text:
\section{\label{Sec1}Introduction}

Magnetic frustration is a key ingredient for the emergence of exotic magnetic states in condensed matters.
One promising route to induce strong frustration is to arrange localized spins on a crystal lattice involving triangular motifs, as represented by the Heisenberg antiferromagnet on the pyrochlore lattice, a three-dimensional network of corner-sharing tetrahedra.
In the classical-spin picture, competing nearest-neighbor (NN) exchange interactions arising from geometrical constraints prevent the development of a magnetic long-range order even at low temperatures \cite{1998_Moe}.
In real systems, however, the lattice degrees of freedom often come into play to lift the macroscopic degeneracy \cite{2002_Tch, 2004_Pen}, yielding a rich magnetic phase diagram with spin-lattice-coupled ordered states in the parameter space of temperature, magnetic field, and pressure.

Chromium spinels {\it A}Cr$_{2}${\it X}$_{4}$ ({\it A}=Mg, Zn, Cd, Hg; {\it X}=O, S, Se) are known as typical insulating frustrated magnets to realize versatile magnetic phenomena caused by the interplay between the magnetic frustration and the spin-lattice coupling (SLC): e.g., a 1/2-magnetization plateau \cite{2006_Ued, 2008_Koj, 2011_Miy, 2014_Miy}, negative thermal expansion \cite{2007_Hem, 2013_Kit, 2019_Ros}, and spin-driven electric polarization \cite{2006_Web, 2008_Mur, 2020_Ros}.
Here, tetrahedrally coordinated nonmagnetic {\it A}$^{2+}$ ions and octahedrally coordinated $S=3/2$ Cr$^{3+}$ ions form a diamond and pyrochlore network, respectively.
The NN Cr-Cr exchange interaction arises from the antiferromagnetic (AFM) direct exchange due to the overlapping of {\it t}$_{2g}$ orbitals and the ferromagnetic (FM) superexchange via Cr-{\it X}-Cr path.
In oxides, the former contribution is predominant because of the short Cr-Cr length \cite{2008_Yar}, so that the system can be approximated to the NN Heisenberg antiferromagnet with geometrical frustration.
In sulfides and selenides, by contrast, the superexchange contribution exceeds the direct one, and further-neighbor exchange interactions via Cr-{\it X}-{\it X}-Cr and Cr-{\it X}-{\it A}-{\it X}-Cr paths also become strong \cite{2008_Yar}, so that the magnetic properties are governed by bond frustration \cite{2011_Tsu}.

Recently, {\it A}-site ordered Cr spinels {\it A}{\it A'}Cr$_{4}${\it X}$_{8}$ ({\it A}=Li, Cu; {\it A'}=Ga, In), where nonmagnetic monovalent {\it A}$^{+}$ and trivalent {\it A'}$^{3+}$ cations are regularly arranged, have attracted new attention in terms of the ground state control \cite{2013_Oka, 2014_Tan, 2015_Nil, 2016_Sah, 2019_Gen, 2020_Kan, 2018_Oka, 2020_Gen, 2021_Gao, 2020_Pok, 2019_Gho}.
The difference in their chemical pressure renders the Cr$_{4}$ tetrahetra expanding and contracting alternately, resulting in the so-called breathing pyrochlore lattice with nonequivalent NN exchange interactions $J$ and $J'$ in the small and large tetrahedra, respectively [Fig.~\ref{Fig1}(a)].
A large majority of previous studies have focused on Li(Ga, In)Cr$_{4}$O$_{8}$ with $J>J'>0$ (AFM) \cite{2013_Oka, 2014_Tan, 2015_Nil, 2016_Sah, 2019_Gen, 2020_Kan}, where the system can be viewed as an intermediate state between the regular pyrochlore lattice ($J'/J=1$) and the isolated tetrahedral clusters ($J'/J=0$).
For small values of $J'/J$, the spin-gapped behavior associated with the tetramer singlet formation rather than the classical spin-liquid behavior can emerge, as observed in LiInCr$_{4}$O$_{8}$ \cite{2013_Oka, 2014_Tan, 2015_Nil}.
Furthermore, it has been theoretically suggested that a variety of magnetic long-range orders can appear depending on the value of $J'/J$ and the strength of the SLC \cite{2019_Aoy, 2021_Aoy}, which seems relevant to the magnetic structures on Li(Ga, In)Cr$_{4}$O$_{8}$ at low temperatures \cite{2015_Nil, 2016_Sah}.

In the breathing pyrochlore Cr spinels, not only the magnitude but the sign of $J$ and $J'$ can be flexibly tuned by the chemical substitution, which can bring about a dramatic modification in the magnetic model rather than a perturbative change.
Of particular interest is CuInCr$_{4}$S$_{8}$ \cite{2018_Oka, 2020_Gen, 2021_Gao}, where the special condition of $J>0$ (AFM) and $J'<0$ (FM) is satisfied due to the delicate balance between the direct and superexchange interactions [Fig.~\ref{Fig1}(b)]; the exchange parameters at room temperature are estimated to $J=14.7$~K, $J'=-26.0$~K, $J_{2}=1.1$~K, $J_{\rm 3a}=6.4$~K, and $J_{\rm 3b}=4.5$~K by the density-functional-theory calculation [Fig.~\ref{Fig1}(c)] \cite{2019_Gho}.
Since the FM $J'$ does not compete with any other exchange interactions listed above, magnetic moments on each large Cr$_{4}$ tetrahedron are aligned ferromagnetically at low temperatures, as evidenced by the observation of the cluster excitation using inelastic neutron scattering \cite{2021_Gao}.
The magnetism of CuInCr$_{4}$S$_{8}$ can hence be mapped onto $S=6$ spins on the face-centered-cubic (FCC) lattice with the NN AFM interaction $J_{\rm t1} \equiv J+4J_{2}+2(J_{\rm 3a}+J_{\rm 3b})$ [see Fig.~\ref{Fig1}(c)].
Since the geometrical frustration remains in this effective FCC lattice, a robust 1/2-magnetization plateau with a 3-up-1-down magnetic structure (C-phase) appears via the exchange-striction mechanism \cite{2020_Gen}, as in Cr spinel oxides \cite{2006_Ued, 2008_Koj, 2011_Miy, 2014_Miy, 2019_Gen}.
On the other hands, the presence of an intermediate-field phase (Y-phase) in a wide field range between the low-field AFM phase (X-phase) and C-phase is a distinctive feature of this compound, which seems to owe to the peculiar combination of the emergent FCC lattice and the SLC \cite{2020_Gen}.
The previous focus on the in-field properties of CuInCr$_{4}$S$_{8}$ was limited to the ground state \cite{2018_Oka, 2020_Gen}, while the effect of thermal fluctuations on the stability of C- and Y-phases have remained unexplored.

\begin{figure}[t]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{Fig1.eps}
\caption{(a) Breathing pyrochlore lattice comprised of magnetic  ions with two kinds of the NN exchange interactions, $J$ and $J'$, in the small and large tetrahedra, respectively, and further-neighbor exchange interactions up to the 3rd-NN. (b) Circular representation of the magnetic models of several breathing pyrochlore Cr spinels as a function of $J$ and $J'$ normalized to ${\overline J}\equiv \sqrt{J^{2}+J'^{2}}$, which are obtained from the previous DFT calculation \cite{2019_Gho}. (c) Effective magnetic model of CuInCr$_{4}$S$_{8}$ mapped on the face-centered-cubic lattice with the NN AFM exchange interaction $J_{\rm t1} \equiv J+4J_{2}+2(J_{\rm 3a}+J_{\rm 3b})$ and the 2nd- and 3rd-NN interactions, $J_{\rm t2}$ and $J_{\rm t3}$, respectively. The illustrations in (a) and (c) are drawn by VESTA software \cite{2011_Mom}.}
\label{Fig1}
\end{figure}

Here, we report on a fascinating magnetic-field-versus-temperature ($H$--$T$) phase diagram of CuInCr$_{4}$S$_{8}$ [Fig.~\ref{Fig6}(a)], revealed by means of magnetization, magnetostriction, magnetocapacitance, and magnetocaloric-effect (MCE) measurements in pulsed high magnetic fields of up to 60~T.
The most striking finding is the existence of a small phase-pocket (A-phase), which extends from the phase boundary with the paramagnetic phase towards lower temperatures instead of Y-phase.
Remarkably, the transition from X- to A-phase is accompanied by anomalous magnetostrictive and magnetocapacitive responses.
These observations suggest the appearance of helimagnetism in A-phase through a commensurate-to-incommensurate phase transition.
Moreover, the high-entropy nature is confirmed in the high-temperature side of A-phase.
Given the similarity of the identified $H$--$T$ phase diagram to that of a number of skyrmion hosts \cite{2009_Muh, 2012_Sek, 2021_Tok}, the emergence of a multiple-$q$ vortex-like magnetic structure is also possible.
We propose that the unique magnetic properties of CuInCr$_{4}$S$_{8}$ could be ascribed to the cooperative effect of the strong SLC and the breathing bond-alternation introducing the FCC-lattice magnetism.

\section{\label{Sec2}Experimental methods}

The magnetic ordering temperatures of CuInCr$_{4}$S$_{8}$ reported so far range from 26~K to 35~K \cite{2021_Gao, 1970_Pin, 1980_Plu, 2016_Ami}.
Our previous polycrystalline samples (Sample \#2) exhibit a magnetic phase transition at $T_{\rm N} \approx 32$~K \cite{2018_Oka}, which is slightly different from any values reported by other groups.
We prepared new polycrystalline batches (Sample \#1) by the solid state reaction as in Ref.~\cite{2018_Oka}, and found a higher transition temperature as $T_{\rm N} \approx 35$~K [Figs.~\ref{Fig2}(a) and \ref{Fig2}(b)], in accordance with that reported in Refs.~\cite{2021_Gao, 1980_Plu}.

To compare the sample quality between Samples \#1 and \#2, powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns were obtained using a commercial X-ray diffractometer (SmartLab, Rigaku), confirming the cubic $F{\overline 4}3m$ structure with no detectable impurity for both the samples.
Since no obvious difference was observed in their XRD patterns, it was impossible to evaluate which sample contains less crystallographic disorder and/or defects in the nonmagnetic Cu$^{+}$ and In$^{3+}$ sites and the ligand S$^{2-}$ sites.
A series of high-field experiments revealed that field-induced phase transitions are much sharper in Sample \#1 than in Sample \#2, suggesting that Sample \#1 is of higher quality, i.e., the Cr-based pyrochlore network may be better breathing.\
The results for Sample \#1 are shown in the main text, while those for Sample \#2 are shown in Supplemental Material \cite{Supple}.

Magnetization up to 7~T was measured using a commercial magnetometer (MPMS, Quantum Design).
Magnetization up to $\sim$60~T was measured by the conventional induction method using a coaxial pickup coil in a non-destructive (ND) pulsed magnet ($\sim$4~ms duration) at the Institute for Solid State Physics (ISSP), University of Tokyo, Japan.
Longitudinal magnetostriction up to $\sim$60~T was measured by the optical fiber-Bragg-grating (FBG) technique in a ND pulsed magnet ($\sim$36 ms duration) at ISSP \cite{2018_Ike}.
The fiber was adhered to a rod-shaped sintered sample by epoxy Stycast1266.
The distortion $\Delta L/L$ was detected by the optical filter method with a resolution of $\sim$10$^{-6}$.
The thermal expansion at zero field was measured using the same setup during a natural temperature rise from 2 to 60~K.
The absolute value of $\Delta L/L$ is not calibrated, so that the displayed value of $\Delta L/L$ should be smaller than actual lattice constant change.
Dielectric constant at zero field was measured at a frequency of 10~kHz by using an LCR meter (E4980A, Agilent) in a commercial cryostat equipped with a superconducting magnet (PPMS, Quantum Design).
Magnetocapacitance along the field direction ($E \parallel B$) up to $\sim$60~T was measured at a frequency of 50~kHz by using a capacitance bridge (1615-A, General Radio) in a ND pulsed magnet ($\sim$36~ms duration) at ISSP \cite{2020_Miy}.
Silver paste was painted on the top and bottom surfaces to form electrodes for a disk-shaped sintered sample.
Heat capacity at zero field was measured by the thermal relaxation method using a PPMS.
The magnetocaloric effect up to $\sim$60~T was measured under both the nonadiabatic and adiabatic conditions in a ND pulsed magnet ($\sim$36~ms duration) at ISSP.
A sensitive Au$_{16}$Ge$_{84}$ film thermometer was sputtered on the surface of a disk-shaped sintered sample, which was calibrated by a commercial Cernox 1030 thermometer \cite{2013_Kih}.

\section{\label{Sec3}Results and discussions}

\subsection{\label{Sec3_1} Magnetic properties of the low-field phase (X-phase)}

We first mention notable aspects of the low-field phase (X-phase) of CuInCr$_{4}$S$_{8}$.
Cr spinels typically undergo a first-order phase transition into an AFM 2-up-2-down collinear structure \cite{2015_Nil, 2016_Sah, 2007_Mat, 2009_Ji} or an incommensurate helical structure \cite{2008_Mur, 2011_Tsu} accompanied by the crystal symmetry lowering due to the SLC.
For CuInCr$_{4}$S$_{8}$, the appearance of X-phase is associated with a drop in the magnetic susceptibility $M/H$ at $T_{\rm N}=35$~K [Fig.~\ref{Fig2}(a)] and a peak in the specific heat $C$ at $T_{\rm p}=34$~K [Fig.~\ref{Fig2}(b)].
A recent neutron diffraction study has revealed that the crystal structure remains the cubic $F{\overline 4}3m$ symmetry down to 2~K \cite{2021_Gao}.
Our further experiments also support the uniqueness of X-phase; neither the normalized thermal expansion $\Delta L/L_{\rm 2K}$ nor the dielectric constant $\varepsilon'$ exhibit any sharp anomalies at $T_{\rm N}$ [Figs.~\ref{Fig2}(c) and \ref{Fig2}(d)], unlike in other Cr spinels \cite{2007_Hem, 2013_Kit, 2019_Ros, 2016_Sah, 2020_Kan}.
Furthermore, no hysteretic behavior is observed in the $M/H$--$T$ curve (not shown), indicating that the phase transition at $T_{\rm N}$ is of the second order, and the SLC does not seem to be responsible for the appearance of X-phase.

\begin{figure}[t]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.75\linewidth]{Fig2.eps}
\caption{(a) Magnetization measured at 7~T after zero-field cooling. (b) Specific heat divided by temperature at 0~T. (c) Thermal expansion compared to the 2-K data at 0~T. (d) Dielectric constant at a frequency of 10~kHz at 0~T. All the measurements were performed in a warming process.}
\label{Fig2}
\end{figure}

In order to understand the characteristic of X-phase, it is useful to consider the $J_{\rm t1}$-$J_{\rm t2}$-$J_{\rm t3}$ model on the effective FCC lattice, where $J_{\rm t2}$ and $J_{\rm t3}$ stand for the 2nd- and 3rd-NN interactions in the effective FCC model [Fig.~\ref{Fig1}(a)].
Theoretically, two kinds of commensurate AFM order, Type-I with {\bf q}=(1 0 0) and Type-III with {\bf q}=(1 1/2 0), appear at zero field for $J_{\rm t2}<4J_{\rm t3}$ and $J_{\rm t2}>4J_{\rm t3}$ respectively, if $|J_{\rm t2}|, |J_{\rm t3}| \ll J_{\rm t1}$ \cite{2020_Bal}.
Note that $J_{\rm t2}$ and $J_{\rm t3}$ arise from the 4th or higher order NN exchange interactions in the original breathing pyrochlore lattice, and should be much weaker than $J_{\rm t1}$ in CuInCr$_{4}$S$_{8}$.
Indeed, Type-I order has been confirmed by powder neutron diffraction, and the observed magnon dispersion is accountable by incorporating FM $J_{\rm t2}$ ($<0$) \cite{2021_Gao, 1971_Plu}.
Although the local spin configuration of X-phase has not been fully identified, an ``all-in-all-out''-like one \cite{1971_Plu} and a coplanar one in which the two AFM spin pairs are canted to each other \cite{2021_Gao} have been proposed as candidates rather than the 2-up-2-down collinear one.
This is curious because the SLC and thermal fluctuations tend to favor a collinear spin configuration out of the continuous degeneracy regarding the directions of four inequivalent spins in Type-I order \cite{1987_Hen, 2015_Ben}.
Moreover, neither of the proposed magnetic structures can be explained just by considering the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya (DM) interactions which should exist to a greater or lesser extent in the breathing pyrochlore lattice \cite{1957_Dzy, 1960_Mor, 2005_Elh}.
We note that a small singularity at $T_{\rm p}$ and a hump structure around 10~K in the $C/T$--$T$ curve [Fig.~\ref{Fig2}(b)] suggest the existence of a large magnetic entropy even below $T_{\rm N}$ \cite{Supple}.
These features are unique to CuInCr$_{4}$S$_{8}$ among Cr spinels \cite{2013_Kit, 2013_Oka, 2018_Oka, 2013_Kem} and would stem from the magnetic frustration inherent in the effective FCC-lattice Heisenberg antiferromagnet.

\begin{figure*}[t]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.9\linewidth]{Fig3.eps}
\caption{(a) Magnetization, (b) its field-derivative, (c) longitudinal magnetostriction, and (d) its field-derivative as a function of magnetic field measured at various initial temperatures $T_{\rm ini}$. The thick (thin) lines correspond to the data in field-elevating (descending) processes. All the data except for the lowest-temperature one are shifted upward for clarity. The inset of (b) is a magnetization-versus-temperature plot at 35~T. The inset of (c) shows the enlarged view of the magnetostriction curves in field-elevating processes for 10~K $\leq T_{\rm ini} \leq$ 30~K, where lattice shrinkage occurs as the precursor of the phase transition from X- to A- phase at $H_{\rm A1}$. The filled (open) triangles in (a) and (c) denote the phase boundaries, $H_{\rm A1}$ and $H_{\rm A2}$ ($H_{\rm c1}$, $H_{\rm c2}$, and $H_{\rm P}$), which are determined from the $dM/dH$ and $dL/dH$ anomalies, respectively. The dashed gray lines in (b) and (d) trace the boundaries of A-phase.}
\label{Fig3}
\end{figure*}

\subsection{\label{Sec3_2} Temperature dependence of magnetization, magnetostriction, and magnetocapacitance up to 60 T}

In order to clarify the in-field properties of CuInCr$_{4}$S$_{8}$, we measured magnetization, longitudinal magnetostriction, and magnetocapacitance in pulsed high magnetic fields of up to 60~T at various initial temperatures ($T_{\rm ini}$).
All the magnetization and magnetostriction data are summarized in Fig.~\ref{Fig3}, and some of them are arranged along with the magnetocapacitance data for several selected $T_{\rm ini}$ in Fig.~\ref{Fig4}.
Note that the observed results are irreversible and hysteretic especially for low $T_{\rm ini}$ because of significant sample-temperature changes in the field-descending process, as discussed in Sec.~\ref{Sec3_4}.
We will hence mainly focus on the data in the field-elevating process, which are useful for constructing the $H$--$T$ phase diagram (the discussions on the field-descending process are given in Supplementary Materials \cite{Supple}).

For the lowest $T_{\rm ini}$ of 1.4~K, two-step metamagnetic transitions take place at $\mu_{0}H_{\rm c1}=32$~T and $\mu_{0}H_{\rm c2}=56$~T [Fig.~\ref{Fig3}(a)], followed by a 1/2-magnetization plateau which continues up to $\mu_{0}H_{\rm c3} \approx 110$~T \cite{2020_Gen}.
Correspondingly, a substantial lattice expansion is observed at $H_{\rm c1}$ and $H_{\rm c2}$ [Fig.~\ref{Fig3}(c)], suggesting the importance of the SLC on these phase transitions.
As discussed in Ref.~\cite{2020_Gen}, the overall magnetization curve can be roughly reproduced by the minimal Hamiltonian incorporating the SLC, which effectively produces the biquadratic exchange term $-({\mathbf S}_{i} \cdot {\mathbf S}_{j})^2$ between NN spins \cite{2004_Pen, 2021_Aoy}.
According to this, the spin configurations within each small tetrahedron in the low-field X-phase, the intermediate-field Y-phase between $H_{\rm c1}$ and $H_{\rm c2}$, and C-phase with the 1/2-magnetization plateau can be assigned to the canted 2:2, canted 2:1:1, and collinear 3-up-1-down state, respectively [Fig.~\ref{Fig6}(b)].
As $T_{\rm ini}$ increases, each critical field is gradually decreased.
The hump structures at $H_{\rm c2}$ in $dM/dH$ and $dL/dH$ become blunt for $T_{\rm ini} \geq 20$~K [Figs.~\ref{Fig3}(b) and \ref{Fig3}(d)], making the phase boundary indiscernible.
For $T_{\rm ini} \geq 35$~K (=$T_{\rm N}$), the transition from the paramagnetic to a field-induced ordered phase is observed.
The critical field $H_{\rm P}$ becomes higher on increasing $T_{\rm ini}$ up to 50~K, suggesting that C-phase is stabilized by thermal fluctuations and may extend to higher temperatures.
A moderate magnetocapacitance change is also seen at the transition into C-phase for $T_{\rm ini} \geq 10$~K [Figs.~\ref{Fig4}(f), \ref{Fig4}(i), \ref{Fig4}(l), and \ref{Fig4}(o)], which may be attributed to the local lattice distortion to stabilize the 3-up-1-down magnetic structure via the exchange-striction mechanism.

\begin{figure*}[t]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.95\linewidth]{Fig4.eps}
\caption{Top, middle, and bottom panels show the magnetic-field dependence of magnetization, longitudinal magnetostriction, and magnetocapacitance, respectively, for (a)-(c) $T_{\rm ini}$ = 4.2~K, (d)-(f) 10~K, (g)-(i) 15~K, (j)-(l) 25~K, and (m)-(o) 40~K. The field-derivatives of magnetization and magnetostriction are also shown by gray lines in the right axes. The magnetocapacitance was measured along the field direction at a frequency of 50~kHz. The thick (thin) lines correspond to the data in field-elevating (descending) processes. The phase boundaries are roughly drawn by dashed black lines, which are determined from the data in the field-elevating process.}
\label{Fig4}
\end{figure*}

\subsection{\label{Sec3_3} Magnetostrictive and magnetocapacitive effects in a newly discovered phase (A-phase)}

In addition to the previously reported X-, Y-, and C-phases, a novel field-induced phase (A-phase) is found in the series of high-field experiments.
Let us here focus on the magnetization and magnetostriction curves for an intermediate $T_{\rm ini}$ range between 10 and 35~K.
Taking a closer look at Fig.~\ref{Fig3}(a), one can notice that the lowest-field metamagnetic transition becomes exceptionally steep for $T_{\rm ini} = 10$~K, which is clearly shown as the peak sharpness in the $dM/dH$ curve [Fig.~\ref{Fig3}(b)].
This is reflected in the plot of magnetization-versus-temperature at 35~T showing a maximum at 10~K [inset of Fig.~\ref{Fig3}(b)].
Besides, a dip structure of $\Delta L/L_{\rm 0T}$ appears in a narrow field range for 10~K $\leq T_{\rm ini} \leq$ 30~K [inset of Fig.~\ref{Fig3}(c)].
These features suggest that the nature of the lowest-field metamagnetic transition changes across $T_{\rm ini}=10$~K.
Accordingly, the critical field above 10~K should be distinguished from $H_{\rm c1}$ and instead termed $H_{\rm A1}$.
Importantly, another tiny $dM/dH$ peak appears at around the midpoint between $H_{\rm A1}$ and $H_{\rm c2}$ (termed $H_{\rm A2}$) for $T_{\rm ini}=10$~K, developing toward higher $T_{\rm ini}$ up to 32.5~K [Fig.~\ref{Fig3}(b)].
An anomaly is also visible at $H_{\rm A2}$ in the $\Delta L/L_{\rm 0T}$ data for 20~K $\leq T_{\rm ini} \leq$ 30~K [Fig.~\ref{Fig3}(c)].
These observations indicate the existence of another phase intervened between X- and Y-phases.

According to the microscopic magnetoelastic theory \cite{2019_Ros}, the classical Heisenberg antiferromagnet on the regular pyrochlore lattice exhibits a volume expansion, equivalently a positive magnetostriction, proportional to $M^{2}$ during the successive field-induced phase transitions until saturation, when assuming a constant 16-sublattice magnetic unit cell.
This tendency is roughly seen in the $\Delta L/L_{\rm 0T}$ data of CuInCr$_{4}$S$_{8}$ below 10~K [Figs.~\ref{Fig3}(a) and \ref{Fig3}(c)], where $\Delta L/L_{0T}$ follows a parabolic field-dependence within X-phase and smoothly increases even across the phase transitions at $H_{\rm c1}$ and $H_{\rm c2}$.
This suggests that the magnetic unit cells in Y- and C-phases remain unchanged as in X-phase.
From this viewpoint, the observed dip structure of  $\Delta L/L_{\rm 0T}$ for 12~K $\leq T_{\rm ini} \leq$ 30~K is unusual.
The negative magnetostriction is not seen within A-phase, but occurs as a precursor to the metamagnetic transition from X- to A-phase at $H_{\rm A1}$ [Figs.~\ref{Fig4}(g), \ref{Fig4}(h), \ref{Fig4}(j), and \ref{Fig4}(k)].
We infer that such a nonmonotonic  $\Delta L/L_{\rm 0T}$ behavior would arise from the modification of the magnetic unit cell, i.e., the reconstruction of $q$-vector.

Interestingly, it is uncovered that A-phase is associated with a substantial magnetodielectric coupling in addition to the anomalous magnetostrictive behavior.
No signature of a magnetocapacitance change is observed at $H_{\rm c1}$ within our experimental resolution for $T_{\rm ini}=4.2$~K [Fig.~\ref{Fig4}(c)], while the magnetocapacitance is suddenly enhanced by $\sim$0.3~\% at $H_{\rm A1}$ for $T_{\rm ini}=10$~K [Fig.~\ref{Fig4}(f)], which is exactly the characteristic temperature of the appearance of A-phase.
Such a magnetocapacitive response is visible also for $T_{\rm ini}=15$~K and 25~K [Figs.~\ref{Fig4}(i) and \ref{Fig4}(l)], signaling the emergence of multiferroicity in A-phase originating from the helical spin modulation \cite{2005_Kat, 2007_Ari}.

\subsection{\label{Sec3_4} Sample-temperature change in our experimental condition with millisecond pulsed-field duration}

All the aforementioned measurements were performed under the nonadiabatic condition by immersing the sample in $^{4}$He liquid or gas.
However, the heating or cooling effects of the sample are usually non-negligible in millisecond pulsed-field experiments \cite{2021_Miy}.
Accordingly, we measured the sample temperature $T(H)$ in pulsed magnetic fields of up to 60~T under the nonadiabatic condition at $T_{\rm ini}= 4.2$~K.
Surprisingly, $T(H)$ was found to drastically increase by more than 10 K at $H_{\rm c2}$ in the field-elevating process [Fig.~\ref{Fig5}(a)].
This is possibly due to the hysteresis loss accompanied by the first-order phase transition into C-phase.
Since the thermal equilibrium was not sufficiently achieved around the maximum field, the sample was not cooled down below 10~K in the field-descending process.
Here, successive phase transitions more complicated than those from C-, Y-, A-, to X-phase would take place, judging from at least three anomalies in the $T(H)$ curve in the field-descending process \cite{Supple}.
Note that such a strong heating effect does not seem to occur in the magnetization measurements at $T_{\rm ini}=1.4$ and 4.2~K because the magnetization curves in the field-descending process are less hysteretic and no double-hump structure is seen in the $dM/dH$ curves around 25~T unlike for $T_{\rm ini} \geq 7.5$~K [Figs.~\ref{Fig3}(a), (b), and \ref{Fig4}(a)].
The difference in the degree of the heating effect might be due to the sample form as well as the thermal bath environment; powder samples were used for the magnetization measurements, whereas sintered samples for other measurements.
We stress that a nearly isothermal condition is confirmed below $H_{\rm c2}$ for all the measurements at $T_{\rm ini}=4.2$~K.
This would be applicable also for $T_{\rm ini}>4.2$~K because the heating effect becomes less pronounced for higher $T_{\rm ini}$ as shown next.
Thus, it would be reasonable to use all the data in the field-elevating process for mapping out the $H$--$T$ phase diagram.

\begin{figure}[t]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{Fig5.eps}
\caption{$T(H)$ curves obtained (a) under the nonadiabatic condition at $T_{\rm ini}=4.2$~ K and (b)(c) under the adiabatic condition at various $T_{\rm ini}$. The thick (thin) lines correspond to the data in the field-elevating (descending) process. In (b), the $T(H)$ curves in field-descending processes for $T_{\rm ini}=5$ and 8~K completely overlap with each other. Dashed gray lines are guides to the eye to make it easier to see the possible phase transition from Y- to A-phase at $H_{\rm A0}$ (denoted by red triangles).}
\label{Fig5}
\end{figure}

\subsection{\label{Sec3_5} Magnetic entropy changes through successive phase transitions}

In order to extract information about the magnetic entropy ($S_{\rm M}$) in each phase, we further investigated the magnetocaloric effect (MCE) under the adiabatic condition.
The MCE is the sample-temperature change induced by the evolution of $S_{\rm M}$ upon the application or removal of an external magnetic field.
When there is no irreversible first-order transition, the obtained $T(H)$ curve can be regarded as the isentropic curve.
As a consequence, an $S_{\rm M}$ increase (decrease) is detected as a $T(H)$ decrease (increase) \cite{2013_Kih}.

For $T_{\rm ini} \leq T_{\rm N}$, no apparent $T(H)$ change is observed below $H_{\rm c1}$ or $H_{\rm A1}$ [Figs.~\ref{Fig5}(b) and \ref{Fig5}(c)], indicating that there is almost no $S_{\rm M}$ change in X-phase upon the application of a magnetic field.
Considering the magnetocaloric relation fulfilled under the isentropic condition
\begin{equation}
\label{MCE}
\left(\frac{\partial T}{\partial H}\right)_{S}=-\frac{T}{C_{H}}\left(\frac{\partial M}{\partial T}\right)_{H},
\end{equation}
where $C_{H}$ is the specific heat at the constant magnetic field, this observation is compatible with the $M/H$--$T$ data at a low field showing a slight temperature dependence below $T_{\rm N}$ [inset of Fig.~\ref{Fig3}(b)].
For $T_{\rm ini}=5$ and 8~K, however, the $T(H)$ curves show a dramatic increase above $H_{\rm c1}$ and eventually overlap with each other around the maximum field [Fig.~\ref{Fig5}(b)].
Those in field-descending processes are completely irreversible, indicating that the contribution of the hysteresis loss is larger than that of an intrinsic MCE in this temperature range.
Importantly, an additional $T(H)$ kink is observed at $H_{\rm A0}$ just above $H_{\rm c1}$, presumably indicating the phase transition from Y- to A-phase [see dashed gray lines in Fig.~\ref{Fig5}(b)].
By drawing the $T(H)$ curves in field-elevating processes on the $H$--$T$ phase diagram, it can be seen that $T(H)$ significantly increases within A-phase [Fig.~\ref{Fig6}(c)].
Bearing $(\partial M/\partial T)_{H}<0$ just above 10~K at around 35~T [inset of Fig.~\ref{Fig3}(b)] and Eq.~(\ref{MCE}) in mind, this would reflect the intrinsic entropy reduction in the low-temperature region of A-phase.

As $T_{\rm ini}$ increases, the $T(H)$ change at $H_{\rm A1}$ and the accompanying hysteresis become smaller [Fig.~\ref{Fig5}(c)], assuring the achievement of the quasi-isentropic condition.
Notably, the $T(H)$ behaviors for 20~K $\leq T_{\rm ini} \leq$ 32~K are qualitatively different from those for $T_{\rm ini}= 12$ and 16~K; the inflection point at $H_{\rm A1}$ disappears for the former, indicating that $S_{\rm M}$ in A-phase is as high as that in X-phase above 20~K (we note again that a large $S_{\rm M}$ remains in X-phase as mentioned in Sec.~\ref{Sec3_1}).
This implies that A-phase would be further subdivided into two phases, as shown in Fig.~\ref{Fig6}(c).
At the transitions from Y- and the paramagnetic phases to C-phase, $T(H)$ commonly starts rising for
all the $T_{\rm ini}$ because of the lowest-$S_{\rm M}$ nature in the 3-up-1-down collinear magnetic structure [Figs.~\ref{Fig5}(b) and \ref{Fig5}(c)].
These observations are helpful for determining the phase boundary, especially between Y- and C-phases.

\begin{figure}[t]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{Fig6.eps}
\caption{(a) Magnetic-field-versus-temperature ($H$--$T$) phase diagram of CuInCr$_{4}$S$_{8}$ derived from a series of experiments in the present work. (b) Schematic of the magnetic structures in X-, Y-, and C-phases predicted by the previous magnetoelastic theory \cite{2020_Gen}. (c) Adiabatic $T(H)$ curves in the field-elevating process shown in Figs.~\ref{Fig5}(b) and \ref{Fig5}(c) are plotted on the phase diagram, focusing on the $H$--$T$ region where multiple phase transitions take place. Judging from the magnetoentropic signatures, A-phase is possibly further subdivided into two distinct phases in the low- (pink) and high-temperature regions (red).}
\label{Fig6}
\end{figure}

\subsection{\label{Sec3_6} ${\textit H}$--$\textit T$ phase diagram}

Based on the above experimental results, we construct the $H$--$T$ phase diagram of CuInCr$_{4}$S$_{8}$ for Sample \#1 ($T_{\rm N}=35$~K), as shown in Fig.~\ref{Fig6}(a).
The newly discovered A-phase is found to appear in a closed $H$--$T$ regime around 25-40~T and 10-35~K.
It should be noted that a similar phase diagram was identified for Sample \#2 ($T_{\rm N}=32$~K), but A-phase seems to further extend down to below 1.4 K \cite{Supple}.
These facts indicate that the appearance of A-phase is an intrinsic property of CuInCr$_{4}$S$_{8}$, and its metastability is quite sensitive against the sample quality.

Although the perfect theoretical description which can reproduce the $H$--$T$ phase diagram of CuInCr$_{4}$S$_{8}$ is elusive at this stage, we propose one possible origin for the appearance of A-phase.
In all the observed field-induced phase transitions, local lattice distortions as well as the lattice constant change should take place.
This induces a modulation of the strengths of $J$ and $J'$ from bond to bond; e.g., the trigonal distortion produces three $J(1+\delta_{1})$ and three $J(1-\delta_{2})$ per one small tetrahedron in the 3-up-1-down collinear state \cite{2011_Kim}.
It has been theoretically shown that the introduction of tetragonal or trigonal distortions into the FCC-lattice Heisenberg antiferromagnet can induce incommensurate helical orders at zero field \cite{1972_Yam}.
This may be related to the observed in-field properties of CuInCr$_{4}$S$_{8}$; the lattice distortion would lead to the competition between commensurate Y- and incommensurate A-phases, and the latter is stabilized on the higher temperature side by the entropy effect.

Finally, we note that the present assignment of A-phase is tentative and it may be further subdivided into the low-$S_{\rm M}$ and high-$S_{\rm M}$ phases, as implied from the magnetoentropic signatures [Fig.~\ref{Fig6}(c)].
If this is the case, the emergence of a multiple-$q$ state with a superposition of multiple spin modulations, such as a skyrmion lattice (SkL), is possible in the high-temperature side of A-phase.
The SkL phase has been so far found in a number of materials with a noncentrosymmetric crystal lattice, i.e., MnSi and Cu$_{2}$OSeO$_{3}$ \cite{2009_Muh, 2012_Sek, 2021_Tok}.
There, the spin helix is induced by the competition between the FM exchange and DM interactions, and the triple-$q$ state is stabilized relative to the corresponding single-$q$ state by thermal fluctuations.
Indeed, the high-$S_{\rm M}$ nature of the SkL phase has been experimentally demonstrated by analyzing the magnetization data based on the magnetocaloric relation Eq.~(\ref{Fig1}) \cite{2018_Boc}.
Accordingly, the SkL phase usually appears in a closed $H$--$T$ regime (often called ``A-phase pocket'').
There also exist theoretical predictions on the realization of thermal fluctuation-driven multiple-$q$ states caused by the magnetic frustration, such as SkL (triple-$q$) in the $J_{1}$-$J_{3}$ model on the triangular lattice \cite{2012_Oku} and the meron/antimeron-like lattice (double-$q$) in the $J_{1}$-$J_{2}$ model on the honeycomb lattice \cite{2019_Shi_PRL, 2019_Shi_PRB}.
The proposed $H$--$T$ phase diagrams are rather complicated, similar to those of the DM-induced skyrmion hosts accommodating the A-phase pocket.
Although several compounds such as NiGa$_{2}$S$_{4}$ \cite{2005_Nak} and Bi$_{3}$Mn$_{4}$O$_{12}$(NO$_{3}$) \cite{2009_Smi} have been raised as candidates for realizing these predictions, the requirement of high-field experiments has challenged their verifications.
Only recently, MnSc$_{2}$S$_{4}$, characterized by the $J_{1}$-$J_{2}$-$J_{3}$ model on the centrosymmetric diamond lattice, was found to exhibit a fractional antiferromagnetic SkL, which seems to be attributed to the anisotropic exchange couplings as well as the magnetic frustration and is stabilized even at zero temperature \cite{2020_Gao}.
Furthermore, it has been theoretically proposed that the $J$-$J'$-$J_{3}$ model on the breathing pyrochlore lattice can host a quadrupole-$q$ hedgehog-lattice spin texture at zero field \cite{2021_Aoy_HG}.
In light of these backgrounds, it would be an intriguing subject whether or not the multiple-$q$ state is realized within A-phase of CuInCr$_{4}$S$_{8}$.
It is necessary to perform NMR or neutron scattering experiments on single crystals, which are left for future work. Further theoretical investigations are also desired to verify the proposed scenario.

\section{\label{Sec4}Summary}

In summary, we have revealed that the breathing pyrochlore magnet CuInCr$_{4}$S$_{8}$, whose magnetism is governed by the magnetic frustration and the SLC, exhibits an exotic $H$--$T$ phase diagram with a A-phase pocket.
The appearance of A-phase is found to be associated with anomalous magnetostrictive and magnetocapacitive responses.
This suggests the manifestation of helimagnetism in contrast to the neighboring commensurate magnetic phases.
Besides, the high-entropy nature is confirmed in the high-temperature side of A-phase.
These features are reminiscent of the emergence of a thermal-fluctuations-driven multiple-$q$ phase such as the SkL.
To the best of our knowledge, there have been no reports on the $H$--$T$ phase diagram dressed with the A-phase pocket in insulating frustrated magnets.
We believe that the present discovery will attract more interest in breathing pyrochlore systems as well as open up new avenues for exploring multiple-$q$ states.

\section*{Acknowledgements}

The authors are grateful for helpful discussions with S. Gao.
The authors thank S. Kitani for providing the data of the specific heat of CdCr$_{2}$O$_{4}$ shown in Ref.~\cite{2013_Kit}, which is useful for discussions \cite{Supple}.
This work was financially supported by the JSPS KAKENHI Grants-In-Aid for Scientific Research (No. 19H05823, No. 20J10988, and No. 20K20892) and Basic Science Program No. 18-001 of Tokyo Electric Power Company (TEPCO) memorial foundation.
M.G. was supported by the JSPS through a Grant-in-Aid for JSPS Fellows.

\section{\label{Sec1}Powder X-ray diffraction patterns of Samples \#1 and \#2}

\begin{figure}[H]
\centering
\renewcommand{\thefigure}{S\arabic{figure}}
\includegraphics[width=0.85\linewidth]{FigS1.eps}
\caption{Powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of CuInCr$_{4}$S$_{8}$ at room temperature for (a)(b) Sample \#1 and (c)(d) Sample \#2. (b) and (d) are enlarged views of (a) and (c) in the region of $14^{\circ} \leq 2\theta \leq 46^{\circ}$, respectively. The vertical axis is normalized by the strongest (311) peak intensity located at around $30^{\circ}$. There is no apparent difference between the two patterns, including the (200) and (420) peaks, which are forbidden for $Fd{\overline 3}m$ but allowed for $F{\overline 4}3m$ space group. The structural parameter of Sample \#2 has been identified as shown in Ref.~\cite{2018_Oka}.}
\label{FigS1}
\end{figure}

\newpage
\section{\label{Sec2}Magnetization and magnetostriction curves for Sample \#2}

Figure~\ref{FigS2} summarizes the magnetization and magnetostriction data measured for Sample \#2 at various initial temperatures ($T_{\rm ini}$) in pulsed magnetic fields of up to 57~T.
It can be seen that the observed phase transitions are much blunt compared to those for Sample \#1 (Fig.~3) although all the critical fields $H_{\rm c1}$, $H_{\rm c2}$, $H_{\rm A1}$, $H_{\rm A2}$, and $H_{\rm P}$ are consistent with each other.
Furthermore, an additional $dM/dH$ hump is observed at around $\mu_{0}H_{\rm c0} \approx 25$~T for $1.4 \leq T_{\rm ini} \leq 20$~K [Figs.~\ref{FigS2}(a) and \ref{FigS2}(b)].
These observations signal the dispersion in the strength of exchange interactions caused by a tiny amount of crystallographic disorder in Sample \#2.

Note again that the magnetic long-range ordering temperature for Sample \#2 ($T_{\rm N} = 32$~K) is lower than that for Sample \#1 ($T_{\rm N} = 35$~K).
This would be for the same reason as mentioned above.
We found that $T_{\rm N}$ changes slightly from synthesis to synthesis, and the magnetic properties are very sensitive to the sample quality.
As far as we have tried, Sample \#1 adopted as the main data seems of the highest quality.

\begin{figure}[H]
\centering
\renewcommand{\thefigure}{S\arabic{figure}}
\vspace{+0.5cm}
\includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{FigS2.eps}
\caption{(a) Magnetization, (b) its field-derivative, (c) longitudinal magnetostriction, and (d) its field-derivative of CuInCr$_{4}$S$_{8}$ as a function of magnetic field measured at various initial temperatures $T_{\rm ini}$ for Sample \#2 ($T_{\rm N}$ = 32 K). The thick (thin) lines correspond to the data in the field-elevating (descending) process. All the data except for the lowest-temperature one are shifted upward for clarity. The filled (open) triangles in (a) and (c) denote the phase boundaries, $H_{\rm A1}$ and $H_{\rm A2}$ ($H_{\rm c0}$, $H_{\rm c1}$, $H_{\rm c2}$, and $H_{\rm P}$), which are determined from the $dM/dH$ and $dL/dH$ anomalies, respectively.}
\label{FigS2}
\end{figure}

\newpage
\section{\label{Sec3}{\textit H}--{\textit T} phase diagram for Sample \#2}

Figure~\ref{FigS3} shows the magnetic-field-versus-temperature ($H$--$T$) phase diagram for Sample \#2, which should have more crystallographic disorder than Sample \#1 as discussed above.
The phase diagram is obtained from the magnetic susceptibility data up to 7~T and the high-field magnetization and magnetostriction data in the field-elevating process (Fig.~\ref{FigS2}).
The overall feature is similar with the $H$--$T$ phase diagram for Sample \#1 [Fig.~6(a)], except for A- and X'-phases.
The existence of X'-phase would not be an intrinsic property of CuInCr$_{4}$S$_{8}$ with the perfect breathing pyrochlore lattice.
Importantly, A-phase seems to further extend down to below 1.4 K, indicating that the appearance of A-phase is an intrinsic property and its metastability is quite sensitive against the sample quality.

\begin{figure}[H]
\centering
\renewcommand{\thefigure}{S\arabic{figure}}
\vspace{+0.5cm}
\includegraphics[width=0.4\linewidth]{FigS3.eps}
\caption{Magnetic-field-versus-temperature phase diagram for Sample \#2.}
\label{FigS3}
\end{figure}

\newpage
\section{\label{Sec4}DM interactions in the breathing pyrochlore lattice}

For the regular pyrochlore lattice, Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya (DM) interactions can be present on all the nearest-neighbor (NN) bonds because of the absence of an inversion center at the middle point between NN sites \cite{1957_Dzy, 1960_Mor}.
As pointed out in Ref.~\cite{2005_Elh}, there are two possible ways to locate DM vectors, both of which resolve the macroscopic degeneracy caused by geometrical frustration and lead to the magnetic long-range order: one selects the ``all-in-all-out'' spin configuration whereas the other selects the coplanar one as the ground state.

When one introduces the breathing bond alternation on the pyrochlore lattice, DM vectors with different strength and sign would be allowed in the large and small tetrahedra.
In the present case of AFM $J>0$ and strong FM exchange $J'<0$, however, the effects of DM vectors within the large tetrahedra should be negligible, so that there are eventually two possible ways to locate effective DM vectors, which are depicted on the effective FCC lattice in Fig.~\ref{FigS4}.
The degeneracy within the type-I magnetic order with ${\mathbf q}$=(1 0 0) cannot be resolved by DM interactions in either case.
Therefore, we conclude that DM interactions are not responsible for the appearance of X-phase.

\begin{figure}[H]
\centering
\renewcommand{\thefigure}{S\arabic{figure}}
\vspace{+0.5cm}
\includegraphics[width=0.75\linewidth]{FigS4.eps}
\caption{Two possible DM vectors on the effective FCC lattice.}
\label{FigS4}
\end{figure}

\newpage
\section{\label{Sec5}Magnetic entropy changes below {\textit T}$_{\mathbf N}$ at zero field}

We here estimate the temperature dependence of the magnetic entropy in CuInCr$_{4}$S$_{8}$ at zero field based on the observed $C/T$--$T$ curve (Fig. 2b) and compare the results with that in the typical Cr spinel antiferromagnet CdCr$_{2}$O$_{4}$.
For estimating the lattice contribution, we adopt the Debye model due to the lack of a suitable nonmagnetic reference compound.
The calculated lattice contributions with the Debye temperature $\Theta_{\rm D}=390, 440$, and 500~K are shown in Fig.~\ref{FigS5}(a).
The magnetic entropy at $T_{\rm N}=35$~K is obtained as $S_{\rm M}=4 \sim 5$~JK$^{-1}$/mol-Cr [Fig.~\ref{FigS5}(b)], which is less than half of $R$ln4, indicating that the magnetic short-range order develops above $T_{\rm N}$.
In contrast to CuInCr$_{4}$S$_{8}$, the $C/T$--$T$ curve for CdCr$_{2}$O$_{4}$ exhibits a sharp peak at $T_{\rm N}=7.8$~K [Fig.~\ref{FigS5}(c)] \cite{2013_Kit}, where a structural transition also takes place \cite{2019_Ros}.
A similar sharp peak in $C/T$ associated with a strong entropy drop is the universal property in other Cr spinels \cite{2013_Kem} and the breathing pyrochlore families \cite{2018_Oka, 2013_Oka}.

Figure~\ref{FigS5}(d) visualizes the difference in the way of the magnetic entropy release below $T_{\rm N}$ between CuInCr$_{4}$S$_{8}$ and CdCr$_{2}$O$_{4}$. As readily seen, the entropy reduction just below $T_{\rm N}$ is much slower for CuInCr$_{4}$S$_{8}$ than for CdCr$_{2}$O$_{4}$: $S_{\rm M}(0.8T_{\rm N})/S_{\rm M}(T_{\rm N}) \sim 0.64$ for CuInCr$_{4}$S$_{8}$, whereas $S_{\rm M}(0.8T_{\rm N})/S_{\rm M}(T_{\rm N}) \sim 0.35$ for CdCr$_{2}$O$_{4}$.
This strongly supports the existence of spin fluctuation in X-phase for CuInCr$_{4}$S$_{8}$, which would be originated from the magnetic frustration inherent in the effective FCC lattice.

\begin{figure}[H]
\centering
\renewcommand{\thefigure}{S\arabic{figure}}
\vspace{+0.5cm}
\includegraphics[width=0.95\linewidth]{FigS5.eps}
\caption{(a) Temperature dependence of the specific heat divided by temperature $C_{\rm sum}/T$ for CuInCr$_{4}$S$_{8}$ at 0~T [Fig.~2(b)] and the estimated lattice contribution $C_{\rm lattice}/T$ based on the Debye model with $\Theta_{\rm D}=390, 440$, and 500~K. (b) Temperature dependence of the magnetic entropy for CuInCr$_{4}$S$_{8}$ calculated by integrating $(C_{\rm sum}-C_{\rm lattice})/T$. (c) Temperature dependence of the specific heat divided by temperature for CdCr$_{2}$O$_{4}$ and the nonmagnetic ZnGa$_{2}$O$_{4}$ at 0~T (left), and the calculated magnetic entropy for CdCr$_{2}$O$_{4}$ (right). The data are taken from Ref.~\cite{2013_Kit}. (d) Relative magnetic entropy changes below $T_{\rm N}$ for CuInCr$_{4}$S$_{8}$ and CdCr$_{2}$O$_{4}$.}
\label{FigS5}
\end{figure}

\newpage
\section{\label{Sec6}Phase transitions during the field-descending process}

We here mention the nature of the successive phase transitions of CuInCr$_{4}$S$_{8}$ for the field- descending process.
Figure~\ref{FigS6} shows the magnetization, magnetostriction, magnetocapacitance, and magnetocaloric effect (MCE) curves in the field-descending process obtained under the nonadiabatic condition for Sample \#1.
The latter three data are taken at $T_{\rm ini}=4.2$~K, while the magnetization are taken at $T_{\rm ini}=7.5$~K.
As discussed in the main text, CuInCr$_{4}$S$_{8}$ significantly suffers from the MCE by the pulsed-field application, so that the sample temperature during the field-descending process would be largely different from $T_{\rm ini}$ and dependent on the experimental setup.
Although the exact sample temperature is unknown in Figs.~\ref{FigS6}(a)-\ref{FigS6}(c), it is expected to be roughly as shown in Fig.~\ref{FigS6}(d).
Remarkably, there exist at least four anomalies signaling phase transitions.
Similar to the case of the field-elevating process, the low-field phase below $\sim$23 T and the high-field phase above $\sim$44 T should correspond to X- and C-phases, respectively.
For the intermediate-field region, several kinds of magnetic phases beyond A- and Y-phases seem to appear accompanied by considerable magnetostrictive and magnetocapacitive responses as well as moderate entropy changes.
Here, we tentatively define them as phase I, II, and III from the high-field side. Judging from the dip structure of $\Delta L/L_{\rm 0T}$ and the sharp magnetocapacitive anomaly around the phase boundary between phases II and III, a large modification of the magnetic structure with the reconstruction of $q$-vector would occur.

\begin{figure}[H]
\centering
\renewcommand{\thefigure}{S\arabic{figure}}
\vspace{+0.5cm}
\includegraphics[width=0.45\linewidth]{FigS6.eps}
\caption{(a) Magnetization, (b) longitudinal magnetostriction, (c) magnetocapacitance, and (d) magnetocaloric effect curves in the field-descending process measured for Sample \#1. The field-derivatives of magnetization and magnetostriction are also shown by gray lines in the right axes.}
\label{FigS6}
\end{figure}

\newpage

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


The Dubai Shopping Festival is a shopping extravaganza hosted by Dubai each year. A festival that brings shopping addicts from different parts of the world for two good reasons: shopping and entertainment. The Dubai Shopping Festival has transformed the face of Dubai on the international arena. The brand density per person in Dubai is one of the highest in the world. There are different top notch and designer labels along with homegrown brands housed in Dubai that make it one of the irresistible shopping destinations in the world. During the DSF, there are a wide variety of options available to match all tastes across all budgets. We have listed some of the factors why the Dubai Shopping Festival is the biggest shopping extravaganza in the world.
The DSF held annually in the Dec/Jan each year. So, plan your trip well in advance. Research well before going in for whatever you like. If you make a list of things you need to prioritize first, then you can get the best of the DSF. Been a month-long festival, you have plenty of time during the festival to uncover the hidden jewels in this grand celebration.
Ever since its inception in 1996, DSF has grown by leaps and bounds as a shopping brand across the world. People from different parts of the world come over to Dubai just to participate and be a part of this unique and biggest shopping extravaganza in the world. Be it, shopping for clothing, accessories, beauty, footwear, jewelry, or homemade materials; the Dubai Shopping Festival has plenty of options that match different tastes. What's more, all these offered at incredible discounts up to 70% off, which makes shopping even more exciting.
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We report our current experimental progress towards using surface electrode traps for quantum simulation. Current progress is being made using a micro-fabricated Satellite trap from GTRI. This trap features two long storage arms which can be used to hold ions in reserve to mitigate the need to load ions via a heated oven in the event of ion loss. This should allow trapping of long ion chains with a substantial decrease in the time needed to recover an ion chain of a given length. The trap has 96 electrodes for fine control of the DC potential needed to create large anharmonic trapping wells. It also features two crossing linear regions for the ordering of mixed ion chains by selective shuttling between the arms of intersecting linear regions of the trap. This should allow us to trap multiple species and explore the advantages of having sympathetic coolant ions. Interspersing these ions through a chain of ions undergoing coherent operations potentially could increase the chain lifetime as well as mitigate certain heating effects. We hope to use these features as the next step in increasing the size of current quantum simulations being done at UMD, which are aimed at exploring quantum phenomena in spin systems.


text:
pub static X: uint = 1u;

fn main() {
    match 1u {
        self::X => { },
        //~^ ERROR static variables cannot be referenced in a pattern, use a `const` instead
        _       => { },
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


In the Apulian plain, in the centre of the Salento peninsula, between the Ionian and the Adriatic sea, extends the territory of Copertino. On this red soil, vineyards and olive trees harmoniously alternate: century-old twisted trunks of olive trees often introduce the characteristic Apulian shrub-vines that produce this strong and generous wine.
In 1935, thirty-six vine growers founded the Cantina Sociale of Copertino, with the aim of improving the cooperation and the production of their own vineyards and the trade of their wine. Today the cooperative numbers 300 proud members who confer their own harvest. The vine cultivated area extends to around 300 hectares, and all vineyards are meticulously treated with wisdom, result of tradition and innovation, obtaining excellent wines, able to arouse enthusiasm.
Cupertinum winery processes mainly traditional varieties: Negroamaro, enoic symbol of Salento, is the main one, and also Malvasia Nera, Primitivo, Malvasia Bianca as well as other varieties acclimated in this land. The territory of DOC Copertino has a clayish soil structure with a varying composition placed on top of the hard limestone or tufa, in a flat area: from 30 to 60 meters above sea level. In the cellar, during vinification and aging, the goal is to emphasize the character of the wine.These are the simple and rigorous secrets that give Cupertinum wines a distinguished personality thanks to captivating aromas, harmony, body and elegance.


OK, so HAMP was nowhere near as effective as hoped, but to blame any loan-modification program for "zombie homes" is just silly ["Zombie Homes," Oct. 6, City Weekly].
As any serious person acknowledges, there are three fundamental reasons why there are more than 2 million homes in the foreclosure process right now, and another 4.2 million homeowners behind on their payments.
2. The resulting shock to the economy left many people unemployed, and now they can't make their mortgage payments, worsening the situation.
3. Some people bought their homes or refinanced during the boom into ARM loans that later adjusted to painfully high rates.
Loan modifications can help people in the last predicament. The first two, not so much.
If you are upside down, a loan mod program might help you if it provides incentives for lenders to make principal reductions. Lenders (especially second lenders) were slow to embrace that idea. They were more willing to reduce your interest rate, despite studies that showed borrowers given principal reductions were less likely to default.
What can a loan-modification program do for you if you've lost your job? Provide reduced payments until your unemployment benefits run out—if your lender is willing to cut you some slack even though you don't have a job and may just end up redefaulting. Many aren't.
Nevertheless, HAMP got nearly 1.7 million trial loan modifications started, and loan servicers approved 817,000 permanent HAMP loan mods. Granted, only about 700,000 of homeowners who got permanent mods are still current, but that's 700,000 non-zombie homes still occupied by their owners.
Here's another stat you don't see very often. What happened to those 765,000 homeowners who were in trial HAMP modifications that were cancelled? Forty percent ended up in a non-HAMP loan mod, and nearly 10 percent got current on their loans. Only 15 percent are currently in foreclosure, and only 8 percent have been pushed all the way through the foreclosure process. For HAMP to have helped more borrowers, it would have had to carry a much bigger price tag, either for taxpayers or private investors in mortgage-backed securities (MBS).
The Congressional Budget Office (CBO) has estimated that one plan currently being pondered—letting 3 million underwater homeowners refinance at today's low mortgage rates—would prevent about 111,000 foreclosures, at a cost to $13 billion to $15 billion for private MBS investors. The government would also lose $4.5 billion on mortgage-backed securities it holds, but would recoup most of that money ($3.9 billion) due to the reduction in defaults, leaving taxpayers to foot the remaining $600 million in costs, according to the CBO.
Now, you could argue—as opponents of government interference in markets have—that HAMP has done more harm than good because it's slowed down a needed housing-market correction. Those who hold this view think lenders should push delinquent borrowers through the foreclosure process as quickly as possible, because the "shadow inventory" of distressed homes is holding back a recovery. But to suggest that HAMP has created more foreclosures than it's prevented is to ignore statistics demonstrating that HAMP and loan-modification programs in general have had a stabilizing effect on housing markets by keeping people in their homes.
A recent study by economists at the Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland found that the negative impact of individual foreclosures on sales prices of neighboring homes is about 2 percent if the home is neither vacant nor delinquent. If back taxes are owed on the home, or if the home is vacant, foreclosed homes can reduce nearby property prices by 7 percent to 8 percent.


If I'm going to use a recorder to convert my analog movies to DVD from my 8mm Camcorder and from my old VHS tapes which of these recorders would you recommend? I have zero experience with this process....but can learn. I need advice as to which one to buy now. Help please.
i.LINK® connection: Transfer video directly to and from compatible components like digital camcorders. $299 (was $399).
Thanks Guys....I really appreciate your help.


text:
Akali Dal, BJP to together fight Lok Sabha poll in Punjab: Amit Shah
He made the announcement after a meeting with Shiromani Akali Dal president Sukhbir Singh Badal.
Published: 28th February 2019 01:05 PM | Last Updated: 01st March 2019 08:38 AM | A+A A-
Shiromani Akali Dal (SAD) leaders including Sukhbir Singh Badal met BJP President Amit Shah today at the latter's residence in Delhi. (Photo| Twitter)
NEW DELHI: BJP chief Amit Shah on Thursday announced that the party will stick to the old formula of seat adjustment with NDA ally Shiromani Akali Dal (SAD) in Punjab. The BJP will contest three Lok Sabha seats, while the SAD will field nominees on rest of the 10 Parliamentary constituencies. SAD chief Sukhbir Singh Badal, along with party colleagues, on Thursday called on Shah at his residence. The BJP vice president and party in-charge for the state, Prabhat Jha, was also present in the meeting.
"The BJP-SAD will contest the Lok Sabha elections together. The seat adjustment formula will remain same as it had been in 2014," Shah tweeted.However, the two parties didn't disclose if there would be shuffling of the constituencies.
Incidentally, the SAD is keen to field its nominee from the prestigious Amritsar Parliamentary constituency. Union Minister Arun Jaitely had unsuccessfully contested from the Amritsar Parliamentary constituency against Congress' Capt. Amarinder Singh in the 2014 Lok Sabha elections.
The BJP has, so far, sealed seat adjustments with Shiv Sena in Maharashtra, JD(U) in Bihar and AIADMK and PMK in Tamil Nadu. The BJP is yet to announce seat adjustment plans for the Loksabha elections with smaller allies in Uttar Pradesh.
Lok Sabha elections Amit Shah Akali Dal Punjab alliance Sukhbir Singh Badal

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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"Implementing the Common Core State Standards: The Role of the School Counselor Action Brief," Achieve, College Summit, NAESP, & NASSP, 2012.
"The College Board 2012 National Survey of School Counselors and Administrators: Report on Survey Findings," College Board Advocacy & Policy Center, October 2012.
"Enhancing the Principal-School Counselor Relationship: Toolkit," The College Board, American School Counselor Association, and NASSP, 2011, 57.
"School Counselors Literature and Landscape Review: The State of School Counseling in America," College Board Advocacy & Policy Center, November 2011.
"One Year Out: Findings from a National Survey Among Members of The High School Graduating Class of 2010," The College Board, 2010.
"A Closer Look at the Principal-Counselor Relationship," College Board Advocacy & Policy Center, May 2009.
Carol A. Dahir, Joy J. Burnham, Carolyn B. Stone, and Nicole Cobb, "Principals as Partners: Counselors as Collaborators," NASSP Bulletin, 94(4) (2010): 286–305.
Amy Foster Johnson and Gerra Wellman Perkins, "What We Know About At-Risk Students: Important Considerations for Principal and Counselor Leadership," NASSP Bulletin, 93(2) (2009): 122–134.
Marlene Hartzman and Dianne Mero, "Bloomfield High School: Diversity Spurs Growth," Principal Leadership, May 2012, 20.
Marlene Hartzman and Dianne Mero, "Woodbridge Middle School: Getting Better Together," Principal Leadership, May 2012, 76.
Marlene Hartzman and Dianne Mero, "Park View High School: A World of Achievement," Principal Leadership, May 2010, 46.
Carolyn Light, "Guidance for Supporting School Counselors," Principal Leadership, November 2005, 35.
Barbara J. Mallory and Mary H. Jackson, "Balancing the Load: How to Engage Counselors in School Improvement," Principal Leadership, April 2007, 34.
Erin Mason, "Leadership Practices of School Counselors and Counseling Program Implementation," NASSP Bulletin, 94(4) 2010: 274–285.
Nancy Protheroe, "Social and Emotional Factors in Student Learning," Principal's Research Review, September 2012.
Rita Schellenberg, The New School Counselor: Strategies for Universal Academic Achievement. (Blue Ridge Summit, PA: Rowman & Littlefield, 2008).
Alice Healy Sesno, Successful Strategies for Improving Counseling Programs. (Blue Ridge Summit, PA: Rowman & Littlefield, 2011).
Rhonda L. Williams and Joseph D. Wehrman, "Collaboration and Confidentiality: Not a Paradox But an Understanding Between Principals and School Counselors," NASSP Bulletin, 94(2) 2010: 107–119.
"Building Connections Among Principal, Counselor, and Students." Webinar. NASSP, Reston, VA, March 9, 2016.


A new kind of window glass from Saint-Gobain lets in lots of light and strongly reduces heat losses. All it took was an impossible laser optic.
There it is: an impressive 45 meters long and eight meters wide. A kind of bridge spans it over a width of 3.30 meters. The bridge carries eight boxes manufactured with high precision, each equipped with a laser optic. A fiber-optic cable connects each of these with powerful TruDisk lasers.
Together the twelve high-performance lasers generate 144 kilowatts of power. Their combined beam strength would not melt steel. It only heats up a thin silver coating just a few nanometers thick, changing its amorphous state to a crystalline one. A small alteration, to be sure – but one that has tremendous results.
This very large system is located in Cologne, Germany, on the premises of French glass manufacturer Saint-Gobain. One remarkable feature is what is known as the rapid thermal processing unit: it is used for the heat treatment of functional coatings, such as silver, on jumbo-size glass.
Produced by Saint-Gobain, the glass measures 3.2 meters in width, 6 meters in length, and weighs some 750 kilograms. During the heat treatment process, a conveyor section moves the glass panels under the bridge at speeds reaching 25 meters a minute.
The high speed is vital because the ultra-thin laser line – less than 100 micrometers – heats up the coating very briefly at a high degree of intensity to more than 500 degrees. At this temperature the silver crystallizes. But as the coating absorbs a majority of the laser energy, the glass substrate remains unaffected. The term for this is rapid thermal processing; it was TRUMPF experts who developed the extraordinary optic that made it possible on an industrial scale. But let's start at the beginning.
Laws dictate that window glass must use what is known as low-emissivity, or low-e, glass. This is glass coated with an ultra-thin sputtered metal coating, such as silver encapsulated in-side a precise sequence of layers to impart all required functions.
The functional layer reflects infrared rays in both directions, inwards and outwards; in other words, it reduces the glass's emissivity while allowing heat to remain inside the house and ensuring considerable transmission of visible light.
As long as ten years ago, Saint-Gobain launched a project aimed at developing glass that fulfilled the statutory energy-efficiency requirements of triple glazing but was as transparent as double glazing. The experts were sure this could be done by changing one element: if the silver coating on glass could be changed from an amorphous state to a crystalline one, its conductivity would increase by around 20 percent – as would its insulating effect. Sounds easy, but it's not.
Coatings are in an amorphous state when they are applied in cold environments. They must be crystallized during a subsequent thermal process. While this is being done, the temperature of the glass substrate must remain under 150 degrees so that the glass can be easily processed further.
Lorenzo Canova, RTP project leader at Saint-Gobain Glass Germany, says: "We were sure that a short, high burst of heat that heats only the coating and not the glass substrate can be accomplished only using a laser with high efficiency." The glass specialists developed a laboratory facility with a complex laser unit as its centerpiece. Using rapid thermal processing, they created a procedure that enabled them to verify their chosen approach. So far, so good.
But making this system suitable for industrial use proved to be a technical impossibility. "We got in touch with Manz, a high-tech machine manufacturer in Reutlingen," Canova explains. The experts there eventually brought TRUMPF on board – and a four-year development partnership got under way.
Saint-Gobain was clear about what it needed its partners to provide: the solution had to be robust, suitable for industrial use, cost-effective and compatible with typical glass sizes.
The Manz employees involved in the project start by working on the development of a new conveyor path and added it to an existing unit in Cologne. "We had never designed such a jumbo-sized and highly accurate glass conveyor.
The biggest challenge was achieving consistently high synchronization, which is crucial to the laser process," explains Axel Zemler, senior mechanical-design engineer at Manz. During a six-month live test run, the specialists in Reutlingen together with Saint-Gobain teams collected and evaluated data for the construction of the new system. This data was also crucial for the developers at TRUMPF.
Michael Lang, from microtechnology industry management at TRUMPF, says: "It was our job to deliver the lasers and optics, because it was clear that several would be needed. It's simply a technical impossibility to create such a long line with one single optic. No machine in the world could make lenses and reflectors with these dimensions." Using the data collected in Manz as well as Saint-Gobain's process and product expertise, the laser experts set to work.
But not just that: homogeneity also had to be guaranteed in the areas where the laser beams from two adjacent optics meet each other.
The optic features an impressively low line width and a high depth of field, and it can be used with the most powerful lasers available on the market. For homogeneous transitions between the individual beams, the TRUMPF experts resorted to a procedure that has been mastered by just a few in the industry: wave optics simulation.
The laser process was tested on a model system at Saint-Gobain's development center in Thourotte in northern France, and only then – to some extent in parallel – transferred to the industrial pilot machine.
The extremely highpower levels of the laser line meant the mechanical engineers at Manz had to equip the inline system with certain extras. Along with the high-precision conveyor section, they supplied the bridge with the boxes housing the optics.
The process called for maximum manufacturing precision. "The laser light shield we had to install around the laser line was a first for us," Zemler explains. Beam traps, as they are known, are located both underneath and above the conveyor section.
cables and water lines must be shielded from scattered radiation.
"Besides the pure development work, it was challenging to install and ramp up the new machine without affecting production, where some glasses are coated using laser hardening and others are not," Canova recalls.
But their efforts and the five years in total, during which more than ten specialists from the glass manufacturer's various development departments were involved in the project, have paid off.


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In Unix, ssh-agent is a background program that handles passwords for SSH private keys. The ssh-add command prompts the user for a private key password and adds it to the list maintained by ssh-agent. Once you add a password to ssh-agent, you will not be prompted for it when using SSH or scp to connect to hosts with your public key.
The public part of the key loaded into the agent must be put on the target system in ~/.ssh/authorized_keys; see Set up SSH public-key authentication to connect to a remote system.
Make sure you use the backquote (`), located under the tilde (~), rather than the single quote (').
Enter your private key password.
To run this command automatically when you log out, place it in your .logout file (if you are using csh or tcsh) or your .bash_logout file (if you are using bash).
The versions of these programs for SSH2, ssh-agent2 and ssh-add2, are the same as outlined above. To use them, follow the instructions above, replacing all occurrences of ssh-agent with ssh-agent2, and ssh-add with ssh-add2. The SSH2 versions will only work if both your computer and the remote host are running SSH2.
This is document aeww in the Knowledge Base.
Last modified on 2017-12-20 15:17:37.


While Sydney's skies accept been blah for what feels like forever, the dress cipher for Saturday's Everest contest is dejected and white.
"Dress code, shmess code," I apprehend some of you say. Other racegoers may be agilely panicking.
But dress codes, like fancy-dress capacity are fun, a adventitious for racegoers to embrace the spirit of the day while injecting some alone flair.
And advancing off appearance ages – the twice-yearly cord of balustrade shows in the world's appearance capitals – it's a abundant time to draw afflatus from all-embracing designers, as able-bodied as the best of what's on action in Australia.
Celebrity stylist Donny Galella, who is bathrobe Erin Holland on Saturday, says the Everest dress cipher doesn't necessarily charge to be followed in its entirety.


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The Wall Street JournalOpinion
Netflix added fewer U.S. subscribers than it expected in the fourth quarter amid heightened streaming competition. Shares fell after hours.
Review & Outlook
Confirm Brett Kavanaugh
The Judge rightly called out the politics of 'search and destroy.'
BiographyThe Editorial Board
@WSJopinion
WSJOpinion
Sept. 27, 2018 6:59 pm ET
Thursday's Senate hearing on Brett Kavanaugh's Supreme Court nomination was an embarrassment that should have never happened. Judge Kavanaugh was right to call the confirmation process a "disgrace" in his passionate self-defense, and whatever one thinks of Christine Blasey Ford's assault accusation, she offered no corroboration or new supporting evidence.
Ms. Ford certainly was a sympathetic witness—by her own admission "terrified" at the start and appearing to be emotionally fragile. Her description of the assault and its...


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July to November
Adventure, Beaches, Nature & Landscape, Wildlife & Safari
Luxury lodges and camps in Kenya and Premium hotels in Tanzania
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East Africa's top travel destination, Kenya, hits home-run with its wildlife wish lists and prime game-viewing staged on dramatic landscapes like savannah, lake lands and mountain highlands. Neighbouring Tanzania comes a close second with an unbelievable diversity of wildlife, sprawling national parks, untouched natural wonders, electric blue coastline and a scatter of beguiling islands. Uber-cool jungle glamping to exotic beach hideaway, no creature comfort is out of bounds in this destination combo.
OPEN ALL DAYSCLOSE ALL DAYS
Day 1: NAIROBI
Catch intriguing glimpses of Nairobi en route from the airport to Giraffe Manor, the elegant vine-clad boutique luxury accommodation, snuggled within 140 acres of verdant indigenous forest. Soak up the style and character of the authentic 1930s decor and fine art pieces. After a sumptuous lunch on the outdoor courtyard patio, pet the world's tallest species at the onsite Giraffe Centre. Then luxuriate on the tranquil sun-washed garden terrace with a spread of afternoon tea, cookies, scones and fruit platters. Later, do your bit to save wildlife by adopting a chubby baby elephant at the nearby David Sheldrick elephant orphanage.
Accommodation: Giraffe Manor
Prep for one of the most unforgettable bucket list experiences in the world, breakfast with the endangered Rothschild giraffes, who poke their heads in through the open windows, eagerly sharing your morning meal. Immerse into local culture with the Masai tribes' people in the Ngong Hills, learning about their native craft-making and musical heritage. Then gear up for a horseback trail and merge into the magical Kenyan landscape, trotting gently by Masai herders, across vast plains and through thick forests, before galloping off like a movie star into a flaming African sunset.
Feel your pulse race as you hover over the rolling Masai Mara plains. Venture deep into the wilderness, check into your extravagant jungle tent and blend into the earthy browns and greens of the environment over refreshing drinks served on your private veranda. Set out on a thrilling game drive in the comfort of a private 4×4 vehicle to see the Big 5 and other abundant wildlife. Back in the resort, spend the evening sipping on a gin and tonic around the cozy campfire, watching the fiery glow of the sun fade into a dusty horizon.
Accommodation: Sala's Camp
Wake up to cheerful birdsong, soft sunbeams and aromatic roasted coffee. The day promises a heart-pounding event, the Great Migration, where you will witness thousands of wildebeests and zebras crossing the crocodile-infested Mara River in their epic annual journey around the planet. Calm your excited nerves at a scenic spot, relishing a hearty lunch, stove-cooked under the shade of an acacia tree. Glam it to the max with an exclusive hot air balloon safari to catch the Mara River snaking through the Great Rift Valley. Spot animals and trace out acacia trees silhouetted black against a burnt sienna sky. Could Kenya be any cooler?
Day 5: MOSHI
Relax in the laid-back rural ambience of Tanzania's Moshi town, and let your eyes be drawn to the eternal silhouette of Mount Kilimanjaro, Africa's tallest mountain looming large in the distance. Plan for some much-needed downtime with a picnic lunch basket at the edge of the brilliant blue Lake Chala, and ponder over the caldera created by a three-million-year-old volcanic eruption. Back in town, sign up for Mamba Marangu and Machame Cultural Tours to get familiar with the life of the local Chaga people.
Accommodation: Kaliwa Lodge
Charter a scenic helicopter flight to get up-close to the 'Roof of Africa' and its landmarks like North Kilimanjaro Rongai, Volcanic Lake Chala, Mount Kilimanjaro forest and Shira plateau. Hop over to the tiny village of Materuni for a guided trek through Tanzanian Arabica coffee farms and banana plantations. Learn the fine art of coffee making and stock up on brews to take back home with you. Go the extra mile with a 40-minute hike up to the Materuni Waterfalls, where you can play Tarzan & Jane with a cool dip in the sparkling waters. Later, potter around the bazaar of Moshi town for unusual mementos to remind you of your time in the country.
Day 7: ZANZIBAR
Parked on the powder-soft sands of the tropical dreamscape island of Zanzibar, partake in a peaceful interlude like nowhere else. Let a soothing nothingness invade your senses while you gaze meditatively into the endless aquamarine glitter of the Indian Ocean. Dip in for a revitalising swim and lap up all the vitamin sea you crave, before giving in to well-deserved gluttony over a delectable seafood spread. Kick off your flipflops, kick in the lounging spirit, flaunt your designer beach wear and sip cocktails to the sounds of live music till the sky stuns you into silence with its daily drama.
Accommodation: Zanzi Resort
Disappear into a brilliant kaleidoscope of multi-cultural architectural influences in the Stone Town. The tangle of streets hides delightful 19th-century coral-stone buildings and an old Arab fort, besides famous landmarks synonymous with Zanzibar's legendary son, Freddie Mercury. Locate hidden treasures in back alleys, and dip into its rich history at the House of Wonders, that houses a museum on Swahili culture. Reward your palate with a Zanzibar Spice Tour & Cooking Class. It's almost obligatory for lovers of all things culinary. Cap it up with street food gorge fest at the Forodhani Night Market. Think mouthwatering skewers, bowls of urojo and the famous Zanzibar pizza.
Go down under the mystical island where Arabia meets Africa with a scuba dive at the Mnemba Atoll Marine Park. Novices can learn scuba diving with the best certified instructors and discover a new passion in the wonderland of colourful corals and reefs. Adventure fix sorted, make time for indulgent wellness rituals back in your blissful beach haven. An ideal case scenario involves an African signature treatment which uses an African calabash to balance and harmonise the mind, body and soul. Glowing in the aftermath of the rejuvenation, ready up to party the night away at Kendwa Rocks.
Day 10: ZANZIBAR
Devote a morning for a sensory explosion on the Spice Island. Drown in a heady mix of aromas like vanilla, cloves, turmeric, nutmeg and cinnamon, while being driven through the lush greenery of Zanzibar's spice region. Quench your thirst for history at the ancient Kidichi Persian Baths, built by the first Sultan of Zanzibar for his wife, granddaughter of the Shah of Persia and the home to Dr. David Livingstone, the great explorer and anti-slavery campaigner. Dine in the Rock Restaurant perching on a rock that pins it to the ocean floor. What better than an old-school dhow cruise to seal your romance of this equatorial fairyland?
PRICING STARTS FROM INR 4,60,000 PER PERSON.
Pricing is indicative and subject to change depending on travel month, duration and selected accommodations.
Return International Airfare to Africa
Domestic flights and inter-city transportation in Kenya & Tanzania
Accommodations as indicated in the itinerary
Private Airport Transfers in all cities
Activities & Excursions as indicated in the itinerary
Daily Breakfast
All meals in Kenya
Lunch & Dinner unless specified in the itinerary
FROM OUR TRAVELERS
Explore traveler photos and videos from this trip, and show off your favorite @natgeoexpeditions experiences.
Steve Boyes via instagram
Teresa Fisher
Teresa Fisher is a National Geographic author and freelance travel writer based in Portsmouth, UK. With a Bachelor of Arts degree in Music from Exeter University, she initially worked in London for Sotheby's auction house; then in Europe as a cross-cultural communications trainer, living in Germany, Ireland, Italy, Switzerland and Taiwan. While residing in Bavaria, she commenced a career in travel writing, focusing initially on Germany, Austria, Switzerland, France and Italy – destinations which still hold a special place in her heart. Teresa has since penned more than 30 guidebooks and children's educational books on a wide variety of destinations from Europe to Japan, for publishers such as Lonely Planet, Frommer's and Fodor's, and including National Geographic Traveler Switzerland. She specializes in European cities, adventure travel to far-flung destinations and all things Alpine, dividing her time between her family-oriented website, familyskinews.com, and photojournalism. Her stories have taken her round the globe, documenting wildlife and culture in some of the world's more remote places. Highlights include tracking jaguars by dugout canoe in Guyana, tracking orangutan in eastern Sabah, backpacking round Japan, and being part of the first team of husky mushers to cross from Finland into Russia. When she's not travelling or skiing, Teresa spends summer months aboard her houseboat in the world's largest natural harbour, Poole Harbour. Teresa speaks French, German and some Italian, plays the violin and piano, and is a member of The British Guild of Travel Writers and The Arts Society. She has been leading expeditions for National Geographic in Europe for more than half a dozen years.
DEPARTURES WITH THIS EXPERT
Sep 6-15, 2020
Patrick Hunt
Archaeologist Author
Award-winning archaeologist, author, and National Geographic grantee Patrick Hunt earned his Ph.D. in Archaeology from the Institute of Archaeology, University College London, and has taught at Stanford University for nearly 30 years. Patrick directed the Stanford Alpine Archaeology Project from 1994 to 2012, and has continued project-related fieldwork in the region in the years since. His Alps research has been sponsored by the National Geographic Society, and he frequently lectures for National Geographic on Hannibal and the European mummy nicknamed Ötzi the Iceman. He is also a National Lecturer for the Archaeological Institute of America, as well as an elected Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society and the Explorers Club. He is the author of 21 published books, including the best-sellers Ten Discoveries That Rewrote History and Hannibal. He has a lifelong love of the Alps, having lived there for several months each year since 1994.
Tim Jepson
Tim Jepson is a British, London-based writer, traveler, and broadcaster. He began his traveling life at the age of 12, exploring the mountains of Britain and Ireland. After graduating from Oxford University, he lived and worked in Italy, writing for a variety of British newspapers and leading high-level expeditions in the country's remotest corners. His experiences were recorded in a book, Wild Italy. He has since written more than 20 books, including several titles for National Geographic, and numerous articles for publications worldwide. Tim worked as a travel editor for London's Daily Telegraph, and continues to travel extensively, with a passion for the farthest-flung destinations and the untrammeled cultures of Bhutan, Laos, Tibet, and Myanmar. He recently completed The British World: An Illustrated Atlas for National Geographic.
Alexander Murphy
Geographer
Alexander (Alec) Murphy is at the forefront of the movement to combat geographical illiteracy in the United States. A geography professor at the University of Oregon, Alec is Senior Vice-President of the American Geographical Society, a past president of the American Association of Geographers, and a frequent advisor on National Geographic education initiatives. Research, speaking invitations, and travel have taken him to more than 100 countries on six continents. Throughout his career, much of Alec's work has focused on Europe; his book, The European Culture Area (Rowman & Littlefield, 2014), is the most widely used classroom text on the geography of Europe in the United States. In the late 1990s he began extending his focus to the Middle East and North Africa, and by the early 2000s Alec found himself increasingly drawn to various parts of Asia. He is now a regular visitor to China, and he recently became the first foreigner to give a plenary lecture at the opening session of the Chinese Geographical Society's annual meeting. Alec holds a bachelor's degree in archaeology from Yale University, a law degree from the Columbia University School of Law, and a Ph.D. in geography from the University of Chicago. Drawing on his expertise in political, cultural, and environmental geography, he will offer his insights into the human and physical forces shaping the places we visit.
Aug 30-Sep 8, 2020
Everett Potter
Travel writer Everett Potter has been covering the globe for three decades in pursuit of great stories. For the past 15 years, many of his pieces have appeared in National Geographic Traveler, including a recent feature, "Swiss Tracks," for which he traveled by rail, cog-railway, tram, and lake steamer around the country. He's also written about various destinations in the Caribbean, Canada, Central America, and other European destinations for the magazine. Everett received his B.A. in English from Boston University in 1974 and his M.A. in English from the University of Wisconsin-Madison in 1976. He was a longtime columnist for The New York Times Syndicate, Smart Money, and Ski, and his work has appeared in most major publications, including Outside, The Wall Street Journal, Condé Nast Traveler, The Washington Post, and Forbes Life. He is the author of The Best of Brazil and has been awarded four Lowell Thomas Awards for his travel writing. He lives in Pelham, New York, and spends summers in a rustic cabin in Western Maine.
Jul 5-14, 2020
William Saturno
Educator Archaeologist
William Saturno is an archaeologist and storyteller specializing in the myths and histories of early civilizations and the politics of empire. A National Geographic Explorer and a former NASA research scientist, he has conducted fieldwork around the globe, both on the ground and from space, to understand the ideological and environmental foundations of how the great Czars, Khans, Emperors, and Ajaws of the past ruled over their societies. As an avid student and scholar of the ancient world, Bill weaves together data from archaeology, anthropology, and history spanning from the jungles of Central America and Southeast Asia to the deserts and grasslands of Eurasia and from the shores of the ancient Mediterranean to those of Scandinavian fjords, narrating the tales of adventurers, artists, commoners, and kings alike to bring the past vividly to life. He has joined numerous National Geographic Expeditions over the years in diverse geographies, including Mexico, Guatemala, China, Italy, Greece, Switzerland, and beyond.
David Silverberg
Geographer Geologist Conservationist
David Scott Silverberg is a geographer working on conservation projects spanning six continents. His mix of exploration, research, and digital photo-video storytelling has been popular with National Geographic travelers for many years. A fellow of both the Royal Geographical Society and the Royal Asia Society, David was the executive science director at Earthwatch Institute, set up and managed Boston University environmental field research programs in British Columbia and eastern Africa, and was a founding White House staff member for AmeriCorps. David has worked in more than 100 countries, manages the Environmental Learning Institute, and teaches at several international universities.
Jun 7-16, 2020