text:
Is urban agriculture the future of farming?
Paul S. Teng
Adjunct Senior Fellow, S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies, NTU
According to UN-Habitat, the UN agency for human settlements, the 21st century will be the century of urbanization. The year 2008 saw, for the first time in history, the world's urban population overtake its rural population.
As the world becomes increasingly urban, food demand will come mainly from people living in cities, while there will be fewer rural farmers producing food on less land with less water. Furthermore, the locus of poverty is likely to shift from rural to urban areas. Urban and peri-urban areas can and will have to play a bigger role in food security. But to accomplish this requires supportive enablers such as new farming approaches and technologies, new thinking and policies by policymakers, politicians and consumers willing to accept new food types and unconventional ways of food production.
With global food demand estimated to increase by at least 50 per cent by 2050, it is necessary to ask what and where else can be tapped to produce the quantum of food needed.
"Urban centers should strive to become food producers, and not just consumers" - Paul Teng
Several years ago (2014), this author asked, with respect to food security, whether cities should be part of the solution and not just be viewed as the problem. Much progress has been made since in affirming the contribution of cities to growing food close to where it is needed. Urban farming, especially in community gardens, has further helped improve the nutrition quality of inner city diets, an aspect of food security causing grave concern with the rise in non-communicable diseases.
A traditional rural responsibility
Traditionally, the practice of agriculture has been considered a rural phenomenon.
However, with more people now living in urban areas, food insecurity has become an urban phenomenon. Urban centers should strive to become food producers, and not just consumers. Urban agriculture can help cities achieve a high level of self-sufficiency in at least some of the key food products that its inhabitants consume.
Urban agriculture is considered as the growing of plants and the raising of animals within and immediately around cities. It is estimated to currently contribute 5 – 20 per cent of the world's food needs.
The most striking feature of urban and peri-urban areas, which distinguishes it from rural agriculture, is that it is integrated into the urban economic and ecological system. Urban agriculture is embedded in — and interacts with — the urban ecosystem and its resources. Such linkages include the use of urban residents as laborers and the use of typical urban resources (like organic waste as compost and urban wastewater for irrigation), direct links with urban consumers, direct impacts on urban ecology (positive and negative), competing for land with other urban functions, being influenced by urban policies and plans, etc.
About 800 million people are now involved in urban agriculture and contribute to feeding urban residents. Most of these people are from the developing countries of Asia and Africa. Of these, 200 million produce for the market and 150 million work full-time. Urban agriculture activities range from relatively low-tech community gardens and small farms using conventional techniques, to highly sophisticated plant factories (with enclosed environments and artificial light) and bioreactors producing cell masses. Urban farms can contribute to rehabilitation of communities suffering from economic dislocation, and to providing an alternative use of the consequential abandoned land.
Urban agriculture in developed countries has seen significant growth in recent years thanks to high value-added agriculture, the promotion of the 'garden city' concept, expansion of community gardens and roof-top planting and use of urban agriculture to promote environmental sustainability. Contamination from particulate air pollutants has so far not been an issue in the cities concerned because of chosen locations or exclusion technology such as "plant factories". In modern cities like New York and Singapore, urban agriculture is seen as an application of high technology (especially digital, mechanical) backed by rigorous science to create new food supplies and employment.
Urban agriculture in developing countries is less pronounced but has great potential for growth. The success of urban agriculture in cities such as Hanoi, Shanghai, Beijing, Mexico City and Dakar has shown how urban farming can contribute to poverty reduction, food security, improvements in nutrition, increased income, environmental protection and increased awareness of the importance of agriculture through on-site agro education. In these cities, the Resource Centres on Urban Agriculture and Food Security Foundation, Netherlands, has estimated that up to 80 per cent of fresh vegetables may come from a city such as Hanoi and immediate periphery.
Exciting new approaches and technologies
Agriculture in the 21st century is strongly influenced by new scientific tools (molecular markers, gene editing, etc.) and new technologies (digital, mechanical, biological) which have resulted in a set of powerful technology outcomes with applications in rural and urban situations. In a previous SciDev.Net article, I listed some:
- Agronomy and agricultural biotechnology to innovate inputs for crop and animal agriculture such as seeds, pest control, seeds with new genetics, microbiome and animal health
- Mechanization, robotics and equipment such as on-farm machinery, automation, drones guided by GPS or GIS systems, environmental sensors, and growing equipment
- Farm management software, Internet of Things systems with sensing and intervening – these include environmental, farming data capture devices, decision support software, big data analytics and miniaturized portable applications
- Novel farming systems such as indoor farms, plant factories with controlled environment, aquaculture systems, and grow-out facilities for insects, algae and microbes
These technologies have been used separately or in combination to farm in open spaces, shaded shelters and completely controlled environments. Environment sensors for temperature and moisture have been deployed by urban farmers in open fields or shaded farms for many years, often accompanied by computer software which perform analytics and provide advisories.
One of the most 'Disruptive Technologies' in urban farming is the 'Plant Factories with Artificial Lighting' or PFALs which grow vegetables in trays vertically stacked within a room in which the environment (air, light, temperature, and humidity) is controlled to provide optimal plant growth.
Lettuce plants about to be harvested at the VertiVeggies Pilot Plant Factory. Image credit: Paul Teng.
LED lighting is used to optimize the plants' photosynthetic capacity for vegetable growth and development and reportedly have shortened time-to-harvest by almost a third. The company NewBean Capital, Singapore, estimated that there were over 450 PFALs in commercial production in Asia in 2016, mainly located in China, Japan, Singapore and South Korea. The PFALS produce more kilograms of vegetables per unit area and use less water, although energy efficiency is still to be improved. But their unique proposition is that vegetables can be grown year-round and for the longer term can buffer against climate change.
On the horizon for urban food production is the use of cell culture technology to produce vegetable products and even animal meat (colloquially referred to as 'clean meat') in large bioreactors housed indoors. This author participated in the first International Plant Cell Technology Industry Summit in October 2019 in Chongqing, China, and witnessed the government's investments to establish this as a viable industry to produce food ingredients and actual consumable food.
This opinion piece was republished from SciDev.Net. The original article can be accessed here.


text:
The Cuenca Alimentadora del Distrito Nacional de Riego 043 Estado de Nayarit is a protected natural area in west-central Mexico. It extends across portions of southern Sierra Madre Occidental and the westernmost Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt. It has an area of 23290.27 km2, covering portions of southern Durango, northern Jalisco, eastern Nayarit, southern Zacatecas, and western Aguascalientes states.

Geography
The protected area consists of many isolated blocks of land, mostly atop the north–south mountain ridges of the southern Sierra Madre Occidental. It includes portions of the Sierra Pajaritos, Sierra los Huicholes, Sierra Morones, and other ranges of the Sierra Madre Occidental. The easternmost range is the Sierra Fría, between the Juchipila and Verde rivers, where it adjoins the Cuenca Alimentadora del Distrito Nacional de Riego 01 Pabellón. These ranges are separated by broad river valleys, including the valleys of the San Pedro Mezquital River and several southward-flowing tributaries of the Río Grande de Santiago, including, from west to east, the Huaynamota and Atengo, Bolaños, Juchipila, and Verde.

It also includes portions of the westernmost Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt, to the south between the Río Grande de Santiago and Ameca rivers.

Tipos de vegetación
 bosque de coníferas
 bosque de encino
 bosque de pino de encino
 bosque de encino pino
 pastizal natural
 selva baja caducifolia
 bosque mesofilo de montaña
 palmar natural
 selva subcaducifolia
 vegetación hidrófila
 vegetación inducida
 selva caducifolia

Flora and fauna
The natural vegetation is pine–oak forest and woodland, with pines and/or oaks as the dominant trees, together with manzanillo (Arbutus spp.), juniper, and other plants. The forests vary with rainfall, altitude, and soils, and are home to numerous plant and animal species, including some endemic and limited-range species. Areas that have been logged are covered in thickets of manzanillo, and montane grasslands occur on canyon slopes. Dry forest extends up the river valleys from the coastal plain to the west, and matorral (dry shrubland) is found on the plateaus to the north and east.

Flora
Pino piñonero, piñon (Pinus cembroides), Pino triste (Pinus lumholtzii), Pino colorado, teocote (Pinus teocote), Pino blanco (Pinus durangensis), Pino de navidad (Pinus ayacahuite), Cedro de San Juan (Cupressus lusitanica), Encino, encino jarrillo (Quercus laurina), Encino (Quercus rugosa), Biznaga cabeza de viejo (Mammilaria senilis), Pino real (Pinus engelmannii), Pino, ocote chino (Pinus leiophylla), Pino de chihuahua (Pinus chihuahuana), Cedro (Juniperus deppeana), Táscate (Juniperus durangensis), (Quercus resinosa), (Quercus potosina), (Quercus eduardii), (Quercus grisea), (Quercus sideroxyla), (Quercus chihuahuensis), (Quercus aristata), (Quercus uxoris), (Quercus gentry), (Artostaphylos pungens), Encino chaparro (Quercus microphylla), Ejechí (Mastichodendron capiri), Cedro (Cedrela odorata), (Bouteloua sp.), Acacia (Acacia spp.), Pino (Pinus spp.), (Juniperus spp.), (Quercus spp.), (Tabebuia chrysantha), Lapacho rosado (Handroanthus impetiginosus), Madroño (Arbutus xalapensis), (Amoreuxia palmatifida), Pinabeto (Pseudotsuga menziensii var. glauca), Ciprés de Moctezuma (Taxodium huegelii)

Fauna
Guajolote, pavo salvaje (Meleagris gallopavo), Venado cola blanca (Odocoileus virginianus ), Pecari de collar (Pecari tajacu), Venado cola blanca (Odocoileus virginianus ), Puma (Puma concolor), Coyote (Canis latrans), Conejo castellano o serrano (Sylvilagus floridanus), Liebre cola negra (Lepus californicus), águila real (Aquila chrysaetos), Codorníz de moctezuma (Cyrtonyx montezumae), Chichimoco (Tamias bulleri), Búho moteado (Strix occidentalis), Serpiente de cascabel (Crotalus lepidus), Trogón orejón (Euptilotis neoxenus), Guacamaya verde (Ara militaris), Pato friso (Anas strepera), Cerceta ala azul, pato media luna (Anas discors), Pato cucharón norteño (Anas clypeata), Codorniz cotuí (Colinus virginianus), Paloma ala blanca (Zenaida asiatica), Paloma huilota (Zenaida macroura), Tórtola Cola Larga (Columbina inca), Tórtola Coquita (Columbina passerina), Topote del pacífico (Poecilia butleri), Murciélago negruzco, murcielaguito oscuro (Myotis nigricans), Jaguarundi, leoncillo (Puma yagouaroundi), Nutria de río (Lontra longicaudis), Jaguar (Panthera onca), Ocelote, tigrillo (Leopardus pardalis), Culebra nocturna ojo de gato (Hypsiglena torquata), Culebra ciempiés del Pacífico (Tantilla calamarina), Culebra real coralillo (Lampropeltis triangulum), Iguana negra (Ctenosaura pectinata)

