text:
Young men playing a bat-and-ball game in a 13th-century manuscript of the Galician Cantigas de Santa Maria.
Bat-and-ball games (or safe haven games[1]) are field games played by two opposing teams, in which the action starts when the defending team throws a ball at a dedicated player of the attacking team, who tries to hit it with a bat and run between various safe areas in the field to score runs (points), while the defending team can use the ball in various ways against the attacking team's players to force them off the field when they are not in safe zones, and thus prevent them from further scoring.[2][3] The best known modern bat-and-ball games are cricket and baseball, with common roots in the 18th-century games played in England.
The teams alternate between "batting" (offensive) role, sometimes called "in at bat" or simply in, and "fielding" (defensive role), also called "out in the field" or out.[4] Only the batting team may score, but teams have equal opportunities in both roles. The game is counted rather than timed. The action starts when a player on the fielding team puts the ball in play with a delivery whose restriction depends on the game.[5] A player on the batting team attempts to strike the delivered ball, commonly with a "bat", which is a club governed by the rules of the game. The batter generally has an obligation to hit certain balls that are delivered within their reach (i.e. balls aimed at a designated area, known as the strike zone or wicket),[6] and must hit the ball so that it is not caught by a fielder before it bounces.[7][8] After striking the ball, the batter may become a runner trying to reach a safe haven or "base"/"ground".[9][10] While in contact with a base, the runner is safe from the fielding team and in a position to score runs. Leaving a safe haven places the runner in danger of being put out (eliminated). The teams switch roles when the fielding team puts enough of the batting team's players out, which varies by game.
In modern baseball, the fielders put three players out.[11] In cricket, they "dismiss" all players but one,[12] though in some forms of cricket, there is also a limit on the number of legal deliveries that the fielding team needs to perform, such that they can become the batting team without getting anyone out.[13] In many forms of early American baseball (townball, roundball), a single out ended the inning. Some games permit multiple runners and some have multiple bases to run in sequence. Batting may occur, and running begin (and potentially end), at one of the bases. The movement between those "safe havens" is governed by the rules of the particular sport. The game ends when the losing team has completed a certain number of innings (batting turns).[14][15]
Some variations of bat-and-ball games do not feature bats, with the batter instead using their body to hit the ball. Other variations give the batter possession of the ball at the start of each play, eliminating the defensive team's role in starting the action.[16][17]
Types of bat-and-ball games
See also: Forms of cricket and Variations of baseball
Most bat-and-ball games can be categorized as being baseball-like or cricket-like, with many of them following the same basic outline:
Baseball-like games: The batter must generally "put the ball into play" by hitting it, generally into a limited area of the field of play, before being able to run around the various safe havens.[9] In many situations, runners (including the batter) are "forced" to advance to the next safe haven, with runners being put out when an opponent with the ball either touches the base they are forced to advance to before they do,[18] or touches them while they are not safe.[19] A run is scored when a runner reaches the final base, which is generally the fourth base,[20][21] with the runner then leaving the field until their next turn as a batter.
The batter may have a limited number of attempts to hit the ball into the proper area of the field, with the risk of being out if they fail.[22] Similarly, the pitcher (defensive player who delivers the ball) may be punished for throwing the ball out of the batter's reach too many times, with the batter then receiving a free pass to the first base.[23]
Some variations of baseball, such as Tee-ball and Baseball5, do not feature a pitcher, with batters potentially automatically out for failing to legally hit the ball.[24]
Cricket-like games: The ball is in play after being delivered regardless of whether or where to it is struck, meaning runs can be scored off of every delivery.[25] A run is scored everytime a batting player reaches a safe haven other than the one they were last in, with there being two safe havens, though the rules usually require that two batting players do this (while crossing each other) for the run to be scored.[10] Players from the batting team are dismissed when the ball touches the wicket in a safe haven with no batting players in it.[26]
For games that are meant to be finished in a shorter time span, owing to the fact that it is often much more difficult to get batting players out in cricket-like games than in baseball-like games, there is generally either a time limit (in which case neither team wins unless the game ends before the time limit)[27] or a limit on how many legal deliveries each team needs to perform while fielding (e.g. each team may only have to deliver the ball a maximum of 100 times). Illegal deliveries are deliveries which are not within the batter's reach, or which are not delivered at a reasonable distance/angle to the batter.[28][29]
This list may not apply to all bat-and-ball games, but covers certain features common to many of them:
Running rules
Only the "first" player to reach a safe haven is protected by it (i.e. both batters can't stay in the same batsman's ground in cricket to avoid a runout, with the first of the two to have reached being the only one protected from being out. In a similar vein, in baseball, the player who initially reached a base can, until they reach the next base, generally return to that base to be safe, regardless of whether a teammate behind them on the basepath is also occupying that base).[30]
Schlagball and Lapta (game) allow multiple runners at a safe haven.
Runners may be called out for passing other runners; that is, if one runner improperly advances further around the safe havens than another runner.
In cricket, there is no such penalty.
Batters have some latitude in terms of how far or when to run when scoring (i.e. a baseball batter may stop at 1st base or continue to 2nd if they desire, though their choice also depends on whether there is a runner at 2nd or 3rd; see Base running#Strategy), and this creates a risk-reward decision that could result in either more runs or more outs.
Generally, the further the ball is hit from the fielders, the more time this affords for running and thus scoring.
There may be decisions on where to place fielders (see Infield shift) in anticipation of where a batter may hit the ball, or decisions on how and who best to deliver the ball to the batter so as to prevent them from hitting it and scoring (see Bowling (cricket)#Bowling tactics).
Player roles
Substitution of players:
Cricket does not allow substitution, except for fielders to temporarily leave the field.
Other bat-and-ball games allow substitution, with baseball not permitting players who are substituted out to play any further role in the game.
How batters alternate the batting:
In cricket, the two safe havens are occupied at all times by one player each from the batting team. The ball is delivered to the player standing in one of the safe havens, with the two players being a batting pair that face all deliveries for their team until one of them is dismissed, at which point another player from the batting team comes to occupy the now-unoccupied safe haven.
The batting order is not fixed, and a player who has been gotten out is eliminated from play until their team's turn to bat is over.
In baseball and other sports, every time the batter tries to run to one of the bases, regardless of whether they safely reached or not, another batter comes in to bat.
These games can have a fixed batting order, and players can bat unlimited times in an inning.
How pitchers/bowlers alternate the delivering: In both baseball and cricket, any fielder can switch roles with the pitcher/bowler.
In limited overs cricket, each bowler has a limited number of legal deliveries they can bowl. In addition, bowlers can swap only after they have bowled the 6 legal deliveries of the over.
It is very rare in the top levels of baseball for a fielder to switch positions with the pitcher, as pitching is a highly specialized skill. Instead, a new pitcher will typically come in from the bullpen whenever one is needed, and the previous pitcher will then exit the game. A position player may pitch during a blowout, in which the manager does not want to risk injury to one of his pitchers, or if no pitchers remain available to enter the game, as sometimes occurs deep into extra innings.
How runs are scored by running:
In cricket, there is one player from the batting team in each safe haven, and one run is scored when both of these players swap safe havens. There is no limit to the number of runs they may score.
In various baseball-like and Schlagball-like games, a runner must complete a full trip around all of the bases to score a run.[31]
Penalties for not properly touching the necessary safe havens when running:
In cricket, it is considered a short run if a batsman doesn't touch the ground he is running towards, meaning the run does not score.
In baseball, runners can be put out by an appeal play if they have not touched each base in the proper order.
Alternative ways to score runs:
A ball that is hit very far (such as to the edge of, or out of the field) through the air (such as a home run or six), or potentially in a specific area or place, such as in Bat-and-Trap, may automatically give the batting team some runs.[32]
Elimination of batting players
Ways for a batter to get out:
When a batter hits a ball in the air that is caught by a fielder without bouncing, the fielding team gets closer to getting the batting team out, or otherwise receives an advantage.
In baseball and cricket, catches get the batter out.
In early forms of baseball, the ball could bounce once before being caught.[33] The "one hand, one bounce" rule of street cricket is similar.
When a catch is made, any runs scored before the catch on that delivery are nullified, with any runners other than the batter potentially being at risk of being out as well (see Tagging up).
In Schlagball, a one-handed catch taken "without bobbling" earns the fielding team a point.[34]
A fielder must remain within the field of play for the catch to be valid.
The batter may have a "strike zone" or "wicket" in their batting area which they must bat the ball away from. (In baseball, 3 unhit deliveries in the strike zone get a batter out, while one ball hitting a batter's wicket gets them out in cricket).
Delivery of the ball
Penalties are rewarded to the batting team if the ball isn't delivered "fairly" to the batter (i.e. isn't thrown from far away enough, or is thrown out of the batter's reach)
See wide (cricket) and ball (baseball statistics).
The legally required distance for the ball to be delivered from to the batter is generally about 20 metres (66 ft).[35]
The ball may be delivered through the air to the batter, or it might bounce on the ground before reaching them. (See bowling (cricket))
Main articles: Cricket field and Baseball field
The safe havens of a cricket field (left) and baseball field (right) are depicted in green.
In cricket and baseball, the playing field is large (at the highest levels of each sport, the minimum distance between the two furthest ends of the field is about 400 to 500 feet (120 to 150 m)[36][37][38]), and is divided into an infield and outfield (based on proximity to the objects the fielding team can touch with the ball to put out runners).
Cricket has the delivery and hitting of the ball done in the same area where the batters can run (the cricket pitch), while baseball does the running in a separate area. The distance between the two batsmen's grounds in cricket (the areas that batsmen run between to score runs) is 58 feet (though batsmen may run slightly less distance, since they are allowed to use their bats to touch their grounds), while the distance between bases in baseball is 90 feet.[39]
Most bat-and-ball games have playing area in front of the batter (such as Schlagball), but may (like baseball) restrict batters from hitting the ball behind themselves or too far to the side; see foul territory.
Bat-and-ball sports can be modified to be played in an indoor court. For example, indoor cricket takes place in a 30 by 12 metres (98 ft × 39 ft) facility, while Baseball5 is played on a 21 metres (69 ft)-square field.
Fielding positions
In baseball-like games, the fielders (also known as "position players") operate in a standard set of baseball positions because it is generally possible to cover most of the field by spacing the fielders out in certain ways. By contrast, the significantly larger cricket field has many possible cricket fielding positions, with the 11 fielders occupying the slips cordon behind the batter, or other areas of the field.
T20 cricket and baseball both last about 3 hours, while other forms of cricket can last either multiple days or less than three hours. Informal bat-and-ball games may take place in shorter periods of time, and in general, the possibility of a team's batters getting out rapidly in succession makes it theoretically possible for certain periods of play in most bat-and-ball games to end quicker than usual, with the opposite also being possible in some cases.[40][41] Both baseball and cricket can theoretically go forever, since baseball games end only after a certain number of outs and innings in cricket can be prolonged by illegal deliveries; however, in limited overs cricket, fielding teams are penalized if they do not bowl enough legal deliveries at a certain rate, which essentially imposes a time limit of sorts on these types of games.[42]
The game may be played for a certain number of innings.
There can potentially be time restrictions (as in Test cricket), or the possibility of a game being suspended and resumed at a later date if necessary.
The trailing team can end up batting more times than the other team and still lose,[43] potentially because it was forced to do so by the other team.
There may be no restriction on the number of innings, deliveries, or time.
Bat-and-ball games are played until:
In baseball and Timeless Test cricket, the trailing team must complete all of its scheduled batting turns.
5-day Test cricket also has the potential of a draw, which is where time runs out before the non-leading team(s) complete all of their batting turns, thus effectively yielding no result for the game.[27]
In bete-ombro[44] and early forms of baseball, a game can be played until either team scores a certain number of runs.
Ties can be dealt with in several ways:
The tie may simply be considered a tie.
