text:
\section{Introduction}

Quantum teleportation is a fundamental protocol in quantum information~\cite{bennett_teleporting_1993,braunstein_teleportation_1998,pirandola_advances_2015}. In its original formulation, it involves perfectly transmitting a qudit using a pre-shared maximally entangled discrete variable (DV) state. A projective Bell measurement is carried out on the state that is to be transmitted (the signal state) and one half of the entangled (resource) state. The measurement result is sent to the receiver, who then carries out one of a set of teleportation unitaries (which one depends on the measurement result) on their half of the resource state to recover the signal state. The concept has since been generalised in a number of ways.

It has been extended to continuous variable (CV) states. First, this was done via the naive approach of simply replacing the maximally entangled DV states with maximally entangled CV states and the measurements with projective measurements onto such states~\cite{vaidman_teleportation_1994}. Such a protocol is not experimentally realisable, however, since a maximally entangled CV state has infinite energy. Instead, the Braunstein-Kimble protocol was developed, which uses finite-energy two-mode squeezed vacuum (TMSV) states~\cite{braunstein_teleportation_1998}. The measurement is of the displacement of a superposition of the signal state and half of the entangled state and the teleportation unitaries, in this case, are displacements. The trade-off is that, for any finite energy resource, the channel enacted is no longer the identity, although it approaches the identity in the asymptotic limit (see Refs.~\cite{pirandola_theory_2018,pirandola_teleportation_2018} for related concepts of strong and uniform convergence in CV teleportation).

Resource states other than the maximally entangled state have been considered. Changing the resource state (without changing the measurement performed) can change the channel enacted (i.e. the transformation applied to the signal state to get the received state). In the standard qudit teleportation case, the channel is simply the identity, but by changing the resource, one can enact any Pauli channel~\cite{bowen_teleportation_2001}. Altering the classical communication stage allows an even wider range of channels to be enacted~\cite{cope_simulation_2017}. This generalisation leads to another use for the teleportation protocol.

Teleportation can be used to send quantum states from one physical location to another. The fact that channels other than the identity can be enacted opens up another possibility. By carrying out teleportation with a resource other than the maximally entangled state, we can apply a channel to a state (generalising the idea of quantum gate teleportation~\cite{gottesman_demonstrating_1999}). This method allows certain channels to be applied to states deterministically (as long as the resource state can be prepared without errors). It can also be used as a particular protocol for channel simulation~\cite{pirandola_fundamental_2017}, a mathematical tool for simulating a quantum channel via local operations and classical communications (LOCC) and a given resource state. Channel simulation allows
finding computable upper bounds on quantum communication capacities and key rates for a general channel in terms of the entanglement of the resource state~\cite{pirandola_fundamental_2017}, as quantified by
the relative entropy of entanglement~\cite{vedral_quantifying_1997,vedral_entanglement_1998}.
Note that this is a theoretical technique for calculating information
theoretic quantities of the channel that relies only on the possibility of
enacting the channel via teleportation, rather than a practical application of the teleportation protocol.
One limitation of using teleportation to implement channels or for channel simulation is that only Pauli channels can be enacted via standard qudit teleportation with a modified resource. Indeed, the measurement-dependent post-processing by the receiver forces a requirement, teleportation covariance \cite{pirandola_theory_2018,cope_simulation_2017}, which in turn implies that the only channels that can be enacted by a teleportation protocol are those that commute with the post-processing teleportation unitaries.

Ishizaka and Hiroshima introduced a new type of teleportation protocol, called port-based teleportation~\cite{ishizaka_asymptotic_2008,ishizaka_quantum_2009}, later studied and improved in a number of works~\cite{studzinski_port-based_2017,mozrzymas_optimal_2018,pereira_characterising_2021}. In port-based teleportation (PBT), the sender and receiver share several entangled states (called ports), rather than one, and these collectively form the shared resource state. The measurement on the sender's half of the resource state and the signal state gives one of $N$ possible results, where $N$ is the number of ports (for the deterministic version of the protocol). Crucially, the only post-processing required is to select the correct port, based on the measurement result. The lack of teleportation unitaries on the receiver state allows for the simulation of any channel, without the requirement of teleportation covariance. However, unlike in the standard teleportation case, for any finite number of ports this protocol does not enact perfect simulation, namely an identity channel on the signal state, even with the optimal resource state and the optimal measurement. However, the enacted channel approaches the identity asymptotically in the number of ports. The lack of post-processing is a key advantage, as it means every qudit channel can be enacted to arbitrary precision with enough ports and the correct resource state.
Aside from finding upper bounds on quantum capacities, other applications include finding
theoretical limits for quantum sensing \cite{pirandola_fundamental_2019} and defining
programmable quantum computers \cite{banchi_convex_2020}, where the resource state defines the program.
One important basic case uses a tensor product of $N$ maximally entangled qudits as the resource and the square root measurement, also called pretty good measurements \cite{hausladen_pretty_1994,hausladen_classical_1996}.

The Braunstein-Kimble protocol has the same limitation as standard DV teleportation of only being able to enact channels that commute with the teleportation unitaries, namely the set of displacement operators~\cite{pirandola_theory_2018}. One particular example of an entire class of channels that cannot be simulated at all are channels that apply an energy truncation. Specifically, consider the set of all channels that accept any input but only output states with an average photon number below some number $E$. For any such channel, we can always choose an input with a very high energy so that the outputs of the ``simulated" channel and the teleportation channel are arbitrarily far apart. This limitation exists for any resource state. Note, however, that it is possible to modify the Braunstein-Kimble protocol slightly so that it is able to simulate channels that apply an energy truncation by, for instance, restricting the set of post-processing displacements by imposing a maximum displacement magnitude.

In this paper, we will consider a natural follow-on to the idea of PBT: namely, whether the concept can be extended to CV systems. We call this CV-PBT. Here, we avoid the naive approach of replacing maximally entangled qudit ports with maximally entangled but unphysical CV ports. Instead, we use finite energy TMSV ports as the resource, and construct our square root measurement in a similar way (from finite energy TMSVs).

Continuous variable PBT is largely absent from the literature, except from Boiselle's master thesis~\cite{boisselle_jason_port-based_2014},
so it is worth addressing how this work differs from ours. Boisselle proposes (in Chapter~6) the following protocol for teleporting coherent states starting from the same type of resource as us (a number of finite energy TMSVs). The parties first carry out entanglement purification on their shared resource to replace the (CV) TMSV states with a smaller number of maximally entangled DV states. The sender then encodes the (CV) coherent state in a multi-qubit state (thereby applying an energy truncation) and then sends each qubit via standard DV-PBT (using the purified resource). Finally, the receiver reconstructs (an truncated approximation of) the original coherent state.
Whilst this is technically using PBT to teleport an initially CV state, this is quite far from what one might expect from a CV extension of PBT. Fundamentally, it is DV-PBT with some pre- and post-processing to convert both the resource and the signal to DV states. The final state is DV, not CV, since the reconstruction process uses beamsplitters to recombine the multi-qubit state into a single mode, but cannot undo the truncation. In contrast, our protocol uses a CV resource with a CV measurement, and the output states can have support over the entire (overcomplete) basis of coherent states.

We will propose the general form of the CV-PBT protocol, but will only calculate exact expressions for the channel enacted by the two port case. Whilst this is a somewhat limited result, it serves two main purposes. Firstly, it is a proof in principle of a CV extension to PBT, showing that we can get meaningful results using this new protocol, and that it does (imperfectly) transmit a quantum state. Secondly, we find that the protocol enacts an energy truncation on the transmitted state, so that any input state results in an output state with bounded energy. This means that CV-PBT can simulate a completely, qualitatively different set of channels than standard CV teleportation, even in the two port case. We have also developed the $N$ mode formalism, allowing numerical calculations of the channel output, although we have not found analytical expressions.

\section{Specification of the protocol}

Let us begin by setting out the protocol in its general, $N$ port form, before focusing more narrowly on the two port case. Suppose a sender, Alice, is trying to transmit a one-mode CV state to a receiver, Bob, using a pre-shared resource state, and without sending any quantum states from one party to the other. Denote Alice's half of the shared resource collectively as system $A$, with the individual ports constituting systems $A_1$, $A_2$, etc. Bob's half of the shared resource constitutes system $B$ (with individual ports constituting systems $B_i$). The signal state is system $C$.

The initial resource state, $\phi^{[N]}_x$, consists of $N$ TMSVs, each with a squeezing specified by $x$. We write
\begin{equation}
    \phi^{[N]}_x = \bigotimes_{i=1}^{N} S(\lambda_x) \left|00\right>\left<00\right|_{A_i B_i} S(\lambda_x)^{\dagger},
\end{equation}
where $x$ is a squeezing parameter ($\lambda_x=\tanh x$) and $S(\lambda)$ is the two-mode squeezing operator, which acts on the zero state as
\begin{equation}
    S(\lambda) \left|00\right> = \sqrt{1-\lambda^2} \sum_{n=0}^{\infty}(-\lambda)^n \left|nn\right>.
\end{equation}

Next, we must specify the measurement. We define
\begin{equation}
    \sigma_{i,y}^{[N]} = S(\lambda_y) \left|00\right>\left<00\right|_{A_i C} S(\lambda_y)^{\dagger} \otimes \mathcal{I}_{A_{\Bar{i}}B},
\end{equation}
where $i$ is any element of the set of integers from $1$ to $N$ and $\Bar{i}$ is the same set excluding $i$. Then define $\rho_{y}^{[N]} = \sum_{i=1}^N \sigma_{i,y}^{[N]}$. Henceforth, we neglect the superscript $[N]$ where not required. We now construct a POVM with elements
\begin{equation}
    M^{(i)}_{y} = \rho_{y}^{-\frac{1}{2}}\sigma_{i,y}\rho_{y}^{-\frac{1}{2}} + \frac{1}{N} \{\rho_{y}\}_K,
\end{equation}
where $\{X\}_K$ denotes the kernel of $X$. By construction, the elements sum to the identity, so this is a valid measurement.

