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Hearst Foundations Present Fall Grants - Hearst Foundations Present Fall Grants
Hearst Foundations Present Fall Grants
BY ABIGAIL ALDERMAN, HEARST CORPORATION
Four times a year, the Hearst Foundations make between 65 and close to 90 grants to deserving organizations across the country. The Foundations serve as national philanthropic resources for organizations working in the fields of culture, education, health and social services. The Hearst Foundations, which operate separately from Hearst Corporation, have made over 19,000 grants since their creation in the 1940s. Proposals for grants are submitted by organizations across the country, reviewed and vetted by the Foundations' staff based in San Francisco and New York, and ultimately brought before the Foundations' Board of Directors for approval.
This quarter, the grants have been awarded to a wide variety of organizations, from the National WWII Museum in New Orleans, La., to help preserve and share the museum's unique collection, to FareStart in Seattle, Wash., to support employment services for homeless and unemployed individuals. This season alone, 86 organizations are being granted $9.7 million by the Hearst Foundations. Details on the most recent grants are listed below. In winter 2014, look for coverage of the next round of grants.
Arts for Learning, Indianapolis, Ind.: For general support.
Atlanta Ballet, Atlanta, Ga.: Toward the Centre for Dance Education's community education initiatives.
Boise Art Museum, Inc, Boise, Idaho: To support educational programs for young people.
Bronx Children's Museum, Bronx, N.Y.: To support exhibits and programming in the new Kids' Powerhouse Discovery Center.
Clay Center, Charleston, W.Va.: Toward the "EmPOWERed Stories" and "Explore and Soar" education programs.
Contemporary Jewish Museum, San Francisco, Calif.: To support arts-in-education programming.
Diavolo Dance Theater, Los Angeles, Calif: To expand the number of constituents served and hire additional teaching personnel.
Georgia O'Keeffe Museum, Santa Fe, N.M.: To establish the William Randolph Hearst Series of Art Exhibitions.
Harlem School of the Arts, New York, N.Y.: Toward arts education programs for children and teenagers.
Lawrence Arts Center, Lawrence, Kan.: To train artists to become instructors for K-5th grade students.
Long Wharf Theatre, New Haven, Conn.: Toward school and community programs.
Manchester Craftsmen's Guild, Pittsburgh, Pa.: To support the Youth & Arts Apprenticeship Training Program.
Merit School of Music, Chicago, Ill.: Toward the Alice S. Pfaelzer Tuition-free Conservatory Program.
New Jersey Symphony Orchestra, Newark, N.J.: To support the 2014-15 school year of NJSO CHAMPS, an intensive after-school music education program.
Norton Museum of Art, West Palm Beach, Fla.: Toward the creation of a new, state-of-the-art Education Center, as part of a comprehensive campaign to strategically expand and reconfigure the Norton Museum.
OPERA America, New York, N.Y.: To support the Online Resource Center for Teachers.
San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, San Francisco, Calif.: To support "Where Art Can Take You: The Campaign to Transform SFMOMA."
Southwest School of Art, San Antonio, Texas: To support the Young Artist Programs providing visual arts education services to low-income children and teens.
Sphinx Organization, Detroit, Mich.: To support music education programs for elementary and high school students.
The National WWII Museum, New Orleans, La.: Toward the digital archive to preserve and share the museum's unique collection.
The Orpheum Theatre, Memphis, Tenn.: Toward the new Centre for Performing Arts and Education.
The Wild Center, Tupper Lake, N.Y.: Toward education programs.
Walnut Street Theatre, Philadelphia, Pa.: To provide access to "Kids Series" for students from underserved schools in Philadelphia.
Abilene Christian University, Abilene, Texas: To support the upgrade of the existing television studio to High Definition.
Achievement First, New Haven, Conn.: Toward programming to enhance the development and retention of teachers.
Ackerman Institute for the Family, New York, N.Y.: Toward scholarships for social work students of color to enter the Social Work and Diversity Training Program and complete 3-years of post-graduate training in family therapy.
Anchor Center for Blind Children, Denver, Colo.: To provide early intervention and education to children who are visually impaired.
Atlanta Speech School, Atlanta, Ga.: To train early childhood professionals to provide essential language and literacy foundations for young children and ensure kindergarten readiness.
Blue Engine, New York, N.Y.: To provide teaching assistants and resources to public high schools to prepare greater numbers of low-income students for college success.
Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Brooklyn, N.Y.: Toward education programs.
California State Parks Foundation, San Francisco, Calif.: Toward the Yosemite Slough Wetlands Restoration Project.
Cazenovia College, Cazenovia, N.Y.: To preserve and expand the historic Jephson Campus buildings for the Art & Design program.
Chabot Space & Science Center, Oakland, Calif.: To support Galaxy Explorers, a year-round, intensive educational and life skills/career mentorship program for middle and high school students.
Cristo Rey New York High School, New York, N.Y.: To support a work-study high school model for low-income students, with a specific focus on college success and career readiness.
Houston Zoo, Houston, Texas: To support educator workshops for classroom teaching methods for STEM subjects.
Hudson Link for Higher Education in Prison, Ossining, N.Y.: Toward general operating support.
Inner-City Scholarship Fund, New York, N.Y.: To support scholarships for low-income students attending elementary and secondary schools.
Island Institute, Rockland, Maine: Toward education and workforce development programs.
Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md.: To bring the William Randolph Hearst Fund of the Baltimore Scholars program to $200,000, as part of the Presidential Match initiative.
Lafayette College, Easton, Penn.: Toward the Music Department, to support artist residencies with a focus on women composers, new works, and community outreach.
Morgan State University, School of Global Journalism & Communication, Baltimore, Md.: To support student training to produce documentaries on issues about minorities that largely go uncovered by mainstream media.
New Teacher Center, Santa Cruz, Calif.: To support professional development for Pre-K teachers in the San Francisco Unified School District (SFUSD).
NPower New York, Brooklyn, N.Y.: Toward the Technology Service Corps workforce development program in New York City, Dallas, and the San Francisco Bay Area.
Per Scholas, Bronx, N.Y.: Toward the Software Testing Education Program.
Public Policy Institute of NYS, Albany, N.Y.: To support the expansion of P-TECH grade 9-14 schools across New York state.
Rice University, Houston, Texas: To support the Rice Emerging Scholars Program, an academic program designed to help first-year students prepare for the challenging pace and rigor of STEM curricula.
Saint Joseph's College, Rensselaer, Ind.: To support the upgrade of the existing television studio to High Definition.
Siena College, Loudonville, N.Y.: Toward TeamBILD, a team-based undergraduate research program focused on Big Issues and Leading-edge Discovery.
Sierra Nevada College, Incline Village, Nev.: To enhance the process of academic and professional transformation of students.
Smith College, Northampton, Mass.: To support the "Achieving Excellence in Mathematics, Engineering and Sciences" program for underrepresented students in these fields.
Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, N.Y.: To provide current use scholarships for minority students studying the STEM disciplines.
The Blue School, New York, N.Y.: Toward scholarships for diverse low-income students and professional development for educators nationwide, as part of a 2:1 fundraising challenge.
University of Colorado, Denver, Denver, Colo.: To support students enrolled in the Bachelor of Arts/Bachelor of Science-Medical Doctor (BA/BS-MD) Program.
Young Women's Leadership Network, New York, N.Y.: Toward the CollegeBound Initiative's expansion into an additional three New York City public high schools.
American Heart Association, Santa Barbara, Calif.: To support CPR/AED training in San Luis Obispo County, and heart health research and programs.
Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock, Ark.: To support construction of Children's House, a centralized, multidisciplinary setting for victims of abuse, and help meet a Mabee Foundation challenge.
Blythedale Children's Hospital, Valhalla, N.Y.: Toward renovations of the Early Childhood Center serving children with fragile medical conditions and developmental disabilities.
Calvary Hospital, Bronx, N.Y.: To support palliative and hospice care programs in Manhattan.
Cerebral Palsy International Research Foundation, New York, N.Y.: Toward research projects and a digital initiative to address adult patients' needs.
Christ House, Washington, D.C.: To provide support for medical respite services for homeless men and women.
Excelsior College, Albany, N.Y.: Toward current use William Randolph Hearst Scholarships for students pursuing an associate degree in nursing.
Eye and Ear Foundation, Pittsburgh, Pa.: To support a Communication Assistant Training program to be integrated into three Assisted Living communities.
Foundation Fighting Blindness, Columbia, Md.: Toward research into macular degenerative disease.
George Mark Children's Home, San Leandro, Calif: Toward general support.
Harbor Homes, Nashua, N.H.: Toward the Harbor Care Health and Wellness Center.
Julie Rogers "Gift of Life" Program, Beaumont, Texas: To expand cancer prevention and awareness programs.
MedStar Georgetown Medical Center, Washington, D.C.: Toward the community pediatrics initiative in low-income neighborhoods.
Memorial Hermann Healthcare System, Houston, Texas: To support a system wide supportive medicine program for chronically-ill patients.
Misericordia University, Dallas, Pa.: To support the upgrade of the radiology laboratory.
San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, Calif.: Toward the Heart of Our City Capital Campaign to equip the new Acute Care and Trauma Building.
University of Maryland Medical System, Baltimore, Md.: To support the expansion of the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit.
Visiting Nurse Service of New York, New York, N.Y.: Toward the Nurse-Family Partnership to improve the health of low-income mothers and their babies.
