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BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
Research article | Open | Open Peer Review | Published: 27 December 2012
Professionals' views of fetal monitoring during labour: a systematic review and thematic analysis
Valerie Smith1,
Cecily M Begley1,
Mike Clarke2 &
Declan Devane3
BMC Pregnancy and Childbirthvolume 12, Article number: 166 (2012) | Download Citation
Current recommendations do not support the use of continuous electronic fetal monitoring (EFM) for low risk women during labour, yet EFM remains widespread in clinical practice. Consideration of the views, perspectives and experiences of individuals directly concerned with EFM application may be beneficial for identifying barriers to and facilitators for implementing evidence-based maternity care. The aim of this paper is to offer insight and understanding, through systematic review and thematic analysis, of research into professionals' views on fetal heart rate monitoring during labour.
Any study whose aim was to explore professional views of fetal monitoring during labour was considered eligible for inclusion. The electronic databases of MEDLINE (1966–2010), CINAHL (1980–2010), EMBASE (1974–2010) and Maternity and Infant Care: MIDIRS (1971–2010) were searched in January 2010 and an updated search was performed in March 2012. Quality appraisal of each included study was performed. Data extraction tables were developed to collect data. Data synthesis was by thematic analysis.
Eleven studies, including 1,194 participants, were identified and included in this review. Four themes emerged from the data: 1) reassurance, 2) technology, 3) communication/education and 4) midwife by proxy.
This systematic review and thematic analysis offers insight into some of the views of professionals on fetal monitoring during labour. It provides evidence for the continuing use of EFM when caring for low-risk women, contrary to current research evidence. Further research to ascertain how some of these views might be addressed to ensure the provision of evidence-based care for women and their babies is recommended.
Current research demonstrates a lack of evidence of benefit for the use of electronic fetal monitoring (EFM) compared to intermittent auscultation (IA) of the fetal heart rate (FHR) during labour [1, 2]. Despite this, EFM remains widespread in clinical practice [3, 4]. In considering barriers to and facilitators for implementing evidence-based healthcare, the thoughts, views, perspectives and experiences of individuals concerned directly with those interventions are important. This is because exploring individual perspectives can offer insight and understanding that might not be captured by experimental research, which focuses primarily on clinical outcomes. Furthermore, it may offer some explanations, from a user's perspective, on the use and choice of FHR monitoring modalities in practice, especially when this is contrary to current recommendations. Evidence-based practice is not merely about the application of research evidence, but needs to incorporate values, preferences and experiences of both the practitioner and the person being offered care. In this sense, consideration can be given to the findings of research inclusive of reasons for not adopting the findings within clinical practice. For these reasons, this paper offers a systematic review and thematic analysis of research into professionals' views of fetal monitoring during labour. A synthesis of women's views of FHR monitoring during labour is reported separately.
To offer insight and understanding, through summary, aggregation and interpretation of findings from studies that report on professionals' views, experiences and/or perspectives, on FHR monitoring during labour (where professional refers to midwife, obstetrician and/or obstetric nurse).
Systematic review is a research method that compares individual research studies on similar topics and summarises their findings in a single report. They are often limited to reports of quantitative studies, such as randomised trials, with pooling and statistical analysis (meta-analysis) of study results [5]. Meta-synthesis of findings from qualitative enquiry is gaining momentum and examples of such synthesis are apparent in the literature [6–8]. One benefit of considering the findings from synthesis of qualitative enquiry, in conjunction with the findings from synthesis of quantitative research, is the potential for the increased implementation of evidence-based practice and the implications this may have for future care [5, 9, 10].
A framework, used previously by the Evidence for Policy and Practice Information and Coordinating (EPPI) Centre at the Institute of Education in London, in their synthesis of children's views on healthy eating [11], was used to guide our systematic review of professionals' views of fetal monitoring during labour.
Search and selection strategy
The electronic databases of MEDLINE (1966–2010), CINAHL (1980–2010), EMBASE (1974–2010) and Maternity and Infant Care: MIDIRS (1971–2010) were searched in January 2010 and in March 2012 (updated search), using the keywords; 'fetal monitoring', 'labour', 'pregnancy' 'perceptions', and 'views'. These were combined using the Boolean operand 'AND' (for example, 'fetal monitoring' AND 'views' AND 'pregnancy'). Papers were then discarded, or selected for full text review, based on their relevance as judged by title, or title and abstract. Reference lists of all full text papers were studied to identify potentially relevant studies not captured by the electronic search [12]. Only English language publications were retrieved, due to a lack of access to language translators at the time of conducting the review. Figure 1 outlines the search and selection strategy.
Search and Selection Strategy.
To overcome the potential problems associated with methodological incomparability of 'views' studies, where different methods might have been used to explore the phenomenon of interest, our inclusion criterion was based on the aim of the review rather than on study design or method [13]. In this sense, all studies, regardless of study design, whose aim was to explore and report on professionals' views or experiences of, or attitudes towards, any method of FHR monitoring in labour were eligible. A total of 11 studies were identified and included. The characteristics of these studies are described in Tables 1 and 2.
Table 1 Summary characteristics of included studies
Table 2 Methodological characteristics of included studies
Guided by the framework offered by the EPPI-Centre, we performed a quality assessment of each included study in this review, using the EPPI-Centre's 12 assessment criteria (Table 3).
Table 3 Quality assessment of included studies
Data extraction was based on the review question; that is, professionals' views of FHR monitoring during labour. Criteria for data to be extracted (Table 1 and Table 2) were predetermined. These tables facilitated the presentation of each study in a standard format and enabled comparisons between studies and summary aspects of the review. The data extraction process involved a careful line-by-line review, complete immersion in, and breakdown of findings for each included study. This process was time-consuming, but essential, as the reports of included studies varied in style and format. By carefully deconstructing the findings of each study, we were able to identify and retrieve relevant data meeting the review's aim.
Thematic analysis of each study's findings was carried out. Identification of prominent or recurrent themes in the individual studies was followed by an amalgamation and synthesis of the findings under thematic headings. Thematic analysis has been praised for allowing considerable latitude to reviewers, and for enabling the integration of findings from qualitative and quantitative enquiry [14]. Considering the potential for including studies of both quantitative and qualitative design, we deemed thematic analysis to be the most appropriate form of analysis to meet the aim of our review.
The steps used to conduct thematic analysis were adopted from Lucas et al [7] as follows;
We extracted data from the included studies' findings and entered them into a table (Table 1).
We then reviewed the data in Table 1 and isolated emergent themes from each study's findings.
A list of themes was documented for each study (Table 1, last column). To clarify the association between findings and themes, the relevant section of findings was highlighted in bold.
A synthesis of all findings was then performed.
To ensure accuracy and reliability in reporting the findings, we engaged in an iterative process of data synthesis, which involved going back and forth between the data extraction tables and the original articles.
Search & selection strategy
The search strategy identified 125 articles. Of these, 107 were excluded on the basis of their title or abstract because they clearly did not identify professionals' views of FHR monitoring during labour. Eighteen citations remained for full text retrieval and review. Following this, a further 5 were excluded; one explored midwives' perceptions of the use of technology and was not explicitly about monitoring the FHR [15], one was a duplicate publication [16], one explored views on decision-making and was not explicitly about monitoring the FHR [17] and two were either non-comparable in design or it was impossible to extract themes from the data [18, 19]. In total, 13 papers, detailing 11 studies (1,194 professionals), are included in our review (Figure 1); the findings of one study [20] are reported across two additional publications [21, 22]. Details of the studies included are outlined in Table 1 and Table 2.
Table 3 presents the results of the quality assessment of included studies. Three studies, [15, 23, 24] reported all 12 of the EPPI-Centre's quality assessment criteria in their papers, indicating 'good' quality studies. Four studies, [20, 25–27] addressed 11 of the 12 criteria in their papers. The study by Birch and Thompson [28] scored the lowest on quality assessment, addressing only four of the 12 criteria. The remaining studies addressed seven [29], eight [30] and nine [31] of the 12 quality assessment criteria.
Professionals' views of FHR monitoring
Thematic analysis and synthesis of each included study resulted in the emergence of four prominent themes related to professionals' views on fetal monitoring during labour. These were: 1) reassurance and safety, 2) technology, 3) communication/education and 4) midwife by proxy.
Reassurance and safety
Reassurance emerged as a prominent theme in 9 [15, 22–24, 27–31] of the 11 included studies. EFM offered reassurance because professionals believed the cardiotocograph (CTG) trace provided hard copy 'proof' that the baby was not compromised whilst in their care [22–24, 26, 27, 31]. When an adverse outcome occurred, this 'proof', not achievable through IA, was perceived as potentially minimising the exposure of clinical staff to criticism and litigation [22, 26, 27]. From the data, it appeared that a principal reason for using EFM was the perceived reassurance ('the ability to hear the fetal heart in the background' [30]) and perceived protection against legal action afforded by the hard copy CTG trace [21–23, 26, 27, 31];
'The main disadvantage I can see for using intermittent auscultation is from a litigation point of view; it's your word against theirs if there's a problem because you've not got the proof…you haven't got the CTG to look at'. [22], (p.236)
'…there is a kind of fear in some ways about if……something happens and they say "well where is the record, where is the proof"' [27], (p.39)
'…it gives you a nice hard copy and I think that suits everybody, it just settles your mind and you've got proof and with intermittent you have no copy' [31], (p.414)
Professionals' faith in the safety of EFM in assuring improved outcomes is also evident in some of the included studies. For example, in Cranston's [29] study, 47% strongly agreed and 41% agreed that 'the fetal surveillance achieved by fetal monitoring cannot be matched by intermittent auscultation' (p.346). In Birch and Thompson's [28] study 'on the whole respondents felt that the use of EFM improved outcome for all women…'(p.734). In a further two studies, 96% [28] and 63% [18] of professionals believed that EFM reduced perinatal mortality and morbidity and improved maternal and neonatal outcomes.
In contrast, however, a proportion of professionals in other studies believed that EFM did not necessarily ensure a good neonatal outcome. In Dover and Gauge's [23] study, for example, professionals who considered childbirth as a normal life event did not agree that continuous EFM was safer than IA (r = 0.3107, p = 0.001). In Sinclair's [15] study, 80% (n = 357 of 446) of professionals disagreed that a CTG was required for a safe birth. McKevitt's study [30] reported similar findings, with 90% of professionals (n = 36 of 40) disagreeing that CTGs are 'essential for successful deliveries' and 67.5% (n = 27 of 40) disagreeing that they felt vulnerable if a CTG was unavailable. In addition, despite being reassured by the visual aspect of the CTG [24], professionals also believed that EFM can provide a false sense of security [26] with the majority of professionals in the Sinclair [15] and McKevitt [30] studies indicating that they would not always trust the CTG trace over their own observations (85% and 80% respectively).