Alice carries out this measurement on systems $A$ and $C$ (the signal state and her half of the shared resource), then sends the result, $j$ (an integer between $1$ and $N$), to Bob. Bob then picks and retains port $j$ (i.e. system $B_j$), whilst discarding the rest of his subsystems.

Denoting the channel enacted by CV-PBT on an initial state $\psi$ as $\mathcal{E}_{x,y}$, we can write $\mathcal{E}_{x,y}[\psi] = N \Tr_{AB_{\bar{i}C}}[M^{(i)}_{y} \psi\otimes\phi^{[N]}_x]$, where - due to the permutation symmetry of the resource and the measurement operators - it does not matter what value $i$ takes. To characterise the effect of the channel, we could choose to express the output for an (arbitrary) coherent state input. This serves as a complete characterisation of a CV channel because any CV state can be expressed as a pseudo-probability distribution over the set of coherent states (and due to the linearity of quantum channels).

\subsection{CV-PBT channel for two ports}

Before going through the details, we will give a high level overview of how we go about finding an explicit expression for the channel output for a coherent state input, $\mathcal{E}_{x,y}[\left|\alpha_{\mathrm{coh}}\right>\left<\alpha_{\mathrm{coh}}\right|]$ (where we denote the output of the teleportation channel, for an input state $\psi$, as $\mathcal{E}_{x,y}[\psi]$.). We start by writing an eigenvector decomposition of $\rho_y$. We then calculate $\rho_{y}^{-\frac{1}{2}}\sigma_{i,y}\rho_{y}^{-\frac{1}{2}}$ (i.e. the part of the measurement that lies in the support of $\rho_y$), and hence $M^{(i)}$. We apply this expression to calculate $\mathcal{E}_{x,y}[\left|a\right>\left<b\right|]$, the effect of the channel on an arbitrary entry in the number state basis. Finally, we use the number state expression for a coherent state to calculate $\mathcal{E}_{x,y}[\left|\alpha_{\mathrm{coh}}\right>\left<\alpha_{\mathrm{coh}}\right|]$.

For $N=2$, we can decompose $\rho$ in terms of its eigenvectors as
\begin{equation}
    \rho_y = \sum_{m=0}^{\infty} \left[ \Xi_{y,m}^{+}\left|\Psi_{y,m}^+\right>\left<\Psi_{y,m}^+\right| + \Xi_{y,m}^{-}\left|\Psi_{y,m}^-\right>\left<\Psi_{y,m}^-\right| \right],\label{eq: rho decomp}
\end{equation}
where the eigenvalues $\{\Xi_{y,m}^{\pm}\}$ and the eigenstates $\{\left|\Psi_{y,m}^{\pm}\right>\}$ are defined as
\begin{equation}
    \Xi_{y,m}^{\pm} = 1\pm\chi_{y,m},\quad
    \left|\Psi_{y,m}^{\pm}\right> = \sqrt{\frac{1-\lambda_y^2}{2\Xi_{y,m}^{\pm}}} \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} (-\lambda_y)^n \left|n\right>_C \otimes (\left|nm\right> \pm \left|mn\right>)_{A},\label{eq: eigenstates}
\end{equation}
and where $\chi_{x,r}$ is given by $\chi_{x,r} = (1-\lambda_x^2)\lambda_x^{2r}$. The details of this eigendecomposition are given in Appendix~\ref{app: eigendecomposition}.

Defining $\sigma'_{i,y} = \rho_{y}^{-\frac{1}{2}}\sigma_{i,y}\rho_{y}^{-\frac{1}{2}}$, we get (see Appendix~\ref{app: measurements})
\begin{equation}
    \sigma'_{1,y} = \frac{1}{2} \sum_{m=0}^{\infty} (\left|\Psi_{y,m}^{+}\right> + \left|\Psi_{y,m}^{-}\right>)(\left<\Psi_{y,m}^{+}\right| + \left<\Psi_{y,m}^{-}\right|),\quad
    \sigma'_{2,y} = \frac{1}{2} \sum_{m=0}^{\infty} (\left|\Psi_{y,m}^{+}\right> - \left|\Psi_{y,m}^{-}\right>)(\left<\Psi_{y,m}^{+}\right| - \left<\Psi_{y,m}^{-}\right|).\label{eq: signal decomp}
\end{equation}
Including the contribution from the kernel of $\rho$, we get
\begin{equation}
    M_y^{(1)}=\frac{\mathcal{I}}{2} + \frac{1}{2}\sum_{m=0}^{\infty} \left(\left|\Psi_{y,m}^{+}\right>\left<\Psi_{y,m}^{-}\right| + \left|\Psi_{y,m}^{-}\right>\left<\Psi_{y,m}^{+}\right|\right),\quad
    M_y^{(2)}=\frac{\mathcal{I}}{2} - \frac{1}{2}\sum_{m=0}^{\infty} \left(\left|\Psi_{y,m}^{+}\right>\left<\Psi_{y,m}^{-}\right| + \left|\Psi_{y,m}^{-}\right>\left<\Psi_{y,m}^{+}\right|\right).\label{eq: measurement decomp}
\end{equation}

Now let us calculate the effect of the protocol on an arbitrary entry in the number state basis. Recalling that we denote the resource state with squeezing parameter $x$ by $\phi_x$, we define $\phi^{(i)}_{ab,x} = \Tr_{B_{\Bar{i}}}[\left|a\right>\left<b\right|_C \otimes\phi_x]$. If we have measurement outcome $i$, we are interested in $\Tr_{AC}[M^{(i)}_{y} \phi^{(i)}_{ab,x}]$. Without loss of generality, we set $i=1$. We express $\phi^{(1)}_{ab,x}$ as
\begin{equation}
    \phi^{(1)}_{ab,x} = (1-\lambda_x^2) \left|a\right>\left<b\right|_C \otimes \left( \sum_{p,q=0}^{\infty}(-\lambda_x)^{p+q} \left|pp\right>\left<qq\right|_{A_1 B_1}\right) \otimes \left( \sum_{r=0}^{\infty} \chi_{x,r} \left|r\right>\left<r\right|_{A_2} \right).\label{eq: arbitrary number state}
\end{equation}
Since we have traced over mode $B_2$, mode $A_2$ is in a thermal state.

We calculate (see Appendix~\ref{app: coherent state})
\begin{equation}
    \mathcal{E}_{x,y}[\left|a\right>\left<b\right|] =
    (1-\lambda_x^2)(1-\lambda_y^2)\lambda_y^{a+b} \sum_{m=0}^{\infty} \frac{\chi_{x,a+m}}{\sqrt{1-\chi_{y,m}^2}}(\lambda_x^{b-a}\left|a\right>\left<b\right| - \delta_{ab}\left|m\right>\left<m\right|)
    + \sum_{m=0}^{\infty} \chi_{x,m} \left|m\right>\left<m\right|.\label{eq: channel on ab}
\end{equation}
Note that if $a=b$, the trace of Eq.~(\ref{eq: channel on ab}) is $1$, verifying that we have a valid channel.

A generic CV state can be expressed as a combination of coherent states via the so-called P-representation
\cite{vogel2006quantum,sudarshan_equivalence_1963,glauber_coherent_1963}
\begin{equation}
	\rho = \int d\alpha \,P(\alpha)\, |{\alpha_{\mathrm{coh}}}\rangle\!\langle\alpha_{\mathrm{coh}}|,
	\label{eq: p repr}
\end{equation}
where $P(\alpha)$ is a quasi-probability distribution, namely $P(\alpha)$ may be negative for
non-classical states. The possibility of expressing a general CV state as a combination of
diagonal elements as in Eq.~\eqref{eq: p repr} comes from the fact that coherent states
form an overcomplete basis. Note however that Eq.~\eqref{eq: p repr} does not
represent a convex combination of coherent states, as $P(\alpha)$ may be negative.
Thanks to the P-representation, we can characterise any channel via its action on
coherent states.

Mathematically, a generic coherent state can be expressed as
\begin{equation}
    \left|\alpha_{\mathrm{coh}}\right>\left<\alpha_{\mathrm{coh}}\right| = \exp[-|\alpha|^2] \sum_{a,b=0}^{\infty} \frac{\alpha^{a}\alpha^{*b}}{\sqrt{a!b!}}\left|a\right>\left<b\right|,
\end{equation}
where $\alpha^*$ is the complex conjugate of $\alpha$. Defining $\Omega_{x,y} = \sum_{m=0}^{\infty} \frac{\chi_{x,m}}{\sqrt{1-\chi_{y,m}^2}}$, we can characterise the channel by writing
\begin{equation}
    \begin{split}
        \mathcal{E}_{x,y}[\left|\alpha_{\mathrm{coh}}\right>\left<\alpha_{\mathrm{coh}}\right|] =&
        e^{-\left(1 - \lambda_x^2 \lambda_y^2\right)|\alpha|^2}(1-\lambda_x^2)(1-\lambda_y^2)\Omega_{x,y} \left|\lambda_x\lambda_y\alpha_{\mathrm{coh}}\right>\left<\lambda_x\lambda_y\alpha_{\mathrm{coh}}\right|\\
        &+ \sum_{m=0}^{\infty} \chi_{x,m}\left(1-e^{-\left(1 - \lambda_x^2 \lambda_y^2\right)|\alpha|^2}\frac{(1-\lambda_x^2)(1-\lambda_y^2)}{\sqrt{1-\chi_{y,m}^2}}\right) \left|m\right>\left<m\right|.
    \end{split}\label{eq: 2 port characterisation}
\end{equation}
Thanks to the P-representation \eqref{eq: p repr}, this is a complete characterisation of the channel. Note from Eq.~(\ref{eq: channel on ab}) that there is no global phase applied to the transmitted state, so if we have an idler state, teleportation will not lead to a relative phase between the idler and the teleported state. Note too that if $|\alpha|$ is close to $0$ and $\lambda_y$ is sufficiently small (specifically, if $(1-\lambda_y^2)^{-2}-1<(1-\lambda_x^2)^{2}$), the $m=0$ term in the final sum in Eq.~(\ref{eq: 2 port characterisation}) can be negative and the first term can be $>1$. This is not unphysical, since coherent states and number states are not orthonormal, so the contributions cancel out, but it can complicate calculations, so it is often easier to work in what we call the positive regime (as opposed to the negative regime), for which $(1-\lambda_y^2)^{-2}-1\geq(1-\lambda_x^2)^{2}$.

