text:
Kakababu (alias Raja Roy Chowdhury) is a fictional character created by Bengali author Sunil Gangopadhyay. The series, falling under the adventure genre of literature, targeted at children and teenagers, started in the autumn of 1971 with the publication of Bhoyonkor Sundor in Anandamela magazine, Puja issue. Since then, the series continued for 33 years on popular demand, with over 36 adventure novels in print until the death of the author in 2012.

Main characters
Kakababu: Kakababu is the disabled former Director of the Archaeological Survey of India, whose real name is Raja Roychowdhury. He is from a migrated Bengali family. His family origin was from East Bengal. In one of the earlier stories, it is said that Kakababu lost one leg in a jeep accident in Afghanistan, several years ago, and walks with the help of a crutch. However, in "Kakababur Prothom Abhijan", it is revealed that Kakababu lost his leg when he jumped off a cliff to help his friend Kamal. This accident however has not crippled his strong mental will and physical strength. He is much sought after by the Indian intelligence to solve critical cases of crime. He has worked in CBI for some years as an advisor. He has been trapped and captured by enemies on several occasions, but escaped unhurt, or nominally hurt. In solving cases of crime, he has traveled to several parts of India and the world. Each new adventure takes him to a new destination. He is excellent in fencing, revolver shooting, and swimming. His age is estimated to be over 60 at present. On a few occasions, he used the crutch as a weapon.
Sontu: (Also spelled as Shontu) Real name is Sunanda Roychowdhury. Who first studies in Tirthapati Institution and after that in Ballygunge Govt. School. The only college-going nephew of Kakababu, and the companion to all Kakababu adventures. This young adult has sharp wit and intelligence, and his mental strength is only comparable to Kakababu. He has also been trapped on several occasions by ruthless enemies. He is an excellent swimmer and an outstanding athlete. He is the best friend of Jojo.
Jojo: Real name is Rajat Bhattacharya (as mentioned in "Santu o Ek Tukro Chaand") The best friend of Shantu and equals his age and they both studied in Presidency College. He was very close to Kakababu like Shantu and Jojo also loves him a lot. He was introduced as a character to give comic relief, resulting from his habit of telling lies but not for bad will, but creating imaginary stories about his dramatic life experiences with his astrologer father.
Biman Banerjee: A pilot of Air India, neighbour of Kakababu and Sontu. He got involved in some of Kakababu's adventures like Khali Jahajer Rahasya,  Kakababu Here Gelen? etc.
Debolina Dutta: A friend of Shantu and Jojo. She has got involved in some of the Kakababu adventures.
Siddhartha & Snigdha: Relatives of Kakababu and Sontu. They along with Rini got involved in some of Kakababu's adventures.
Saibal Dutta: Father of Debolina Dutta, a rich and jovial person.
Rini: Another friend of Shantu. She is a neighbour of Shantu and Kakababu.
Rupkatha: also known as Oli, is another female friend of Shantu and Jojo.
 Narendra Verma: A veteran I.P.S. of Indian Government and top-ranked Central Bureau of Investigation officer, helps Kakababu in many adventures. He is a friend of Kakababu.

Adventures of Kakababu Sontu
 Bhoyonkor Sundor (1971)
 Sobuj Dwiper Raja (1976)
 Paharchuray Aatonko (1979–80)
 Bhopal Rohosyo (1982)
 Jongolgorer Chaabi (1982–83)
 Khali Jahajer Rohosyo (1983)
 Mishor Rohosyo (1984)
 Kolkatar Jongole (1985)
 Jongoler Modhye Ek Hotel (1986)
 Nilmurti Rohosyo (1986–87)
 Rajbarir Rohosyo (1987)
 Bijoynogorer Hire (1988)
 Kakababu O Bajralama (1989)
 Ulka Rohosyo (1990)
 Mohakaler Likhon (1990)
 Ekti Lal Lanka (1991)
 Kakababu Here Gelen? (1991)
 Sadhubabar Haat (1992)
 Sontu O Ektukro Chaand (1992)
 Aagun Pakhir Rohosyo (1993)
 Kakababu Bonam Chorashikari (1994)
 Sontu Kothay Kakababu Kothay (1995)
 Pori (1996)
 Kakababur Prothom Obhijan (1996)
 Kakababu Bonam Murtichor (1997)
 Jojo Odrishyo (1997)
 Kakababu O Chondon Dosyu (1998)
 Kakababu O Ek Chhoddobeshi (1999)
 Kakababu O Shishuchorer Dol (2000)
 Kakababu O Moronfaad (2001)
 Jojo-Sontur Golpo, Kakababur Uttor (2002)
 Kakababu O Black panther (2002)
 Kakababu O Aaschorjo Dwip (2003)
 Kakababu O Sinduk Rohosyo (2004)
 Kakababu O Ekti Sada Ghora (2005)
 Ebar Kakababur Protisodh (2006)
 Kakababur Chokhe Jol (2007)
 Kakababu aar Bagher Golpo (2008)
 Aagneyogirir Peter Modhye (2009)
 Aarobdeshe Sontu Kakababu (2010)
 Kakababu O Jalodassu (2011)
 Golokdhandhay Kakababu (2012)

Film
The first three films in the list are the Kakababu Original film series. The later are Shree Venkatesh's film series.