An inning, either full-size or abbreviated, may be added to the game, with this potentially repeating until the tie is broken.
Cricket has a Super Over of at most 6 additional legal deliveries per team.[45]
Baseball has extra innings.[46]
Run chases
When one of the teams is not leading and only they have completed all of their allotted batting turns, this allows the other team to win automatically by surpassing the number of runs scored by the first team. In cricket, this situation is referred to as a "run chase", with the "target" of the batting team being the number of runs scored by the other team plus one.[47] In baseball, the home team can be considered to be chasing, with the aim of scoring the "walk-off" (winning) runs, when they are not leading anytime after the eighth inning, as a regulation game sees the trailing team bat at least nine times and the teams alternating the batting, with the home team always batting last.[48]
Margin of victory
Main article: Result (cricket) § Statement of result
In addition to the number of runs a team won by over their opponents, other factors which are relevant to determining which team wins, such as the number of outs or legal deliveries that were remaining in the batting team's turn (if they won/there was a limit on either resource), can be included with the statement of the result. The result may also mention how many more times the losing team batted than the winning team.[15]
Shortened games
In some circumstances, a complete game may not be possible in its originally envisioned timeframe because of weather or other reasons. In baseball-like games, which generally have many innings, it is possible to call the result of a game after both teams have batted only a few of their scheduled turns,[49] or otherwise to finish/replay the game at a later date. In cricket, however, which is generally played to only one or two batting turns per team, a match may not be callable for the simple reason that only one of the teams has had the chance to score so far. However, cricket matches that are interrupted by rain can still be considered completable so long as there is enough time left in the match to allow the second-batting team to face a sufficiently long batting turn; in these circumstances, a rain rule is applied such that any runs scored by the first-batting team are usually devalued.[50]
Main articles: Glossary of cricket terms and Glossary of baseball terms
Here are some terms or concepts common to many bat-and-ball games:
The person who delivers the ball to the batter: the bowler,[5] pitcher
The main fielder behind the batter: the catcher,[51] wicketkeeper[52]
Getting the batter out by delivering the ball at something near the batter, when the batter doesn't hit the ball: strike out, bowled
The act of getting the batter or runner out when they are not in a safe haven:
If the ball is thrown at the runner: plugging, soaking (see Schlagball )
If a fielder touches the runner with ball in hand: tagout
If a fielder gets the ball to the safe haven before the runner does: force out, runout
getting a batter out by catching the ball when hit in the air by the batter: fly out, caught out
The points both teams score: runs
The safe havens: base, ground
A ball hit out of the field of play through the air: home run, six
Bat: generally resembles the round shape of a baseball bat or the flat shape of the larger cricket bat. Other designs include something similar to a hockey stick or a spoon (see wicket (sport)).
Ball: Often about as large as a cricket ball.
Can be very hard, or softer, like in tennis ball cricket.
Protective equipment for the batter and/or fielders, ranging from helmets to gloves.
In the field, there may be:
Physical markers for the safe havens (such as bases, wickets, and lines like the crease (cricket))
Physical markers for the "strike zone" near the batter (see the target in Vitilla)
A physical boundary for the field (see the fence in baseball)
Informal variants
Main articles: Street cricket and Street baseball
Bat-and-ball games can be played with modified rules in unorthodox places, such as in the street or the backyard. Oftentimes, players are forbidden or penalized for hitting the ball out of the field into an area where it would be hard to reach, and play may be modified so as to ensure all players have an opportunity to participate, such as in Kwik cricket.
At the international level, the World Baseball Classic is the premier baseball tournament. For cricket, the ODI World Cup, ICC T20 World Cup, and ICC World Test Championship are the premier tournaments. The Pesäpallo World Cup is played every 3 years.
At the domestic level, baseball tends to be played in leagues with 2 major divisions, with the playoffs being contested in a best-of-seven format. T20 leagues in cricket tend to have 6 to 8 teams and follow the Page playoff system (two semi-finals, with an additional match played to determine which team enters the second semi-final, followed by a final).[53]
List of bat-and-ball games
Notable bat-and-ball games include:
Mainstream sports[edit]
Baseball – has four bases
Cricket – has two wickets (within two batsmen's grounds)
First-class cricket
Limited-overs cricket
List-A cricket
Short form cricket
100-ball cricket
Indoor cricket (UK variant)
Blind cricket
Other games[edit]
Bat-and-Trap
Gilli Danda
Oina
Schlagball - also called Deutschball, "German ball"
Old Cat (One old cat, Two old cat, etc.) – variable
Pärk
Similar to baseball[edit]
16-inch softball – Softball with a squishy, 16-inch ball
British Baseball – four posts
Brännboll – four bases
Corkball – four bases (no base-running)
Extreme Baseball a.k.a. Double Diamond Baseball
Fuzzball (sport)
Indian Ball
The Massachusetts Game – four bases
Over-the-Line
Palant
Pesäpallo – four bases
Rounders – four bases or posts run counterclockwise
Stickball – can be variable
Town ball – can be variable
Vitilla - three bases
Wireball
Similar to cricket[edit]
Backyard cricket
Bete-ombro
Crocker (sport)
French cricket
Kilikiti
Kwik cricket
Single wicket cricket
Stoolball
Vigoro – two wickets
Similar to Schlagball[edit]
Lapta – two salos (bases)
Danish longball
Hybrid bat-and-ball games
Composite rules Softball-Baseball – a hybrid bat-and-ball sports which combines the elements of Baseball and Softball, played on the large identical baseball diamond with the larger ball, ten rather than nine innings, and allowing pitching the ball either underarm, overarm, or sidearm.
Composite rules Baseball-Cricket – a hybrid bat-and-ball games combining elements of baseball and cricket, played by two teams of 12 players with the 9-inch diameter baseball on the oval-shaped field about 220 yards long by 176 yards wide, at the center of which is a baseball field about 92 feet apart with the rectangular 66 feet 6 inch by 12 feet pitching area roughly at a distance between the pitcher and 2 batters (consists of the striking batter and non-striking batter), equidistant between first and third base, and a few feet closer to home plate than to second base. The objective is one batter (striking batter) on and at the right batter's box is pitched to, other batter (non-striking batter) stands on the left batter's box, then the striking batter must hit it and batter must runs around the bases in the normal counterclockwise direction, while the non-striking batter runs around bases in a clockwise direction at the same time. The game could last 12 innings of 5 overs.
Non-bat-and-ball games
Striking the ball with a "bat" or any type of stick, or having the defensive team deliver the ball to the batter, is not crucial. These games use the foot or hand to hit the ball with, and make it significantly easier to hit the ball overall, either by placing significant restrictions on the way the defensive team delivers the ball to the batter, or by giving the batter possession of the ball at the start of each play. Otherwise their rules may be similar or even identical to baseball or cricket.[54] The first two use a large (35 cm) soft ball.
Using the legs:
Kickball – four bases, sometimes called soccer baseball
Matball – kickball with gym mats for bases
Leg cricket - two batsmen's grounds, foot used to propel the ball rather than a bat
Using the hands:
Baseball5 - four bases, played at an international level (batter starts each play with ball)
Punchball – four bases, sometimes called volleyball-style baseball or slug
Involving throwing:
Stoop ball - ball is thrown against the steps of a stairway, and fielding is done on the rebound
Comparison of baseball and cricket, the two largest bat-and-ball sports
^ Dickson, Paul (2009). The Dickson Baseball Dictionary. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 734. ISBN 978-0-393-06681-4.
^ "Baseball Vocabulary | Vocabulary | EnglishClub". www.englishclub.com. Retrieved 2020-09-28.
^ In some games for a small number of players, such as workup and the way old cat games, there are no teams and players rotate through the positions.
^ Note that the terms "in" and "out" can have several other important meanings in various bat-and-ball sports; for an example of wordplay involving this in cricket that demonstrates the ambiguity inherent to the terms, see https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/page/429550.html.
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^ "Caught Law | MCC". www.lords.org. Retrieved 2021-09-26.
^ a b "5.05 When the Batter Becomes a Runner". Baseball Rules Academy. Retrieved 2021-09-26. (a) The batter becomes a runner when:
(1) He hits a fair ball [a ball hit into fair territory, a designated part of the field]
^ a b "cricket - Runs". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-09-26.
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^ "The difference between Test and limited-overs cricket". 2005-09-06. Retrieved 2021-09-26.
^ "Rule 4 - Section 2 - ENDING A REGULATION GAME". Baseball Rules Academy. Retrieved 2021-09-26.
^ a b "The result Law | MCC". www.lords.org. Retrieved 2021-09-26.
^ "WBSC enters partnership with Mondo to showcase Baseball5 at Paralympics fan park". www.insidethegames.biz. 25 August 2021. Retrieved 2021-09-17.
^ "Kickball Rules: How To Play Kickball | Rules of Sport". www.rulesofsport.com. Retrieved 2021-09-17.
^ "Force out - BR Bullpen". www.baseball-reference.com. Retrieved 2021-09-26.
^ "Baseball Tag Out Rules". www.rookieroad.com. Retrieved 2021-09-26.
^ Carroll, Ruaidhrí (2017-01-26). "Pesäpallo is Finland's Famous National Sport". Culture Trip. Retrieved 2021-09-26.
^ "Rounders | English game". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-09-26. each of the four bases
^ "Strikeout (SO, K) | Glossary". MLB.com. Retrieved 2021-09-26.
^ "Walk (BB) | Glossary". MLB.com. Retrieved 2021-09-26.
^ Baseball5 Rulebook 2021 "In Baseball5, unlike in baseball and softball, it is the first bounce of the ball that determines whether the hit ball is fair or not: • First bounce in foul territory = batter is OUT"
^ "Bye and Leg bye Law | MCC". www.lords.org. Retrieved 2021-09-26.
^ "Run out Law | MCC". www.lords.org. Retrieved 2021-09-26.
^ a b "What Is the Difference Between a Tie and a Draw in Cricket? | FAQ | Rules of Sport". www.rulesofsport.com. Retrieved 2021-09-26.
^ "Wide ball Law | MCC". www.lords.org. Retrieved 2021-09-26.
^ "No ball Law | MCC". www.lords.org. Retrieved 2021-09-26.
^ "Base Runner Baseball Rules - Two Runners Occupying a Base". www.qcbaseball.com. Retrieved 2020-12-14.
^ "Runners Passing Runners, Oh My!". Baseball Rules Academy. 2018-08-10. Retrieved 2020-10-30.
^ https://protoball.org/Modern_rules_of_Schlagball "Long hit point If a player hits the ball over the pitch into the long-hitting field, thus over 70 meters, the batting team is given a long hit point."
^ https://www.mlb.com/cut4/10-bizarre-rules-from-baseballs-past/c-124363454 "2. Fly balls could be caught off a bounce until 1864, and foul balls until 1883"
^ https://protoball.org/Modern_rules_of_Schlagball "Catch point If the batted ball caught by a player of the fielding team directly from the air, with one hand and without bobbling [Nachgreifen], the field team receives a catch point. Catch points also may be earned off invalid hits of the batting side by catching the ball."
^ The distance between the two popping creases in cricket is 58 feet (18 m), and the distance between the pitching rubber and home plate in baseball is 60.5 feet (18.4 m).
^ https://resources.pulse.icc-cricket.com/ICC/document/2020/09/02/6dec295c-9378-46ae-8caf-bd799858c144/05-Mens-T20I-Playing-Conditions-2020-V2.pdf According to Law 19.1.3, "no boundary should be shorter than 65 yards (59.43 metres) from the centre of the pitch to be used.", meaning there the field should be 130 yards (120 m) across.
^ "What is a Field Dimensions? | Glossary". Major League Baseball. Retrieved 2020-12-13. "The rulebook states that parks [...] must have a minimum distance of 325 feet between home plate and the nearest fence [...] on the right- and left-field foul lines, and 400 feet between home plate and the nearest fence [...] in center field."
^ http://web.mit.edu/~xsdg/Public/papers/himcm-2003.pdf "The width [of a baseball field] is the distance between foul poles... the Twins' field width (473.9 ft) and the Braves' field width (470.2 ft) is not significant. However, the difference between the Rockies' and Yankees' field widths (492.9 ft and 446.9 ft, respectively) is very significant."
^ Wister, Jones. A "Bawl" for American Cricket.
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^ For example, if the home team is ahead by the bottom of the ninth inning in baseball, then it need not bat again.
^ "O jogo de bets praticado pelas crianças de Itambé, Paraná: aprendizagem, regras e fundamentos". www.efdeportes.com. Retrieved 2020-09-10.
^ "WHAT IS SUPER OVER?". Business Standard India. Retrieved 2021-09-26.
^ "Baseball Extra Innings Rules". www.rookieroad.com. Retrieved 2021-09-26.
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^ "Walk-off (WO) | Glossary". MLB.com. Retrieved 2021-09-17.
^ "Regulation Game | Glossary". MLB.com. Retrieved 2021-09-17.
^ "Swingin' in the rain - why cricket can't be baseball". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 2020-12-14.
^ "Positions - BR Bullpen". www.baseball-reference.com. Retrieved 2021-09-26.
^ Harris, Matt (2021-04-28). "Cricket Fielding Positions Explained: A Simple Guide". Its Only Cricket. Retrieved 2021-09-26.
^ "CricViz: An Analytical Guide To The Major Global T20 Leagues". Wisden. 2020-04-25. Retrieved 2021-09-26.
^ "High five: baseball5 hits the YOG". Olympics.com. Retrieved 2021-09-26.
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Shinny
Underwater hockey
Unicycle hockey
Polo sports
Auto polo
Cowboy polo
Elephant polo
Arena polo
Chovgan
snow polo
Segway polo
Yak polo
Net sports
Ball badminton
Biribol
Bossaball
Footbag net
Jianzi
Jokgu
Newcomb ball
Sepak takraw
Throwball
pioneerball
Underwater football
Underwater rugby
Angleball
Balle à la main
Ballon au poing
Bo-taoshi
Bocce volo
Jeu provençal
Buzkashi
Combat (juggling)
Cycle ball
Digor
Flickerball
Gateball
Hornussen
Ice stock sport
Jereed
Makura-Nage
Mesoamerican ballgame
Pelota mixteca
Prisonball
Pushball
Roll ball
Slahal
Snow snake
Synchronized skating
Valencian pilota
Llargues
Whirlyball
Woodball
Yukigassen
Ball and bat games