\section{Properties of the teleportation channel}

\subsection{Effect of the channel}

By looking at the form of Eq.~(\ref{eq: 2 port characterisation}), we can gain a more physically intuitive understanding of the effect of the channel. One observation we can immediately make is that the channel is phase-insensitive. With some probability, the channel output is the same as that of a lossy channel with a transmission of $\lambda_x^2\lambda_y^2$ (which we denote by $\mathcal{L}_{x,y}$). Otherwise, the output is a thermal state (with average photon number $\frac{\lambda_x^2}{1-\lambda_x^2}$) with some non-Gaussian corrections, which are diagonal in the number state basis. It should be noted, however, that even without these non-Gaussian corrections, the channel output would be a convex combination of two Gaussian states, which is not itself Gaussian. We can rewrite Eq.~(\ref{eq: 2 port characterisation}) as
\begin{equation}
    \begin{split}
        \mathcal{E}_{x,y}[\left|\alpha_{\mathrm{coh}}\right>\left<\alpha_{\mathrm{coh}}\right|] =
        e^{-(1-\tau_{x,y})|\alpha|^2}g_{x,y}\Omega_{x,y} \left|\sqrt{\tau_{x,y}}\alpha_{\mathrm{coh}}\right>\left<\sqrt{\tau_{x,y}}\alpha_{\mathrm{coh}}\right| + (1-e^{-(1-\tau_{x,y})|\alpha|^2}g_{x,y})\rho^{\mathrm{th}}_{x}\\
        + e^{-(1-\tau_{x,y})|\alpha|^2}g_{x,y}\sum_{m=0}^{\infty} \chi_{x,m}\left(1-(1-\chi_{y,m}^2)^{-\frac{1}{2}}\right) \left|m\right>\left<m\right|,
    \end{split}\label{eq: 2 port characterisation rearranged}
\end{equation}
where $\rho^{\mathrm{th}}_{x}$ is the thermal state with coefficients $\chi_{x,m}$, $\tau_{x,y}=\lambda_x^2 \lambda_y^2$, and $g_{x,y}=(1-\lambda_x^2)(1-\lambda_y^2)$. The magnitude of the non-Gaussian corrections (the last term in Eq.~(\ref{eq: 2 port characterisation rearranged})) is smaller for higher number states. In the case of $m=0$, $\chi_{x,m}\left(1-(1-\chi_{y,m}^2)^{-\frac{1}{2}}\right)=(1-\lambda_x^2)\left(1-\lambda_y^{-1}(2-\lambda_y^{2})^{-\frac{1}{2}}\right)$, whilst as $m\to\infty$, $\chi_{x,m}\left(1-(1-\chi_{y,m}^2)^{-\frac{1}{2}}\right)\to 0$.

\subsection{Energy of the channel output}

Let us consider the energy of the channel output for a coherent state input. The average photon number of a coherent state is $|\alpha|^2$, whilst for our output, it is
\begin{equation}
    E_{|\alpha|^2}=\sum_{n=0}^{\infty} n \left<n\right|\mathcal{E}_{x,y}[\left|\alpha_{\mathrm{coh}}\right>\left<\alpha_{\mathrm{coh}}\right|]\left|n\right> =
    e^{-\left(1 - \tau_{x,y}\right)|\alpha|^2}g_{x,y}\left(\tau_{x,y}\Omega_{x,y}|\alpha|^2
    - \sum_{m=0}^{\infty} m\frac{\chi_{x,m}}{\sqrt{1-\chi_{y,m}^2}}\right) + \frac{\lambda_x^2}{1-\lambda_x^2}.\label{eq: energy output coherent}
\end{equation}
A key realisation here is that, for any finite $x$, this quantity is bounded, even as $|\alpha|\to\infty$. In fact, the maximum output energy for any input state is (see Appendix~\ref{app: output energy})
\begin{equation}
    E_{\mathrm{max}} = \frac{\tau_{x,y}g_{x,y}\Omega_{x,y}}{1 - \tau_{x,y}}\exp\left[-\left(1+\frac{1 - \tau_{x,y}}{\tau_{x,y}\Omega_{x,y}}\sum_{m=0}^{\infty} m\frac{\chi_{x,m}}{\sqrt{1-\chi_{y,m}^2}}\right)\right]+\frac{\lambda_x^2}{1-\lambda_x^2}.\label{eq: energy output max}
\end{equation}

The channel therefore applies an energy truncation. It is also of interest that this energy truncation is not a ``hard cut-off" (i.e. a truncation in the number state basis, which would map CV states to DV), but rather a constraint on the average photon number of the output. The outputs of CV-PBT remain CV states and their support continues to be the entire set of coherent states. Unlike for a hard cut-off, there is no quantum channel that applies only this kind of truncation whilst leaving the state otherwise undisturbed (i.e. there is no channel that acts as the identity on all states with an average photon number less than some maximum value but not on states with a higher energy). This follows from the linearity of quantum channels and of the energy of a state, by considering a convex combination of a low energy state and a high energy state. This means that $\mathcal{E}_{x,y}$ cannot be decomposed into the pointwise application of a channel that does not apply an energy truncation and a channel that just applies an energy truncation.

\subsection{Distance from physically relevant channels}

It is unlikely that a physical scenario can be modelled exactly by the channel given in Eq.~(\ref{eq: 2 port characterisation rearranged}). If we want to use CV-PBT for channel simulation, we must ask: what physically relevant channels does Eq.~(\ref{eq: 2 port characterisation rearranged}) resemble? When we say that two channels are similar to each other, we mean that if the same signal state is the input for both channels, the resulting output states will be close to each other (generally in the sense of the trace norm between them). One important metric for assessing the similarity of two channels is the diamond norm. The diamond norm is the trace norm between the output states maximised over all possible input states (including those with idler modes).

Since CV-PBT applies a lossy channel with a probability that depends on the energy of the input, one simple channel we might consider comparing it to is a lossy channel with the same loss, which we will call $\mathcal{L}_{x,y}$. Since lossy channels do not apply an energy truncation, for sufficiently energetic inputs, the output of $\mathcal{L}_{x,y}$ can be arbitrarily far away from the output of $\mathcal{E}_{x,y}$, so the diamond norm between the two channels will be $2$ (the maximum value). Instead, we can consider the energy constrained diamond norm (first introduced in Ref.~\cite{pirandola_fundamental_2017} for the study of the two-way assisted capacities of bosonic channels and then generalized in Refs.~\cite{shirokov_energy-constrained_2018,winter_energy-constrained_2017}). Instead of maximising over every possible input state, we only maximise over those states for which the energy of the signal state is less than or equal to some maximum value. We define
\begin{equation}
    D_{x,y,E}=\sup_{\psi_{IS}\in\Psi_E} \|\mathcal{I}\otimes\mathcal{E}_{x,y}[\psi] - \mathcal{I}\otimes\mathcal{L}_{x,y}[\psi]\|,\quad
    \Psi_E = \{\psi_{IS}|\Tr[\hat{n}_S\psi]\leq E\},
\end{equation}
where $S$ denotes the mode that is sent through the channel (the signal mode), $I$ denotes an idler system, and $\hat{n}_S$ is the photon number operator on the signal mode.

We find (see Appendix~\ref{app: lossy channel comp}) that, for the positive regime,
\begin{equation}
    D_{x,y,E}[\mathcal{E}_{x,y},\mathcal{L}_{x,y}] \leq 2\left(1 - e^{-E \left(1 - \tau_{x,y}\right)}g_{x,y}\Omega_{x,y}\right).\label{eq: lossy channel comp bound}
\end{equation}
This bound takes a more complicated form in the negative regime. It is not necessarily a good bound, since it relies on the triangle inequality. It is illustrated, for $\lambda_x=0.5$ and $\lambda_y=0.5$, in Fig.~\ref{fig: lossy}. The plot shows that the lossy channel is not very similar to the two port CV-PBT channel for these parameter values, even at low energies, since even for $\alpha=0$ the energy constrained diamond norm is $\sim 0.44$.

\begin{figure}[tb]
\vspace{+0.1cm}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.5\linewidth]{PBT_to_lossy.pdf}\caption{Upper bound on the energy constrained diamond norm between the two port CV-PBT channel with $\lambda_x=0.5$ and $\lambda_y=0.5$ and a lossy channel with a transmissivity of $\tau=0.0625$. $E$ is the average number of photons for the input state.}
\label{fig: lossy}
\end{figure}

We might instead consider channels of the form
\begin{equation}
    \mathcal{C}[\left|\alpha_{\mathrm{coh}}\right>\left<\alpha_{\mathrm{coh}}\right|]=e^{-\kappa |\alpha|^2} f \left|\sqrt{\tau}\alpha_{\mathrm{coh}}\right>\left<\sqrt{\tau}\alpha_{\mathrm{coh}}\right| + (1-e^{-\kappa |\alpha|^2} f) \rho^{\mathrm{th}}_{h},\label{eq: channel model better}
\end{equation}
where $\kappa$, $f$, $\tau$, and $h$ are parameters to be specified. We will call this type of channel an energy-dependent replacement channel, since it enacts a replacement channel with a probability that depends on the energy of the input state. At first glance, this is a less simple and generally useful type of channel than the lossy channel, however we can conceive of physical scenarios for which it could be a good model. We will present one such physical situation, purely as an example.

