text:
The Soviet Grip on Sinkiang
By Li Chang
Courtesy Reuters
THE grip of the Soviet Union on the great Chinese province of Sinkiang is now complete. The pattern of conquest is the same as that which brought Tannu Tuva and Outer Mongolia under Russian control--patient and remorseless pressure by means of commercial treaties, intrigue, propaganda and force of arms, behind a façade of pious assurances of nonintervention. That the U.S.S.R. has picked up the policy of imperial expansion in Asia where the Tsarist Government left off is now generally realized in the West, but the full story of Soviet penetration of Sinkiang has never been told. That is not surprising, since essential episodes of earlier years were concealed within secret treaties only recently brought to light, and the terms of the latest arrangements between the Kremlin and the Chinese Communist régime in China are still carefully hidden from the Chinese people and the rest of the world.
Sinkiang borders Russia for more than 1,000 miles. The Trans-Siberian Railway, with its connecting link to Tashkent in Soviet Central Asia--the Turk-Sib Railway--forms an arc around its northern and northwestern frontiers. The province is larger than France, Germany and Britain combined. It is rich in minerals, including oil, and of vital strategic importance, especially to Afghanistan, Pakistan and India. In Soviet hands, it is a wedge into the heart of Asia.
The year 1928 was a turning point in the history of Sinkiang. From 1912 to 1928, the province had been administered by an able and autocratic governor, Yang Tseng-hsin, whose policy of isolation had sealed the province from foreign influence. He was assassinated on July 7, 1928, after 17 years of undisputed rule, and the ensuing period of chaos gave the Soviets an opportunity for conspiratorial aggression.
The misgovernment and oppression of Chin Shu-jen, who succeeded Yang, provoked Moslem rebellion and civil war, which lasted from 1930 to 1934. The Moslem insurrection was stiffened by an invasion of their coreligionists, the Tungans (Chinese Moslems) of Kansu, headed by a remarkable young general, Ma Chung-ying, only 23 years old. He inspired utmost devotion in his men, and was leading what promised to be a successful advance on the provincial capital when he was wounded in both legs and forced to withdraw. Meanwhile, racial animosity increased and in a short time Kazakhs, Turkis, Tungans and Kirghiz were involved and the whole province was ablaze. Chin turned to the Soviet Union for aid. Since the Moslem rebellion was a wide popular movement, Moscow might, in theory, have been expected to associate itself with the oppressed peoples. Realpolitik as practised by the Kremlin led to a different conclusion. Chin's weakness offered the possibility of an agreement for economic concessions in Sinkiang which could never have been obtained from his predecessor and could not be wrung from Nanking. Moreover, General Ma, for national and religious reasons, was strongly opposed to the Soviet Union. His advisers were Turkish, and he hoped to create a Pan-Islamic state in Central Asia. The Japanese were also supporting him, with the object of making Sinkiang a bulwark against Bolshevism.
As the price of arms to Chin, the Soviets gained his assent to a treaty which gave them far-reaching trade concessions. It was a secret agreement, concluded on October 1, 1931, between Chin's Commissioner of Foreign Affairs, Chen Ch'i-shan, and the Soviet Consul General at Tabriz, Slavutsky, who later became Ambassador to Tokyo. The text of the agreement with its four annexes[i] was never reported to Nanking, and not revealed until June 1933. The signing of an independent agreement with one of China's provinces was a violation of the country's sovereignty. (China had broken diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union in 1929.) The agreement gave the U.S.S.R. the following privileges: 1, the right to open commercial offices in Urumchi, Chuguchak, Ili (Kuldja) and Kashgar, and to appoint representatives to enter contracts with local merchants in Turfan, Karashar, Aksu, Yarkand and Khotan; 2, the right of unrestricted movement for employees of these offices and other Soviet citizens for purposes of trade over the whole of Sinkiang. It also provided for reduction of custom duties on goods of Soviet origin, telegraphic connection between Chuguchak and Bahkti, and wireless communication between stations in Sinkiang and the U.S.S.R. In return, the treaty granted Chinese merchants dealing with goods of Chinese origin the right of transit across Siberia from Sinkiang to China proper and vice versa. The Soviets further promised to supply machinery and send technical experts for the development of Sinkiang. Obviously, Soviet influence would expand in proportion to the assistance rendered.
While Slavutsky was negotiating this agreement with the provincial government, Postnikov, the Soviet Consul at Kashgar, supplied the Civil Governor of that area, Ma Shao-wu, a Tungan, with rifles, machine guns and cartridges to carry on the revolt against that same government in the southern part of Sinkiang.[ii] Duplicity could scarcely be carried further. The reader will not be surprised to be told that this pact with Soviet Russia did not save the situation for Governor Chin, and did not end the civil war. Despite Soviet protests, Chin enrolled 1,800 White Russian émigrés under the command of Colonel Pappengut, but although the contingent proved efficient, it was unable to subdue Ma Chung-ying and his riotous followers.
Partly to counter possible penetration by Japan into northwest China, and partly as a way of getting further concessions, the Soviet Union now came forward openly on China's side, enabling 10,000 men of the North Manchurian Chinese army, who had been defeated by the Japanese and interned in Siberia in 1932, to be "repatriated" to Sinkiang. They reinforced the provincial government, but Chin, unpopular and utterly incompetent, had played out his hand. A coup d'état engineered by his own Chief of Staff on April 12, 1933, resulted in his downfall. Sheng Shih-tsai, who had received his military training in Japan, succeeded him as Border Defense Commissioner. Nanking, which could not help itself, later made the appointment official, and Sheng ruled Sinkiang for 11 years until his removal in July 1944.
In the meantime, the youthful General Ma Chung-ying gathered a large force and established his control as far as Kucheng, 126 miles east of Tihua (Urumchi). The Tungans in the north were ready to join forces with him in an attack on the capital, while Moslem chiefs in the south either openly proclaimed their allegiance or were secretly in communication with him. These were indeed troubled waters, and Moscow was fishing in them busily. In the Ili area, the Garrison Commander Chang Pei-yuan revolted, and 3,000 of his men marched on the capital. The Russians had supplied him with arms also--and when Sheng, the new Defense Commissioner, threatened on three sides and unable to win a decisive victory, appealed to them for assistance they were as obliging as they had been to his predecessor. This, plainly, was the situation they had been preparing.
In December 1933, the Soviet General Pogodin appeared on the scene to conduct negotiations. All was secret; we do not know whether any written agreement was made. But a comprehensive understanding was certainly worked out, and its result was the sovietization of the province of Sinkiang. Military, economic and political developments make plain the nature of the agreement. Early in 1934, 7,000 Soviet troops disguised in Chinese military uniforms and equipped with tanks, artillery and aircraft were smuggled into Sinkiang. General Ma's troops were badly demoralized by gas bombs dropped by the Soviet airmen. In his book "Flight of the Big Horse," Sven Hedin gives a vivid account of how 28 bombs were dropped on Korla in one day. Ma withdrew to Kashgar, and, after holding out for some time, mysteriously left for the Soviet frontier at Irkeshtan on July 16, 1934, accompanied by Constantinoff, the Secretary of the Soviet Consulate and by some members of the Soviet Trade Agency.[iii]
Under the command of General Pogodin, the Peace Preservation Corps--a counterpart of G.P.U.--was organized. The White Russian Army was purged, and Colonel Pappengut (denounced by his aide, Bukhteyev) and several of his colleagues were shot. The following passage from the former Soviet official, Alexandre Barmine, is most revealing:
The great province of Sinkiang in Western China was another object of our attention. . . . At the moment when I started the new trust, the Politburo decided to give full aid to the Governor of Sinkiang, who was besieged in his capital by a number of rebel Moslems, incited, in our opinion, by the British. The job of sending arms to Sinkiang was left to me. It turned out a very difficult task.
The capital of the province was already menaced by the rebels. The Politburo ordered two brigades of G.P.U. troops with air units of the Red Army to clear the roads and liquidate the rebellion. Meanwhile, on the order of the Politburo, we shipped a number of planes and bombs to the borders of Sinkiang. There they were stuck for some time, as the road to Urumchi, capital of Sinkiang, was blocked by the rebels. Finally the command of the Red Army Air Force operating there took charge of this shipment. They "delivered" our cargoes, consigned to the Governor, by dropping the bombs on the rebel forces gathered round the capital, and by landing the planes right on the airfield of the besieged fortress. I was instructed to send the bill for the bombs, as well as the other goods, to the Governor.
Breaking through Urumchi, the Soviet troops swept the rebels before them. Soon the pro-Soviet governor of Sinkiang was firmly established in power.
According to Stalin's plan, Sinkiang was to become a sphere of exclusive Russian influence and to serve as a bulwark for our power in the East. We had to equip 10,000 Sinkiang troops completely, from boots to Kuomintang insignia. Soviet advisers, who actually exercised the authority of ministers, were placed at the Governor's elbow. A commission headed by Stalin's brother-in-law, Svanidze, was sent to Sinkiang to draw up a plan of reconstruction for the province. My trust was instructed to send engineers to build roads, airdromes and hangars all over Sinkiang.[iv]
An armored unit of the Soviet Army, 3,000 strong, dressed in Chinese uniforms and known as "Altai Volunteers," was stationed at Hami, 350 miles east of Tihua, guarding the approach from Kansu. The Soviet Government maintained that these troops, stationed on Chinese soil, were there to forestall possible Japanese attack from Inner Mongolia. They, of course, served to keep Sheng firmly under Russian control.
Economic penetration was no less flagrant. The completion in 1930 of the Turk-Sib Railway, which flanked the Chinese frontier in many places, had put the Soviet Union in position to exploit the markets of Sinkiang. It soon came to enjoy a monopoly of Sinkiang's trade, obtained exclusive mining concessions, including those for oil and gold, and introduced its own Soviet experts to investigate mineral resources. The establishment of commercial offices was followed by the influx of a host of technicians and economic and political "advisers." An "anti-imperialist" movement was launched to facilitate this expansion by subjecting British and Indian traders to inconveniences at the hands of customs officials and police; in March 1939, they were requested to surrender their goods and leave the country. The British Consulate General at Kashgar was boycotted and its couriers were molested along the route from India.[v]
A Russian loan of 5,000,000 gold rubles was negotiated in 1933-34, though the contract was not signed until May 16, 1935, owing to repeated protests from Nanking. According to Sheng, the Soviet Consul General assured him that in accordance with confidential instructions from Moscow, the loan would be granted if Sheng would be friendly with the Soviet Union and "anti-Japanese." Svanidze, Stalin's brother-in-law and President of the Soviet Bank for Foreign Trade, was sent to Sinkiang to sign the agreement. The loan was to be paid with livestock. There were no secret clauses, but what the Soviet Union had loaned turned out to be silver, not gold rubles, which could not be circulated.[vi]
Soviet economic interests were closely linked with political activities. As a result of this loan, financial sections of the five Soviet consulates were reorganized as offices in charge of trade and all financial matters. Soviet advisers stationed in the office of the Commissioner of Finance, as well as in the local administrative agencies, exercised strict control over the financial affairs of this Chinese province. No checks could be drawn without their approval.
The upshot of all this was complete political domination. Under Soviet tutelage, Sheng geared his policies to the slogans of "anti-imperialism" and "kinship to Sovietism." Soviet advisers held key positions in his administration and became unchallenged masters in Sinkiang. The right-wing nationalists in the administration and in the army were purged. Spies and agents supplied a highly organized system of intelligence: liquidations and strange disappearances became the order of the day. Sinkiang became a police state on the Soviet model. The postmaster at Urumchi gave the following advice to Sven Hedin: "Never talk to anybody; let the others talk, listen, but appear indifferent; believe nobody--they are all liars, spies, informers and traitors. Any one may disappear at any time, and it is best not to ask where he has gone."[vii]
Hypocrisy put the finishing touch on the picture. On January 22, 1935, Foreign Minister Hirota of Japan spoke in the Diet on the subject of Soviet encroachment in Sinkiang. Molotov replied to these charges in his speech to the Seventh All-Union Congress of the Soviets:
It remains for me to say a couple of words on the slanderous rumors about the sovietization of Sinkiang. . . . I consider it necessary to emphasize the real Soviet policy toward China: the Soviet Union considers the seizure of foreign territories incompatible with its policy, and is an absolute adherent of the independence, integrity, and sovereignty of China over all of her parts including Sinkiang.
Japan's invasion of China on July 7, 1937, opened the door to the completion of the Soviet design. Six weeks later the Soviet Union and China signed a pact of nonaggression. By June 16, 1939, Russia had granted China credits totalling U.S. $250,000,000--very helpful to China's war effort--and a commercial treaty signed on that date by A. L. Mikoyan and Sun Fo further strengthened Sino-Soviet friendship. The Soviets gave China more material assistance than did Britain and the United States together at this time. But in dealings with Soviet Russia, an offer of a nonaggression pact is a warning signal. Now that the U.S.S.R. and the National Government were on very friendly terms the conquest of Sinkiang went forward rapidly. In November 1940, a series of unconditional demands for the exploitation of the mines was presented to Sheng and signed by him as "Representative of the Government of Sinkiang," and by Bakulin and Karpov as "Representatives of the Government of the U.S.S.R." on November 26, 1940. This procedure of negotiating with a local governor for concessions which he had no power to grant was the one followed by the Japanese in China, and was, of course, utterly illegal. These demands were a closely-guarded secret, still largely unknown. The following are some of the most pertinent clauses:
ARTICLE 1. The Government of Sinkiang agrees to extend to the Government of U.S.S.R. exclusive rights to prospect for, investigate and exploit tin mines and their ancillary minerals within the territory of Sinkiang.
ARTICLE 2. The Government of U.S.S.R. will enjoy the following rights in the territory of Sinkiang:
(a) To exploit and investigate deposits of tin and its ancillary minerals and to make adequate geological and geographical surveys and carry on other work; . . .
(d) To utilize all natural resources to obtain power, with the right to install hydraulic power and other plants;
(e) To construct power stations, including hydraulic power stations, and to erect networks of transmission lines, transformers, etc.;
(f) To supply the needs of the concessions, the right to make use of all existing means of transportation in the territory of Sinkiang, the right to construct roads and necessary building equipment for the roads, including railways, and to organize and utilize all kinds of means of transportation; . . .
(h) To import without hindrance into the territory of Sinkiang all necessary engineering equipment and material, to repair and rebuild all machines and equipment and parts thereof, and to transmit the same from one enterprise to another;
(j) To employ laborers in Sinkiang and to employ engineers, technicians and workers from the U.S.S.R.; . . .
ARTICLE 4. For the implementation of the provisions of this Agreement on Concessions, the Government of U.S.S.R. will establish a trust to prospect for and exploit tin mines and their ancillary minerals, to be known as "Sin-tin," enjoying all the rights and privileges of an independent juridical person. Its operations will be regulated by a constitution which will be enacted in accordance with the legislative procedures of the U.S.S.R. "Sin-tin" shall have the right to establish without hindrance branch offices, sub-branch offices, and agencies within the whole territory of Sinkiang.
ARTICLE 5. During the period of validity of the present Agreement, the Government of Sinkiang shall guarantee the acquisition of lands, including the felling of timbers, the mining of coal and areas for the procurement of building materials which may be necessary for the carrying on of the various kinds of works referred to in this Agreement. The Government of Sinkiang shall remove all the population residing in such areas as may have been allotted to "Sin-tin." Such areas of land shall be allotted on the application of "Sin-tin." . . .
ARTICLE 7. During the first five-year period, commencing from the day of the signature of this Agreement, "Sin-tin" shall pay the Government of Sinkiang 5 percent of the tin and its ancillary useful minerals mined in Sinkiang . . . .
On the other hand, the products to be paid to the Government of Sinkiang in accordance with Paragraph 1 of this Article shall be sold to the Government of the U.S.S.R.; at the price of delivery at the Soviet-Sinkiang border, the said price to be at par with the average annual price (the year preceding the sale) of the principal centers of the world market for tin and its ancillary useful minerals. . . .
ARTICLE 8. In compensation for its privilege of exemption from customs duties, "Sin-tin" shall contribute annually to the Government of Sinkiang a sum equivalent to 2 percent of the price of the products exported by "Sin-tin," the price to be fixed in accordance with the provisions of Article 7 of this Agreement. . . .
ARTICLE 10. "Sin-tin" shall have the right to deal with all its capital, to raise loans, to have current accounts with banks in either local or foreign currencies, to carry on within or without the territory of Sinkiang remittance and exchange operations; to exchange foreign currencies into Sinkiang currency, et vice versa.
ARTICLE 12. For the protection of its houses, buildings, factories, plants, godowns, etc. and to ensure the security of its transport service, "Sin-tin" shall have the right to establish armed guards.
ARTICLE 15. The period of validity of this Agreement shall be 50 years, commencing from the date of signature.[viii] . . .
This document, imposed, we may note once more, when China was engaged in a life and death struggle with Japan and just after the Soviets had signed a nonaggression pact with China, may be supplemented with another which throws some light on the methods which the Soviet Government and its representatives Bakulin and Karpov used to force the governor of the province to accept these demands. Sheng has given the following account:
In September 1938, when I went to the Soviet Union and saw Stalin, I again brought up the question of my joining the Party. They were agreeable, however, that I should become a member of the U.S.S.R. Communist Party first and then have my membership transferred to the Chinese Communist Party. . . . But for a long time afterwards no one attended to the transfer, and I could not help becoming suspicious.
Unexpectedly, in November 1940, the Soviet Union sent an emissary to Sinkiang with a most confidential document addressed to me concerning the lease of the Sinkiang tin mines, the terms of which were most ridiculous and unreasonable, and most aggressive in character. At that time, I demanded that the terms be revised and that the duration of the lease be shortened. I was told by the emissary, however, that not a single word was alterable and that, being a member of the U.S.S.R. Communist Party, I should obey the orders of the Party and should struggle more vigorously in the interests of the Soviet Union.
The Altai rebellion was then in the making. Further, I was ill. Under the circumstances, I was obliged to affix my seal to the document. In addition, they wanted me to have the seals of the Provincial Government and the Border Defense Commissioner's Office attached to it. But I refused. This agreement was initiated and presented to me by the Soviet Government. It was, however, stated in the document that it was concurred to by the Provincial Government of Sinkiang, which of course was contrary to the facts. I demanded a correction, but was told that I should let it go and that I would understand the whole thing when I saw Stalin later on. I also demanded that the exploitation of the tin mines be made a joint Sinkiang-Soviet enterprise. To this the emissary said, I ought to remember on the one hand, that I was a member of the U.S.S.R. Communist Party, and that on the other during the rebellion of Ma Chung-ying, much of Soviet blood was shed in Sinkiang for which Russia had not yet been compensated.[ix]
As early as 1935 the Russians had begun prospecting for oil at Tu Shantze, near Wusu, 235 miles west of Urumchi, without any written agreement with the provincial government. According to an estimate made in 1937, the oil deposits totalled 120,000,000 tons. Two years later a refinery was built, and, by the spring of 1942, 35 wells had been drilled with a daily production of 67.3 tons. Probably with a view to legalizing the undertaking, Dekanozov, the Vice Commissar for Foreign Affairs, presented Sheng with a series of demands for oil concessions on the occasion of a visit to Sinkiang in July 1942. The 18 articles included the following stipulations:
(1) The oil fields were to be owned jointly by a trust to be known as "Sinkiang-Soviet Oil Corporation," managed and controlled by a General Manager and a Chief Engineer, both of whom were to be appointed by the People's Commissariat for Petroleum Industry in Moscow.
(2) The U.S.S.R. would lend the provincial government a sum of money at 4.5 percent interest for a period of three years (April 1, 1942-April 1, 1945) to enable it to refund on specified dates half of the expenses for the equipment installed at Tu Shan-tze up to January 1, 1942.
(3) The amount to be refunded by the provincial government together with the interest would be used by the U.S.S.R. to buy cattle, wool and gold in Sinkiang, the export of which would be free of duty.
(4) The provincial government would guarantee the free use of land for the purpose of exploring for and exploitation of oil, as well as for free use of construction materials and labor. All machinery and materials imported from the U.S.S.R. for the use of the Corporation would be exempt from custom and other duties.
(5) The People's Commissariat for Petroleum Industry at Moscow would enjoy the right of planning and giving technical assistance in the development of oil and its allied industries, for the dispatch of Soviet advisers and technicians and for the training of the necessary number of Chinese workers and cadres, the expenses of which were to be paid by the Corporation.
(6) One-half of the output would be purchased by the provincial government, the other half by the U.S.S.R. at a price to be agreed upon by both sides, the export of the output to be exempt from custom duties.
(7) The term of the agreement would be 25 years, to be renewed thereafter every five years as long as the assets of the Corporation were not redeemed by the provincial government. In the redemption of the assets, no foreign financial assistance would be permitted, nor could the rights be transferred or sold in whole or in part to the government, individuals or corporations of a third country.[x]
The move was not well timed. Contrary to Soviet expectations, the pressure thus brought on Sheng drove him closer to Chungking. He had been shocked and disillusioned by a series of events which included the murder of his brother and an alleged plot on his own life. He describes his response in the following words:
The sincerity of my motives was not only unrewarded, on the contrary, my close affinity with the Soviets had been used, whenever possible, to bring destruction to Sinkiang.
The many sporadic and abortive uprisings were cases in point. After investigation, every one of them was found to be a result of Soviet machination. The insurrection scheduled to take place at the time of the April 12th Conference (1942) was the most malicious and heart-rending of all. It was well timed and planned and participated in by a greater number of important politicians and soldiers than had ever taken part in any uprising before, by all the Soviet nationals in Sinkiang, including consuls, advisers and instructors, as well as all the Chinese Communist workers in Sinkiang. Its program was extremely ambitious. The blacklist not only included myself, but also all the important loyal political and military leaders. All were to be assassinated. The existing administration was to be overthrown and a Soviet régime, independent of the Chinese Government and under the wings of Soviets and the Chinese Communists, was to be instituted. . . . Fortunately, as a result of an investigation following the assassination of Brigade Commander Sheng Shih-ch'i, the plot was nipped in the bud.[xi]
After the plot miscarried, Sheng waited for a suitable opportunity to throw off the Soviet yoke. By the end of June, the Soviet armies began their retreat in the Caucasus and their collapse seemed imminent. Sheng shifted his allegiance from Moscow to Chungking. On July 17, he wrote Molotov, then Soviet Commissar for Foreign Affairs, that since Sinkiang was a province of China, it would be more appropriate for the U.S.S.R. to negotiate directly with the National Government for the oil concessions. On August 20, Molotov reluctantly agreed.
A series of conferences on Sinkiang oil concessions were held, from October 1942 to March 1943, between Alexander Paniushkin, the Soviet Ambassador, and the Chinese authorities at Chungking. As might have been expected, no progress was made in these protracted negotiations. Meanwhile, Sheng abrogated the tin-mines agreement, demanded that the Soviet concessionaires withdraw from Sinkiang, and arrested Communists and leftist officials in his administration.
In the circumstances, Moscow had no choice but to yield. On April 10, 1943, Sheng was informed by the Soviet Consul General that, on instructions from Moscow, all work on the tin mines would be stopped, all technical personnel withdrawn and all machinery dismantled. Similarly, Paniushkin abruptly broke off the oil negotiations, notifying the Chinese Foreign Office that all installations at Tu-Shan-tze, including the drilling and refining equipment, would be removed. The regiment of Soviet troops maintained at Hami was withdrawn to Outer Mongolia. The Sovsintorg (Soviet-Sinkiang Trade) and its various agencies were closed. All Soviet "advisers" disappeared.
However, the Soviet evacuation was merely temporary--a tactical move. When the defeat of Nazi Germany was assured at the end of 1943, plans for the penetration of Sinkiang were put in action again. As usual, aggression was cloaked by a move to disarm suspicion. On November 2, 1943, the Soviets surprised the Chinese by offering to sell all the equipment of the oil wells which could not be moved for U.S. $2,012,630, and all buildings on the site for U.S. $490,000. The total purchase price was reduced to $1,700,000, which the Chinese Government, in February 1944, paid to the Chase Bank in New York to the credit of the Soviet State Bank. The Chinese Government hoped that this was the end of Soviet intervention in Sinkiang.
But trouble soon began again, this time in the areas rich with deposits of tungsten ore, one of the "ancillary" minerals stipulated in the tin-mines agreement. While a limited amount of tungsten comes from the tin districts its main source in Sinkiang is the Altai area, on the Chinese side of the Russian-Chinese border, as well as in the districts of Fu-yun (Kokotohai), south of Altai. It occurs on and near the surface, and can be mined by simple methods. The Chinese Government discovered that without its approval or even its knowledge, more than 150 tons of tungsten had been sent to the Soviet Union from April 1941 to April 1943. More than 60 engineers and technicians, together with 3,000 drafted miners, were engaged in this work, under cover of "geological surveys."
These areas became the scene of armed revolts by the non-Chinese population. While Moscow remained officially aloof, Soviet emissaries set up puppets, supplied ammunition to the rebels, and helped create border incidents. From 1944 to 1948, rebellions and riots broke out not only in the north, but also in the south of Sinkiang. On both sides of the Chinese-Soviet frontier, in the Tadjik, Kazakh and Kirghiz Republics of the U.S.S.R. as in Sinkiang, there are large masses of Moslems speaking the same Turki language and belonging to the same race. The situation was one inevitably breeding political unrest. But a brief review of events of the major outbreaks shows how the Soviets used the ethnic situation to further their aggressive purposes.
1. Kazakhs' Revolt: As soon as the tide of war on the Western front turned in favor of the Soviets, a revolt of the nomadic Kazakhs of the Altai area broke out in February 1944. In support of the rebellion led by Usman, the Kazakh chief, mysterious formations of Soviet airplanes based on Outer Mongolia severely bombed Chinese government troops. Supplied with arms and ammunition from Outer Mongolia and assisted by Outer Mongolian troops under the command of Soviet officers, Usman succeeded in wiping out the entire Chinese garrison of three regiments. Charging that Chinese troops had violated the territory of Outer Mongolia, the Tass news agency stated on April 3 that "the Soviet Government will be forced to give the Government of the Mongolian People's Republic every necessary help and support." The Chinese Government thereupon demanded an explanation from the Soviet Ambassador. None was offered.
Meanwhile, Vice President Wallace was sent on a special mission to Soviet Asia in the spring of 1944. It was reported at the time that it was on his advice that Sheng was removed, in July, from the governorship. With this gesture to the Soviets, China hoped that peace along the Sino-Soviet border would be restored.
2. Ining Incident: In spite of Sheng's removal, another revolt by the non-Chinese population occurred on November 7, 1944, in Ili near the Soviet border. Aided by forces from across the frontier, the rebels drove out the Chinese garrison and came within 70 miles of the capital. Thus, the whole of Ili-Tacheng-Altai--known as the "Three Areas," and rich in mineral resources--was now under Soviet control. A Soviet-oriented puppet régime known as the "Republic of Eastern Turkestan" was set up, headed by Ashmed Djan, who kept his Soviet citizenship and bore the Soviet name Kasimov.[xii]
In the Sino-Soviet Treaty of August 14, 1945, the Soviet Union had pledged that "as to the latest events in Sinkiang, it has no intention of interfering with China's internal affairs." Usman, who at first coöperated with the Ili rebels but later broke with them and came over to the Chinese side, describes thus the Soviet rôle in the events which took place a month after the Treaty was signed:
On September 6, 1945, 6,000 Ili troops arrived at Ch'eng-hua, the capital of Altai. They wore Russian uniforms and spoke Russian. . . . The troops were commanded by a Lieutenant-General Birkdorff and under him were two regimental commanders called Liesskin and Dostgonoff. I coöperated with these people until April 1, 1946, when I left for Pei-ta-shan. A Russian police chief called Sembayeff came with the Ili troops. They summoned me to a meeting in Ili and demanded that I bring all my Kazakh troops to Ili, while they garrisoned Altai themselves. This I refused to do. For this reason, and because they started to take Kazakh women to Ili, I broke with them. Another demand that I refused to comply with was that we should surrender all our arms. The Ili people also took away 28,600 ounces of gold from the Ashan Gold Mining Bureau which rightly belonged to the government. The Russians are now in charge of the gold and wolfram mines in Altai and are increasing production daily.[xiii]
3. Raids on Southern Sinkiang: In the autumn of 1945, there were unexpected air raids on posts and villages in the Chinese Pamirs and along the frontier of southwestern Sinkiang. The raids were made by planes, based on Qizil Rabat, a military post in Soviet Tajikistan.[xiv] A revolt by the Tajiks threatened Kashgar, captured Kaghilik (Yeh-cheng) and invested Yarkand (Sache). Chinese officials in various posts were murdered and the Chinese garrison driven out. According to a British Consul General at Kashgar, a considerable number of the so-called rebels came from across the border, and the arms and ammunition for the revolt came from the same source.[xv]
4. Peitashan Affair: It was Usman who reported to the Chinese Government how tungsten mines, and also gold mines, had been secretly exploited by the Russians with armed miners. Once he had turned against the Soviets they spared no effort to destroy him. An attack by the puppet régime compelled him to retreat to Peitashan (Baitik Bogda), and troops of Outer Mongolia were then ordered to cross the Chinese border in pursuit of his forces. The "Peitashan affair" was the result. On June 5, 1947, Outer Mongolian troops attacked the Chinese positions in support of the ground attack. When the Chinese Foreign Office charged that Soviet aircraft had taken part in the incident, the Tass news agency stated that the charges "did not correspond to the facts and constituted a provocative fabrication." In spite of this denial, fighting was resumed in July and again in January and February 1948. The area is more than 200 kilometers outside the Outer Mongolian border, and contains uranium deposits.
While all these attacks were going on--some intended to seize vital areas, others probably diversionary--the Soviets had resumed the extraction of oil and tungsten. Work in the oil fields was resumed on July 1, 1947, after Wusu had fallen into the hands of the rebels. New machinery from the Soviet Union was installed and a Russian Tartar appointed as General Manager. The daily output was reported to be 20 tons of gasoline and 30 tons of petroleum, all exported to Alma Ata via Ili and Holkutz. More intensive efforts were directed to the mining of tungsten and other metals in the "Three Areas." According to information received in 1948 by the Chinese Ministry of National Defense, operation of the tungsten mines in the districts of Wen-chuan and Po-lo went forward as follows: 1945, 150 tons extracted, with 3,000 workers; 1946, 450 tons with 10,000 workers; 1947, 1,000 tons with 20,000 workers. More than 1,000 Soviet technicians, 3,000 workers and 120 armed guards were employed in the districts of Fu-yun and Cheng-hua, bordering Outer Mongolia. Besides the tin and tungsten, deposits of diamonds, gold, bismuth, beryl, talc, asbestos, gypsum and quicksilver have been found. Samples of each metal or saline deposit were collected by Chinese refugees and identified by the National Resources Commission at Nanking. As early as November 4, 1946, China had proposed measures for Sinkiang-Soviet trade and economic coöperation, as a countermove against Soviet encroachment. This proposal remained unanswered until January 24, 1949, when the Soviet Consul General offered the Commissioner of Foreign Affairs at Urumchi an outline for a three-year trade agreement. The Soviet Union asked the privilege of importing and exporting freely in Sinkiang. No corresponding privileges would be granted to China--a provision which meant that the monopolistic Soviet trade agency could impose any terms it wished on individual Chinese traders. The Soviets further proposed that a new 50-year agreement be concluded, setting up Sino-Soviet joint stock companies to explore and exploit the mineral and oil resources of Sinkiang. The U.S.S.R. would be granted rights not only to the resources already known, but also to those not yet explored. The proposal also specified that the general managers of these companies would be Soviet nationals appointed by Moscow.[xvi]
While China was anxious to develop trade relations with the Soviet Union, she did not want to hand over half the oil and mineral resources of Sinkiang. The negotiations dragged on from March to August--and then the story came abruptly to its climax. On September 25-26, 1949, the military and political leaders of Sinkiang severed relations with the Central Government and formally joined the Communists. What the Nationalist Government had refused, the Chinese Communists conceded. Mao Tse-tung's two months' visit in Moscow resulted in the Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Alliance and Mutual Assistance. A Sinkiang mission headed by Seyfuddin, one of the Ili rebels and now Vice Chairman of the Sinkiang Provincial Government, had arrived at Moscow on January 30, 1950. On March 27 agreements for two Sino-Soviet joint stock companies were signed, one for oil and the other for non-ferrous and rare metals. Under the terms of these agreements, valid for 30 years, half of the minerals and petroleum extracted in Sinkiang will go to the U.S.S.R. China's sovereignty is thus officially relinquished. Details are, of course, buried in secret clauses, but it seems safe to assume that they follow the pattern of Soviet Russian demands in the past. Future events may bring them to light.
While the above agreements were taking shape, two other agreements were reported to have been concluded. An Indian source asserted that the Soviet Union had forced Communist China to sign a secret pact giving the Russians full control of the uranium-bearing areas. Such areas have been declared "closed territory" and only Soviet technicians, experts and workers are engaged in mining uranium. The ore reportedly is being dispatched to an atomic plant in Soviet Asia for processing.[xvii] Another agreement covers the construction of railway lines linking Sinkiang with the Turk-Sib railway. To that end, a railway line from Tacheng (Chuguchak) to Wusu is reported to be under construction. The Lanchow-Sinkiang Railway, a part of this network, is also being built from Lanchow northwestward. These lines will be a controlling factor in the development of Sinkiang. According to Soviet plans, Wusu will be the main junction point, from which one line will run from Ili to Alma Ata and another from Tacheng to Sergiopol.
With the Chinese Communists dominant on the mainland and with Soviet puppets at the head of the Provincial Administration, the Soviet Union is now master of Sinkiang.
[i] cf. "China and the Soviet Union," by Ai-ch'ên Wu. New York: John Day, 1950, p. 376-379.
[ii] "In Kashgar, December 1927-October 1931," by Dr. Cherbakoff. Royal Central Asian Journal, October 1933, p. 532-543.
[iii] Royal Central Asian Journal, January 1935, p. 102.
[iv] "One Who Survived," by Alexandre Barmine. New York: Putnam, 1945, p. 231-232.
[v] The Times, London, March 25, 1939.
[vi] Interview with Sheng by an official of the Chinese Foreign Office, March 2, 1950.
[vii] "Silk Road," by Sven A. Hedin. New York: Dutton, 1938, p. 144-145.
[viii] Original agreement (photostatic copy in Russian) in "Soviet Economic Aggression in Sinkiang" (in Chinese), published by the Chinese Foreign Office, Taipei, Taiwan, 1950, p. 45-53.
[ix] Sheng's letter to Chiang Kai-shek dated July 7, 1942; ibid. p. 64-66.
[x] Original draft agreement (in Russian) on file in the Chinese Ministry of Economic Affairs, Taipeh; ibid, p. 82-87.
[xi] Sheng's letter, op. cit. p. 61-62.
[xii] Cf. "Soviet Russia and the Far East," by David Dallin. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1948, p. 366.
[xiii] "Some Notes on the Kazakhs of Sinkiang," by Ian Morrison. Royal Central Asian Journal, January 1949, p. 70.
[xiv] "The New Dominion," by Major N. L. D. McLean. Royal Central Asian Journal, April 1948, p. 133.
[xv] "Mountains of Tartary," by Eric Shipton. London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1950, p. 52-55; also "Antique Land," by Diana Shipton. London: T. Brun, 1950, p. 129.
[xvi] Telegram from the Commission of Foreign Affairs at Urumchi to the Chinese Foreign Office.
[xvii] "Communist New Deal in Sinkiang," by Amar Lahiri, United Asia, v. 3, no. 2, 1950, p. 141-144.
LI CHANG, pseudonym of a Chinese scholar.
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Wisconsin-based Web hosting provider MonsterMegs (www.monstermegs.com) announced today, that it upgraded all their web servers to utilize pure ssd hard drives. "Since our upgrade to pure ssd storage, we have noticed a load drop of about 60% across all servers." said Kevin Kopp, MonsterMegs Owner "Not only have we seen the load drop on the servers, but client websites are now loading up to 300% faster than they did on previous standard SATA drives.".
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Samsung Galaxy Note 4 S-View Flip Cover Case Unboxing & Review!
I bought this case on Ebay for 19.88.
It is a very nice quality case, heavy duty, well made, completely encases the phone with a foam/air barrier around the phone inside the case.
I am amazed at how good the quality is on this case. Best case I have ever had so far.
Just got my Note 8 and needed a case, did not want to pay for Otterbox price or Lifeproof fron the store they only covered the back of the phone you then needed to purchase a screen protector also for it.
Here is a link to Amazon for the case.


text:
Brew at the Bog – Bogbain Farm, Inverness (Day 2 – Saturday 4th June 2016) – LIVE REVIEW
Suzanne Oswald June 13, 2016 Festivals
It's the second day of Brew at the Bog festival and the spooky mist from the previous day has disappeared in favour of warm sunshine. If that isn't enough to get excited about, then Saturday's lineup has even more great acts on offer than day one with the likes of C Duncan, WHITE and Idlewild set to take to the stage later in the day.
Of course, there's a lot more to come before the headliners. The inevitable hangover experienced on day two of a festival can quickly be rammed out of you with the heavy sounds of Vasa on the Bloc stage. Sound issues in the room threaten to diminish the intricacies of their music but, nevertheless, it's a storming performance from the instrumentalist band; loud and heavy enough to wake those up who have managed to saunter over to their early stage time. Full of head-banging riffs and pummelling rhythms, their music is vibrant and non-conformist; perhaps so non-conformist that they have yet to reach the bigger audiences they deserve, in spite of the positive reviews they've received.
They're not the only ones offering loud rock tunes today; Pinact take to the main stage in the afternoon with a performance which validates the buzz around them at the moment. With nods to Nirvana, Corrie Gillies has an angsty tone to his voice over fuzzy, grungy riffs as the volume at the main stage hits new heights. Their music is nostalgic without being unoriginal as they end their compelling set with a slow-burner called November.
Following this, Tijuana Bibles ooze coolness with their classic blues rock style. It's all leather jackets, leading guitar solos and a hell of a lot of swagger that's on show, but they're confidence is deserved. A new song, unfinished as of yet, gets a first outing and hints at a new immediacy to the band's future material; frontman Costello whips off his jacket and gets caught up in the frenzy as the song comes to a crashing finale. It's just a pity that the crowd would rather stay seated and catch the sun rays during the performance, despite Costello's suggestion that they are in danger of 'bum rashes'.
C Duncan is perhaps more suited to this atmosphere with his lovely dream-pop melodies with his set consisting mainly of songs from his Mercury Prize nominated album 'Architect'. Similarly, brothers JR Green play in front of a relaxed atmosphere on the Northern Roots stage. Their combination of acoustic guitar, accordion and drums is so simple yet effective, as they bring a quirky, modern edge to traditional folk melodies. Their youthful lyrics, 'I'm sorry for my output I'm surrounded by wankers, I'm only 17 and I don't have all the answers yet', show off their brilliant wordsmithery as it becomes impossible not to fall for them by the end of the set. Given the closeness of the two indoor stages, the sound from the Bloc stage threatens to bleed into the room from now and again (a problem that occurs a number of times throughout the weekend) but the pair power on manfully.
Elsewhere, KLOE and Be Charlotte are part of the pop contingent on show. The former is more than up for the occasion in spite of a quiet audience, gyrating across the stage to her atmospheric synth-pop tunes which are full of big drops like on 'Grip' and 'Teenage Craze'. New song 'The Bottle' is an upbeat, radio-friendly number made for summer and full of loud percussion. Meanwhile, Be Charlotte, aka Charlotte Brimner, battles against early sound problems to put on one of the performances of the weekend in front of an impressively big crowd at the Bloc Stage. The addition of her two band members have bolstered her live performance, making it something hugely unique, innovative and dynamic; it's pop music with a twist, bringing digital and live elements together to great effect. With great control of her wonderful vocals, she's able to bring spoken word, hip-hop and pop influences together, with the set culminating with the brilliant recent single 'Discover'.
She can be seen later on the same stage, appearing with Louie and the Lochbacks; a side-project led by Hector Bizerk frontman Louie alongside members of Pronto Mama. It's one of the most interesting live sets you'll see at a festival, bringing together thought-provoking performance poetry with beautiful acapella vocals. The foursome are able to hold the room to a standstill with darker moments about personal struggle or getting laughs and cheers on the clever and witty ode to Scotrail or 'wannabes'. A difficult timeslot for such an act but they pull it off, brilliantly.
Naturally, the headline acts don't disappoint; WHITE are band of the weekend for this GIGsoup writer. Their art-rock, eighties inspired sound goes down a storm with the crowd, giving them one of the best receptions of the festival. It's impossible not to get caught up in anthems like 'Living Fiction', full of catchy guitar riffs and driving percussion. Meanwhile, Leo Condie, stylish as ever, owns the stage in a white leather jacket as the band more than justify their Saturday night slot.
Nineties Scottish heroes Idlewild close the main stage with a hit-packed, lightshow spectacular with some new material showing promise of a bright future. For those wanting to verge away from the mainstream however, Colonel Mustard and the Dijon 5 put on a fantastically mad show on the Bloc stage, featuring sparkly helmets, a hell of a lot of crowd surfers and a dance off. With a combination of bass and brass, they play with a number of genres, influenced by reggae and the likes of Primal Scream and Happy Mondays, while 'The Colonel' directs the madness from the front. A perfect way to the end the festival.
Aside from a couple of teething issues, it's another hugely successful year for Brew at the Bog. A festival with good community spirit, good food, good drink and more importantly, good music; I recommend you give it a go.
This Brew at the Bog review was written by Suzanne Oswald, a GIGsoup contributor.
Photos by Jason Pickering.
Brew at the BogC DuncanIdlewild
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


He's a photo realist, he's an abstractionist, he's completely wonderful. Gerhard Richter's Panorama at the Centre Pompidou in Paris only runs through September 24. Even paintings make fun wallpaper patterns - but they make better paintings. If you're in Paris, get there!
I love seeing and artists works with such a unique style! Would love to attend!
I went two weeks ago and it was awesome! Absolutely gorgeous exhibit.


Am Fam Physician. 2007 May 15;75(10):1546-1547.
Insulin inhalation powder (Exubera), also called inhaled insulin, is a dry powder form of rapid-acting insulin delivered by oral inhalation. It is labeled for use in controlling hyperglycemia in adults with type 1 or type 2 diabetes mellitus.1 In patients with type 1 diabetes, inhaled insulin should be used in combination with a longer-acting insulin. In patients with type 2 diabetes, it can be used as monotherapy or in conjunction with oral agents or longer-acting insulin.
*—Average wholesale cost, based on current Red Book, Montvale, N.J.: Medical Economics Data.
Inhaled insulin has not been compared with rapid-acting subcutaneous insulin analogues, but it has been compared with oral agents for diabetes mellitus, specifically sulfonylureas, thiazolinediones, and biguanides.5–7 Its effect on diabetes-related complications and mortality has not been evaluated.
The inhaled insulin starter kit, which is intended to be a one-month supply, costs approximately $188. The refill combination pack 12 costs approximately $140 and includes 90 1-mg blisters and 90 3-mg blisters (equivalent to 990 units of rapid-acting insulin). The combination pack 15 costs approximately $175 and includes 180 1-mg blisters and 90 3-mg blisters (equivalent to 1,260 units of rapid-acting insulin). One 10-mL vial (1,000 units) of insulin lispro (Humalog) or insulin glulisine (Apidra) costs approximately $78, and one 10-mL vial of insulin aspart (Novolog) costs approximately $84.
Inhaled insulin is dosed in milligrams. The initial premeal treatment dose is based on body weight (0.05 mg per kg), and the optimal administration time is no more than 10 minutes prior to meals.1 Subsequent dose adjustments, which are based on patient response, have to be made in increments of 1 and 3 mg (equivalent to 3 and 8 units of regular insulin), with each dose inhaled separately via the insulin inhaler. The inhaler is bulky and requires hand strength and dexterity for the user to release the dose. Additionally, the inhaler device must be replaced yearly, and the release unit within the device must be replaced bimonthly.
Inhaled insulin provides an alternative route of administration for rapid-acting insulin but offers no other benefit over available insulin therapy. It may reduce, but not eliminate, the need for self-injection in patients with type 1 diabetes. In patients with type 2 diabetes, the risk of hypoglycemia significantly increases when inhaled insulin is added to or substituted for oral agents. Inhaled insulin has the potential to cause pulmonary adverse effects and is more expensive than rapid-acting insulin analogues. For these reasons, inhaled insulin should be reserved for use as alternative therapy for those who fail or are intolerant to other treatments.
Address correspondence to Nancy Borja, PharmD, atnborja@nova.edu. Reprints are not available from the authors.
2. Skyler JS, Weinstock RS, Raskin P, Yale JF, Barrett E, Gerich JE, et al., for the Inhaled Insulin Phase III Type 1 Diabetes Study Group. Use of inhaled insulin in a basal/bolus insulin regimen in type 1 diabetic subjects: a 6-month, randomized, comparative trial. Diabetes Care. 2005;28:1630–5.
3. Quattrin T, Belanger A, Bohannon NJ, Schwartz SL, for the Exubera Phase III Study Group. Efficacy and safety of inhaled insulin (Exubera) compared with subcutaneous insulin therapy in patients with type 1 diabetes: results of a 6-month, randomized, comparative trial. Diabetes Care. 2004;27:2622–7.
4. Hollander PA, Blonde L, Rowe R, Mehta AE, Milburn JL, Hershon KS, et al. Efficacy and safety of inhaled insulin (exubera) compared with subcutaneous insulin therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes: results of a 6-month, randomized, comparative trial. Diabetes Care. 2004;27:235662.
5. Rosenstock J, Zinman B, Murphy LJ, Clement SC, Moore P, Bowering CK, et al. Inhaled insulin improves glycemic control when substituted for or added to oral combination therapy in type 2 diabetes: a randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med. 2005;143:54958.
6. Barnett AH, Dreyer M, Lange P, Serdarevic-Pehar M. An open, randomized, parallel-group study to compare the efficacy and safety profile of inhaled human insulin (Exubera) with metformin as adjunctive therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes poorly controlled on a sulfonylurea. Diabetes Care. 2006;29:12827.
7. Barnett AH, Dreyer M, Lange P, Serdarevic-Pehar M. An open, randomized, parallel-group study to compare the efficacy and safety profile of inhaled human insulin (Exubera) with glibenclamide as adjunctive therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes poorly controlled on metformin. Diabetes Care. 2006;29:181825.
The series coordinator for AFP is Allen F. Shaughnessy, PharmD, Tufts University Family Medicine Residency Program, Malden, Mass.


This heavenly butter applies so easy in this little tube! Lemongrass and myrrh are believed to strengthen nails, lavender and geranium to sooth dry, cracked cuticles. Rub into cuticles as often as you wish!
Ingredients: avocado oil*, shea butter*, beeswax*, essential oils of lemongrass*, lavender, geranium* and myrrh.


text:
«The Only Exception» —en español: «La única excepción»— es una canción interpretada por el grupo estadounidense de rock alternativo Paramore, incluida en su tercer álbum de estudio, Brand New Eyes, de 2009. El sencillo fue escrito por Hayley Williams y Josh Farro, mientras que al grupo entero se le acredita como coproductores de este. La canción contó con una buena recepción comercial, habiendo encabezado la posición número uno del Rock Chart de Reino Unido; asimismo, alcanzó el puesto número trece y diecisiete en Nueva Zelanda y Australia, respectivamente. En efecto, el tema se denomina como el más exitoso de la banda hasta ahora.

Por otro lado, también recibió buenos comentarios por parte de los críticos musicales, quienes elogiaron la interpretación vocal de Williams e indicaron que «The Only Exception» daba un estilo musical diferente para el grupo. Asimismo, le valió una nominación Grammy por «Mejor interpretación pop vocal de grupo/dúo». El estadounidense Brandon Chesbro dirigió su vídeo musical, el cual Paramore lanzó el 17 de febrero de 2010, a través de su sitio web oficial.

Antecedentes

«The Only Exception» fue publicado como el tercer sencillo del álbum de estudio Brand New Eyes, de 2009. Varios críticos musicales notaron que Paramore, quien usualmente produce material más oscuro, al igual que muchas canciones del género alternativo, daba un estilo musical diferente para el grupo con «The Only Exception».

La revista estadounidense Rolling Stone describió la canción como «una sutil balada al estilo Radiohead». La letra de la canción asume a la protagonista quien no cree que el amor exista y trata de vivir sin él, sobre todo para evitar el rechazo; pero como desenlace darse cuenta de que existe, describiendo a la persona como su «única excepción». Muchos seguidores de la banda creen que la canción fue escrita como una oda a Chad Gilbert de New Found Glory. En efecto, Williams se negó a comentar directamente sobre el tema, limitándose a decir: «Lean un par blogs, y lo van a entender».

Otros temas de la canción incluyen tratar de buscar una relación, así como tratar de hacer una última duradera; que se puede ver en las letras: «I know you're leaving in the morning, when you wake up/Leave me with some kind of proof it's not a dream» —traducido como: «Se que te irás por la mañana, cuando despiertes/Déjame con una prueba de que esto no es un sueño»—. De acuerdo con la partitura publicada en Musicnotes.com por Alfred Music Publishing, el sencillo está escrito en compás de 6/8. La canción está interpretada tono de si mayor y se canta en el rango vocal de fa5 a re5. «The Only Exception» posee un tempo moderadamente lento de 48 pulsaciones por minuto.

Vídeo musical

Un vídeo musical de «The Only Exception» fue dirigido por Brandon Chesbro, quien ya llevaba dos años trabajando con Paramore. El vídeo de la canción fue el debut de Chesbro como director de vídeos musicales. Antes del vídeo de «The Only Exception», Chesbro había sido contactado para dirigir los dos sencillos previos de Brand New Eyes («Ignorance» y «Brick By Boring Brick»), pero rechazó dirigirlos por diferencias creativas. En diciembre de 2009, se le pidió dirigir el vídeo musical de «The Only Exception». Aunque el proceso de creación del guion gráfico llevó un tiempo, el vídeo fue filmado en cuatro días. El vídeo musical se estrenó el 17 de febrero de 2010, en el sitio web oficial de Paramore. Williams confirmó que como parte para agregar un tema de Día de San Valentín, la banda seleccionó tarjetas que fueron enviadas por seguidores, y a estas las hicieron aparecer en el vídeo. En una entrevista con MTV, Chesbro comentó sobre la filmación de la escena con Williams acostada sobre las tarjetas durante el vídeo musical, diciendo:

El vídeo empieza con Hayley Williams despertando en un sofá al lado de un hombre sin nombre, y esta escribe una nota que dice «I'm sorry» —en español: «Lo siento»—. A partir de ahí se dirige a la habitación de al lado y la abraza un adulto, quien, basado en las letras de la canción, se presume que es su padre. Una conversación que sobreviene con Williams muestra una foto de alguien que presume ser su madre. El vídeo continúa con Hayley en su habitación mirándose en el espejo, cantando acerca de cómo el amor no existe. A continuación, se mueve a través de un armario con ropa escogiendo un traje, y entra a un restaurante donde hay una fila de hombres que rotan para tener una cita con ella. En la transición del vídeo, Williams se mueve hacia la habitación de al lado, donde hay una boda —todos están vestidos de blanco, excepto Williams quien viene vestida de negro— y huye de la escena cuando la novia entra.

Durante el estribillo de la canción, la imagen pasa a la escena donde Hayley canta «Darling, You are the only exception» —en español: «Cariño, tú eres la única excepción»— mientras está acostada sobre una pila gigante de tarjetas del Día de San Valentín. A lo largo del vídeo se muestran escenas de Williams cantando con el resto de los miembros de Paramore en un fondo oscuro, mientras se ve cómo Hayley está sentada con un micrófono cantando y los demás miembros tocan instrumentos. En los últimos momentos del vídeo, Williams ubica al mismo hombre con el que se despertó al comienzo del vídeo entre la multitud en un concierto de rock. Después de fantasear los dos juntos, vuelve atrás de regreso a través de las distintas habitaciones hacia la escena original en el inicio del vídeo. Mientras Hayley canta «You are the only exception. And I'm, on my way to believing» —en español: «Tú eres la única excepción. Y estoy en camino a creerlo»—, vuelve al sofá donde el hombre sigue durmiendo, oculta la nota que ella escribió en su bolsillo y vuelve colocarse junto a su lado.

El vídeo musical de «The Only Exception» en general fue bien recibido por los críticos de música. Kyle Anderson, escritor de MTV, comentó que el vídeo es «por lejos el clip más visualmente interesante y complejo que el grupo haya producido jamás». Anderson declaró además que «a pesar de la complejidad del vídeo, todo el proceso fue muy eficiente». Comentó que el vídeo, con base a su resultado, fue «un poco sorprendente» saber que estaba dirigido por un director que resultaba ser su primera vez dirigiendo. Mike Sheffield de Spin consideró el vídeo musical como una «historia de amor» y lo describió como: «Día de San Valentín + épica balada emo = el nuevo vídeo para "The Only Exception"». Chesbro dijo que estaba contento con el producto final del vídeo musical y que la dirección de este le hizo interesarse más en la dirección de vídeos, diciendo: «Realmente me gustaría hacer más vídeos ahora [...] Este vídeo resultó tan perfecto que me preocupa que ninguna otra cosa vaya a salir tan bien ahora. Estaba súper orgulloso de ser parte de este vídeo».

Recepción

Comentarios de la crítica

«The Only Exception» recibió críticas generalmente positivas de los críticos de música contemporánea. La interpretación vocal de Williams fue elogiada principalmente por los críticos de música. El escritor Mikael Wood de la revista Spin consideró que «The Only Exception» era un «número acústico asombrosamente conmovedor» y comparó su estructura musical con el álbum de Coldplay, Parachutes. Wood también comentó que la canción era un «mejoramiento» que consistía de «concentración e intensidad». Leonie Cooper de NME señaló en su revisión que en Brand New Eyes Paramore fue capaz de «mostrar su madurez» con múltiples canciones de balada, especificando a «The Only Exception». Cooper comentó que si bien la letra de la canción parecía ser una «indescriptible canción de amor» que no «garantiza el brusco cambio de ritmo», alabó la voz de Williams. Cooper declaró además que:

Marc Hirsh de The Boston Globe figuró a «The Only Exception» como el punto culminante de Brand New Eyes, acreditando a la canción como «esencial» para el álbum. Hirsh además dijo que la canción es «probablemente la mejor pista para comenzar» con el álbum, describiendo también la voz de Williams como el «forjamiento de una conexión» más que «simplemente escupir sus sentimientos»; también elogió a los otros miembros de la banda por crear «un ambiente de estilo fogata lento-simpático». Channing Freeman de Sputnikmusic sentía que «The Only Exception» poseía similitudes con la canción de Brand New, «The Boy Who Blocked His Own Shot». Freeman dijo que en el álbum All We Know Is Falling, la canción «My Heart» fue un «canto contundente y evidente» que se enfocó en un «clímax para ser emocional», pero con «The Only Exception», Paramore se «ha dado cuenta de que no tiene terminar fuerte sus canciones para incitar una reacción al oyente». También señaló que la canción muestra que las letras de Williams «han mejorado definitivamente». Jesse Catalodo de la revista en línea Slant Magazine consideró que la letra de «The Only Exception» y sus melodías vocales «son la mezcla de un pop perfecto».

Recibimiento comercial
«The Only Exception» llegó como máxima posición al número treinta y ocho de la lista de canciones pop de Billboard; la canción se mantuvo en esta lista por solo dos semanas. Sin embargo, en la semana del 12 de junio de 2010, la canción debutó en el número noventa en la Billboard Hot 100. La pista ha tenido más éxito a nivel internacional, generalmente estando dentro de los viente primeros en las listas de varios países. «The Only Exception» debutó en el número treinta y ocho en la lista de Nueva Zelanda RIANZ el 22 de febrero de 2010. A la semana siguiente, la canción subió quince posiciones hasta el número veintitrés, habiendo alcanzado posteriormente su mejor posición en el puesto número trece en la lista del país. Después de cuatro semanas en la lista, «The Only Exception» alcanzó el puesto número dos en el United Kingdom's Rock Chart el 14 de marzo de 2010, permaneciendo en esa posición durante tres semanas, pero moviéndose al número uno de la lista el 5 de abril de 2010.

La canción entró en la UK Singles Chart en el número ochenta el 28 de marzo de 2010. La canción logró el número treinta y uno como mejor posición en dicha lista. El tema alcanzó el puesto número cuarenta y siete en Austria el 28 de marzo de 2010. El sencillo también debutó como su posición máxima, la número ochenta y cuatro,  en la Eurochart Hot 100 Singles, el 24 de abril de 2010. «The Only Exception» debutó en el número cincuenta y nueve en el Brazilian Hot 100 Airplay chart, convirtiéndose en el primer sencillo del grupo en entrar en las listas de popularidad brasileñas, llegando posteriormente al número treinta y dos.

En la cultura popular

Interpretaciones en directo
 La banda realizó una interpretación en vivo de «The Only Exception» durante el Ellen DeGeneres Show, el 14 de mayo de 2010.

 El 12 de septiembre de 2010, Paramore interpretó el coro y el outro de la canción durante los MTV Video Music Awards 2010.

 La banda interpretó «The Only Exception» en el concierto anual VH1 Divas, junto con las canciones «Misery Business», «Decode» y «My Hero».

 Paramore realizó una interpretación de la canción en el Madison Square Garden, interpretando además «Misery Business» y «Brick by Boring Brick».

Otras apariciones
 El vídeo musical de «The Only Exception» aparece en la recopilación del grupo Paramore's Videos. All of Them. Ever, lanzada en mayo de 2010.
 La canción apareció en el álbum recopilatorio Grammy Nominees 2011 en la 53.º entrega de los Premios Grammy.

Otras versiones
 Sam Tsui y Kurt Schneider hicieron una versión acústica de la canción.
 April Chase realizó una versión de «The Only Exception», siendo está dirigida por Marco Bercasio.
 Rachel G. Fox igualmente hizo una versión acústica.
 Chris Ninni y Ben Hazlewood canto la canción en The Voice Australia
 Kelly Clarkson cover de la canción como parte de Stronger Tour

Versión de Glee
La canción fue interpretada, junto con varios otros temas de Britney Spears, en el episodio «Britney/Brittany» de la serie de televisión estadounidense Glee, que se trasmitió el 28 de septiembre de 2010. Lea Michele (quien interpreta a Rachel Berry) cantó el tema al final del episodio como una forma de disculpa hacia su novio, Finn Hudson (interpretado por Cory Monteith). La versión gozó de una buena acogida: Erica Futterman de Rolling Stone la calificó de «magnífica y sensible», y Tim Stack de Entertainment Weekly alabó al episodio y lo denominó «agradable y emocional». Hayley Williams elogió la voz de Michele a través de su perfil de Twitter. El cover fue lanzado como sencillo y obtuvo el número veintidós en las listas de popularidad de Canadá e Irlanda, veintiséis en los Estados Unidos y sesenta en Australia; con unas ventas de 89 000 copias en los Estados Unidos de acuerdo con Nielsen SoundScan.

The Only Exception EP

The Only Exception EP es el tercer extended play de Paramore. Fue lanzado exclusivamente para la tienda virtual iTunes el 28 de septiembre de 2010. Este EP incluye la versión del álbum de «The Only Exception», además de una versión acústica de dicha canción, y el vídeo musical de este mismo tema.

Lista de canciones

Listas y certificaciones

Semanales

Anuales

Certificaciones

Créditos
El personal que contribuyó en «The Only Exception» se muestra a continuación:

 Producción
 Rob Cavallo - productor
 Paramore - coproductor
 Chris Lord-Alge - mezcla de audio
 Ted Jensen - masterización
 Doug McKean - ingeniería de sonido
 Jamie Muhoberac - teclados, órgano

 Paramore
 Hayley Williams – vocalista principal
 Josh Farro – guitarra rítmica, guitarra acústica y vocalista de apoyo
 Taylor York – guitarra líder y guitarra acústica
 Jeremy Davis – bajo eléctrico
 Zac Farro – batería y percusión

Véase también
 «Ignorance»
 Brand New Eyes

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Sitio web oficial de Paramore (en inglés)
 Sitio web oficial de Fueled by Ramen (en inglés)
 The Only Exception en YouTube (en inglés)

Sencillos de Paramore
Sencillos de 2010
Canciones de 2009
Sencillos de rock
Canciones de pop rock
Baladas de rock
Canciones en inglés

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Roberto Cimpanelli ist ein italienischer Filmproduzent und Filmregisseur.

Cimpanelli trat im Filmbereich erstmals 1985 als Produzent in Erscheinung; 1994 finanzierte er Paolo Virzis La bella vita. Zwei Jahre später debütierte er als Regisseur der gelobten Komödie Un inverno freddo freddo, wofür er das Nastro d'Argento der italienischen Filmjournalisten erhielt.

2006 folgte mit Baciami piccina sein zweiter Film, mit dem er mehrere Preise gewann.

Filmografie
 1994: La bella vita (Produzent)
 1996: Un inverno fredo freddo (Regisseur, Drehbuchautor, Produzent)
 2006: Baciami piccina

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Filmproduzent
Filmregisseur
Drehbuchautor
Italiener
Geboren im 20. Jahrhundert
Mann


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Ahlstrom-Munksjö filter media included in the new face masks manufactured by sport and lifestyle brand BUFF®
AHLSTROM-MUNKSJÖ OYJ PRESS RELEASE JULY 1, 2020 at 10:00 EEST
Ahlstrom-Munksjö establishes a partnership with Spanish sports and life style accessories company BUFF® to provide filter media for face masks.
The BUFF® face masks are now available in the United States and Canada following a launch in Europe in June. Each BUFF® face mask includes five single-use filters in the original packaging. Replacement filters are sold separately in packs of 30 units.
The spread of COVID-19 and the consequent increase in the global demand for face mask components required many companies to rapidly adapt, leverage on their expertise and innovate. Thanks to Ahlstrom-Munksjö's long-term experience in the manufacturing of filter media and protective medical fabrics, the company has developed a new material suitable for Type II face mask applications. Leveraging on its capabilities and adapting its converting and packaging processes, Ahlstrom-Munksjö has established a partnership with BUFF® to supply its innovative, replaceable filter media which is included in BUFF®'s new range of face masks.
"These are exceptional moments for everyone and many organizations are bringing their contribution to support communities in this unprecedented situation. We, as a company, are committed into taking another small step in this direction. We joined forces with BUFF® on an exciting journey with a shared goal: helping to keep people safe. The expertise both companies have in their respective fields led to the development of this innovative product," says Laia Guarro, Vice President at Ahlstrom-Munksjö's Liquid Technologies business.
Tests conducted on these new single-use filters have shown a 98% bacterial filtration efficiency and meet EN14683:2019 Type I & II standards. The new BUFF® Filter Mask is lightweight, ergonomic and easily adjustable. Its features make it ideal to be worn also during sport and outdoor activities, protecting the user yet allowing a high level of comfort.
You can read more about BUFF® filter masks at https://www.buff.com/fi/buff-filter-mask
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Juho Erkheikki, Investor Relations Manager, tel. +358 10 888 4731
Ahlstrom-Munksjö in brief
Ahlstrom-Munksjö is a global leader in fiber-based materials, supplying innovative and sustainable solutions to its customers. Our mission is to expand the role of fiber-based solutions for sustainable everyday life. Our offering include filter materials, release liners, food and beverage processing materials, decor papers, abrasive and tape backings, electrotechnical paper, glass fiber materials, medical fiber materials and solutions for diagnostics as well as a range of specialty papers for industrial and consumer end-uses. Our annual net sales is about EUR 3 billion and we employ some 8,000 people. The Ahlstrom-Munksjö share is listed on the Nasdaq Helsinki and Stockholm. Read more at www.ahlstrom-munksjo.com


There are separate classes for foundation, intermediate and advanced students so you will always be training with people at your appropriate level.
Throughout the Academy there is wide variety of age groups consisting of both men and women.
To ensure health and safety and a high quality of instruction, two instructors are always present and classes are limited to 20 students.
Catch up lessons are provided at no extra charge so if any lessons are missed during a module continuous progress is assured.
At the start of your first free lesson, you will spend some time with an instructor learning the basics to enable you to comfortably participate in the foundation level class with the other beginners. You will experience both the core lesson and extension to help you choose your course.
There are two main courses for you to choose from depending on your personal training goals.
Tao Te Kung Fu is for those who aspire to learn in a calm and secure atmosphere. Students Discover the freedom to live their lives with confidence and security.
Training methods are safe and take full account of the most recent developments in the psychology of learning. Each stage in the program builds the foundations in neural programming and physiological development that enable subsequent stages to be more easily assimilated.
The core curriculum has been developed by professional teachers and martial artists to enable the students to easily and quickly achieve their full potential.
You will have a fitter stronger more coordinated body. You will be more mentally focused and have sharper control of your own emotions. We believe that training in Tao Te Kung Fu is the most complete and easily accessible means of personal self development.
In addition to all the training and benefits of the Core Course, students have the opportunity to expand and further their learning on the course extension, which runs immediately after the core lesson.
The course extension is for people who wish to maximise their participation to achieve their full potential. They will develop broader knowledge and deeper understanding.
This is the choice for people who wish to discover how much they are capable of; the opportunity to develop more esoteric and specialist skills.


BAGHDAD, November 2 – Today was another sad day in the history of the war in Iraq. In Baghdad a roadside bomb killed five civilians as their van hit the bomb and left nothing of the van. In a separate incident near Ramadi two U.S. Marines were killed when their helicopter crashed.
Just six hours later an U.S. Marine F-18 bombed an insurgent stronghold only 500 meters away from the crash site. There was no indication whether this means that the Marines were shot down by the insurgents as the statements released were done so by e-mail.
Yesterday a Marine and sailor were killed, also in Ramadi by a roadside bomb. This raises the death toll to approximately 2,022 U.S. deaths. Iraqi civilian death rate has raised from 40 a day to 60 a day right now since August 29th. This makes a staggering 1,800 Iraqi deaths in October alone. In addition to this the casualty toll for U.S. military personnel is at 8,154 since the beginning of the war in Iraq.


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Home � Ashley Eckstein , Disney World News , James Arnold Taylor , Mark Hamill , Star Wars , Star Wars Weekends � 2014 Star Wars Weekends Celebrity Guests Lineup Announced!
2014 Star Wars Weekends Celebrity Guests Lineup Announced!
Star Wars Fans rejoice! The Celebrity Guest Lineup for the 2014 Star Wars Weekends at Disney's Hollywood Studios have finally been announced. Five full weekends of Star Wars legends, characters and fun are about to come to reality starting on May 16, 2014 at the Walt Disney World Resort.
This year's lineup includes stars from the original Star Wars classic movies, actors that provides the voices for the animated Star Wars: The Clone Wars Series, and this year we will get to meet stars from the upcoming new Star Wars: Rebels series to be aired on Disney XD!
Ashley Eckstein voice of Ahsoka Tano
Here are the details that were presented on the Disney Parks Blog:
James Arnold Taylor is the official celebrity host of this year's event. We're pleased to announce today that Ashley Eckstein, voice of Ahsoka Tano in The Clone Wars, a former Walt Disney World Resort parade performer and now a successful fangirl fashion designer, will be the host of a special "Behind The Force" show each weekend. This year, "Behind The Force" will showcase some of the main cast members from Star Wars Rebels.
Also of note: Weekend V will feature the most Star Wars celebrities to appear at one time in the event's history.
Here's the lineup (*subject to change):
Peter Mayhew aka Chewbacca at Star Wars Weekends
Weekend I: May 16-18
Ahmed Best: Jar Jar Binks (Star Wars: Episode I The Phantom Menace; Star Wars: Episode II Attack of the Clones; Star Wars: Episode III Revenge of the Sith; Star Wars: The Clone Wars)
Peter Mayhew: Chewbacca (Star Wars: Episode III Revenge of the Sith; Star Wars: Episode IV A New Hope; Star Wars: Episode V The Empire Strikes Back; Star Wars: Episode VI Return of the Jedi; Star Wars: The Clone Wars)
Vanessa Marshall: Hera Syndulla (Star Wars Rebels)
Jeremy Bulloch aka Boba Fett
Weekend II: May 23-25
Warwick Davis: Wicket W. Warrick (Star Wars: Episode VI Return of the Jedi); Wald (Star Wars: Episode I The Phantom Menace)
Jeremy Bulloch: Boba Fett (Star Wars: Episode V The Empire Strikes Back; Star Wars: Episode VI Return of the Jedi); Capt. Jeremoch Colton (Star Wars: Episode III Revenge of the Sith)
Tiya Sircar: Sabine Wren (Star Wars Rebels)
Weekend III: May 30-June 1
Ray Park: Darth Maul (Star Wars: Episode I The Phantom Menace)
John Ratzenberger: Major Bren Derlin (Star Wars: Episode V The Empire Strikes Back)
Taylor Gray: Ezra Bridger (Star Wars Rebels)
Billy Dee Williams at Star Wars Weekends
Weekend IV: June 6-8
Mark Hamill: Luke Skywalker (Star Wars: Episode IV A New Hope; Star Wars: Episode V The Empire Strikes Back; Star Wars: Episode VI Return of the Jedi); Darth Bane (Star Wars: The Clone Wars)
Billy Dee Williams: Lando Calrissian (Star Wars: Episode V The Empire Strikes Back; Star Wars: Episode VI Return of the Jedi)
Jeremy Bulloch, Warwick Davis, Dee Bradley Baker, Matt Lanter, & Ashley Eckstein at Disney World
Weekend V: June 13-15
Dee Bradley Baker: Captain Rex/the Clones, Bossk and several additional characters (Star Wars: The Clone Wars)
Cat Taber: Padmé Amidala and several additional characters (Star Wars: The Clone Wars)
Tom Kane: Yoda, the series' narrator and several additional characters (Star Wars: The Clone Wars)
Matt Lanter: Anakin Skywalker and several additional characters (Star Wars: The Clone Wars)
Steve Blum: Zeb Orrelios (Star Wars Rebels)
Tags: Ashley Eckstein , Disney World News , James Arnold Taylor , Mark Hamill , Star Wars , Star Wars Weekends
0 comments to "2014 Star Wars Weekends Celebrity Guests Lineup Announced!"


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Meet the Physio
Physio Pilates Classes
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At Rena Buckley Chartered Physiotherapy Clinic our aim is to provide a quality physiotherapy service to the whole community. We specialise in assessing and treating back and neck pain, sports injuries, joint and muscle pain as well post-operative rehabilitation. We focus on doing our best to help you get back to your best through hands-on physiotherapy accompanied with good advice and appropriate exercises.
We have a wide range of treatments to help you recover from your injury and feel better. Click the image above to see what treatments we provide
Our Physio Pilates classes include strengthening exercises which are proven to reduce back and neck pain. Click the image above for details and schedule.
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Rena Buckley is a chartered physiotherapist and is a member of the Irish Society of Chartered Physiotherapists
Rena Buckley is a chartered physiotherapist and a member of the Irish Society of Chartered Physiotherapists. Rena graduated with a Bachelor of Science Degree in Physiotherapy and Performance Science (Hons) from University College Dublin in 2009. She returned to University College Dublin and completed a Masters of Science in Sports Physiotherapy in 2017. Rena has worked extensively with sports teams locally over the past few years, developing strong working relationships with GAA and rugby teams. We are the club physiotherapists with Aghinagh, Clondrohid and Naomh Abán. Rena plays ladies football with Donoughmore and camogie with Inniscarra. She captained the Cork Senior Camogie team to All-Ireland victory in 2017 and the Cork Ladies Football team to All-Ireland victory in 2012. She has won 11 Senior All-Ireland Football medals and 7 Senior All-Ireland Camogie medals. In 2015 she was awarded with a UCD Alumni award by the UCD School of Physiotherapy. She was a nominee for the RTÉ Sports Person on the Year in 2015 and 2017 and was the joint winner along with teammate Briege Corkery of the Irish Times Sportswoman of the Year in 2016.
Find us on Cork Street, Macroom.
Rena Buckley Chartered Physiotherapy Clinic
Mondays: Appointments 8.30am - 6.00pm
Tuesdays: Appointments 10am-8pm
Wednesday: Appointments 8am - 6pm
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Please phone in advance to book an appointment on 026 23360. Opening hours may vary somewhat from week to week. Lunchtimes also vary
Be Active with Arthritis
Be Active with Arthritis Classes led by Rena Buckley, Chartered Physiotherapist. Pool Exercise Programme. Starts Thursday 13th October at 7pm at The Castle Hotel Leisure Centre, Macroom. €60 for 6 weeks. For booking or further information please contact Eleanor on 01 6470204 or euifhiannachta@arthritisireland.ie
Injury Reduction and Prevention Talk for Runners
Getting in Shape for the New Year? Taking up Running or Returning to Running? Want to stay Injury-Free? Why not attend our Free talk on 'Injury Reduction and Injury Prevention for Runners' At Rena Buckley Chartered Physiotherapy Clinic, Macroom on Tuesday 12th January at 8pm For practical and professional advice from Rena. All Welcome.
New Schedule coming soon.
Evening Echo
Thanks to The Evening Echo for the feature.
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