The second and concluding part of a survey of the fraileas of southern Brazil. Photography by the author.
Since Frailea was first described by Britton & Rose in 1922, recognizing eight species (two of which were regarded as being of uncertain relationship), the number of names at specific and infraspecific rank in the genus has increased substantially, mainly from the 1970s onwards. Today there are about 300 names in the cactus literature, most of them invalid or only provisional (Metzing & Kiesling, 2006). Clearly the number of existing names is much higher than the number of species in nature! There is no modern revision of the genus; thus we do not have as yet an authoritative reference work on Frailea. The most recent checklist compiled by Hunt (2006: 122-125) accepted twelve species and a further six heterotypic subspecies. Of those plants listed by Hunt that occur in the state of Rio Grande do Sul in Brazil, the only species that I failed to find was Frailea curvispina Buining & Brederoo. It is with Hunt's checklist as a basis that I now present the following account of the species that I have seen in the field.
Frailea buenekeri W R Abraham. This species occurs as two subspecies. The typical subspecies (ssp. buenekeri) grows near the town of Vila Nova do Sul, while the subspecies densispina Hofacker & Herm grows more to the south, to the west of the town of Lavras do Sul and east of the small village of Ibaré. Unfortunately I did not find plants of the typical subspecies, but I saw subspecies densispina in a number of places in the area where it occurs, growing in granitic rock outcrops, in pockets of soil between the rocks, together with mosses, lichens, grasses and other vegetation (Figs. 26 & 27). It is a beautiful little plant of no more than about 3cm in diameter, with a dark green to winered epidermis, many ribs divided into low tubercles, and areoles with a dozen or so creamy yellow to white radial spines appressed against the body of the plant and pointing downwards. Below each areole there is a faint, dark, crescent-shaped mark. The plants are globular, becoming columnar in age. Another characteristic of this taxon is the tuberculate spines, which have small projections along them, thus creating the illusion of being slightly feathered. Near to the places where I found F. buenekeri ssp. densispina, I also found forms of F. pygmaea.
Perhaps to compensate for the fact that I did not find the typical subspecies, I did find a yet more spectacular subspecies of F. buenekeri, that I have provisionally named subspecies centrispino. (Figs. 28-29 & rear cover). This plant was found more to the east than any of the other subspecies, near the town of Santana da Boa Vista. It has a more dense cover of pure white spines, and is distinguished by the presence of a single central spine, which is stronger than the radial spines and varies from white to yellowishbrown in colour. Also, the tubercles on the spines are more developed, causing a greater impression that the spines are feathered. The overall appearance of the plants makes them superficially resemble the forms of Mammillaria duwei that have central spines. When I found the first plant of subspecies centrispina, my first impression was that it was a very young seedling of Parodia scopa. The plant was somehow strange for a P. scopa, but it was not until I found other specimens and examined them at close range - on my hands and knees - that I realized that it was a Frailea and not a Parodia at all! At the same place where I found F. buenekeri ssp. centrispina I also found a form of F. pygmaea.
Frailea castanea Backeberg is perhaps the most attractive species of the genus. The plants resemble a miniature Euphorbia obesa or Astrophytum asterias, with its body flat with the ground, and having many low ribs with strings of areoles bearing very short black spines (Fig. 30). The number of ribs varies between different populations, as also does the shape of the flowers, even in the same population (Fig. 31). The colour of the epidermis is usually dark reddish-brown, matching remarkably well the colour of the soil where the plants grow. This, and the fact that the plants retract into the soil during dry periods, makes them quite difficult to spot (Fig. 32). The species grows in areas of shallow reddish soil with rock outcrops of iron-rich sandstone. I found several populations in the area between the towns of Quaraí and Alegrete, and the plant was quite common in places, with hundreds of individuals to be seen. Growing together with F. castanea I often found F. pumila, and in a few places also F. phaeodisca.
Frailea cataphracta (Dams) Britton & Rose. This species was originally described from Paraguay, but it was recently discovered growing in Rio Grande do Sul as well (Gerloff, 1997). Actually, I found it because I remembered the description given by Gerloff of the place where the plant grew. I was travelling with Graham Charles and Chris Pugh, coming from the town of Manoel Viana in the direction of the town of Sao Francisco de Assis, when a few kilometres before arriving in Sao Francisco de Assis we saw a table mountain on the horizon. I told the others that Gerloff found Gymnocalycium buenekeri and Frailea cataphracta in a place similar to that one, and that we should check that mountain. We took a side road and drove closer. The mountain was located inside a farm, so I asked the farmer's permission to see the mountain, and for information on how to get there. It turned out that there was a track leading to the base of the mountain, and that from time to time the place was visited by Germans, which encouraged us even more. We arrived at the base of the mountain, and while Graham and Chris were searching for G. buenekeri on the mountain sides, I was trying to recall more of the article and the account of where the Frailea was growing. I then remembered that it was growing near a tree, so I walked towards the only big tree to be seen. Sure enough, there were the plants of F. cataphracta growing in the sand amongst the tufts of grass!
Frailea cataphracta has a globular body, intensely dark green to purplish and almost black in some plants (Figs. 33-35), with up to 20, low, tuberculate ribs. The apex of the plants is concave, and the areoles have black felt and a few short brownish to white spines. Below each areole there is a dark crescent-shaped mark, giving the plants a very characteristic appearance. This dark mark below the areoles is a feature present in many Frailea species, but it is most conspicuous in F. cataphracta. I found dozens of plants growing at this locality, and some were even in flower. It probably rained not long before our visit, because all the plants were very plump and prominently above the soil. In periods of drought, the plants probably retract into the soil and are covered by the soft, reddish sand in which they grow. This sandy soil is derived from sandstone rocks, and is very common in this area around the table mountains. Perhaps there are more populations of F. cataphracta in this region, but so far this seems to be the only one known.
Frailea fulviseta Buining & Brederoo. This species (Figs. 36-38) grows in the same table mountains as F. cataphracta, but instead of growing in the sandy soil, it is to be found in sandstone rock crevices or in the middle of the clumps of Dyckia (Bromeliaceae), on the sides or the top of the table mountains. I found this species in a number of places near the towns of Alegrete, Manoel Viana and Sao Francisco de Assis, always in the same kind of habitat. In spite of the name (fulviseta means yellowish-brown bristled), the spines of this species can vary in colour from white through yellow to brownish-red. Below each areole there is a faint dark crescent-shaped mark. It is a columnar species, and can become quite elongated, up to 12cm or more in length (Fig. 36). F. fulviseta resembles F. buenekeri in overall morphology, but the spines of F. fulviseta are stiff, smooth and glassy. I found a few plants whose apexes had divided dichotomously to form two or three heads (Fig. 38).
Frailea gracillima (Lemaire) Britton & Rose. Here is a species that is very widespread and morphologically quite variable (Figs. 39 & 40). It is very common in the mountainous region of the southeast of Rio Grande do Sul, coming from the vicinity of the capital city, Porto Alegre (from where the synonymous Frailea alacriportana Backeberg & Voll was described), all the way to the south and as far west as Santana do Livramento. It grows in gravelly soils, under shrubs and amidst grasses, or in humusrich, moss-filled pockets of soil in the rock outcrops. Frailea gracillima is the typical columnar species of the genus, its body always more elongated than wide. The ribs are tuberculate, and the central and radial spines have different colours. The central spines are dark reddish-brown to black, while the colour of the radials varies from white to yellow. Some forms of F. gracillima are rather small, with pencil-thin stems no longer than a couple of centimetres in height, with few ribs and long central spines (for instance, the form described as Frailea lepida Buining & Brederoo), while other forms are much more robust, with stems several centimetres long (up to 15cm) and up to 5cm in diameter, with numerous ribs and short spines.
The archetypal form of F. gracillima is the one shown in Fig. 39, with few tuberculate ribs, one or two central spines which are dark in colour and much longer than the whitish radial spines, and a faint dark crescent-shaped mark below each areole. There are countless variations to this pattern, and each population seems to be slightly different. There are plants that have straight central spines, while others may have curved spines, and the mark below the areole can be absent. The only variation of F. gracillima that is currently accepted at infraspecific rank is subspecies horstii (Ritter) Braun & Esteves Pereira. This is a stouter variation with more ribs and central spines, which are of more or less the same length as the radial spines (Figs. 41 & 42). It grows in the area between the cities of Caçapava do Sul, Encruzilhada do Sul and Piratini. The typical form is shown in Fig. 41, but there are even stouter forms like the one shown in Fig. 42, that was found south of Encruzilhada do Sul. In spite of the difference between subspecies horstii and subspecies gracillima, there is no clear-cut separation among the two forms; rather, they gradually change and intergrade along the distributional range of the species. In spite of being quite variable, F. gracillima is unmistakable and easy to recognize.
Frailea mammifera Buining & Brederoo is divided into two subspecies, the typical subspecies (ssp. mammifera) growing in Rio Grande do Sul north of the town of Dom Pedrito, and subspecies angelesiae R Riesling & Metzing growing in Dep. Concordia, Prov. Entre Rios, in the northeastern part of Argentina. The place that I visited was the type locality of this charming species, which is globular, up to 3cm in diameter, and has around 16 tuberculate ribs, the tubercles being very prominent and conspicuous, hence the name (Figs. 43 & 44). The colour of the plants is green, and below each areole there is a dark crescentshaped mark. The areoles have about eight spines, all radial, orangeyellow in colour and tuberculate, conferring them with a slightly feathered appearance. The plants grow in granitic rock outcrops, in the pockets of soil between the rocks. I did not find many plants of this species at the locality that I visited, but I do not know if the reason is because it is simply a rare plant, or if the plants just happened to be "invisible" and hidden in the soil at the time when I visited them. In overall morphology, F. mammifera is quite similar to F. buenekeri, and it does not grow very far from where F. buenekeri ssp. densispina also occurs. These two species share the feature of having tuberculate spines, so perhaps they are closely related.
Frailea phaeodisca (Spegazzini) Spegazzini. In my opinion this is one of the most attractive species of Frailea, along with F. castanea and F. buenekeri. The plants have a dark green to brownish, flattened body, many low ribs which are only discernible because they are separated by dark vertical lines, areoles with black felt, many small, glassy, white radial spines appressed against the body of the plant, and a faint, darker, crescent-shaped mark beneath the areoles (Figs. 45-49). Frailea phaeodisca was originally described from Uruguay as a variety of F. pygmaea, but later raised to the status of a species. It has a wide area of distribution, but nowhere is it a common species: I found only a handful of populations, a couple close to Minas do Camaqua near the city of Caçapava do Sul (Figs. 45 & 46), and the others located more to the west in the region between the cities of Santana do Livramento and Quaraí. Plants from the latter area were described as a distinct species, Frailea perbella Prestlé, but it is no more than just a variation of F. phaeodisca with a more elongated body, darker areoles and whiter spines covering the whole body (Fig. 48). In the same region one can also find plants with characteristics intermediate with the more common form of F. phaeodisca (Fig. 49). The plants grow in pockets of sandy soil on the tops of the sandstone rocky outcrops (Fig. 47) or in rock crevices, and in the same way as F. castanea they can disappear completely during periods of drought, the bodies being pulled down to soil level by the strong, contractile tuberous root.
Frailea pumila (Lemaire) Britton & Rose. This species has a very wide distribution, and besides Rio Grande do Sul in Brazil it also occurs in Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay. There is even one form that was reported from Colombia and described as an independent species, Frailea colombiana (Werdermann) Backeberg, but its occurrence in an area so remote from the remainder of the distribution of the genus is probably the result of introduction by man. As can be expected of a species that occurs so widely, there are several names given to local variants. However, at least in Brazil, the plants of F. pumila are fairly uniform in appearance, with the most noticeable variation being in the colour of the spines, that can vary from whitish (Fig. 50) to creamy-yellow (Fig. 51) to golden-yellow (Fig. 52) and even to reddish-brown (Fig. 53). The golden-yellow forms especially contrast very well with the dark rocky places where they grow, making them very easy to spot.
Frailea pumila is one of the largest of the globular species, attaining a diameter of up to five centimetres. It has many low, tuberculate ribs, while the areoles have whitish felt and about 18 radial spines that are more or less curved and point in all directions, and between one and four central spines, which are not very different from the radials. Old plants become slightly columnar. This species is quite common in the southwestern portion of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, growing from Santana do Livramento westwards to the border with Argentina, and all the way north up to the cities of Santiago and São Borja. I often found it growing in the rocky beds of creeks (called arroyos in this part of Brazil) or in areas of flat rock outcrops subjected to seasonal flooding. The plants were most plentiful in the places which were obviously flooded during the episodes of intense rain. In these places F. pumila grows in the crevices of the rocks together with mosses and lichens, the plants firmly attached to the rocks by their strong tuberous roots. Frailea pumila shares its habitat with a few other Frailea species, namely F. castanea, F. phaeodisca and F schilinzkyana (F. perumbilicata).
Frailea pygmaea (Spegazzini) Britton & Rose. As the name implies (pygmaeus meaning dwarf), this is perhaps the smallest of all Frailea species, some forms having heads no wider than one or two centimetres. It is also quite widespread, growing in Brazil, Uruguay and Argentina. In Rio Grande do Sul I found it growing in the mountainous region in the southeast of the state, but also westwards up to the region around the city of Santana do Livramento. I found numerous populations of F. pygmaea, and it was often quite common. However, this is another very variable species, even more so than F. gracillima, and while F. pygmaea is quite uniform in the centre of its area of distribution in Rio Grande do Sul (in the more southeastern regions of the state, from the city of Bagé eastwards and southwards), in the northern and western edges of its range there are quite distinct forms. In accordance with the variability of the species, many names have been created for different forms of F. pygmaea, some of them correctly published but the majority invalidly.
Typical F. pygmaea has a flattened, light green body, low ribs which are tuberculate (more noticeable when the body is dehydrated), the tubercles being flattish and with areoles bearing whitish or yellowish wool and a few short, bristly, glassy, white radial spines, and rarely also one or two small central spines (Fig. 54). Near the city of Caçapava do Sul I found plants with a more globular body and areoles having longer white spines, the base of the spines being orangeyellow in colour (Fig. 55). Southwest of Caçapava do Sul, west of the town of Lavras do Sul there are plants which have distinctive dark crescentshaped marks below the areoles (Fig. 56). A bit more to the west, north of the city of Dom Pedrito, I found plants with yellow spines and wool (Fig. 57). While different from each other, all these variants are not really that far from the typical form.
The most distinctive variation, and the only one accepted at infraspecific rank that grows in Rio Grande do Sul, is subspecies albicolumnaris (Ritter) Hofacker. This form is more robust, with a glaucous, greyishgreen epidermis and many ribs not broken into tubercles, the ribs being straight and vertical. As the name implies, with time this form becomes more or less columnar in shape (Fig. 58). Near the city of Santana da Boa Vista I found another tall form of F. pygmaea (Fig. 59), which is not the same as subspecies albicolumnaris. The plants in this place are very stout, up to 4cm in diameter and 8cm in height, being distinctively columnar, but other than the size and shape, they are very similar to typical F. pygmaea in spination and the presence of a faint, dark crescent-shaped mark below each areole.
So far the most puzzling form of F. pygmaea that I found was a population growing just north of the city of Quaraí in the south-western region of the state (Fig. 60). The overall appearance of the plants and the locality where I discovered it agree with Ritter's protologue of Frailea aureispina, a taxon that is put into the synonymy of F. pygmaea. I compared the plants that I discovered with the description and illustrations provided by Ritter (1979: 209) and have no doubt that what I found is the same as F. aureispina. However, this taxon is the one that least resembles F. pygmaea:. the dark felted areoles are similar to the areoles of F. phaeodisca, and the yellow to orange spines are stronger than those normally found in F. pygmaea. In this area no other forms of F. pygmaea grow, but F. schilinzkyana (F. perumbilicata) is quite common. This latter species also has strong spines, which vary from yellow to dark brownish in colour, but other than in these characteristics it does not resemble the plants that I believe to be F. aureispina. It is possible that the plants that I found and that Ritter named F. aureispina are not related to F. pygmaea at all, its characteristics being the result of natural hybridization between F. phaeodisca and F. schilinzkyana (F. perumbilicata), both of which grow nearby. This is just a hypothesis, but clearly this is a plant that needs to be studied in more detail.
Frailea pygmaea usually grows in the crevices of rocky outcrops, between the pebbles near these outcrops or in grassy, gravelly areas where the thin soil depth minimizes any competition from other plants. Other species that I found growing in the same places as F. pygmaea include F. gracillima and F. buenekeri, but in the case of the plants that I identified as F. aureispina, they were growing together with F. castanea.
Frailea schilinzkyana (Schumann) Britton & Rose. The form of this species that grows in Rio Grande do Sul was given the name Frailea perumbilicata by Ritter (1979: 206-207). Hunt (2006: 125) mentioned under F. pumila that its "differentiation from F. schilinzkyana is not altogether clear". However, F. schilinzkyana (F. perumbilicata) grows sympatrically with F. pumila in several places in the region between the cities of Santana do Livramento and Quaraí in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, where both species are clearly distinct. Alternatively, F. perumbilicata could be a species distinct from F. schilinzkyana, because while the distinction between F. schilinzkyana and F. pumila is not clear, F. perumbilicata is positively distinct from F. pumila.
This view is also supported by the different descriptions of F. schilinzkyana and F. perumbilicata given in Hunt (2006: 124-125). Until the question of the identity of F. perumbilicata is resolved, I will refer to it as F. schilinzkyana followed by the name F. perumbilicata in parentheses.
Frailea schilinzkyana (F. perumbilicata) is found in the region around the city of Santana do Livramento in southwestern Rio Grande do Sul, and also westwards to the city of Quaraí. Plants of this species somewhat resemble F. pygmaea, differing by a more globular body which is dark greyishgreen to brownish, a concave apex (reminiscent of F. cataphracta), flat ribs which are scarcely tuberculate, areoles with strong spines which are dark yellowish to reddishbrown and even black in colour and the more conspicuous dark bristles in the areoles of the flower tube (Figs. 61-64). It grows in the crevices of sandstone rocky outcrops, and it is locally fairly common. F. castanea, F. phaeodisca and F. pumila also grow together with F. schilinzkyana (F. perumbilicata).
The taxonomy of Frailea is far from being thoroughly resolved, and detailed studies should be conducted involving more populations and greater population sampling in order to assess the intra- and interpopulational patterns of morphological and genetic variation of the plants in the field. A modern revision of the genus should only be attempted after such a thorough survey. Taxonomic questions aside, Frailea is a genus that contains many beautiful and interesting little plants, as hopefully the pictures and descriptions in this article have shown. The plants of this genus do not take up much space, and deserve to be grown more widely.
Port. Metzing, D & Kiesling, R (2006) Notes on the diversity, biology, and taxonomy of Frailea (Cactaceae). Bradleya 24: 115-128. Ritter, F (1979) Kakteen in Sudamerika. Band 1. Privately published, Spangenberg.
A sensational novelty related to Frailea buenekeri subsp. densispina discovered by Marlon Machado in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. All spines are strongly pubescent, even those of the fruit, a character shared by ssp. densispina to a lesser degree, which also lacks the long central spines.
The population suffers from the grazing of sheep, and many of the plants had had their heads eaten, but fortunately most are able to regenerate new heads.
The discovery of this new plant is described in this issue in the second, concluding part of a review of southern Brazilian fraileas by Marlon Machado, who is also the photographer.


Color blocking and the Color Brigade seem to go hand in hand (aren't you glad this is a spring trend?). A mix I've seen a lot of this spring is the pairing of pink and orange. It's bright, cheery, and a color combination that will get you going in the mornings for sure!
So after seeing my orange (even though it looks red in the pictures), fuchsia, and white mix, now it's your turn! Link up your colorful outfits below.
something you actually wore today!
Add the Color Brigade button on your blog sidebar (copy the html provided). Entries without this button will be removed.
In the "Link it to:" field, please provide the url of the specific post (not the url of your entire blog, lol).
In the "Caption or Title:" field, list the different colors you're wearing. Example: Gold, Cream, and Red.
You're done! Go back and check out the other amazing entries from members of the Color Brigade!
love the bright colours in your outfit!
Love the red + purple combo. Very unique and definitely colorful!
that is a nice watch!
That skirt is so pretty. I love that color. Very springy!
Yay for super brights! I love it:) This is definitely a color combo I will be trying when I get my closet back in a few more days. Also, love your shoes and the new watch is so gorgeous!
I love this bold combo! Fearless color is a wonderful thing.
I love the color of your new watch!
Wow! I cannot believe that sweater is actually orange! I am loving that necklace…gorgeous!!
I really love those shoes and that you went more neutral with the shoes to balance the color. Very cute.
I love this outfit. It looks so springy. The necklace adds a really great touch too.
Great Post! I love your blog; I'm following you now!
i love color! and i love these colors! and i seriously can't get enough of that skirt.
Very bright and bold colors combo. Your shoes and watch are gorgeous.
I love the colors! I WANT a skirt in that color too!
WOww love the use of accessories!
The shoes are too fly! I have a similar pair that I got from Target years ago!
Is this the second week the Color Brigade has been on Monday? I fell asleep somewhere. Oh well, I'll still link up tomorrow's outfit if the Linky is still open. Silly me!
love your necklace hon. it's a great piece to the outfit.
I absolutely love the color blocking and as much as some people are against pink/red, I personally LOVE the combo!
I love the purple and red together! And the watch is really nice – I need to invest in a good quality/fashionable watch like yours.
Enough me rambling I love your color choice here I dont know that fuchsia and red goes so well together, I thought they would wash off the color great color brigade thinking!!
Marcus Last Call! I can't wait to see you rock the skirt!
down. there's always temptation every month!
LOL I know it is HARD!! I think I might get them back out in April!! I was waaaaayyy to ambitious!!!!
AMAZING OUTFIT REALLY LOVE YOUR COLOUR COMBO!!!!!!!!!!!!
Love love love the outfit Kileen! And that watch is TO DIE!!
I wish I could pull off heels like that, but I simply was not blessed with the feet or endurance to wear them! I'm always impressed if someone can sport stilettos like you.
Love the bold colors! Great outfit!
You've been taking so many color risks lately, and I love it! Fab!
I look forward to this feature every single week and this week definitely does not disappoint! 🙂 I especially love that necklace!
Love your color blocking, and also that necklace! Too cute!
Kileen..you are my color inspiration petite blogger…does that make any sense? LOL I freaking love that skirt!
loan approval –> you've got multiple choices in your desk pay day loans a few weeks later, she calls me to say that the loan situation is keeping her up during the night, and she wished to talk.
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in their recent study Arends and colleagues demonstrate a significant 2.8-fold increased risk for the formation of neutralizing anti-drug antibodies (ADA) in male patients with Fabry disease (FD) when treated with agalsidase-beta (1.0 mg/kg every other week) compared to agalsidase-alfa (0.2 mg/kg every other week). Interestingly, Rombach and colleagues and later Smid and colleagues reported no significant differences in a humoral response, when using an identical dosage of 0.2 mg/kg for both drugs. [2,3] Hence, the 5-fold higher dosage of agalsidase-beta and not the compound itself seems to be an important trigger for antibody formation. However, none of the studies determined the cross reactive immunological status, which is crucial for the risk of a humoral response. The subgroup analysis of patients with ADAs by Arends and colleagues also revealed a better biochemical response to agalsidase-beta at 1.0 mg/kg in terms of decreasing lyso-Gb3 levels. The authors propose that a saturation of antibody titers due to the 5-fold higher dosage might lead to the observed effect. In this respect, we recently demonstrated that antibodies can be supersaturated and that appropriate (i.e. individually optimized) enzyme dosages can overcome ADA titers already during infusions, which may result in improved patients' outcome. However, in the same study, we also demonstrated that even in patients treated with low-dose enzyme replacement therapy ADA titers can be supersaturated. Therefore, we conclude that assessments of individual antibody titers should be performed to determine optimal enzyme dosages for supersaturation of present antibodies and thus probably resulting in higher therapy efficiency and improved disease progression.
2. Rombach SM, Aerts JM, Poorthuis BJ, Groener JE, Donker-Koopman W, Hendriks E, Mirzaian M, Kuiper S, Wijburg FA, Hollak CE, Linthorst GE. Long-term effect of antibodies against infused alpha-galactosidase A in Fabry disease on plasma and urinary (lyso)Gb3 reduction and treatment outcome. PLoS One. 2012;7:e47805.
3. Smid BE, Hoogendijk SL, Wijburg FA, et al. A revised home treatment algorithm for Fabry disease: influence of antibody formation. Mol Genet Metab 2013;108:132-7.
Malte Lenders received speaker honoraria from Genzyme and Shire. Eva Brand received speaker honoraria from Amicus Therapeutics, Genzyme and Shire. Stefan-Martin Brand received speaker honoraria from Shire. Boris Schmitz has nothing to declare.


While the entire town is off bouncing around enjoying the amazing art events that descend upon Miami during the week of Art Basel, we moms are home helping with homework, tucking kids into bed and catching up on work that has fallen behind because we went to watch our kids' extracurricular activities. Lucky for us, Ford was kind enough to invite us to lunch at the newly opened Toro Toro at the InterContinental Hotel to share what they've been up to during Art Basel. We were able to live vicariously through their amazing team and learn about the amazing exhibits we've been missing especially Ford and MILK Studios' 'Wall to Wall: The Fusion Collective'.
The collective combines digital and physical experiences to celebrate renowned and emerging artists across multiple disciplines. The collaboration between Ford and MILK Studios first debuted in New York, traveled to Los Angeles and now made its way to Miami. All of the works featuring in the installation are inspired by the Ford Fusion. We had the opportunity to test drive the new Ford Fusion in September and it definitely inspired Cristy! Her first time driving stick shift since the birth of the twin tweens was pretty exciting and I really enjoyed the sleek design and attention to details.
During lunch, we had the opportunity to speak to the women responsible for the design and details of the Ford Fusion. Francesca Montini, Ford's Global Quality and Design Communications Manager, and Jennifer Hewlett, their Versatile Designer , two powerful and travelled career women – yay! I asked them all kinds of questions about global trends in color and changes in design. Did you know that women prefer the wood grain interior over the colder aluminum look? Did you know that Europeans prefer brighter more fun colors?
It was inspiring to learn how the Ford Fusion is a functioning piece of art created by Jennifer and the design team at Ford which is now inspiring other artists to create amazing pieces featured in the 'Wall to Wall: The Fusion Collective'. So until the tweens head off to college and we can actually visit Art Basel we are extremely thankful to the Ford team for sharing just a little bit of the fun with us!


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Bi-Curious Threesomes
May 11, 2022 September 14, 2015 by Christopher
I'm one of these guys who endorses the fantasy that every woman is secretly (or not so secretly) bisexual, even if only from the waist up. And it turns out that being forthright about it has landed me some pretty awesome hookups, indeed. The trick is to orchestrate a safe and comfortable environment for your bi-willing lover.
I recently hosted such a soirée for a regular hookup who'd been hinting at dipping her toe in lesbian-action waters. For the record, I was able to take a shortcut, at least, on finding our 3rd-party bi contestant: a mutual friend of ours who's always quite happy to make others' fantasies come true.
To ease my first-timer into it, I followed these simple steps:
Determine the limits. It's like having a sex party: it may sound like a free-for-all, but there's usually always something we won't do. In this case, my first-timer was willing to kiss, suck nipples, finger-bang pussy, eat ass, and even drink girlsquirt — but under no circumstances would she go muff-diving. Personally, I can't understand why she'd put the brakes on something that seems much more harmless than drinking squirt, but, whatever, that was the condition, and we respected it. Besides, it left us with more than enough to work with, I assure you.
Make a list. It's one thing to plan what you're going to do, but it's even better to have examples. Scour the interwebs for clips and stills of any role playing scenarios you'd like to try and make sure your newbie has time to study and fantasize about it all ahead of time. Watch how the pros do it. Better still, have those clips and stills ready, in the background, on hookup night.
Start talking early. Get the e-smut rolling before the big night. Keep the lines of communication open, blasting out dirty anticipatory emails that will work her up to the point of distraction. It's good that she has a constant reminder of how she'll soon be driving to taboo town.
Keep toys handy. Dildos are always good to have around. Remember: lesbians use toys, too. And they help to add a "cock dimension" that she's more used to.
Cock on standby. You ain't on holidays. Direct the girl-on-girl action all you want, but newbie loves cock first and foremost — so always let your cock somehow be part of the action, whether it's getting sucked while the girls are scissoring, or maybe they're simply jerking you off while they kiss. Either way: it's a bi sexperience, not a lesbian sexperience with a guy watching.
It took a few weeks to make it happen, but when the night arrived, we were all prepped and gung-ho-er than ever! Newbie will never be the same: she came, she saw, she conquered, she came again.
Meet a third for a threesome now at Polyamorydate.com!
Threesomes: Be the Chosen One
Hookup Help: Finding a Third for a Threesome
How to Find Local Sex Parties
7 Types of Group Sex
How to Find Threesome Partners
Threesome Ideas to Explore
Best MMF Threesome Sex Positions
Threesome Hookups: The FindaThreesome.com Review

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Infliximab for the treatment of fistulas in patients with Crohn's disease
N Engl J Med. 1999 May 6;340(18):1398-405. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199905063401804.
D H Present 1 , P Rutgeerts, S Targan, S B Hanauer, L Mayer, R A van Hogezand, D K Podolsky, B E Sands, T Braakman, K L DeWoody, T F Schaible, S J van Deventer
1 Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
DOI: 10.1056/NEJM199905063401804
Background: Enterocutaneous fistulas are a serious complication of Crohn's disease and are difficult to treat. Infliximab, a chimeric monoclonal antibody to tumor necrosis factor alpha, has recently been developed as a treatment for Crohn's disease. We conducted a randomized, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of infliximab for the treatment of fistulas in patients with Crohn's disease.
Methods: The study included 94 adult patients who had draining abdominal or perianal fistulas of at least three months' duration as a complication of Crohn's disease. Patients were randomly assigned to receive one of three treatments: placebo (31 patients), 5 mg of infliximab per kilogram of body weight (31 patients), or 10 mg of infliximab per kilogram (32 patients); all three were to be administered intravenously at weeks 0, 2, and 6. The primary end point was a reduction of 50 percent or more from base line in the number of draining fistulas observed at two or more consecutive study visits. A secondary end point was the closure of all fistulas.
Results: Sixty-eight percent of the patients who received 5 mg of infliximab per kilogram and 56 percent of those who received 10 mg per kilogram achieved the primary end point, as compared with 26 percent of the patients in the placebo group (P=0.002 and P=0.02, respectively). In addition, 55 percent of the patients assigned to receive 5 mg of infliximab per kilogram and 38 percent of those assigned to 10 mg per kilogram had closure of all fistulas, as compared with 13 percent of the patients assigned to placebo (P=0.001 and P=0.04, respectively). The median length of time during which the fistulas remained closed was three months. More than 60 percent of patients in all the groups had adverse events. For patients treated with infliximab, the most common were headache, abscess, upper respiratory tract infection, and fatigue.
Conclusions: Infliximab is an efficacious treatment for fistulas in patients with Crohn's disease.
Antibodies, Monoclonal / administration & dosage
Antibodies, Monoclonal / adverse effects
Antibodies, Monoclonal / therapeutic use*
Crohn Disease / complications
Crohn Disease / drug therapy*
Crohn Disease / immunology
Cutaneous Fistula / drug therapy*
Cutaneous Fistula / etiology
Infusions, Intravenous
Intestinal Fistula / drug therapy*
Intestinal Fistula / etiology
Antibodies, Monoclonal


If you need the Checkbox to reflect data you can use the Check Box Field object and bind that way.
If you need it perform an action for the row, you may want to look at the Button Field object using the Command Name property and the Row Command event.
Is Post Back), pager does not work :( @Mazdak Shojaie You have to add an event handler for the Grid View. But there are many cases when we have to set CAUSE VALIDATION true & also have to update but it is quite implossible in such case use JAVA SCRIPT I just had a colleague who encountered the same problem; his was caused by the onrowcommand= attribute not being set in the asp: Grid View element. Also make sure that the web.config has debug set to true (think already done). Like I said at the bottom, my button click event works fine, it's just the Check Box inside the Grid View that's giving me problems.
Page Index Changed event, and rebind in that handler. This should be set to the name of the handler which will be handling the event. Also, the code you suggested is the exact same as the way my checkbox is defined above.
On the first step of the wizard click on "New Connection" button to open a dialog as shown in Figure 1.
Now from the smart tag of the Grid View choose "Edit Template" and then select "Edit Item Template" of Company Name column.


text:
Blood Conditions
The Effects of High Progesterone
Kirstin Hendrickson
Kirstin Hendrickson is a writer, teacher, coach, athlete and author of the textbook "Chemistry In The World." She's been teaching and writing about health, wellness and nutrition for more than 10 years. She has a Bachelor of Science in zoology, a Bachelor of Science in psychology, a Master of Science in chemistry and a doctoral degree in bioorganic chemistry.
The female hormones estrogen and progesterone work together to prepare a woman's body to conceive a child each month. As an egg ripens in one of the ovaries, the lining of the uterus begins to proliferate under the influence of rising hormone levels, according to Dr. Lauralee Sherwood in her book, "Human Anatomy." Once an egg is ovulated, if fertilized, it will implant in the uterine lining. Progesterone from the corpus luteum, a part of the ovary, then maintains the uterine lining until the placenta forms.
High progesterone levels don't preclude normal reproductive function, but they can exacerbate some of the side effects of the menstrual cycle. Many women experience headaches, moodiness, breast tenderness and fatigue as they approach their period. It is during this time that progesterone levels are highest. Women who have particularly high progesterone levels tend to have more severe pre-menstrual symptoms than those with naturally lower levels, Sherwood says. For most women, progesterone-related side effects diminish as hormone levels drop later in the cycle.
Non-pregnant women who are not on birth control pills or hormone supplementation naturally experience their highest progesterone levels approximately one week after ovulation, with levels falling and side effects diminishing in the subsequent week. For women who are pregnant, however, progesterone levels increase dramatically in the early weeks of pregnancy, leading to many of the classic first trimester symptoms, according to Heidi Murkoff and Sharon Mazel in their book, "What To Expect When You're Expecting." Exceedingly sore breasts, frequent headaches, moodiness and nausea are all commonly associated with early pregnancy. While these symptoms of high progesterone are similar to the symptoms experienced by non-pregnant women during their natural high-progesterone phase of the menstrual cycle, they're exacerbated by the extremely high levels of the hormone associated with pregnancy.
Hormone Supplementation
Some women require progesterone supplements. Birth control pills may contain progesterone analogues, menopausal women occasionally use progesterone to alleviate uncomfortable symptoms and prevent disease, and pregnant women who have low progesterone may be prescribed progesterone supplements to prevent miscarriage. Drugs.com notes that the side effects of high progesterone associated with supplementation are similar to those of high progesterone that's produced naturally by the body. In particular, supplement-related side effects may be even more exacerbated than those related to normal hormone production, because progesterone levels may become quite high. Women frequently note vomiting, dizziness and cramping in addition to the typical symptoms of progesterone associated with menstruation or pregnancy.
For women experiencing effects of high progesterone due to a normal menstrual cycle, there's little that can be done to alleviate discomfort aside from waiting for the high progesterone phase to pass, which it will in approximately a week. Pregnant women, or those on hormone supplementation, though, are subject to high progesterone for long periods of time. Murkoff and Mazel note that almost everyone begins to adjust to high progesterone after a few months, meaning that symptoms gradually subside with time.
"Human Physiology"; Lauralee Sherwood, Ph.D.; 2004
"What to Expect When You're Expecting"; Heidi Murkoff and Sharon Mazel; 2008
Drugs.com: Progesterone
Symptoms of High Progesterone
Do Estrogen Levels Return to Normal After Breastfeeding?
Progesterone Deficiency Symptoms
Will You Have an Increased Appetite Shortly After You Become Pregnant?
Perimenopause and Cramps
Progesterone Levels & Clomid Treatment for Infertility


Displaying Gallery of Oak Glass Top Dining Tables (View 16 of 20 Photos)Oak Glass Top Dining Tables Inside Well-known Turin Dining Table – Circular Glass Top – Aged Oak | Furniture, Decor, Lighting, and More.
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GZ P.UP leatherwares Co. Ltd.
Two designers and Seven sample workers constitute our design team.
Every worker is well experienced and with unparalleled skills.
Guangzhou P.UP leatherwares Co. Ltd. was established in 2014,which is a very professional enterprise integrating in designing, developing, production and sales.


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text:
Visionwest – the first 30 Years
Building Hope Together – The inspirational story of the first 30 years of Visionwest's journey to transform its community.
Building Hope Together is the story of how a shared vision inspired a local church, and a small group of passionate people, to reach out and serve their local community.
From its humble beginnings as a drop-in centre in a dilapidated railway station with a one-dollar annual rental, Visionwest Waka Whakakitenga has become one of the largest faith-led social service organisations in Aotearoa New Zealand with multiple support services and over 1,800 employees.
This 275-page, full colour, hardbound, coffee table book, interspersed with inspirational stories of people whose lives have been forever transformed, tells the story of unshakable faith, perseverance, and a willingness to step out in pursuit of change.
Purchase Building Hope Together for $45 plus $7 packaging and postage by filling in the form below.
Work With
Māori led support


text:
using System;

namespace DotNetCqs.Net40
{
    ///
    ///     A request to fetch information from the data source.
    ///
    /// <remarks>
    ///     <para>
    ///         It's highly recommended that you create queries per use case and not per data source design. For instance you
    ///         can
    ///         have a query looking like this:
    ///     </para>
    ///
    /// <![CDATA[
    /// public class FetchTasksForFirstPage : Query<FirstPageTask[]>
    /// {
    ///     public FetchTasksForFirstPage(Guid userId)
    ///     {
    ///         if (userId == Guid.Empty) throw new ArgumentNullException("userId");
    ///
    ///         UserId = userId;
    ///     }
    ///
    ///     public Guid UserId { get; private set; }
    /// }
    /// ]]>
    ///
    ///     <para>
    ///         With the following result class:
    ///     </para>
    ///     <example>
    ///
    /// public class FirstPageTask
    /// {
    ///     public string CreatorUserId { get; set; }
    ///     public string CreatorName { get; set; }
    ///     public string TaskId { get; set; }
    ///     public string TaskName { get; set; }
    ///     public int Importance { get; set; }
    ///     public string UpdaterUserId { get; set; }
    ///     public string UpdaterName { get; set; }
    /// }
    ///
    ///     </example>
    ///     <para>
    ///         That result is actually a join between three tables.
    ///     </para>
    ///     <para>
    ///         By designing your queries like that you make it a lot easier to scale your application at a later point.
    ///         Because now you have totally abstracted away the data source. that
    ///         means that you in the future your move from simple joins to views or stored procedures. You could even start to
    ///         create a read model (i.e. a separate database specialized for reads).
    ///     </para>
    ///     <para>
    ///         Hence my recommendation is: Create a query for every specific use case, and always try to flatten the result.
    ///         It makes it so much easier to adapt the backend to the *current* requirements.
    ///     </para>
    /// </remarks>
    public interface IQuery
    {
        ///
        ///     Query identity. Required to identify queries and their replies (as a query can be used in inter process
        ///     documentation).
        ///
        Guid QueryId { get; }
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Under Abandonment: A Gripping Account of Last Summer's East Precinct Debacle
Sandeep Kaushik
Drawing on 2000 pages of public records, including emails, texts, and other communications, as well as candid, off-the-record conversations with multiple police and other City of Seattle sources, Isolde Raftery at KUOW has produced a gripping, nuanced and detailed account of the sequence of events that led to the abandonment of the East Precinct and the formation of CHOP/CHAZ last summer.
Raftery's must read reporting is, as one political insider said to me, "a real contribution to public knowledge of consequential moment of [Seattle's recent] history."
With Mayor Durkan and former Chief Carmen Best having consistently avoided addressing what actually happened in any detail, it's by far the best reporting that has been done on the (until now) strange mystery of who actually issued the order to abandon the precinct, and why and how that order came to be. It captures the complexity of the real time internal decision making that was happening in the midst of a complicated, volatile and fast evolving situation.
Raftery also deftly captures the power dynamics and tensions roiling SPD leadership, and between the mayor's office and SPD command staff, during that period. With the Office of Police Accountability slated to release a report on its investigation of the circumstances leading to the East Precinct abandonment in the next few weeks, there are likely more details to come, but it's unlikely that investigation will do much to alter the basic outlines of the narrative that Raftery provides here.
As for who delivered the order, you'll just have to read the story…
Previous articleFour Americas: George Packer Breaks it Down
Next articleA Referendum on Seattle: Ten Issues Mayoral Candidates Could Run On
Sandeep Kaushik is a political and public affairs consultant in Seattle. In a previous life, he was a staff writer and political columnist at the Stranger, and did a stint as a Washington State correspondent for Time Magazine and for the Boston Globe, back in the olden days when such positions still existed.
Wanted: A Better Strategy to Defend Democracy
Jean+Godden July 9, 2021 At 7:00 pm
Thanks to Sandeep for pointing us to Isolde's unraveling the mystery. She did a real public service reporting what led to the abandonment of the East Precinct. wading thru the documents and coming up with the specific steps means a lot. Good job!
Feisty+Brain July 10, 2021 At 9:31 am
THANK YOU for leading us to Isolde's phenomenal reporting. I am shaking in disbelief of the undermining of Chief Carmen Best by her incident commander, as well as the utter disregard he had for the Mayor's office.


Tobias Peggs is the General Manager at OneRiot, the realtime search engine company. Prior to OneRiot, Peggs led strategic initiatives at Netdecisions where he directed cross-functional teams in the US, UK and India. He has spent 10+ years in both consumer web and enterprise software industries. Peggs holds a PhD in Search Algorithms from Cardiff University, UK and obtained a First Class Hons Bachelor's degree in Civil Engineering from Loughborough University. He currently lives in the San Francisco Bay Area. Contact him via email at tobias@oneriot.com or on Twitter @"TobiasPeggs":http://twitter.com/tobiaspeggs.


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text:
Dr. Thomas Z
Meet NASA's Next Earth Science Division Director
It was my great pleasure today to welcome to NASA's Science Mission Directorate our new Earth Science Division director, Dr. Karen St. Germain. She will join our team June 8. Her enthusiasm and the experience she has gained throughout her distinguished career will bring great value and perspective to our critical work to learn more about our home planet, to apply our capabilities to improve products and services to all the worlds' citizens, and to help lead the implementation of the future Earth Science mission portfolio integrated with missions from our commercial, interagency, and international partners.
I want to thank Sandra Cauffman for her leadership during the leadership transition period which lasted some sixteen months. She took on a challenging role and successfully kept our Earth Science work on track — cultivating our international partnerships, stewarding new and existing missions, and raising the profile of this important work. She has my deepest gratitude. Dr. Paula Bontempi served as deputy director (acting) and similarly made important contributions. Gratitude also goes to her. Finally, I also want to thank everyone who took the time to apply for this position and for the many thoughtful interviews we had during the process. We have a great pool of talent in this community, and it was a testament to ESD that there was so much interest in this position. I look forward to building on that interest with Dr. St. Germain in the coming months.
Dr. St. Germain is no stranger to space and holds a senior position at one of NASA's biggest partners on orbit, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. She is currently the deputy assistant administrator, systems, for NOAA's National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service (NESDID). In that role, she guides the ongoing development and deployment of NOAA's two major satellite programs – the Joint Polar Satellite System and the Geostationary Operational Environment Satellite – R series, as well as the COSMIC-2 mission and Space Weather Follow-On.
She also leads the development of the next generation capabilities to replenish and augment these systems in the future. Prior to becoming deputy associate administrator, she served as the director of the Office of Systems Architecture and Advanced Planning, where she led enterprise-level mission architecture development and systems engineering to enable NESDIS to become a flexible, stable and responsive civil space agency in support of NOAA's mission. Dr. St. Germain is an expert in major systems acquisition, with particular proficiency in transitioning new technology into operational systems and was NOAA's lead for all aspects of performance during the development of the joint NASA-NOAA-DOD Suomi-NPP system from 2006 to 2011.
In 2011, Dr. St. Germain began work in the Space, Strategic and Intelligence Systems Office (SSI), Office of the Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition, Technology and Logistics. At SSI, she led the Department of Defense's 2014 Strategic Portfolio Review for Space and helped develop a strategy and implementation plan for adapting to evolving challenges in the space domain. She also led the Remote Sensing and Prompt Strike Division within SSI, where she was responsible for shaping acquisition and oversight of DoD's strategic missile warning and space-based environmental monitoring portfolio and was also program director of the Conventional Prompt Global Strike Program.
Dr. St. Germain has had a successful research career at the University of Massachusetts, the University of Nebraska, and the Naval Research Laboratory. She has performed research aboard ice-breakers in the Arctic and Antarctic, flown through hurricanes and tropical storms on NOAA's P-3 airplanes and measured glacial ice on a snowmobile traverse of the Greenland ice sheet. She also led the modeling and calibration of the WindSat Coriolis mission, launched in 2003 as the first spaceborne radiometer to measure ocean surface wind direction.
Dr. St. Germain holds a Bachelor of Science degree in electrical engineering from Union College (1987) and a Doctor of Philosophy degree in Electrical Engineering from the University of Massachusetts (1993). She is also a Distinguished Graduate of the National War College, National Defense University where she earned a Master of Science degree in National Security Strategy in 2013.
We look forward to Dr. St. Germain's leadership of Earth Science, a critical part of NASA's portfolio that today is more important than ever.
Author efurfaroPosted on May 5, 2020 May 5, 2020
Previous Previous post: Sandra Connelly Named Deputy Associate Administrator for Science Mission Directorate
Next Next post: NASA's New Mars Sample Return Program Director
Welcoming NASA Science's New Deputy Associate Administrator for Exploration
A Dashboard and a Declaration
An Exciting Day for Science and Exploration
Striving for Excellence in Everything We Do
Dr. Thomas Z	National Aeronautics and Space Administration NASA Official: Brian Dunbar


The art of piercing has been around forever and fortunately the technology has changed because I can't imagine a sabertooth through the ear would be less than torture. You might remember the Parent Trap movie featuring Lindsay Lohan back in her prime? In that story, the twins needed to pierce one of the twins ears so that when they swapped, their parents' wouldn't suspect anything. This was done using ice and a needle. Do not try that at home.
People actually get pierced for many different reasons, from religion to rebellion. Others simply want to express themselves or must get pierced according to their culture.
You may have seen punks with safety pins through their lips or ears. This is not an appropriate piercing instrument. When it's your body you're playing with you need to trust your piercer and the instruments that they are using.
Polymorph at Newtown prides themselves on never using guns and only using the highest grade of metal in their jewellery. Sticking with the Newtown theme, Industrial Strength Australia are also piercers you can trust.
A little history lesson for you - earrings are mentioned in the Genesis section of the Bible so even Jesus approves. Try using that one against your parents. Also, Shakespeare, one of the greatest writers of all time, rocked a single earring. Remind the sceptics of that fact next time they tell you piercings are for the trashy.
There are so many different kinds of piercings out there, whatever will you choose? Piercings range from nose to neck to down below. There really is something for everyone. As you know, there are stereotypes with certain piercings but they are usually held by those who have their head stuck in the sand. Like anything, the small majority can give something a bad name.
Whether it's New Years, you're in Berlin and it seems like the best idea to pierce your man bits or you're bonding with your cousin over belly and tongue rings, piercings can instantly change not only your physical experience but your attitude. It's a case of short term pain for long term gain. The adrenalin of getting a piercing is amazing; the feeling of being pierced, not so much. Each body part and person has a different pain tolerance. Getting your ears pierced traditionally on the lobe, is only a short pinching feeling whereas a tongue piercing doesn't hurt and actually feels like a hot knife through butter. Inner ear piercings are more delicate and painful because cartilage is involved.
Of course there are risks concerned with piercings. Everyone has heard the myth that there is a chance that an eyebrow piercing may leave your face half paralysed but if you are going to a reputable piercer, chances are everything will be fine.
1. Can I wear them at work?
2. Can I deal with a scar from this if I take it out?
3. Will your parents/other half/ co-workers approve or look at you differently and do you care?
You can find Polymorph here. and Industrial Strength Australia here.
Remember, you can always take piercings out – nothing is permanent so chop and change to your hearts' content. Live life!
Why? It's time to cave into the crave for change.
When: When you summon the guts.


O, the true Master, what is not in Your house (You are the giver of all material and spiritual things).
(saache: true, ever existing, saheba: master, implies God, kya: what, ghar: house, tere: your).
You have everything, but (the precious gift of Anand or spiritual bliss) is received only by those whom you give Yourself (who become deserving of Your grace).
Then, (those fortunate ones who receive Your Grace) always sing praises of your virtues and keep Your Divine Name embedded in their hearts.
and those whose are immersed in God's remembrance, enjoy the endless beautiful melodies of Divine music vibrating in their hearts (they enjoy the true joy and spiritual bliss or Anand).
(saache: true, ever existing, saheb: master, implies God, kya: what, nahee: not, ghar: house, tere: your).


When a plumbing emergency strikes, you need to know where to turn. Hiring a Happy Valley plumber isn't something that you should take lightly, of course. While there are excellent professionals out there, you'll also find plenty of untrustworthy plumbers that will do shoddy work and leave you holding the bag. How do you ensure that you've found a trustworthy Happy Valley plumber to tackle the worst plumbing issues in your home?
One of the surest signs that you're working with a plumber that's going to do a good job is that they will have an A rating with the Better Business Bureau. This shows that they are dedicated to providing good service to their customers, handling disputes promptly and are unlikely to charge you unfairly for the work completed.
Sure, there are probably things that you need done with your plumbing system at some point, but your plumber shouldn't try to upsell you on non-essential services. They should focus on handling the problem at-hand, and on letting you know that you may need to do something else down the road as appliances and piping age over time.
One of the vital things to consider when hiring a Happy Valley plumber is checking whether or not they're licensed. All plumbers in Happy Valley (as well as Portland and Vancouver) must be licensed in order to complete work on your property, but don't just take their word for it. Ask for proof and if they cannot show you their license, find another plumber.
It's all well and good for a plumber to tell you that a particular problem is causing the issues you're experiencing, but that doesn't necessarily make it so. There are scams out there, including the one in which an untrustworthy plumber claims you have a faulty sewer line. These sort of traps can cause unwitting homeowners to spend thousands of dollars on a service they don't need. Make sure that the plumber shows you proof of the problem before you pony up cash to have it repaired.
No Happy Valley plumber should be considered trustworthy if there is no guarantee on the work performed. Most materials have a warranty or some sort of guarantee from the manufacturer, but it is up to the plumber to complete the work correctly. You could wind up paying for the same job to be performed twice if you do not ask about whether their work is guaranteed before hiring a plumber.
Ready to hire a trustworthy Happy Valley plumber? Get in touch with Apollo Drain today. We serve Happy Valley, Clackamas, Portland, Vancouver and the surrounding areas, and we're proud to be one of the most trusted plumbing companies in the area.


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The Moto G4 Plus was introduced with the regular G4 and it does not get a Plus treatment that we have seen on some other phones. The company has kept most of the hardware of the G4 and the G4 Plus identical, especially the CPU and GPU combination. There are still many advantages the G4 Plus carries over the standard model that sets it apart. A bumped up camera, more storage options, and fingerprint sensor are some of the differences that make you pay more for the G4 Plus.
Moto G4 Plus is a decent package and offers almost everything that a buyer expects from a mid-range smartphone. It features an Octa-core CPU, 3GB RAM, impressive 16MP main camera, and a 3,000 mAh battery with fast charging support.
On the visual front, the G4 Plus is almost identical to the regular G4 with the only difference on the front being the fingerprint sensor of the G4 Plus. The construction and dimension have been officially specified to be absolutely identical. The fit and feel of the two remain the same. So, we have a well-built phone that features a water resistant nano-coating for protection. The display unit comprises a 5.5inch FullHD screen with 401 ppi pixel density and 1920×1080 resolution.
The fingerprint sensor features 360-degree recognition. The G4 Plus measures 153mm in height, 76.6mm wide, and 7.9mm to 9.8mm thick (extra mm due to protruding camera lens).
The Moto G4 Plus is available in Black or White.
The camera setup has been improved on the G4 Plus. Instead of a 13 MP unit, the G4 Plus gets a 16MP main camera that uses a combination of Laser auto-focus and Phase Detect Auto-Focus. The aperture for the lens is of f / 2.0 aperture and the cam is accompanied by a Color balancing dual LED flash. At the front is the same unit as the G4 that is a 5 MP shooter with wide angle lens, ƒ / 2.2 aperture and display flash.
Moto G4 Plus comes pre-installed with bloat ware-free version of the Android v.6.0 Marshmallow OS.


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Catherine and her Destiny is an Italian fairy tale collected by Thomas Frederick Crane in Italian Popular Tales, and included by Andrew Lang in The Pink Fairy Book. It is classified as Aarne–Thompson–Uther Index as ATU 938, "Placidas" (Eustacius):

Synopsis
Catherine was a rich merchant's beautiful daughter.  One day a woman appeared to her and asked whether she would rather be happy in her youth or in her old age.  Catherine decided on old age, and the woman, who was Catherine's Destiny, vanished.  Shortly, Catherine's father lost his wealth and died.  Catherine attempted to enter into service, but whenever someone hired her, her Destiny appeared and tore the home to pieces when Catherine there alone, she fled from fear that she would be blamed.

After seven years, her Destiny stopped, and she became the servant of a woman who had her bring loaves of bread every day to the woman's Destiny . One day, the woman asked her why she wept so often, and Catherine told her story.  The woman told her, the next time, to ask her Destiny to ask Catherine's to stop these persecutions.  The next day after she asked, the woman's Destiny brought her to her own, who gave her a skein of silk.

One day, the young king was to be married.  His wedding garment was rich, but when the tailor was almost done with it, the silk ran out, and no more could be found that color.  A proclamation declared that whoever brought such thread to the castle would receive a large sum, and the woman, who had seen the garment, told Catherine that her skein was the right color.  Catherine brought it, and the court proposed that she should receive its weight in gold.  But when it was put in the scale, no matter how much gold was added, the scales were not balanced with all the royal treasure until the king threw in his crown.

The king demanded to know of her where she had gotten the silk, and she told her story.  A wise lady at court said that it was clear that her happy days were to begin, and that the scales were not balanced until the crown was added, was proof that she would be a queen.  The king declared that she would be his queen, and married her instead of the bride he had intended, and Catherine lived happily ever after.

Motifs
The choice of destiny features in the fairy tale The Slave Mother and also such chivalric romances as Sir Isumbras.

The woman trapped by a fortune who must be persuaded to treat her better features in such tales as Misfortune and The Ill-Fated Princess -- even to the means of receiving something that is needed to sew a royal garment.

In a Belarusian variant of the tale, the choice is given to a married couple right after their wedding. They are separated soon after, with the husband ending up as a day laborer, while his wife changes a large number of jobs before finding one as a servant in the house of an old childless nobleman. Her and the husband reunite right before the nobleman dies, his last will naming her as the only heir.

References

External links
SurLaLune Fairy Tale site The Story of Catherine and Her Fate

Italian fairy tales
Female characters in fairy tales
ATU 850-999
Thomas Frederick Crane

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Breaking: Tarun Tahiliani to Open Wills Lifestyle India Fashion Week
Karen Alfonso
Tarun Tahiliani and Lisa Haydon
Wills Lifestyle India Fashion Week autumn/winter 2014 is around the corner and kicking off things is none other that ace couturier Tarun Tahiliani. Sunil Sethi, President, Fashion Design Council of India said, "The Fashion Design Council of India is proud to announce that Tarun Tahiliani will open the upcoming Wills Lifestyle India Fashion Week Autumn-Winter 2014. We are excited to see the magic he will conjure up with his inventive collection, as he always surprises us with his trail-blazing aesthetics. Our best wishes to Tarun as we embark upon another exciting season."
"It is always wonderful to open a week with all the resultant expectation. Wills India Fashion Week held under the auspices of the FDCI is the premier trade platform for the ready-to-wear in India. It is here we will debut the new autumn/winter collection, a celebration of colour, drape, jewels and a true synthesis of modernity overlaying tradition. To reflect what Amrita Sher-Gil said – I am an individualist, evolving a new technique, which, though not necessarily Indian in the traditional sense of the word, will yet be fundamentally Indian in spirit" he rounds off.
Tahiliani's shows tend to be over the top and a visual treat and I feel the opening show will be no different. Watch this space to see his collection come to life.
Fashion & BeautyFashionFashion News & EventsTarun TahilianiWills Lifestyle India Fashion Week


British Prime Minister Theresa May raised the issue of "violent offences" against minorities during her visit to India in November, a minister revealed during a recent debate in the House of Lords on the alleged rise in "extremism" following elections in Uttar Pradesh.
Foreign office minister Joyce Anelay also revealed in the debate titled India: Extremism on April 24 that minister for Asia Alok Sharma had raised the issue recently when an Indian minister visited the United Kingdom, but the Indian minister was not named in the House.
May's trip to India was her first bilateral visit after taking over as prime minister. The visit's focus was on increased trade relationship with India after Brexit, and the issue of May raising the issue of "violent offences" was hardly mentioned at the time.
Asked by Nazir Ahmed (non-affiliated) what assessment the May government had made "of the rise of extremism in India following the state elections in Uttar Pradesh", Anelay said it was aware of "concerns over religious intolerance and community relations" following the elections.
Sharing concern expressed by lords, she said the British high commission in New Delhi discusses human rights issues with institutions such as the National Commission for Minorities and state governments.
The UK government, she added, worked directly with the Indian government to build capacity and share expertise to tackle challenges, including the promotion and protection of human rights. This includes working with India on its universal periodic review in May.
"Prime Minister Narendra Modi has made it clear that every citizen has the right to follow any faith, without coercion, and vowed to protect all religious groups. We welcome this statement. The Indian government has a range of policies and programmes to support minority groups, and we support India's commitment to the fundamental rights enshrined in its constitution," Anelay said.
William Wallace (Liberal Democrats) said events between faith communities in other countries could spill over into the UK, particularly between disapora communities, and noted that Bradford had a significant Indian community.


currently under construction at West 57th Avenue, Vancouver. The development is scheduled for completion in 2018. Sales for available units range in price from $699,900 to over $4,299,900. Shannon Wall Centre Kerrisdale has a total of 220 units. Sizes range from 505 to 2480 square feet.
Shannon Wall Centre Kerrisdale is a prestigious 10 acre family estate, surrounded by 6 acres of landscaped gardens, lavish amenities and anchored by Vancouver's historic Shannon Mansion. Secluded behind beautiful stone walls, spectacular gardens and generous setbacks, Phase 2 offers an unparalleled blend of heritage and new residences. Live in an exclusive historic landmark estate. 170 estate residences now available.
Each master bath, powder room and ensuite isdesigned to provide a personal oasis and privatesanctuary, richly finished in imported marble and limestone and outfitted with the highest quality European fixtures.
Your inquiry will be delivered to the Shannon Wall Centre Kerrisdale sales team, who will send you more information about this development.


ACORE GRT Series SF6 Gas Recovery & Filling Unit Application March 22,2019.
ACORE GRT series SF6 Gas Recovery Unit has comprehensive functions such as recovery, charging and discharging, purification, vacuuming, storage and bottle filling. The system is relatively complete. See Appendix I for system diagram. The series or switching of the functions is mainly accomplished by operating an electric control box and a ball valve that are concentrated on one side of the panel.
The working principle of SF6 gas recovery unit is to use the refrigeration liquefaction method. At the time of recovery, it uses the suction and compressibility of the compressor to draw a certain pressure of SF6 gas from the SF6 electrical equipment into the compressor and compress it to a higher pressure. At the same time, using the low evaporation temperature characteristic of R22 refrigerant, the higher temperature SF6 gas is cooled to the condensation temperature for liquefaction and storage. This is continuously pumped to the SF6 compressor in series operation until the final recovery pressure is reached.
When doing SF6 Gas Evacuating and filling, first use the vacuum pump of the device to vacuum the SF6 electrical equipment (or cylinder) and the connecting pipeline, and then directly use the pressure difference or utilize the suction of the compressor and cause a certain pressure difference to store the container. The SF6 inside is filled into the SF6 electrical equipment until the required working pressure is reached. When bottling is required, the liquefied SF6 is directly poured into the cylinder by utilizing the characteristics of the R22 refrigerant as described above.
The purification function of SF6 gas recovery unit is completed synchronously when the above recovery, charging and discharging functions are completed. Three oil separators are installed in the system, one at the outlet of the vacuum pump and two at the outlet of the compressor to effectively remove the oil contained in the SF6 gas. A drying filter is installed in the system circuit, and it is used to ensure the purity of SF6 entering the storage container and effectively remove water. The filter is equipped with a heating regeneration device that can be heated and regenerated under vacuum, and the molecular sieve can be used repeatedly.
The SF6 Gas Recovery Unit is equipped with a reliable safety protection device. The high pressure controller is installed at the exhaust port of the SF6 compressor. Once the exhaust pressure exceeds the limit value, it will automatically stop the compressor. After the pressure drops, restart the compressor. The valve is mounted on the storage container. Once the overpressure relief valve automatically opens the exhaust gas, the pressure is automatically closed after the pressure drops.
In addition, there are a total of seven monitoring instruments and control instruments in the SF6 Gas Filling Device, one of which is installed in the device, and the DN8 valve is installed in front of the vacuum gauge. It needs to be opened when observing; Only installed in the recovery air inlet, SF6 compressor exhaust port, refrigeration compressor suction and exhaust port and storage container; a thermometer is set on the refrigeration system, and the high temperature uses the temperature package to sense the temperature of the SF6 liquid.
An electromagnetic vacuum belt inflation valve is installed at the inlet of the vacuum pump in the system, and is connected to the same power source as the vacuum pump. When the pump stops working, the valve can automatically close the vacuum system and charge the atmosphere into the pump chamber through the inlet of the pump. Thereby avoiding the countercurrent flow of the pump oil to the vacuum system.
The refrigeration system in the system is calibrated by the high and low pressure controllers for the inlet and outlet pressure of the refrigeration compressor. Once the limit value is exceeded, the operation of the refrigeration compressor will be cut off by itself. When the pressure is raised or the high pressure is disconnected when the low pressure is disconnected, the pressure is returned and the compressor is restarted.
The GRT series SF6 Gas Recovery Unit adopts hand-pushing type, which can be used under normal indoor and outdoor environmental conditions. The SF6 Gas Recovery Device is relatively complex, consisting of a vacuum pump, SF6 compressor, refrigeration system, storage container, pipeline, various valves, instruments and other accessories.