Suppose we have a filament of material that we wish to send laser pulses through (either to probe it or to transmit quantum information). Any photonic state passing through the material has a chance to be consumed in an interaction that replaces it with a thermal state (e.g. they could be absorbed by reactive sites distributed through the material that then randomly emit a photon from a thermal distribution), whilst otherwise it emerges subject to some damping (e.g. due to reflection at the boundaries). Suppose its chance of being consumed in such an interaction depends on the time spent within the filament of material, so that its probability of not interacting is $e^{\frac{nL}{c}}$, where $n$ is the refractive index of the filament, $L$ is its length, and $c$ is the speed of light in a vacuum. The probability of interacting is then $1-e^{\frac{nL}{c}}$. Finally, suppose that the filament has a large second-order non-linear refractive index, so that the refractive index, $n$, is dependent on the intensity, $I$, of the optical state, and can be written as $n_0+n_2 I$. $I$ is proportional to the average photon number of the state. With these ingredients in place, we can see that we can model this situation using the quantum channel given in Eq.~(\ref{eq: channel model better}).

We emphasise that, whilst this is a very specific physical scenario, we are not interested in any particular physical scenario, but rather offer this as one example of a quantum channel that could be simulated by our teleportation protocol. We could also calculate the diamond norm between the teleportation channel and other channel models, or could change the teleportation channel significantly by changing the resource state.

Assuming the positive regime and setting $\kappa=1-\tau_{x,y}$, $f=g_{x,y}\Omega_{x,y}$, $\tau=\tau_{x,y}$, and $h=x$ in Eq.~(\ref{eq: channel model better}), we compare the resulting energy-dependent replacement channel, $\mathcal{C}_{x,y}$, to $\mathcal{E}_{x,y}$. The diamond norm is (see Appendix~\ref{app: edrc comp})
\begin{equation}
    D_{x,y}[\mathcal{E}_{x,y},\mathcal{C}_{x,y}] = 2g_{x,y}\sum_{m=0}^{m_c} \chi_{x,m}\left((1-\chi_{y,m_c}^2)^{-\frac{1}{2}}-\Omega_{x,y}\right),\label{eq: edrc diamond}
\end{equation}
where we define $m_c$ as the largest integer for which $(1-\chi_{y,m_c}^2)^{-\frac{1}{2}}>\Omega_{x,y}$. This can be much smaller than the bound on the energy constrained diamond norm between the same channel ($\mathcal{E}_{x,y}$) and $\mathcal{L}_{x,y}$, even for small energy constraints, although this is not surprising since Eq.~(\ref{eq: edrc diamond}) is exact and since we have specifically chosen the form of Eq.~(\ref{eq: channel model better}) to be similar to the PBT channel.

\section{Channel simulation example}

Suppose we have a physical scenario that can be modelled by one of two channels of the form
\begin{equation}
    \mathcal{C}[\left|\alpha_{\mathrm{coh}}\right>\left<\alpha_{\mathrm{coh}}\right|]=e^{-(1-\tau_{x,y}) |\alpha|^2} g_{x,y}\Omega_{x,y} \left|\sqrt{\tau_{x,y}}\alpha_{\mathrm{coh}}\right>\left<\sqrt{\tau_{x,y}}\alpha_{\mathrm{coh}}\right| + (1-e^{-(1-\tau_{x,y}) |\alpha|^2} g_{x,y}\Omega_{x,y}) \rho^{\mathrm{th}}_{x},\label{eq: example channel}
\end{equation}
where $\tau_{x,y}$, $g_{x,y}$, and $\Omega_{x,y}$ are the previously defined functions of $\lambda_x$ and $\lambda_y$, $\lambda_y=2^{-\frac{1}{4}}$, and $\lambda_{x^{\pm}}=2^{-\frac{1}{4}}\pm \frac{1}{2}\delta$. We want to send probe states through the channel and then carry out a final measurement, in order to determine which of the channels we have. The scenario could involve the filaments described in the previous section or could be some other situation with a similar mathematical description.

Suppose we want to upper bound the distinguishability (diamond norm) of this pair of channels after a single channel use. At first glance, this could be a tricky problem, since even for a coherent state input, the difference between the outputs is a complicated combination of two different coherent states and two different thermal states. It is not obvious how one would diagonalise this difference to calculate the trace norm of the difference, let alone maximise over all possible P-distributions. If we allowed multiple channel uses, this problem would become even more difficult, since we must account for all possible processing operations between uses. For a finite dimensional system, we could solve the problem numerically via semidefinite programming, but since we are looking at CV states, this is only possible if we apply some truncation.

Alternatively, we can simulate the channels using CV-PBT with the same values of $\lambda_x$ and $\lambda_y$ (these are not necessarily the optimal values that give the tightest bounds, but we choose them for convenience). For more details about how channel simulation can be used to bound the distinguishability of two channels, see Ref.~\cite{pirandola_fundamental_2019}. Using Eq.~(\ref{eq: edrc diamond}) and bounding the trace norm between the resource states $\phi_{x_{\pm}}$ using the fidelity and the Fuchs-van de Graaf inequality, we get the plot in Fig.~\ref{fig: sim}, which bounds the diamond norm between the channels in terms of $\delta$. The extension to multiple channel uses is simple. Note that it is not possible to simulate channels of this type using the Braunstein-Kimble protocol.

\begin{figure}[tb]
\vspace{+0.1cm}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.5\linewidth]{channel_sim_PBT.pdf}\caption{Upper bound on the diamond norm between two channels of the form given in Eq.~(\ref{eq: example channel}), derived using simulation with CV-PBT.}
\label{fig: sim}
\end{figure}

\section{CV-PBT for $N$ ports}

For the $N$ port case, we do not give an explicit expression for the channel output, but rather show how one can go about calculating the output state. Recall that the action of the PBT channel is $\mathcal{E}_{x,y}[\psi] = N \Tr_{AB_{\bar{1}C}}[M^{(1)}_{y} \psi\otimes\phi^{[N]}_x]$. We do not present, as for the two port case, an explicit expression for the measurement operator in terms of $\lambda_y$, but instead give a method for finding it. This requires quite a lot of new notation, which we introduce very quickly here, but which is explained in more detail in Appendix~\ref{app: N ports}.

The eigenstates of $\rho_y$ take the form
\begin{equation}
    \left|\psi(\mathcal{M},\eta_{\mathcal{M}})\right>_{CA} = \sqrt{\frac{1-\lambda_y^2}{\Xi_{\mathcal{M},\eta_{\mathcal{M}}}}}\sum_{n=0}^{\infty} (-\lambda_y)^n\left|n\right>_C \otimes \sum_{\Phi\in\mathcal{P}} \eta_{\mathcal{M},\Phi} \left(\Phi\left|n\right>\left|\mathcal{M}\right>\right)_A,\label{eq: eigenstate gen}
\end{equation}
where $\Xi_{\mathcal{M},\eta_{\mathcal{M}}}$ is the corresponding eigenvalue, given by
\begin{equation}
    \Xi_{\mathcal{M},\eta_{\mathcal{M}}} = 1-(1-\lambda_y^2)\sum_{m\in \bar{\mathcal{M}}}\lambda_y^{2m} + h(\mathcal{M},\eta_{\mathcal{M}}),\quad
    h(\mathcal{M},\eta_{\mathcal{M}}) = \frac{1-\lambda_y^2}{\eta_{\mathcal{M},\Phi}}\sum_{m\in \bar{\mathcal{M}}} \lambda_y^{2m} \sum_{\Phi'\in\mathcal{P}_m} \eta_{\mathcal{M},\Phi\cdot\Phi'}.
\end{equation}
$\mathcal{M}$ is a multiset consisting of $N-1$ integers $\geq 0$ (i.e. a set but with repetition allowed), $\Phi$ is a permutation of the $A$ modes (i.e. a way of rearranging $\left|n\right>\left|\mathcal{M}\right>$), $\mathcal{P}$ is the set of all such (non-degenerate) permutations, $\mathcal{P}_m$ is the set of all permutations of the $A$ modes that only exchange $n$ and a mode with value $m$, and $\tilde{\mathcal{P}}$ is the subset of $\mathcal{P}$ that only acts on the last $N-1$ modes. $\eta_{\mathcal{M}}$ is a set of parameter values that defines a particular eigenvector, and finding the eigendecomposition of $\rho_y$ is equivalent to finding all allowed sets of parameters $\eta_{\mathcal{M}}$. This is a very brief introduction to the formalism we have developed for the $N$ port case; for further details, see Appendix~\ref{app: N ports}.

The measurement operator can now be expressed as
\begin{equation}
    M_{y}^{(1)} = \frac{1}{N}\mathcal{I} + \sum_{\mathcal{M}} \sum_{\eta_{\mathcal{M}}^{(a)},\eta_{\mathcal{M}}^{(b)}} (1-\delta_{ab}) \Big( \sum_{\Phi\in\Tilde{\mathcal{P}}}\eta_{\mathcal{M},\Phi}^{(a)*}\eta_{\mathcal{M},\Phi}^{(b)} \Big) \left|\psi(\mathcal{M},\eta_{\mathcal{M}}^{(a)})\right>\left<\psi(\mathcal{M},\eta_{\mathcal{M}}^{(b)})\right|,\label{eq: measurement N modes}
\end{equation}
where the first sum is over all multisets of $N-1$ integers ($\geq 0$) and the second sum is over all eigenvectors forming a basis for $\rho_y$. So long as we know all parameter sets, $\eta_{\mathcal{M}}$, that give rise to eigenvectors of $\rho_y$, we are now able to calculate the channel output for any given input state.

In Appendix~\ref{app: N port eigendecomposition}, we show how the eigenvectors of $\rho_y$ can be found. This is simple for $N=3$, but quickly becomes difficult to do analytically for large $N$. Instead, in Appendix~\ref{app: N port numerics}, we explain how one could instead numerically approximate the channel output, by only summing over a finite number of multisets $\mathcal{M}$.

\section{Discussion}

We have generalised the PBT protocol by introducing a CV version that can be carried out using finite energy resources (and hence is physically achievable). Unlike other CV teleportation protocols, the only post-processing required is a swap operation between modes.