Technology as a theme emerged in 8 [15, 20, 25–27, 29–31] of the 11 included studies. EFM was considered by some as a technology offering more authoritative information than IA, but this was rejected by others. In Cranston's study [29], for example, 80% of the 124 professionals felt that fetal assessment achieved by EFM cannot be matched by IA and 76% believed that the fetal monitor was one of obstetrics' best inventions. In contrast, 85% of the 446 professionals in Sinclair's study [15] disagreed that they would always trust the CTG over their own observations, and 74% felt that the CTG was often used unnecessarily. Similarly, in McKevitt's study [30], 70% of professionals felt that the CTG was often used unnecessarily and 82.5% agreed that CTGs can lead to unnecessary medical intervention. Increased routine intervention in childbirth and the increased use of additional birth technology (e.g. epidurals, use of oxytocin and centralised monitoring) also emerged as influential factors in determining FHR monitoring modality during labour;
'our epidural rate is high enough too, so all lends to the using of continuous monitoring' [27], (p.43)
Concern was additionally expressed from professionals that EFM technology and over-reliance on the CTG was eroding traditional midwifery skills such as use of the Pinard fetal stethoscope [26, 31, 32] and this was seen as detracting from normality in childbirth [20];
'No. I'm not as skilled as I used to be because technology has taken over so much. But I try, to keep my skills, in using the Pinard' [26] (p.52)
'I think IA brings you closer to them, and it's just more natural and normal, so it's less technology that I am in favour of' [20], (p.357)
In addition, professionals also shared the view that EFM technology was more restrictive and uncomfortable than IA [20, 24, 31] and that it leads to increased requests for pain relief [20, 24];
'I think especially with monitors, they are waiting for the next pain. The focus is on the pain' [20], (p.357).
Communication/Education
Professionals expressed concern that EFM technology can become the focus of care and that this might distract from the care provided to women and hinder effective communication with women [20, 25, 26, 31].
'It takes your attention away from the woman because you're anxious that you need to keep looking at it…' [31], (p.416)
'Everybody in the room focuses on it, if the conversation dries up everybody looks at the monitor' [31], (p.416)
Professionals expressed a preference for using IA because it facilitated freedom of movement [20] and increased the experience of 'closeness' with women [27] and reduced anxiety associated with EFM;
'I suppose if you're listening in intermittently…you're adopting to their position. It's probably a bit more like hands on touch maybe and involvement….you probably feel closer to them because there's that extra little touch element there' [27], (p.44)
'You're listening in every 15 minutes so you're gonna have that communication with her and talk to her…' [27], (p.44)
In McKevitt's study [30], 60% of professionals believed that using the CTG increased women's anxiety levels; however, in another study [32], professionals were divided equally (40% agreed and 40% disagreed) on this point.
However, the use of routine interventions in childbirth and the culture of the organisation hindered the effective implementation of this practice;
'If [doctors] haven't got something to look at they don't want to know' [31], (p.416)
Evidence concerning educational issues associated with fetal monitoring modalities and their use in practice emerged from 4 [23, 25, 27, 30] of the 11 included studies. Participants in Dover and Gauge's study [23], for example, indicated that professionals would benefit from education on EFM interpretation, while professionals interviewed in McKevitt's study [30] felt that communication and collaboration on CTG interpretation was required for clinical decision-making. A lack of guidelines and policies on IA use was also highlighted in one study [27], while professionals in other studies indicated that more research was required for improving fetal monitoring [30] and for identifying clear benefits for EFM use [25].
Midwife by proxy
Using EFM as a substitute for midwifery staff emerged from 5 of the 11 included studies [20, 23–25, 27] and was associated strongly with poor staffing levels and busy clinical environments;
'It can be used so you can go out and look after your fourth patient and come back in and see that the baby has been alright at the time you have gone…' [24], (p.497)
'It's busy, it's sometimes easier to have them on the monitor, epiduralised, at least you know what's going on if you're running in between rooms' [27], (p.44)
'….I just took that trace off and then she was like "oh……what if there's something going on and you don't get a chance to go in you better leave the monitor on so I can watch it from here"' [27], (p.45)
This sentiment is quantified in the Dover and Gauge [23] and Walker [25] studies where 72% (n = 84) and 54% (n = 78) of professionals, respectively, felt that EFM was more likely to be chosen when midwife-to-women ratios were reduced.
This systematic review and thematic analysis has identified themes related to professionals' views of monitoring the FHR during labour through a synthesis of 11 studies on this topic. Four prominent themes (reassurance and safety, technology, communication/education and midwife by proxy), which might be considered influential when attempting to implement evidence-based FHR monitoring practices during labour, emerged from the data.
EFM offered professionals reassurance because they perceived it as providing the hard copy 'proof' of an uncompromised baby. This 'proof' was perceived to minimise exposure to criticism and potential litigation. However, professionals also recognised the false sense of security offered by EFM and not all professionals relied on the CTG to ensure a good neonatal outcome. The view that EFM offered reassurance of an uncompromised baby appeared to change over time. The earlier studies, for example, Cranston [29], and Birch and Thompson [28], demonstrated more faith, by professionals, in EFM assuring a good outcome than later studies [26, 30, 32]. This may reflect the lack of evidence of benefit on the safety and efficacy of EFM over IA that has emerged from randomised trials [1] during this period of time. In addition, evidence reporting variations in inter- and intra-observer agreement in CTG interpretation has emerged [33, 34] since the publication of the earlier studies and this may have affected some professionals' confidence in EFM use.
Determining choice for or differentiating between types of FHR surveillance based on perceptions of risk as influenced by feelings of safety and reassurance can pose challenges for professionals in clinical practice. This is because the notion of risk in maternity care remains ill-defined and ambiguous and is often made more complex by professionals interpreting risk in very different ways depending on knowledge and past experiences [35]. The identified need by professionals, to have hard-copy proof of FHR surveillance, as a perceived safety mechanism and as a potential protector against possible litigation, might be overcome by recent developments in FHR monitoring technology. These developments include the ability of hand-held Doppler devices to sequentially store information on FHR auscultations and in some instances produce paper print-outs of intermittent FHR recordings. This 'paper-proof' could potentially facilitate the choice of IA over EFM as it addresses the concern, to some extent, of safety and reassurance when performing FHR monitoring in clinical practice.
Professionals reported a preference for IA, yet also reported difficulty in using IA due to poor staffing levels, busy clinical environments and the increased medicalisation or industrialisation of childbirth. Contrary to this, and although we have found no evidence in the literature supporting this view, it might be plausible to assume that EFM itself is increasing professionals' time requirements and requires more time than when using IA in practice. For example, the time taken to maintain EFM equipment, respond to alarms and interpret the CTG trace, could, in practice, take much longer than the time required to record the FHR by IA. Furthermore, if EFM causes increased discomfort leading to an increased need for regional analgesia, then this will require increased observation by clinical staff and ultimately a greater commitment of time by professionals. The perceived benefits of using EFM when staffing levels are low or when the clinical environment is busy should not, however, supersede best practice guidance which recommends the use of IA for low risk women during labour [36]. In addition, professionals describe using EFM as a protector against potential litigation and as a midwife by proxy. However, applying a CTG because a professional cannot be with a labouring woman implies that a professional cannot watch the monitor, therefore reducing any protector effect potentially offered by EFM. In addition, IA allows for close proximity and engagement with women, a view highlighted by women as being very important [37, 38]. This might allow for increased communication and afford professionals a greater view of the overall clinical picture. As Shearer [39] states;
'intrapartum fetal death is not prevented by monitors; it is prevented by an alert doctor [midwife] at the bedside of a laboring woman' (p.127)
Of interest in this review is the finding, in two of the included studies [30, 32], of a strong agreement that CTGs are used unnecessarily (74% and 70% in these two studies, respectively) and that they can lead to unnecessary routine intervention (61% and 82.5%, respectively), compared to, in the same two studies, a reported strong disagreement that using any technology in childbirth is undesirable (75% and 82.5%, respectively). This could be interpreted as professionals experiencing conflicting attitudes, demonstrating, potentially, that consideration of the use of EFM in practice is no longer viewed as a form of intervention in childbirth, rather as a routine aspect of modern, 'normal' maternity care.
This review highlights some of the barriers to and facilitators for the use of IA and EFM during labour, and offers some insight and understanding of professionals' views. These will be useful for clinical decision-makers to consider or target when implementing policy and practice change. The need to educate professionals on the most appropriate, evidence-based means of FHR monitoring for individual women, ensuring availability of FHR monitoring guidelines and policies for staff and by using a collaborative approach to fetal monitoring and CTG interpretation to ensure best practice, have been highlighted in this review. This may be assisted by highlighting that EFM has not, to date, offered any increased evidence of benefit for improved maternal and neonatal outcomes over IA for low risk women [1, 2].
The availability of regular study days on fetal monitoring for all staff would provide an opportunity to discuss some of the barriers, as identified in this review, (for example, protection against and fear of litigation, poor staffing levels and busy clinical environments, increased resource requirements that can potentially result from use of EFM), to effecting evidence-based practice change.
This systematic review and thematic analysis has identified themes related to professionals' views of FHR monitoring in practice. It has offered some insight as to why EFM has such a strong foothold in professionals' practice and in their provision of care to women during childbirth, despite the evidence that has accumulated in research studies on the comparative effects of EFM and IA. Careful consideration of professionals' views is required as part of the process to ensure the implementation of evidence-based care and appropriate practice change in FHR monitoring during labour.
This review will be of significant benefit to policy makers, because it is the first systematic review and synthesis of evidence, that we are aware of, that brings together and considers the views, perceptions and experiences of professionals with respect to FHR monitoring during labour. It also has importance and relevance in advancing systematic review methodology, providing an additional example of the synthesis of integrated evidence from qualitative and quantitative enquiry. The views, perceptions and experiences of professionals must be considered when implementing care to effect best practice. Further research is required to establish how some of these views might be addressed to ensure that individual women receive the FHR monitoring method that is most suited to them and their needs, so that optimum care is provided to women and their infants.
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Pre-publication history
The pre-publication history for this paper can be accessed here:http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2393/12/166/prepub
This work is supported by the Health Research Board, Ireland, (RP/2006/55) and contributes to the COST Action IS0907 'Childbirth Cultures, Concerns, and Consequences: Creating a Dynamic EU Framework for Optimal Maternity Care, funded by the EU 7th Framework Programme.
School of Nursing & Midwifery, University of Dublin, Trinity College Dublin, 24, D'Olier St, Dublin, Ireland
Valerie Smith
& Cecily M Begley
All-Ireland Hub for Trials Methodology Research, Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Northern, Ireland
Mike Clarke
School of Nursing & Midwifery, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
Declan Devane
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Correspondence to Valerie Smith.
All authors contributed to the rationale for and, the design of, the review. VS participated in the sequence content and drafted the manuscript. CB, MC, and DD read and critically revised the draft manuscript for important intellectual content. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Fetal monitoring
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Biomedical aspects of pregnancy


