ˈbɛkɪt/) (Londres, 21 de diciembre de 1118-Canterbury, 29 de diciembre de 1170), conocido también como Tomás Becket, Tomás de Canterbury, Tomás de Cantorbery, Tomás Canturiense o Tomás de Londres fue un noble, político y religioso católico inglés, arzobispo de Canterbury entre 1162 y 1170; y lord canciller del Reino de Inglaterra.

Fue asesinado tras entrar en conflicto con Enrique II por la defensa de los intereses de la Iglesia católica inglesa, por lo que es considerado mártir y venerado como santo por las iglesias católica y anglicana, siendo conmemorado el 29 de diciembre. Es representado con una espada, símbolo de la forma en que murió, o con elementos de un obispo católico.

Biografía

Primeros años y familia
Tomás nació en Londres, el 21 de diciembre de 1118, en el seno de una familia burguesa originaria de Caen en Normandía, bajo el reinado del normando Enrique I de Inglaterra. Era hijo de Gilberto Becket y su esposa  Matilda.

Estudios
Gilberto era amigo, entre otros, del acaudalado noble Richer de L'Aigle -posteriormente firmante de la Constitución de Clarendon contra Tomás-, que se sentía atraído por las hermanas de Tomás, y fue quien le enseñó al niño normas de cortesía y buenas maneras, a montar a caballo y a cazar. Gracias a ello, Tomás participó en justas y torneos.

A los diez años, Tomás realizó sus primeros estudios de leyes civiles y canónicas en la abadía de los monjes de Merton, en Surrey. También estudió teología en París y Bolonia.

Carrera política y religiosa
De regreso a Inglaterra, se puso a las órdenes del arzobispo de Canterbury, Teobaldo, que impresionado por su capacidad y sagacidad, y por su educación, le encargó varias misiones en Roma.

En 1154 fue nombrado arcediano de Canterbury y preboste de Beverley y, al año siguiente, canciller del reino.

Controversia con la corona
Enrique II de Inglaterra, como todos los reyes normandos, quería ser el soberano absoluto, tanto de su reino como de la Iglesia, basándose en las costumbres ancestrales de sus antepasados; quería eliminar los privilegios adquiridos por el clero inglés, que consideraba disminuían su autoridad.

Becket le pareció la persona idónea para defender sus intereses; el joven canciller se convirtió no solo en un fiel servidor de Enrique II, sino también en un excelente compañero de caza y diversiones, manteniendo, no obstante, con mucha diplomacia, su renuncia a las pretensiones del rey. Nadie dudaba, excepto quizá Juan de Salisbury, de la total entrega y fidelidad de Becket a la causa real. El rey envió a su hijo Enrique a vivir en la casa de Becket, tal y como se acostumbraba a hacer con los niños de la nobleza. Más tarde, esta sería una de las razones por las cuales Enrique se enfrentaría a su padre, al estar afectivamente ligado a su tutor Becket.

El arzobispo Teobaldo falleció el 18 de abril de 1161 y el capítulo acogió con cierta indignación el hecho de que el rey les impusiera a Tomás como sucesor en la sede arzobispal de Canterbury, cuando el previsto era Gilbert Foliot. La elección tuvo lugar en mayo y Becket fue consagrado el 3 de junio de 1163. A Foliot se le dio en compensación el obispado de Londres.

Arzobispado

Desde el momento en que fue consagrado, una transformación radical se operó en el nuevo primado ante la estupefacción general de todo el reino. El cortesano alegre y amante de los placeres dio paso a un prelado austero y piadoso con ropas de monje agustino y dispuesto a sostener hasta la muerte la causa de la jerarquía eclesiástica. Repartió entre los pobres sus riquezas, acogía en su propia casa a los necesitados, lavaba los pies a los pobres a diario e incluso lloraba al celebrar la Misa. El rey empezó a darse cuenta de su error y a apoyarse cada vez más en el obispo de Londres, Gilbert Foliot, que resultó ser el verdadero partidario de la autonomía de la Iglesia de Inglaterra y no Thomas Becket.

Ante el cisma que dividía a la Iglesia, Becket se inclinó a favor del papa Alejandro III que sustentaba los mismos principios jerárquicos, y recibió el palium o estola de Alejandro en el concilio de Tours.

De regreso a Inglaterra, Becket empezó a poner en práctica el proyecto que había preparado: liberar a la Iglesia de Inglaterra de las limitaciones que él mismo había consentido aplicar. Su objetivo era doble: abolición completa de toda jurisdicción civil sobre la Iglesia, con el control no compartido por el clero, libertad de elección de sus prelados y la adquisición y seguridad de la propiedad como un fondo independiente.

El rey comprendió rápidamente el resultado inevitable que esta actitud del arzobispo comportaba y convocó al clero en Westminster el 11 de octubre de 1163, exigiendo la derogación de todas las demandas de excepción jurídica civil y reconociendo la igualdad de todos los individuos ante la ley. La alta prelatura se hallaba dispuesta a admitir las peticiones del rey, a lo que se negó firmemente el arzobispo. Enrique no estaba dispuesto a mantener una disputa abierta y propuso un acuerdo apelando a las costumbres del pasado. Tomás aceptó este acuerdo, aunque con ciertas reservas respecto a la salvaguarda de los derechos de la Iglesia; no hubo consenso y la cuestión quedó sin resolver. Enrique II, insatisfecho, abandonó Londres.

Las constituciones de Clarendon
El rey convocó otra asamblea en Clarendon el 30 de enero de 1164 en la que presentó sus demandas expuestas en dieciséis puntos. Sus peticiones implicaban el abandono de la independencia del clero y de su dependencia de Roma. Aparentemente obtuvo la aprobación del clero, pero no la de su primado.

Becket trató de llegar a un acuerdo mediante la discusión de los puntos expuestos por el rey, pero ante la obstinación del mismo, se negó a firmar el tratado. Esto significó la guerra abierta entre los dos poderes en cuestión. Enrique trató de deshacerse de Becket por la vía judicial y lo convocó ante el gran consejo de Northampton el 8 de octubre de 1164, para responder a la acusación que se le hacía: oposición a la autoridad real y abuso de su cargo de canciller.

Becket deja Inglaterra

Becket negó el derecho de la asamblea para juzgarlo y recurrió al papa; pero, dándose cuenta del peligro que corría, se exilió voluntariamente el 2 de noviembre, refugiándose en Francia. Se dirigió a Sens donde se encontró con el papa Alejandro III, quien recibió asimismo a unos enviados del rey que solicitaban, en su nombre, que tomase medidas contra Becket y enviase un legado a Inglaterra con autoridad plenaria para resolver el problema. Alejandro III se negó a tales pretensiones y prestó su apoyo a Becket.

Enrique persiguió al arzobispo fugitivo, dictando una serie de decretos contra Becket aplicables a todos sus amigos y partidarios; pero Luis VII de Francia lo acogió y le ofreció su protección. Becket permaneció dos años en la abadía cisterciense de Pontigny, hasta que las amenazas de Enrique lo obligaron a regresar a Sens.

Becket, en plena posesión de sus prerrogativas, quería que su posición fuera mantenida por medio de la excomunión y la prohibición, pero aunque Alejandro III simpatizaba con las ideas de Becket, prefería contemporizar y atemperar para lograr sus propósitos. Las diferencias entre el papa y el arzobispo se hicieron patentes y empeoraron cuando, en 1167, unos legados fueron enviados a Inglaterra con autoridad para arbitrar en la cuestión. Obviando esta limitación sobre su jurisdicción y persistiendo en sus principios, Becket pactó con los legados y se sometió a las condiciones del rey a cambio de que este respetase los derechos de su orden.

Su firmeza pareció recompensada cuando, en 1170, el papa estuvo a punto de cumplir sus amenazas de excomulgar al rey. Enrique, inquieto ante esta eventualidad, trató de llegar a un acuerdo que permitiese el regreso de Tomás a Inglaterra y dejarlo continuar con su ministerio.

Ambas partes siguieron irreconciliables y Enrique, apoyado por sus partidarios, se negó a devolver las propiedades eclesiásticas que había invadido. Tomás preparó la sanción contra todos aquellos que habían privado a la Iglesia de sus bienes y contra los obispos que la habían secundado. Tomás ya había sido enviado a Inglaterra para su promulgación, desembarcó en Sandwich el 3 de diciembre de 1170 y, dos días después, entró en Canterbury.

Asesinato

La tensión existente entre ambas partes imposibilitaba una salida satisfactoria y la catástrofe se veía venir. Dos frases del rey, exasperado, —«¿no habrá nadie capaz de librarme de este cura turbulento?» y «es conveniente que Becket desaparezca»— (es posible que las frases fueran apócrifas; según la tradición fueron dichas en un ataque de ira), fueron interpretadas como una orden para cuatro caballeros anglonormandos, Reginald Fitzurse, Hugo de Morville, William de Tracy y Richard Brito que, de inmediato, proyectaron el asesinato del arzobispo, que llevaron a cabo el martes 29 de diciembre de 1170 en el atrio de la Catedral de Canterbury mientras asistía a vísperas con la comunidad monástica. Becket fue rodeado y los cuatro caballeros le asestaron varios tajos en la cabeza con sus espadas. Las crónicas de la época recogen que el arzobispo no opuso resistencia y que antes de ser rematado pronunció la siguiente frase: «Muero gustoso por el nombre de Jesús y en defensa de la Iglesia católica».

El asesinato de Becket conmocionó a toda la cristiandad. Fue reverenciado por los fieles de toda Europa, que lo consideraron un mártir. Fue canonizado por el papa Alejandro III apenas tres años después, en 1173. El 12 de julio de 1174, Enrique II tuvo que hacer penitencia públicamente ante la tumba de su enemigo, que se convirtió en uno de los lugares de peregrinaje más populares de Inglaterra, hasta que fue destruida durante la disolución de los monasterios (1538 a 1541). En 1220, los restos de Becket fueron trasladados desde su primera tumba, donde habían sido sepultados gracias a los esfuerzos de su sucesor, Ricardo de Dover, a un relicario en la recién terminada capilla de la Trinidad. El suelo sobre el que descansaba ese relicario es aún señalado con una vela encendida. Hoy día, los arzobispos celebran la Misa en este lugar para conmemorar el martirio de Becket y el traslado de su cuerpo a ese emplazamiento.

Legado

Repercusiones en España

Este hecho histórico enlaza casualmente con varios puntos de España. Alfonso VIII, rey de Castilla, se casó en 1170 con Leonor, hija de Enrique II de Inglaterra, y le dio en arras a su esposa, entre otras ciudades y castillos que tenía en propiedad, la ciudad de Soria. Leonor de Plantagenet quiso homenajear al antiguo amigo de su padre pidiendo que quedase plasmado en la iglesia de San Nicolás de Soria el asesinato llevado a cabo en el atrio de la catedral de Canterbury. Así se hizo, y en las paredes de una de las capillas de esta iglesia, hoy en ruinas, se conserva entre sus frescos la representación de la muerte de Tomás Becket.

Apenas a los cinco años de su muerte y dos de su canonización existía ya una iglesia en Salamanca dedicada al culto de Tomás Becket.

Otra capilla dedicada a Tomás Becket se encuentra en Tarrasa (Barcelona), en la iglesia de Santa María del conjunto episcopal de Egara, con un magnífico fresco realizado sobre 1180.

La iglesia parroquial de Vegas de Matute, población de Segovia, está también dedicada a Tomás de Canterbury, patrón del pueblo.

En el municipio de Layana en las Cinco Villas, el santo patrón es Tomás de Canterbury.

En la pequeña localidad zaragozana de Anento es uno de los santos titulares en uno de los mejores retablos góticos conservados (segundo cuarto del ) de Blasco de Grañén, por sus dimensiones espectaculares, estar íntegro y en perfecto estado de conservación.

En Caldas de Reyes, provincia de Pontevedra, municipio por el que el santo pasó en 1170, se construyó a finales del  una iglesia de estilo ecléctico, proyectada por el arquitecto Domingo Rodríguez Sesmero en su honor. Posiblemente sustituyese a una iglesia de menor tamaño también dedicada a Santo Tomás.

Igualmente en Avilés, Asturias, existen dos iglesias dedicadas a Tomás Becket en el mismo barrio de pescadores: una medieval, la Iglesia vieja de Sabugo y otra de comienzos del , la Iglesia nueva de Sabugo, conocida como la catedral de Avilés.

Repercusiones y  referencias culturales
Las leyendas locales relacionadas con Becket surgieron en Inglaterra tras su canonización. Aunque son típicas las historias hagiográficas que revelan también su brusquedad de carácter.El pozo de Becket en Otford, condado de Kent, se dice que fue creado después de que Becket mostrara su desagrado por el sabor del agua de la ciudad. Asimismo se dice que surgieron dos manantiales de cristalinas aguas cuando golpeó el suelo con su báculo. La supuesta ausencia de ruiseñores en Otford también se atribuía a Becket quien, al ser molestado en sus rezos por el canto de un ruiseñor, habría ordenado que nunca volviera a cantar ninguno en la ciudad.

Según otra leyenda, los habitantes de la ciudad de Strood, también parte de Kent en aquella época, y sus descendientes, habrían nacido con cola por culpa de Becket, ya que los hombres de la ciudad habían apoyado al rey en sus luchas contra el arzobispo y, para demostrar ese apoyo, habrían cortado la cola del caballo de Becket a su paso por la ciudad.

Los Cuentos de Canterbury, de Geoffrey Chaucer, comienzan con un grupo de peregrinos que se dirigen, para ver el relicario del santo, a la catedral de Canterbury.

Las obras literarias modernas basadas en la historia de Tomás Becket incluyen las piezas Asesinato en la catedral de T.S. Eliot y Becket o el honor de Dios, de Jean Anouilh. Esta última fue adaptada al cine en Becket, dirigida en 1964 por Peter Glenville, con Richard Burton y Peter O'Toole en los papeles protagonistas. En el  Conrad Ferdinand Meyer escribió la novela Der Heilige (El santo) basada en Tomás Becket. En el , la novela Los pilares de la tierra, de Ken Follett, es un relato ficticio sobre las luchas de la Iglesia y la aristocracia que culmina en el martirio de Becket a manos de los hombres del rey Enrique.

Referencias

Bibliografía
 David Knowles. Thomas Becket, 1980 ISBN 978-84-321-2028-2

 Carles Sánchez Márquez(2021). Tomás Becket y la península ibérica: imágenes, reliquias y comitentes, Revista Románico, 32 (2021), pp. 8-15.
 Carles Sánchez Márquez (2021), Una tragedia pintada. El martirio de Tomás Becket en Santa Maria de Terrassa y la difusión del culto en la península ibérica. Anem Editors. ISBN 978-84-121359-9-2.

Enlaces externos

 Biografía del Santo Tomás Becket de Canterbury en el santoral católico de www.divinavoluntad.net

Mártires católicos de Inglaterra
Tomas Becket
Santos de la Comunión anglicana
Arzobispos católicos de Canterbury
Políticos de Inglaterra del siglo XII
Obispos de Inglaterra del siglo XII
Asesinatos en Inglaterra
Religiosos asesinados
Historia de Kent
Sepultados en la Catedral de Canterbury
Anglonormandos
Obispos santos
Arzobispos del siglo XII
Personas canonizadas por Alejandro III
Nacidos en Londres
Fallecidos en Canterbury