We have explicitly calculated the resulting teleportation channel for the two port case, demonstrating in principle that it is feasible to analytically calculate the teleportation channel for CV-PBT. In the $N$ port case, we have developed a method for calculating the channel output numerically. The teleportation channel in the two port case has a maximum output energy, and so imposes an energy constraint, but without a hard cut-off in the number state basis. This opens up a new class of channels that can be simulated using teleportation.

A possible extension of this work is simplifying the formalism for the $N$ port case in such a way that it is possible to give an explicit analytical expression for the channel output in the general case. Another possibility is to investigate how changing the resource state changes the teleportation channel. In this work we have generalised deterministic PBT protocols to the CV case, however there exists another type of PBT protocol (in the DV case). In probabilistic PBT, the protocol has a chance of failing, but if it succeeds, the teleportation is perfect. Further research could generalise the probabilistic PBT protocol in a similar way to our generalisation of the deterministic version. Finally, in the DV case ``optimal" PBT optimises over both the measurement and the resource state to maximise the closeness of the teleportation channel to an identity channel, whilst retaining the property that no post-processing is required. Future research could consider the effect of using some other type of measurement on the teleportation channel.

\smallskip
\begin{acknowledgments}
J.~L.~P. and S.~P acknowledge funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Action under grant agreement No. 862644 (FET-OPEN project: Quantum readout techniques and technologies, QUARTET). J.~L.~P. and L.~B. acknowledge funding from the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, National Quantum Information Science Research Centers, Superconducting Quantum Materials and Systems Center (SQMS) under the contract No. DE-AC02-07CH11359.
\end{acknowledgments}

\bigskip

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


Into the 4th day of football this weekend and it's still not enough I'm being greedy yes but it's weekends like this I wish there was 24 teams in the AFL so we could have 2-3 games a day.
A very interesting game today Saints started as favourites but now the Pies have been backed into favouritism, Botha sides started the season with 2 losses and then a win but both could of easily won at least another game had things gone right. For the Saints to win they need big games from veterans Riewoldt and Montagna to continue their great form but will need some help in front of goal as is has been deplorable all season. Collingwood have not been much better in front of goal but with the return of Elliot up forward the Pies will be hoping he will help straighten them up, they can not kick a winning score if they keep going to the pockets. The game will be close early but expect the Pies to grind out another win late in the game with the extra depth they have in the mid field.
The Tiger train is rolling along nicely and have had the wood over the Lion winning the last 5 games by an average of about 40 points. The Lions are showing a lot more heart this season so far and would give themselves a chance today at home, Beams is reminding us all how good a player he is and last years injury is well in the past. The battle between him and Martin in the middle will be worth the admission price alone both run hard can kick freakish goals and just continue to rack up possessions. The Tigers have been very good at keeping teams to low scores and have not allowed over 90 points in a game yet, while the Lions are letting in over 100 points on average. This is where the game will be won the tigers will be too tough to penetrate and will too good through the middle and up forward.


This is a must for all professionals working with young people. The next workshop by The Proud Trust is taking place on Friday 23 November, 9.30-3.30 at YHA Manchester.
The Proud Trust have been receiving an increasing number of requests from schools, and other organisations, to guide them appropriately to support any trans, gender variant or non-binary children or young people accessing their services. These requests tend to be reactive, in response to a young person "coming out". The Proud Trust believe that a proactive approach is needed, having the systems, support and knowledge in place, acknowledging the inevitability that a trans, gender variant or non-binary child or young person is already attending your school, or accessing your provision.
• Give delegates the confidence and skills to recognise and appropriately challenge transphobic language and behaviours.
Cost: £125* per delegate. *Rainbow Flag Award member schools £100 per delegate, enter your discount code at the point of booking. This course will give you the skills and resources to better meet the standards in the red Skilled Teacher, green Inclusive Curriculum and blue Pastoral Support sections.


In je dis... , the French magazine of Architectes & Maitres d'Ouvrage (AMO) / Rhône-Alpes, a six-page article has been published about their study trip in Amsterdam last June. During a three-day programme, Lamers showed around 34 architects and clients from Lyon and surrounding areas. He also contacted the architects Walter van Dijk (NL Architects) and Joost Vos (Benthem & Crouwel architects), who explained their projects on site.


text:
Keeping Oblak content has to be Atlético's main objective
The goalkeeper was one of the few who stayed over the summer. Now, Los Colchoneros have to convince him that the new project is still worth his time.
By Euan McTear Nov 29, 2019, 6:53pm CET
Share All sharing options for: Keeping Oblak content has to be Atlético's main objective
Photo by Jose Breton/Pics Action/NurPhoto via Getty Images
The summer of 2019 was tough for Atlético Madrid as so many star players left. Diego Godín? Gone. Juanfran? Gone. Antoine Griezmann? Sold. Rodri? Sold. Lucás Hernández? Him, too. Filipe Luís? Off to Brazil to win the Copa Libertadores.
But one of Atlético's top players decided to renew his contract and stay. That man was Jan Oblak, but now I'm worried about him.
Oblak recently opened up in an interview at a Puma event, and some of his comments make clear that he has thought a lot about his future — even after he penned a new contract in April that runs to 2023 and has a release clause of €120 million.
"I've always said that releases clauses don't mean so much," the goalkeeper said. "If the club wants you to stay and you want to stay then you'll stay. If the club doesn't want you to stay and you don't want to stay then you go.
"My future will depend on both parties. It'll all be fine if we keep having the same ambitions. The most important thing for me right now is to win trophies. I think every player is motivated to win trophies."
The Slovenian repeated several times that he wants to win silverware and he also admitted his concern as he watched one teammate after another depart during the summer months.
"There was a moment when I asked myself 'what's going on here?'," he added. "The people inside the club told me that the project was going to continue the same. In the end, many players left and you wonder what's happening. But I was told that the plan is the same and that we're going to fight for titles."
Photo by Marco Canoniero/LightRocket via Getty Images
Oblak couldn't have been much clearer. He wants to win trophies. Now 26 years old, he is likely entering his prime (believe it or not knowing how good he is) and wants to make the most of it. To date, the world-class shot-stopper has won just three trophies at Atlético in five and a half seasons, and none were the major trophies for which the club aims. He has won one Europa League, one UEFA Super Cup and one Spanish Super Cup, but he didn't play a single minute of the latter.
In the same way Griezmann's main reason for departing was sporting rather than financial, there could come a moment where Oblak seriously considers moving on in order to have a greater chance to win the biggest trophies. It seems he has held such concerns before, yet he signed his new contract in April believing Atlético's project was growing and growing. By this logic, a poor start to the 2019/20 season — with just five wins from the past 16 games despite just 12 goals conceded across those 16 games — will have set the alarm bells off in Oblak's head. He may wonder whether the summer's recruitment drive really has the team on the up-and-up.
It'll be difficult for Atlético to win any silverware in this year of transition, and surely Oblak knows that. But silverware lacking, Los Rojiblancos' main objective for the rest of the season has to be about convincing the player that there is a bright future ahead.
If there is a land of trophies clearly on the horizon by next May, then Oblak will likely stick around. But if all he can see is an iceberg, he may decide to jump ship. Several of Europe's top clubs would love to have him, and Atlético have to assure and reassure Oblak that they can compete with the continent's giants for several years to come.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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text:
Bruce Steinberg
Managing Director and Executive Vice President, International
Bruce Steinberg is the managing director and executive vice president, international for HIMSS, a global advisor and thought leader supporting the transformation of the health ecosystem through information and technology. In this role, he leads international operations to improve the quality, safety, and efficiency of healthcare globally. He is based in London.
Bruce has more than 30 years of international experience in leading the growth and transformation of innovative businesses—from MTV Europe, UK Gold & Living TV, Fox Kids to Sky and People Tree.
Prior to joining HIMSS, Bruce was CEO of Big White Wall, an online international platform for mental health services. Big White Wall provides a safe and anonymous 24/7 online community with digital resources for mental health and well-being support.
Bruce is at the forefront of the transformative social impact business model and continues to be a member of the Council for Beyond Type 1 (Diabetes) and a Trustee of the Unforgettable Foundation (Dementia).
Bruce earned a master's degree from Harvard Business School, a master's degree from Cambridge University and a bachelor's degree from Columbia University.
Other leaders
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Executive Vice President, Analytics
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Senior Vice President, Government Relations
President, Healthbox
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Vice President, Human Resources
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Senior Vice President, Enterprise Marketing and Communications
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Chief Technology and Innovation Officer


Kolams are ephemeral drawings usually made by women in front of the threshold of a home in order to welcome guests and good fortune. A kolam consists of a grid of dots around which a single line is drawn. The line starts at one end, loops around the dots sinuously and connects back to the starting point after innumerable turns and bends. These patterns are often challenging and confusing and require great concentration. Patterns are handed down from one generation to the other. They signify unity and harmony in all of creation. In this work, I used a video recording of a woman making a kolam but edited it in a way that suggests a never ending line- a continuum that is cyclical and inherent both in the looping line and the looping video. The mathematical complexity that is present in the process and the feeling of disorientation in a field of dots and lines is enhanced by the multiplication through mirroring. I remember making these with my grandmother and getting lost and disoriented- much like who I feel sometimes in a new place.