Firefighter James Sweeney has been involved in the fire service for 39 years. He started with the Auburn Fire Rescue Department in 1979 as an Auxiliary Firefighter through Civil Defense. He was then appointed as a Call Firefighter in 1982. He was appointed as a full-time firefighter with the department in 2003.
Firefighter Sweeney served as a member of the Dive Team from 1985 to 2012 as a rescue diver and a ground crew member. He was also involved with EMS in the Police Department DARE Camp from 1992 to 2003. Firefighter Sweeney was a founding member of the EMS Division of CEMLEC SWAT under then APD Sergeant Mark Maass from 1994 to 2000. He was recently appointed to the departments EMS Motor Unit in 2018.
Firefighter Sweeney served in the military from 1981 to 1989 with National Guard and the United States Marine Corps. He graduated from the Massachusetts Fire Academy Career Recruit Program Class #167 in 2004.


text:
The Kyle Railroad  is a regional railroad line that runs from North Central Kansas into Eastern Colorado.  It is based in Phillipsburg, Kansas and runs on  track, mostly the former Rock Island Railroad Chicago to Denver main line.  The Kyle was owned by RailAmerica from 2002 to 2012. Genesee & Wyoming Inc. bought RailAmerica in late 2012.

History
The Kyle Railroad was formed for the 1982 northern Kansas harvest season by the Willis B. Kyle Organization, which consisted of several railroad properties, including the San Diego and Arizona Eastern Railway, the Oregon, Pacific and Eastern Railway, the Cumbres and Toltec Scenic Railroad and the Pend Oreille Valley Railroad.
Included was about  of trackage from Belleville, KS to Limon, CO, with trackage rights over the Cadillac and Lake City Railroad from Limon, CO to Colorado Springs, CO.  Officially, on September 16, 1980, The Kyle Railroad signed with the MSPA (Mid-States Port Authority) a contract for the Hallam, NE to Limon, CO and Belleville, KS to Clay Center, KS line, as well as  of trackage rights over the Union Pacific Railroad from Limon, CO to Denver, CO, totalling .  The Kyle Railroad acted as the MSPA's operator of these lines.

In 2009 the Kyle Railroad bought the tracks on which it operates from the MSPA.

Power for the trains initially consisted of former Burlington Northern Railroad ALCO Century 425s, most tracing their heritage to the Spokane, Portland and Seattle Railway.  Kyle Railroad migrated to General Electric U30C and U33C power by the mid-2000s.  After RailAmerica purchased Kyle, the legacy GE power was dropped in favor of EMD power, including former Burlington Northern SD40-2s and Southern Pacific SD40T-2s. The railroad also used to have an ex-Southern Pacific EMD SD45T-2, # 9362. With the purchase by Genesee and Wyoming, a number of MK5000C's provided by the Utah Railway (a fellow subsidiary of Genessee & Wyoming) now operate on the Kyle Railroad.

Traffic
The railroad handles mostly agricultural commodities, although limited amounts of construction materials are carried.  KYLE transported around 20,000 carloads in 2000.

References

Notes

External links

 Kyle Railroad official webpage - Genesee and Wyoming website

Colorado railroads
Kansas railroads
Regional railroads in the United States
RailAmerica
Spin-offs of the Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railroad

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Published 04/23/2019 10:35:36 am at 04/23/2019 10:35:36 am in Wood Pallet Ceiling.
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text:
Łasicki

 Igor Łasicki – polski piłkarz
 Jan Łasicki – teolog i historyk polski
 Maciej Łasicki – polski wioślarz


text:
Bajju is Tehsil and a Panchayat Samiti in Bikaner district in the state of Rajasthan, India.

Original name of Bajju is Bajju khalsa, before independence it was part of Jaisalmer and people of Bajju were very directly accountable for lagan to Maharaja of Jaisalmer.

Geography
Bajju is situated in Bikaner district of Rajasthan in India. The geographical coordinates i.e. latitude and longitude of Bajju is 27.93 and 72.51 respectively.