Especies microendemicas
 Víbora cascabel ocelada (Crotalus polystictus), Víbora cascabel transvolcánica (Crotalus triseriatus), Trébol de la pradera (Dalea nobilis), Rata canguro de Phillip (Dipodomys phillipsii), Sardina norteña (Dorosoma smithi), Sardinita agua dulce (Lile gracilis), Matalote chuime (Moxostoma austrinum), Zazal (Stevia rzedowskii), Lagartija nocturna de Sánchez (Xantusia sanchezi)

Especies endémicas
Matorral de Sombra (Abelia occidentalis), Asterácea (Acourtia rigida), Rana Cara de Niño (Agalychnis dacnicolor), Miembro de la Raíz de Serpiente (Asterácea) (Ageratina oligocephala), Sándara (Ageratina palmeri), Zacatonero Cinco Rayas (Amphispiza quinquestriata), Cebollín (Allium glandulosum), Colibrí berilo (Amazilia berillyna), Sapo de la Meseta (Anaxyrus compactilis), Abaniquillo Oaxaqueño (Anolis nebuloides), Madroño (Arbutus occidentalis), Murciélago Frutero Peludo (Artibeus hirsutus), Araxi (Asclepias mcvaughii), Huico Llanero (Aspidoscelis costata), Escobilla (Baccharis multiflora), Lagarto Alicante del Popocatépetl (Barisia imbricata), Orégano (Brickellia secundiflora), Rascador cejas verdes (Arremon vrenticeps), Tepozán Cimarrón (Buddleja parviflora), Sapo Jaspeado, Sapo Marmoleado (Incilius marmoreus), Sapo Pinero (Incilius occidentalis), Casique Mexicano (Cassiculus melanicterus), Matraca Serrana (Campylorhynchus gularis), Chipe Rojo (Cardellina rubra), Pasto de zonas pantanosas (Carex marianensis), Zorzal Mexicano (Catharus occidentalis), Culebra Terrestre Narigona (Conopsis nasus), Murciélago Mula Mexicano (Corynorhinus mexicanus), Bise'Ebeero (Cosmos intercedens), Rana Ladradora de Smith (Craugastor hobartsmithi), Rana Ladradora Costeña (Craugastor occidentalis), Rana Ladrona Sonora (Craugastor vocalis), Ahuitule (Critoniopsis uniflora), Cascabel Obscuro de Querétaro (Crotalus aquilus), Víbora Cascabel de Saye (Crotalus basiliscus), Iguana Espinosa Mexicana (Ctenosaura pectinata), Pega hormiga (Cuphea lobophora), Chara de San Blas (Cyanocorax sanblasianus), Chilillo (Delphinium pedatisectum), Hierba de Cangrejo (Digitaria paniculata), Coyamol (Echeandia flavescens), Lili (Echeandia mexicana), Lili (Echeandia occidentalis), Rana Fisgona Deslumbrante (Eleutherodactylus nitidus), Salamanquesa (Plestiodon brevirostris), Eslizón Pigmeo del Sur (Eumeces parvulus), Crucetillo (Eupatorium leptodictyon), Lipa-Cai-Nofal (Euphorbia succedanea), Quetzal Orejón (Euptilotis neoxenus), Kidneywoods (Eysenhardtia platycarpa), Biznaga Barril de Acitrón (Ferocactus histrix), Limiscui (Ficus petiolaris), Periquito Catarino (Forpus cyanopygius), Nanche (Gaudichaudia subverticillata), Culebra Minera de Chihuahua (Geophis dugesii), Granatelo Mexicano (Granatellus venustus), Gumplant (Grindelia oxylepis), Gutierrezia (Gutierrezia sericocarpa), Guishi (Hilaria cenchroides), Rata Cambalachera de Allen (Hodomys alleni), Rana de Árbol de Montaña (Hyla eximia), Cotorra Serrana Occidental (Rhynchopsitta pachyrhyncha), Bagre del Lerma (Ictalurus dugesii), Bagre del Río Verde (Ictalurus mexicanus), Calandria Flancos Negros (Icterus abeillei), Sapo Sinaloense (Incilius mazatlanensis), Cuatolotlanenzi (Iostephane heterophylla), Quiebra Planto (Ipomoea stans), Casquito de Burro, Tortuga Pecho Quebrado Mexicana (Kinosternon integrum), Chichiltepetzacuxóchitl (Laelia speciosa), Culebra Real Potosina (Lampropeltis mexicana), Trepatroncos Mexicano (Lepidocolaptes leucogaster), Poace (Leptocoryphium villaregalis), Culebra Ojo de Gato del Suroeste (Leptodeira maculata), Culebra Perico Gargantilla (Leptophis diplotropis), Otác (Lithobates magnaocularis), Rana leopardo de Moctezuma (Lithobates montezumae), Ziix Hax Ano Quiij (Lithobates pustulosus), Biznaga de Flor Grande (Mammillaria longiflora), Pirul (Marina grammadenia), Estrella del zipolite (Matelea pilosa), Musaraña Desértica Sureña (Megasorex gigas), Carpintero Enmascarado (Melanerpes chrysogenys), Mulato Azul (Melanotis caerulescens), Rascador Nuca Canela (Melozone kieneri), Amor Seco (Mentzelia hispida), Estrellita , Azucena Silvestre (Milla biflora), Momoto corona canela (Momotus mexicanus), Zacate-pasto (Muhlenbergia aguascalientensis), Liendrilla de Pinar (Muhlenbergia dubia), Cola de Ratón (Muhlenbergia emersleyi), Zacatón, Soromuta (Muhlenbergia macroura), Zacate de Escobillas (Muhlenbergia robusta), Garambullo (Myrtillocactus geometrizans), Rata Cambalachera, Rata Cambalachera Diminuta, Rata Montera, Rata-Cambalachera Diminuta (Nelsonia neotomodon), Pañuelo (Norops nebulosus), Zacatonero Serrano (Oriturus superciliosus), Chachalaca Vientre Castaño (Ortalis wagleri), Ratón Arbustero (Peromyscus boylii subsp. glasselli), Ratón de Patas Blancas, Ratón Orejudo (Peromyscus difficilis), Ratón de Campo, Ratón Norteamericano (Peromyscus maniculatus), Ratón Silvestre de Patas Negras (Peromyscus melanocarpus), Ratón de Mesa, Ratón Montero Negruzco (Peromyscus melanophrys), Ratón Espiguero (Peromyscus spicilegus), Camaleón, Camaleón de Montaña, Lagartija Cornuda de Montaña, Tapayaxín (Phrynosoma orbiculare), Tuza (Pappogeomys bulleri), Ratón Piñonero (Peromyscus gratus), Salamanquesa Pata de Res (Phyllodactylus lanei), Alicante, Cincuate, Cincuate Mexicana, Culebra Sorda Mexicana (Pituophis deppei), Rana de Árbol de Pliegue Mexicana (Plectrohyla bistincta), Eslizón Encinero, Lincer de Encinos, Lagartija, Lagartija de Cola Azul,Lincer de Los Pinos (Plestiodon lynxe), Nardo de Varogachic (Polianthes densiflora), Nardo de Nueva Galicia (Polianthes platyphylla), Tlaconete Pinto (Pseudoeurycea belli), Gordolobo (Pseudognaphalium inornatum), Encino Chaparro (Quercus aristata Hook. & Arn.), Palo Blanco (Quercus laeta Liebm.), Encino Enano (Quercus macrophylla), Roble blanco (Quercus resinosa Liebm.), Rana de Moctezuma (Rana montezumae), Rana de Cascada (Rana pustulosa), Ratón Cosechero de la Sierra Madre Occidental, Ratón Cosechero Zacatecano, Ratón Silvestre de Zacatecas (Reithrodontomys zacatecae), Culebra Café de Occidente (Rhadinaea hesperia), Culebra Acotera, Culebra Café Coronada, Culebra de Collar, Hojarasquera Corona (Rhadinaea laureata), Murciélago Amarillo de Orejas Largas (Rhogeesa gracilis), Murciélago Amarillo Mayor (Rhogeessa alleni), Mirlo Azteca (Ridgwayia pinicola), Hediondilla (Roldana lineolata), Culebra Chata de Baird, Culebra Parchada de Baird,Culebra Rayada (Salvadora bairdi), Cuijera (Salvadora mexicana), Lagartija Escamosa de Dugués (Sceloporus dugesii), Lagartija Espinosa Jalisciense,Lagartija-Escamosa Dorso Carinado (Sceloporus heterolepis), Chintete Común, Lagartija Escamosa, Lagartija Escamuda, Roño Espinoso, Lagartija Espinosa del Pacifico (Sceloporus horridus), Lagartija Espinosa Menor (Sceloporus jarrovi minor), Lagartija Espinosa de Nelson (Sceloporus nelsoni), Lagartija Escamosa de Salvin (Sceloporus salvini), Culebra Listonada de Montaña Cola Larga, Llanerita (Sceloporus scalaris), Espinosa, Lagartija Escamuda (Sceloporus spinosus), Lagartija Escamosa Barrada (Sceloporus torquatus), Ardilla Arborícola (Sciurus nayaritensis), Rata Algodonera Oreja Blanca (Sigmodon leucotis), Rata Híspida Jalisciense (Sigmodon mascotensis), Musaraña Coluda de Jalisco (Sorex emarginatus), Musaraña de Montaña (Sorex vagrans monticola), Gorrión de Worthen (Spizella wortheni), Culebra Parda Mexicana (Storeria storerioides), Vencejo Nuca Blanca (Streptoprocne semicollaris), Ninfa Mexicana (Thalurania ridgwayi), Culebra Listonada Errante (Thamnophis errans), Culebra de Agua (Thamnophis scaliger), Salta paredfeliz (Thryothorus felix), Saltapared sinaloense (Thryothorus sinaloa), Falsa Nauyaca Mexicana (Trimorphodon tau), Teocintle (Tripsacum zopilotense), Saltapared cola larga (Tryomanes bewickii), Mirlo dorso canela (Turdus rufopalliatus), Vireo amarillo (Vireo hypochryseus), Vireón alerquín (VireolanIus melitophrys), Gorrión Serrano (Xenospiza baileyi), Cucharita de Río (Gobiesox fluviatilis), Rana de Árbol de Tierras Altas (Smilisca dentata), (Mexianthus mexicanus), Palo prieto (Mimosa rosei), (Muhlenbergia depauperata), (Muhlenbergia longiglumis), (Muhlenbergia polycaulis), Miotis canelo (Myotis fortidens), Atzatzamolli (Nymphaea gracilis), (Odontotrichum multilobum), Rata-arrocera de pantano (Oryzomys palustris), (Panicum decolorans), (Pedicularis glabra), (Perymenium uxoris), (Pinus maximartinezii), (Polyanthes geminiflora ), (Psacalium amplum), (Psacalium megaphyllum), (Psacalium platylepis), (Psacalium sinuatum), Encino enano (Quercus coccolobifolia), (Rana magnaocularis), (Ruellia jaliscana), (Rynchospora jaliscensis), (Salvia keerlii), (Salvia ramamoorthyana), Lagartija escamosa de suelo (Sceloporus utiformis), (Schoenocaulon jaliscense), (Sedum minimum ), (Senecio filaris), (Senecio guadalajarensis), (Senecio stoechadiformis), (Senecio toluccanus), Rata de la caña del pacífico (Sigmodon alleni), (Sinclairia palmeri), Culebra de tierra de michoacán (Sonora michoacanensis), (Stevia trifida), (Stipa eminens), Amapola (Tabebuia palmeri), (Tagetes pringlei), Culebra encapuchada de Bocourt (Tantilla bocourti), Culebra de agua de panza negra (Thamnophis melanogaster), (Tigridia mexicana), Rnica (Trixis angustifolia), Lagartija de Árbol del Pacífico (Urosaurus bicarinatus), (Verbesina culminicola), (Verbesina oxylepis), (Vernonia autumnalis), (Vernonia bealliae), Ahuitule (Vernonia salicifolia), (Viguiera grahamii), (Viguiera linearis), (Viguiera pringlei), (Yucca jaliscensis), Nopal arrastradillo (Opuntia spraguei)

Conservation
The area was designated a protected forest area and watershed in August 1949. It was redesignated a Natural resources protection area in 2002.