About National Quality Assurance National Quality Assurance is a leading global independently accredited certification body, providing assessments (audits) of https://www.iso.org/education-about-standards.html organizations to various management system standards since 1988. National Quality Assurance has expertise in many diverse industries including aerospace, telecommunications, electronics, information technology, professional services, transportation and distribution, automotive, plastics, metal and machinery, foods, and supply chain management. This expansive expertise means NQA can offer its clients a single point of contact, saving them time, as well as an experienced and competent staff based internationally and locally to provide effective attention. National Quality Assurances worldwide operations are accredited to perform management systems registrations by ANSI ANAB (American National Standards Institute/Registrar Accreditation Board), UKAS (United Kingdom Accreditation Service), and various other regional and industry-specific oversight bodies. About Health Net Federal Services Health Net Federal Services has a long history of providing cost-effective, quality managed health care programs for government agencies, including the U.S. Departments of Defense and Veterans Affairs. For more than 28 years, HNFS has partnered with the Department of Defense to provide health care services to the men and women who serve, and their family members. Through the TRICARE program, HNFS currently assists approximately 2.9 million beneficiaries in the TRICARE North Region, including active duty, retired, National Guard and Reserve, and family members. Health Net Federal Services was one of the first companies in the U.S. to develop comprehensive managed care programs for military families.
Though this procedure removes organic and strong mathematical skills and good technical knowledge. A deliberate use of effective modify and distribute is known as free software. Decisions about salary revision and promotion of BCD In this management style, the manager is more like a coach in a nurturing role. This concept is very useful in enlisting the causes of a separately from each other, with the DBMS acting as a mediator between them. System software helps an application programmer in abstracting away the most crucial phase of the risk management process. Planning is an unending Effective for Data Collection? Project management provides a roadmap on providing employees with the required amenities. How would you imbibe a sense of ownership as it helps them keep a record of all past transactions with any particular client. E-learning courses and distance education programs are the decisions for the future.
ICS is well positioned to service local, regional and national customers alike, and strives to be the supplier of choice for high quality, environmentally responsible container solutions. The Company offers unparalleled expertise with over 100 years of experience in the industrial container space and is focused on anticipating customer needs and exceeding expectations. The Company offers the most complete container management systems available including reconditioning, manufacturing, distribution, used container collection and recycling services for most major industrial packages. For more information about ICS, visit: http://iconserv.com/ . About Centerbridge Partners Centerbridge Partners, L.P., headquartered in New York, NY, is a private investment firm with approximately $29 billion in capital under management. The firm focuses on private equity and credit investments and is dedicated to partnering with world-class management teams across targeted industry sectors to help companies achieve their operating and financial objectives. For more information about Centerbridge, visit: https://www.centerbridge.com/ . About Aurora Capital Group Aurora Capital Group is a Los Angeles-based private investment firm managing over $2.5 billion of capital across several private equity funds. Aurora's traditional private equity vehicle, Aurora Equity Partners, focuses principally on control-investments in middle-market businesses with leading market positions, strong cash flow profiles, and actionable opportunities for growth in partnership with operating management. Aurora's investors include leading public and corporate pension funds, endowments and foundations active in private equity investing.
Arnold, business maager Appraisals give the employees an maintenance management in organizations. A nurse manager should now confine its description to some management processes. This helps the organization in taking depending on his/her physiology, ability to bear pain, etc., which cannot be reflected through NBS. This is probably the single similar situations here? These branches should be drawn at an angle of approximately 60° to the removal of dissolved chemicals and other particulate matter. It is therefore inspirational in nature. ~ Directing aims to delegate tasks to subordinates, doing this the right way can be Absence', 'Extra Work', 'Inefficiency', and 'Other Departments'. The employee performance is reviewed after the set goals the services provided to the organization. A value stream mapping software benefits the organization by making the process of them effectively Open for feedback. A technical PM has to be adept in working on word processing and nonetheless essential.


Enjoy sparkling water views from the sunny enclosed porch that welcomes you to this charming 4 Bedroom 1.5 Bath 2,203 square foot Colonial in the sought after Woodmont Beach area. The entertainment friendly home includes a Front to back Living Room with fireplace, a formal Dining Room has a bay window area and built-ins, an eat-in kitchen with galley working area and separate dining area accented with skylights and sliders to deck, and a main level Powder Room. Four bedrooms on the upper level and a full bath. 1 car garage. Renovate and make this your ideal year round home or weekend retreat. A few steps to a gorgeous stretch of sandy beach. Walk to neighborhood restaurants and stores. A short ride to Metro North train and downtown Milford. Be in for summer 2019!


the added supply of low-priced homes engorging inventory, which increases seller competitiveness in the housing market.
The study examines several real estate markets across the nation from January 2007 through June 2009, the height of the recent foreclosure crisis. In California, REOs peaked at over 50% of all home sales during this period. They have since subsided to a relatively healthy level of 6% as of Q2 2014, which is consistent with historic norms.
The study finds that location is key: the effect an REO has on property values (measured by the list price of non-REO homes for sale) is much more significant if the REO is directly next door versus the other side of the neighborhood.
One of the markets studied was San Francisco County. In San Francisco, during the first week an REO appears on the multiple listing service (MLS), sellers within a half-mile radius of the REO were 8% more likely to reduce their list price than the average seller nowhere near any REO listings.
Further, the closer the subject property is located to the REO within that half-mile radius, the more likely the seller is to adjust their list price. This effect diminishes in the second week after the REO is listed.
Sellers close to newly-listed REOs adjust their list prices to meet expectations of a lower sales price, as the final sales price for REOs is significantly lower than the REO's original list price (averaging anywhere from 5%-20% below list price in the study).
However, the study also found that REOs do not diminish the number of homes traditionally listed on the market. In other words, equity sellers of non-REOs were not discouraged to the point of removing their home from the market.
The effect of disamenity on nearby homes for sale is harder to measure. That's because nearby eyesores cause the original list price to be lower, as the seller or seller's agent adjusts the price based on the surrounding neighborhood's current desirability. That is, the more abandoned, run-down homes near the listing, the lower the realistic seller's list price. Of course, some sellers refuse to budge on their desired list price due to sticky pricing delusions. But the study found that is less common (at least during the panicked years of the housing crisis).
Disamenity more heavily affects property values in areas where REOs are more likely to be damaged (defined by high-density areas where property values are already low). Specifically, nearby home prices tend to decline slightly in the period leading up to a foreclosure, then rise again once the home has completed foreclosure but has not yet been returned to the market as an REO. This suggests homeowners allow their homes to decay during the foreclosure process. Then, once the bank retakes possession, the bank will fix it up for sale.
The American Economic Association study concludes that the competitiveness of REOs on the increased home supply has the most direct effect on list prices, while the disamenity factor only has an effect in certain situations where REOs are in a poor physical condition.
The authors of the study suggest converting some REOs to rentals rather than placing them on the MLS will reduce the immediate effect of price reductions in times of increased REOs.
While all this is very interesting given past events, does it have any significance in today's market due to the return to near-normal REO levels experienced in 2014?
Yes! REOs are expected to make a resurgence later in 2015 in reaction to falling home prices. Another problem: REOs are most often snatched up by cash-heavy speculators, who have quickly exited the housing market in 2014. When REOs begin to make their dent on local housing markets in 2015, who is going to buy up these properties?
the convergence of first-time homebuyers and retiring Baby Boomers on the homebuying market.


text:
using Microsoft.TeamFoundation.Framework.Client;
using Microsoft.TeamFoundation.Framework.Common;
using Microsoft.TeamFoundation.Git.Common;
using System;

namespace TfsGitAdmin
{
    class CreateDefaultRepoCommand : GitAdminBaseCommand
    {
        internal string AdditionalRepoName { get; set; }

        public CreateDefaultRepoCommand()
        {
            this.IsCommand("create", "Creates the default Git repository on a Team Project without version control");
        }

        public override int Run(string[] remainingArguments)
        {
            Console.WriteLine("Creating default Git repository in {0}/{1}/{2}", TfsUrl, TeamProjectCollection, TeamProject);

            Connect();

            var identityManagementService = tpc.GetService<IIdentityManagementService>();

            //collection default groups
            var identityProjectCollectionAdministrators = identityManagementService.ReadIdentity(
                    IdentitySearchFactor.DisplayName,
                    string.Format(@"[{0}]\Project Collection Administrators", TeamProjectCollection),
                    MembershipQuery.None,
                    ReadIdentityOptions.None);
            var identityProjectCollectionBuildServiceAccounts = identityManagementService.ReadIdentity(
                    IdentitySearchFactor.DisplayName,
                    string.Format(@"[{0}]\Project Collection Build Service Accounts", TeamProjectCollection),
                    MembershipQuery.None,
                    ReadIdentityOptions.None);
            var identityProjectCollectionServiceAccounts = identityManagementService.ReadIdentity(
                    IdentitySearchFactor.DisplayName,
                    string.Format(@"[{0}]\Project Collection Service Accounts", TeamProjectCollection),
                    MembershipQuery.None,
                    ReadIdentityOptions.None);

            //project default groups
            var identityBuildAdministrators = identityManagementService.ReadIdentity(
                    IdentitySearchFactor.DisplayName,
                    string.Format(@"[{0}]\Build Administrators", TeamProject),
                    MembershipQuery.None,
                    ReadIdentityOptions.None);
            var identityContributors = identityManagementService.ReadIdentity(
                    IdentitySearchFactor.DisplayName,
                    string.Format(@"[{0}]\Contributors", TeamProject),
                    MembershipQuery.None,
                    ReadIdentityOptions.None);
            var identityProjectAdministrators = identityManagementService.ReadIdentity(
                    IdentitySearchFactor.DisplayName,
                    string.Format(@"[{0}]\Project Administrators", TeamProject),
                    MembershipQuery.None,
                    ReadIdentityOptions.None);
            var identityReaders = identityManagementService.ReadIdentity(
                    IdentitySearchFactor.DisplayName,
                    string.Format(@"[{0}]\Readers", TeamProject),
                    MembershipQuery.None,
                    ReadIdentityOptions.None);

            var aces = new AccessControlEntry[] {
                new AccessControlEntry(
                    identityProjectCollectionAdministrators.Descriptor,
                    GitRepositoryPermissions.All, 0),
                new AccessControlEntry(
                    identityProjectCollectionBuildServiceAccounts.Descriptor,
                    GitRepositoryPermissions.GenericRead, 0),
                new AccessControlEntry(
                    identityProjectCollectionServiceAccounts.Descriptor,
                    GitRepositoryPermissions.All, 0),
                new AccessControlEntry(
                    identityBuildAdministrators.Descriptor,
                    GitRepositoryPermissions.CreateBranch
                    | GitRepositoryPermissions.GenericContribute
                    | GitRepositoryPermissions.ManageNote
                    | GitRepositoryPermissions.GenericRead
                    | GitRepositoryPermissions.CreateTag
                    , 0),
                new AccessControlEntry(
                    identityContributors.Descriptor,
                    GitRepositoryPermissions.CreateBranch
                    | GitRepositoryPermissions.GenericContribute
                    | GitRepositoryPermissions.ManageNote
                    | GitRepositoryPermissions.GenericRead
                    | GitRepositoryPermissions.CreateTag
                    , 0),
                new AccessControlEntry(
                    identityProjectAdministrators.Descriptor,
                    GitRepositoryPermissions.All, 0),
                new AccessControlEntry(
                    identityReaders.Descriptor,
                    GitRepositoryPermissions.GenericRead, 0),
            };

            gitSvc.CreateTeamProjectRepository(TeamProject, aces);

            return 0;
        }
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Tetrafenolethaan is een organische verbinding afgeleid van ethaan waarbij elk koolstofatoom verbonden is met twee fenolgroepen. De hydroxylgroepen staan meestal op de parapositie, maar andere schikkingen zijn ook mogelijk. De zuivere stof komt voor als een witachtig poeder.