text:
Transnational Spanish Studies
Davies, Catherine
O'Bryen, Rory
Transnational Modern Languages, 2
I thought you would find this interesting: Transnational Spanish Studies Davies, Catherine; O'Bryen, Rory Transnational Modern Languages, Volume 2 (2020)
FormatPaperback
The focus of this book is two-fold. First it traces the expansive geographical spread of the language commonly referred to as Spanish. This has given rise to multiple hybrid formations over time emerging in the clash of multiple cultures, languages and religions within and between great empires (Roman, Islamic, Hispano-Catholic), each with expansionist policies leading to wars, huge territorial gains and population movements. This long history makes Hispanophone culture itself a supranational, trans-imperial one long before we witness its various national cultures being refashioned as a result of the transnational processes associated with globalization today. Indeed, the Spanish language we recognise today was 'transnational' long before it was ever the foundation of a single nation state. Secondly, it approaches the more recent post-national, translingual and inter-subjective 'border-crossings' that characterise the global world today with an eye to their unfolding within this long trans-imperial history of the Hispanophone world. In doing so, it maps out some of the contemporary post-colonial, decolonial and trans-Atlantic inflections of this trans-imperial history as manifest in literature, cinema, music and digital cultures. Contributors: Christopher J. Pountain, L.P. Harvey, James T. Monroe, Rosaleen Howard, Mark Thurner, Alexander Samson, Andrew Ginger, Samuel Llano, Philip Swanson, Claire Taylor, Emily Baker, Elzbieta Slodowska, Francisco-J. Hernández Adrián, Henriette Partzsch, Helen Melling, Conrad James and Benjamin Quarshie.
"This book will be a welcome and important contribution to the ongoing re-shaping of Modern Languages in the UK, with an appeal and impact that goes far beyond."
Chris Harris, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University
Catherine Davies is a Professor of Spanish and Latin American Studies and the former Director of the Institute of Modern Languages Research at the School of Advanced Study, University of London. Rory O'Bryen is a Senior Lecturer in Latin American Literature and Culture at the University of Cambridge.
Section I: Language
1. Transnational Dimensions in the History of Spanish
2. Arabic in the Iberian Peninsula
3. The First Chapter in Ibero-Romance Literatures: The harja-s (kharjas)
4. Indigenous People of the Andes through Language
Section 2: Temporalities
5. The Names of Spain and Peru: Notes on the Global Scope of the Hispanic
6. Time, Empire and the Transnational in the Early Modern Spanish World
7. Modern, Modernity, Modernism and the Transnational; Or, Goodbye to All That?
8. Flamenco as Palimpsest: Reading through Hybridity
Section 3: Spatialities
9. Where is Latin America? Imaginary Geographies and Cultures of Production and Consumption
10. Digital Culture and Post-regional Latin Americanism
11. From 'Imagined' to 'Inoperative' Communities: The Un-working of National and Latin American Identities in Contemporary Fiction
12. Post-Soviet (Re)collections: From Artefact to Artifice in the Wake of the 'Special Period' in Cuba
13. Amphibious Visualities: Transnational Archipelagos of Recent Latin American Cinema
Section 4: Subjectivities
14. The Transnational Space of Women's Writing in Nineteenth-century Spain
15. Envisioning African-descent Confraternities in Early Nineteenth-century Lima, Peru
16. Dominican Trans: Frank Báez's Global Poetics
17. 'Signos y cicatrices comunes': Queerness, Disability and Pedro Lemebel's Poetics and Politics of Embodiment