See also
 Kolayat
 Bikaner

References

Bikaner district


text:
Movients
Trivia - Jason Bourne (2016)
Based on 91 838 Ratings
Taglines: You know his name
Director: Paul Greengrass
Writers: Matt Damon, Paul Greengrass, Robert Ludlum, Christopher Rouse, ...
Stars: Matt Damon, Alicia Vikander, Julia Stiles, Viggo Mortensen, ...
Jason Bourne is again being hunted by the CIA. It begins when Nicky Parson a former CIA operative who helped Bourne who then went under and now works with a man who's a whistle blower and is out to expose the CIA's black ops. So Nicky hacks into the CIA and downloads everything on all their Black Ops including Treadstone which Bourne was a part of. And Heather Lee, a CIA agent discovers the hack and brings it to the attention of CIA Director Dewey, the man behind the Black Ops. He then orders Parsons be found and hopefully Bourne too.
A YouTuber, named CinemaSins, wrote a letter to Paul Greengrass and Matt Dameon about how they should make another Bourne. Later, Matt Damon wrote said he would do another Bourne.
This will be the first time since The Bourne Ultimatum (2007) that Matt Damon respires his role as Jason Bourne after concluding the Bourne trilogy. It will also be the first time for Paul Greengrass to return at the helm of a Bourne film since the second
Matt Damon would not voice Jason Bourne in the game 'Robert Ludlum's Bourne conspiracy' because he said it was too violent. So this is the first time he's played Jason since The Bourne Ultimatum (2007)
Jeremy renners character Aaron cross will not be in this new Bourne film he will have his sequel after this film is released
A YouTuber, named CinemaSins, wrote a letter to Paul Greengrass and Matt Damon about how they should make another Bourne. Later, Matt Damon wrote said he would do another Bourne.
Jeremy Renner's character, Aaron Cross, will not be in this new Bourne film, but he will have his sequel after this film is released
So far all four movies have been going in the title order of the books so this installment will be titled the bourne betrayal.
Jeremy renners bourne movie was supposed to have the release date for July 2016 with Justin Lin directing but then after Matt Damon and director Paul greengrass said they're going to make another one they took the release date because fans wanted to see t
YouTube channel CinemaSins wrote a letter to Paul Greengrass and Matt Damon about how they should make another Bourne. Later, Matt Damon wrote said he would do another Bourne.
Matt Damon would not voice Jason Bourne in the game The Bourne Conspiracy (2008) because he said it was too violent. So this is the first time he's played Jason since The Bourne Ultimatum (2007).
First Bourne film where Tony Gilroy isn't involved in and won't be writing the script.
Jeremy Renner's Bourne movie was supposed to have the release date for July 2016 with Justin Lin directing but then after Matt Damon and director Paul Greengrass said they're going to make another one they took the release date because fans wanted to see
Alicia Vikander is in talks to play the female leading role.
Tommy Lee Jones is confirmed as Damon's CIA counterpart. In the previous movies actors such as Edward Norton have played this role.
YouTube channel CinemaSins wrote a letter to Paul Greengrass and Matt Damon about how they should make another Bourne. Later, Matt Damon announced that he would do another Bourne.
This will be Tommy Lee Jones' third action movie coming in 2016. The first movie will be Mechanic: Resurrection (2016) and the second movie will be Criminal.
The films title "Jason Bourne" was announced on February 7th, 2016, the same day its first teaser trailer came out
The trailer premiered at the 50th Super Bowl.
So far all four movies have been going in the title order of the books so this installment could be titled The Bourne Betrayal.
Tommy Lee Jones is confirmed as Damon's CIA counterpart. In the previous movies actors such as Chris Cooper, Joan Allen, David Strathairn, and Edward Norton have played this role.
This will be Alicia Vikander's second spy movie. Her first was The Man from U.N.C.L.E. (2015).
First Bourne film to not have the franchise's trademark title format of The Bourne ____. This film is instead called Jason Bourne rather than its originally rumored title The Bourne Betrayal.
Jason Bourne (2016) is directed by Paul Greengrass. Greengrass has directed two other installments in the Bourne franchise. That being The Bourne Ultimatum (2007) and The Bourne Supremacy (2004).
For the chase scene on the Las Vegas strip, the recently closed Riviera Hotel and Casino had all of its lights and signs lit up to appear in the SWAT truck crash scene.
Paul Greengrass and his longtime editor Christopher Rouse are said to have a strong concept for where Jason Bourne could go next after what occurred in the conclusion of The Bourne Ultimatum (2007) which concluded the Bourne trilogy. In fact, Greengrass a
This will be the fourth collaboration between Paul Greengrass and Matt Damon and the third one that involves the character of 'Jason Bourne'. Greengrass had previously directed the second and third installment of the Bourne trilogy with 'The Bourne Suprem
This will be Tommy Lee Jones' third action movie coming in 2016. The first movie is Mechanic: Resurrection (2016) and the second movie is Criminal (2016).
Tommy Lee Jones is confirmed as Damon's CIA counterpart. In the previous movies actors such as Chris Cooper Joan Allen, David Strathairn, and Edward Norton have played this role.
Part of the story takes place in Athens/Greece so the producers asked the Greek Government to shoot the film in the actual location. Due to high taxes and bureaucracy this never happened. Tenerife doubles as Athens in the movie.
According to Jimmy Kimmel, every time Matt Damon fires a gun in this movie, he pees a little.
Alicia Vikander' was in Ex Machina (2015) with Oscar Isaac. He played a role in The Bourne Legacy (2012).
Both Matt Damon and Vincent Cassel previously appeared in Ocean's Twelve (2004) and Ocean's Thirteen (2007). Coincidentally, the latter film also takes place mostly in Las Vegas.
Matt Damon has stated numerous times that he would only return to the Bourne franchise to reprise his role as Jason Bourne if Paul Greengrass would return for directorial duties on the project. Damon & Greengrass announced their return to the franchise in
Jeremy Renner's Bourne movie was supposed to have the release date of July 2016 with Justin Lin directing, but after Matt Damon and director Paul Greengrass said they were going to make another film, they took the release date because fans wanted to see t
This will be the first time since The Bourne Ultimatum (2007) that Matt Damon reprises his role as Jason Bourne after concluding the Bourne trilogy. It will also be the first time for Paul Greengrass to return at the helm of a Bourne film since the second
Co-writer, executive producer and editor of "Jason Boune", Christopher Rouse, had previously worked as an editor for "The Bourne Identity" and "The Bourne Supremacy" and "The Bourne Ultimatum".
The Las Vegas car chase sequence took five weeks to shoot and at the end, the sequence wrecked 170 cars.
Matt Damon has stated numerous times that he would only return to the Bourne franchise to reprise his role as Jason Bourne if Paul Greengrass would return for directorial duties on the project. Damon & Greengrass announced their return to the franchise in November 2014 for a new installment.
Since part of the story takes place in Athens, Greece, the producers asked the Greek Government for permission to shoot the film in the actual location. Due to high taxes and bureaucracy this never happened. Tenerife, in the Canary Islands, doubles as Athens in the movie.
City officials and the producers reached an agreement to only shoot the Las Vegas car chase sequence from midnight to sunrise.
Matt Damon admitted that physically training for the role of Bourne was much harder in his forties, and he had to keep to a very strict diet to maintain his physique during filming.
The requirements for Treadstone Operatives are listed in the classified report as follows: All Treadstone Operatives will be trained to be the leading capable assassins.
1. Assets will leave no trace of their existence. 2. Treadstone agents are INVISIBLE. 3. Each potential recruit must be surveyed and held under the Treadstone Secure Systems Act S-4 for a MINIMUM of two years. 4. Almost superhuman proficiency in using firearms or other weapons, sharpshooting, using explosives, operating vehicles, and martial art techniques.
First Bourne film Tony Gilroy wasn't involved in. He wrote none of the script.
This movie shows us that David Webb was previously Captain in US Army 1st Special Forces Delta (1st Special Forces Operational Detachment-Delta , "1st SFOD-Delta"), otherwise known as Delta Force.
Matt Damon & Julia Stiles are the only actors from the original trilogy to reprise their roles as Jason Bourne & Nicky Parsons. Whilst David Strathhairn, Joan Allen, & Edward Norton's characters are still living when we last see them, they are never spoken of or referenced.
Jeremy Renner's character, Aaron Cross, will not be in this Bourne film. No date for his sequel film has been announced.
Matt Damon refused to voice Jason Bourne in the video game The Bourne Conspiracy (2008) due to its excessive violence, which means that this is the first time he's played Bourne since The Bourne Ultimatum (2007).
At the 2015 Golden Globes, Matt Damon won for best actor in a comedy/musical for "The Martian" (2015). He gave his speech and after receiving the reward he had to go take a flight immediately to film "Jason Bourne" in Las Vegas.
The files that Nicky Parsons hacks into shows us that there are/were 10 Black Ops projects: 01. Iron Hand, 02. Spectrum, 03. Hourglass, 04. Rubicon, 05. Spearfish, 06. Larx, 07. Outcome, 08. Emerald Lane, 09. Blackbriar, 10. Treadstone.
First Bourne film to not have the franchise's trademark title format of "The Bourne ____". This film is instead called "Jason Bourne", rather than its originally rumored title "The Bourne Betrayal".
When Nikki goes to Reykjavík to visit the hackers hideout, an old 1980's Atari ST computer is visible next to where she sets up her laptop.
Alicia Vikander was offered the role of Heather at the same time as the role of Sophia Rikkin in Assassin's Creed. She took the former due to fan factor - she admitted she is a fan of the series - while the Rikkin role was filled in by Marion Cotillard.
The title was originally going to be "The Bourne Resurgence" until the producers discovered that the word Resurgence was going to be used in the upcoming "Independence Day" sequel. Matt Damon and Paul Greengrass have both commented that they never liked the original title, as it seems hokey. To them "Jason Bourne" is a more fitting title because Bourne has come full circle as he now knows the whole truth about his past.
Co-writer, executive producer and editor of "Jason Bourne", Christopher Rouse, had previously worked as an editor for "The Bourne Identity" and "The Bourne Supremacy" and "The Bourne Ultimatum".
Jeremy Renner's Bourne movie was supposed to have been released in July 2016 with Justin Lin directing, but after Matt Damon and director Paul Greengrass said they were going to make another film, the release date was given to them, as fans would prefer to see the return of Jason Bourne. Renner's second Bourne movie still has no official release date..
YouTube channel CinemaSins wrote an open letter to Paul Greengrass and Matt Damon about how they should make another Bourne movie.
The scene where Bourne checks the locker in a train station was filmed at Woolwich DLR station in Woolwich, London.
The film cast includes three Oscar winners: Matt Damon, Tommy Lee Jones and Alicia Vikander.
This is the third time Matt Damon and Vincent Cassel have appeared in the same movie together. The first two were Ocean's Twelve (2004) and Ocean's Thirteen (2007), where Matt Damon played Linus Caldwell and Vincent Cassel played François Toulour. This is also the third time the city of Las Vegas is used as one of the locations in the setting of the film the two actors appear in.
The trailer premiered during Super Bowl 50.
The film's title, "Jason Bourne", was announced on February 7th, 2016, the same day its first teaser trailer came out.
On July 23 2016, shortly before the British release, MSN.com uploaded a slideshow piece titled "'It's embarrassing': Actors who hate their own movies", accompanied by a picture of Matt Damon. Although this gave the impression that Damon had distanced himself from Jason Bourne (2016), on inspection the quote attributed to him was in fact in relation to an early draft of the script for The Bourne Ultimatum (2007): "I could put this thing up on eBay and it would be game over for that dude [i.e. writer Tony Gilroy]. It's terrible. It's really embarrassing."
This will be the first time since The Bourne Ultimatum (2007) that Matt Damon reprises his role as Jason Bourne after concluding the Bourne trilogy. It will also be the first time for Paul Greengrass to return at the helm of a Bourne film since the second installment of The Bourne Supremacy (2004) and the concluding installment of The Bourne Ultimatum (2007) .
One of three feature films first released in 2016 which star actor Tommy Lee Jones. The movies are Criminal (2016), Jason Bourne (2016), and Mechanic: Resurrection (2016). All three pictures are in the spy / espionage genre.
Paul Greengrass got his inspiration of car chases from William Friedkin who made The French Connection (1971) and other movies with car chases like To Live and Die in L.A. (1985), Jade (1995) and The Hunted (2003) which starred Tommy Lee Jones. Jones also worked with Friedkin on Rules of Engagement (2000) before reuniting on "The hunted".
The U.S. Capital building as shown in the movie is covered by scaffolding. In the official trailer at approximately 1:27 they show the building without the scaffolding.
At the time the film opened, co-stars Riz Ahmed and Bill Camp were concurrently starring in the HBO mini-series "The Night Of." However, they share no scenes in this picture.
Alicia Vikander' was in Ex Machina (2015) with Oscar Isaac who played a role in The Bourne Legacy (2012).
Second time Paul Greengrass has directed Gregg Henry, after United 93 (2006).
This film shares plot points and thematic elements with The Bourne Supremacy (2004), some of which are: Bourne's female counterparts being shot and killed from behind during a chase, a prominent CIA department head working closely with a lone operative (asset) against Bourne, Bourne ending up in Berlin, and a car chase with Bourne and the rival operative (in both instances Bourne drives a sedan, while the rival drives a large truck.)
Jason Bourne (Matt Damon) says a total of only 288 words - or 45 lines - in the entire movie.
When Bourne pulls up the old Treadstone files, the first listing on his record read that he joined "Special Forces Delta." In the original Ludlum novel, David Webb joined the U.S. Special Forces after losing his family to an act of war. He was placed in charge of a "hit-squad" of soldiers who carried out "Operation Medusa." His code name, was "Delta." Half way through the operation, he discovered a mole on his team who was an Australian double agent named "Jason Bourne." Delta confronted Bourne and shot him in the head before his treachery was confirmed. Once it was confirmed, his death was covered up and Bourne's identity became shrouded in mystery; eventually leading David Webb to take up his identity when he joined Treadstone.
Jason Bourne doesn't speak until 20 minutes in the film.
Many pieces of footage and dialogue in the trailers do not appear in the final film or alternate takes were used. Notable examples are: The final film uses a different take of Bourne's one punch knockout. Nicky does not say, "Just because you remember everything doesn't mean you know everything." New character Craig Jeffers does not say, "Oh my god, that's Jason Bourne."
If based on Matt Damon's salary of $25 million from The Martian (2015), each of the 45 lines spoken by him is worth $555,555.
Body count: 14. The asset has the most kills - 10.
Vincent Cassel was also foiled by Matt Damon in Ocean's 12 and in Ocean's 13.
Last Movie Events News
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39 - Like Stars on Earth
40 - The Prestige
41 - The Departed
42 - The Lives of Others
43 - The Pianist
44 - Gladiator
45 - Memento

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


In the fascinating world of internet, he who ranks highest on search engine results pages (SERPs) is the one most likely to be seen by the vast majority of internet searchers. Whereas even pages with good content will only go so far without the right exposure. In fact, academic research indicates that most internet searchers generally stop their search after the first page of results, with more than half the searches ending after the first three results (1). Therefore, in order for your content to be seen, you should strive to have your website appear on the first page of results.
There are various factors that go into increasing your website's ranking on SERPs including Domain Authority, Page Authority, and PageRank.
Domain Authority measures the strength of a domain name or website, using various metric factors. This score is based on a scale of 0-100 and is calculated by combining factors such as the number of total links, link root domains, MozRank, and MozTrust etc.
Because it incorporates at least 40 different calculations, Domain Authority is generally only used when comparing one site to another as opposed to tracking the power of a website over time.
Domain Authority utilizes machine learning against Google's algorithms to get a general idea of how search engine results will perform.
Domain Authority scores are influenced by various factors, therefore, the best way to improve your DA score is to improve your SEO practices, with a strong focus on building more well-linked pages into your website.
How Can I Find My Domain Authority Score?
There are various online resources to test the authority of your Domain, such as Moz Open Site Explorer, which allows you to type in your Domain or sub-domain address, and it will reveal your current domain score. You could also use the MozBar extension, a free extension that allows you to check your page authority, using the Chrome or Firefox browser.
Page Authority predicts how well a specific page is likely to rank on search engines. This 100-point score is calculated using data from several sources such as MozTrust, MozRank, and link counts, etc.
Like Domain Authority, Page Authority relies on machine learning to predict how algorithms will correlate with rankings, against thousands of search results to determine the best algorithm.
The best way to influence your Page Authority score is to improve your SEO practices, and focus on building strong backlinks to that specific page of your website from authority websites within your niche.
How Can I Find My Page Authority Score?
You can also test your Page Authority, utilizing online checkers such as the Moz Open Site Explorer or the MozBar Chrome of Firefox extension.
PageRank is analysis used by Google to determine the importance of a page. Each webpage is ranked by Google, using a scale from 0-10.
PageRank is sort of like a vote; therefore, each time a page links to another page, it is calculated as a vote. Some pages have higher PageRank than other pages. The higher the PageRank, the more voting power it contains and vice versa.
The number of pages a link has, also effects the weight of the page. For example, the more links a page has, the lower the voting power may be, because the high amount of links are most likely less discerning. Therefore, pages that are better authorities with better sources are most likely to rank higher than pages with various links.
How Can I Find My PageRank Score?
Although there are plenty of websites out there that will show you your PageRank, most SEO professionals choose to use the Google PageRank Toolbar for Chrome or Firefox. It's an easy way to see your own PageRank, as well as your competitors. The tool also allows you to see other important information such as the title, description, and header tags on that specific page.
For a free analysis, please feel free to call us or contact us using the widget at the bottom of this page.
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Eremeeva should know: as a former tour guide and Ivy League-educated historian, Eremeeva is adept at making Russia's complex history both entertaining and digestible for non-academics. She strolls expertly but lightly through her material, tracing the winning formula for Russia's effective rulers back to the Tatar-Mongols: revealing why Ivan may not have been so Terrible; explaining why Catherine so totally awesome, and asserting that neither Peter the Great nor Stalin would ever tweet anything.
Eremeeva encourages us to peek inside Empress Elizabeth's baroque boudoir; she deconstructs Gorbachev's curiously-split personality and shows us exactly where the bodies are buried. Eremeeva's unique fusion of humor and history and inimitable writing style brings the riddle, wrapped in a mystery, inside an enigma that is Russia into hilarious focus in this compact and highly readable guide to thirteen centuries of her history.
For readers embarking on a visit to Russia or an exploration of the country's rich literature and culture, this engaging primer offers a succinct, informative, and highly entertaining introduction to the country's complex and expansive history.


As the cursor is hardcoded in the declare section, the bind sensitive feature for the SQL will be disabled, the cursor's query plan will be fixed when the SQL is first executed in a day.
If you code the SQL as a dynamic SQL/cursor like the following, the bind sensitive optimization feature will be used if your SQL is bind sensitive.
For the dynamic SQL cursor, the query plan of the SQL statement may be changed upon the bind-in value of V1, the performance of the SQL statement can be changed significantly(most likely become better if the SQL syntax is simple). So, you may find that a bind sensitive SQL may also be place sensitive SQL!
In Toad Xpert SQL Optimizer, we have developed a good tool to help you to identify the potential performance problems that related on how and where you execute your SQL. this tool is available in Oracle and SQL Server platforms, I believe it is the most precise SQL tuning tool in the market.


Capital squash player Doug Kempsell has already turned his attention to this month's Edinburgh Sports Club Open after missing out on a hat-trick of PSA titles when his ten-match unbeaten run came to an end in the semi-finals of the Open du Gard in Nimes, southern France.
The 23-year-old won back-to-back tournaments in Niort and Berlin shortly before Christmas, but top seed Jens Schoor halted his winning streak in Nimes.
The German had the benefit of an easier quarter-final earlier in the day, while Kempsell battled past Czech fifth seed Martin Svec, although the result might have been different if the Scot had managed to convert leads in the second and third games. Third-seeded Kempsell led 9-7 in game two and 10-5 in the third but was unable to capitalise as Schoor eventually went through 11-7, 11-9, 18-16.


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Last edited by Mekora
5 edition of Furniture care and conservation found in the catalog.
Furniture care and conservation
Robert F. McGiffin
by Robert F. McGiffin
Published 1989 by AASLH Press in Nashville, Tenn .
Furniture -- Repairing.
Statement Robert F. McGiffin ; foreword by Caroline K. Keck.
LC Classifications TT199 .M4 1989
Pagination xvii, 233 p. :
Collection Care Tips Did you ever wonder how to care for your silver, if you should wax your furniture, where you can get acid-free paper and mat board or what is the best way to dust? Winterthur's Conservation staff has summarized key information here and placed links to appropriate websites on the Resources page. MA Collections Care and Conservation Management Duration: 2 years, part time Applications open. Bursaries are available from £ Read more about funding opportunities. This MA provides the theoretical and practical knowledge necessary for a lead role in collections care and management within a historic house context.
The department includes specialists in the conservation of textiles & dress, ceramics & glass, stained glass, metals, sculpture, furniture & frames, paper, books and paintings. Our team of conservation scientists uses traditional techniques and modern methods of analysing the collections, promoting knowledge and understanding of museum objects. Preserve books, documents, photos, and other degradable media with conservation supplies including acid-free storage boxes, envelopes, and more. Book & Document Conservation Supplies and Tools JavaScript seems to be disabled in your browser.
The Northeast Document Conservation Center specializes in paper and book conservation. NEDCC performs conservation treatment for photographs, books, prints, documents, maps, and globes. NEDCC's professional conservators also treat architectural plans, parchment, papyrus, wallpaper, and works of art on paper including charcoal drawings and watercolor paintings. The aim of compiling the original version () of Conservation and Care of Collections was to provide a basis for an holistic approach to the care and conservation of movable cultural material held in small museums, National Trust houses, historical societies and private collections. As such the layout and content was designed with these client groups in mind and it was not .
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Furniture care and conservation by Robert F. McGiffin Download PDF EPUB FB2
Out of 5 stars furniture care and conservation. Reviewed in the United States on Septem This is by far the best book on conservation i have ever read. Read more. One person found this helpful. Helpful. Comment Report abuse.
See all reviews from the United States.5/5(3). Furniture Care and Conservation by McGiffin, Robert F. and a great selection of related books, art and collectibles available now at "Written for collectors and curators alike, Furniture Care and Conservation illustrates the full range of problems encountered in working with antique furniture and provides instructions for proper care." ISBN: OCLC Number: Description: xvii, pages: illustrations ; 23 cm: Contents: Foreword / Caroline K.
Keck --Acknowledgments --Introduction: restoration and conservation --Environment and its effects on wooden artifacts --Furniture examination techniques --Cleaning dirty furniture --Wooden elements: repair and. Written for collectors and curators alike, Furniture Care and Conservation illustrates the full range of problems encountered in working with antique furniture and provides instructions for proper care/5(3).
This book is a comprehensive resource covering the principles and practice of the conservation and restoration of furniture, and other decorative art objects made wholly or partly of wood.
It integrates theory with practice to show the principles which govern interaction between wooden objects, the environmental and conservation treatments and the factors which need to be.
Furniture care and conservation Hardcover out of 5 stars 1 rating. See all 6 formats and editions Hide other formats and editions.
Amazon Price New from Used from Hardcover "Please retry" — CDN$ CDN$ Paperback "Please retry" CDN$ CDN$ CDN$ Hardcover from CDN$ 5/5(1). Written for collectors and curators alike, Furniture Care and Conservation illustrates the full range of problems encountered in working with antique furniture and provides instructions for proper care.
Read more Read less click to open popover No Kindle device required.5/5(1). Furniture Care and Conservation, Robert McGiffin The American Association for State and Local History Nashville, TN (This book is also available for purchase in the Henry Ford Museum Gift Shop) The Preservation and Care of Historic Furniture, Marc A.
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The Rare Books Department preserves bound materials and takes great care to ensure the structural integrity of each volume. This department treats damage to the pages, covers, spines, and bindings of early to modern books and bibles, as.
Conservation Resources International, LLC - On Line Catalog: Theories & Analyses, Care & Conservation of Books, Paper & Parchment, Architectural Gilded Wood: History & Conservation.
Conservation of Furniture: Upholstery Conservation-Principles and Practice. Premier Drop Spine Storage Box - Grey/White.
Premier Exp Gusseted Folder- Grey/White. Premier Western Manuscript Folder - Grey. Acid Free Tissue Paper. Tyvek Tags Perforated. Timecare Library Ringbinder Box - Grey/White.
EcopHant - Wire Stitched Box & Lid - Green. Premier Cube Tube Telescopic - Grey/White. Premier Document Box Upright - Grey/White.
Furniture Care and Conservation, Robert McGiffin The American Association for State and Local History Nashville, TN (This book is also available for purchase in the Henry Ford Museum Gift Shop) The Preservation and Care of Historic Furniture, Marc A.
Williams Ohio Antique Review Inc. 12 East Stafford Ave. But if I had to recommend one book it would Furniture Care and Conservation by Robert F.
McGiffin, Jr. Its a great book with a ton information. The methods in this book still are standards in the repair world. The photo below showcases the chapters in the book. The conservation and restoration of wooden furniture is an activity dedicated to the preservation and protection of wooden furniture objects of historical and personal value.
When applied to cultural heritage this activity is generally undertaken by a conservator-restorer. Interested individuals who have collections of fine arts, furniture, ceramics and glass, leather work, books and papers.
How can the Conserve O Gram series help you take care of your collection. You will learn specific procedures, techniques and materials to care for your objects.
Icon's expert guides will help you look after your most valued possessions Our downloadable leaflets are full of advice on the care and conservation of objects. Our guides vary from the conservation of clocks and costume to the restoration of. Collections Care and Conservation.
Individual museums have conservation departments dedicated to the care of objects in their collections. The Museum Conservation Institute is the Smithsonian's center for specialized technical collections research and conservation.
David is a book and paper conservation specialist who has tutored more than a generation of book conservators since he began as a tutor in book conservation at West Dean College in He has taught science for conservators in the UK, USA and Europe, established the analytical laboratory at West Dean College in and has been the college's.
Over the years, the Furniture Department of The Conservation Center has helped conserve many works of furniture, both from museums and private clients. So this month, as the weather chills and we all get cozy in our big comfortable chairs, we wanted to highlight them, their work, and what we think are some of their most interesting and.Conservation may include re-housing in custom-designed enclosures, basic stabilization or complex conservation treatment and rebinding.
Treatment options are based on a complete examination of the artifact, its intended use and how it will be stored. Whenever possible, a book's original materials are integrated into the treatment.Conservation professionals combine highly technical skills and specialized knowledge of science and art to care for items with cultural, historic, and personal value.
Our tool helps you find the right person for your needs. Read through our Guide to Hiring before contacting one.  Advanced Search  available for sub-specialties.
ecole-temps-danse.com - Furniture care and conservation book © 2020


This Long-Life bimetal steel Blade has a straight tooth design for smooth, fast cutting of wood, drywall and plastic materials. This robust blade will last up to three times longer than the Standard Series Blades and will easily cut nails (up to 3/16" in diameter), staples and cleats. The narrow width is perfect for small cutouts. Blade has as offset mounting flange for flush cutting and can cut all the way into corners. Sold in a pack of 10.


text:
Q: Passing generic subtype class information to superclass in Java I've long used an idiom in Java for using the class information of a (non-abstract) class in the methods of its (generally abstract) ancestor class(es) (unfortunately I can't find the name of this pattern):
public abstract class Abstract<T extends Abstract<T>> {
    private final Class<T> subClass;

    protected Abstract(Class<T> subClass) {
        this.subClass = subClass;
    }

    protected T getSomethingElseWithSameType() {
        ....
    }
}

An example of a subclass thereof:
public class NonGeneric extends Abstract<NonGeneric> {
    public NonGeneric() {
        super(NonGeneric.class);
    }
}

However, I'm having trouble defining a subclass of Abstract which has its own generic parameters:
public class Generic<T> extends Abstract<Generic<T>> {
    public Generic() {
        super(Generic.class);
    }
}

This example is not compilable; likewise, it is not possible to specify the generic types using e.g. Generic<T>.class or even to use a wildcard like Generic<?>.
I also tried replacing the declaration of generic type T in the superclass to ? extends T, but that isn't compilable either.
Is there any way I can get this pattern to work with generic base classes?

A: The major problem you have got here is, there is no class literal for concrete parameterized type. And that makes sense, since parameterized types don't have any runtime type information. So, you can only have class literal with raw types, in this case Generic.class.
Reference:

*

*Java Generics FAQs

*

*Why is there no class literal for concrete parameterized types? :

Well, that's fine, but Generic.class gives you a Class<Generic> which is not compatible with Class<Generic<T>>. A workaround is to find a way to convert it to Class<Generic<T>>, but that too you can't do directly. You would have to add an intermediate cast to Class<?>, which represents the family of all the instantiation of Class. And then downcast to Class<Generic<T>>, which will remove the compiler error, though you will an unchecked cast warning. You can annotate the constructor with @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") to remove the warning.
class Generic<T> extends Abstract<Generic<T>> {
    public Generic() {
        super((Class<Generic<T>>)(Class<?>)Generic.class);
    }
}

A: The "pattern" (idiom) of passing an instance of Class<T> (typically to the constructor) is using Class Literals as Runtime-Type Tokens, and is used to keep a runtime reference to the generic type, which is otherwise erased.
The solution is firstly to change the token class bound to:
Class<? extends T>

and then to put a similar requirement on your generic subclass as you did with your super class; have the concrete class pass a type token, but you can type it properly as a parameter:
These classes compile without casts or warnings:
public abstract class Abstract<T extends Abstract<T>> {
    private final Class<? extends T> subClass;

    protected Abstract(Class<? extends T> subClass) {
        this.subClass = subClass;
    }
}

public class NonGeneric extends Abstract<NonGeneric> {
    public NonGeneric() {
        super(NonGeneric.class);
    }
}

public class Generic<T> extends Abstract<Generic<T>> {
    public Generic(Class<? extends Generic<T>> clazz) {
        super(clazz);
    }
}

And finally at the concrete class, if you declare the usage as its own class, it doesn't require a cast anywhere:
public class IntegerGeneric extends Generic<Integer> {
    public IntegerGeneric() {
        super(IntegerGeneric.class);
    }
}

I haven't figured out how to create an instance of Generic (anonymous or not) without a cast:
// can someone fill in the parameters without a cast?
new Generic<Integer>(???);     // typed direct instance
new Generic<Integer>(???) { }; // anonymous

I don't think it's possible, but I welcome being shown otherwise.

A: There is no need in Class<T> subClass argument. Change:
protected Abstract(Class<T> subClass) {
    this.subClass = subClass;
}

to:
protected Abstract(Class subClass) {
    this.subClass = subClass;
}

and everything will compile.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Your eyes are not only a window to the world, but they are also a window to your overall health. Choosing an eye doctor is just as important as selecting a general health physician. Because your eyes are an essential part of everyday life, your choice of a good eye doctor should not be taken lightly. After all, you will be trusting your eye doctor to safeguard your precious sense of sight and help you maintain a lifetime of good vision.
Finding the right eye surgeon: You should always select an eye surgeon with the correct training to meet your individual vision needs. Be sure when selecting an eye surgeon, to examine the doctor's credentials and experiences. You want to make sure they offer the kinds of services you need. Most eye surgeons toronto will provide you with certificates and licensures on your request. You can always confirm their credentials by contacting your local state board of ophthalmology or optometry. Just as proper credentials are important, experience is equally important. If you have complicated eye conditions, you may need to see a more experienced eye surgeon. You can also ask your friends or family members if they know a qualified eye surgeon you can visit. Also, make sure to select an eye surgeon that offers a wide range of services and the types of services you need. If you prefer to consider alternatives such as LASIK surgery, you should consult with a provider that offers this service or has experience with LASIK.
Research the eye surgeon: Once you have received a few recommendations, now it's time for you to do a little bit of research on those eye surgeons such as checking to see if they have ever been accused of malpractice, verifying their credentials, and checking to see what areas of eye care they specialize in such as glaucoma, paediatrics, LASIK, etc. Make sure that the eye surgeon you go to has the ability to thoroughly take care of your eye health since some eye surgeons are more experienced in certain areas of eye care. For instance, if you are looking for an eye surgeon for your young child, choose an eye surgeon who has a lot of experience treating kids and is comfortable doing so.


text:
Josef Valentin Zlobický (14. února 1743 Velehrad – 24. března  1810 Vídeň) byl rakouský právník, překladatel do češtiny a jazykovědec, učitel češtiny na Tereziánské vojenské akademii ve Vídeňském Novém Městě (1772–1775) a první profesor českého jazyka a literatury na Vídeňské univerzitě (od roku 1775). Vídeňská univerzita byla prvním vysokoškolským bohemistickým pracovištěm vůbec. Zlobický tam vytvořil sbírku vzácných knih a rukopisů.

Zlobický svou intervencí u rakouského císaře přispěl k udělení koncese vlasteneckému divadlu Bouda.

Z právnických spisů přeložil do češtiny například Všeobecný řád soudní (vydáno česky roku 1781) a Všeobecná práva městská (první díl ve Vídni roku 1787).

Reference

Literatura

 NEWERKLA, Stefan Michael: Josef Valentin Zlobický (1743-1810) – vídeňský obrozenec a osvícenec, in: Zdeňka Hladká & Petr Karlík (eds.): Čeština – univerzália a specifika 5. Nakladatelství Lidové noviny, Praha 2004, s. 451-461.
 NEWERKLA, Stefan Michael – SODEYFI Hana – VILLNOW KOMÁRKOVÁ (eds.): Miscellanea Vindobonensia Bohemica. In Erinnerung an den 200. Todestag von Josef Valentin Zlobický (= Bohemoslavica abscondita 1). Holzhausen, Wien 2012. 152 s. ISBN 978-3-90286-800-8.

Externí odkazy

Pedagogové vysokých škol v Česku
Čeští právníci
Čeští překladatelé
Čeští lingvisté
Čeští bohemisté
Narození v roce 1743
Úmrtí v roce 1810
Muži
Úmrtí ve Vídni
Narození 14. února
Úmrtí 24. března


text:
Meghan & Harry Sure Know How To Pick Wedding Gifts
Story from Pop Culture
Meghan & Harry Got A Very Cool, Very Expensive Wedding Gift For Idris Elba
Alexis Reliford
Photo: Samir Hussein/Samir Hussein/WireImage.
Word to the wise: always, always, always invite Meghan Markle and Prince Harry to your wedding. Even if they don't show up to the event, you'll get a damn good wedding gift. Or at least Idris Elba did.
Elba, aka the Sexiest Man Alive, is officially off the market, and through our sobs we learned the Duke and Duchess of Sussex dropped a pretty penny — even by royal standards — on a piece of artwork for him and his bride, Sabrina Dhowre, according to Mail on Sunday.
The art gifted by the royal couple is a piece from artist duo the Connor Brothers and features the quote, "Why fit in when you were born to stand out?" It retails at about $9,000, so yeah, definitely not your standard wedding registry blender or dish towel set.
NEW PRINT RELEASE TODAY - Following our visit from amazing nine year old artist Belle Curran last week we have just released this image as a print. Belle suffers from interstitial lung disease. and needs a lung transplant. She is raising awareness about organ donation, and funds for the various charities that have helped her. The print is from a limited edition of 12, and all of the proceeds will be going to the charities that have supported Belle. The quote we have chosen comes from the children's author Dr Seuss. We would be grateful for anyone who follows the link in our bio, and makes a donation. The print is available now through our website. please note that the prints will take up to 21 days for delivery
A post shared by The Connor Brothers (@connorbrothersofficial) on Jun 29, 2018 at 6:29am PDT
The Connor Brothers, aka British artists James Golding and Mike Snelle, first entered the art scene as Franklyn and Brendan Connor, Missouri-born twins brought up within an extremist Christian cult, before revealing it was a hoax and just a pseudonym.
Elba and Dhowre attended last year's Royal Wedding, which Elba also DJ'd at, but due to their forthcoming baby, Meghan and Harry weren't able to return the favor. (The attending part, not the DJ-ing part.)
Still, the newlywed couple had one hell of a party. Their three-day affair was held in Morocco and featured camels, fire dancers, and an all-white, festival-themed soirée, among other things, including a rumored performance by Diana Ross.
Clearly, Elba and Dhowre appreciate the more lavish things in life, so this art piece couldn't be a better gift for them.
Meghan and Harry Got Idris Elba A Lavish Wedding Gift
Entertainment • Meghan Markle • Pop Culture • Prince Harry • Weddings
written by Alexis Reliford


Estimated delivery time: 41 70 minutes**Too many hungry people! Delivery times are longer than usual, but no worries, your food will arrive hot & fresh.
Fried shrimp, fried wonton, spring roll, chicken wing, B-B-Q spare rib & beef stick.
Choice Italy oil, blue cheese, ranch dressing.
Vegetable and crispy noodles. Served with white rice.
Roasted PorkToggle visibility of menu section "Roasted Pork"
Small with 2 pancakes, large with 4 pancakes.
Flat NoodlesToggle visibility of menu section "Flat Noodles"
T.V.P VegetablesToggle visibility of menu section "T.V.P Vegetables"
TVP: Textured vegetable protein artificial chicken flavor with no animal fat or preservatives.
Chunks of chicken dipped in egg batter & lightly fried, then sauteed with vegs, in our special chef's sauce.
Jumbo shrimp dipped in batter & deep fried then sauteed with chef's special hot sauce.
Chunks of chicken dipped in egg batter & lightly fried then sauteed with orange flavored sauce.
Sliced beef lightly fried & sauteed with orange flavored sauce.
Chunk of chicken deep fried until golden brown sauteed with broccoli, sweet & sour sauce & sesame seeds.
Marinated jumbo shrimp, deep fried into crispy & topped with our authentic chef's sesame sauce.
Sliced beef deep fried until golden brown, sauteed with broccoli, sweet & sour sauce, & sesame seeds.
Deep fried sliced beef mixed with the chef's special sauce.
Deep fried shrimp sauteed with spicy salt, pepper & flavored ingredients.
Combination of beef, chicken & shrimps with mixed vegs sauteed with special sauce.
Fresh scallops & shrimp mixed with veg in garlic sauce.
Combination of seafood, beef, chicken with mix of chinese vegs. blended in a special brown sauce.
Bar-B-Q roasted duck is one of the famous & special plates from our chef.
Boneless Bar-B-Q duck served with pancakes, spring onion & hot sing sauce.
Combination of shrimp, pork & chicken served with the sweet & sour sauce.
Sauteed beef & scallops with mix veg. topped with the brown sauce.
Combination of chicken, shrimp & beef with peanuts & topped with kung pao sauce.
Combination of shrimp, beef & chicken sauteed with broccoli, mushroom, green pepper & bamboo shoots topped with the brown hunan sauce.
Fresh shrimp, beef & chicken mixed with veg. in garlic sauce.
Crabmeat, jumbo shrimp, scallops mixed with vegs. in our chef's white sauce.
Tofu deep fried until golden brown sauteed with broccoli, sweet & sour sauce & sesame seeds.
Fried Chicken WingsToggle visibility of menu section "Fried Chicken Wings"
Seafood BoxesToggle visibility of menu section "Seafood Boxes"
Boxes include french fries and tartar or cocktail sauce.
Jumbo shrimp (3), fish (1), scallop (1), crab stick (2).
All Day SpecialToggle visibility of menu section "All Day Special"
Include fried rice or french fries.
Sodas and JuicesToggle visibility of menu section "Sodas and Juices"
Coca-cola, diet pepsi, pepsi, diet coke, mountain dew, sprite.
Zero sprite, ginger ale, root beer, orange soda, coca-cola, pepsi, diet pepsi, diet coke, mountain dew, dr. pepper, sprite, orange juice (15.2 oz), apple juice (15.2 oz), deer park water.
Served with white rice or fried rice & spring roll.
Choice of roast pork, beef, shrimp, chicken or veg.


Enrico Products celebrates sixth anniversary!
Enrico Products celebrates six years in business on Friday, February 18th! We started with one product, the Enrico Grater, working from our homes and workshops, and spent countless hours building relationships at home and overseas. We now have more than 150 products in the collection from three countries, a fantastic nationwide independent sales force, nearly two thousand dealers, and showrooms in seven major markets. We've grown as a company, even through the worst financial turmoil the world has seen in decades, and the future is bright. Thanks everyone for being a part of Enrico history!
Vegas 2006 - Our first trade show ever!
Posted in Enrico Blog | Comments Off on Enrico Products celebrates sixth anniversary!
Enrico's lovely Bamboo Grand Flute Bowl and Servers were featured along with some other eco-friendly home decorating items on morning shows in St. Louis and Minneapolis…Here's the segment from St. Louis!


text:
Follow Focus Gear for CANON FD 50MM F1.4 S.S.C. lens
CANON FD 50MM F1.4 S.S.C.
Perfect fitting Follow Focus Gear for CANON FD 50MM F1.4 S.S.C. lens.
Perfect fitting Follow Focus Gear for the CANON FD 50MM F1.4 S.S.C. lens
The Follow Focus Ring for the CANON FD 50MM F1.4 S.S.C. lens is compatible with any standard Mod 0.8 Follow Focus System or Wireless Follow Focus System, like the Nucleus Nano M or Dji Focus.
Size of the CANON FD 50MM F1.4 S.S.C. Follow Focus Gear
The Follow Focus Gear for the CANON FD 50MM F1.4 S.S.C. Lens is 1,5cm thick and 1cm high. If you would like to have another size, we recommend ordering a
Why buy a perfect fitting Follow Focus Gear for the CANON FD 50MM F1.4 S.S.C. Follow Focus Gear
Cheap Follow Focus rubbers do have an overlap, which makes it hard to install it well. If it's not attached right, you can't reach the ends of the focus. That's why it's much easier to work with a Follow Focus Gear which fits perfectly for your CANON FD 50MM F1.4 S.S.C. lens.
Easy assembly of the CANON FD 50MM F1.4 S.S.C. Follow Focus Gear
The CANON FD 50MM F1.4 S.S.C. Follow Focus Gear can easily slide onto the lens. Unlike some other Focus Gear Brands no sanding or heating needed! Watch the following video to see how easy our gears can be attached.


Acme is a tiling window manager, editor, and shell interface, and is part of Inferno, Plan 9, Plan 9 from User Space (plan9port), Acme SAC, etc.
It's easy to apply an editor command across every open buffer, if you need to refactor for instance.
I edit this text (in a guide file for the current directory) to suit my current need; highlight it by dragging while the left mouse button is down; and then middle-click anywhere on the highlight to run it. After I run it, every open buffer that was changed gets a dirty-bit marker, and I can either middle-click the word Putall (usually in the top row) to save all the files' changes, or Undo (in any buffer's tag) to undo all of the changes across all buffers.
,-before-s says to edit the entire content of the buffer, not just a highlighted section.
s,loginAdmin,loginIdiAmin, is a tasteless replacement command in Edit's dialect of sam (and in ed, sed, vi, and vim). These commas could be replaced by any character, as long as that character is not in the set of characters to be replaced, or in the replacement set.
g-after-, says to replace every instance of loginAdmin, not just the first.


text:
Tandliawala railway station (, ) is located in town of Tandlianwala Faisalabad District, Pakistan.

See also
 List of railway stations in Pakistan
 Pakistan Railways

References

External links

Railway stations in Faisalabad District
Railway stations on Shorkot–Sheikhupura line


The rate and magnitude of climate change and its social impacts are linked to the dominant developmental pathways currently driving accelerated warming and heightened vulnerability. These pathways, based on fossil-fuel driven economic growth, are the product of systems, policies, practices and actions at many levels. Development and aid interventions form part of such practices and actions. Here a key question is: to what extent are they contributing to, or countering, current development pathways that are based on fossil-fuel-driven economic growth? A critical question is whether adaptation measures are merely incremental adjustments to 'development as usual', or whether they can indeed influence current development pathways in ways that bring about fundamental transformations and paradigm shifts. In this introductory chapter, we describe why climate change adaptation and development need to be taken more seriously, what is meant by 'development as usual', and how adaptation is framed, financed and practised within this paradigm. We then describe the contributions to this book, and show that there is significant empirical research to support arguments for new approaches to adaptation and development which can serve as an entry point for creating sustainable and resilient development pathways.


A project fork occurs when software developers take a copy of source code from one software package and use it to begin an independent development work that is maintained separately from its origin. Although forking in open source software does not require the permission of the original authors, the new version, nevertheless, competes for the attention of the same developers that have worked on the original version. The motivations developers have for performing forks are many, but in general they have received little attention. In this paper, we present the results of a study of forks performed in SourceForge (http://sourceforge.net/) and list the developers' motivations for their actions. The main motivation, seen in close to half of the cases of forking, was content modification; either adding content to the original program or focusing the content to the needs of a specific segment of users. In a quarter of the cases the motivation was technical modification; either porting the program to new hardware or software, or improving the original.


Welcome! Visit us at Booth# M358.
JC's Chunson Limited was established at Taipei in 1997. We are specialized in the semiconductor and photovoltaics machines and measurement instrument. We represent in China and Taiwan for G&N - Solar Brick Grinder, Wafer Grinder; E+H - PV and SEMI Wafer Thickness, Warp Gauge, Non-Contact Resistivity Gauge; Sentronics - Optical measurement system for Thickness (Thin-Wafer, Glass, Tape, MEMS), Warp for PV Cell; Hologenix - Magic Mirror, Wafer Edge Defect Detection System; Intego-NIR Inspection of Silicon Bricks and 3D Geometry Measurement, Wafer and Cell Detection of Microcracks and Inclusions; Garbo-Reclaiming System of used Slurry for PV.


text:
New ride-hailing startup Ridver launched in Joburg
The latest ride-hailing startup to launch in the South African market is Ridver, which has…
Applications open for Jack Ma's Africa Netpreneur Prize
The application process for the Africa Netpreneur Prize Initiative run by the Jack Ma Foundation…
Job-creating Kenyan startups can apply for this $130k UK-run challenge
The United Kingdom (UK) government has issued a call for proposals for a Business Innovation…
SA's Ctrl is an end-to-end tech-enabled insurance broker
South African startup Ctrl is on the verge of launching its end-to-end tech-enabled car and…
DEMO Africa to co-locate with APEBI event in Morocco in October
The latest edition of startup launch event DEMO Africa will take place in Rabat, Morocco…
Egyptian gaming community GBarena raises seed funding
Egypt-based online gaming community GBarena has secured an undisclosed amount of seed funding in order…
Tanzania's Ubongo, Egypt's PraxiLabs winners of Next Billion Ed-Tech Prize
Tanzanian educational media platform and Egyptian virtual science lab developer PraxiLabs have walked away with…
Silicon Valley-based Founder Institute launches Lagos chapter
Silicon Valley-based idea-stage startup accelerator Founder Institute has launched its newest chapter in Lagos with…
500 Startups MENA fund achieves final close of $33m
Silicon Valley-based venture capital firm 500 Startups has announced ts Middle East and North Africa…
Cape Town sports startup raises $100k from US-based accelerator
South African sports-tech startup Fancam is one of six startups selected to take part in…


text:
COMICS REPORTER's Tom Spurgeon Dies at Age 50
November 14, 2019 by admin 0 Comments
Tom Spurgeon at CXC 2017
Credit: Comics Crossroads Columbus
Comics journalist and convention organizer Tom Spurgeon died Wednesday at the age of 50.
Spurgeon was the co-founder (with Jordan Raphael) of the long-running comics journalism outlet Comics Reporter, and also worked as Cartoon Crossroads Columbus (CXC)'s Executive Director since 2015. Through his work at Comics Reporter and previously as Managing Editor/Executive Editor of The Comics Journal from 1994-1999, Spurgeon won the Will Eisner Comic Industry Award for "Best Comics-Related Periodical/Journalism" on seven occasions.
Spurgeon co-authored one of the primary Stan Lee biographies, Stan Lee and the Rise and Fall of the American Comic Book, as well as the Fantagraphics historical book We Told You So: Comics As Art. Spurgeon also co-created and co-wrote the newspaper strip Wildwood (with Dan Wright), which was syndicated by King Features from 1999 to 2002.
"We are heartbroken to have to share the devastating news that our friend and Executive Director of CXC Tom Spurgeon passed away earlier today," read a post on CXC's Facebook page Wednesday evening. "Tom was an authoritative voice on the art form, a passionate champion of cartoonists, both emerging and firmly established, and he personified the spirit and mission of our still relatively young festival dedicated to the art of comics.
"Through his art and criticism, he leaves an indelible stamp on the field to which he dedicated so much of his life. Our hearts go out to Tom's family, friends, and to the many people in our field that were fortunate enough to pass through his orbit."
This article was originally published by Newsarama.com. Read the original article here.
Being Muted in a Game Isn't a Civil Rights Violation, Says U.S. Federal Court
J.J. ABRAMS' Company Takes Over JUSTICE LEAGUE DARK Film/TV Franchise Development – Report
Roxane Gay's short story WE ARE THE SACRIFICE OF DARKNESS is being adapted for a graphic novel from Archaia
MARK RUSSELL Sharpens His Knives for KILLING RED SONJA


text:
Q: UIBarButtonItem image appears pixelated In my IOS app, I'm trying to incorporate images on UIBarButtonItems.  I found some icons on IconFinder, but they appear pixelated when I specify the image using the Storyboard (I exported 22x22 pixel pngs).
It appears fine in the storyboard but pixelated on my device / in the simulator:

How can you ensure that UIBarButtonItem images are not pixelated?  I've read that they should be 22x22.

A: They should be 22 x 22 points. You are dealing with pixels.
You need an @2x image that is 44 x 44 as well as an @3x image that's 66 x 66 if you're optimizing for iPhone 6 Plus.
Here's a helpful link about the difference between points and pixels