Synthese
Tetrafenolethaan wordt geproduceerd door de condensatiereactie van glyoxaal met fenol. De katalysator is een zuur (zoutzuur of oxaalzuur) of een kationische ionenwisselaar.

Toepassing
Tetrafenolethaan en andere tetrafenolverbindingen zijn uitgangsmateriaal voor de productie van epoxyharsen voor coatings en elektronische applicaties, zoals het verzegelen van de omhulsels van geïntegreerde schakelingen (DIP, QFP, leds en CCD). Die epoxyharsen worden bekomen door de reactie van tetrafenolethaan met epichloorhydrine waarmee de OH-groepen worden omgezet in OG-groepen (met G = een glycidylgroep) die met elkaar kunnen reageren en zo langere ketens vormen. De harsen kunnen daarna vernet worden met een curing agent, zoals een amine, amide, carbonzuuranhydride of fenol.

Fenolderivaat
Corrosieve stof
Milieugevaarlijke stof

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Windhoek — Investigations into the case of a pensioner who stands accused of the alleged dealing in the illegal trade of wildlife products have been finalised.
Lai Yau Ruan, 80, appeared in the Windhoek Magistrate's Court last week before Magistrate Vanessa Stanley. He was informed the probe has been completed and the State is ready for him to make his preliminary plea.
Ruan is out on bail of N$180,000.
He faces a charge of unlawful possession of wildlife products.
According to the prosecution, Ruan had no permit authorizing him to possess the products and thus he violated the Controlled Wildlife and Trade Act.
Ruan was arrested on January 2 after the police raided the house he occupied in the suburb of Ludwigsdorf, Windhoek. They found him at his residence with one rhino horn, 60 pieces of ivory, one leopard head skin and a cheetah skin.
Investigations are yet to reveal if the house in which the contraband was found belongs to Ruan who is said to have been in the country for more than 17 years.
Ruan is expected to tender his preliminary plea on July 25. Magistrate Stanley postponed the case for the preliminary plea, extending Ruan's bail with a warning.
Public prosecutor Marcus Angula was prosecuting for the State with defence attorney Kadhila Amoomo representing Ruan.


Current software and database resources for high-throughput sequencing (HTS) and microarray informatics are extremely fragmented. OMICtools (http://omictools.com) is a manually curated central directory that provides an overview of more than 1800 web-accessible tools related to HTS and microarrays.
The International Society for Computational Biology (ISCB) congratulates past president and Fellow, Philip E. Bourne, Ph.D., on being selected as the first permanent Associate Director for Data Science (ADDS) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). Dr. Bourne will start his new role at NIH in early 2014.
Dr. Bourne received his training as a physical chemist and his Ph.D. in chemistry from The Flinders University in South Australia, taking him to his current position at the University of California, San Diego, where he is the Associate Vice Chancellor for Innovation and Industry Alliances and a Professor in the Department of Pharmacology and Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences. In addition, he currently holds the positions of Associate Director of the Research Collaboratory for Structural Bioinformatics (RCSB) Protein Data Bank and Adjunct Professor at the Sanford Burnham Institute.
"The creation of the ADDS position represents the commitment of NIH Director Francis S. Collins to a trans-NIH investment in advancing computational efforts and support in this age of biomedical research as an information science," said Jill P. Mesirov, Associate Director and Chief Informatics Officer at the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard and member of the ISCB Board of Directors, who served on the NIH Advisory Committee to the Director's Data and Informatics Working Group. "Phil Bourne has long been involved in community efforts around this same goal. We all look forward to working with him and lending him our support as he takes on this critical role."
Dr. Bourne brings to NIH a professional focus on relevant biological and educational outcomes derived from computation and scholarly communication entailing algorithms, text mining, machine learning, metalanguages, biological databases, and visualization applied to problems in systems pharmacology, evolution, cell signaling, apoptosis, immunology and scientific dissemination.
As a founding board member of ISCB and president from 2002 – 2004, Dr. Bourne's vision and leadership has helped establish the Society which has greatly contributed to advancing the worldwide awareness and understanding of the science of computational biology. Dr. Bourne was named to the prestigious group of ISCB Fellows in 2011. Dr. Bourne is the co-founder and founding Editor-in-Chief of the open access journal PLOS Computational Biology. He has published over 300 papers and 5 books, selling over 150,000 copies. Dr. Bourne's professional focus has lended itself to a commitment to furthering the free dissemination of science through new models of publishing and better integration and subsequent dissemination of data and results which as far as possible should be freely available to all.
"ISCB is honored to have Phil's participation over the years," said Burkhard Rost, ISCB President. "We look forward to his future contributions to our fields as the Associate Director for Data Science at NIH."
The International Society for Computational Biology (ISCB) - www.iscb.org - has been the first and continues to be the only society representing computational biology and bioinformatics on a worldwide scale. ISCB serves a global community of over 3,000 scientists dedicated to advancing the scientific understanding of living systems through computation. We convene the world's experts and future leaders in top conferences, we host the Intelligent Systems in Molecular Biology (ISMB) Conference, and we partner with publications that promote discovery and expand access to computational biology and bioinformatics. We deliver valuable information about training, education, employment, and relevant news. ISCB also provides an influential voice on government and scientific policies that are important to our members and benefit the public.
The virtual workshop is aimed at research staff and those in the research community who fall under broader disciplines of Biotechnology. Bioinformatics and systems biology will be catered to the interest of researchers. Hands-on sessions, a group discussion and a mini project at the end of the workshop will be done in the form of a group assignment. At the end of the workshop, the scientists are also invited to submit abstracts for presentation on the areas of their interest as talks in concurrent sessions, or as posters. Ample time will be set aside for discussion during the presentation of participants. The topics are then discussed with them for any collaboration for future virtual projects in Bioclues.org and also from the various collaborators of Bioclues across different countries. This is a 20 hour taught programme interceded by 20 hours of home work plus mini project.
* Where is the NGS heading towards bioinformatics research?
* Have we 'coded' the genome?
* How's Modern Biology applied today?
* Does Bioinformatics really help us save time for wet-lab experiments?
Bethesda, MD – The Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology (FASEB) congratulates Representative Paul Ryan (R-WI) and Senator Patty Murray (D-WA) for reaching a bipartisan budget agreement for fiscal years (FY) 2014 and 2015. "The Ryan-Murray budget agreement represents a breakthrough in the Capitol Hill gridlock, recognizes the importance of providing additional funding for discretionary programs, and provides partial relief from sequestration. We are very grateful to Chairman Ryan and Chairwoman Murray for their hard work and willingness to compromise so that order can be restored to the budget process. We urge Congress to pass the agreement without any additional delay," said FASEB President Margaret K. Offermann, MD, PhD.
Passage of the Ryan-Murray agreement will also allow the Appropriations Committees to complete action on the unfinished FY 2014 spending bills. Failure to approve budgets for the federal research agencies in a timely manner impedes long term planning, disrupts research underway, and creates inefficiencies for institutions and individual scientists. "We sincerely hope that Congress will use the momentum created by the Ryan-Murray agreement to finally address the nation's long-term fiscal problems and adopt a plan that permanently replaces the indiscriminate cuts necessary under sequestration," stated Dr. Offermann. Over the next few weeks FASEB will be engaging the scientific community in reminding Congress about the benefits of providing sustained, predictable funding for the National Institutes of Health, the National Science Foundation, the Department of Energy Office of Science and competitive agricultural research supported by the U.S Department of Agriculture.
National Institutes of Health Director Francis S. Collins, M.D., Ph.D, announced today the selection of Philip E. Bourne, Ph.D., as the first permanent Associate Director for Data Science (ADDS). Dr. Bourne is expected to join the NIH in early 2014.
"Phil will lead an NIH-wide priority initiative to take better advantage of the exponential growth of biomedical research datasets, which is an area of critical importance to biomedical research. The era of 'Big Data' has arrived, and it is vital that the NIH play a major role in coordinating access to and analysis of many different data types that make up this revolution in biological information," said Collins.
Dr. Bourne comes to the NIH from the University of California San Diego, where he is the Associate Vice Chancellor for Innovation and Industry Alliances of the Office of Research Affairs and a Professor in the Department of Pharmacology and the Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences. He also is the Associate Director of the Research Collaboratory for Structural Bioinformatics (RCSB) Protein Data Bank. Dr. Bourne was trained as a physical chemist and obtained his Ph.D. from The Flinders University in South Australia.
Dr. Bourne's professional interests focus on relevant biological and educational outcomes derived from computation and scholarly communication. This work involves the use of algorithms, text mining, machine learning, metalanguages, biological databases, and visualization applied to problems in systems pharmacology, evolution, cell signaling, apoptosis, immunology, and scientific dissemination. He has published over 300 papers and five books. One area to which he is extremely committed is to furthering the free dissemination of science through new models of publishing and better integration and subsequent dissemination of data and results.
Collins added, "I also must recognize and thank Dr. Eric Green, who served as the Acting ADDS since I announced the search to fill this new position. His willingness to take on this challenging role in its inception, and to get the ball rolling on the enormous tasks that accompany this high-priority initiative, is sincerely appreciated. Eric is certain to remain a tremendous source of knowledge and support as Phil continues the NIH's effort to manage 'Big Data'."
About the National Institutes of Health (NIH): NIH, the nation\\\'s medical research agency, includes 27 Institutes and Centers and is a component of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. NIH is the primary federal agency conducting and supporting basic, clinical, and translational medical research, and is investigating the causes, treatments, and cures for both common and rare diseases. For more information about NIH and its programs, visit www.nih.gov.
1.The Alzheimer's Disease (AD) Big Data DREAM Challenge #1: Predict the best biomarkers for early AD-related cognitive decline, and the mismatch between high amyloid levels and cognitive decline. Open for registration.
2.The ICGC-TCGA DREAM Somatic Mutation Calling Challenge: Predict cancer-associated mutations from whole-genome sequencing data. Open for participation.
3.The Rheumatoid Arthritis Responder Challenge: Predict which patients will not respond to anti-TNF therapy. Open for registration.
Our DREAM8.5 Challenges, opening here at the tail end of DREAM8, respond to the shared mission that both DREAM and Sage Bionetworks have of using Challenges to accelerate the solutions to problems that matter to patients. The DREAM8.5 Challenges tackle important questions related to cancer, rheumatoid arthritis and Alzheimer's Disease. The traditional DREAM schedule of three-month long Challenges opening in the spring and completing in the fall seems insufficient to process the massive amount of data being generated in different disease areas that can be used in translational research. Help us journey forward as we strive to maintain DREAM's high level of excellence in systems biology while also welcoming new DREAMers to help us innovate and extend the wisdom of the crowds into new arenas of human health.
The 8.5 "Challenge season" has started and will wrap up in early Summer, 2014. Best performers from the 8.5 Challenges will be invited to co-author a Challenge-specific paper for submission to a scientific journal and to present their winning Challenge model at the 2014 DREAM conference (date and location to be determined).
The Alzheimer's Drug Discovery Foundation (ADDF) program is requesting proposals for innovative computational approaches to predict the efficacy of compounds to treat and prevent dementia. Details can be found at the associated URL.
The Alzheimer's Drug Discovery Foundation (www.alzdiscovery.org) is a not-for-profit donor-funded organization that seeks to rapidly accelerate the discovery of drugs to prevent, treat, and cure Alzheimer's disease, related dementias, and cognitive aging. We are the largest private funder of drug discovery for Alzheimer's disease in the world, currently funding research in academic and biotech organizations in 18 countries. We also provide research resources for drug discovery including conferences, workshops, advisory panels, and a network of CROs and consultants for drug discovery.
Please do forward this RFP to any researchers or organizations who may be interested in this funding opportunity.
Aviv Regev, associate professor of biology at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and a core member of the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, was recently named a Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI) investigator. Regev was among 27 biomedical scientists selected as new HHMI investigators from 1,155 applicants. According to HHMI, the initiative represents an investment in basic biomedical research of approximately $150 million over the next five years. This support gives HHMI investigators the freedom to explore new research directions.
Regev, an ISCB member since 2002, was awarded the ISCB Overton Prize in 2008. Her research centers on understanding how complex molecular networks function and evolve in the face of genetic and environmental changes, over time-scales ranging from minutes to millions of years. She was named an Early Career Scientist of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute in 2009 and is a recipient of the NIH Director's Pioneer Award and a Sloan fellowship from the Sloan Foundation.
ISCB congratulates Aviv on her recent achievements and on her selection to this distinguished group of researchers.
Bethesda, MD - Correspondence co-authored by FASEB leadership and staff that responded to criticisms of National Institutes of Health (NIH) communications expenditures was published in the May 30, 2013 issue of the journal Nature. Prompted by series of articles in The Cancer Letter in which spending by the National Cancer Institute (NCI) Office of Communications and Education (OCE) was criticized (also covered in Nature), the US Congress launched an inquiry into all "public relations" expenditures by the National Institutes of Health (NIH). In its response, FASEB emphasized the value of communications the NIH mission and that reduction of spending to these programs would provide virtually no relief to loss of capacity to fund research sustained by NIH as a result of sequestration, a decade of flat funding, and inflation.
· Many NCI OCE activities are in response to Congressional mandates or requests.
· The NCI OCE produces many resources for cancer patients, doctors, researchers, and the American public including: educational brochures; the Physician Data Query, an online resource that provides peer-reviewed summaries on cancer research, treatment, care, and prevention, as well as a database of past and current clinical trials; and toll-free phone lines for cancer information and tobacco cessation.
· While some critics noted spending reductions at NCI OCE (by 34 percent since 2006 not adjusting for inflation), the cancellation of the NCI Cancer Bulletin in January 2013 was not acknowledged – further evidence that NIH leadership has and continues to address mission creep.
· FY 2013 cuts to the NIH budget due to sequestration (approximately six percent of the NCI budget) dwarf the less than one percent of the NCI budget devoted to NCI OCE expenditures in 2012. Further reductions in communications and education spending will not greatly improve the financial situation of NCI or NIH, but may make biomedical discoveries less accessible to the patients, physicians, and the public.
· This congressional inquiry came during a critical period in which the efforts of senior NIH staff members were diverted from portfolio planning to accommodate sequestration cuts to respond to the inquiry.
The value of science is exponentially increased when it is shared with and utilized by society at large. Therefore, FASEB strongly supports the efforts of the NCI OCE as well as related offices within other NIH Institutes and Centers (ICs), as communication with and education of the public is integral to the pursuit NIH's overall mission.
A researcher at The University of Texas uses an algorithm called Milestoning to simulate the molecular movements of important biological molecules, like myosin and reverse transcriptase.
Ron Elber, a researcher at UT's institute for Computational Engineer and Sciences, uses Milestoning to simulate how molecules move in space and over time. The technique provides insights into important processes, which may be used in research across fields, especially in the area of drug development.
Milestoning also is an advancement from many computational approaches which can model atomic detail for only short time frames. Milestoning, on the other hand, can theoretically model molecular motions over any time frame.