Television

Live-action series
Khali Jahajer Rahasya (1999), Directed by Surojit Sengupto aired on DD Bangla as a 13 episodes TV Series. Kakababu was played by Sabyasachi Chakrabarty. The TV series was a part of the Kakababu original film series.
Kakababu Firey Elen (2008–2009) was a TV mini-series made for DD Bangla. Directed by Subrata Das, Sudip Mukherjee as Kakababu, Debshankar Haldar as Rajkumar and Saheb Bhattacharya as Santu.

Animated series
In October 2010 an animated series by the name of Kakababu-Sontu began airing in Ruposhi Bangla.

Telefilm
Kakababu o Ek Chadmabeshi(2001), was TV film made for ETV Bangla, directed by Joy Mukherjee aired on ETV Bangla. Kakababu was played by Arjun Chakraborty and Santu was played by Sumon Banerjee.
 Rajbarir Rahashya, Kolkatar Jongoley, Sinduk Rahashya. The character Kakababu was played by Sumanta Mukhopadhyay aired on Akash Bangla. Deboleena was played by Mumtaz Sorcar.

See also
 Kakababu in other media
 Feluda
 Feluda in film
 Professor Shonku
 Byomkesh Bakshi
 Byomkesh Bakshi in other media
 Private investigator
 Culture of Bengal
 Culture of West Bengal
 Bengali literature
 History of Bengali literature
 List of Bengali-language authors (chronological)

References

External links

Bengali-language literature
Characters in children's literature
Indian literature
Culture of Kolkata
Series of children's books
Fictional Bengali people
Fictional amateur detectives

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


The guide, Black Rock City's burning book of musical rites, has become a coveted, annual ritual.
In response to and to participate in this year's Radical Ritual theme, I gift you all the data from the Rock Star Librarian Music Guide in spreadsheet format.
You choose what to do with it.
Print the spreadsheet PDF exactly as it is or accept this call to create your own musical ritual and meaning from the data. Transform and playfully re-purpose it into an alternative format and focus of your choosing and gift it back to our community.
Are you a drum n bass aficionado? Or do you have a perfect way to reformat the info into a small, pocket sized booklet you've always wanted? Over the years many of you have shared that you found ways to upcycle the guide and create your own versions of it to gift to others. I love this idea!
Please share your creations with me via email or Google Drive share to therockstarlibrarian at gmail dot com and I will reshare it!
the 2017 Rock Star Librarian Music Guide!
I'm taking this year off from Burning Man after a solid, ten year run and 18 Burns total. But please print out several copies yourself and gift them on the playa!
The entire 2017 RSL Music Guide is available digitally via the Time to Burn app iOS / Android and includes not only the music lineups but the entire ePlaya events for BRC.
Gee, this is really good!


Xiaomi was founded in 2010 and to-date has created remarkable hardware, software, and internet services for and with the help of Mi fans. Xiaomi is expanding its footprint across the world to become a global brand. We are one of the Xiaomi Authorised Reseller in Singapore. We carry Xiaomi phones, selected Xiaomi accessories, lifestyle, ecosystem and IoT products. Do visit our Mi Zone now!


Mobiles Key » ATT Mobile Network » Factory unlock iPhone 4S?
I bought a iPhone 4S as a gift for someone. The carrier is att but I need it factory unlocked for tmobile. I have tried lookin. Everywhere but no one factory unlocks iPhones. People have switched to unlocking iPhones with a chip, but it's not with the latest iOS update. I want a place to go to that is secure. I can't unlock it through AT&T because the person that sold me the phone got the phone and it's still on her contract. It has to be unlocked through a third party. Does anyone know where I an get it factory unlocked that's legit and cheap?


Enjoy a fantastic holiday in Alexandria and find yourself in a city which is blessed with both modern and old attractions which have made it such a tourist attraction. Couples are the biggest visitor to the Egyptian city because of the many historical sites that it has as well as modern sports facilities. Based along Egypt's north coast you will be able to relax on the shores of the Mediterranean on your Alexandria holiday enjoying the fantastic weather.
Your holiday will begin when you land in El Nouzha Airport and your transfer from there shouldn't be much more than 30 minutes due to its conveniently close location to the city itself.
Alexandria tourism has been very strong over the years and as such there are plenty of great places to choose from when picking your accommodation. You will find a mixture of low cost accommodation such as apartments which helps people who are looking to invest more of the money around the city. You will also find that Alexandria hotels can be very luxurious with many 5 star complexes to stay in including names such as Hilton, Sheraton and Four Seasons.
As Egypt's second largest city you can expect to find a great public transport system on your Alexandria hotel ranging from trains, buses and taxis. There would be little point in hiring a car yourself unless you had an exceptional understanding of the area.
Surprising to many the beach isn't the most popular place to spend your Alexandria holiday because there is so much to see and do around the city. That said many people do enjoy long days on the golden sands soaking up the hot weather and cooling down in the waters of the Mediterranean Sea. Most of the beaches have water sports on offer for tourists to enjoy sunny days with too. The best place to enjoy all typical beach activities is a Montazah Royal Gardens.
The history in Alexandria old town is typical of Egypt, vast and intriguing. Citadel of Qait Bey is a huge fortress on the coast looking out onto the Mediterranean Sea and it was built in 1480 to alert people of the city of any attacks coming their way. The Cemetery of Mostafa Kamel is located within the city and is a very popular attraction when it comes to Alexandria tourism. Visit the Roman Amphitheatre which was built during the 2nd century AD and has 13 tiers made from white and grey marble seating up 800 people. The Royal Jewellery museum is filled with priceless gems and diamonds, the Alexandria National Museum is a great place where you can really discover all about the city and its origins.
Despite having a very long and significant historical background you can enjoy a film in the various cinemas around town or the sports facilities and clubs where you can play a game of golf, tennis and football. The shopping is another activity you can enjoy as there are many malls to choose from including San Stefano Grand Plaza Mall, Mirage Mall and the Green Plaza.
There is plenty to eat on you Alexandria holiday, choose from budget and high end restaurants that will provide you with plenty of fantastic meals ranging from national delicacies to more popular international meals. Seafood restaurants are very common in Alexandria and are considered the best place for it in the whole country. Fast Food options are available with Pizza Hut, KFC and McDonalds restaurants found in the city. Alexandria hotels are another place where you can expect to enjoy a fine meal on an evening, with many having their own restaurants.
Ask around when you are looking to find the ideal place to enjoy a drink or two as local knowledge will be the best advice to find out where most people are going currently. Good places to choose from include the likes of the Mermaid Bar which has an excellent sea view or enjoy a fruity cocktail or two in El Qobesi. Alexandria hotels have their own bars and clubs which they encourage their residents to take advantage of on an evening, many people tend to use the facilities because they are amongst the best in the city.
Summers really are hot which is exactly what you will want from an Alexandria holiday, the summer months consistently average at 30°C from June till October. The hottest months of the year are July and August when things can get very high at times which make the Mediterranean Sea the perfect place to cool off in. You can expect at least 12 hours of cloudless blue skies every day during summer making it the ideal holiday destination.
Outside of summer things of course won't be as hot but they will remain very warm. The coldest months are over winter, and from December to February is when the most rainfall will come. During this time it isn't uncommon to experience hail stone either. During winter the temperatures will hover around 10°C which still makes Alexandria warmer than most places at that time of the year. The weather picks up again as early as spring and the temperatures will make a significant rise.
Take a look at this map of Alexandria before you go. Click to view an interactive version.


text:
Tuesday 8 December 1668
Up, and Sir H. Cholmly betimes with me, about some accounts and moneys due to him: and he gone, I to the Office, where sat all the morning; and here, among other things, breaks out the storm W. Hewer and I have long expected from the Surveyor,—[Colonel Middleton.]— about W. Hewer's conspiring to get a contract, to the burdening of the stores with kerseys and cottons, of which he hath often complained, and lately more than ever; and now he did it by a most scandalous letter to the Board, reflecting on my Office: and, by discourse, it fell to such high words between him and me, as can hardly ever be forgot; I declaring I would believe W. Hewer as soon as him, and laying the fault, if there be any, upon himself; he, on the other hand, vilifying of my word and W. Hewer's, calling him knave, and that if he were his clerk, he should lose his ears. At last, I closed the business for this morning with making the thing ridiculous, as it is, and he swearing that the King should have right in it, or he would lose his place. The Office was cleared of all but ourselves and W. Hewer; but, however, the world did by the beginning see what it meant, and it will, I believe, come to high terms between us, which I am sorry for, to have any blemish laid upon me or mine, at this time, though never so unduly, for fear of giving occasion to my real discredit: and therefore I was not only all the rest of the morning vexed, but so went home to dinner, where my wife tells me of my Lord Orrery's new play "Tryphon," at the Duke of York's house, which, however, I would see, and therefore put a bit of meat in our mouths, and went thither; where, with much ado, at half-past one, we got into a blind hole in the 18d. place, above stairs, where we could not hear well, but the house infinite full, but the prologue most silly, and the play, though admirable, yet no pleasure almost in it, because just the very same design, and words, and sense, and plot, as every one of his plays have, any one of which alone would be held admirable, whereas so many of the same design and fancy do but dull one another; and this, I perceive, is the sense of every body else, as well as myself, who therefore showed but little pleasure in it. So home, mighty hot, and my mind mightily out of order, so as I could not eat any supper, or sleep almost all night, though I spent till twelve at night with W. Hewer to consider of our business: and we find it not only most free from any blame of our side, but so horrid scandalous on the other, to make so groundless a complaint, and one so shameful to him, that it could not but let me see that there is no need of my being troubled; but such is the weakness of my nature, that I could not help it, which vexes me, showing me how unable I am to live with difficulties.
9 Annotations
Terry Foreman on 9 Dec 2011 • Link
"we got into a blind hole in the 18d. place, above stairs"
BLIND : out of the way, private, obscure (L&M Select Glossary)
We've all sat in such a place in a theatre, stadium or arena.
Chris Squire on 9 Dec 2011 • Link
'blind a. . . III. Transferred. 6. a. Enveloped in darkness; dark, obscure. arch.
. . 1666 S. Pepys Diary 26 Sept. (1972) VII. 296 The little blind bed-chamber.
. . 8. a. Out of sight, out of the way, secret, obscure, privy. Cf. blind alley n.
. . 1661 S. Pepys Diary 15 Oct. (1970) II. 195 To Paul's churchyard to a blind place, where Mrs. Goldsborough was to meet me.' [OED]
Tony Eldridge on 9 Dec 2011 • Link
Intriguing that Sam takes almost as much space discussing the play as he gives to a serious falling-out with Middleton.
"Sir H. Cholmly betimes with me, about some accounts and moneys due to him"
L&M note for his work on the Tangier mole.
"the storm W. Hewer and I have long expected from the Surveyor"
I infer from the L&M note on the grounds for the unseemly shouting-match and power-struggle, the store-keeper at Chatham must have been at odds with Hewer and had threatened to appeal to Middleton.
Pepys started an inquiry at once, declaring in writing 11 December to Thomas Wilson, Chatham Clerk of the Cheque, when asking for evidence of what Hewer had done: "I desire you by noe means to with=hold any light from me that would informe me in this matter; For as I shall give him my utmost protection while he is innocent, Soe Ile be found the forwardest of the Board in the promoteing of his punishment when he shall be found blamable." [I've read that aloud phonetically.]
The Board will vindicate Hewer; Middleton will burn his letter in their presence.
Terry Foreman on 10 Feb 2017 • Link
"my Lord Orrery's new play "Tryphon," at the Duke of York's house"
L&M: Published in 1669. This is the first record of its being produced.
"at half-past one, we got into a blind hole in the 18d. place, above stairs"
L&M: I.e. in the middle gallery, the tier of seats between the boxes and the upper gallery.
"the prologue most silly"
It is in dialogue. According to the 1672 edition of the play, it was spoken 'by'Mr Nokes and Mr. Angel.' (L&M)
Terry Foreman on 7 Mar 2020 • Link
"the prologue most silly, and the play, though admirable, yet no pleasure almost in it, because just the very same design, and words, and sense, and plot, as every one of his plays have"
L&M: Cf. Pepys's similar criticism of another play by Orrery: https://www.pepysdiary.com/diary/1668/04/01/ and https://www.pepysdiary.com/diary/1668/04/01/#c539…
John Gadbury's London Diary
Frosty and cloudy air
All diary entries from December 1668

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Edgecombe Community College receives community donations of bicycles and funds to repair donated bicycles. Bicycles are repaired in-house and then provided to our local students with transportation concerns. Students are only required to show proof of a helmet and bicycle lock to be eligible to receive a bicycle through this program.
SelectI need a bicycle to commute to school.I need assistance to repair a bicycle I already own.
I understand that a student support counselor will contact me about this request. I understand that I must meet with the counselor to receive my bicycle and show proof that I own a helmet and lock. I understand that safety is my responsibility, and that Edgecombe Community College will not replace a stolen bicycle because I did not secure it properly.


text:
Up from the Ashes: Fire Chief John Fahy's Transformational Journey
The inspiring story of one man's loss and how he channeled that into a career saving lives.
Erin Joyce
Tragedy can strike at any moment, and often does so without warning. A catastrophic event can shake us, rock the foundation of our lives, and either cripple us or push us forward to rebuild and restore from the broken fragments. Such a tragedy befell 31-year-old John Fahy, Chief of the Point Breeze Volunteer Fire Department in Breezy Point, Queens, but he emerged from it determined to fight to prevent such traumas for others. To acknowledge and celebrate Fire Prevention Month, GOOD is partnering with Nest to share the personal stories of the Point Breeze Volunteer Fire Department. Here, we take a look at the life of John Fahy; his firehouse, what motivated him to become a volunteer firefighter, and the daily struggles and triumphs of his profession.
The Fahy family has a legacy of firefighters and police officers, and John Fahy had long entertained the idea of pursuing the same path. "My Grandfather Joe and Uncle Joe were both volunteer firefighters in Rockland County," says Fahy. "I always was very proud of that." His mind was ultimately made up in the wake of two separate tragedies that would forever change his life.
In the early morning hours of April 25, 1996, two months after Fahy's aunt, New York City Police Department Captain Margaret Fahy, passed away from liver cancer, his uncle, NYPD Deputy Inspector John W. Fahy and his six-year-old son, were tragically killed in a fire that consumed their Breezy Point home. Fahy's two cousins, John and Megan, then only 12 and five, respectively, were rescued by two off-duty firefighters who lived across the street. Following this devastating loss to his immediate family, the terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center in 2001 cemented Fahy's decision to become a firefighter. "September 11, 2001 was my 18th birthday," says Fahy. "After I saw the sense of courage and duty those firefighters had, I knew I had a calling to do the same." Fahy felt compelled to become involved with the volunteer fire department in Breezy Point. By January 2002, he was officially made a volunteer firefighter, saying, "I wanted to be part of the team that charges into a burning building when everyone else is running out."
Fahy has in fact had to wrestle additional adversity since assuming his volunteer post. Breezy Point was one of the areas hit the hardest by Hurricane Sandy in 2012, with Point Breeze Volunteer Fire Department suffering significant damages. Braving chest deep seawater, Fahy and his fellow volunteer firefighters evacuated their house and took to higher ground for safety. Amidst torrential rains, 60 to 80 mph winds, and the darkness that fell on the blacked-out city, the men of Point Breeze battled the largest residential fire in New York City since 1865 —it destroyed 126 homes and caused massive damage to another 22 residential structures. The aftermath of Sandy not only ravaged the Breezy Point community, but also destroyed most, if not all, of the fire department's equipment, making efficient post-storm rescue and cleanup near impossible. "Since the storm, we have pushed ourselves to be the best we possibly can be," says Fahy. "In the days and months after the storm we rebuilt, and now, two years later, we make sure we are prepared to handle whatever is thrown our way."
Coming up on his 13th year at Point Breeze and second as chief, Fahy has dedicated his life to being on the frontlines of firefighting, but also fire education. "Fire safety and prevention is the grassroots of my term as chief," says Fahy. "It is our sole purpose to protect our community and that is why we should give the people in it every chance to live more safely." This includes educating residents of Breezy Point, as well as the greater NYC population, on smoke and carbon monoxide detector maintenance, and the importance of having an evacuation plan established in every household. In Fahy's mind, education is the single most important facet of fire prevention, as it's the first step to ensuring the safety of their constituents. With more than 3,400 Americans dying and approximately 17,500 injured due to fires annually, fire safety and awareness are crucial. Fahy and his team of volunteer firefighters regularly hand out fliers, hold informational meetings, and reach out to the community to increase their preparedness for a myriad of situations, including house fires, carbon monoxide, and natural disaster.
Fahy at lunch with his team
It hasn't been an easy road, Fahy admits, but being a firefighter has become the foundation of his adult life. The Point Breeze Fire Department is a brotherhood, a tightknit group of dedicated citizens who willingly serve and protect others, without expecting anything in return. "It's a very close fire department and we pride ourselves on doing it for free," says Fahy. "While holding a full time job [outside Point Breeze], I push to dedicate at least eight hours of my day to my firehouse. When I am not there physically, all I'm thinking of is the firehouse and ways to better us."
Being a public servant is a constant sacrifice, not only is it a sacrifice of time away from family and friends, but these volunteers are also risking their lives on a daily basis to protect people whom they have never met. Chief John Fahy and the Point Breeze team gladly face these challenges and risks head on, and are a testament to the human spirit and will to do good.


text:
New World Monkey Aotus nancymae as a Model for Campylobacter jejuni Infection and Immunity
Franca R. Jones, Shahida Baqar, Alfonso Gozalo, Gladys Nunez, Nereyda Espinoza, Sharina M. Reyes, Milagros Salazar, Rina Meza, Chad K. Porter, Stephen E. Walz
Franca R. Jones
1Bacterial Diseases Program, Naval Medical Research Center Detachment (NMRCD—Lima, Peru), NMRCD Unit 3800, APO, AA 34031
For correspondence: jonesf@nmrc.navy.mil
Shahida Baqar
2Enteric Diseases Department, Naval Medical Research Center (NMRC), 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910
Alfonso Gozalo
Gladys Nunez
Nereyda Espinoza
Sharina M. Reyes
Milagros Salazar
Rina Meza
Chad K. Porter
Stephen E. Walz
DOI: 10.1128/IAI.74.1.790-793.2006
Three groups of six monkeys (Aotus nancymae) each were inoculated intragastrically with increasing doses of Campylobacter jejuni. Infection resulted in fecal colonization (100% of monkeys), dose-related diarrhea, and robust immune responses. Colonization duration and diarrhea rate were reduced upon secondary challenge. A. nancymae may be useful for studying anti-Campylobacter vaccine efficacy.
Campylobacter jejuni is among the leading causes of bacterial diarrhea in the United States and second only to enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli as a cause of traveler's diarrhea throughout the world (9, 12, 19). In developing countries, Campylobacter enteritis incidence rates as high as 0.4 episode per child per year have been reported (8, 9, 19, 30). C. jejuni or Campylobacter coli organisms were isolated from approximately 50% of stool samples obtained from military personnel exhibiting diarrhea while deployed in Thailand (16, 18, 20).
A major impediment to the preclinical evaluation of candidate Campylobacter vaccines is the absence of a suitable animal diarrheal disease model. Different animal models have been used for Campylobacter research, including mice (3, 6, 29, 31), rabbits (7), ferrets (4, 11), hamsters (14), chicks (26), piglets (1), dogs (21), and Old World monkeys (i.e., Macaca nemestrina, Macaca mulatta, and Macaca fascicularis) (10, 24, 25). Animal models in which Campylobacter spp. produce diarrhea are limited by availability (10, 24, 25), the need for surgical or chemical manipulations (7, 29), the lack of immunologic reagents (4, 11), and the young age of the animals (1, 26).
Old World monkeys exhibit limited Campylobacter-related clinical signs and pathology, potentially due to previous Campylobacter exposure (10, 24, 25). New World monkeys are at lower risk of spreading pathogens throughout their colony than Old World monkeys due to differences in housing practices (indoor versus outdoor breeding) (22, 23, 28). For this reason, we sought to develop an animal model for Campylobacter disease using the New World monkey Aotus nancymae.
A. nancymae primates (of the captive-born IVITA/PAHO strain) were purchased from the Instituto Veterinario de Investigaciones Tropicales y de Altura (IVITA), University of San Marcos, Peru. Monkeys (25 male, 13 female; average age, 43 ± 19 months; weight, 1 to 1.5 kg) were randomly selected from the primate pool at the Naval Medical Research Center Detachment, Lima, Peru. The experimental monkeys had never been used for Campylobacter research, were stool culture negative for Campylobacter (before initial inoculation and subsequent challenge), and had a baseline immunoglobulin G (IgG) or IgA titer of less than 200 or 20, respectively, against a glycine extract (GE) (3 μg/ml) of whole Campylobacter organisms, as measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (2, 17).
C. jejuni strain 81-176 (5, 15) was used, and inocula were prepared as described by Black et al. (5) except that Mueller-Hinton soft agar was used to obtain highly motile C. jejuni organisms that were pooled and plated on brucella agar (BA). The bacterial lawn was harvested from each BA plate in ice-cold phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), and the concentration of organisms was adjusted photometrically with PBS to the target dose in 5 ml. The actual dose was determined by serial dilution and plating on BA.
To buffer gastric contents, the monkeys were injected intramuscularly with ranitidine (1.5 mg/kg of body weight; Zantac; GlaxoSmithKline) 90 min prior to C. jejuni inoculation. Thirty minutes prior to C. jejuni inoculation, the monkeys were anesthetized with ketamine hydrochloride (4 to 5 mg/kg; Ketalar; Park-Davis) plus diazepam (0.2 mg/kg; Valium; Roche) and then administered 5.0 ml CeraVacx I (CeraProducts, Jessup, MD) intragastrically (i.g.). CeraVacx and C. jejuni preparations were administered through a 5 French/Charrière (1.7-mm), 16-in. (41-cm) feeding tube inserted orally.
The veterinarian examined the monkeys twice daily for 21 days after inoculation for physical signs of disease. Weight and temperature were measured during anesthesia for blood draws. A technician examined the cage pans twice daily for 7 days prior to and 21 days after inoculation for the presence of diarrheal stools. To prevent cross-contamination, the PBS control monkeys were separated from the infected monkeys in cages on opposite sides of the room. It was therefore not possible for the technicians scoring the diarrhea to be blinded. The stools were cultured daily for 21 days to assess C. jejuni excretion and were examined for 7 days for fecal leukocytes and occult blood. The experimental animals did not exhibit more physical signs of disease, fecal leukocytes, or occult blood than at baseline. SAS v8.2 software (The SAS Institute, Cary, NC) was used for statistical analyses, and tests were interpreted in a two-tailed fashion, with P values of <0.05 being significant.
Dose-escalating study.
Three groups of six monkeys each were inoculated i.g. with escalating doses of C. jejuni (Table 1). In addition, three procedural controls per experimental group were given PBS i.g. to ensure that the procedures did not cause stress on the monkeys and artificially increase diarrhea rates. One (11.1%) of nine controls in the dose-escalating study had diarrhea but for only 2 days. None of the 12 total controls had a serum IgG or IgA response, whereas two (16.7%) had a transient fecal IgA response, with a mean peak increase (n-fold) in titer of 9.2 ± 0.8 at day 14 that returned to baseline at day 21. In a previous study, 109 to 1011 CFU of the nonpathogenic E. coli strain HS did not cause diarrhea in this model (13).
Diarrhea rates, diarrhea duration, and C. jejuni excretion in A. nancymae monkeys inoculated with escalating doses of C. jejuni strain 81-176 and then challenged with 7 × 1011 CFU of the homologous strain
All animals in all three experimental groups were colonized with C. jejuni and excreted organisms for an average of 12.3 days; no significant difference was observed between groups (Table 1). Colonization was defined as at least two consecutive days of Campylobacter being isolated from the stool, beginning on or after the second day following inoculation; as such, the fecal shedding of the challenge inoculum that was likely on day 1 was excluded from the analysis.
The diarrhea rate, but not the duration, was dose dependent, being higher in the medium- and high-dose groups (which had similar diarrhea rates) than in the low-dose group (Table 1) (risk ratio, 4.50; P = 0.043, Fisher's exact test). One log fewer C. jejuni organisms was required to cause diarrhea in A. nancymae than was reported for M. nemestrina, where 3 × 1011 CFU were required, although a dose-ranging study was not performed (24). In the human challenge model, doses of 106 to 109 CFU of C. jejuni resulted in diarrhea in 41% to 60% of volunteers, but no dose effect was observed (5). Our findings are similar to what occurs during C. jejuni infection in humans, who experience diarrhea symptoms for 3 to 5 days and can be colonized for several weeks (27).
The majority of monkeys inoculated with C. jejuni (including the challenge-positive control group [see below]) had anti-GE serum IgG (25 of 30 monkeys; 83.3%), serum IgA (26 of 30; 89.7%), and fecal IgA (26 of 29; 89.7%) responses, as measured by ELISA. The magnitude (mean peak increases [n-fold]) of the immune response to Campylobacter inoculation was robust (Table 2). Groups were not statistically different with regard to the numbers of responders or the mean peak increases (n-fold). There was, however, a significant correlation between peak serum IgG and IgA titers and between peak serum IgG or IgA and fecal IgA titers (P < 0.0001; Wilcoxon rank sum).
Immune responses of naïve A. nancymae monkeys to inoculation with escalating doses of C. jejuni 81-176
The kinetics of the serum IgG, serum IgA, and fecal IgA responses is shown in Fig. 1. There was no association between the kinetics of the immune response and the inoculation dose or between the magnitude of immune responses and the rates of colonization or diarrhea or the duration of excretion. Although serum IgG (Fig. 1A) and IgA (Fig. 1B) titers declined steadily after day 14, they did not return to baseline levels for any group of monkeys up to day 28. Before returning to the pool, all monkeys were treated orally with erythromycin (20 mg/kg) (Eritromicina Genfar, Colombia) twice a day for 10 days to ensure that the monkeys were no longer carrying C. jejuni.
Kinetics of the serum IgG (A) and IgA (B) and fecal IgA (C) responses against Campylobacter GE antigen in A. nancymae monkeys inoculated with escalating doses of C. jejuni and then challenged 56 days later with 7 × 1011 CFU of the homologous strain. Peak immune responses were observed on day 14 in the majority of animals. Arrow indicates dates of challenge of the medium- and high-dose groups, as well as of the naïve positive-control group.
Challenge study.
Repeated Campylobacter infections in humans are believed to result in immunity over time (5, 12). Fifty-six days after initial inoculation, monkeys in the medium- and high-dose groups were challenged with 7 × 1011 CFU of C. jejuni to determine whether prior exposure would protect the animals from infection or disease. Two groups of six naïve monkeys (challenge controls; n = 12) were inoculated as positive controls. Although all animals were colonized with C. jejuni, the duration of excretion was significantly shortened in animals that had been previously exposed to C. jejuni (Table 1) (P = 0.007, Wilcoxon signed-rank sum).
Since the diarrhea rates following initial inoculation between the medium- and high-dose groups were not statistically different, the two groups were combined for analysis. When this was done, 9 (75%) of 12 monkeys had diarrhea following the initial inoculation, compared with 4 (33%) of 12 following challenge (Table 1); this difference was significant (risk ratio, 0.44; P = 0.05, Fisher's exact test). Challenged monkeys had a lower rate of diarrhea than naïve controls (33% versus 66%) (Table 1), but this difference was not significant. Two monkeys from the high-dose group that had diarrhea upon challenge appeared to have a longer course of diarrhea than other groups; their diarrhea lasted for a longer period than they shed bacteria. Due to the small number of animals, it is difficult to speculate why this occurred. Future studies using more animals should help to address this issue. The finding that previous C. jejuni infection partially protected A. nancymae from homologous challenge is consistent with what occurs during natural human infection and with findings using other animal models, including humans (5) and M. nemestrina (24).
Surprisingly, the magnitudes of the immune response following initial inoculation did not correlate with the reduction of diarrhea or the duration of excretion observed after challenge, potentially due to the small number of animals used. Titers in the medium- and high-dose groups were still slightly above baseline values when measured on day 56. Challenges of both groups resulted in a large boost in immune responses (Fig. 1). Serum and fecal immune responses were not significantly different between the medium- and high-dose groups following challenge. Twenty-eight days after challenge (day 84), anti-GE IgG titers remained high (Fig. 1A), while IgA titers returned to day 56 levels (Fig. 1B and C).
The results presented herein show that A. nancymae can be reproducibly infected with C. jejuni and that colonization and diarrhea rates from infection are similar to those reported in the human challenge model. Aotus monkeys born in captivity with a known clinical history and no previous exposure to Campylobacter are available. They are safer to handle (no herpes B virus or filoviruses), are smaller and thus require less space, and are not as expensive to acquire and maintain as Old World monkeys. Given the availability of A. nancymae monkeys that have a low incidence of gastrointestinal disease but are susceptible to diarrhea as adults without significant manipulation, this model may prove excellent for studies of the protective efficacy of Campylobacter vaccine candidates.
This work was funded by the Military Infectious Diseases Research Program under work unit 6000 RAD1 DA3 A0308.
The opinions and assertions expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the U.S. Departments of the Navy or Army, the U.S. Department of Defense, the U.S. Government, or any other organization listed.
The experiments reported herein were conducted in compliance with the Animal Welfare Act and according to the principles set forth in the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (18a) (protocol NRD-297).
Received 5 October 2005.
Accepted 14 October 2005.
Copyright © 2006 American Society for Microbiology
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Infection and Immunity Dec 2005, 74 (1) 790-793; DOI: 10.1128/IAI.74.1.790-793.2006
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4 edition of Career guidance: an individual developmental approach found in the catalog.
Career guidance: an individual developmental approach
by K. Norman Severinsen
Published 1973 by Merrill in Columbus, Ohio .
Educational counseling.,
Vocational guidance.
Includes bibliographies.
Statement [by] K. Norman Severinsen.
Series The Merrill series in career programs. A Merrill professional textbook in career programs education
LC Classifications LB1027.5 .S427
Pagination xiv, 152 p.
development and understanding of systems theory. Developmental Systems Theory (DST, D. Ford & Lerner, ) and approach used in career counseling is still the trait and factor approach, with its individual problem-solving s and s that the term 'career guidance and counseling' sufficiently differentiated the two elements. THE BIG FIVE CAREER THEORIES S. Alvin Leung Career guidance and counselling in the western world, most notably in the United States (USA), has developed a comprehensive system of theories and intervention strategies in its more than years of history. It began in the years of Frank ParsonFile Size: KB.
Choosing a career is a big deal. It's about so much more than deciding what to do to make a living. When you think about the amount of time you will spend at work, it will become clear why this decision is such a big deal. Expect to be on the job approximately 71% of every year. Over your lifetime, this comes out to roughly 31 1/2 years out of. The Comprehensive Guidance and Counselling Program is a educational, and career. • It is developmental, in that activities appropriate to student arranging case conferences regarding individual student needs and how these needs can be met by the various partners.
This guide is aimed at everyone in the University at all levels and provides guidance for both individuals and managers to prepare for and hold effective career and development conversations as part of the PDR, whether that is focused on their long term career or their short term development needs in their current Size: 1MB. The development of career guidance and development into a global discipline requires a set of theoretical frameworks with universal validity and applications, as well as culture-specific models that could be used to explain career development issues and phenomenon at a local by:
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Career guidance: an individual developmental approach by K. Norman Severinsen Download PDF EPUB FB2
Additional Physical Format: Online version: Severinsen, K. Norman. Career guidance: an individual developmental approach. Columbus, Ohio, Merrill []. Dear Career Guidance staff, You have a very pivotal task to contribute to the development of career guidance in your institution and in your country.
As you are very much aware of, Career Guidance (CG) as a concept is relatively new. CG is not only to support the individual's empowerment and choicesFile Size: KB.
the client make career-related decisions and deal with career-related issues. (Kidd,p. 1) A wide range of theoretical perspectives can be drawn on to achieve the aims of career coun-seling.
First, it is useful to distinguish between career theories and career-counseling theories. The former are concerned with how peopleFile Size: KB. Start studying ECO- Career Development. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. first developmental approach to occupational choice developmental stages are: ages 11 and under- fantasy computer career guidance programs often adhere to the trait and factor model.
At Assess Me we adopt a holistic approach to career guidance and counselling, which means that we always aim to engage and develop the individual fully.
In order to help our clients optimally, we use a combination of narrative counselling and psychometric assessments to assess aptitudes, personality traits, career interests, values, life roles, study habits. In his attempts to shape a comprehensive career theory in the s through the mids, Super complemented the traditional individual-difference approach to vocational guidance with three additional perspectives: (1) developmental perspective focusing on the life course of vocational behavior and stressing continuity in career development.
Career development and decision making involve the following: * genetic endowments and special abilities * environmental conditions and events * instrumental and associative learning experiences * task approach skills (problem-solving skills, work habits, etc.) The Career Beliefs Inventory helps to identify mental barriers.
Career Counseling and Personal Development. a developmental approach that explores how one's life roles. Some of the best practices for the children's career guidance are as follow. Career Counseling Practices 37 3 M Individual goals, including newly developed ones, are discussed.
A format for previewing an occupation is presented. The developmental approaches promote tasks that are used to move the client through a series of devel op-mental stages.
The social learning and cognitive theories are labeled asFile Size: KB. We also actively plan for guidance, which keeps a positive climate in our classroom.
This boosts how we feel at the end of the day and enhances each child's success as a learner. Here are some strategies we use to plan for positive guidance, keeping a Powerful Interactions approach in mind.
Myrick presents a comprehensive approach to K school guidance. The developmental approach to guidance and counseling attempts to identify certain skills and experiences that students need as a part of attending school and becoming successful.
In this approach students learn coping skills before they have an interpersonal crisis. Frank Parsons is regarded as the founder of the vocational guidance movement.
He developed the talent-matching approach, which was later developed into the Trait and Factor Theory of Occupational Choice. At the centre of Parsons' theory is the concept of matching. Parsons states that occupational decision making occurs when people have achieved.
Here, the role of a career counselor is not so much in job selection as it is helping people deal with career or job problems.
It is an approach where individual therapy and career counseling might overlap. This is because career counselors using this theory will address issues like burnout, change, relationships, obstacles to career. The traditional approach to career needs to be understood in the context of an era in the world of work when vocational guidance was applied to decisions about jobs for life, usually at school leaving age.
While the elements of the systems of influence on individual career behaviour are the same, their nature and their relevance to the Cited by: approach, the career counselor acts as an expert for assessment and information about the are typical for both career guidance and career career development of the individual from a self.
7 Models of Guidance The psychological theories mentioned above lead to differing guidance models. Active considerations within interviews may include a client's career maturity and developmental tasks. covering variables such as the person's attainments and circumstances before looking at careers suited to that individual.
Personal Construct Theory can be successfully applied to vocational guidance research and practice, as it represents a cognitive-developmental approach and responds to the demands of the postmodern era. Therefore, the aim of this study is to present the application of the Personal Construct Theory (Kelly,File Size: KB.
Nancy McCormack, Catherine Cotter, in Managing Burnout in the Workplace, f) Career counseling. Career counseling has been shown to have a significant impact on improving burnout. Studies have revealed that employees who take part in career counseling programs consisting of individual and group counseling sessions show significant improvement in two out of three.
Find Career Guidance Counselling in Sherwood Park, Alberta and get help from Sherwood Park Career Guidance Therapists for Career Guidance in Sherwood Park. What is a Career Guidance and Counseling Program.
It is a comprehensive, developmental program designed to assist individuals in making and implementing informed educational and occupational choices. A career guidance and counseling program develops an individual's competencies in self-knowledge, educational and occupational exploration, and.
This book places career development into the mainstream of human development research and theory. The result is a powerful synthesis of vocational psychology and the most recent advances in lifespan developmental psychology, thus offering a developmental-contextual framework for guiding theory and research in career development.
Its chapters demonstrate the utility of this .Using a developmental approach, this volume integrates the career counselling process into the life span, ranging from early childhood through to older adulthood.
The stages explored include: years of identification and differentiation; years of growth and searching; and years of compromise and commitment to a lifestyle. Which statement is not true of the trait-and-factor approach to career counseling?
a. The approach attempts to match the person's traits with the requirements of a job. b. The approach usually relies on psychometric information. c. The approach is developmental and thus focuses on career maturity.
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