Yale-New Haven Children's Hospital, New Haven, Conn.: To support "First for the Future: A Campaign to Advance Neonatal Intensive Care" and to name the William Randolph Hearst Family Lounge.
SOCIAL SERVICE GRANTS
Child Advocates, Houston, Texas: To support the Court Services Program for children in foster care.
Compass Family Services, San Francisco, Calif.: To support the Children's Center and Centennial Campaign programming.
Corporation for Supportive Housing, New York, N.Y.: To support the national implementation of the Social Innovation Fund Initiative.
FareStart, Seattle, Wash.: To support employment services for homeless and unemployed individuals and Catalyst Kitchens, a national initiative.
Haven, Bingham Farms, Mich.: Toward construction of the Family Justice Center and to name the William Randolph Hearst Resource Center.
National Court Appointed Special Advocate Association, Seattle, Wash.: To support national training initiatives.
National Organization on Disability, New York, N.Y.: To provide support for efforts to create employment opportunity for more than 4,000 people with disabilities.
Nontraditional Employment for Women, New York, N.Y.: Toward general support.
Ocean Park Community Center, Santa Monica, Calif.: To support the Here For Good campaign to further develop housing opportunities, infrastructure and technology, and expand programmatic achievements.
Pisgah Legal Services, Asheville, N.C.: Toward general support.
Santa Cruz Barrios Unidos, Santa Cruz, Calif.: To support the Violence Prevention Model for Youth in Detention project.
The Doe Fund, New York, N.Y.: Toward the Community Improvement Project, providing work experience, training, and extensive supportive services to homeless and formerly incarcerated individuals.
The Parent-Child Home Program, Garden City, N.Y.: To support the expansion of school readiness and parenting programs benefiting young children.


Recent Fun we will be back at the Canyons Farmers' Market Tomorrow!
Place a large sauté pan over medium high heat. Add 2 tablespoons of E.V.O. once the oil is hot add your diced onions and leeks, sauté them for approximately 2 minutes then add your eggplant (both white and purple), squash, and zucchini. Sauté that mixture for approximately 3 more minutes. Add your tomato, basil, and remaining E.V.O. salt and pepper to taste. Sauté for an additional 2-3 minutes.
This dish can be served as a side or on a toast point as an appetizer. We served it in Parmesan cups as an appetizer at the farmers market.


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Planta Daninha
Article • Planta daninha 35 • 2017 • https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-83582017350100068 copy
CROSS-RESISTANCE OF RICE FLATSEDGE TO ALS-INHIBITING HERBICIDES
Resistência Cruzada de Junquinho aos Herbicidas Inibidores da ALS
D.M. CHIAPINOTTO
Universidade Federal do Pampa, Itaqui-RS, Brazil
* Corresponding author: <diego-chiapinotto@hotmail.com>
C.E. SCHAEDLER
J.P.S. FERNANDES
A. ANDRES
Embrapa Clima Temperado, Pelotas-RS, Brasil
F.P. LAMEGO
Embrapa Pecuária Sul, Bagé-RS, Brasil.
Cyperus iria (CYPIR) is one of the main weeds in irrigated rice crops. The intense chemical control with acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibiting herbicides favors the selection of cross-resistance. This study aimed to evaluate the crossresistance of CYPIR to ALS-inhibiting herbicides in irrigated rice in Rio Grande do Sul. Two experiments arranged in a factorial scheme, in a completely randomized design, with four replications were conducted. Experiment I consisted of resistant (CYPIR-R) and susceptible (CYPIR-S) biotypes and ALS-inhibiting herbicide doses: imazethapyr (106 g a.i. ha-1); pyrazosulfuron-ethyl (20 g a.i. ha-1); penoxsulam (36 g a.i. ha-1) and, as an alternative herbicide, bentazone (960 g a.i. ha-1); corresponding to 0; 1/16; 1/8; 1/4; 1/2; 1; 2; 4; 8 and 16x (x = maximum registered dose). Experiment II followed the same procedures, with doses of 0; 1/64; 1/32; 1/16; 1/8; 1/4; 1/2; 1 and 2x for CYPIR-S and 0; 1/2; 1; 2; 4; 8; 16; 32; 64 and 128x for CYPIR-R; including bispyribac-sodium (50 g a.i. ha-1). The variables evaluated were: visual control at 7, 14, 21 and 28 days after the treatments (DAT) and shoot dry matter (SDM) at 28 DAT. The results, fitted by nonlinear regression, show varied and high levels of cross-resistance of CYPIR-R to ALS-inhibiting herbicides from the group of imidazolinones, sulfonylureas, triazolopyrimidines and pyrimidinyl(thio)benzoates. Bentazone can be used as an alternative herbicide, however, not exclusively in the control of this biotype.
Oryza sativa; Cyperus iria; dose-response curve; resistant biotype
Cyperus iria (CYPIR) é uma das principais espécies daninhas em lavouras de arroz irrigado. O intenso controle químico com herbicidas de diferentes grupos dos inibidores da enzima acetolactato sintase (ALS) favorece a seleção de resistência cruzada. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a resistência cruzada de CYPIR aos herbicidas inibidores da ALS, em arroz irrigado, no Rio Grande do Sul. Foram conduzidos dois experimentos arranjados em esquema fatorial, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com quatro repetições. O experimento I constou de biótipos resistente (CYPIR-R) e suscetível (CYPIR-S) e doses de herbicidas inibidores da ALS: imazethapyr (106 g i.a. ha-1), pyrazosulfuron-ethyl (20 g i.a. ha 1), penoxsulam (36 g i.a. ha-1) e, como herbicida alternativo, bentazone (960 g i.a. ha-1), correspondendo a 0, 1/16, 1/8, 1/4, 1/2, 1, 2, 4, 8 e 16x (x = dose máxima registrada). O experimento II seguiu os mesmos procedimentos, com doses de 0, 1/64, 1/32, 1/16, 1/8, 1/4, 1/2, 1 e 2x para CYPIR-S e 0, 1/2, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64 e 128x para CYPIRR, incluindo bispyribac-sodium (50 g i.a. ha-1). As variáveis avaliadas foram: controle visual aos 7, 14, 21 e 28 dias após os tratamentos (DAT) e massa da parte aérea seca (MPAS) aos 28 DAT. Os resultados, ajustados por regressão não linear, comprovaram níveis variados e elevados de resistência cruzada de CYPIR-R aos herbicidas inibidores da ALS do grupo das imidazolinones, sulfonylureas, triazolopyrimidines e pyrimidinyl(thio)benzoates. O bentazone pode ser utilizado como herbicida alternativo, porém não de modo exclusivo, no controle desse biótipo.
Oryza sativa; Cyperus iria; curva de dose-resposta; biótipo resistente
The weed Cyperus iria L. (CYPIR), adapted to wet and flooded environments, is one of the most important cyperaceae that infests irrigated rice cultivations (Lorenzi, 2008Lorenzi H. Plantas daninhas do Brasil: terrestres, aquáticas, parasitas e tóxicas. 4ª.ed. Nova Odessa: Plantarum, 2008. 640p.). It has a prodigious multiplication capacity, due to its short life cycle and to its prolific production of seeds (3-5 thousand seeds per plant). It emerges after the sowing of the rice, flowering in a month, and, thus, it can establish two generations in the same crop (Galinato et al., 1999Galinato, M.I., Moody, K., Piggin, C.M. Upland rice weeds of South and Southeast Asia. Makati City: IRRI, 1999. 156p.); it forms considerable populations in the area where it is established (Moreira and Bragança, 2010Moreira H.J.C., Bragança H.B.N. Manual de identificação de plantas infestantes: arroz. Campinas: FMC, 2010. 854p.).
The occurrence of CYPIR during the rice growing period reduces the productivity of grains of the cereal by 64% (Dhammu and Sandhu, 2002). The rice flatsedge, as it is popularly known, has a C4 photosynthetic mechanism, which, under tropical conditions, gives it a competitive advantage over rice cultivation (C3), such as a greater growth potential and efficient use of light, requiring integrated management practices to control this species (Chauhan and Johnson, 2010Chauhan B.S., Johnson D.E. Responses of rice flatsedge (Cyperus iria) and barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli) to rice interference. Weed Sci. 2010;58:204-8.).
The chemical method, due to its high efficiency and practicality, is the most used for control of cyperaceae, mainly with herbicides that inhibit the acetolactate synthase (ALS) enzyme (Dal Magro et al., 2010Dal Magro T. et al. Propriedades enzimáticas da enzima ALS de Cyperus difformis e mecanismo de resistência da espécie ao herbicida pyrazosulfuron-ethyl. Ci Rural. 2010;40:2439-45.), also known as acetohydroxy acid synthase (AHAS). The ALS is a key enzyme involved in the branched-chain amino acid biosynthesis (valine, leucine and isoleucine). The inhibition of this enzyme affects the production of these amino acids, resulting in the death of plants (Deng et al., 2014Deng W. et al. Different cross-resistance patterns to AHAS herbicides of two tribenuron-methyl resistant flixweed (Descurainia sophia L.) biotypes in China. Pest Biochem Physiol. 2014;112:26-32.).
The ALS enzyme is the site of action of herbicides of five chemical groups: sulfonylureas (SUs), imidazolinones (IMIs), triazolopyrimidines (TPs), pyrimidinyl(thio)benzoates (PTBs) and sulfonyl-aminocarbonyl-triazolinone (SCT) (Yu and Powles, 2014Yu Q., Powles S.B. Resistance do AHAS inhibitor herbicides: current understanding. Pest Manag Sci. 2014;70:1340-350.). Among their main characteristics, the low toxicity to mammals, the high efficiency and the selectivity are highlighted, controlling the broad spectrum of weeds (Shaner, 1999Shaner D.L. Resistance to acetolactate syntase (ALS) inhibitors in the United States: history, occurrence, detection, and management. J Weed Sci Technol. 1999;44:405-11.). In addition, they are used in low doses (grams per ha-1) (Tranel and Wright, 2002Tranel P., Wright T.R. Resistance of weeds to ALS-inhibiting herbicides: what have we learned? Weed Sci. 2002;50:700-12.), when compared with herbicides of other mechanisms of action.
The ALS inhibitors were first commercialized in 1982 for weed control in cereals (Saari et al., 1994Saari L.L., Cotterman J.C., Thill D.C. Resistance do acetolactate synthase inhibiting herbicides. In: Powles S.B., Holtum J.A.M., editors. Herbicide resistance in plants: biology and biochemistry. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 1994. p.83-139.). In Brazil, the first recorded use in irrigated rice was in 1991 - pyrazosulfuron-ethyl (Sirius®); as others launched in the sequence, they began to be intensely used (Noldin et al., 2009Noldin J.A. Resistência de Fimbristylis miliacea a herbicidas inibidores da ALS. In: Agostinetto D., Vargas L. Resistência de plantas daninhas a herbicidas no Brasil. Passo Fundo: Berthier, 2009. p.215-20.). Nowadays these products represent the largest number of active ingredients for the control of CYPIR in this cultivation, in four groups: SUs, IMIs, TPs and PTBs (AGROFIT, 2016).
Weeds evolve in response to disturbances caused by nature and by man (Radosevich et al., 1997Radosevich S.R., Holt J., Ghersa C. Weed ecology: implications for management. 2nd.ed. New York: Wiley, 1997. 589p.). The repeated use of herbicides with the same mechanism of action over a long period results in the selection of individuals with resistance (Lamego et al., 2009aLamego F.P. et al. Cross-resistance of Bidens subalternans to acetolactate synthase inhibitors in Brazil. Weed Res. 2009a;49:634-41.). The weed resistance to herbicides is the inherent and inheritable capacity of a biotype within a given population to survive and reproduce after being exposed to the herbicide registration dose for species control, meeting the application criteria (Gazziero et al., 2008Gazziero D.L.P., Galli A.J.B., Karam D. editores. Critérios para relatos oficiais estatístico de biótipos de plantas daninhas resistente a herbicidas. Campinas: Associação Brasileira de Ação à Resistência de Plantas Daninhas aos Herbicidas no Brasil, 2008. 22p.).
At a global level, there are 159 records of weed species with resistance to ALS-inhibiting herbicides, making up 63% of the cases. In the irrigated rice crop, there are 42 species involved (Heap, 2016). The use of different herbicides with the same mechanism favors the crossresistance selection (Vidal and Merotto Jr., 1999Vidal R.A., Merotto Jr. A. Resistência de amendoim-bravo (Euphorbia heterophylla L.) aos herbicidas inibidores da enzima acetolactato sintase. Planta Daninha. 1999;17:367-74.), which occurs when the genetic trait that makes biotypes of a certain weed species resistant to a herbicide also makes them resistant to others herbicides with the same mechanism of action, however, of different chemical groups (Deng et al., 2014Deng W. et al. Different cross-resistance patterns to AHAS herbicides of two tribenuron-methyl resistant flixweed (Descurainia sophia L.) biotypes in China. Pest Biochem Physiol. 2014;112:26-32.).
Several cases of cross-resistance to ALS inhibitors have been reported in cyperaceae occurring in irrigated rice, such as Cyperus difformis (Galon et al., 2008Galon L. et al. Resistência de Cyperus difformis a herbicidas inibidores da ALS em lavoura de arroz irrigado em Santa Catarina. Planta Daninha. 2008;26:419-27.), Fimbristylis miliacea (Schaedler et al., 2013Schaedler C.E. et al. Globe fringerush (Fimbristylis miliacea) cross resistance to als-inhibitor herbicides under field conditions in irrigated rice in the south of Brazil. Planta Daninha. 2013;31:893-902.), Schoenoplectus juncoides (Sada et al. 2013Sada Y. et al. Characterization of sulfonylurea-resistant Schoenoplectus juncoides having a target-site Asp376Glu mutation in the acetolactate synthase. Pest Biochem Physiol. 2013;107:106-11.) and, more recently, Cyperus iria (Riar et al., 2015Riar D.S. et al. Acetolactate synthase-inhibiting, herbicide- resistant rice flatsedge (Cyperus iria): cross- resistance and molecular mechanism of resistance. Weed Sci. 2015;63:748-57.). It is important to determine the cross-resistance spectrum, since this information may collaborate with technicians/farmers in order to select alternative herbicides for an effective weed management (Deng et al., 2014Deng W. et al. Different cross-resistance patterns to AHAS herbicides of two tribenuron-methyl resistant flixweed (Descurainia sophia L.) biotypes in China. Pest Biochem Physiol. 2014;112:26-32.).
The identification of resistance is crucial for management techniques (Vidal et al., 2006Vidal R.A., Trezzi F.P. Cresce a resistência das plantas daninhas a herbicidas. Visão Agríc. 2006;5:112-4.). For the scientific evidence, it is recommended to conduct studies in which dose-response curves of the biotype suspected of resistance to the herbicide in question are generated, in a wide range of doses under controlled conditions. Thus, the C50 and the GR50 are determined, which indicate, respectively, the dose of herbicide required to control and reduce the shoot dry matter by 50%, of resistant and susceptible biotypes, relative to the control (Gazziero et al., 2008Gazziero D.L.P., Galli A.J.B., Karam D. editores. Critérios para relatos oficiais estatístico de biótipos de plantas daninhas resistente a herbicidas. Campinas: Associação Brasileira de Ação à Resistência de Plantas Daninhas aos Herbicidas no Brasil, 2008. 22p.).
Cyperus iria biotypes remaining from the chemical control with ALS inhibitors were observed in irrigated rice crops in southern Brazil, indicating a possible case of resistance. Nevertheless, there were no official and statistical reports of this herbicide resistant species in Brazil (Heap, 2016). The objective of this research was to evaluate the cross-resistance of CYPIR to ALS-inhibiting herbicides in irrigated rice in Rio Grande do Sul.
In the 2013/2014 agricultural year, Cyperus iria biotypes (CYPIR) remaining of the treatment with ALS-inhibiting herbicides were observed in an irrigated rice crop in the municipality of Itaqui, Western Border of Rio Grande do Sul (28o55'42' S, 56o11'18" W). The property has been using the ClearField® technology in irrigated rice for eight consecutive years, and herbicides from the group of imidazolinones, sulfonylureas, pyrimidinyl(thio)benzoates and triazolopyrimidines have been commonly used to control this cyperaceae and other weeds occurring in the area.
In March 2014, 25 plants (CYPIR from 1 to 15 of area A and CYPIR, 16 to 25 of area B) were collected with suspected resistance (SR). Biotypes of susceptible CYPIR (S) from the area where these herbicides were never used (29o09'43" S, 56o33'06" W) were also collected for comparison purposes. The seeds were stored in a dry place and at room temperature until the conduction of preliminary study, in a greenhouse.
The previous study consisted of applying the maximum recommended dose of: imazapyr + imazapic (73.5 + 24.5 g a.i. ha-1 - Kifix®) and imazethapyr (106 g a.i. ha-1 - Imazetapir Plus Nortox) from the group of imidazolinones; penoxsulam (36 g a.i. ha-1 - Ricer®), from the triazolopyrimidines; pyrazosulfuron-ethyl (20 g a.i. ha-1, Sirius 250 SC), from the sulfonylureas; and, as an alternative herbicide, the photosystem II inhibitor (PSII), bentazone (960 g a.i. ha-1 - Basagran® 600), in plants with four leaf stage to a tiller.
The visual diagnosis, 28 days after the application (DAT), showed that area B biotypes survived all treatments with ALS-inhibiting herbicides and were totally controlled by bentazone; on the other hand, the susceptible biotype was efficiently controlled with both mechanisms of action. CYPIR-SR biotypes remaining to the treatments were conducted until the end of the cycle, to obtain seeds (used in the dose-response curve experiment), and were called resistant (CYPIR-R).
Dose-response curve to ALS-inhibiting herbicides
Two experiments were conducted between October 2015 and March 2016 to confirm and evaluate levels of cross-resistance of CYPIR-R to ALS-inhibiting herbicides under controlled conditions at the coordinates 29o09'24,65" S and 56o33'11,97" W. The CYPIR-21 biotype of area B, simply referred to as CYPIR-R, was used.
On October 23, 2015, seeds of CYPIR-R and CYPIR-S were seeded in two trays of 128 cells containing sieved (Embrapa, 2013) and sterilized (autoclave at 100 oC for 1 hour) Haplic Plinthosol, conducted in a low tunnel greenhouse, with floating - 10 cm water sheet. Ten days after the emergence (DAE), they were transplanted to 300 mL perforated (capillary irrigation) plastic units (one per vase), containing commercial substrate and sterilized soil (1:1).
The experimental design was completely randomized, in a 2x4x10 factorial scheme, with four replications. The first factor was composed of the CYPIR-R and CYPIR-S biotypes. The second factor was composed of ALS-inhibiting herbicides: imazethapyr (x = 106 g a.i. ha-1), pyrazosulfuronethyl (x = 20 g a.i. ha-1), penoxsulam (x = 36 g a.i. ha-1) and, as an alternative herbicide, bentazone (x = 960 g a.i. ha-1), in which x is the maximum dose recommended by the manufacturer (AGROFIT, 2016). Dash HC 0.5%, Iharol® 0.25%, Veget Oil® 1% and Assist® 1% (v/v) were respectively added to the herbicides. The third factor consisted of the following doses: 0, 1/16, 1/8, 1/4, 1/2, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16x. The spray volume, as recorded in AGROFIT (2016), was 200 L ha-1 for the imazethapyr; for the others, it was 100 L ha-1.
When the plants reached the stage of up to 3-4 leaves, the herbicide treatments were applied using a CO2 compression pressure sprayer, equipped with nozzles (0.5 m distant) with flat jet, fan type, model XR 110.02, with pressure of 250 kPa and bar placed at 0.4 m from the target. The average temperature during the application was 21.7 oC, and the relative humidity (RH), above 60%. The sprayed plants were taken to a low tunnel greenhouse, where they remained for two days. After this period, they were transferred to a low tunnel greenhouse with floating.
The visual evaluation of control of the plants at 7, 14, 21 (data not shown) and 28 days after the treatment (DAT) was performed, observing the development of chlorosis, compared to the control, using a percentage scale, being 0% attributed when there was no herbicide symptom and 100% when plants died (Burril et al., 1976). At 28 DAT, the remaining plants were collected near the soil and placed in a forced air oven at 60 oC for 72 hours, to determine the shoot dry matter (SDM).
Between January and March 2016, the experiment was repeated following the same previous procedure, evaluating the mentioned variables, however, the factorial scheme was 2x5x10. The herbicidal doses were: 0, 1/64, 1/32, 1/16, 1/8, 1/4, 1/2, 1 and 2x for the CYPIR-S biotype and 0, 1/2, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64 and 128x for the CYPIR-R biotype. Bispyribac-sodium (50 g a.i. ha-1, Nominee 400 SC), from the pyrimidinyl(thio)benzoate group, was added with 0.25% v/v Iharol and 200 L ha-1 spray volume. For the second experiment, the average temperature was 27.3 oC and the RH, between 77 and 85%, at the beginning and at the end of the application of the treatments.
The obtained data were analyzed for normality and homogeneity and submitted to the analysis of variance, ANOVA (p≤0.05), to determine interactions among biotypes x herbicides x doses. When a significant difference was detected, the data were analyzed using nonlinear adjustment models of dose-response curve. Thus, the control and dry matter variables were adjusted (equation 1) according to the model proposed by Streibig et al. (1988).
Y = a 1 + X X 0 b (eq. 1)
in which Y corresponds to the control or shoot dry matter (SDM), in percentage of the control (%); X is the herbicidal dose in g a.i. ha-1; a is the maximum asymptote; X0 is the required herbicidal dose that provides 50% of response of the control variable (C50) or reduces the shoot dry matter by 50% (GR50) of CYPIR-R and CYPIR-S biotypes; and b is the slope of the curve around X0. In both variables, the Sigma Plot 10.0 program was used for regression analysis and curve fitting.
The resistance factor (RF), calculated by dividing the C50 or GR50 of the resistant biotype by the correspondents to the susceptible biotype, was also determined. The RF expresses the number of times that the herbicide dose to obtain the C50 or GR50 of the resistant biotype is higher than the C50 or GR50 of the susceptible biotype (Hall et al., 1998Hall L.M. et al. Resistance to acetolactate sintase inhibithors and quinclorac in a biotypes of false clover (Gallium sourium). Weed Sci. 1998;46:390-6.).
The obtained results show a significant difference between resistant biotype (CYPIR R) and susceptible biotype (CYPIR-S) of Cyperus iria, in response to the doses and to the different used herbicides (p≤0.05). The dose-response curve showed that CYPIR-R is insensitive to the labelled dose of ALS herbicides belonging to the group of imidazolinones (IMIs), sulfonylureas (SUs), triazolopyrimidines (TPs) and pyrimidinyl(thio)benzoates (PTBs).
The variables evaluated at 28 DAT in the two experiments (I-2015 and II-2016) indicated that the herbicide dose to control and/or reduce shoot dry matter in 50% of CYPIR R is higher than the maximum recommended - for control of the species in the irrigated rice crop (Tables 1, 2, 3 and 4). The regression model used to adjust the data from the dose-response curve showed that in both biotypes the level of control increases and the dry matter decreases due to the increase in the herbicide dose. Nevertheless, for the CYPIR-R biotype, the level of control and the reduction of the dry matter is smaller and gradual compared to the ones of the susceptible biotype (Figures 1, 2, 3 and 4).
Observed and adjusted control values (% in relation to the control), 28 days after the treatment, of biotype of resistant (○ CYPIR-R) and susceptible Cyperus iria (● CYPIR-S) to the herbicides imazethapyr (A), penoxsulam (B), and pyrazosulfuron-ethyl (C). Experiment I.
Observed and adjusted shoot dry matter values (% in relation to the control), 28 days after the treatment, of biotype of resistant (○ CYPIRR) and susceptible Cyperus iria (● CYPIR-S) to the herbicides imazethapyr (A), penoxsulam (B), and pyrazosulfuron-ethyl (C). Experiment I.
Observed and adjusted control values (% in relation to the control), 28 days after the treatment, of biotype of resistant (○ CYPIR-R) and susceptible Cyperus iria (● CYPIR-S) to the herbicides imazethapyr (A), penoxsulam (B), pyrazosulfuron-ethyl (C) and bispyribac-sodium (D). Experiment II.
Observed and adjusted shoot dry matter values (% in relation to the control), 28 days after the treatment, of biotype of resistant (○ CYPIRR) and susceptible Cyperus iria (● CYPIR-S) to the herbicides imazethapyr (A), penoxsulam (B), pyrazosulfuron-ethyl (C) and bispyribac-sodium (D). Experiment II.
Estimated parameters a, b, R² and C50 by nonlinear regression equation(1), based on the control (in relation % of the control) in bioassay of the whole plant, for resistant biotype and susceptible biotype of Cyperus iria, affected by ALS-inhibiting herbicides 28 days after the treatment. Experiment I
Estimated parameters a, b, R² and GR50 by nonlinear regression equation(1), based on the shoot dry matter (in relation % of the control) in bioassay of the whole plant, for resistant biotype and susceptible biotype of Cyperus iria, affected by ALS-inhibiting herbicides 28 days after the treatment. Experiment I
Estimated parameters a, b, R² and C50 by nonlinear regression equation(1), based on the control (in relation % of the control) in bioassay of the whole plant, for resistant biotype and susceptible biotype of Cyperus iri a, affected by ALS-inhibiting herbicides 28 days after the treatment. Experiment II
Estimated parameters a, b, R² and GR50 by nonlinear regression equation(1), based on the shoot dry matter (in relation % of the control) in bioassay of the whole plant, for resistant biotype and susceptible biotype of Cyperus iria, affected by ALS-inhibiting herbicides 28 days after the treatment. Experiment II
In experiment I, for the CYPIR-R, the model estimated that doses of imazethapyr and penoxsulam higher than 16X were required to obtain the C50 and the GR50 (Tables 1 and 2; Figures 1A,B, 2A,B), and it was not possible to accurately quantify these values to calculate the resistance factor. In experiment II, however, it was possible to determine the C50 and the GR50 for all tested herbicides (Tables 3 and 4). The CYPIR-S biotype was fully controlled up to the registration dose, at both times.
For imazethapyr (IMI), the control of 50% of the CYPIR-R was obtained with a dose 505 times higher than the one of the CYPIR-S, i.e., the C50 was obtained with 4,980 g a.i. ha-1, equivalent to 46.99X (x = 106 g a.i. ha-1) and 9.86 g a.i. ha-1, respectively (Table 3 and Figure 3A). Regarding the reduction of 50% in the dry matter, the one of the CYPIR-R was obtained with a dose 1,366 times higher than the one of the CYPIR-S, i.e., with 9,060 g a.i. ha-1 (equivalent to 85.47X) and 6.63 g a.i. ha-1 (Table 4 and Figure 4A).
The higher herbicidal activity on the susceptible biotype observed in experiment II may be a consequence of relative humidity (RH), about 60% in the first experiment and ranging from 77 to 85% in the second one. Researches, such as the one carried out by Kent (1991Kent L.M. et al. Influence of ammonium-sulfate, imazapyr, temperature, and relative humidity on the absorption and translocation of imazethapyr. Weed Sci. 1991;39:412-6.) using labeled carbon ALS-inhibiting herbicides (C-imazethapyr), indicates that high RH increases the activity of these herbicides. Similar results were observed with penoxsulam.
The herbicide penoxsulam (TP) indicated, in experiment I, that doses above 576 g a.i. ha-1 (16X) were required to obtain the C50 and/or the GR50 of the CYPIR-R (Tables 1 and 2). In experiment II, however, the C50 of the resistant biotype was obtained with 120 g a.i. ha-1 (3.34X, x = 36 g a.i. ha-1) and the GR50 with 287 g a.i. ha-1 (7.97X), while the corresponding values of the CYPIR-S were estimated at 0.44 and 0.24 g a.i. ha-1, respectively. Thus, considering the second experiment, the C50 of the resistant biotype was obtained with a dose of 273 and the GR50 with 1,195 times higher than the one of the susceptible biotype (Tables 3 and 4).
As for the herbicide pyrazosulfuron-ethyl (SU), experiment I indicated values of 91.6 g a.i. ha-1 (4.58X, x = 20 g a.i. ha-1) and 13.61 g a.i. ha-1 (0.68x) to obtain the C50 and the GR50 of the CYPIRR, respectively. The estimated correspondents for the CYPIR-S were 1.03 g a.i. ha-1 and 1.03 g a.i. ha-1 (Tables 1 and 2). In experiment II, however, showing an inverse behavior to the previously evaluated herbicides, there was an increase in the dose required to obtain both the C50 (118 g a.i. ha-1) and the GR50 (67.55 g a.i. ha-1) of the CYPIR R. The correspondents of the CYPIR-S were obtained with 0.25 g a.i. ha-1 and 0.024 g a.i. ha-1, respectively. The RF was 475 to control and 2,814 times higher to reduce the dry matter by 50% (Tables 3 and 4).
The group of imidazolinones (IMIs), sulfonylureas (SUs) and triazolopyrimidines (TPs), chemically different, are widely used in rice fields. The adoption, use (in large scale) and persistence of these herbicides led to the selection of resistant biotypes (Powles and Preston, 2016). Nonetheless, herbicides belonging to the sulfonylurea group bind closer to the active site of ALS than herbicides from other groups, which explains their higher activity (Yu and Powles, 2014Yu Q., Powles S.B. Resistance do AHAS inhibitor herbicides: current understanding. Pest Manag Sci. 2014;70:1340-350.), as evidenced by the high resistance factor related to the SDM reduction.
It should be considered that cross-resistance patterns are extremely complex (Deng et al., 2014Deng W. et al. Different cross-resistance patterns to AHAS herbicides of two tribenuron-methyl resistant flixweed (Descurainia sophia L.) biotypes in China. Pest Biochem Physiol. 2014;112:26-32.), which may also be evidenced in the CYPIR-R biotype in response to the herbicide bispyribacsodium, from the pyrimidinyl(thio)benzoate group (PTBs). C50 and GR50 values of the CYPIR-R were obtained with 246.6 g a.i. ha-1 (4.93X, x = 50 g a.i. ha-1) and 243.7 g a.i. ha-1 (4.87X), respectively. The respective correspondents of the CYPIR-S were obtained with 0.60 g a.i. ha-1 and 0.20 g a.i. ha-1, resulting in a resistance factor of 410.9 and 1,218 times higher (Tables 3 and 4).
Characteristics such as continuous use in agriculture, high efficacy, soil residual activity, high ecological adaptability of the resistant biotype and point mutations may confer resistance of a weed to one or more of the ALS-inhibiting herbicides (Tranel and Wright, 2002Tranel P., Wright T.R. Resistance of weeds to ALS-inhibiting herbicides: what have we learned? Weed Sci. 2002;50:700-12.). In fact, most of the reported cases of resistance to these herbicides are due to a change in the enzyme resulting from a point mutation in the ALS gene. This mutation causes amino acid substitution, which alters the structure of the ALS enzyme and, consequently, its binding site to the herbicides (Ntoanidou et al., 2016Ntoanidou S. et al. Molecular basis of Cyperus difformis cross-resistance to ALS-inhibiting herbicides. Pest Biochem Physiol. 2016;127:38-45.).
Thus, a point mutation or combination of two separate mutations at the site of action may cause resistance to one or more classes of ALS herbicides, and various cross-resistance patterns can be observed (Yu and Powles, 2014Yu Q., Powles S.B. Resistance do AHAS inhibitor herbicides: current understanding. Pest Manag Sci. 2014;70:1340-350.). Generally, mutations in the Asp376 and Trp574 of the enzyme gene confer resistance to the four tested chemical groups (Tranel et al., 2016). For the CYPIR biotypes with high cross-resistance to ALS-inhibiting herbicides, Riar et al. (2015Riar D.S. et al. Acetolactate synthase-inhibiting, herbicide- resistant rice flatsedge (Cyperus iria): cross- resistance and molecular mechanism of resistance. Weed Sci. 2015;63:748-57.) identified the Trp-574 alteration in the enzyme gene. In a biotype of Bidens subalternans, this mutation was also responsible for the cross-resistance to ALS inhibitors, conferring a high level of resistance (Lamego et al., 2009bLamego F.P. et al. Molecular basis of resistance to ALS-inhibitor herbicides in greater beggarticks. Weed Sci. 2009b;57:474-81.). Brosnan et al. (2015) observed that the substitution of the amino acid alanine (Ala-205-Fen) also confers a broad spectrum of resistance to ALS inhibitors.
Bentazone, active ingredient of the benzothiadiazinone group, photosystem II inhibitor (PSII) (HRAC, 2016), controlled 100% CYPIR-R and CYPIR-S biotypes up to the recommended dose (data not shown). For the occurrence of CYPIR biotypes with cross-resistance to ALS-inhibiting herbicides, Riar et al. (2015Riar D.S. et al. Acetolactate synthase-inhibiting, herbicide- resistant rice flatsedge (Cyperus iria): cross- resistance and molecular mechanism of resistance. Weed Sci. 2015;63:748-57.) used 2,4-D (synthetic auxin mimic), bentazone and propanil (PSII) in the alternative chemical control. The control index was considered efficient, i.e., above 93%. In Brazil, C. difformis resistant to pyrazosulfuron-ethyl was 100% controlled with carfentrazoneethyl, bentazone and propanil (Agostinetto et al., 2011Agostinetto D. et al. Resistência de Cyperus difformis L. ao herbicida pyrazosulfuron-ethyl e alternativas de controle. Semina Ci Agr. 2011;32:839-48.).
It is important to emphasize that the exclusive use of an alternative herbicide may cause new selection pressure. When resistance to a group of herbicides is found, it is not enough to replace this group of products with alternative ones. This only tends to select biotypes with multiple resistance (Vidal and Trezzi, 2006Vidal R.A., Trezzi F.P. Cresce a resistência das plantas daninhas a herbicidas. Visão Agríc. 2006;5:112-4.). Therefore, it is advisable to make a reservation regarding the control of CYPIR-R solely with the herbicide bentazone - requiring differentiated products and adoption of integrated management practices, such as crop rotation.
The adoption of integrated management with crop rotation in which soybean, maize or sorghum prevail, for example, allows the exchange of mechanisms of herbicidal action and brings a series of positive aspects to the crop as a whole. The cropping scenario used in the study, with reports of eight years of exclusive adoption of a weed control technology, shows the unsustainability of this management strategy. Previous planning is fundamental, observing the cost-benefit relation, the exchange of mechanisms of herbicidal action and the adoption of strategies not dependent on the chemical control, aiming to delay the evolution of new cases of resistance.
This is the first official and statistical report of cross-resistance of C. iria to the ALS-inhibiting herbicides in Brazil (Heap, 2016). Thus, a judicious use of herbicides of other mechanisms of action is suggested, such as 2,4-D, bentazone and propanil (Riar et al., 2015Riar D.S. et al. Acetolactate synthase-inhibiting, herbicide- resistant rice flatsedge (Cyperus iria): cross- resistance and molecular mechanism of resistance. Weed Sci. 2015;63:748-57.), to decrease the selection pressure and the evolution of resistance in other C. iria biotypes to the ALS inhibitors. The high resistance factor found in the resistant biotype (Tranel et al., 2016), compared to the CYPIR-S, makes it impossible to control the tested herbicides, which may indicate changes in the ALS enzyme resulting from mutations (Devine and Shukla, 2000Devine M.D., Shukla A. Altered target sites as a mechanism of herbicide resistance. Crop Protec. 2000;19:881-9.).
Various levels of cross-resistance of the CYPIR-R biotype to ALS-inhibiting herbicides belonging to the chemical group of imidazolinones; sulfonylureas; triazolopyrimidines; and pyrimidinyl(thio)benzoates were verified. Similar results are plausible with other herbicides with the same mechanism of action. Resistant biotypes often present cross-resistance to herbicides belonging to the same mechanism and may present different patterns to other ALS groups (Manley et al., 1999Manley B.S. et al. Imidazolinone resistance in smooth pigweed (Amaranthus hybridus) is due to an altered acetolactate synthase. Weed Technol. 1999;13:697-705.). Researches with alternative herbicides, detection of the resistance mechanism involved and analysis of the adaptive value of the biotypes should be carried out in sequence.
To the Research Support Foundation of the State of Rio Grande do Sul (FAPERGS) and to the Tutorial Education Program, by granting scholarship to the first and third author, respectively.
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D.M. CHIAPINOTTO *
Figure 1 Observed and adjusted control values (% in relation to the control), 28 days after the treatment, of biotype of resistant (○ CYPIR-R) and susceptible Cyperus iria (● CYPIR-S) to the herbicides imazethapyr (A), penoxsulam (B), and pyrazosulfuron-ethyl (C). Experiment I.
Figure 2 Observed and adjusted shoot dry matter values (% in relation to the control), 28 days after the treatment, of biotype of resistant (○ CYPIRR) and susceptible Cyperus iria (● CYPIR-S) to the herbicides imazethapyr (A), penoxsulam (B), and pyrazosulfuron-ethyl (C). Experiment I.