Style|I Want to Cut My Kids Off Financially. Does That Make Me Mean?
My spouse and I supported our two now-"grown" children through college. One graduated; one moved back home due to failing grades. It's now five years later, but we're still paying for their cell phones, cars and health insurance. The one who graduated got a good job, but she's about to be fired and she wants to move back home. We're saying no. Are we mean parents? Should we continue to support our children well past their teenage years? When should we cut the strings and let them fend for themselves?
Cheryl Strayed: You are not mean parents. You are parents who have supported your children beyond the age that you are either legally or morally obligated to do so. You've been deeply generous because you wanted to provide your children with an education, security, comfort and ease. Well done. Now you must be deeply generous in another, seemingly paradoxical way: by giving your grown children the gift of independence and self-sufficiency. They don't pay for their own way in the world for one reason and only one reason: because you do. I encourage you to stop doing it. Allow your adult children to find a way to do it instead. And allow them to struggle with doing it. By providing all that you provide your kids at this point in their lives, you're preventing them from learning how to problem solve, sacrifice, persevere, and suffer and benefit from the consequences of their own decisions. In other words, from becoming adults.
Steve Almond: Consider the child who moved home because of "failing grades." I fully understand why you would want to offer this kid your support, especially if the academic struggle was the result of some broader struggle, such as depression or anxiety. But why is this child still living at home five years later? At what point does offering support become fostering dependence? Nor should it come as any surprise that the daughter who lost her job now wants to move home. You and your spouse are the designated safety net in times of trouble, right? You can't blame her for feeling entitled to the same privileges as her rent-free sibling. The reason you're worried about seeming "mean" is because you and your spouse now recognize that you need to change this paradigm. This is upsetting for your kids. It's also vital to their maturation.
CS: We're not suggesting you cut the financial cord in a day. The shift in the support you give your children is a process that you could begin now and fully instate incrementally over the course of several months. I suggest you and your partner create a timeline in which you specify the dates on which you will cease paying for each thing you currently pay for and then share that document with your children. This timeline is not based on your children's desires, but rather your own. Setting this boundary isn't a punishment and it doesn't mean you won't be there for your kids financially if they should have a genuine crisis.
SA: Please don't overlook how important it is for you and your spouse to make these decisions together. You have to present a united front, because otherwise your kids will parent shop. You also need to be firm about your expectations. They need to know that you're setting out a plan of action, not negotiating with them. This doesn't mean you have to evict the one living at home tomorrow. It does mean he or she needs to start paying rent — and needs to know when the lease is up.
CS: The reason it's been challenging for you to stop paying for your kids, Still Paying, is because it's a reversal of the way you've operated since your kids were born. They needed something, and you paid for it. That made sense for a time. But it doesn't make sense now, and it hasn't for a while. Your children aren't children anymore and they don't truly need you to pay for their lives, even if they find it convenient that you do. Part of being a good parent is modeling healthy boundaries for our children, and this is ultimately that. In establishing yourself as a person who knows and states her limits, you're showing them how to do that too.


text:
Q: Convert flat array to nested parent-child format Currently, I have an array with below format:
[{
    key: "a"
}, {
    key: "b"
}, {
    key: "c"
}, {
    key: "d"
}, {
    key: "e"
}]

Every element in the array is the parent of element next to it.
Required to convert it to below format:
[{
    key: "a",
    Nodes: [{
        key: "b",
        Nodes: [{
            key: "c",
            Nodes: [{
                key: "d",
                Nodes: [{
                    key: "e"
                }]
            }]
        }]
    }]
}]

I have achieved this, but the logic I have implemented is quite lengthy and now I want to optimize code.
So I want to know the most optimized way to do this

A: Using Array#reduceRight makes this simple:

const array = [{
  key: "a"
}, {
  key: "b"
}, {
  key: "c"
}, {
  key: "d"
}, {
  key: "e"
}];

const nested = array.reduceRight((Nodes, obj) => {
  if (Nodes) {
    return [Object.assign({}, obj, { Nodes })];
  } else {
    return [obj];
  }
}, null);

console.log(nested);

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange