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International Journal of
Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance
ISSN: 0975 9506
Peer Review Journal
doi prefix: 10.25258/ijpqa
Volume13,Issue4
Volume9,Issue4
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Volume 13, Issue 1; January- March 2022
1.Effect of High-volume Low-concentration Intraperitoneal Bupivacaine on Patients Undergoing Post-laparoscopic Cholecystectomy Analgesia
Kunda Dimble, Soudamini Gandhi, N.V. Kanase
Background: The present study was conducted for assessing high-volume low-concentration intraperitoneal bupivacaine for post-laparoscopic cholecystectomy analgesia. Materials and Methods: A total of 100 patients scheduled to undergo laparoscopic cholecystectomy were enrolled. All subjects were kept on fasting 8 hours before surgery. Premedication in the form of i.v. midazolam, fentanyl and ondansetron were given. All the subjects were divided into two study groups as follows: Group A- Normal saline group and Group B- Bupivacaine group. All the surgical procedure was carried under the hands of skilled and experienced surgeons. After surgery, all the patients were subsequently transferred to the recovery area. Duration of analgesia and time to rescue analgesia was recorded in all the patients. All the results were recorded and assessed by SPSS software. Results: Group A and group B had mean age of 38.4 years and 36.9 years, respectively. There were 32 males and 18 females among group A and 31 males and 19 females in group B. Group A and group B had mean weight of 77.9 Kg and 81.8 Kg, respectively. Group A and group B had mean height of 174.6 cm and 171.8 cm respectively. Mean duration of analgesia and mean quantity of rescue analgesic requirement was significantly better among patients of group B. Conclusion: Intraperitoneal irrigation with high-volume low-concentration bupivacaine significantly enhances duration of analgesia.
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2.Comparative Effect of 0.5% Ropivacaine and 0.5% Bupivacaine Involving duration of Analgesia and Pain Levels Specifically for Lower Orthopaedic Surgeries
Kunda S. Dimble, Saudamini Mahendra Gandhi, Naseema V. Kanase
Aim: Comparative Effect of 0.5% ropivacaine and 0.5% Bupivacaine involving duration of analgesia and pain levels specifically for lower orthopaedic surgeries. Material and methods: The study was conducted in the department of surgery. Approval from institutional ethics committee was taken. Patients who were undergoing lower limb orthopaedic surgery and the Patients on beta adrenergic blocking treatment were taken. Results: 50 patients were signed up for the review, 25 patients were given 0.5% ropivacaine and 25 adjusted Bromage scale was utilized. Bromage scale adjustment data is provided in Table 3 including complete term of engine block and was adjusted in each gathering. It was seen that all out length of engine block came altogether higher in bupivacaine bunch (p < 0.001). Comparably the adjusted Bromage scale was likewise altogether higher in bupivacaine bunch (p < 0.001). The postoperative aggravation VAS scores were higher in Group I patients all through the review period than Group II measurably every one of the gatherings were tantamount besides at 18 hours. Conclusion: Ropivacaine is a somewhat more current long acting provincial sedative. It creates less level of engine block than bupivacaine which is alluring in specific circumstances. Also, it has diminished the potential for CNS and heart poisonousness.
3.The Influence of Age on Sensitivity to Dexmedetomidine Sedation during Spinal Anaesthesia in Infraumbilical Surgeries
Saudamini M. Gandhi, Kunda S. Dimble, Naseema V. Kanase
Aim: The influence of age on sensitivity to dexmedetomidine sedation during spinal anaesthesia in infraumbilical surgeries. Materials and Methods: Total 120 grown-up patients planned for elective infra umbilical medical procedure under spinal sedation. Patients were arbitrarily assigned into 3 gatherings in view old enough: Young gathering (patients 20–35 years old), Middle-matured bunch (patients 35–55 years old), Elderly gathering (patients 55–75 years old). Results: The mean dexmedetomidine requirement in the young age group was 2.17 ± 0.11, in the middle age group it was 0.85 ± 0.12 and in the elderly patients, it was 0.71 ± 0.09. Conclusion: The older patients required less measure of dexmedetomidine to accomplish a similar degree of sedation when contrasted with more youthful patients without causing huge bradycardia, hypotension, and respiratory wretchedness.
4.The Antioxidant Enzymes Gene Polymorphisms (GST and MnSOD Ala16Val SNP) in Poly-substance Abuse Cases
Fathy A. Abeed, Majd Dameh, Khulood M. Alsaraf, Mohammed S. Atiyah, Ghaidaa R. L. Al-Awsi, Hajer A. Obeid, Ghadeer S. Bustani, Mona N. Al-Terehi
The poly substance abuse (PSA) becomes an important problem among the Iraqi population, several factors contributed in the poly substance abuse incidence like bad lifestyle, tensions and oxidative stress, the current study was suggested to evaluate the GSTT1and GSTM1 null genotyping and manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD Ala16Val SNP) gene polymorphisms in the poly substance abuse in some Iraqi cases, GST detected by null genotyping PCR, the results showed that the GSTM null genotyping was elevated in PSA cases 41.67% while in control 6.89% in significant association (p 0.0017) (OR 9.6429, CI95% 1.8524 – 50.1971). the null genotyping of GSTT1 also significant elevation in PSA (62.5%) while in control was (17.24%) in significant differences (p 0.0013) (OR 8.0000, CI95% 2.2480 – 28.4693), the manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD Ala16Val SNP) detected via tetra primers ARMS-PCR technique, the results showed that The gene polymorphism of MnSOD produced homozygote (Val/Val and Ala/Ala) and heterozygotes (Val, Ala), the homozygote (Val/Val) was more observed in PSA cases (52.38%) than control group (39.28%), in non-significant differences (OR 1.7000, CI95% 0.5416 -5.3365, p 0.3633), while (Ala/Ala) was low frequent in PSA and control (9.52%, 10.71%) respectively in non-significant differences also (OR 1.1667, CI 0.1596 -8.5259, p 0.8793), The current finding concluded that there was a strong association between GSTT1 and GSTM1 null genotyping and weak assocation of the MnSOD Ala16Val SNP with Iraqi poly-substance addiction cases, its need more investigations about other antioxidant mechanisms role that contributed in the predisposed to drug abuse.
5.Substitution Mutation of eNOS gene (rs1799983 T>G) Effect in the ROS and TAO Levels in Alcohol Abuse Cases
Majd Dameh, Khulood M. Alsaraf, Fathy A. Abeed, Mohammed S. Atiyah, Ghaidaa R. L. Al-Awsi, Suhad S. Humadi, Ghadeer S. Bustani, Mona N. Al-Terehi, Kareem N. Hussain
The Current study aims to validate the association between eNOS gene variation at SNP rs1799983 and alcoholism regarding to the increment in the alcohol abuse and comorbidities in a high percent in Iraqi population in last years, and its effect in the reactive oxygen species (ROS), Total antioxidant capacity (TAO) and Alcohol level. A tetra ARMS-PCR technique used for detection T>G mutation. The results show three genotypes (TT, TC and CC) and two alleles (T and C), the genotyping distribution shows that GG was closely recurrent in alcoholism and control groups (55.26%, 54.16%) in non-significant differences (p 0.932), the GT was low frequent in alcoholism than the control group (34.21%, 41.66%) in non-significant differences (p 0.346), the TT was low frequent than other genotypes in both groups. The allele frequency shows non-significant closely frequent for T and C in both groups (p 0.622), the ROS level was low in all genotypes in non-significant differences GG (p 0.541), GT (P 0.502) and TT (p 0.175) in alcoholism than control group and non-significant differences among genotyping within the group for alcoholism and control groups (p 0.756 , p 0.171) respectively, the TAO level was non-significant decreased in the GT (p 0.135) and significant elevation in the TT in alcoholism (p 0.00), while in the GG (p 0.911) was approximately similar in non-significant between alcoholism and control group and non-significant variation within the alcoholism genotyping (p 0.807) and in control group (p 0.098). Our study concluded that a weak association of eNOS gene mutation at SNP rs1799983 and alcoholism, ROS and TAO level.