Figure 3 Observed and adjusted control values (% in relation to the control), 28 days after the treatment, of biotype of resistant (○ CYPIR-R) and susceptible Cyperus iria (● CYPIR-S) to the herbicides imazethapyr (A), penoxsulam (B), pyrazosulfuron-ethyl (C) and bispyribac-sodium (D). Experiment II.
Figure 4 Observed and adjusted shoot dry matter values (% in relation to the control), 28 days after the treatment, of biotype of resistant (○ CYPIRR) and susceptible Cyperus iria (● CYPIR-S) to the herbicides imazethapyr (A), penoxsulam (B), pyrazosulfuron-ethyl (C) and bispyribac-sodium (D). Experiment II.
Table 1 Estimated parameters a, b, R² and C50 by nonlinear regression equation(1), based on the control (in relation % of the control) in bioassay of the whole plant, for resistant biotype and susceptible biotype of Cyperus iria, affected by ALS-inhibiting herbicides 28 days after the treatment. Experiment I
Herbicide Biotype a b R2 C50 (g a.i. ha-1) RF (2)
Imazethapyr CYPIR-R 15.89 80.88 0.94 > 1,696 ± 16.95(3) > 73.83(3)
CYPIR-S 98.66 15.12 0.97 22.97 ± 1.91
Penoxsulam CYPIR-R 16.71 18.02 0.91 > 576 ± 4.07(3) > 316.48(3)
CYPIR-S 97.44 0.51 0.98 1.82 ± 0.12
Pyrazosulfuron-ethyl CYPIR-R 63.66 38.09 0.96 91.6 ± 7.79 88.93
1) Log-logistic Equation: Y = a/(1+(X/X0/b). (p<0.001). (2) Resistance factor = C50R/C50S. (3) Values higher than the used herbicide doses were estimated.
Table 2 Estimated parameters a, b, R² and GR50 by nonlinear regression equation(1), based on the shoot dry matter (in relation % of the control) in bioassay of the whole plant, for resistant biotype and susceptible biotype of Cyperus iria, affected by ALS-inhibiting herbicides 28 days after the treatment. Experiment I
Herbicide Biotype a b R2 GR50 (g a.i. ha-1) RF(2)
Imazethapyr CYPIR-R 99.69 0.17 0.77 > 1,696(3) > 220.55(3)
Penoxsulam CYPIR-R 97.01 0.42 0.66 > 576 ± 486.90(3) > 386.58(3)
Pyrazosulfuron-ethyl CYPIR-R 99.80 0.31 0.89 13.61 ± 6.02 13.21
1) Log-logistic Equation: Y = a/(1+(X/X0/b). (p<0.001). (2) Resistance factor = GR50R/GR50S. (3) Values higher than the used herbicide doses were estimated.
Table 3 Estimated parameters a, b, R² and C50 by nonlinear regression equation(1), based on the control (in relation % of the control) in bioassay of the whole plant, for resistant biotype and susceptible biotype of Cyperus iri a, affected by ALS-inhibiting herbicides 28 days after the treatment. Experiment II
Herbicide Biotype a b R2 C50 (g a.i. ha-1) RF(2)
Bispyribac-sodium CYPIR-R 100.22 109.12 0.98 246.59 ± 16.01 410.98
Imazethapyr CYPIR-R 87.22 2297.7 0.95 4.980.55 ± 533.91 505.13
CYPIR-S 96.50 4.00 0.98 9.86
Penoxsulam CYPIR-R 88.29 32.61 0.95 120.25 ± 9.15 273.29
Pyrazosulfuron-ethyl CYPIR-R 98.37 89.60 0.93 118.84 ± 17.85 475.36
(1) Log-logistic Equation: Y = a/(1+(X/X0/b). (p<0.001). (2) Resistance factor = C50R/C50S.
Table 4 Estimated parameters a, b, R² and GR50 by nonlinear regression equation(1), based on the shoot dry matter (in relation % of the control) in bioassay of the whole plant, for resistant biotype and susceptible biotype of Cyperus iria, affected by ALS-inhibiting herbicides 28 days after the treatment. Experiment II
Bispyribac-sodium CYPIR-R 99.02 3.34 0.98 243.71 ± 13.63 1,218.55
CYPIR-S 100.00 1.28 0.99 0.20 ± 0.03
Imazethapyr CYPIR-R 94.92 4.00 0.83 9060.29 ± 906.82 1,366.56
Penoxsulam CYPIR-R 104.02 1.37 0.96 286.98 ± 33.56 1,195.75
Pyrazosulfuron-ethyl CYPIR-R 98.43 0.92 0.92 67.55 ± 13.71 2,814.58
CYPIR-S 100.00 1.43 0.99 0.024 ± 0.01
1) Log-logistic Equation: Y = a/(1+(X/X0/b). (p<0.001). (2) Resistance factor = GR50R/GR50S.
Sociedade Brasileira da Ciência das Plantas Daninhas Departamento de Fitotecnia - DFT, Universidade Federal de Viçosa - UFV, 36570-000 - Viçosa-MG - Brasil, Tel./Fax::(+55 31) 3899-2611 - Viçosa - MG - Brazil
E-mail: rpdaninha@gmail.com

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Bought 2 of these feeders and one had two tabs that the lid rests on broken off the plastic tube so the lid rocks around. Don't know if the plastic tube can be replaced without buying a whole new feeder so i'm only rating this as a 3 stars. Really like the feeders as they dispense seed very well including mixed nuts. May buy a couple more in the future but will wait to see if they hold up or if the plastic tube is going to be a problem going forward.
Thank you for taking the time to share this valuable feedback. We apologize that the feeder has become damaged in this manner and would like to learn more so we may better assist you. Our feeders are covered under a one year warranty from the date of purchase. Please feel free to reach out to us at 1-855-PERKYPET (1-855-737-5973) for help.
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Bought 2 of these. The sure lock caps lost it's ability after a few months of use. 3 stars for that. I use a thin bungee cord to help secure them now. Other than this design flaw, the feeder is well made. The plastic cylinder is thicker and stronger than most. The birds seem to like the perch surround. One is filled with sunflower hearts and the other, I put high quality mixed seed, fruit & nut blend. They are baffled to keep critters off as they would wreak havoc on this, as well, Being metal makes it chew proof which is a big plus. Easy to clean & fill. Made for smaller birds but we do get Cardinals on occasion.
This feeder was amazing until it got cold and windy. After seeing the feeder covered in six squirrels one day, I wired it to the middle of the clothesline. In the wind the feeder dropped to the ground and the plastic seed holder broke at the connection points making it unusable. Another feeder into the trash. I go through a feeder a year. Time to cough up the big bucks and buy and sturdy, squirrel proof feeder at last.
We appreciate the time taken to share this feedback and are sorry to hear that this happened. Our feeders are covered by a 30-day satisfaction guarantee and a one-year replacement warranty.
To keep squirrels away when a location outside of jumping range cannot be found, try adding cayenne pepper to the seeds. This will not affect birds, but will repel the squirrels.
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Once the birds got used to it (different than the one I used previously that was sun-damaged), it looks good and works great. It also keeps the water off their feeding area and the top protects the feeder from the sun.


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text:
The determinants of N. Ireland's political future
by Frank Schnittger Tue Mar 22nd, 2022 at 05:12:15 PM EST
Debate about the constitutional future of N. Ireland tends to revolve around internal factors like demographic trends, relative economic advantage, and the dysfunctional state of current political arrangements. But N. Ireland doesn't exist in a vacuum and may also be subject to the influence of trends in global, European, British and Irish politics and economics more generally. In this discussion I want to focus on these external factors, and their influence on N. Ireland, rather than on the economic, social and political changes that are taking place within N. Ireland itself.
These external factors may be broadly summarised as follows:
1. Economic and political globalisation
2. The growing heft and influence of Ireland and the Irish diaspora.
3. Economic integration and "Ever closer union" within the EU
4. The rise of English, Scottish and Welsh nationalism
5. A return to "the sick man of Europe" for the post Brexit UK economy?
The Covid pandemic has highlighted just how integrated and inter-dependent the global economy has become, with a blockage in Suez creating supply chain ripple effects across much of the globe. The world wide web has enabled the outsourcing of many key business functions such as call centres, manufacturing hubs and Information technologies to remote locations in India and beyond. Trends and fashions in in- and out-sourcing will, of course, come and go, but the world's economy remains more "globalised" or integrated than ever before.
It follows that local polities and economies have to decide how and where to locate themselves within this more globalised environment. Ireland has chosen to be the location of choice for the European headquarters of virtually every major infotech, medtech and big pharma company in the world. You can argue the merits and demerits of the Irish state in almost every sphere, but the success of its agencies in cultivating, attracting and consolidating links with the emerging and major players in these industries has been quite extraordinary.
It is obviously open to debate whether this strategy will continue to be quite so successful in the future with a global minimum 15% corporation tax rate and a clampdown on tax avoidance loopholes. The IDA seems to be quite sanguine about these changes and points to the many other factors which make Ireland an attractive location for foreign direct investment (FDI). Karlin Lillington discusses them here. In summary, they include:
1. a stable policy environment - government policy on FDI has been consistent since the 1960's,
2. an open entrepreneurial culture - fostered by many years of developing local technical and management cadres
3. a highly educated workforce
4. a welcoming environment for incoming senior executives and their families to live
5. and Ireland's position as the only remaining major English language, common law jurisdiction within the EU.
Over 50% of people aged 25-34 in Ireland now have a third level qualification, the crucial demographic for multi-national recruitment. With Ireland now also having had a significant FDI sector for over 50 years, there are also increasingly experienced and senior cadres of managerial talent in all the crucial management specialisms of Sales, Marketing, ICT, Finance, Logistics, Production, engineering, R&D, Consultancy, Law, HR and public relations. Skill shortages are still endemic, and many Europeans have made their home here to fill those gaps, but if you are willing to pay enough, you can get the skills you need. The average salary in Facebook Ireland was €154,000 p.a. in 2018.
It all depends on where you want to locate yourself in the global employment chain, but if you want the top jobs with the best salaries, it helps to be as close to HQ as possible. It is also probably the best defence against arbitrary redundancy, as the employees of P&O discovered to their cost just recently. The benefits may not be evenly spread, and house price inflation has put the price of a house beyond many, but there is no doubt that the general standard of living in Ireland has been rising for some time, even if it lags significantly behind the headline 13.5% growth in GDP last year.
Northern Ireland, by way of contrast, has had much less success in renewing its industrial base, following the decline of the more traditional linen, ship building, and bus building industries. It is beginning to develop a reputation in certain information systems niches, but these have not yet become global players or large scale employers. The retailing sector is dominated by a few UK near monopoly suppliers, and most businesses import/export to the UK rather than further afield. Ireland, on the other hand, has reduced its exposure to the UK market from c.70% of total trade prior to EU accession to c. 10% now.
So, to a certain extent, the debate around the Protocol is also a debate around where people see Northern Ireland's future economic growth coming from. Is it to remain essentially a satellite economy of the UK, or are there greater growth opportunities in the EU and beyond?
The interests of Northern Ireland's relatively large agricultural sector also seem far more closely aligned with Ireland's agricultural sector (which will soon have the added competitive advantage, relative to Northern Ireland, of continued membership of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP): The UK government has guaranteed to retain CAP level income subsidies only until the end of this term of government, and sees cheaper imports from the USA and southern hemisphere as one of the principle potential benefits of Brexit.
The public sector in Northern Ireland employs almost 30% of the workforce and is heavily dependent on the subvention from the British exchequer, variously estimated as between £10 and £15 Billion p. a., or 20-30% of total GDP. Some have argued that most of this would not be transferable to Ireland in a united Ireland context as it relates to Britain's much higher defence expenditure, accrued pensions entitlements, and national debt servicing. No doubt there would be some hard inter-governmental bargaining around this in the event of a transfer of sovereignty, but it is worth pointing out that the Irish Free State did not take on responsibility for a portion of the Imperial debt on independence in 1922, and the UK Withdrawal divorce payment to the EU included provision for outstanding pension liabilities.
Needless to say, the 30% of the Northern Ireland workforce employed in the public sector will want some cast iron guarantees as to their future employment prospects in the event of a border poll leading t a transfer of sovereignty from London to Dublin.
Leading Brexiteers have admitted they gave little thought to the implications of Brexit for Ireland and Northern Ireland during and immediately after the referendum campaign and some proceeded to express extreme annoyance that the Irish tail was wagging the British dog in the subsequent withdrawal negotiations. Few imagined that the Irish government would take such a hard line on the location of any subsequent customs border, or that the EU would remain united in support of Ireland on this issue.
Despite being the leader of the least nationalistic major Irish political party, Leo Varadkar became the focus of no end of bile and scorn in popular English newspapers and Brexiteer circles with suggestions that he was little more than Brussels's poodle and in thrall to the possible political advance of Sinn Fein. And yet, despite this, there was unanimous support in the Dail for his policies, and public opinion on the Brexit issue was overwhelmingly in favour of his stance. Virtually all agreed that a customs border within Ireland was a non-starter.
It is worth noting that the Belfast (Good Friday) agreement (GFA) was negotiated in the context of both Ireland and the UK being part of the EU and its aspiration to an "Ever closer union" as inscribed in the opening paragraph of the 1957 founding Treaty of Rome. Most Britons seemed to have missed that aspiration and continued to regard the EU as "The Common Market" limited to economic cooperation alone.
However, for Ireland it meant the promise of open borders and a movement away from over-dependency on the British market. An "Ever closer union" also meant the distinctions between Irishness, and Britishness would gradually reduce, and with them much of the basis for the N. Ireland conflict. Article 50 didn't exist when the GFA was negotiated, so the possibility of Brexit was never considered. Joint EU membership was the context for the GFA, even if the EU was never a direct party to it. Most people in Britain never seemed to understand the existential threat which Brexit posed for the peace process, or else they simply didn't care. They had other fish to fry.
While Britain was busy making more enemies within the EU, Irish diplomats were assiduous in cultivating support for the Irish position to the point where the EU remained utterly united on this and other negotiating priorities for Ireland. They refused to even discus a trade deal with the UK - subsequently the Trade and Cooperation Agreement (TCA)- until the Withdrawal Agreement containing the Protocol was signed, sealed and delivered.
The fact that Boris Johnson himself, in talks with Varadkar in the Wirral, agreed the protocol (in preference to Theresa May's backstop) was a testament to the success of this diplomatic effort. The fact that Dominic Cummings later claimed Johnson didn't understand the protocol and had no intention of implementing (also confirmed by Ian Paisley Jnr.in his discussions with Johnson) it is neither here nor there. Irish diplomacy had won the day.
With an Irish American in the White House, and with the Chairman of the Ways and Means committee of congress, Richard Neal, (and ranking Republican, Kevin Brady) also being Irish Americans, US support for the Irish position has been unwavering. This is significant because the House Ways and Means Committee must approve any prospective US UK trade deal. To date there has been almost no progress in those trade negotiations pending the resolution of the Protocol issues, and the US has has only just agreed to lift Trump era trade tariffs on UK metal exports having done so for the EU last year.
The bottom line is that many of the Brexiteers' cherished ambitions - a trade deal with the US and improved access to EU financial markets - are on hold and may even be going in reverse as the EU reduces its dependency on London based financial clearing houses. Many Brexiteers had predicted the EU was on its last legs anyway and that Brexit would be followed by many other countries seeking to exit the EU. Instead, Brexit, the pandemic, and now the Ukraine crisis have done nothing but strengthen the EU and bring recalcitrant members like Poland and Hungary more into line.
Ireland's agreement to global corporate tax harmonisation has removed the last major irritant in Ireland/EU relations and Ireland could increasingly play a pivotal role in mediating EU relations with the USA and UK. Ireland's election to the UN Security Council (beating Canada to the seat) is a reflection of Ireland's increasing heft in global affairs with the result that there will be no changes in UK/EU relations without Irish agreement. This may well feel to many to be a case of the Irish tail wagging the British dog, but that is the reality that Britain now faces. Brexit may well have been about taking back control, but it has been at the cost of reducing Britain's influence in the world that we live in.
There is no doubt that part of the impetus behind Brexit was a realisation that the EU was serious about the aspiration to "an ever closer union" contained in the opening declaration of the founding Treaty of Rome (1957). The UK had sought to put off that evil day by refusing to join the Euro, the Schengen passport free zone, and through a number of rebates, opt-outs and derogations from the obligations imposed on other (and all new) member states. Many have argued that the precipitous expansion of the EU from 15 to 27 member states without any institutional reform after the fall of the Iron Curtain was driven by the UK in part to make further integration difficult if not impossible. Many EU negotiations were already famously tortuous. How much more difficult would it be to get unanimous agreement for many key decisions when the membership went up from 15 to 27 states?
A favourite Brexiteer criticism of the EU has been the supposed democratic deficit in its decision making processes. Leaving aside the fact that the criticism is coming from a state with an unelected head of state, an unelected chamber of parliament, an unwritten constitution which says whatever a court decides it says at any one time, and an electoral system which allows a party winning less that 40% of the vote to gain an overall majority and where with the election is essentially meaningless in the majority of "safe seats" where the result is a foregone conclusion; it is quite possible to come to the opposite conclusion.
The requirement for unanimity among 27 member states for many decisions, and large weighted majorities for many more could easily make the entire EU apparatus unmanageable and ungovernable, were it not for the strong commitment to collegiality and avoidance of polarising rhetoric which has been built up over the decades. Despite being castigated as unelected officials, European Commission presidents have been selected by the European Council representing all member states by consensus and must be confirmed by the European Parliament. Jean-Claude Juncker was confirmed by 422 votes for to 250 votes against, for example, with Ursula von der Leyen confirmed by 383 to 327 votes - majorities most prime ministers would die for.
The result of this collegial problem solving process is that a negotiated solution to most problems is generally found, and without the resort to demagoguery, polarisation, threats and outright violence which had been the hall mark of European disputes pre-EU. Global warming, Brexit, the pandemic and now the Ukraine crisis have given a new impetus to developing common European solutions to reducing carbon footprints, reforming agriculture, pooling healthcare procurement and pandemic management processes, and developing common energy security and defence policies. As these policies diverge from those being pursued by the UK, inevitably this will lead to a greater divergence between Ireland and the UK - with consequent strains for N. Ireland.
It is in no one's interest to increase those strains, and the EU is certainly not seeking to do so. It is simply the inevitable consequence of two competing power blocks moving in somewhat different directions. There is a limit to how much N. Ireland concerns can constrain forces that are global in scale, effecting a market of 450 Million people. European leaders have made it plain that protecting the integrity of the Single Market is one of their top priorities and tweaking the Protocol in a way that could provide backdoor access to the market for third party goods transiting through N. Ireland is simply not compatible with that priority. Certainly, risk assessments and the practicalities of customs controls are open to discussion, but a fresh crisis would erupt if large quantities of non EU-compliant goods were to be found to have leaked into the Single market. There is no point in pretending otherwise.
Northern Ireland has the disadvantages of not being directly represented at EU decision making processes and is also excluded from participating in EU markets for services, the most dynamically growing part of almost any modern economy. With UK financial services heavily centralised in London, this means N. Ireland is effectively excluded from sectors that enable modern economies to grow. N. Ireland is developing some expertise in niche computer security products and services, but has yet to achieve scale or attract many global players. There is a huge need to develop a distinctive economic development strategy for N. Ireland, but the UK government has shown little interest in doing so, and N. Ireland parties have shown little focus on the issue. Whatever way the world economy develops in the future, it seems N. Ireland is destined to be a follower rather than a leader, which is a pity given its history of industrial leadership in the past.
This topic probably needs little elaboration here, except to say it could have profound implications for N. Ireland in the future. Historically the unionist community is divided between a more English orientated Anglican component, and a more Scottish oriented dissenter (mainly Presbyterian and Methodist) tradition, which sometimes made common cause with Irish nationalists. More recently, with the liberalisation and secularisation of N. Ireland society, these religious distinctions have become less definitive, with both making common cause against Irish nationalism.
If Scotland were to leave the UK, and even more so if it were to join the EU, where would that leave many unionists with little direct attachment to England or Wales? If English nationalism were to become even more hard-line, where would that leave the Barnet formula which benefits N. Ireland to the tune of somewhere between £10 and £15 Billion per annum, a figure which appears to be increasing each year? If Brexit is less of a success than its progenitors promised, how will a severe north south split within England be avoided if all available resources are not re-directed towards the English midlands and north?
The lack of attachment of even many in the Conservative and Unionist Party (to give the Tories their full title) to the union with N. Ireland has been well documented in a number of polls. Brexit was a far higher priority for them than even the continuance of the union. If Britain were to return to its pre-EU status of "the sick man of Europe" where would a desperate government, look to make savings at least political cost? There has been an uptick in British academic interest in the mechanisms by a which a united Ireland might come about. Could this be a harbinger of political winds to come?
A lot rests on the "success" of Brexit and the outcome of political developments in Britain. The point being that much of this is beyond unionist control.
So how realistic or likely is it that the UK could return to its pre-EU incarnation as "the sick man of Europe"? The UK government's own study has pointed to a likely 2-8% decline in GDP and a 1-10% decline in income per capita depending on the precise outcome of Brexit negotiations. With the outcome having veered towards the harder end of the Brexit spectrum the declines could be at the more severe end of those spectrums.
Also, much has changed in the world economy since 1973. The global economy is much more integrated today with manufacturing having moved largely to China and the far east, and many knowledge based industries to India. Britain has substantially de-industrialised, and many of its leading edge businesses have been sold to foreign corporations. London's role as the capital of European financial services is at risk, and with it huge profits and government revenues. The end of "Londongrad" as the capital of Russian money laundering could be one more blow to future revenues.
So where do Brexiteers see UK growth coming in the future? Those trade deals that have been signed to date are little more than copy and paste jobs of preceding EU trade deals and cover just a small fraction of UK trade. Trade with the EU (and Ireland) has plummeted, and its near monopoly control of the N. Ireland retail industry is at risk. The many EU workers who have left will take their skills and productivity elsewhere boosting the European economy, not Britain's.
It is not as if Britain cannot succeed in the modern world. It's just difficult to discern a coherent economic strategy which gives it an edge over anyone else. Singapore-on-Thames has an attractive ring to it, but what makes it superior to Singapore itself? Europe has its problems, too, but most of its under-performing economies appear to be recovering. Ukraine remains a huge unknown in the mix, but at least Europe has the capacity and scale to address global problems on a global scale, and a willingness to do so.
The bottom line is that we live in a volatile and rapidly changing world and N. Ireland doesn't have a lot of agency in addressing the challenges it may have to face in the future. Decisions with major implications for its people will continue to be made in London and Brussels with little regard for the particular concerns of a divided community. Attempts to understand what is happening in and to N. Ireland through the prism of internal demographic, economic and political changes only give us a small part of the overall picture. Harold MacMillan may or may not have said "events, dear boy, events" when asked what might throw his government off course, but the essential sentiment is to try, in as much as possible, to be the master of your own destiny.
What vision do unionists have, other than to put off the evil day of a united Ireland for as long as possible? What vision do nationalists have, for a united Ireland that is different from the Ireland that we have today? Without some planning for events that may or may not occur with our permission, we are no better than a ship without an engine in a storm tossed sea. Planning for future scenarios doesn't make them any more likely to occur, just less traumatic if they do occur. And sometimes if you do plan well, you will create options that might not otherwise have been available to you. The risks are in plain sight. Coherent and concerted attempts to address them are less obvious in our discourse. We will have no one to blame but ourselves if the fragile consensus that has allowed relatively peaceful co-existence to develop in N. Ireland for the past 25 years goes pear shaped again.
The determinants of N. Ireland's political future | 10 comments (10 topical, 0 editorial, 0 hidden)
N. Ireland's political future (none / 1)
Sinn Fein campagning on "European solidarity with Ireland":
"The chaos of Brexit has highlighted very clearly that the partition of Ireland is a disaster. We are moving closer to a referendum on Irish unity. European solidarity with Ireland has stood the test of time"
Sinn Fein set to win N.I. elections in May
Brexit dismantling the UK pic.twitter.com/OLly2M6CkP
— Alex Taylor (@AlexTaylorNews) March 22, 2022
And Johnson comparing Brexit with the Ukrainian resistance? Ukrainians are having none of it.
'How many Britons died because of Brexit? Zero'
Former Ukrainian president Petro Poroshenko tells ITV News that @BorisJohnson should 'please' avoid comparing the Ukrainian resistance to Brexit https://t.co/1eNOWg9igo pic.twitter.com/6ZXuiIIUt1
— ITV News Politics (@ITVNewsPolitics) March 22, 2022
by Bernard (bernard) on Tue Mar 22nd, 2022 at 07:43:53 PM EST
Re: N. Ireland's political future (none / 1)
Brexiteers love to present themselves as the long suffering victims of domination by an evil European empire which they have compared to the Soviet Union and Fourth Reich. Nigel Farage has expressed his puzzlement that Ireland would not prefer a benign relationship with Britain rather than subjugation by Europe. He has no idea what subjugation to Britain really felt like on the receiving end. When you are used to being the dominant imperial power, equality can feel like subjugation, but that does not make it so.
Index of Frank's Diaries
by Frank Schnittger (mail Frankschnittger at hot male dotty communists) on Tue Mar 22nd, 2022 at 08:12:52 PM EST
Brexiteers love to present themselves as the long suffering victims of domination by an evil European empire
Makes you think of another group of rulers on the other side of Europe...
TBH, France also has a problem of "no longer being a dominant imperial power", to the irritation of many pf other EU countries - OK, this is also a Macron temperament issue. But, overall, we seem to be getting off it a little faster than our neighbors from across the channel. French language no longer being universal has helped bringing the point home. And of course, Erasmus.
But but but (none / 0)
A little pomposity allied to a gallic shrug of the shoulders is part of your charm! Where would we be without a little French hauteur?
Re: The determinants (none / 1)
"the 30% of the Northern Ireland workforce employed in the public sector will want some cast iron guarantees as to their future employment prospects in the event of a border poll"
Well at least that part is easy. Boris will make a speech that clearly and emphatically promises a cast iron guarantee. Done.
by asdf on Wed Mar 23rd, 2022 at 01:12:02 AM EST
As Ireland will take over sovereignty in the event of a a successful border poll, the guarantee will have to come from Ireland. Perhaps Boris can promise any who want to leave jobs in England, but I doubt that would sway many!
by Frank Schnittger (mail Frankschnittger at hot male dotty communists) on Wed Mar 23rd, 2022 at 08:04:36 AM EST
Now cross posted on slugger O'Toole where there has been a lively response from unionists, nationalists, andand the non-alligned.
by Frank Schnittger (mail Frankschnittger at hot male dotty communists) on Fri Mar 25th, 2022 at 12:07:56 PM EST
Nice place Frank! Great reception 🤝
Our editorial approach is pluralist in that we deliberately seek out a range of political opinions.
We believe diversity of opinion is essential to building a reliable view of any single problem, great or small. Our aim is to bring our readers accurate reporting combined with honest and informed analysis rather than balance.
Slugger has developed a reputation for hosting a (mostly) intelligent dialogue on a range of controversial and important issues.
'Sapere aude'
by Oui (Oui) on Fri Mar 25th, 2022 at 02:59:40 PM EST
Yep - 250 comments and over 3,000 readers isn't a bad place to start as a new contributor to a site. The reception has been overwhelmingly positive except for some unionists...!
by Frank Schnittger (mail Frankschnittger at hot male dotty communists) on Sat Mar 26th, 2022 at 08:49:08 AM EST
Counter stood at 93 when I went through the replies ... the unionists 😉. ahh the balance.
by Oui (Oui) on Sat Mar 26th, 2022 at 01:12:20 PM EST
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