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


My team mate Max Prinz and I competed last weekend at the European Youth Bouldering Cup at Längenfeld in Austria during the Ötztaler Kletterfestival and could take two medals back home with us. It was a nice event despite the rainy and cold weather. Here is an article (in German) I wrote for our local climbing website www.kletternimnorden.de in Northern Germany.


text:
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Battletoads (NES) review
"Most people have trouble enjoying this game nowadays. In related news, most people have trouble getting past the third level..."
The third level in Battletoads is the only one that most people seem to remember. It commences as one or two mutant toads land on the first of a series of islands that protrude from a massive lava lake. Armed with comically oversized fists and combat boots, the heroes pound scrawny rats and a few other enemies into submission while taking daring jumps over the boiling soup. Then they mount speed pods and everything goes crazy. Suddenly, the toads are cruising along the wasteland, weaving back and forth to avoid walls, leaping over rocket pods, launching from ramps and moving at such a brisk pace that you can't help but wonder how the NES hardware manages to keep up with all the action.
There's a lot to see and do in that third stage, but the real reason people remember it so frequently is that it's all too often the last one they ever played. By the time many gamers reach the level's final leg--an unforgiving gauntlet consisting of around twenty walls that must be negotiated in only a handful of seconds--they've been broken and they're ready to call it a day. It's a shame that area is such a slog, because the creative developers at Rare were only just getting started.
Battletoads made its debut in the summer of 1991, just ahead of the Super Nintendo's arrival. The timing meant of that release meant that many of the 8-bit title's accomplishments would be rendered obsolete by games set to arrive only a few months later, titles that took advantage of superior hardware. For a brief time, though, the toads occupied a world that easily ranked among the most beautiful ones that Nintendo fans had ever seen. Each new area was a fresh treat, and some brave souls were willing to endure all manner of punishment just to see what surprise the development team had in store for them next.
Most of the game's early stages are quite enjoyable, if you have the skill to reach them. The very first one begins simply, with a relatively subdued jaunt along a series of cliffs. Players knock around rats and pigs and even ride on swooping, fire-breathing dragons before they reach the end of the area and do battle with a unique contraption that moves around on metal poles and fires streams of ammo from a motion-tracking turret. The only way to bring down that threat is to grab boulders strewn about the area and hurl them directly toward the screen. A few direct hits will save the day.
From there, the toads must descend a vertical shaft in the game's second stage. As they drop, the oversized amphibians battle chomping piranha plants and square off with ravens. The vicious foul have steel beaks that they'll use to sever support lines if given the opportunity. There also are plenty of other hazards, all of which makes for a harrowing drop to the first of the aforementioned ledges within the third stage's sea of lava.
Another reason so many gamers remember that third stage--while conveniently forgetting the bulk of the first area and the entire second one--is that it's possible to skip to it from practically the first screen. Players can quickly defeat the first two enemies and then dash to the right and leap onto a nearby ledge, where a glowing warp leads directly to the familiar lava lake. The convenient shortcut makes it all too easy to practice the section with the speed pods as often as you like (which may not be all that long, if you're not a fan of old school abuse). Not only that, but there are also other warps spread throughout the adventure. If you know what you're doing, you can opt out of roughly a third of the game.
And just what did so many players miss seeing when they gave up near the end of that infamous third stage? For starters, they never had the opportunity to slip and slide through a spike-lined ice cavern, complete with huge snowballs that roll after them like boulders in an Indiana Jones movie. They never hopped on surfboards and rode along a raging river, dodging explosive mines and whirlpools and leaping to distant waterfalls… with a stop partway through to give them a chance to pound the snot out of a giant rat with inky spiked hair. They never hitched a ride on giant snakes that launched themselves from walls and zipped around lethal spikes in stage six, and they never rode rockets through a lava storm. The question many gamers had to answer for themselves was whether it's worth putting in the time required to memorize the speed pod stage, just so they could take a stab at everything that follows.
Even if you set aside the unfortunately placed speed pod area (it really should have been saved for much later in the game), many of the levels are too challenging for their own good. Enemy and spike placement is often quite devious, and instant deaths in general are far too common in a game that offers only a few continues before booting the player back to the title screen. Some of the later levels are exasperating to an extreme, including one where you must race a rat to the bottom of an elevator shaft and diffuse a bomb, and the follow-up area that features a ride along a twisting corridor with a lethal orb in hot pursuit. Failure comes far too easily at each turn, and then you have to do everything all over again when you lose your last life. That's a brutal routine that can prove quite disheartening.
A two-player cooperative mode should have made things much better, but you'll probably have a difficult time finding a friend who will play with you past that problematic third stage. Unless your pal has memorized all of the same obstacles that you have, he or she will just keep running into walls or dropping into the lava until the "Game Over" screen finally appears. Either that tends to happen, or you'll start punching your buddy's toad and throwing him into the lava (which is fun for one of you, at least). By the time any two players are good enough at the game to survive and perhaps even enjoy a cooperative run through its various challenges, both of them will probably be ready to spend their time with some other title that is more immediately rewarding.
Battletoads featured beautiful visuals, a rocking soundtrack, great character design, innovative stages and even cooperative play, but none of those factors were more important in 1991 than the soul-crushing difficulty was. As you might expect, those positive qualities are a great deal less impressive now that more than two decades have passed. The unrelenting challenge might be bearable even now if it had been confined to the game's final moments, but the developers cranked the dial up to "ridiculous" in only the third stage. The result is a generally brilliant but frequently inaccessible game that unfortunately is difficult to recommend to any but the most determined (and perhaps masochistic) of retro gamers. It's no wonder so many people remember that pesky speed pod stage…
Staff review by Jason Venter (March 09, 2013)
Jason Venter has been playing games for 30 years, since discovering the Apple IIe version of Mario Bros. in his elementary school days. Now he writes about them, here at HonestGamers and also at other sites that agree to pay him for his words.
More Reviews by Jason Venter [+]
Super Meat Boy (Xbox 360)
There's a lot at steak in Super Meat Boy and much to accomplish, but our fleshy hero has the chops to do it all.
TERROR SQUID (Switch)
Spherically ink-lined.
Touhou Spell Bubble (Switch)
Bust loose with the spells and the bubbles, shrine maiden!
If you enjoyed this Battletoads review, you're encouraged to discuss it with the author and with other members of the site's community. If you don't already have an HonestGamers account, you can sign up for one in a snap. Thank you for reading!
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text:
'Girls' Season 3 Is Teased With Production Stills Trailer [Video]
Gregory Wakeman
The first teaser trailer for Girls season 3 has been released, and it is entirely comprised of production stills.
Unfortunately, this means that it's impossible to work out what any possible story arcs will feature over the course of the future episodes, but it does enough to increase expectation for the show's return.
The stills teaser, which is set to, "Break Out The Boom Boom," by Robert ToTeras, sees behind the scenes images of scripts, cameras, production staff, and clapperboards mixed with photographs of the entire cast.
Lena Dunham's Hannah Horvath, Allison Williams' Marnie Michaels, Jemima Kirke's Jessa Johansson, and Zosia Mamet's Shoshanna Shapiro each come across as happy, and we see them dancing at apartment parties and even chilling out on a beach.
Hannah can also be seen hugging and chatting with Adam Driver's Adam Sackler, who she heroically rekindle her relationship with at the end of season two.
Alongside Dunham, Williams, Kirke, Mamet and Driver, Andrew Rannells will also return, while The Amazing Spider-Man 2's Felicity Jones, Boardwalk Empire's Michael Zegen, Jennifer Westfeldt, Gabby Hoffman, Sarah Steel, Melonie Diaz have all been confirmed to appear in forthcoming instalments too.
Meanwhile, they won't be joined by Christopher Abbot, who played Charlie Dattolo, Marnie's repeated love interest in the show for the last two seasons, after he left Girls in April, after clashing heads with Dunham over creative differences.
A source revealed that the duo were constantly at odds with one another and Abbott reportedly told her he "didn't like the directions things are going in."
Abbott then released a statement, via a representative, that read, "[Chris] is grateful for the experience of collaborating with Lena, Judd [Apatow] and the entire Girls cast and crew, but right now he's working on numerous other projects and has decided not to return to the show."
Are you looking forward to the return of Girls?


text:
Medinilla magnifica es una especie del género Medinilla nativa de las Filipinas.

Descripción
Este arbusto erecto alcanza de 2 a 3 m de altura. Se encuentra generalmente como epífita en su país de origen filipino. Sus tallos pueden ser acanalados o incluso con alas y su rica hoja, verde brillante, pueden crecer alrededor de 20 a 30 cm de largo y tienen venas más pálidas evidentes. Sus flores rosadas se producen durante la primavera y el verano en panículas colgantes de hasta 50 cm de largo, que son aún más evidentes debido a las grandes brácteas rosadas adjunta a los grupos de flores. Las flores individuales miden hasta 25 mm y son rosadas, rojas o violetas. Las frutas son bayas violetas de aproximadamente 1 cm de diámetro.

Es un arbusto perenne epífitas tropical que puede crecer a 8 pies de altura en su hábitat natural donde puede ser visto cada vez más en lugares con sombra pl.arcia

Enlaces externos

http://titanarum.uconn.edu/198500277.html
http://www.mobot.org/gardinghelp/plantfinder/plant.asp?code=A528