Objetivo de conservación
Proteger, manejar y restaurar los ecosistemas presentes en el area de protección de recursos naturales "cuenca alimentadora del distrito nacional de riego043, rio ameca" para conservar la vegetación de la cuenca asi como los suelos y mantener la recarga de los acuíferos que garanticen a largo plazo el abastecimiento de agua para el desarrollo sustentable de esta region

Servicios ambientales
Proteger, manejar y restaurar los ecosistemas presentes en el area de protección de recursos naturales "cuenca alimentadora del distrito nacional de riego043, rio ameca" para conservar la vegetación de la cuenca asi como los suelos y mantener la recarga de los acuíferos que garanticen a largo plazo el abastecimiento de agua para el desarrollo sustentable de esta region

References

Protected areas of the Sierra Madre Occidental
Protected areas of Aguascalientes
Protected areas of Durango
Protected areas of Jalisco
Protected areas of Nayarit
Protected areas of Zacatecas
Natural resources protection areas of Mexico
Protected areas of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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text:
High economic inequality leads higher-income individuals to be less generous
Stéphane Côté, Julian House, and Robb Willer
aRotman School of Management, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3E6;
bDepartment of Sociology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
PNAS first published November 23, 2015; https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1511536112
Stéphane Côté
Julian House
Robb Willer
Edited by David G. Rand, Yale University, New Haven, CT, and accepted by the Editorial Board October 16, 2015 (received for review June 12, 2015)
Recent research finds that higher-income individuals are less generous than lower-income individuals. This work has received widespread academic and media attention, but the formulation is likely oversimplistic because it neglects the role of economic inequality. We test a new, multilevel perspective on the relationship between income and generosity that incorporates economic inequality. In a nationally representative survey study and an experiment, we find that higher-income individuals are only less generous if they reside in a highly unequal area or when inequality is experimentally portrayed as relatively high. Our findings offer a more complete understanding of the association between income and generosity and have implications for contemporary debates about the social impact of unequal resource distributions.
Research on social class and generosity suggests that higher-income individuals are less generous than poorer individuals. We propose that this pattern emerges only under conditions of high economic inequality, contexts that can foster a sense of entitlement among higher-income individuals that, in turn, reduces their generosity. Analyzing results of a unique nationally representative survey that included a real-stakes giving opportunity (n = 1,498), we found that in the most unequal US states, higher-income respondents were less generous than lower-income respondents. In the least unequal states, however, higher-income individuals were more generous. To better establish causality, we next conducted an experiment (n = 704) in which apparent levels of economic inequality in participants' home states were portrayed as either relatively high or low. Participants were then presented with a giving opportunity. Higher-income participants were less generous than lower-income participants when inequality was portrayed as relatively high, but there was no association between income and generosity when inequality was portrayed as relatively low. This research finds that the tendency for higher-income individuals to be less generous pertains only when inequality is high, challenging the view that higher-income individuals are necessarily more selfish, and suggesting a previously undocumented way in which inequitable resource distributions undermine collective welfare.
↵1To whom correspondence should be addressed. Email: Scote{at}rotman.utoronto.ca.
Author contributions: S.C., J.H., and R.W. designed research; S.C., J.H., and R.W. performed research; S.C. and J.H. analyzed data; and S.C., J.H., and R.W. wrote the paper.
This article is a PNAS Direct Submission. D.G.R. is a guest editor invited by the Editorial Board.
Data deposition: The data reported in this paper have been deposited at Harvard Dataverse, https://dataverse.harvard.edu (accession no. ZTD2QO).
You are going to email the following High economic inequality leads higher-income individuals to be less generous
Inequality, income, and generosity
Stéphane Côté, Julian House, Robb Willer
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Nov 2015, 201511536; DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1511536112
See related content:
When the rich don't share
- Dec 16, 2015

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Why Export and Import Setups?
The MiniScan EZ ships with a default set of product setups. However, clients usually modify the default setups by naming the setups or changing color scales, illuminants, observers; to match their own particular products. Once you get the setups customized the way you want them, it is a good practice to back them up to the flash disk as a backup. If someone should accidentally re-set the setups to the default set, you can import your backup customized setups back into the MiniScan EZ.
If you have multiple MSEZ sensors that you want to have the same set of setups, you create them on the first MiniScan EZ, then export all setups to the flash disk. Then take the flash disk to each of the other MSEZ sensors in turn and import into each sensor. All sensors will not have the same set of customized default setups.
If you do not have these two pieces, contact HunterLab.
Attach the USB adapter cable to the USB connector on the side of the instrument. Then, Attach the USB Flash Drive to the standard USB connector of the adapter cable.
At the MSEZ Main Menu, select Setup Maintenance/Print All Setups. This will write all MiniScan EZ product setups, including any read or manually entered standards to a file called MSEZXXXX.stp on the flash drive.
To re-import the setups into the same MiniScan EZ, attach the cable adapter and flash disk.
Go to the MSEZ Main Menu and select any item. Right Arrow (yes, right arrow - this is a hidden key) which will open the flash disk. Import All Setups to bring all setups in the MSEZXXXX.stp file into the MiniScan replacing whatever is there.


All three may be done with or without the co-op option and with or without thesis. More information about these programs, and career tracks can be found in this Powerpoint presentation.
Students registered in other programs can also have a minor in physics if they complete six approved courses in physics with adequate grades.
For more information on any of our programs, please highlight the links above and see the current Undergraduate Calendar, or contact the department of Physics by telephone (519-253-3000 ext. 2647) or email (physics@uwindsor.ca). If you would like a representative of the Physics Department to talk to your High-School or Physics class, please send an email to Dr. Rehse (rehse@uwindsor.ca).


text:
Soulja Boy Insists Drake Doesn't Write His Own Raps
Kai Acevedo
Kai Acevedo Published: January 18, 2019
If you've been on social media at all this week, it's apparent Soulja Boy has been telling us to put some respect on his name. Currently the most-talked about man in hip-hop, the 28-year-old rapper is back with a vengeance and sounds off on everything from inspiring Drake to being a pioneer in the game in a new interview for XXL's Views series.
Sparked by a series of almost Kanye West-level rants, the "Turn My Swag On" rapper's current comeback has found him giving his unfiltered opinions on many interesting topics. Feeling like he's been too humble for too long, Soulja also believes his status as a forefather of this current era of rap shouldn't be questioned. And he's now ready to take the credit he knows he's earned.
"I'm coming for mine," he tells XXL. "I'm younger than Drake. I'm younger than Kanye. I look better than Kanye. I got more swag than Kanye. Drake don't write his raps. I wrote 'Crank Dat' and it went platinum and diamond."
According to Big Soulja, he's been targeting Drake as of late because he feels Drizzy not only stole his flow—(Soulja thinks his style on the 2007 song "What's Hannenin'" was jacked by Drake for his 2010 track "Miss Me")—but also not showing enough love. The two rappers last collaborated in 2013 on the surprise cut, "We Made It." "Why we ain't shoot the video?" Soulja Boy asks. "Why this nigga ain't bring me on tour to perform it one time, but he was performing my record on tour the whole time? Just little slick shit like that."
Drake isn't the only topic of conversation Soulja Boy dives into. As soon as rumors started to circulate that Travis Scott could be joining Maroon 5 for the upcoming 2019 Super Bowl halftime show, they were met with backlash. In the wake of the Colin Kaepernick vs. NFL saga, stars like Jay-Z and Cardi B have spoken out against or boycotted performing at the major event in support of the former San Francisco 49ers player and his stance. Now that Travis has confirmed he'll be hitting the stage for the 2019 Super Bowl halftime performance, Soulja Boy weighs in.
"Politics and sports shouldn't be mixed together," says Soulja. "Y'all mad at Trump. I don't like Trump either, but at the same time, I'd still perform at the Super Bowl. I need the clout, bruh."
Seeing things differently from many of his rap peers, the multi-platinum rapper, producer and mogul still views taking the stage at the Super Bowl as a huge accomplishment. "That's a beautiful thing," he says. "Hopefully, [Travis Scott] opens up the doors for me and I perform at the Super Bowl next year."
Taking a break from being the hottest rapper in the game and taunting Tyga, watch as Soulja Boy offers his thoughts on Drake biting his style and why there's nothing wrong with Travis Scott performing at the Super Bowl above.
See Photos of Soulja Boy's Different Looks Over the Years
Source: Soulja Boy Insists Drake Doesn't Write His Own Raps
Filed Under: Drake, feature, Kanye West, Soulja Boy, Travis Scott
Soulja Boy Blasts Elon Musk for Twitter Changes, Says He's Making His Own App
Travis Scott Responds to Kylie Jenner Cheating Rumors
Travis Scott Settles First Astroworld Festival Lawsuit – Report
Soulja Boy Pays Man $1,000 to Be His Official Sandwich Holder
October 2022 New Music Releases
Soulja Boy Calls YouTuber Charleston White 'Cheddar Bob' After White Shoots Himself
40 Crazy Hip-Hop Fan Moments Caught on Camera
These Rappers Scored Big Bags Through Video Games
Wiz Khalifa, Soulja Boy, Suicideboys and More – New Hip-Hop Projects This Week


the Context is a news website based on the information from Wikipedia Current Events Portal (News section), with occasional editorial content (Opinion section). It aims to be an Open Website, meaning access to it and its API is free, open, unmonitored, unlimited, possible in different formats (HTML, XML, JSON and Markdown) and licensed under a permissive CC BY-SA 3.0 license.
the Context is open source, with code available on GitHub. Each page change and history is stored individually on GitHub. Each page can be accessed securely with SSL or without it, for users who cannot use encryption.
What kind of news it shows?
the Context displays current events selected by the Wikipedia Current Events Portal editors. The news items are short and unopinionated. Each item contains links to sources with full stories, usually an outside media organisation. Each item also contains links to related news discovered by the Context after analysing Wikipedia data. Our News section is maintained by robots.
This website also displays longer opinion editorials, written by different authors. The Opinion section is curated by Veronika, the Executive Editor.
How can I get the news on my phone/tablet/computer?
You can bookmark the Context, it is updated several times a day. You can subscribe to the RSS feeds: the News feed and the Opinion feed. You can follow the Context on Twitter: @thecontextnet, and select to receive push notifications on latest news tweets (instructions).
Developers can get the news straight from the GitHub repository, in a pretty-printed format. Moreover, they can also get the news directly from the Context API, in HTML, XML, JSON or Markdown. The health status of this service can be monitored via Updown.
Since this project is Open Source, can I help?
the Context is open to any contribution, of any kind, from anyone. If you want to help, please make contact via GitHub.


I just signed up to do WHAT?!?
Get yourself ready for that big adventure your friends convinced you to do.
Classes will include strength and skill work specific to Obstacle Course Racing.
All interspersed with running to build your conditioning up for race day.


Download SoftLock DLL Control from Files32: Development : Components & Libraries - Get your beta freeware and shareware downloads!
CSHTMLDiff is a powerful ActiveX control which allows you to compare two revisions of a file visually in a quick, easy and friendly way.
Lets developers control all levels of access to any or all files in the system. Alfa Intercepter, intercepts file activity in real-time.
Glarysoft Process Manager is an enhanced task manager, that provides advanced information about programs and processes running on the computer.


Using this link will let you leave www.boehringer-ingelheim.com.au / www.boehringer-ingelheim.co.nz, therefore the information may not comply with the Australian or New Zealand regulatory authority environment, you should refer to the CMI for products to fully understand the terms of a product's registration in Australia and New Zealand. The latest Consumer Medicine Information is available from your pharmacist, doctor, or from our webpages https://www.boehringer-ingelheim.com.au/human-pharmaceuticals/product-information-australian-consumers / https://www.boehringer-ingelheim.com.au/human-pharmaceuticals/product-information-new-zealand-consumers . This link is provided to you only as information, not as advice, and the inclusion of this link does not imply endorsement by Boehringer Ingelheim. Any information provided by this source should be discussed with your healthcare professional and does not replace their advice.


ROXBOROUGH (WPVI) -- Philadelphia Police are investigating an accident in which a city dump truck crashed and struck a utility pole.
The crash happened around 9:30 a.m. Saturday morning in the Roxborough section of Philadelphia.
Police told Action News that the driver said the brakes failed on the truck as he was traveling on Parker Street.
The vehicle sustained some damage.
Fortunately the driver was able to escape with only a few cuts and bruises.


text:
Q: print a line that contains a specific pattern from a text-file in java public class Auto
{
public static void main(String [] args) {

// The name of the file to open.
 System.out.print("\nPlease enter TextfileName.txt : ");
Scanner keyboard = new Scanner(System.in);
String fileName = keyboard.next();
int counter = 0;

  //Reading filename.text from code
  System.out.println("\nReading '"+fileName+"' from Java Code.\n");

 //Date and time stamp for the program.
  DateFormat dateFormat = new SimpleDateFormat("yyyy/MM/dd HH:mm:ss");
  Date date = new Date();

  System.out.print("Todays date: "+dateFormat.format(date)+"\n\n\n");

// This will reference one line at a time
String line = null;
FileReader fileReader = null;

//-------------------------------------------------------TAB_1----------------------------------------------//
        System.out.println("\t\t\t\t TAB_1[Date on]\n");
try {
    // FileReader reads text files in the default encoding.
    fileReader = new FileReader(fileName);

    // Always wrap FileReader in BufferedReader.
    BufferedReader bufferedReader = new BufferedReader(fileReader);

    while((line = bufferedReader.readLine()) != null) {
        counter++;
        if(counter == 1 || counter == 3 || counter == 9)
        {
           // print out the lines above that are found in the text
           System.out.println(line);
           System.out.println("----------");
        }
    }
  }

      catch(FileNotFoundException ex) {
            System.out.println("Unable to open file '" + fileName + "'");
           }
               catch(IOException ex) {
           System.out.println("Error reading file '" + fileName + "'");
    // Or we could just do this:
    // ex.printStackTrace();
}
finally
{
    if(fileReader != null){
       // Always close files.
      // BufferedReader.close();
    }
}

some matcher would help, but i`m not sure how it works
}}
The one i have above is working but i want to also find a specific string anywhere in the text-file and print that line

A: Just use the contains method of the String class to check for  occurances of a substring inside a string.
while((line = bufferedReader.readLine()) != null) {
        if (line.contains("some string") {
           System.out.println(line);
           System.out.println("----------");
        }
    }

If you wish to check multiple substrings and not just one then you should create a String array of all the substrings you want to look for and loop through them.
First add the following line at the beggining of the class :
public static final String[] listOfStrings = new String[] { "substring 0", "sub string 1" , "substring 2" };

Replace the substrings with your own values.
Then, loop through them to find matches:
   while((line = bufferedReader.readLine()) != null) {
       for (String match : listOfStrings) {
            if (line.contains(match)) {
                System.out.println(line);
                System.out.println("----------");
                break; // No need to continue after the first match
            }
        }
    }

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Higher Level students will also study 'The Handmaid's Tale' by Margaret Atwood.
This unit will be assessed through the Individual Oral Presentation in June of your Grade 11 year. You may also submit Written Tasks based on these works.
See the menu above for links to further information and tasks on each work.


Excavated from: Vital Hourz- Over Engineered, 2006 A.D.
Strange, flanged out rhythm guitar, phased out lead guitars, thundering drums, a little acoustic guitar echoing, solid, proggy bass and my vocals. A lot of influences from The Police, Rush, Katatonia, etc.


text:
HOME \ BOOKS \ SYNODICAL AND PATRIARCHAL TEXTS
SYNODICAL AND PATRIARCHAL TEXTS
This book was published in 2004, when there was a grave crisis in relations between the Ecumenical Patriarchate and the Church of Greece, caused by the issue of the elections for the Metropolitans of Thessaloniki and Eleftheropolis.
The first part contains various articles which appeared in newspapers and refer briefly to the history of the relations between the Ecumenical Patriarchate and the Church of Greece, and to the efforts that ought to be made on the part of both these Churches to bring the crisis to an end, and to avoid damaging our unity with the Ecumenical Patriarchate. Proposals and possible solutions are put forward by the author, not only to help resolve the crisis, but also to preserve both the unifying ecumenical role of the Patriarchate and the authority of the Church of Greece.
The second and third parts contain a commentary on the two 'Fundamental Sacred Texts': a) The Patriarchal and Synodical Volume of 1850, by which the Church of Greece was granted Autocephaly (self-governing status), and b) The Patriarchal and Synodical Act of 1928, by which the Provinces of the Ecumenical Throne known as the 'New Territories' were ceded to the 'guardianship' of Greece.
EXTRACT 1
THE HOLY AND GREAT COUNCIL IN CRETE


A: Heart only good for so many beats, and that's it… Don't waste time on exercise. Everything wear out eventually. Speeding up heart not make you live longer; its like saying you extend life of a car by driving faster. Want to live longer?
A: Oh no. Wine made from fruit. Fruit very good. Brandy distilled wine, that means they take water out of fruity bit so you get even more of goodness that way. Beer also made of grain. Grain good too.
A: Can't think of one, sorry.
A: YOU NOT LISTENING! Food fried in vegetable oil.
How getting more vegetable be bad?
A: You crazy?!? HEL-LO-O!! Cocoa bean! Another vegetable!
It best feel-good food around!
A: Hey! 'Round' is also a shape!
My friend who loves an undisciplined life and enjoys his drinks is in love with this Japanese Doctor it seems.
Its a WhatsApp forward. No offence is meant to any of my japanese Doctor friends.
Clarify the Vison: We describe how Kurt Lewin's basic change model shows HR leaders where to focus more effort.
Increase Talent Quality: To adapt a Marshall Goldsmith quote, those who got you here won't get you there.
O-RAK – Please join. One Random Act of Kindness every day.
Mind is a good servant, but a bad master!
Tagged # 5 Avatar Meher Baba Authenticity Being Human Consciousness Life Coach Love Management Gurus Master Master Speaker Mindfulness New Life Occam's Razor Peace and Harmony Purpose Rationalisation Spirituality What's New?
Spirituality is to get rid of your false self. And when your false self goes, you know what you are in Reality.
When nothing upsets you, you are at the beginning of path.
When you desire nothing, you are halfway on the path, when nothing becomes everything, you are perfected.
That's Helping A Snail Cross The Road.
A Library Is Meaningless Without Readers.
When Comfort Turns To Discomfort.
Making A Meal Out Of Nothing. Any suggestions?
Are you upset by how gilt it is?
Does it tear you apart to see the aminophylline so chromatic?
I cannot help but stop and look at underlying metal.
Never forget the subjacent and basic metal.
Above all others is the marble.
Why is it so cunning?
Never forget the aureate and gilded aminophylline.
To get me wondering if metal are rudimentary.
Whose pepper is that? I think I know.
I watch him frown. I say hello.
He lies in plate with ducts that weep.
Random sentences for creative ideas and how some days refuse do not average out!
This is a Japanese doll. And I am thinking of the dolls whom I disappointed by declining them my Talk time.
If you like tuna and tomato sauce- try combining the two. It's really not as bad as it sounds. Try eating Rosogulla or a Gulab Jamun with a Chutney Sauce. What a taste combi it is = seriously !
Writing a list of random sentences is harder than I initially thought it would be. LOL !
Mary plays the piano. THAT was easy ? No? WelL PLAYING piano is not easy, not for Mary any way.
Outcome of a bad start from a bad previous night and the hangover effect which does not come down even after Worcestershire sauce !
Playing For Keeps Meaning: Said when things are about to get serious. They indeed did. On mails first. In two meetings later and with Lunch at 5 PM when my Sugar levels went down and I was dizzy!
Jack of All Trades Master of None Meaning: Having suitable skill in multiple things, but not being an expert in any of them. That is Soooo … applicable to me! Never could master one thing… But kept learning and gaining different skills upto Advanced levels. Some I could even impart, teach while learning.
A Fool and His Money are Soon Parted Meaning: It's easy for a fool to lose his/her money. Have been there, seen it all happen to me and many I have come across. It is indeed a true saying. But it did not happen today – but waiting to happen to someone/ some people I know.


text:
First Six Books of the Elements of Euclid
By Oliver Byrne
Discover one of the oddest and most beautiful books of the 19th century: Oliver Byrne's edition of Euclid's Elements. This work of art and science combines primary colors and mathematical precision in a display of geometric form. Elements anticipates Bauhaus design and even modern infographics used by news organizations.
Nearly a century before Mondrian made geometrical red, yellow, and blue lines famous, 19th-century mathematician Oliver Byrne employed the color scheme for his 1847 edition of Euclid's mathematical and geometric treatise Elements. Byrne's idea was to use color to make learning easier and "diffuse permanent knowledge." The result has been described as one of the oddest and most beautiful books of the 19th century.
The facsimile of Byrne's vivid publication is now available in a beautiful new edition. A masterwork of art and science, it is as beautiful in the boldness of its red, yellow, and blue figures and diagrams as it is in the mathematical precision of its theories. In the simplicity of forms and colors, the pages anticipate the vigor of De Stijl and Bauhaus design. In making complex information at once accessible and aesthetically engaging, this work is a forerunner to the information graphics that today define much of our data consumption.
10.4 x 8.5 x 1.5 in.


text:
The Global Educator Case Studies
Books, Papers, Articles and multimedia artefacts created by Julie Lindsay in chronological order.
(created December 2017.....under construction)
Lindsay, J. (2019, March). The global collaborator mindset. National Future Schools Conference, Melbourne. Spotlight speaker. Post-conference recording https://youtu.be/Js_GMhWAHyM
Lindsay, J. (2017, November). Global collaboration - Learning on the edge. Learn2Talk presented at Learning2 Asia, Shanghai, China. Retrieved from https://youtu.be/1rvZL7axO5c
Lindsay, J. & Redmond, P. (2017). Online global collaboration – affordances and inhibitors. In H. Partridge, K. Davis, & J. Thomas. (Eds.), Me, Us, IT! Proceedings ASCILITE 2017: 34th International Conference on Innovation, Practice and Research in the Use of Educational Technologies in Tertiary Education. (pp. 293-303).
Lindsay, J. (2017). Connecting beyond the classroom - Move from local to global learning modes. Scan 36(2), pp. 27-38. Retrieved from https://education.nsw.gov.au/teaching-and-learning/professional-learning/scan/past-issues/vol-36,-2017/connecting-beyond-the-classroom-move-from-local-to-global-learning-modes2
Lindsay, J. (2016). Commentary: We Are a Global Community: What if We Collaborated? Learninglandscapes, 10(1), 37-46.
Lindsay, J. (2016, October 31). Global narratives - Collaboration on the edge. Video Trilogy Keynote, K12 Online Conference 2016. Retrieved from http://k12onlineconference.org/2016/10/31/global-narratives-collaboration-on-the-edge/
Lindsay, J. (2016). The global educator: Leveraging technology for collaborative learning & teaching. Eugene, Oregon/Arlington, VA: International Society for Technology in Education.
EdTalks. (2016, October 31). CENZ presents Julie Lindsay. uLearn Ed Talk. Retrieved from https://vimeo.com/189736042
Lindsay, J. (2016). What if we collaborated? Keynote, Australian Council for Computers in Education (ACCE) Conference 2016. Retrieved from https://www.slideshare.net/julielindsay/what-if-we-collaborated
Lindsay, J., & Davis, V. (2012). Flattening classrooms, engaging minds: Move to global collaboration one step at a time. New York: Allyn and Bacon.
FIND OUT MORE ABOUT JULIE LINDSAY
Julie Lindsay Bio Summary
Global Educator, Leader, Innovator, Consultant
Flat Connections Global Projects and Teacher PD
Look! - Playbooks for Online Global Collaborative Learning
Read the 36 Case Studies!
Book & e-Book now available
Get updates to this blog via email
Global Collaboration K-12
Global Education Conference 2017
Excited to be a......
Julie Lindsay  ADE on Twitter Counter
Tweets by @julielindsay
Buy my book now!
The definitive guide to global collaboration in the classroom!
The BEST of E-Learning Journeys
Global Educator Case Studies
Moonshot for new 'flattened' learning environment
Who says global collaboration is hard?
Leadership for a Global Future
Intercultural understanding & Australian curriculum
An International Journey
Learning Confluence: Where Philosophy Meets Practice in the 21st Century
My 2020 Vision for Global Collaboration
Opening Up Education: Students Rise to the Challenge!
21C Learning and Web2
Blogging on the Spot
Collaboration: Concept, Power and Magic
Are You Really There?
Going Beyond the Wow: Embedding the Flat Learning Experience for Sustainability
Global Understanding Through Language and Media
A Day in the Life of a Global, Connected Educator 2008
Followers of E-Learning Journeys
See more photos from Julie Lindsay
2020...2030 Vision for online global collaboration...
Global Education Highlights (weekly)
E-Learning Journey's by Julie Lindsay is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 Unported License.
Permissions beyond the scope of this license may be available at http://julielindsay.wikispaces.com/Copyright.


This tutorial and software package demonstrates the concept of multidimensional chromatic distribution and examples on how to use such. Multi-dimensional chromatic distributions can be produces from widely available RGB color imagers, and is a straightforward way to capture arbitrary chromatic distributions and compare them in-between samples. The concept can be expanded to cover multispectral images . The figure below illustrates why variance matters and one example where spatial chromatic variance is needed to identify the species. More considerations can be found in the authors reference  and in the included power point presentation.
 S. Kucheryavskiy, "A new approach for discrimination of objects on hyperspectral images," Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems, vol. 120, pp. 126-135, 2013.
 M. Brydegaard, A. Runemark, and R. Bro, "Chemometric approach to chromatic spatial variance. Case study: patchiness of the Skyros wall lizard," J. Chemometrics, pp. n/a-n/a, 2012.


At eight hours, Andy Warhol's 1964 film Empire is something that one watches, as its creator said, "to see time go by." Officially, the only way to see the artist's epic stationary shot of the Empire State Building is to borrow a 16-millimeter print from MoMA or attend one of the museum's infrequent screenings. But a one-hour edit appears on a new Warhol-film DVD, Four Silent Movies, released by the Italian company Raro Video.
Watch an excerpt of Empire at Medien Kunst Netz.


Illinois House Speaker Michael Madigan introduced legislation to provide an additional $6 million for state forensics labs.
(AP) — The Illinois House of Representatives has moved to block a contentious pay raise for lawmakers.
The bill passed Tuesday would block the 2 percent cost-of-living increase that lawmakers are automatically due.
The bipartisan vote to approve the bill followed a debate in which Republicans questioned House Speaker Michael Madigan about why their previous efforts to block the raise were never allowed to come to a vote. The Democrat did not directly respond.
The pay-raise issue has become a flashpoint in the budget stalemate between the Democrat-controlled Legislature and GOP Gov. Bruce Rauner.
The Senate would still need to approve the bill but isn't in session until next week. A Democratic caucus spokeswoman said it wasn't clear when or if the Senate will vote.
• Why can't Rauner deal with Mike Madigan?


To Cite: Varani E , Balducelli M , Severi S , Patroncini A , Shoheib A , et al. Perfusion and kinetic variations of left ventricle after primary PCI for acute myocardial infarction: correlation between clinico-angiographic and scintigraphic parameters, Int Cardio Res J. 2007 ; 1(2):e79558.


text:
Five Cal Poly Men's Tennis Players Earn Big West All-Conference Honors
SAN LUIS OBISPO, Calif. — Five Mustang men's tennis players received Big West All-Conference honors, it was announced Wednesday.
Senior Josh Ortlip and junior Antoine Noel both were named First Team All-Conference in singles.
Ortlip finished a team-best 14-7 in dual matches, all at the No. 1 spot. He was named Big West Men's Tennis Athlete of the Week twice this season which gave him five for his career, good for sixth-most all-time in conference history. For his career, Ortlip is eighth in program history in career dual-match singles winning percentage, and eighth all-time in combined career singles and doubles dual match winning percentage. This is the second straight year he has been named to the All-Conference First Team and the third time in his career he has made an All-Conference team.
Noel posted a 13-5 record from primarily the No. 2 singles spot this season. He was twice named Coca-Cola Cal Poly Student-Athlete of the Week and was a recipient of the Big West Men's Tennis Athlete of the Week award after he helped Cal Poly upset No. 50 Utah. This is the second year in a row he has been named to an All-Conference team after earning Second Team honors as a sophomore.
Sophomore Alex Stater earned Honorable Mention in singles. Stater enjoyed his best season as a Mustang in 2019. He finished with a 13-6 record from the No. 3 and No. 4 position. At one point during the season he had an eight-match singles winning streak.
In doubles, Cal Poly's No. 1 pairing of Ortlip and senior Dominic Bechard earned First Team All-Conference honors. This was the second year in a row each earned All-Conference honors in doubles, though this was the first year the two played together. Together, they went 7-7 in dual matches, all at the No. 1 spot.
The Mustangs' No. 2 doubles duo of Noel and freshman Gary Vardanyan earned Second Team All-Conference honors for their stellar season together. They finished the season a team-best 11-3 and finished the year going 8-2 in their final 10 matches.
Cal Poly finished the season 14-10, finishing second in the Big West. The team also advanced to its fourth straight Big West Tournament Championship match.


Anderson University is an accredited private Christian liberal arts university in Anderson, Indiana. The college is affiliated with the Church of God (Anderson, Indiana). Anderson University is a member of the Council for Christian Colleges and Universities, and the Independent Colleges of Indiana society.
Anderson University was established in 1917 as the Anderson Bible Training School by the Church of God (Anderson, Indiana) movement. The school was a major step in the life of a fellowship of Christians that originated in 1881. The young school moved rapidly to develop a wider general education program, changed its name to Anderson College and Theological Seminary, then Anderson College, and finally, Anderson University.


text:
Q: How to pronounce shortened words? I'm studying programming, and regular English words are often shortened.
For example, "previous" is shortened to "prev", "integer" to "int", "character" to "char" etc.
How do you pronounce the short versions? Is it char like in "charcoal" or char like in "character", sounding like "care"?
Edit: why I think this question is not the same as "how to pronounce programmers' word char", my question was more in the general sense on how to think about those pronunciations, as only the case of "char" is not my only concern.

A: I am a computer scientist, and I think that some conventions have a lot to do with the group you're working with. With that being said, here are a few notes on what I have observed:
People tend to pronounce short versions of types:

*

*char sounds like car

*int sounds like int (short "i" vowel sound)

*bool sounds like it does in at the beginning of the full word boolean.

A few other notes on type pronunciation:

*

*There isn't a short version of long.

*ulong is pronounced "you-long"

*uint sounds like "you-int"

I would like to note that people may switch up between the long and short versions when speaking. For example, if I'm talking about code with a friend, I might switch between saying int and integer. In formal settings, I personally tend to consistently use the long versions.
In regards to other things that are not types (i.e. a variable named prev for previous), pronunciation may depend on the word and the person. I'd personally pronounce that specific one as prev with a short "e" vowel sound ("eh"). I'm guessing that's how many other people would also pronounce it.
I hope that helps.

A: In programming, the abbreviation's spelling is of paramount importance. The variable name "prev" may stand for "previous", but that doesn't mean you can use an alternate abbreviation like "prv" in its place. Usually, the pronunciation matches the abbreviation as closely as possible, not the word is abbreviates. For example, "prev" would be pronounced /pri:v/ or /prɛv/.


text:
/*
 * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
 * You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 */
package com.facebook.presto.sql.planner.optimizations;

import com.facebook.presto.common.function.OperatorType;
import com.facebook.presto.spi.relation.RowExpression;
import com.facebook.presto.sql.planner.plan.JoinNode;
import com.facebook.presto.sql.planner.plan.JoinNode.EquiJoinClause;
import com.facebook.presto.sql.relational.FunctionResolution;
import com.facebook.presto.sql.tree.ComparisonExpression;
import com.facebook.presto.sql.tree.Join;
import com.facebook.presto.sql.tree.SymbolReference;
import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableList;

import static com.facebook.presto.common.type.BooleanType.BOOLEAN;
import static com.facebook.presto.sql.planner.plan.JoinNode.Type.FULL;
import static com.facebook.presto.sql.planner.plan.JoinNode.Type.INNER;
import static com.facebook.presto.sql.planner.plan.JoinNode.Type.LEFT;
import static com.facebook.presto.sql.planner.plan.JoinNode.Type.RIGHT;
import static com.facebook.presto.sql.relational.Expressions.call;
import static com.facebook.presto.sql.tree.ComparisonExpression.Operator.EQUAL;

public final class JoinNodeUtils
{
    private JoinNodeUtils() {}

    public static ComparisonExpression toExpression(EquiJoinClause clause)
    {
        return new ComparisonExpression(EQUAL, new SymbolReference(clause.getLeft().getName()), new SymbolReference(clause.getRight().getName()));
    }

    public static RowExpression toRowExpression(EquiJoinClause clause, FunctionResolution functionResolution)
    {
        return call(
                OperatorType.EQUAL.name(),
                functionResolution.comparisonFunction(OperatorType.EQUAL, clause.getLeft().getType(), clause.getRight().getType()),
                BOOLEAN,
                ImmutableList.of(clause.getLeft(), clause.getRight()));
    }

    public static JoinNode.Type typeConvert(Join.Type joinType)
    {
        // Omit SEMI join types because they must be inferred by the planner and not part of the SQL parse tree
        switch (joinType) {
            case CROSS:
            case IMPLICIT:
            case INNER:
                return INNER;
            case LEFT:
                return LEFT;
            case RIGHT:
                return RIGHT;
            case FULL:
                return FULL;
            default:
                throw new UnsupportedOperationException("Unsupported join type: " + joinType);
        }
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Record setting day for Gators as they honor Seniors!
Albany, NY –The Sage women's soccer team hosted the Gryphons of Sarah Lawrence College on Saturday in a Skyline Conference match-up in conjunction with the team's Senior Day. Sage posted an 8-0 victory marking a number of high-water marks for the Gator program. With the win, Sage improves to 12-3 overall and remains unbeaten in the Skyline Conference at 7-0. Sarah Lawrence College drops to 4-9 overall and 1-7 in the league. The Sage win ties the record set last season for most wins in a year with 12, while marking the team's seventh straight victory, also a new mark and the team's seventh league victory.
Since joining the Skyline Conference in 1997, Sage has never won seven league contests in women's soccer until this fall, while this year's team has now won seven consecutive games, bettering the streak of six set in 2003.
Rookie forward Samantha Trimblett (Monroe, NY/Monroe-Woodbury) added three assists in the action as Sage led 6-0 at the break. Junior forward Taylor Lynch (Woodstock, NY/Saugerties) and rookie forward Joleen Marfone (Remsen, NY/Remsen) also had two goals each for the Gators. Senior midfielder Angelica DeCianni (Green Island, NY/Heatly) added two assists in the action as well.
Senior co-captain Nicole Maher (Glen Clove, NY/Saint Dominic) earned the win in goal and the team's eighth shutout of the year. Now 11-1 in goal, Maher has a 0.73 goals against average this season in 12 games played in net. She started the game in goal and moved to playing as a forward after 13 plus minutes. She made one save, but then tallied two goals as well in the action. She now has six goals this fall with four assists and 16 points which is tied for the No. 2 spot this season. On her career, she continues to add to her resume as she now has 34 career goals (No. 3) with 18 assists (No. 2), and 86 career points, which is No. 3 at Sage.
Maher shared the shutout win with rookie keeper Emaleigh Maloney (Troy, NY/Lansingburgh) as the pair made one and two saves, respectively in the win. SLC's junior goalie Addie Rosenburg (New York, NY/Fusion Academy) drops to 4-8 on the year and made 11 saves in the loss.
Sage is back in action on October 22 hosting Farmingdale State College at 8 p.m. at Union's Soccer Complex. Sarah Lawrence College is back in action on October 24 at the College of Mt. St. Vincent in a 4 p.m. Skyline Conference match.


text:
Q: What is the best algorithm to find the inverse of matrix $A$ I'm going to build a C-library so I can do linear algebra at embedded systems. It's most for machine learning. https://github.com/DanielMartensson/EmbeddedAlgebra/
Anyway, I need to compute inverse of matrix $A$. What is the absolute best algorithm to use for that? Remember it must be a numerical algorithm.
Which one should I use?
Analytic solution
$\mathbf{A}^{-1}={1 \over \begin{vmatrix}\mathbf{A}\end{vmatrix}}\mathbf{C}^{\mathrm{T}}={1 \over \begin{vmatrix}\mathbf{A}\end{vmatrix}}
\begin{pmatrix}
\mathbf{C}_{11} & \mathbf{C}_{21} & \cdots & \mathbf{C}_{n1} \\
\mathbf{C}_{12} & \mathbf{C}_{22} & \cdots & \mathbf{C}_{n2} \\
\vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\
\mathbf{C}_{1n} & \mathbf{C}_{2n} & \cdots & \mathbf{C}_{nn} \\
\end{pmatrix}$
Cholesky decomposition
$\mathbf{A}^{-1} = (\mathbf{L}^{*})^{-1} \mathbf{L}^{-1}$
Eigendecomposition
$\mathbf{A}^{-1}=\mathbf{Q}\mathbf{\Lambda}^{-1}\mathbf{Q}^{-1}$
Cayley–Hamilton method
$\mathbf{A}^{-1} = \frac{1}{\det (\mathbf{A})}\sum_{s=0}^{n-1}A^s$
Newton's method
$X_{k+1} = 2X_k - X_k A X_k$
Neuman series
$\lim_{n \to \infty} (\mathbf I - \mathbf A)^n = 0$
Gaussian elimination
$A =
\begin{bmatrix}
2 & -1 & 0 \\
-1 & 2 & -1 \\
0 & -1 & 2
\end{bmatrix}$
To find the inverse of this matrix, one takes the following matrix augmented by the identity, and row reduces it as a 3 × 6 matrix:
$
[ A | I ] =
\left[ \begin{array}{rrr|rrr}
2 & -1 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 0\\
-1 & 2 & -1 & 0 & 1 & 0\\
0 & -1 & 2 & 0 & 0 & 1
\end{array} \right]$
By performing row operations, one can check that the reduced row echelon form of this augmented matrix is:
$[ I | B ] =
\left[ \begin{array}{rrr|rrr}
1 & 0 & 0 & \frac34 & \frac12 & \frac14\\[3pt]
0 & 1 & 0 & \frac12 & 1 & \frac12\\[3pt]
0 & 0 & 1 & \frac14 & \frac12 & \frac34
\end{array} \right]$

A: It truly depends on the type of matrix you're going to compute the inverse from. Some methods are better for some classes of matrices than other.
But more importantly, why do you want to invert matrices? In many problems, you don't need to invert matrices, but only need to apply the inverse to some vectors. The latter problem is much easier to tackle, especially from a computational complexity standpoint (e.g. if your matrix is very large) and stability point of view (a matrix could have bad conditioning, be numerically close to non-invertible etc...). Does your application require that compute the matrix inverse?


text:
Az Úrvacsora (eredeti cím: Nattvardsgästerna) 1963-ban bemutatott, fekete-fehér svéd filmdráma Ingmar Bergman rendezésében.

Bergman Magány-trilógiájának második darabja Svédország egy kis egyházközösségének evangélikus lelkipásztoráról szól, akit felesége halála óta kínoz a bizonytalanság Isten létezését illetően. A hitét próbáknak veti alá az ekcémától szenvedő ateista tanítónő, aki megkísérli rávenni a papot, hogy vegye őt feleségül, illetve egy depressziós férfi, aki a segítségét kéri, hogy le tudja küzdeni a nukleáris háborútól való félelmeit.

A cselekmény lecsupaszított és lényegre törő. Az egyszerű, hideg szürke belsők és tájak is hozzájárulnak a film zord légköréhez. Ebben a filmben még nem jelenik meg reménysugár a szereplők életében.

Svédországban 1963. február 11-én mutatták be a mozikban, Magyarországon 1993. május 7-én az MTV1-en vettették le a televízióban.

Történet
A film a lelkész Tomas Ericsson (Gunnar Björnstrand) déli istentiszteletének záró momentumával kezdődik. A hallgatóság csak maroknyi emberből áll, köztük a halász Jonas Persson (Max von Sydow), felesége, Karin (Gunnel Lindblom) és Tomas volt szeretője, az ateista Märta Lundberg (Ingrid Thulin). Az istentisztelet után Tomas komoran készülődni kezd egy három órai lelkészi szolgálatra egy másik városban.

Mielőtt elindulna, Perssonék beszélni kívánnak vele. Jonas nagyon rosszkedvű lett, amióta megtudta, hogy Kína atombombát kezdett kifejleszteni. Tomas csak néhány szót vált vele, de megkéri, hogy jöjjön vissza, miután hazavitte a feleségét. Nem sokkal Perssonék távozása után Märta jelenik meg, és megkérdi Tomast, hogy elolvasta-e a neki írt levelét. A férfi nemmel felel, majd elmondja, hogy képtelen volt segíteni Jonason, és képtelen bármi hasznosat is mondani neki, mióta ő is ugyanolyan reménytelennek érzi magát. Märta bevallja, hogy még mindig szereti Tomast, de tudja, hogy a férfi nem viszonozza érzéseit. Amikor a nő távozik, Tomas elkezdi olvasni a levelet.

A következő hat percben Märta arcát lehet látni, aki elmondja, mi áll az általa írt levélben: Tomas szemére veti a kapcsolatuk alatti mellőzöttséget, hogy teste kiütéses lett a tőle való irtózattól, és a férfi hite vagy imái semmit sem segítettek rajta. Tomas befejezi az olvasást, majd elalszik. Ahogy felébred, visszatér Jonas. A lelkész eleinte esetlenül megpróbál tanácsot adni, végül bevallja, hogy ő maga is elvesztette hitét. Elmeséli, hogy a spanyol polgárháború alatt Lisszabonban teljesített szolgálatot, ahol nem tudta összeegyeztetni a benne élő szerető Isten képét a háború kegyetlenségével, ezért inkább nem vett tudomást a körülötte folyó atrocitásokról. Végül azt mondja, hogy a dolgok több értelmet nyernek, ha tagadjuk Isten létét, mert az emberi kegyetlenség nem igényel magyarázatot. Ahogy Jonas távozik, Tomas a feszületre néz, és végre szabadnak érzi magát.

Märta, aki szintén a templomban tartózkodott, örömmel veszi tudomásul a fejleményeket és átöleli Tomast. Az özvegy Magdalena (Elsa Ebbesen) zavarja meg őket, aki közli, hogy Jonas agyonlőtte magát a vadászpuskájával. Tomas egyedül vezet a helyszínre, ahol sztoikus nyugalommal segít a rendőröknek letakarni Jonas holttestét egy ponyvával. Märta érkezik meg gyalogosan, akit Tomas hazavisz, majd a nő behívja a lelkészt a házába, hogy adjon neki valami orvosságot a megfázására.

Tomas bevallja, hogy azért utasította el Märtát, mert elege lett az állandó pletykákból. Viszont amikor látja, hogy ez nem befolyásolja a nő érzéseit, elmondja, hogy torkig volt a folytonos fecsegésével, és Märta soha nem érhet néhai felesége nyomába, aki az egyetlen nő volt, akit valaha is szeretett. A sokkoló vallomás után Märta beleegyezik, hogy elkísérje Tomast a Persson-házba, elmondani Jonas feleségének, mi történt férjével. Karint teljesen összetöri férje öngyilkossága, összeesik, és nem tudja elképzelni saját és gyermekei jövőjét. Tomas felületesen felajánlja segítségét, majd távozik.

A három órai szolgálathoz a másik templomba érve, Tomas és Märta üresen találja az épületet, kivéve a púpos sekrestyést, Algotot (Allan Edwall) és az orgonista Fredriket (Olof Thunberg), aki késve érkezik, enyhén ittas állapotban. Fredrik azt mondja Märtának, hogy el kellene hagynia a kisvárost és Tomast, és élnie saját életét, ahelyett, hogy összetört álmai romjain éljen, ahogy a többiek is körülötte. Eközben a sekrestyében Algot a passióról kérdezi Tomast. Algot nem érti, hogy miért fektetnek olyan nagy hangsúlyt Jézus fizikai szenvedésére, amely rövid volt, azzal szemben, hogy tanítványai – akik megtagadták őt, nem értették meg tanítását és nem követték tanait – elárulták, és Isten se felelt neki a kereszten. "Nem volt Isten hallgatása rosszabb?" Tomas, aki végig csendben hallgatott, igennel felel. Algot és Fredrik nem érti, hogy miért kell megtartani az istentiszteletet, ha senki nem jött el, de Tomas azt válaszolja, hogy valaki eljött: Märta. Ahogy elkezdi a szolgálatot, véget ér a film.

Szereplők

További magyar hangok: Berzsenyi Zoltán, Galamb György, Hamvas Dániel, Konrád Antal, Szögi Arany

Magány-trilógia
Az Úrvacsorára gyakran a Magány-trilógia második darabjaként hivatkoznak, az első a Tükör által homályosan, míg a harmadik a A csend. Mindhárom film középpontjában spirituális kérdések állnak. Egy 1969-ben készült interjúban Bergman bevallotta, hogy eredetileg nem volt célja trilógiát készíteni, csak a filmek utólagos hasonlósága miatt tekinthető annak.

Jegyzetek

Fordítás

További információk

Lásd még
 Úrvacsora

1963 filmjei
Svéd filmdrámák
Ingmar Bergman-filmek
Fekete-fehér filmek


Vegetative buffers can address the main causes of the worsening algal bloom problem: climate change and nutrient runoff.
The Iowa Policy Project released a new report that brings attention to the harmful algal bloom problem that is not being addressed adequately in the state.
There have been numerous reports and articles that discuss the problem, including an IPP report that was released nearly 10 years ago, but what is different about this new report is that it highlights new science and evidence that indicates that the problem is growing worse.
The 2014 water crisis in Toledo, Ohio, where toxic blue-green algae shut down the water system, was a wake-up call for those responsible for ensuring our drinking water is safe. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the Iowa Department of Natural Resources are therefore aware of the looming threat posed by blue-green algae.
Recent studies have shown that the harmful algal bloom problem is more prolific and this is tied to changes in weather and landscapes due to climate change and due to increased nutrient runoff.
Iowa's Nutrient Reduction Strategy is a framework that was created to address the runoff issue in Iowa but new evidence suggests that the NRS is not enough to tackle the problem.
One approach endorsed by IPP's new report may be effective in protecting Iowans from harmful algal blooms: the implementation of mandatory vegetative buffers throughout the state. Minnesota and Vermont already have promulgated such laws for regulations and buffers along waterways —a conservation practice proven to dramatically reduce nutrient runoff.
Buffers also have an added benefit in that they can act as a carbon sink or as carbon storage, thereby helping to curb climate change. In other words, vegetative buffers can address the main causes of the worsening algal bloom problem: climate change and nutrient runoff.
Carolyn Buckingham, an attorney with a background in environmental law and policy, is lead author of a new report for IPP on issues caused by cyanobacteria, or blue-green algae, in Iowa water.
Iowa's water-quality issues are likely to become more severe without well-funded mandates that are enacted and enforced.
The Iowa Environmental Council (IEC) recently reported on the first toxic algal blooms of the summer beach season in Iowa. Two state park beaches posted swimming advisories warning people to stay out of the water because of the presence of high levels of microcystin. Microcystin is a toxin produced by blue-green algae, also known as cyanobacteria, that can cause health issues, particularly in children and pets.
Cyanobacteria quickly multiply into high-density blooms in the presence of excess nutrients in the water. Several research reports by the Iowa Policy Project (links below) concluded that the most significant contributing factor of nutrients in the Mississippi River Basin is from agricultural runoff. Algal blooms have the potential to not only restrict recreational activities in our waterways, but to obstruct access to clean drinking water. This happened most notably in 2014 when a water treatment plant in Toledo, Ohio, warned its 500,000 customers not to use water from the tap because algae blooms surrounded water intakes at its Lake Erie source. The catastrophic algal bloom prompted the mayor to declare a state of emergency, as the city was forced to find alternative sources of drinking water.
Clean drinking water in Iowa is already threatened because of high nutrient concentrations in our waterways. The recent Des Moines Water Works (DMWW) lawsuit against three counties in north central Iowa highlighted this very problem. The DMWW must spend increasing sums to remove nutrients from the water obtained from the Raccoon and Des Moines rivers — so much it will now build a new nitrate removal facility. The nitrate present in these source rivers is primarily from agricultural runoff coming from the three counties named in the suit.
The magnitude of Iowa's water quality issues cannot be overstated and the data we have show that these issues are only likely to deepen in severity without well-funded mandates for water quality that not only are enacted, but enforced. Voluntary conservation measures will not clean up our lakes, beaches, rivers and drinking water sources. If Iowa legislators are serious about luring businesses, jobs and families to this state, then it is time to make sure state revenues can support the protection of the very resource that supports our quality of life.


I started a low FODMAP diet this week at the advice of my GI. In April, I experienced severe stomach pain for over a week. One trip to the ER and many tests later, and no conclusion could be reached!
Low FODMAP may be the way to go! I feel better than I have in years! My bloating has gone away, my heartburn has diminished, and all things bowel are normal!
Feeling this way is a revelation. I can't believe changing my diet made this much of a difference.
My only real issue is cooking. It's really hard to find gluten free, dairy free, onion free, garlic free, and syrup free EVERYTHING. so far, I'm mostly eating salads. But I will be recording all low FODMAP attempts in this blog. I made a vegan gluten free dessert, can't wait to see how it tastes!
Second week and wanting to eat!


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A woman is getting a Covid-19 test at a drive through Covid-19 testing center as hundreds of cars and pedestrians line up to get Covid-19 test before Christmas holiday season in North Bergen of New Jersey, United States on December 22, 2021 as Omicron rises around the country. Tayfun Coskun | Anadolu Agency | Getty…
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A Ford F-150 pickup truck is offered for sale at a dealership on September 6, 2018 in Chicago, Illinois. Scott Olson | Getty Images Online payment processor Stripe has signed up Ford Motor Company as a customer, in a five-year deal aimed at bolstering the automotive giant's e-commerce strategy. Ford Motor Credit Company, the carmaker's…
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Meituan backs chip start-up as Chinese giants pour money into space
China laid out seven "frontier" technologies in its 14th Five Year Plan. These are areas that China will focus research on and include semiconductors and brain-computer fusion. Yuichiro Chino | Moment | Getty Images And e-commerce giant Alibaba took the wraps off its own piece of silicon designed to go into servers in a data…
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An Amazon warehouse in Warrington, England. Nathan Stirk | Getty Images LONDON — Amazon has scrapped plans to stop accepting Visa credit cards in the U.K. The e-commerce giant was expected to prevent Brits from using a Visa-issued credit card on its platform from Jan. 19. But in a statement Monday, the firm said the…
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Thailand's Baiya Phytopharm working on plant-based Covid vaccine
Thailand's Baiya Phytopharm wants to develop the country's first plant-based Covid vaccine. The start-up, founded by Dr. Suthira Taychakhoonavudh and Dr. Waranyoo Phoolcharoen in 2018, has been working on a vaccine using the leaves of an Australian tobacco plant. Suthira, a 37-year-old lecturer at Chulalongkorn University, told CNBC's "Managing Asia" that she and her team…
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China's zero-Covid policy prolongs supply chain disruptions
Supply chain disruptions are being prolonged driven largely by China's strict zero-Covid policy, according to an economist from Moody's Analytics. The bottlenecks have lasted for about a year now but are expected to "materially ease in the early months of this year," said Katrina Ell, a senior economist for Asia-Pacific at Moody's Analytics. "So we would…
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text:
Rudolf Abraham photography
Lightbox / Cart
< Mrle - Rijeka 2020
This is Mrle – or rather, Damir 'Mrle' Martinović, the charismatic bass player and frontman of the legendary Croatian rock band Let 3 – shot for a feature in B Inspired (Brussels Airlines inflight magazine) which I did earlier this year. He's standing on the waterfront in the band's home town, Rijeka, which was inaugurated as European Capital of Culture 2020 on 1 February. This was taken on the morning after the formal opening and mesmerising evening concert of Rijeka2020. Mrle turned up for the shoot as agreed despite the fact that, like most of Rijeka, he'd stayed up most of the previous night and had a rather incomplete memory of where he'd been. Notwithstanding the infamy of Let 3's live performances (they often performed wearing nothing but strategically-placed dog muzzles) and other antics (such as releasing a CD with nothing recorded on it), Mrle has also released a couple of albums for children, with his wife Ivanka Mazurkijević (the duo are called, rather wittily, MrLee & IvaneSky), and they were involved in one of the flagship projects of Rijeka2020, 'Dječja kuća (the Children's House). 'I can never understand why people always seem to think you need to write something stupid when you're writing a song for kids' he says to me later that morning, over a pint-glass of water and several espressos. 'Why? Just write them a decent song!' More images in the Croatia archive gallery. © Rudolf Abraham
Rijeka2020
Damir 'Mrle' Martinović, bass player and frontman of the legendary Croatian rock band from Rijeka, Let 3, on the waterfront in Rijeka, during the opening weekend of Rijeka2020, European Capital of Culture 2020, Croatia © Rudolf Abraham
Damir 'Mrle' Martinović, bass player and frontman of Let 3, Rijeka, Croatia
Travel & documentary photographer | Croatia, Slovenia, Austria, France, Central & Eastern Europe
© Rudolf Abraham 2021 | rudolf@rudolfabraham.co.uk +44 07789 936507


While the adage "show, don't tell" is common in creative writing circles, in teaching, I find it's all too easy to "tell" students what is important. However "showing" students how sociology is done, letting them witness the process of the sociological analysis of raw data, live and uncensored, is almost universally absent from the classroom. This leaves a shroud of mystery over the process, with many students intimidated and confused when it comes to their own research projects.
I decided to try to incorporate this missing component into my own teaching, and Sociology of the Family offered the perfect venue since nearly everyone has lived experiences in families and the students themselves could therefore serve as data sources.
So, for example, as we embarked on a unit on immigrant families, I had the students share about their parents' work life, and its influence on them as children. We had a note-taker write down the key elements of each person's story on the board, and collectively, those elements became our data. I then led them in analyzing the data, looking for patterns, and creating theories to explain those patterns. We noticed, for example, that the immigrant parents often worked more than one job and were frequently absent from the family, and their children framed this as the parents sacrificing for them — an act of love. By contrast, many students with American-born parents viewed their parents' work-life as selfishly motivated, and saw their parents as choosing to spend time at work rather than with their families — an act of neglect. So the research question became: Why did this difference exist? We hypothesized it could be due to class differences between new immigrants and American-born citizens, with the latter being predominantly middle class and thus possibly having a greater portion of their identity emanating from their work (we used Hochschild's Time Bind, which we had just read, as theoretical support for this hypothesis). Alternately, the difference could be due to an imported culture of parental respect from the immigrants' country of origin (most immigrant families of students in our class came from countries with Confucianist influences). Other hypotheses arose, and I inquired about what follow-up questions they might ask to come closer to understanding the issues involved. They wanted to know what the parents' particular jobs were, and what cultural beliefs the immigrant families brought with them. We gathered that information, and since the immigrants turned out to span classes, we focused the remainder of the period fleshing out the cultural-importation hypothesis.
We engaged in this type of analysis — using students' lived experiences as data — throughout the course, on topics ranging from love to sibling order and divorce. The purpose of these exercises was certainly not so we could generalize about the social world based on an "N" of twenty, nor so we could generate the "right" theories. It was rather to show them how social analysts approach data in the theory-building phase of research, coming up with ideas, some of which fall flat and some of which seem worthy of further pursuit and more rigorous testing. It was an attempt to demystify the early stages of research where students traditionally stall out.
My measure of success is that, as the semester progressed, I was doing less and less of the analysis and the students themselves were recognizing patterns in their own replies and generating their own theories to explain them. They were becoming sociologists. Additionally, when it came time to do their own research projects, they launched immediately in, and proved themselves highly capable of this type of analysis.


To follow on from our popular template "Fridge Magnet Messages Template" we have designed a template where you can create your messages.
It includes the whole alphabet, number and symbols such as @ and #.
You asked – we designed for you !
This looks great to use in our teacher workshops! Thanks!


text:
First Overseas Deployment of RAF's F-35B Lightning Fighter Jets Scheduled
In their first overseas deployment, the RAF plans to relocate its F-35B Lightning fighter jets to Cyprus later this year.
In a press release, the Ministry of Defence provided further details:
"The Lightning, as the aircraft is known in the UK, is the first to combine radar-evading stealth technology with supersonic speeds and the ability to conduct short take-offs and vertical landings. With the ability to operate from land and sea, the F-35 forms a vital part of delivering a 'carrier strike' capability to the UK when combined with Britain's new Queen Elizabeth Class aircraft carriers.[…]
"The UK currently owns 17 F-35B aircraft with the reformed 617 Sqn having arrived back in the UK last year, with RAF Voyager aircraft providing air-to-air refuelling on their trans-Atlantic journey. More jets are due in Britain over the coming years, and there is an overall plan to procure 138 aircraft over the life of the Programme."1
The enormous cost of the F-35 fighter jet programme, which at over $1.3 trillion is currently "the world's largest defence programme" has led to criticism from some quarters.2 The Ministry has justified its participation in the programme by pointing out that "UK industry [provides] 15% by value of every one of over 3,000 jets set for the global order book. That makes the economic impact greater than if we were building 100% of all 138 aircraft which we intend to buy. The programme has already generated $12.9 billion worth of orders and at peak production will support thousands of British manufacturing and engineering jobs."3
The projected total expenditure on combat aircraft over the period 2018-27 is £18 billion according MOD estimates published in October 2018.4 However, an investigation by Alexi Mostrous for The Times as reported to the House of Commons Select Committee for Defence determined that "the real price [including the upgrades and retrofits mentioned above] of an "average" F-35 delivered this year is going to be much higher—between £130 million and £155 million each". According to The Times, these figures have been "buried in US defense contracts and have not been included in the published figures".5 Given that the UK has committed to purchasing 138 F-35s over the lifetime of the programme, were this estimate to prove correct, it would imply a total expenditure of over £20 billion, were there to be no increases in the unit cost of the fighter jets.
In responding to questions over their inability to provide concrete figures on the unit cost of the F-35s, Lockheed Martin and the Ministry of Defence provided the Select Committee with 'unit recurring flyaway costs' showing that the per aircraft unit price had declined from $161 million for Unit 3 to $131 million for Unit 9. The Committee noted that "the figures, however, do not include the cost of retrofits, add-ons or software upgrades."6 There is also no guarantee that prices will continue to decrease.
Even more concerningly, "Rather than there being one overall negotiation for the entire purchase of the 138 jets, each of the lots is negotiated independently between the manufacturers and the Joint Programme Office."7 So in effect, the Ministry of Defence has committed to purchasing a set number of jets with no guarantee of being able to attain the target price.
In concluding its report on this question in 2017, the Select Committee was duly scathing:
92.The Committee views the MoD's failure to provide adequate cost estimates, either on an overall programme basis or on a per-aircraft basis, as wholly unsatisfactory. It amounts to an open-ended financial commitment which can be quantified only in retrospect.
93.We understand that the Lot-by-Lot procurement process for the aircraft, allied with the separate processes for procuring parts and spares and logistical support, make it difficult to calculate the total cost whether on a per-aircraft or on a programme-as-a-whole basis. However, it is simply not acceptable for the Ministry of Defence to refuse to disclose to Parliament and the public its estimates for the total cost of the programme, and to suggest instead that we must wait until the mid-2030s (when all 138 F-35 have been procured) to be able to work out a full unit cost for each aircraft, once spares and upgrades are included.
94.The lack of transparency over the costs of the F-35 is unacceptable and risks undermining public confidence in the programme. The Department should provide us with the 'rough orders of magnitude' it claims to possess for the total costs of the F-35 programme beyond 2026/7.8
According to various sources, the F-35 has been flown in combat by the Israeli Air Force, and in two attacks by the US Marines and US Air Force.
Ministry of Defence, 'UK's most advanced jets deploy overseas for the first time', https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uks-most-advanced-jets-deploy-overseas-for-the-first-time. Accessed 8 May 2019.
Ministry of Defence, 'UK Defence in Numbers, October 2018', https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/754740/20181107_CH_Defence_in_Numbers_2018_Final_Revised.pdf. Accessed 8 May 2019.
House of Commons, 'Unclear for take-off? F-35 Procurement', https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201719/cmselect/cmdfence/326/32607.htm. Accessed 8 May 2019.
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text:
package com.siyeh.ipp.constant;

import com.intellij.psi.*;
import com.intellij.util.IncorrectOperationException;
import com.siyeh.IntentionPowerPackBundle;
import com.siyeh.ipp.base.MutablyNamedIntention;
import com.siyeh.ipp.base.PsiElementPredicate;
import com.siyeh.ipp.psiutils.ExpressionUtils;
import com.siyeh.ipp.psiutils.HighlightUtil;
import org.jetbrains.annotations.NotNull;

public class ConstantSubexpressionIntention extends MutablyNamedIntention {

  @Override
  @NotNull
  protected PsiElementPredicate getElementPredicate() {
    return new ConstantSubexpressionPredicate();
  }

  @Override
  protected String getTextForElement(PsiElement element) {
    final PsiJavaToken token;
    if (element instanceof PsiJavaToken) {
      token = (PsiJavaToken)element;
    } else {
      final PsiElement prevSibling = element.getPrevSibling();
      if (prevSibling instanceof PsiJavaToken) {
        token = (PsiJavaToken)prevSibling;
      } else {
        throw new AssertionError();
      }
    }
    final PsiPolyadicExpression polyadicExpression = (PsiPolyadicExpression)element.getParent();
    final PsiPolyadicExpression subexpression = ConstantSubexpressionPredicate.getSubexpression(polyadicExpression, token);
    final String text = HighlightUtil.getPresentableText(subexpression);
    return IntentionPowerPackBundle.message("constant.expression.intention.name", text);
  }

  @Override
  public void processIntention(@NotNull PsiElement element) throws IncorrectOperationException {
    final PsiJavaToken token;
    if (element instanceof PsiJavaToken) {
      token = (PsiJavaToken)element;
    } else {
      final PsiElement prevSibling = element.getPrevSibling();
      if (prevSibling instanceof PsiJavaToken) {
        token = (PsiJavaToken)prevSibling;
      } else {
        throw new AssertionError();
      }
    }
    final PsiPolyadicExpression polyadicExpression = (PsiPolyadicExpression)element.getParent();
    final PsiPolyadicExpression subexpression = ConstantSubexpressionPredicate.getSubexpression(polyadicExpression, token);
    if (subexpression == null) {
      return;
    }
    final Object value = ExpressionUtils.computeConstantExpression(subexpression);
    final StringBuilder newExpressionText = new StringBuilder();
    final PsiExpression[] operands = polyadicExpression.getOperands();
    PsiExpression prevOperand = null;
    PsiJavaToken prevToken = null;
    for (PsiExpression operand : operands) {
      final PsiJavaToken currentToken = polyadicExpression.getTokenBeforeOperand(operand);
      if (token == currentToken) {
        if (prevToken != null) {
          newExpressionText.append(prevToken.getText());
        }
        if (newExpressionText.length() > 0) {
          newExpressionText.append(' ');
        }
        if (value instanceof Long) {
          newExpressionText.append(value).append('L');
        } else if (value instanceof Double) {
          final double v = ((Double)value).doubleValue();
          if (Double.isNaN(v)) {
            newExpressionText.append("java.lang.Double.NaN");
          }
          else if (Double.isInfinite(v)) {
            if (v > 0.0) {
              newExpressionText.append("java.lang.Double.POSITIVE_INFINITY");
            }
            else {
              newExpressionText.append("java.lang.Double.NEGATIVE_INFINITY");
            }
          }
          else {
            newExpressionText.append(Double.toString(v));
          }
        }
        else if (value instanceof Float) {
          final float v = ((Float)value).floatValue();
          if (Float.isNaN(v)) {
            newExpressionText.append("java.lang.Float.NaN");
          }
          else if (Float.isInfinite(v)) {
            if (v > 0.0F) {
              newExpressionText.append("java.lang.Float.POSITIVE_INFINITY");
            }
            else {
              newExpressionText.append("java.lang.Float.NEGATIVE_INFINITY");
            }
          }
          else {
            newExpressionText.append(Float.toString(v)).append('f');
          }
        } else {
          newExpressionText.append(value);
        }
        prevOperand = null;
        prevToken = null;
      } else {
        if (prevToken != null) {
          newExpressionText.append(prevToken.getText());
        }
        if (prevOperand != null) {
          newExpressionText.append(prevOperand.getText());
        }
        prevOperand = operand;
        prevToken = currentToken;
      }
    }
    if (prevToken != null) {
      newExpressionText.append(prevToken.getText());
    }
    if (prevOperand != null) {
      newExpressionText.append(prevOperand.getText());
    }
    replaceExpression(newExpressionText.toString(), polyadicExpression);
  }
}