6.Formulation, Development, Evaluation and Optimisation of pH Dependent Drug Delivery System Containing Proton Pump Inhibitor
Prasad G. Ghugarkar, Preeti Khulbe
The current study was involved the formulation and evaluation of Rabeprazole pellet. In current study the pellet formulation of Rabeprazole was formulated by using Extrusion and Spherization technique. Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (APIs) and excipients selected for formulation was tested for preformulation study as well as by using analytical techniques like Ultra Violet (UV) Spectoscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy, Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). Initially cylindrical shaped structed mass formed by extruder then by using spheroniser it was transformed in to equal and sphere-shaped pellet. As Rabeprazole shows maximum drug absorption in basic pH condition, the strategy in current approach was used as a polymer coat. Before applying polymer, coat core pellet was coated for seal coating. Seal coat helps in protection of the core pellet from different environmental conditions as well as from another coat which applied on core pellet. After completion of seal coat polymer coat was applied by using Eudragit L 30. Polymer coat helps to release the formulation in appropriate location only. For seal coating and polymer coat Glatt instrument was used. After formulation the pellet was evaluated for all quality control parameters like Dissolution, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, Differential Scanning Calorimetry study. Stability study was performed on optimised batch.
7.The Influence of MnSOD Gene Polymorphism in the Reactive Oxygen Species and Alcohol Level in Smoker Alcoholism
Samar E. Izzat, Faten K. Al-husaini, Huda S. Jabr, Azher A. Ibrahem, Saif Y. Hasan, Saja M. Shareef, Doaa A. Hamad, Rahman S. Zabibah, Mona N. Al-Terehi
The alcohol abuse and smoker habit become the most health problems in Iraq, theses habit lead to some disease incidence and complications, the present study was conducted to estimate one of the important antioxidant enzymes gene polymorphism Manganese Superoxide Dismutase (MnSOD) in smoker and non-smoker of alcoholism individuals, and effect in the ROS and alcohol level, tetra ARMS-PCR was used for detection Ala16Val SNP, the results showed shows two alleles (T and C) and three genotyping (TT, TC and CC), the TT was more frequent in alcoholism (76.92%) than in control group (39.28%) in significant differences (p 0.0091), while TC less frequent in Alcoholism (23.07%) than in the control group (50%) in non-significant differences (p 0.3315), The effect of comorbidity between alcohol abuse and smoker habit in the MnSOD gene polymorphism was studied in current research, two genotypes were observed (TT and TC) and CC didn't found, non-significant differences were observed in TT and TC (p 0.335), the allele frequency shows that T allele was significant association with alcoholism and smokers, The ROS level shows non-significant differences slightly increased in non-smoker group (p 0.555), and in the TT genotype in the alcohol abuse (p 0.835), alcohol abuse with smoker (p 0.787) and low decreased in alcohol abuse non-smoker (p 0.667), the alcohol level in the study groups shows increased in the smoker group than non-smoker in non-significant differences (p 0.250), and its increased in TT genotype in all groups in non-significant differences of alcohol abuse (p 0.393), alcohol abuse with smoker (p 0.326) and alcohol abuse non-smoker (p 0.956), the alcohol level in the study groups shows increased in the smoker group than non-smoker in non-significant differences (p 0.250) and its increased in TT genotype in all groups in non-significant differences of alcohol abuse (p 0.393), alcohol abuse with smoker (p 0.326) and alcohol abuse non-smoker (p 0.956), The present results concluded that there was a strong association between TT genotype and alcoholism, but the smoker shows week association with MnSOD at the Ala16Val SNP, and non-significant association of ROS and alcohol with smoker and non-smoker of alcoholism.
8.Development and Validation of RP-HPLC Method for the Simultaneous Determination of Cisplatin, Capecitabine and Trastuzumab
Kiran K. Katare, Usharani Mandapati, Mohan Seelam, Srinivasa R. Gundumolu, Nagalakshmi Vedula
The reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) technology was used to produce a simple, predictable, and accurate method for estimating Cisplatin, Capecitabine, and Trastuzumab. The following chromatographic conditions were used: phase of inactivity C18, 150 mm x 4.6 mm, 3.5m., Waters symmetry Adjust the pH to 2.5 using ortho phosphoric acid and a 2.5 mL buffer of Hexane Sulphonic Acid in 1 L of water: The diluent was mobile phase, with acetonitrile (40:60v/v) and a flow rate of 1.0-mL/min. The detection wavelength was set at 232 nm, the column temperature was set to ambient, and the detection wavelength was set at 232 nm. As an optimized procedure, the conditions were finalized. By injecting the standard five times, system suitability parameters were investigated, and the results were considerably below the acceptance criteria. Between 10% and 15% levels, a linearity analysis was conducted, and the R2 value was found to be 0.999. For repeatability, precision was found to be 0.2, 0.24, and 1.79, and for intermediate precision, 0.47, 0.32, and 1.73. LOQs are 0.001, 0.5, and 0.15 g/mL, as well as 0.01, 5, and 1.5 g/mL. Using the foregoing procedure, an analysis of marketed formulation revealed that 100.02 percent, 100.4 percent, and 100.6 percent were present. Cisplatin, Capecitabine, and Trastuzumab have all been studied. The purity threshold was greater than the purity angle in all cases and within the permitted range.
9.Comparison of the Efficacy of Ramosetron and Palonosetron in Preventing Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting in Patients undergoing Laparoscopic Surgery
Naseema V. Kanase, Saudamini M. Gandhi, Kunda S. Dimble
Aim: To compare the efficacy of Ramosetron and Palonosetron in preventing postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) in patients undergoing laparoscopic surgery. Method and material: The present study was conducted at the department of anesthesia after taking approval from institutional ethical committee. 70 patients of either gender between the ages of 18 and 60 who have an ASA grade I status 2 were randomly distributed into 2 groups (n=35 each) by block randomization method. Group A patients were administered .075mg palonosetron intravenously (IV) while Group B patients were administered 0.3 mg intravenous Ramosetron (IV). The efficacy of both the drugs was recorded on base of parameters such as nausea, vomiting or usage of rescue medication. Results: No significant difference was observed in VRS regarding PONV, use of rescue drug or incidence of hypotension. Conclusion: Our study showed that Palonosetron and Ramosetron were both equally efficacious in controlling PONV in a patient undergoing laparoscopic surgery under general anaesthesia.
10.Effectiveness of Anaphalis triplinervis on Carbon Tetrachloride-induced Hepatic Injury in Rats by Interfering with the Inflammatory, Cell Death and Oxidative-stress Pathways
Mohit Kotnala, Tarun Virmani
The continuous practice of traditional medicines provides scientific validation of the use of herbal medicines, which eventually leads to widespread recognition among the socioeconomic healthcare systems. Anaphalis triplinervis, (Asteraceae) is native species being used to prevent, treat, and cure the hepatic ailment, in Chinese and Indian traditional systems of medicine. we investigated the hepatoprotective effect of A. triplinervis extracted with hydroethanolic solvent (HEEAT) a potent natural anti-oxidant against carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatic injury in rats and elucidate the inflammatory cascade leading to apoptosis in adult rat liver. Adult Wistar rats were randomized into 6 groups and each group contains six animals, (n=6). Group I: normal control; animals treated with vehicle. Group II: toxin control; rats administered with CCl4+Olive oil 1:1 i.p., Group III: standard; silymarin (125 mg/kg), Group IV, V, and VI administered with HEEAT 100, 200, 300 mg/kg up to 14 days. The body weight and hematological assessment were performed further the antioxidant activity was determined by assay for catalase, glutathione reductase, superoxide dismutase, and malondialdehyde in the hepatic tissue. Increased oxidative stress, cytokines (TNF-alpha and IL-1beta), NF-kappa β, and caspase-3 levels in CCl4-treated rats. Co-administration with HEEAT significantly prevented all the biochemical and molecular alterations in the hepatic tissue of CCl4-treated rats in a dose-dependent manner. The hepatoprotective effect was further confirmed by examining the liver organ weight and histopathological analysis using H&E staining. Collectively the findings from the current study demonstrate the possible involvement of oxidative- stress-mediated activation of inflammatory cascade and apoptosis in chronic CCl4-induced liver injury and suggest the effectiveness of HEEAT in mitigating the liver toxicity associated with chronic CCl4 administration. Further, our study using morphological, hematological, biochemical, histopathological data analysis suggest that HEEAT may serve as an effective antioxidant and hepatoprotective candidate.
11.Determination of Nickel as an Elemental Impurity in Atorvastatin Calcium by Atomic Absorption Spectrometer
Pal AKF, Raja S
According to an international conference on harmonization (ICH), elemental impurities can come into drug products from various sources. These elemental impurities thus have to be quantified in drugs. Atorvastatin calcium is a widely used drug to treat cardiovascular diseases. Nickel used as a catalyst during the synthesis process of atorvastatin calcium can cause toxicity to humans and, hence, have to be quantified. A simple, efficient, and accurate, validated method was developed to estimate nickel content as an elemental impurity in atorvastatin calcium using atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) with 0.2 nm slit width with a nickel hollow cathode lamp. Acetylene and air mixture was used for flame with 232.0 nm wavelength. The system performance was evaluated by performing the system suitability parameters. The limit of detection and limit of quantification were found to be 0.086 mg/mL and 0.23 mg/mL, respectively. Accuracy studies recoveries were performed at three spiking levels at 50%, 100%, and 150%, and the results were found to be 92.67%, 91.33%, and 91.00%, respectively. It concludes that according to the United States Pharmacopeia (USP) <232>, this developed and validated atomic absorption spectroscopy method for determining nickel in atorvastatin calcium medication substance was within the permitted limit.
12.The Impact of eNOS Gene Polymorphism (rs1799983 T>G) in the Malar Rash, Sex and Treatment Types of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Sarah A. Hamood, Esmat Khaleqsafat, Faraj Mohammed, Thulfeqar A. Hamza, Fatin A. A. Muhammed, Ghadeer S. Bustani, Amer N. Alturaihi
The study aims to detect Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase gene polymorphism (rs1799983 T>G) in the Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in some Iraqi cases, tetra ARMS-PCR was used to detect T>G substitution mutation, the results showed that About 80% of patients didnot suffer from malar rash while 20% were with malar rash and patients used three types of drugs (Rituximab, Endoxan and methylperdnisolon). The rs1799983 T>G genotyping showed three types of genotypes; GT, GG and TT. Non-significant differences were observed for all genotypes. The GG frequent percent was 50% in SLE and 56% in control group (p 0.641), GT was more frequent in SLE than control (47.36% and 40%), respectively (p 0.688), and low percent's of TT in both group (2.63% and 4%). Low T allele percentage in SLE and control, high frequent of G allele in both groups. According to malar rash, a high percent of GT frequency in the patients with malar rash (71.42%) than non malar rash group (41.93%) there was non-significant association of all genotypes with malar rash (p 0.223 and p 0.906) for GG, GT and TT, respectively. The allele frequency shows significant association (p 0.000), G was more frequent in malar rash than non-malar rash group (0.64), while T low percentage in malar rash than another group (0.35). belong to sex, significant association was observed in GG with female and GT with male (p 0.0002), the TT non-significant association with sex, the allele frequency showed non-significant association with sex despite of the high percent of G allele in both male and female, The genotyping frequency distribution according to SLE treatment, in the Rituximab the GG and GT was more frequent, then in the endoxan that the GG and GT have a same frequent, the methylperdnislon was little used as treatment and has same frequent of GG and GT. The current study concluded that no association between eNOS rs1799983 T>G and SLE, malar rash and weak association with SLE treatment, but significant association was observed in GG with female.
13.Metronidazole Resistant Bacteroides species isolated from a Tertiary Care Hospital from North India
Shubham Chauhan, Ritu Garg, Narinder Kaur, Amit Mittal, Rosy Bala, Jyoti Chauhan, Harit Kumar
Bacteroides species are the most common gram-negative anaerobic bacteria identified in surgical site infections as per our studies. Diabetic foot and burn wound infections have higher chances of surgeries and use of metronidazole for the treatment of anaerobic infections may lead to metronidazole resistance. There is a requirement for up-to-date geographical and therapeutically relevant data for Bacteroides species. The purpose of this study was to identify the rate of Bacteroides species with metronidazole resistance. We had collected 100 samples from burn wounds and diabetic foot ulcers in Robertson Cooked Meat (RCM) broth. Then it was sub-cultured on anaerobic blood agar in a gas pak jar. Isolates were identified based on culture morphology and standard biochemical techniques. Antimicrobial sensitivity was evaluated by using several frequently used antimicrobial agents as per CLSI. A total of 52 anaerobic bacteria were isolated. In gram negative Bacteroides species, there were 34.61%, while in gram positive Peptostreptococcus species, there were 42.30%. 11.11% (4/18) of Bacteroides species were resistant by to metronidazole and had the same 11.11% (4/18) were resistant to piperacillin-tazobactum. In Pepetostreptococcus resistance to penicillin was about 72% (16/22) and 18% (2/22) in Metronidazole. Eubacterium species were 50% resistant to piperacillin-tazobactum and clindamycin. Fusobactrium species were totally resistant to penicillin.
14.Removal of Amino Drug from Aqueous Solution by Clay and Study of Optimum Condition Colorimetric Determination of Amino Drug Using Reagent: Stability and Higher Sensitivity
Sadiq A. Karim, Aseel M. Aljeboree
One of the most dangerous pollutants in water are pharmaceutical, which were treated with the use of easy, simple and inexpensive. The adsorption process depends on the use of available and inexpensive surfaces. In this study, it relied on the use of clay (Bentonite), where several factors were studied, including the effect of surface weight, the effect of drug concentration and function. The acidity isotherms were also studied, and it was based on measuring the concentration of the residual from the adsorption process with the formation of the colored complex. In this paper, a fast, inexpensive, simple and highly sensitive colorimetric method was used for the determination of the amino drug (4-Aminoantipyrine 4AAP). A new azo dye was prepared by the diazanium process in the presence of acidic medium and the formation of diazanium salt, which reacts with a reagent in the presence of an alkaline medium to form azo dye with violet color. Several factors have been studied to develop the color of the compound and to obtain the best absorption and high sensitivity. Among these factors are the effect of reagent volume, effect of base volume and quality, effect of temperature, effect of addition order and type of reagent. This colorimetric method is very suitable for the determination of 4AAP in commercial pharmaceutical formulations such as.tablets and capsules to give a stable color for three hours. This method is characterized by its color accuracy and high accuracy, as well as high sensitivity for drug estimation.
15.Impact of COVID-19 and New Clinical Trial Rules, 2019 on Clinical Trial Applications in India
Nisha Kaushik, Disha Pant, K. Bangarurajan, Arti R. Thakkar
The central drugs standard control organization (CDSCO), Indian national regulatory authority under the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare have revised the clinical trial regulations in 2019 and there was a tremendous change in the approach for regulatory approvals due to the COVID-19 pandemic. A tremendous strain has been observed on the clinical research activities due to the COVID-19 pandemic which involves the redirection of resources and avoidance of personal meetings. Therefore, an urgent need of innovative solution was identified to enhance the overall performance clinical research during this pandemic. The innovative solutions include involvement of digital biomarkers, digital information consent form, digital health record and digital case report form. In the present study, impact of new drugs and clinical trials rules 2019 and COVID-19 pandemic on clinical trials applications received by CDSCO and evaluated by Subject Expert Committees (SEC) have been analyzed retrospectively. The author concluded that new drugs and clinical trials rules were enforced recently by the regulatory bodies to meet the requirement of emergency medical conditions. A large number of variations in the clinical trials application were observed in terms of the types of trial and the procedure after the implementation of new clinical trial rules.
16.A Review on Antioxidants as Therapeutic in Use of Oxidative Stress and Neurodegenerative Disease
Rana K, Priyanka Gautam
Normal aerobic cellular metabolism, therefore, generates free radicals. An instinctive antioxidant device of the frame performs an influential function inside any damage due to free radicals' prevention by the body's antioxidant mechanism. Conversely, an imbalanced process of antioxidants, overconsumption, or assimilation of loose militants as of the environment to the dwelling device ensuing in neurodegenerative sicknesses, reasons neural cells to travel through purposeful or sensory loss. Moreover, numerous different environmental or genetic factors, oxidative stress (OS) are the primary motives for the atom assault on neural cells that contribute a ruinous function to neurodegeneration. Although oxygen is additionally a should, imbalanced antioxidants and extra reactive oxygen species (ROS) outcomes in quite a few continual problems like cancer, diabetes, coronary heart sicknesses, and neurodegenerative sicknesses similar to Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), aging, also plenty more and lots of varied neural problems. Recently, Several Antioxidants are being hired upon as resounding healing towards dementia that reversing age-associated declines in neurocognitive performances and excessive neuronal loss, as they will prevent oxidative pressure via way of means of neutralizing loose radicals. Diet is a chief supply of antioxidants and plant natural flavonoids, are catching interest to be an advert supply of phytonutrients at this time. Here, we review how C. elegans has been utilized for understood oxidative stress and neurodegenerative diseases therapeutic. Specifically, we will discuss the mechanisms that lead to free radicals that disrupted the antioxidant system and the pharmacological therapy that has been in use for a long time, and novel therapies in an oxidative stress consequence.
17.A Review on Nickel Estimation as an Elemental Impurity by Various Analytical Techniques
Pal AK, Raja S
Nickel is a suspected immunotoxic and immunomodulatory agent and an allergen in humans in its elemental form. Also, nickel is a carcinogen that can cause multiple types of cancer in humans. According to the international council for harmonization (ICH) quality guideline ICH Q3D (R1), nickel falls under category 2A. It means that nickel has a high chance of occurring in drugs, and hence the risk assessment must be done compulsorily. The goal of this review is to summarize how various analytical methods such as X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, atomic absorption spectroscopy, and inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy have been used to quantify nickel as an elemental impurity in various sample materials such as pharmaceutical drugs, cosmetics, blood plasma, and environmental water and soil samples, among others. This evaluation serves as a guide to determining the optimal analytical approach for estimating nickel based on several aspects such as sample type, sensitivity required, skill, and method cost.
18.Biochemical Studies in Osteoporosis of Women in Central India
Ankita Kondhalkar, Ranjit Ambad, Nandkishor Bankar, Chandrasekhar Mahakalkar
Background: Osteoporosis is a condition that can have a significant influence on many postmenopausal women's lives. As the population ages, osteoporosis with its potentially fatal consequence of fracture is becoming more common and assessing bone health is an important part of a woman's normal care. More tangible efforts are required for osteoporosis patient prevention, early diagnosis, and practicable and inexpensive management. We anticipated that biochemical markers could allow for dynamic and quick measurements of total body skeletal metabolism, which could be useful in the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis (PMO) as well as evaluating the effectiveness of antiresorptive therapy. Aim: Biochemical Studies in Osteoporosis of Women in Central India. Material and Method: The present study was conducted at the Department of Biochemistry, Datta Meghe Medical College and Shalinitai Meghe Hospital Nagpur and JNMC Sawangi Wardha. The postmenopausal women in the age group of 45 to 60 years and diagnosed as osteoporosis by clinician were selected as study group. Results: This study demonstrates that osteoblastic activity as assessed by bone formation marker is elevated in PMO. Osteocalcin is a promising marker of bone turnover & it can provide dynamic status of bone remodeling. Simple, straightforward, low-cost biochemical markers such as blood calcium, ALP, albumin, and phosphorus could be employed as indicators of accelerated bone turnover in routine biochemical studies in osteoporosis of 150 women to enable early management to reduce fracture owing to osteoporotic changes. The combined use of bone mineral density (BMD) and these biochemical markers will be of great help to the treatment decisions and to monitor effect of therapy. Conclusion: Acute variations in bone turnover rate are reflected by biochemical indicators of bone. Bone turnover lowers in PMO women on antiresorptive medication, as evidenced by lower levels of marker. Changes in the concentration of these indicators can be used to track how effectively a treatment is working. Antiresorptive therapy-induced decreases in marker levels may be an early indicator of eventual BMD increases and a reduction in fracture risk.
19.Study on the Effects of Nicotine on Platelet Function in Chronic Nicotine Gum Users
Ranjit Ambad, Neha Bhatt, Sunita Vagha, Ninad Nagrale
Background: Chronic nicotine intake may modify the state of haematological parameters and further clarify the consequences of nicotine use on health, given the varied pharmacological properties of nicotine and additives and their widespread usage in many regions and nations. The health effects of smokeless nicotine use, regardless of form of use, have been thoroughly established. Objective: The goal of this study was to see how nicotine affected platelet count and function hematologically. Materials and Methods: The research was conducted at the department of pharmacology at a tertiary healthcare centre in Central India. A rigorous assessment was performed on 400 seemingly healthy people, 200 of whom were chronic nicotine gum users and the other 200 were non-users. Personal information, work department, history of smoking, chewing nicotine, history of exposure to nicotine smoke, history of any chronic disease such as diabetes mellitus, and medication history were all documented. Hematological tests were carried out. The platelet count was estimated using an automated blood analyzer. Results: The following platelet metrics are higher in chronic nicotine gum users than in non-users- Statistically significant platelet count, PCT is statistically insignificant. Conclusion: In contrast to nonusers, nicotine usage in healthy people was associated with significant impacts on platelet indices, such as an increase in the mean MPV and PDW values.
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text:
package types

import (
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)

// Expression is S-expression
type Expression interface{}

// Number is number of scheme. (based on Go float64)
type Number float64

// Symbol is index of S-expression in some environment.
type Symbol string

// Boolean is boolean of scheme.
type Boolean bool

func (b Boolean) String() string {
	if b {
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	return "#f"
}

// Pair is cons
type Pair struct {
	Car Expression
	Cdr Expression
}

func (p *Pair) String() string {
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	if p.IsList() {
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			switch cdr := pp.Cdr.(type) {
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		return fmt.Sprintf("(%s)", strings.Join(tokens, " "))
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	return fmt.Sprintf("(%v . %v)", p.Car, p.Cdr)
}

// IsNull checking if pair is null or not.
func (p *Pair) IsNull() bool {
	return p.Car == nil && p.Cdr == nil
}

// IsList returns if pair is list or not.
//
// * empty pair is list
// * end of list should be empty pair (empty list)
func (p *Pair) IsList() bool {
	pp := p
	for {
		if pp.IsNull() {
			return true
		}
		switch cdr := pp.Cdr.(type) {
		case *Pair:
			pp = cdr
		default:
			return false
		}
	}
}

// Append add cons pair to given pair
// exp, first arguments of callee, should be car of this pair.
func (p *Pair) Append(exp Expression) *Pair {
	// append exp to tail
	pp := p
	for {
		if pp.IsNull() {
			break
		}
		pp = pp.Cdr.(*Pair)
	}
	pp.Car = exp
	pp.Cdr = &Pair{}
	return pp
}

// NewList makes concatenated pair's list.
// Internally, creating last pair and concatenate it with previous pair.
func NewList(args ...Expression) *Pair {
	// In normal, p is prefer to be defined by var statement because of no allocation.
	// But in this case, for empty list should be return empty pair.
	p := &Pair{}
	for i := len(args) - 1; i >= 0; i-- {
		p = &Pair{args[i], p}
	}
	return p
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
BlogsTalking Sport
Talking Sport: Hill fights the good fight amid Championship's financial fears
By Andrew Lodge
There is no doubt that the loss of both Jacob Butterfield (through injury) and loan star Danny Drinkwater (sold by Manchester United to Leicester City) certainly hampered Barnsley in their home defeat to Millwall last Saturday. Well that and an inability to cope with the physical presence of Lions forward Darius Henderson!
But Reds boss Keith Hill has moved quickly this week to plug the gaps left in the make-up of his midfield.
He has recruited two loan players, former Sheffield United ace Michael Tonge from Stoke, until the end of the season, and 20-year-old rising star Korey Smith from Norwich for a month.
Now it would not surprise me in the slightest if the Canaries agree to Smith staying on, like Tonge, until the end of the campaign, if he is getting regular games in the Barnsley side. And if Hill is impressed with him of course!
The Barnsley manager has it very, very tough when it comes to competing with other Championship clubs for players.
Look at current league leaders West Ham. This week they have offered £7m for Glasgow Rangers striker Nikica Jelavic. SEVEN MILLION!
It looks as if it might well be rejected, which, considering the financial plight of the Glasgow club seems rather ridiculous, but it is still a staggering sum to be offered by a Championship outfit, albeit one who only came down from the Premier League last term and enjoy the benefits of the top flight's parachute payments.
Can the Hammers, who reportedly pay Kevin Nolan something close to £50,000 per week in wages, truly afford to splash out that sort of cash? Only they will know, but there is no getting away from the fact that sort of transfer activity blows small clubs like Barnsley right out of the water.
The Reds and Hill would have loved to have kept Drinkwater at Oakwell until the end of the season. They would have loved signing him permanently I'm sure. But unfortunately the numbers could not stack up. They were priced out. After Drinkwater starred in the 2-1 win at the King Power Stadium, Leicester came galloping in with a £1m offer and the deal was done.
At the beginning of this season Barnsley saw their star centre-back Jason Shackell jump ship. On Tuesday night he will return to Oakwell with Derby County. He's sure to get 'the treatment' from the Barnsley faithful but deep down we all would admit to ourselves we would still love him at the club. He's a good player, but a good player we simply could not afford or persuade to stay.
As Hill himself says, 'it's just a fact of footballing life'. He admitted that he had to successfully compete financially with a League Two club in order to sign Chris Dagnall from Scunthorpe.
The majority of Barnsley supporters realise and accept that. And they also acknowledge just what a terrific job Hill and his assistant David Flitcroft have done to get the Reds so far away from the Championship's bottom three places as we head into February.
On a shoestring budget, it is a notable achievement, let me tell you.
As followers of the Oakwell Club, we all have the right to have an opinion. We may not agree with team selection on any given matchday, we may be disappointed with the performance. We may also be thrilled at what we witness, as we were by Barnsley's displays, home and away, against Leeds United this season.
And that memorable win at Leicester just under a fortnight ago.
But surely we must all admit that the Reds are up against it when competing in the Championship.
So while we are doing just that – competing – let's revel in it. Hill may demand otherwise, but even if Barnsley win one, lose one, from now until the end of the season, I won't be too disheartened by that. We are still doing better that what most pundits predicted for us.
Hill has pulled some rabbits out of the hat. David Perkins, signed on a free from Colchester, has been nothing short of a revelation. I've been impressed with Jimmy McNulty. Craig Davies has chipped in with some important goals.
No-one wanted to touch the talented Portuguese Ricardo Vaz Te at the start of this season. He was a free agent wondering if his time in English football was up.
Yet Hill and Flitcroft brought him to Barnsley – and after a steady if unspectacular start Vaz Te has flourished, and become the club's current leading scorer, attracting a lot of interest from other Championship sides along the way.
He only signed a one-year deal so he too might well be off at the end of the campaign.
But hopefully the truly important people will still be there, messrs Hill and Flitcroft, and you, the supporters!
Let's keep on bucking the odds, and fighting the good fight!
Donny and Pompey problems highlight football's financial fear
Over the last few seasons Barnsley have been bankrolled by benefactor Patrick Cryne. His money alone has kept the club afloat.
What would happen to the club if he was no longer there? I don't think there would be many people queing up to throw money at a small Championship club in South Yorkshire.
It is a major concern – and something I know Barnsley supporters regularly talk about.
And the financial fear in football has been highlighted again this week by the news emanating from Portsmouth and Barnsley's local rivals Doncaster Rovers.
Pompey's parent company, Convers Sport Iniatives (CSI) entered administration in November, forcing the Championship club to search for new owners.
And just last Friday administrator Andrew Andronikou revealed that the south coast club have missed two tax payments of £800,000 to HM Revenue and Customs.
As a result the club were issued with a winding-up petition by HMRC and will appear at the Royal Courts of Justice on Feberuary 20.
There is now real urgency to try and find a buyer before then.
Now a lot of football fans will say they have no sympathy for the club itself. They will recall Pompey splashing out astronomical wages of £40,000 per week not so many seasons ago. Simply irresponsible and unsustainable.
But supporters will feel for their fellow fans at Pompey. They are a loyal bunch and it was not their fault that the club overspent, and had too many 'controversial' owners.
Meanwhile, just down the road from Barnsley there appears to be cracks in the Doncaster dream.
Rovers, second-from-bottom of the Championship and five points adrift of safety, have been rocked by the news that four of the club's board have resigned.
Multi-millionaire pair Dick Watson and Terry Bramall, who made their fortune from the Keepmoat property company, have stepped down, along with Dick Watson's children Andrew Watson and Sarah Kell.
Their resignations came as a shock to chairman John Ryan, who admitted: "They were not at all expected. I came back from holiday in Barbados and had four resignations in the space of 48 hours. I'm feeling a bit battered and bruised by it all."
Ryan, Watson and Bramall all funded the club on an equal basis.
Ryan added: "We worked on the lines that if I put a pound in, then Dick and Terry would put a pound in too.
"It's too early to say what happens at the club now. I have to assess it.
"The fans need to rally round, and those people who have negative need to shut up. There is a minority who nwouldn't be happy even if we won the Champions League. There's no pleasing some people at all."
That 'minority' Ryan entioned is quite possibly mirrored at every other footbal club in the country. Realism seems to go out of the window!
While Bramall's resignation was a personal choice, Watson has been advised to stand down on medical grounds.
Ryan also revealed that Rovers have a shortfall in their budget of £5m. He said that between him and Watson they had pumped in £3.2m to try and herlp the club clamber away from the relegation places.
One of the most controversial things introduced by the club was to bring in football agent Willie McKay and only recruit players he suggested, mostly the loan signings of foreign footballers on his books.
Knowing Ryan's character, he will never give up fighting, but Donny look in a pickle. So too Pompey.
Like Portsmouth, Barnsley have been in administration themselves. They were 'saved' at the 11th hour by local man Peter Doyle, before he eventually sold, via a brief interlude with Sean Lewis, to Patrick Cryne.
Cryne, a shy man not used to the footballing limelight, has earned the gratitude of many Barnsley people for his financial support of the Reds.
Over the last 12 months the Oakwell outfit have really cut their cloth, to try and stand on their own two feet ahead of the introduction of the Financial Fair Play rules.
But it is a constant struggle – and the worries remain among Barnsley's own fanbase.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


AquaHarmonics has been declared a winner of US Department of Energy's Wave Energy Prize challenge, securing a $1.5 million cash prize.
CalWave Power Technologies and Waveswing America were awarded second and third place, respectively, with $500,000 and $250,000 in cash prizes, following an 18-month long competition.
Ninety-two teams registered for the competition back in April 2015, for which the main goal was to develop game-changing wave energy devices that will ultimately reduce the cost of wave energy.
AquaHarmonics was competing with its point absorber with latching/de-clutching control wave energy converter, CalWave Power Technologies with submerged pressure differential device, and Waveswing America with subsea pressure differential point absorber wave energy device.
Over the course of the competition, a panel of judges ultimately identified nine finalists and two alternates, which were announced in March.
These teams received up to $125,000 in seed funding to build scaled prototypes of their wave energy converter devices.
With the support of the US Navy, the finalist teams tested their prototype devices at the Naval Surface Warfare Center's Maneuvering and Seakeeping Basin at Carderock, Maryland.
Posted on November 17, 2016 with tags AquaHarmonics, CalWave Power Technologies, Wave Energy Prize, Waveswing America, winner.


text:
Craig A. Harris, Shareholder
Aynsley Young
Aynsley Young Discusses Paid Sick Leave with Texas Lawyer
Labor and Employment attorney Aynsley Young recently contributed an article to Texas Lawyer detailing how Austin became the first major southern city in the U.S. to address mandatory paid sick leave at a municipal level by enacting a paid sick leave ordinance for private employers, which was set to go into effect on Oct. 1, 2018, but has been delayed.
"The Ordinance generally requires employers to accrue paid sick time for employees working within Austin's city limits, and to allow those employees to request payment for using earned paid sick leave for absences caused by illness or injury of the employee or the employee's family members," said Young. "In addition, employees may use paid sick time for absences related to an instance of domestic violence, sexual assault, or stalking involving the employee or the employee's family member."
Subscribers can access the full article here or see below:
Although the Fair Labor Standards Act and its Texan equivalent, the Texas Minimum Wage Act, create minimum wage standards for employers, there is no federal or Texas state law requiring private employers to provide their employees with paid sick leave.
In 2011, Connecticut enacted a statewide statute requiring private-sector employers to provide paid sick leave to their employees. California followed with its own statewide law mandating paid sick leave in 2014. Since then, nine additional states and the District of Columbia have adopted laws requiring private-sector employers to provide paid sick leave to their employees.
On Feb. 16, Austin became the first major southern city in the United States to address mandatory paid sick leave at a municipal level by enacting a paid sick leave ordinance for private employers. This ordinance was set to take effect in Austin on Oct. 1. However, due to legal challenges discussed below, the effective date of the ordinance has been delayed and the future of the ordinance, and similar municipal paid sick leave laws in other Texas cities, remains uncertain.
The ordinance generally requires employers to accrue paid sick time for employees working within Austin's city limits, and to allow those employees to request payment for using earned paid sick leave for absences caused by illness or injury of the employee or the employee's family members. In addition, employees may use paid sick time for absences related to an instance of domestic violence, sexual assault, or stalking involving the employee or the employee's family member.
As drafted, the ordinance provides maximum coverage, through standardized paid sick leave, for employees working for a private employer within the city limits of Austin. However, because the ordinance broadly defines who qualifies as an employee and does not place any restrictions on the location of the employer, it implicates a great many employers and individuals who are located outside of Austin. For example, if an employer located in Dallas routinely sends one of its Dallas-based employees to work in Austin, that employee may be entitled to accrue paid sick time for the amount of time he or she works in Austin. The employee then is entitled to use this paid sick time at any time, regardless of the fact that the employee is based in Dallas.
The ordinance requires an employer to provide a qualifying employee with one hour of paid sick time for every 30 hours the employee works within the city limits of Austin. An employee is entitled to accrue and use up to 64 hours of paid sick time each year. The ordinance further requires that the employer compensate its employee at the employee's normal wages anytime the employee uses paid sick time.
Following Austin's adoption of the ordinance, multiple Texas cities are pushing to enact similar paid sick leave initiatives. In August, San Antonio adopted an ordinance implementing a mandatory paid sick leave system for private employees working in the city limits. The San Antonio ordinance is largely based on the Austin ordinance and is currently set to go into effect in August 2019. In addition, paid sick leave advocates in Dallas attempted to collect enough valid petition signatures to place a mandatory paid sick leave ordinance on the ballot for voter approval in the November elections. This effort ultimately fell short, but advocates in Dallas continue to push for the adoption of a citywide paid sick leave system. However, the future of city-mandated paid sick leave in Texas will depend in large part on the legal challenges made to the ordinance, currently pending before the Austin Court of Appeals, as well as the actions of the Texas Legislature in the upcoming 2019 legislative session.
On April 24, a coalition of local and national business associations filed a state court lawsuit seeking, among other things, a temporary injunction blocking the ordinance, arguing that it violates the Texas Constitution and conflicts with existing state law by effectively raising the minimum wage. The state intervened in this lawsuit, asserting that the ordinance undermines state sovereignty and is pre-empted by the Texas Minimum Wage Act. The trial court denied the injunction request in July. In response, the private business plaintiffs and the state filed an interlocutory appeal and asked that the Austin Court of Appeals enjoin the ordinance from taking effect during the pendency of the appeal.
On Aug. 17, the Court of Appeals granted the request and enjoined the ordinance from taking effect while the appeal of the trial court's denial of temporary injunctive relief is pending. Oral arguments were held on Oct. 17 before a panel of three justices and the parties now await the decision of the Austin Court of Appeals. In the event that the Austin Court of Appeals sides with the city the ordinance would likely take immediate effect.
The San Antonio paid sick leave law has not yet faced a legal challenge from either the state or local business associations. However, a coalition of San Antonio businesses filed an amicus brief opposing the Austin ordinance and supporting the position of the Austin businesses. It is likely that San Antonio businesses will wait for the Austin Court of Appeal's decision before initiating their own lawsuit against the San Antonio paid sick leave ordinance.
Regardless of the outcome of the legal challenge to the ordinance, Texas state legislators opposing the ordinance, and similar paid sick leave initiatives in other Texas cities, say they will seek to repeal the ordinance during the 2019 legislative session which begins on Jan. 8. In all likelihood, the legislative efforts to restrict paid sick leave will take the form of a statute expressly prohibiting local governments from enacting ordinances regulating employee benefits, including paid sick leave policies. If this type of law is enacted, then cities will be unable to implement municipal paid sick leave ordinances for private employers, leaving the power to regulate and require private employers to provide paid sick leave for its employees in the hands of the federal government or the state.


text:
Class-action lawsuit filed against former OSU doctor Richard Strauss
by: NBC News
Posted: Jul 17, 2018 / 09:19 PM EDT / Updated: Jul 17, 2018 / 09:19 PM EDT
COLUMBUS, Ohio (WDTN) — A federal class-action lawsuit has been filed by four former Ohio State University wrestlers against the University regarding sexual abuse from the team doctor, Richard Strauss, who died back in 2005, according to NBC News.
The wrestlers claim that administrators knew about the abuse, which occurred more than 20 years ago, and did nothing to stop it.
The lawsuit states that during routine medical examinations, the male athletes involved in 14 sports were subjected to "excessive and medically unnecessary fondling, touching, and groping."
Ohio State announced in April that it had opened an investigation into the misconduct.
The complaint says that coaches and administrators were "repeatedly informed" of Strauss's abuse.
According to the lawsuit, one student made a complaint about Strauss to the university's student health center in 1978. In the mid-90s, two wrestlers reported him to Andy Geiger, who was the Athletic Director at the time. Another individual reported him to Russ Hellickson, the then-head wrestling coach.
A hearing was held in regard to the allegations in 1997, and he was allegedly allowed to "quietly retire" without facing disciplinary action.
OSU has not yet filed a formal response to the complaints, and Geiger and Hellickson did not immediately respond to requests for comment.
The lawsuit is requesting undisclosed damages and an injunctive order that the university install a program to help protect future student-athletes.
In a previous statement, Strauss' family said they were "shocked and saddened" by the allegations.
The lawsuit does not directly mention former assistant wrestling coach Rep. Jim Jordan, who was accused of ignoring the abuse.
More Ohio Stories
LEBANON, Ohio (WDTN) – Senator Rob Portman will be in Dayton on Saturday, following an appearance Friday at a vegetation machinery plant in Lebanon.
He discussed getting Ohioans the skills and training they need to find in-demand jobs. Additionally, he talked about the economic benefits of the U.S.-Mexico-Canada Trade Agreement passed by the Senate Thursday and the Phase One Trade Agreement with China signed by President Trump this week.
by Jason Aubry / Jan 17, 2020
COLUMBUS (WCMH) -- Two major trade deals made significant news this week: the U.S. Mexico Canada (USMCA) was finally ratified by the Senate and President Donald Trump signed phase one of a trade agreement with China.
By and large, it is accepted that these agreements did good things for some people. But what did they do for you?
Columbus Police officer bit by coyote on freeway ramp, coyote put down
by NBC4 Staff / Jan 17, 2020
COLUMBUS, OH (WCMH)-- A Columbus Freeway Patrol officer had to call for backup after he was bit by a coyote on the east side.
CPD says the officer was checking on a stranded motorist on the exit ramp from I-70 to Hamilton Rd. around 7:30 p.m. Thursday.


text:
Il fucile Brunswick era un fucile ad avancarica di fabbricazione britannica, prodotto dalla Royal Small Arms Factory per il British Army nella prima metà del XIX secolo.

Il fucile derivava il suo nome dallo stato tedesco di Brunswick.

Storia
Fu uno dei numerosi progetti presentati per rimpiazzare il fucile Baker utilizzato nelle guerre napoleoniche.

Durante i test preliminari si appurò che la palla del Brunswick non era adatta per essere sparata utilizzando le cartucce standard, in carta, in dotazione all'epoca, si notò pure che il fucile era molto pesante e che il colpo partiva ad una velocità relativamente bassa. Nonostante questi inconvenienti, il fucile funzionò meglio di ciò che ci si aspettasse, ed il ''Master-General of Ordnance'' ordinò quindi che il fucile venisse prodotto con una canna lunga 30 pollici ed un calibro .654. Il nuovo fucile era stato progettato per poter accogliere una baionetta che gli permetteva di sparare anche con la baionetta inastata, a differenza del Baker, che non poteva sparare in queste condizioni.

Nel dicembre del 1836, vennero effettuate delle prove per comparare il fucile Brunswick col Baker. Risultò chele due armi avevano praticamente la medesima precisione a corta distanza, mentre più il raggio si allungava, il Brunswick si dimostrava assai migliore. In più, il Brunswick richiedeva di essere pulito più raramente del Baker, e si notò che la canna si usurava assai più lentamente dell'altra. Globalmente, il Brunswick risultò essere decisamente più robusto. Nel gennaio del 1837, arriva l'approvazione per la produzione.

Quasi immediatamente il calibro venne modificato da. 604 a .704 in seguito ad un nuovo programma di standardizzazione. Il primo contingente di 1000 fucili venne consegnato il 25 ottobre 1837.

Nonostante la fama di presentare difficoltà al momento del caricamento (la palla doveva essere messa esattamente in modo che le nervature si incastrino nelle scanalature della canna, mentre coi fucili precedenti si poteva infilare senza preoccuparsi della posizione), il Brunswick venne accolto abbastanza bene e rimase in produzione per quasi mezzo secolo.

Il fucile venne usato sia in madrepatria che nelle colonie fino ai più sperduti avamposti sparsi per il mondo. Molti aggiustamenti e miglioramenti vennero effettuati durante il lungo periodo in cui restò in produzione; produzione, che terminò nel 1885.

Aspetti tecnici

Utilizzava munizioni apalla speciale di forma sferica con due nervature in rilievo che si inserivano in due scanalature spiraliformi della canna, con proiettile dotato di capsula a percussione, le cartucce erano calibro .704).

La caratteristica principale rispetto a quelli che l'avevano preceduto era di disporre di una canna rigata che imprimeva una rotazione attorno al suo asse al proiettile, questo migliorava sensibilmente la stabilità e quindi la precisione del tiro alle medie-lunghe distanze. Soffriva tuttavia del problema di una certa difficoltà di caricamento, soprattutto di notte quando era difficile vedere le scanalature, questo era però un difetto comune a molti fucili dell'epoca.

Il Brunswick utilizzava un mirino anteriore fisso ed una tacca di mira pieghevole, a due posizioni (200 o 300 yard), e pesava approssimativamente tra le 9 e le 10 libbre (4-4,5 kg) a seconda della versione, senza baionetta.

Varianti

1836
Il modello 1836 si caratterizzava per l'acciarino a molla indietro (che non avrebbe dato buona prova di sé nell'uso reale) ed un unico scomparto per le pezzuole. I primi esemplari avevano un calibro di .654, dopo breve tempo il calibro fu cambiato in .704.

1840
Il modello 1840 aveva due scomparti per le pezzuole e una serie di piccole modifiche rispetto al modello 1836.

1841
Il modello 1841 rimpiazzava  l'acciarino a molla indietro con un più comune molla avanti. Comunque questa variante non entrò in produzione che nel 1845. Questa versione utilizzava anche una canna in ferro anziché quella in damasco. Vi erano anche altre modifiche minori.

1848
Il modello 1848 oltre ad altri piccoli miglioramenti, usava un nuovo attacco per la baionetta con la tacca di fermo  a circa metà della guida. Solo un piccolo numero di fucili prodotti per l'esercito britannico aveva questa modifica.

796
Per la Royal Navy venne realizzata una versione più potente del fucile con calibro .796.

Utilizzo
Il Brunswick venne costruito, su licenza, anche in Belgio. Copie del fucile Brunswick vennero prodotte in Nepal, approssimativamente tra il 1840 ed il 1860. Queste copie apparentemente sembrano prodotte manualmente infatti ognuna differisce dall'altra per piccoli dettagli. C'erano due distinte versioni: un modello "leggero" del peso approssimativo di 7.5 libbre (3,4 kg), ed una versione molto simile al Brunswick standard, che pesava circa 9 libbre (4 kg). Si stima che in totale, in Nepal, vennero prodotti tra i 10.000 ed i 12.000 pezzi. Un numero limitato di questi fucili venne importato dagli Stati Uniti durante la guerra civile.

Note

Voci correlate
 Royal Small Arms Factory
 Fucile Baker

Altri progetti

Collegamenti esterni

Fucili

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
The Parental Bereavement Law
Home >	HR Alerts > The Parental Bereavement Law
The Parental Bereavement (Leave and Pay) Act 2018 was granted Royal Assent on 13 September 2018, having started out in July 2017 as a Private Member's Bill subsequently supported by the Government. The Act introduces a new statutory right to a period of paid leave in the event of the death of a child. It is believed that this affects about 8,000 parents a year.
The Act will offer, as a day one right, two weeks' bereavement leave (unpaid) to any employed parent who loses a child under the age of 18, or who suffers a stillbirth after 24 weeks of pregnancy. Further, employees will be eligible for statutory bereavement pay if they meet certain criteria, including that they have been employed for at least 26 weeks, ending in the week of the child's death, and have given the correct notice. It is designed to go some way to help ease the pressure on parents grieving a child.
Bereavement leave will have to be taken within 56 days of the child's death and parents who have lost more than one child will be entitled to take leave in respect of each child.
There will be a further consultation on the practicalities of taking the leave, to be detailed in separate regulations in due course, setting out how parental bereavement leave and pay will be taken, and the eligibility criteria. This will include details of notice requirements, whether leave can be taken in separate blocks, and, whether employees who are not the biological parent of a child (but who have been significantly involved in caring for the child, such as step-parents) will also qualify for leave and pay. We expect that the criteria will in some way reference the employee's care of the child before the child's death.
Peter Stanway, our BackupHR™ legal expert comments:
The rights provided by the Act are expected to come into force in 2020, on a date yet to be determined but probably early April.
Under current legislation, employees only have the right to take a reasonable amount of unpaid time off work to make arrangements following the death of a dependant. However, the cases on this limit the amount of time off to one or two days at most, save in exceptional circumstances. The change in law is therefore the first time in the UK that specific bereavement leave has been made both a legal right for up to two weeks and paid, albeit this is very unlikely to mean full pay.
If you already have a policy we recommend that you follow your usual absence policies.
You may wish to review it in the light of the Acas guide to managing bereavement in the workplace
After the Regulations have been published, employers should review any existing policy or put one in place.
Ensure that managers are trained on the new law.
The guidance provided in this article is just that – guidance. Before taking any action make sure that you know what you are doing, or call us for a free initial chat on 01480 677980.


Carle Ron is located at the address 68 Chestnut Ln in Thomasville, Georgia 31757. They can be contacted via phone at (229) 228-6187 for pricing, hours and directions.
For maps and directions to Carle Ron view the map to the right. For reviews of Carle Ron see below.