Melastomataceae

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


The high weekly FPL points averages keep rolling in this season, as gameweek 3 ended with an average of 50 points. The outstanding point scorers in FPL were Spurs winger Lucas Moura, who was one of our 2 'differential' picks last week and who scored two goals taking home 15 points, and Fulham striker Aleksandar Mitrovic, who scored twice and provided one assist at Craven Cottage to delight his owners with 16 points. Defenders Marcos Alonso (2 assists vs Newcastle) who was one of our 3 Premium player tips and Trippier who was also highlighted last week (1 assist and a clean sheet against United) followed with 11 points both.
In Son Heung-min's absence, Brazilian forward Lucas Moura has made a blistering start to the 18/19 campaign, playing the full 90 minutes in the last two games and bagging three goals in the process, as well as 22 FPL points. Seeing as Son and his South Korea just made it to the final of the Asian Games (coming Saturday), which Son has to win if he wants to be exempted from 21 months of mandatory military duty in his homeland, Lucas is expected to retain his starting place and rightfully so after his performances.
Meanwhile, Burnley's less-than-optimal start to the season keeps dragging on as the Clarets lost 4-2 away to promoted Fulham after losing the first leg of their Europa League qualifiers against Olympiakos (3-1). As a result, Burnley have taken just one point from the first three Premier League rounds. They welcome a Manchester United in crisis this weekend and their fixtures after that are attractive as well, on paper, but Burnley remains an unusually unpredictable side for now. Manager, Sean Dyche, will no doubt be working with the team to rediscover their defensive capabilities so don't be surprised if they reel off some clean sheets again despite leaking goals in their last two EPL matches, particularly if tonight's Europa qualifying game is their final European Cup distraction.
The frequent criticism of Liverpool's defence last season seems to have been listened to at Anfield, as the Reds have yet to concede a goal this season. The first step was the signing of Virgil van Dijk last January, followed by the acquisition of Roma's goalkeeper Alisson this summer and the impressive development of Alexander-Arnold at right-back. With stronger opposition facing them over the coming gameweeks, the Liverpool defence will be put the test, but one that the Reds can look forward to with full confidence. 'Pool have played with more steel and determination this season enjoying plenty of possession thanks to the addition of more quality and confidence at the back and have shown that they could be the defensive team of the season.
Don't let Man City's unexpected 1-1 draw when playing at Molineux versus Wolves be any reason for despair. Pep Guardiola's men didn't take home the three points, but they played their usual game. City hit the woodwork twice (Kun and Sterling), took 18 shots of which 6 ended up on target, had 72% of the possession, and made 644 passes with an accuracy of 89%. As we predicted last week, Wolves' luck in front of goal was due to change in GW3 and they did indeed score a lucky goal against Man City.
In Northwest London, Watford are enjoying a simply magnificent start to the season, with 9 points from 3 games and a current fourth place as result. Winger Roberto Pereyra is the man in form at the moment (who we highlighted in our Watford preview), with 3 goals in 3 games, while Ben Foster, José Holebas, and Troy Deeney are interesting differential targets as well. Do keep in mind that the Hornets have had a relatively easy start to the season and that the coming five gameweeks include home games against Spurs and United, and an away game at Arsenal.
Last week, one of our top recommendations for both a transfer in and the captaincy (if you didn't have Salah) was Kun Aguero (£11.3m), after his hat-trick performance a week earlier during the 6-1 demolition of Huddersfield. City and Aguero somewhat disappointed in gameweek 3 away at Wolves, at least in terms of the result. A 1-1 draw against a promoted side is never sufficient for the reigning champion, but the Cityzens played their usual free-flowing football and the Wolves goal came after a clear handball. This weekend at home against Newcastle will likely be a return to normality as City will control the ball and attack at will, a situation in which Aguero thrives. It's worth giving him another chance after blanking last weekend, after all he's still the player with most shots on target (16) in the league after three rounds and you can't expect the man to score a hat-trick every week.
Chelsea visited Saint James Park for gameweek 3, which is never an easy fixture and even less so with Rafa Benitez at the Newcastle helm. The Blues were faced with a tight Newcastle defence, and the occasional danger on the counter or from set-pieces, but they eventually got the victory, largely courtesy of an in-form Eden Hazard (£10.3m). The Belgian forward was unstoppable against the Magpies, combining with his team mates at will and dribbling past his markers for 90 minutes, and he got on the score sheet as well after converting a penalty won by Alonso. Sarri's Chelsea looks to be improving every week, and with matches against Bournemouth, Cardiff (both at Stamford Bridge), and West Ham (away) coming up, Hazard might bring his owners more attacking returns in the coming weeks.
Considering Arsenal's ongoing defensive frailty, it might seem odd to mention one of their defenders in this list, but we'll do it anyway. Hector Bellerín (£5.5m and owned by about 12% of managers) is the starting right-back for Unai Emery and the manager gives him the freedom to bomb forwards when possible, which is when the Spaniard is at his best. After back-to-back losses (0-2 against City and 3-2 vs Chelsea), the Gunners picked up their first three points of the season against West Ham last weekend. Bellerín got an assist in the game and for the next game Arsenal are visiting Cardiff, the only Premier League outfit yet to score this campaign. With a League-low 2 shots on target per game so far, Cardiff away looks like an ideal moment for Arsenal's first clean sheet of the season.
After 3 goals and 23 FPL points in the first two weeks of this season, Everton sensation Richarlison greatly disappointed his owners by being shown an admittedly somewhat harsh red card against Bournemouth. Those who are looking to replace the Brazilian straight away don't have to look very far for an interesting option. Theo Walcott (current ownership has already increased to 14%) has been flying a bit under the radar as a result of Richarlison's explosive start at his new team, but the English winger has started all of Everton's games so far. In his last two games, Walcott scored two goals and provided one assist, accruing 20 points in the process. At a price of just £6.7m, and with home games against Huddersfield, West Ham, and Fulham in the coming four gameweeks, a simple like-for-like swap for Richarlison might provide your team with a major differential asset.
We probably would've mentioned Lucas Moura here next, had it not been that he was already highlighted last week, so we're going with Brighton's Glenn Murray (£6.5m) instead this week who is only owned by 1% of managers. Admittedly a personal FPL favourite, Murray has started the 18/19 season relatively well. He has played 90 minutes in every game so far and he already has a goal to his name, as well as 9 FPL points. What needs to be taken into account is that Brighton's first three games were against surprise package Watford, Man United and Liverpool. The Seagulls are now welcoming Fulham, who have conceded 49 shots and 7 goals in three games already this season, before visiting a rather colourless Southampton after the international break. With a price tag of £6.5m in FPL, Murray looks like a stand-out option with potential for the third or even second striker spot in your squad. Managers are tending towards Fulham's Mitrovic (£6.6m) instead as his ownership is now up to just over 12% or Callum Wilson (£6.2m) of Bournemouth at 14% but they both have harder fixtures in the next two gameweeks.
Our reasoning for including Aguero as a captaincy candidate after already mentioning him earlier on and last week as well, as both a premium pick and a captain, is the same as it was for including him in this week's premium picks. The Argentinian striker blanked last weekend against promoted Wolverhampton, after scoring a hat-trick at home against Huddersfield a week earlier, but he could've easily enjoyed attacking returns last weekend as well, as it rained chances as usual. At home versus Newcastle is not likely to be a walk-over, but it wouldn't be odd to see Aguero score a goal or two. Keep an eye on the situation in regard to Gabriel Jesus to be sure, but Kun should be starting and captaining him would be logic.
The other captain pick has also been mentioned earlier, namely Eden Hazard, another of this week's premium picks. The Blues are welcoming an in-form Bournemouth team with an unusually tight defence, but Hazard looks set for another Man-of-the-Match performance nevertheless. The Belgian forward was excellent at Newcastle and, in fact, the player with most touches in the opposing penalty area over the last gameweek. He scored his first goal of the Premier League season last weekend (and shown he is the number 1 penalty taker and not Jorginho) , adding to his two assists from the earlier two gameweeks. With two home games against Bournemouth and Cardiff coming up, and an FPL ownership of just 14.6%, Hazard could be a points magnet, a great differential and a good candidate for captains armband for the near future.


Two divisions competing each for a prize a ham.
Division 1 Scouts, Venture, Explorer, and Adult Partner.
Division 2 Webelos and Required Adult Partner.
Start time is 9:00 until finish so please be there ready to go.
No Cubs please Webelos age and above only.


text:
Hand-in-Hand with a turtle
The vast majority of Russians in the labor force of 2020 have already received their formal education or will soon do so. Anthropologists also work in other programmes, government departments, and private practice. Since the end of the Soviet era, there has been a massive movement of Russians to and from the Russian Federation. Petersburg has increased significantly in recent years with the opening of several major production facilities. S. use of theair base at Incirlik in southern Turkey to re-supply American troops inAfghanistan.
Publisher: The Fountain of Fairy Tales; 1 edition (January 19, 2016)
ISBN: B01AV16XR6
The Clare Valley is one of Australia's oldest wine regions. It is best known for its Riesling wine, and is often called the home of Australian Riesling. Its Mediterranean-style climate is ideal for the production of quality Riesling, Chardonnay, Shiraz, Cabernet Sauvignon, Semillon and Merlot grapes , cited: http://sas-usa.com/lib/milestones. Gabon: Sustainable Resources? — In one of Africa's wealthiest countries, oil revenues have declined, putting new pressure on the country's timber resources ref.: http://collegeplanningofamerica.org/library/the-bedbug-a-play-and-selected-poetry. Snow begins in October and continues periodically through April, although snowfall in May is not unusual. Annual rainfall averages 21 inches, with the heaviest rains falling between May and October. Prevailing winds are southerly and southwesterly. Due to Moscow's northern location, daylight varies from 7 hours in December to 17-1/2 hours in June online. For his part, Khrushchev wanted peaceful coexistence with the West, not only to avoid nuclear war but also to permit the Soviet Union to develop its economy. Khrushchev's meetings with President Eisenhower in 1955 and President John F. Kennedy in 1961 and his tour of the United States in 1959 demonstrated the Soviet leader's desire for fundamentally smooth relations between the West and the Soviet Union and its allies , source: http://artformo.pl/library/zapiski-ob-anne-akhmatovoi-vol-2-1952-62. For Ecotopia, an update of Garreau's description would probably include issues such as the recent rapid growth in population, and the listing of salmon on the endangered species list, (salmon and dams etc) ref.: http://collegeplanningofamerica.org/library/the-intellectual-n-3-2013-intelligent-russian-literary-magazine-in-russian-language. The Right to Information Bill was passed in 2005 in an effort to improve governance and public administration and eliminate corruption http://thespiralbooks.com/ebooks/a-coat-of-many-colors-osip-mandelstam-and-his-mythologies-of-self-presentation. Not only did Hitler want to wipe these people of the face of the earth, but in the process, he tried to rob them of their identities download. Trust tends to be vested only in close family and friends. It may be difficult for outsider negotiators to establish relationships of confidence and trust with members of these national cultures. Hofstede identified the United States, Scandinavia, and Singapore as having a higher tolerance for uncertainty download.
Snow tires, or at least tires with good all-weather treads, are necessary for winter driving (November through March). If you are in Finland, the law requires snow tires during severe winter weather. Studded snow tires may be used only between mid-October and mid-April http://collegeplanningofamerica.org/library/russian-poetry. Skwachays Lodge is billing itself as an "entirely aboriginal-themed hotel." The 18-room boutique hotel in British Columbia will sit at the crossroads of Chinatown and Gastown in downtown Vancouver. The building opened two years ago as a residential facility operated by the Vancouver Native Housing Society , cited: http://www.jasonchanphoto.com/ebooks/pages-from-a-scrapbook-of-immigrants. A recent law has restored the power of police and prosecutors to initiate tax cases, even if the State Tax Authority has not determined a tax violation (ICS 2015) http://collegeplanningofamerica.org/library/seed-in-snow.
The Volga is the longest river in Europe. Very few people live in Siberia, but the region is rich with natural resources http://vnatalie.com/library/xenia-sun-moon-classics. This is a separate and complex challenge that we must confront. Russia has a great cultural heritage, recognized both in the West and the East. But we have yet to make a serious investment in our culture and its promotion around the world. The surge in global interest in ideas and culture, sparked by the merger of societies and economies in the global information network, provides new opportunities for Russia, with its proven talent for creating cultural objects epub. The 19-member Legislative Assembly chooses a premier and ministers by consensus. The population is about 85% Inuit, and Inuktitut is an official language and the first language in schools. (From left to right) An Inuit boy in Sanikiluaq, Nunavut, uses a pellet gun to hunt for birds The caribou (reindeer) is popular game for hunters and a symbol of Canada's North You can write letters to several women and discover if you process any common values http://psalmsforkids.com/library/unfinished-flight-selected-songs-of-vladimir-vysotsky. Northern Russian men carry R1a at a lower frequency (33.4%) than other Russian men (49%). R1a spread throughout many areas of eastern Europe with the migration of members of the Indo-Europeans originating from the Ukrainian-Russian steppe, possibly following the migration of some of them from West Asia (the northern Middle East) http://collegeplanningofamerica.org/library/dance-with-a-shadow. These were the Association for Anthropology in Southern Africa (AASA) and the South African Association for Cultural Anthropologists (SASCA). In general, AASA members were associated with the English-speaking universities and SASCA members with Afrikaans-speaking universities, though membership was not confined to academics ref.: http://collegeplanningofamerica.org/library/volodya-selected-works. Ill health and alcohol dependancy, eventually forced Yeltsin to resign, and Vladimir Putin filled his remaining term (January - April 2000) as President http://artformo.pl/library/alexander-blok-as-man-and-poet. Cross-country skiing, ice-skating and sledding are all common winter sports. The outdoor tennis court at Rosinka is also turned into a skating rink during the winter. Men: Both heavy and light topcoats are desirable for spring and fall http://collegeplanningofamerica.org/library/lions-are-not-elephants.
The next bit of advice, which I have cribbed from a speech given by economist Alice Rivlin, is to always ask what will happen if the forecast is wrong. Russia's population will not simply disappear. Will its population decline be halted by improving health, by a renewal of young people's confidence in the future, or by drastic curtailing of reproductive choice http://collegeplanningofamerica.org/library/the-selected-poems-of-osip-mandelstam-new-york-review-books-classics? Filippo Grandi congratulates Colombian President on Nobel Peace Prize win and welcomes recommendation of António Guterres to role as world's top peacemaker http://thespiralbooks.com/ebooks/the-poetry-of-yevgeny-yevtushenko. Often they took the hunters' wives and children hostage to ensure the safe return of Russian overseers. The use of hostages had been common in Siberia at one time, but Tsarina Catherine outlawed the practice after she came to power in 1762. She told her subjects to treat the Aleuts well, but enforcement of her decree was non existent in the new, far, corner of the Russian Empire known as Russian America pdf. The same is expected to be resolved by 2015. India continues to consider and dominate the Indian Ocean Region (IOR) and is expected to continue to play the role of safeguarding the maritime sea lanes from the Malacca Straits in the east to the Strait of Hormuz & Gulf of Aden in the west. Towards enforcing sea control, the Indian Navy strategy revolves around maintaining at least 2 Carrier Battle Groups (CBG) http://beautyandabeat.net/freebooks/an-anthology-of-contemporary-russian-women-poets. Two theories are used to explain the increasing demand for skilled relative to unskilled labor and thus increasing returns to education (and increasing inequality of wages) around the world. The first blames trade and economic integration (globalization). The second blames changes in technology (the demands of the 21st century) online. Peter's expansionist policies were continued by Catherine the Great, who established Russia as a continental power. During her reign (1762-96), power was centralized in the monarchy and administrative reforms concentrated great wealth and privilege in the hands of the Russian nobility epub. The Eastern Slavic tribes, the ancestors of modern Russians, traditionally are thought to have originated in the Vistula River valley in what is now Poland and to have migrated eastward in the seventh to the ninth centuries. Other evidence suggests that Eastern Slavic pastoral peoples were widespread in the central and eastern portions of the plain that stretches across the northern half of the Eurasian continent a thousand years earlier, coexisting with Finnic and Lithuanian tribes to the north and enduring recurring waves of conquest , e.g. http://collegeplanningofamerica.org/library/saint-petersburg-notebook. India believes in Sarva dharma samabhava, which means respect for all belief systems. This has allowed not just tolerance towards religions and beliefs, but the freedom to propound one's ideas and philosophies http://collegeplanningofamerica.org/library/the-bakchesarian-fountain-and-other-poems. French and Italian share 89% of related vocabulary, while Italian and Spanish share 75%. But concerning languages we should not forget that in the three countries there is (or used to be until a few decades), regional languages that are actually often somehow in-between the three http://collegeplanningofamerica.org/library/joseph-brodsky-conversations-literary-conversations-series. CAI offers truly personalized service you can depend on and as a result, your employees will be better prepared. "…we chose to work only with CAI due to their practical approach and their proven ability to deliver results. Whilst the major elements of the relocation were exceptionally well handled the most impressive thing was the way in which relatively small details were taken care of. The follow through was exceptional and the family continued to receive support for a good period after our move.." "Spouse support came from an experienced professional…it was concise, informative, and productive." "I believe top management should follow this course as compulsory http://mymalico.com/books/the-development-of-russian-verse-meter-and-its-meanings-cambridge-studies-in-russian-literature.
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A young girl and her family travel from the city to the country to celebrate her grandmother's birthday. Someone suggests that Arianne, as the only child at the party, might enjoy exploring the garden more than listening to the adults chat. Arianne is unsure what to do in the quiet garden, and she soon lies down out of boredom. But then she spots a pebble . . . and a grasshopper . . . and flies away on a dandelion seed pod into the cosmos as she discovers the freedom of her imagination.
With very little text, this book lets the illustrations tell the charming story of a child carried away into a world much bigger than herself.
"Interesting juxtapositions of scale…The whole feeling of the book is of a sort of sleepy wonder."
"Use in classroom discussions about imagination…as a model for storytelling"
"There's no doubting the fluid charm of [this] story."
★ "Ferrer's unusually whimsical interpretation of an old trope merits the imaginations of its readers…A playful marvel."
"Captures the magic of a solitary hour spent observing nature—and suggests where those observations might lead."


text:
Idiocerus sauricus är en insektsart som beskrevs av Mitjaev 1990. Idiocerus sauricus ingår i släktet Idiocerus och familjen dvärgstritar. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Dvärgstritar
sauricus


text:
Weh-In b/w Ian Blevins Remix
by Lord Of The Isles
Djüpitor
Lucas Neves
Includes unlimited streaming of Weh-In b/w Ian Blevins Remix via the free Bandcamp app, plus high-quality download in MP3, FLAC and more.
WEH-IN (EXTENDED VERSION) 12:21
WEH-IN (IAN BLEVINS REMIX) 07:39
PIK 05:17
Lord Of The Isles, a.k.a. Neil McDonald, has spent the better part of a decade steadily producing and releasing beautiful music. The ESP Institute has always wholeheartedly believed in Neil's work ethic and his journey as an artist who constantly refines his vision, and when we inevitably approached in hopes of working together, we were enamoured by the sheer breadth and depth of work he had 'in progress'.
There are two types of artists. One internalises their process, endlessly perfecting their work while finding the endpoint a massive hurdle, in turn they produce immaculate yet very little art. The other is continuously inspired, so full of ideas they can barely work fast enough to articulate them all. The art becomes by-product of their larger trajectory and not just a collection of endpoints. Lord Of The Isles seems to be both, always in an evolving state of process where the work is constantly shed to make way for the new layer growing beneath, yet he holds his cards closely, cherry picking when and with whom he releases his art into the world.
Neil is simply prolific. He shared with us a vast catalog of unheard beauty, which over a long span of time was collaboratively shaped into his debut album "In Waves". The title speaks to Neil's process both intimately and from afar, it speaks to the emotional ebb and flow of the music itself, and ultimately it speaks to the listener.
Ahead of the album's release, we are proud to share with you the single 'Weh-In', a mesmerizing arpeggio melody that opens and closes, purrs and barks, and plays nicely with its percussive accompaniment over more than 10 minutes. This lengthy single version of the track is joined by a dark and stormy, exclusive non-album cut entitled 'Pik', as well as a big room rave remix by ESP Institute resident Ian Blevins, which take us to a slightly more frantic place while retaining the euphoric essence of the original.
balearic esp institute electronic house leftfield techno ian blevins lord of the isles scotland Los Angeles


text:
#include"jobproc.h"
#include"sigj.h"

struct process pList[50];//50 is the maximum number of simultaneous processes supported
int maxProcesses=50;
int existingProcesses=0;
int latestPID=0;
pid_t shellPgid;
struct termios shellTerminalAttributes;
int shellTerminal;

void assignProcesses(char **s, int maxProcesses, int fg)
{
 int p=0,ppid=0,pid=0,foreground=1;
 int fd[2];
 int stat;
 pipe(fd);
 char *ps1[40],*ps2[40];
 parsep(s[0],ps1);
 parsep(s[1],ps2);
 //0 is STDIN, 1 is STDOUT

 int pgid=getpid();
 int success=0,invalid=0;

 if ((pid=fork())==0)
    {
     if (setpgid(pid, pgid)<0) write(STDOUT_FILENO,"Couldn't assign separate group id\n",34);
     if (fg==1)
        {
         if (tcsetpgrp(shellTerminal, pgid)<0) write(STDOUT_FILENO,"Couldn't put in separate process group\n",40);
        }
        signal(SIGINT,overideInt);//set the Ctrl-C signal handler
        signal(SIGTSTP,overideSuspend);//set the Ctrl-Z signal handler
        signal(SIGQUIT,overideQuit);//set the Ctrl-\ signal handler

     dup2(fd[1],1);
     if ((invalid=execvp(ps1[0],ps1))<0) {write(STDOUT_FILENO,"Invalid command\n",16);exit(1);}
    }//if
 else
 {
  close(fd[1]);
  if (invalid>=0) {latestPID=pid;addProcess(pid,pgid,1,0);}
  if (fg==1) waitpid(pid,&stat,0);
  else
  {
   if (invalid>=0)
   {
    char num[10];intToAscii((int)pid, num);
    write(STDOUT_FILENO,num,6);
    write(STDOUT_FILENO," process sent to background\n",28);
   }//if
  }//else
 }//else

 if ((pid=fork())==0)
    {
     if (setpgid(pid, pgid)<0) write(STDOUT_FILENO,"Couldn't assign separate group id\n",34);
     if (fg==1)
        {if (tcsetpgrp(shellTerminal, pgid)<0) write(STDOUT_FILENO,"Couldn't put in separate process group\n",40);}
     signal(SIGINT,overideInt);//set the Ctrl-C signal handler
     signal(SIGTSTP,overideSuspend);//set the Ctrl-Z signal handler
     signal(SIGQUIT,overideQuit);//set the Ctrl-\ signal handler

     dup2(fd[0],0);
     if ((invalid=execvp(ps2[0],ps2))<0) {write(STDOUT_FILENO,"Invalid command\n",16);exit(1);}
    }//if
 else
    {
     if (invalid>=0) {latestPID=pid;addProcess(pid,pgid,1,0);}
     if (fg==1) waitpid(pid,&stat,0);
     else
     {
      if (invalid>=0)
      {
       char num[10];intToAscii((int)pid, num);
       write(STDOUT_FILENO,num,6);write(STDOUT_FILENO," process sent to background\n",28);}
      }
    }//else
}//assignProcess

void addProcess(int id,int gid,int run,int tim)
{
 int i=0,found=0;
 pList[existingProcesses].startTime=tim;pList[existingProcesses].pid=id;
 pList[existingProcesses].pgid=gid;pList[existingProcesses].running=run;
 if (existingProcesses<maxProcesses-1) existingProcesses++;
 else
 {
  for(i=0;i<existingProcesses;i++)
  {
   if (pList[i].running==0)
      {
       pList[existingProcesses].startTime=tim;
       pList[existingProcesses].pid=id;
       pList[existingProcesses].pgid=gid;
       pList[existingProcesses].running=run;
      }
  }//for
  if (found==0) write(STDOUT_FILENO,"Process limit reached\n",22);
 }//else
}//addProcess

void displayProcesses()
{
 int i=0;
 if (existingProcesses==0) write(STDOUT_FILENO,"No processes were run\n",22);
 else
 {
 for(i=0;i<existingProcesses;i++)
 {
  char num[10];
  intToAscii(pList[i].pid, num);
  write(STDOUT_FILENO,"Processes that were run:\n",25);
  write(STDOUT_FILENO,num,strlen(num));write(STDOUT_FILENO,"= process id\n",13);
  //intToAscii(pList[i].running, num);
  //write(STDOUT_FILENO,num,strlen(num));write(STDOUT_FILENO,"=status\n",8);
 }//for
 }//else
}//displayProcesses

void setLatestPID(int i) {latestPID=i;}//setLatestPID
int getLatestPID() {return latestPID;}//getLatestPID
void killLatest()
{
 if (existingProcesses==0) write(STDOUT_FILENO,"No processes to kill\n",21);
 else
 {
  char num[10];intToAscii(pList[existingProcesses-1].pid, num);
  if (existingProcesses!=0) existingProcesses--;
  write(STDOUT_FILENO,num,6);write(STDOUT_FILENO," process has been issued kill signal. May already be killed\n",61);
  kill(latestPID,SIGKILL);
 }//else
}//killLatest

/*void redirect(char *s, char *fileName,int bg)
{
 int pid;
 int fd[2];
 char *ps[40]={NULL},*fl[40];
 pipe(fd);
 parsep(s,ps);
 //parsep(fileName,fl);
  fd[0]=creat(fl[0],00600);
  dup2(fd[1],1);

 if ((pid=fork())==0)
 {
  if (execvp(ps[0],ps)<0)
     {
      write(STDOUT_FILENO,"1Invalid command\n",16);
      exit(1);
     }
 }//if
 else
 {
  close(fd[0]);close(fd[1]);
 }
 write(STDOUT_FILENO,"2Invalid command\n",16);
}//redirect*/

void parsep(char *inp, char **argv)
{
 *argv=strtok(inp, DELIM);
 *argv++;inp++;
 while((*argv= strtok(NULL,DELIM))!=NULL) *argv++;
 *argv=NULL;
}//parse

void initializeShell()
{
 shellTerminal=STDIN_FILENO;
 printf("Terminal id=%d, pgid=%d\n\n",tcgetpgrp(shellTerminal),getpgrp());
 while(tcgetpgrp(shellTerminal) != (shellPgid=getpgrp())) kill(- shellPgid,SIGTTIN);
 printf("Initializing shell...\n");
 signal(SIGTTIN,SIG_IGN);signal(SIGTTOU,SIG_IGN);signal(SIGCHLD,SIG_IGN);
 signal(SIGINT,overideInt);//set the Ctrl-C signal handler
 signal(SIGTSTP,overideSuspend);//set the Ctrl-Z signal handler
 signal(SIGQUIT,overideQuit);//set the Ctrl-\ signal handler
 printf("3 Signals ignored. 3 Signals Handled\n");

 shellPgid=getpid();//Put shell in its own process group.
 if (setpgid(shellPgid,shellPgid)<0) {printf("Couldn't put the shell in its own process group\n");exit(1);}
 else printf("Shell in control. Taking control of the terminal...\n\n");
 tcsetpgrp(shellTerminal, shellPgid);//Grab control of the terminal.
 tcgetattr(shellTerminal, &shellTerminalAttributes);//Save default terminal attributes for shell.
}//initializeShell

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
NLRB Forces Unionism on NCAA Sports
Posted on April 2, 2014 April 2, 2020 by NLPC Staff
It's hard to imagine a blurring of the line between amateur and professional sports more flagrant than the National Labor Relations Board Chicago regional office ruling last Wednesday that Northwestern football players, as "employees," are eligible to unionize. Cheerleaders for the decision include the United Steelworkers and the NFL Players Association. This is to be expected. Unions envision more members, dues and bargaining power. Though the NLRB decision applies only to athletes on scholarship at private institutions, only the naïve would believe it won't influence practices at state schools – or the willingness of unions to organize players at either. This process, if fully realized, would severely corrupt higher education itself and not just college football.
That college sports has become a major industry is pretty much an open secret. And it has become standard editorial moral fodder. Many a sports writer has aimed arrows at campus administrators who tout the virtues of amateurism, yet treat their sports programs – especially football and basketball – as financial crown jewels. So-called "student-athletes" are amateurs more in name than in fact, assuming the role of full-time employees. They know, like everyone else in academic life, that winning sports teams are a matter of pride and prestige. It means boosts not only in ticket sales and television revenues, but also in alumni donations. And money does talk. During the 2011-12 football season, for example, the University of Texas led all NCAA programs with a whopping net gain of $77.9 million (i.e., revenues minus expenditures). Next in line were the Michigan, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, LSU, Auburn and Notre Dame football programs, which respectively, generated net profits of $61.6 million, $52.3 million, $51.1 million, $45.1 million, $44.8 million, $43.8 million and $43.2 million. Such numbers only will increase when the planned College Football Playoff system kicks in and when the NCAA renegotiates long-term media contracts. And in college basketball, skybox suites are becoming the norm among top programs. The University of Louisville, for example, pulls in more than $6 million annually from its 72 luxury suites at its home arena, the KFC Yum! Center.
Time magazine published a cover story at the beginning of last fall's football season, "It's Time to Pay College Athletes" (September 16, 2013). The title was self-explanatory. Since college football is a business, argued author Sean Gregory, college football players by definition are employees. The cover featured an action pose photo of Texas A&M quarterback Johnny Manziel, who in 2012 became the first freshman in history to win the Heisman Trophy as the nation's best college football player. The presence of Manziel, suspended for the first half of the 2013 season opener for having signed unauthorized autographs several months earlier, has boosted direct and indirect revenues to his university by an estimated $300 million in just one year. Though the NCAA and Texas A&M each determined he had not personally benefited from the signatures, he notwithstanding anticipated that his autographs would be sold for a profit. So why not compensate him, and many athletes like him, beyond the value of their scholarships? Gregory wrote:
Players are essentially working full-time football jobs while going to school; they deserve to be paid more than a scholarship. Because even full-ride athletic scholarships don't cover the full cost of attending school, athletes are often short a few thousand bucks for ancillary expenses on top of tuition, room and board, books and fees: money for gas, shampoo and, yes, maybe a few beers. Some athletes are on only partial scholarship or are walk-ons still paying full tuition.
Gregory soon followed up this story with another one on the need to unionize. He wrote: "(I)f college players want better financial, health, workers' compensation and educational benefits, they need to keep fighting…The players should take APU [All Players United – an ad hoc protest group formed by football players at Northwestern, Georgia and Georgia Tech] to the next logical level and actually form a real labor union." Such logic is registering with a growing number of college football players – especially Northwestern.
This past January 28, Ramogi Huma, president of the College Athletes Players Association (CAPA), a recent offshoot of a more established group, the National College Players Association (NCPA), filed a petition with the Chicago regional office of the National Labor Relations Board requesting a review of an application by group of players at Northwestern University in Evanston, Ill. for union recognition. Huma initially had been approached by Kain Colter, who since 2010 had been the sometimes-starting quarterback for the Wildcats. Accompanied by officials of the United Steelworkers, Huma also filed union pledge cards signed by what he said was an "overwhelming majority" of players. Under longstanding federal law, at least 30 percent of the employees at a nonunion worksite must express a desire for unionization to trigger an NLRB-supervised representation election. Huma, himself a former UCLA linebacker, declared: "This is about finally giving college athletes a seat at the table. Athletes deserve an equal voice when it comes to their physical, academic and financial protections." The pair, in fact, are in Washington today and tomorrow making their case on Capitol Hill, addressing issues such as taxes, dues and NCAA rules.
Last Wednesday, NLRB Chicago Regional Director Peter Sung Ohr handed down his awaited decision: The Northwestern players should have standing for consideration as a bargaining unit. In ruling in favor of the College Athletes Players Association (see pdf), Ohr stated that the player-plaintiffs "fall squarely within the [National Labor Relations] Act's broad definition of 'employee' when one considers the common law definition of 'employee.'" The players, he argued, have committed themselves to what amounts to a full work week to the Northwestern University football program. And their scholarships – there are 85 – are tied to their performance, both in practice and during a game.
The decision only affects athletes on scholarship attending private colleges and universities. And it applies only to NCAA Division 1 men's football and basketball. That said, if this ruling holds up – it can be appealed to the national board – the eventual result could be a full-scale merger of the worlds of college sports and collective bargaining. The United Steelworkers, among other unions, is paying close attention. The union knows that plenty is in it for them. CAPA's Huma, in fact, approached the union some time ago. He made a believer out of Steelworkers President Leo Gerard. "When Ramogi first reached out to us years ago, we were like an overwhelming part of the population in that we figured athletes were lucky because they're getting an education," said Gerard in January. "But then we looked into it and realized it's a myth. Many don't get a true education and their scholarships aren't guaranteed."
The National Football League Players Association (NFLPA) also is applauding the NLRB decision. The association, in fact, passed a resolution supporting the collegiate players bid for unionization. It read: "Resolved, that the NFLPA pledges its support to the National Collegiate Players Association (NCPA) and its pursuit of basic rights and protections for future NFLPA members." The pro football players union is thinking long-term. It fully understands that college football players, having acquired collective bargaining experience, can be especially effective if and when they become part of the NFL.
Unionization of college athletes, on the surface, appears to be an idea whose time has come. All too often, "student athletes" are little more than athletes who happen to be students. Since major college football coaches are paid on average $1.64 million a year, a jump of more than 70 percent since 2006, it only makes sense that players should be allowed to hop aboard the money train as well. Yet the closer one looks at the likely consequences of union membership, the less attractive the idea becomes. The following are several of these consequences, which, taken as a whole, would transform the amateur status of big-time college sports from periodic nudge-and-wink hypocrisy to a dangerous undermining of the mission of higher education.
First, unionism and college athlete paychecks go hand in hand. If the NCAA were to institute a revenue-sharing program by which to pay athletes, whether at all schools or just the top tier, unions will have an interest in representing them. Ramogi Huma views the United Steelworkers involvement in the CAPA case as "charity work." It's not a "grab," he emphasizes, because the union is receiving no dues from CAPA or the Northwestern players. This view is naïve. Unions are not disinterested parties who act in service of an abstract "fairness." They are business organizations. If private colleges and universities accede to demands to pay their athletes, unions will have every incentive to do business with them, demanding the best contracts possible. And that means ratcheting up demands when contract periods approach expiration. And suppose college players, highly dissatisfied with a contract offer, go on strike? It's happened more than once in the NFL. What makes anyone think college athletes won't be as calculating?
Second, student-athletes on the payroll would have little or no incentive to stay at a given institution. A top-rated college football or basketball player, believing he is underpaid, will have every reason to exercise the equivalent of free agency and transfer to another, better-paying institution. Thus, if a football player at Stanford thinks he can get a better deal at Southern Cal, then it's goodbye Stanford. The opportunity to turn pro while retaining student status would fray an athlete's school ties like nothing else. One only can imagine the bidding wars among top-ranked universities with deep pockets to attract players from other teams. Unionization would facilitate this erosion of institutional loyalty.
Third, every institution of note will want to get into the game. Advocates of unionism assure us that only several dozen universities would be in a position to participate in revenue-sharing; the Time article suggested "only the 60 or so schools in the power conferences" would consider such an option. Yet anyone familiar with the logic of college sports knows that non-elite institutions also will want a piece of the action. They, too, have competitive zeal. Who wants to be associated with a team that, year after year, can't make it into any post-season bowl game or tournament? The last thing any NCAA Division 1 school wants is to lose top players to free agency. Campus officials will spare few expenses in acquiring, or at least keeping, their franchise players. To emphasize: When colleges and universities mimic the behavior of pro sports enterprises, they effectively become pro sports enterprises.
Fourth, the financial incentives of focusing full-time on athletics will mean that athletes will have to spend more time than ever on sports in order to justify their paychecks. And more time for sports – as though 40 or more hours per week isn't enough as it is – means even less time for academics. Student-athletes typically downplay their student side in favor of their athlete side. But if they turn pro, but with the requirement of retaining academic eligibility, they will "need" more curriculum and attendance corner-cutting than ever. And there will plenty of people on campus to service that need. The ongoing recent scandal at the University of North Carolina, which has involved allegations of widespread grade-changing and offerings of nonexistent courses on behalf of student-athletes, is but one of the more obvious cases. To allow student-athletes to turn professional would ensure a lot more scandals. Is this what we want for higher education?
Fifth, while the recent NLRB regional office ruling applies only to private colleges and universities, only a naïf actually could believe that public institutions won't be tempted to enter into a collective bargaining agreement if union negotiations elsewhere bear fruit. Perennial (public) football powerhouses such as Florida State, Nebraska and Ohio State will have every reason to invite a union to campus if that's what it takes to prevent perennial (private) football powerhouses such as Brigham Young, Notre Dame and Southern Cal from having the best chances at recruiting the nation's best high school players.
Sixth, the NLRB mandate inevitably will be expanded to include women's sports. Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 requires equal treatment by sex in college athletic programs. If salaries and benefits turn out to accrue solely or even mainly to men, a lawsuit will be inevitable, claiming violation of the Equal Protection Clause. Campus administrators, at the threat of a federal lawsuit, will comply by radically boosting funding for women's sports. Union organizers could double their fun. In response to possible legal action, administrators may take the easy way out and cancel "minor" men's sports programs so as to keep the major ones, such as football and basketball. It's happened many times over the last few decades, the NCAA men's swimming team at my undergraduate alma mater, the University of Kansas, being merely one casualty. University of Maryland business professor Peter Morici recently went so far as to write: "Title IX would compel universities to pay women athletes what they pay men in football, basketball and other sports, and this would bankrupt virtually all Division I athletic programs." Such are the rewards of the single-minded pursuit of gender equity.
Finally, collective bargaining for campus jocks would create a jarring and permanent psychological change in the way we view higher education. However much major college sports today are fraught with hypocrisy, they retain enough of their amateur status to make a fitfully convincing case for amateurism. This would not be the case if and when a campus officially anoints selected student athletes as professionals. Fellow students, not to mention alumni, may resent such athletes as not being one of them. College officials certainly will take a dislike to this deification of athletes. And so would college sports officials. Big 12 Conference Commissioner Bob Bowlsby weighed in last year: "I just don't think we ever want to go down the path of creating an employer-employee relationship with student-athletes. This is higher education, and it always ought to be higher education." Early this year, NCAA Chief Legal Officer Donald Remy remarked: "This union-backed attempt to turn student-athletes into employees undermines the purpose of college: an education."
Yes, we all know that the reality of amateur college athletics often falls short of the rhetoric. But in the end, campus administrators have a moral responsibility to separate amateur and professional sensibilities as much as possible, and to convey to the public that the prime purpose of attending college is to get an education. Star athletes have the option of turning pro before graduation anyway. Hundreds, if not thousands, including Johnny Manziel, have exercised this option over the years. A number of pro superstars, such as the NBA's LeBron James and Kobe Bryant, arrived straight out of high school, skipping the pretense of being college students (that this option is now closed off, by the way, is due to players' union collective bargaining agreements). Given that it's all about the money, such a career strategy is more honest than leading a dual life. Allowing college athletes to collect salaries would corrupt higher education far more than retaining current arrangements, "hypocrisy" and all. Unions should grasp as much, and do their organizing elsewhere.
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A DIPLOMAT and academic who played an important part in the latter years of the Cold War has died, aged 78.
Sir Julian Bullard, who lived in North Oxford for much of his life, died last week after a long illness.
His long and impressive career culminated in his appointment as Ambassador to West Germany in the years before re-unification, but Sir Julian continued to be as active during his retirement and was thought to be in line to be the next warden of St Anthony's.
Sir Julian was born in Athens in 1928, the son of the British Consul Sir Reader Bullard, a self-made man and later director of the Institute of Commonwealth Studies in Oxford.
He grew up in Crick Road, Oxford, with his brothers and sister, and attended the nearby Dragon School, followed by Rugby, before returning to Oxford to take a first-class degree in Greats at Magdalen College.
A talented linguist and scholar, he won the Gatesford prize for writing Greek verse and was awarded a fellowship at All Souls.
After two years of national service, Sir Julian joined the Foreign Office and travelled all over Europe and the Arab world before he became head of the East European and Soviet department of the Foreign and Commonwealth Office in 1971.
He saw through the expulsion of 100 KGB spies from London and later, as Political Director of the FCO, he showed the same resolve in arguing for Nato's deployment of missiles to match the Soviet SS20 threat.
Retiring from the ambassadorship in Bonn in 1988, he returned to live in North Oxford, this time in Northmoor Road, from where he could walk to watch the cricket in the University Parks.
As busy as ever, he became co-director of the All Souls Foreign Policy Studies Programme, was actively involved with St Anthony's College, and was appointed Pro-Chancellor and Chairman of the Council of Birmingham University.
In 2000, he and his wife Margaret, a fellow Oxford graduate, published Inside Stalin's Russia, an edition of his father's diaries.
His daughter, Vicky Bullard, described him as a gentle and devoted husband, who had recently celebrated his 50th wedding anniversary.
She said: "They were great entertainers, with a wide circle of friends and acquaintances. He enjoyed opera, concerts and university lectures but he was also to be found in old clothes at the Trap Ground allotments.
"Sir Julian relished the manual labour of digging and the fight with slugs, mice, and bottle diggers. Sadly these activities came to an end as he became increasingly incapacitated by Parkinson's disease. Music and poetry always gave him great pleasure and he was able to quote and correct misquotations from the classics, Shakespeare or Milton, even in his last months."
Sir Julian leaves behind his wife, four children and five grandchildren. The funeral was held in St Giles Church on Wednesday. There will be a memorial service at a later date.