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Home » Obituaries
Thomas Green, Jr.
Thomas Ellis Green, Jr. was born Nov. 1, 1943, in Shelbyville, Tenn., and was of the Catholic faith. Thomas was employed for 33 years with Shell Oil Company.
Thomas, a resident of Pearland, Texas, passed away June 1, 2021, in Pearland from Parkinson's Disease. He was 77.
He was preceded in death by his parents, Margaret and Thomas Green, Sr.; sister, Diane Cunningham; and brother, James B. Green.
Read more about Thomas Green, Jr.
David Capps
David "Dave" Dwight Capps was born to Jack and Mary (Fawcett) Capps March 25, 1952. He grew up at the Fawcett ranch on Beaver Creek Road in Wyoming.
After graduation in 1970, Dave attended Casper (Wyo.) College.
Dave began his career with the Forest Service in 1971. He worked on the Elk Mountain District fencing with Frank Crawford, marking trees with Kenny Sallee, thinning timber with Earl Hamilton, surveying with Keith Ellerton, fighting forest fires with Jake Baumgartner and other work as needed.
Read more about David Capps
Michael Welton
In the early morning hours of Sunday, May 16, beloved father, son, brother and friend Michael V. Welton bid farewell to the physical world and set off on his next grand adventure.
Though he had often enjoyed living and traveling on his own in recent years — a captain of his own ship — Mike spent his final weeks surrounded by the love and support of his children, who were honored to care for the man who had spent decades doing his best to provide for and take care of them.
Read more about Michael Welton
George Davis
George A. Davis was born to Roy and Florence (Linton) Davis March 6, 1931, in Deadwood, S.D. He was the youngest in his family and joined a brother, Sam, and three sisters, Nellie (Parsons), Inez (Sharp) and Margaret (Kollmar). He grew up in Deadwood, Millboro, Igloo and Custer, S.D.
Read more about George Davis
Jeannine Spoerl
Jeannine A. Spoerl was born Aug. 4, 1942 to Stanley and Lorraine (Pfeil) Stas in Milwaukee, Wis.
Jeanie was united in marriage to her husband, Bob, in 1962.
Jeanie loved her family and friends, gardening, horses, her cabin in the Black Hills of South Dakota, and trips to the Southwest.
Jeanie, of Ixonia, Wis., died at her home Wednesday, May 26, 2021, surrounded by her family. She was 78.
She was preceded in death by her parents; brother, Gordon Stas; and sister-in-law, Shirley (Paul) Schmitz.
Read more about Jeannine Spoerl
Martha (Sue) Upshaw
Published by admin on Thu, 05/27/2021 - 2:27pm
Martha (Sue) Upshaw passed to Glory May 13, 2021. Sue passed away peacefully surrounded by her family. Sue was born to Monroe Harris and Mary E Swanzey Harris in the Black Hills of South Dakota on Feb. 22, 1939. Sue was the 11th of 14 children. Sue had a happy and adventurous life growing up in the hills of South Dakota. Sue loved the Black Hills and the history that her family shared as a part of the growth and development in Hill City and Keystone. Sue was the granddaughter of David Swanzey and Carrie Ingalls Swanzey and as such took pride in the leadership they contributed to the area.
Read more about Martha (Sue) Upshaw
Pam Pettit
Published by admin on Thu, 05/27/2021 - 12:26pm
Pam Pettit was born Jan. 4, 1953, in Rapid City, S.D. to Louis "Punk" and Francis "Sister" (Belmont) Pettit. She grew up and enjoyed her time in the Black Hills of South Dakota.
On Feb. 19, 1977, she married Jim Hammond, and Feb. 25, 1980 she gave birth to her son, Thayne Hammond. She enjoyed being a mom and lots of family fun.
In 2007 she retired from the federal government after 24 years of service with the National Park Service and Forest Service. After her retirement she became a "hired hand," helping learn and put on cowboy cookouts with Clayton and Rhonda Sander.
Read more about Pam Pettit
Jim Coffin
Jim Coffin was born in 1931 to Marie and Harry Coffin and grew up on their ranch near Trail City, S.D.
He was the eighth child in a family with 12 children. After graduation from Mobridge (S.D.) High School, he volunteered for the U.S. Air Force where he served in France during the Korean War. Upon returning to the U.S., he worked as a postal employee in Oregon and then moved to California where he spent many years of his life.
Read more about Jim Coffin
Shirley Carr
Shirley May (Ertel) Carr was born Aug. 1, 1927, in Wisconsin to George and Mayme (Schwartz) Lewig.
Shirley, of Custer, S.D., passed away May 20, 2021, at Monument Health Rapid City Hospital in Rapid City, S.D. She was 93.
She is survived by her husband, Clinton of Custer; sons, John (Gail) Ertel of Custer, and Gary (Doris) Ertel of Hillpoint, Wis.; grandchildren, Jocelynn, Jarrod and Jason; eight great-grandchildren; and nieces, Carol and Karen.
Read more about Shirley Carr
Danny Bergin
A Celebration of Life/Burial Service for Danny Bergin will be held May 29 at 11 a.m. at the Hill City Cemetery with Fr. Mark Horn officiating. Following the service, a luncheon will be provided at St. Rose of Lima Catholic Church. Danny was a long-time resident of Hill City and a parishioner of St. Rose of Lima; she passed away on September 1, 2020, in Lexington, Kentucky. For luncheon planning purposes, please RSVP to marygraehler@windstream.net or 859-552-6413.
Read more about Danny Bergin


Curly suggested that we go to the swimming pool yesterday afternoon, the first warm day after weeks of rain. We dug our swimsuits out of the bottoms of our drawers, and raided the storage room downstairs for the swim toys.
We got to the pool and discovered a hose hooked to the nearby fire hydrant running into the pool as it filled. The bored young man behind the counter told me that the pool wouldn't be open until Thursday.
I had to return to my car and two woeful faces to tell them we would not be swimming after all. Secretly, I felt a little relieved, but after seeing their disappointment, I decided I needed to come up with something equally cool. I suggested a trip up to the woods instead.
They agreed enthusiastically, and we set off. Forty minutes later, we were up at McCrosky, our favorite place off the beaten track. We built a campfire with wood that the previous campers had abandoned, and roasted marshmallows and hot dogs. Curly took pictures. We all had a great time, which almost made up for the pool not being open.
Almost. Little Mister asked me approximately 47 times today which day the pool opened, as if maybe my answer would change if he asked hopefully enough. Personally, I preferred the woods, and I even got another article out of the experience, which will publish Tuesday. Flexibility is key.
I would have preferred the woods as well. And I could have told you when the pool would likely be open, since my kids are in public school. It directly corresponds with the school schedule, so considering that my kids last day is Wednesday, I'm not surprised it opens on Thursday. They just don't make enough money to even run the place if they don't wait for school to get out! Plus they have to do "Schools At The Pool" first! My kids' school is scheduled to go tomorrow afternoon! Pray for the weather to cooperate! They never got to go last year, because of rain, and the weather forecast for tomorrow isn't looking to promising either! And they're so excited!!! I don't know if I can deal with gloomy kids coming home from school on swim day two years in a row!!! My kids don't get to go to the pool any other time, because of our Camp Grizzly duties and also since Josh has to drop the second job there really isn't any money to go! Sometimes we go once for Chloe's birthday (August 29) or something, but otherwise we don't. They get to swim in Lake O'Connell instead, which in some ways is more fun!


Daily hire rates for 250W active wedge speaker. we stock both 12" and 15" versions available to hire individually or as a pair to use for stage monitoring of vocals and instruments. If you like these speakers you can also purchase from us.
The control panel features 13A kettle plug IEC input for mains, and accepts a XLR input. The volume control sets a comfortable listening volume. The speakers are self powered and can just plug into an Auxiliary send or non powered output. If you have questions about it being compatible with your mixing desk or need signal 1/4" jack to XLR adaptors please do get in touch and we will check to ensure it is right for you.
To hire these speakers get in touch and either make an enquiry or fill out the form.


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Songs as joyful as they are subversive...
Added THU, APR 14TH 2016
Referenced Events:
Un-Masked
Referenced Artists & Educators:
We Players
Whoa, Nellie!
Singer/songwriter Nellie McKay performs April 22
"Songs as joyful as they are subversive"
There is no other contemporary artist—let alone one so at home with jazz, pop, and torchlight standards—who so lethally combines the serious and the hilarious as Nellie McKay. Don't miss your chance to catch her in a rare West Coast appearance at Montalvo on Friday, April 22, at 8pm!
Featuring quick wit, keen insights, and brilliant musicality, McKay's songs have been featured in both movies and TV series. As adept on the ukulele as on the piano, she has been delighting New York audiences for years at cabaret venues including the Spiegeltent, Feinstein's 54 Below, and Joe's Pub. In 2006, she made her highly acclaimed Broadway debut as Polly Peachum in Kurt Weill's Threepenny Opera.
Click below to purchase your tickets today, or call our box office at 408-961-5858 10am-4pm Monday-Friday.
Want to hear more from Nellie? Click here for a fascinating interview on NPR Music, and check out her Tiny Desk Concert through the video link below!
Montalvo is a member-supported
dedicated to the arts.
Make masks, duel, and eat tacos
On Saturday, April 16, from 2-4pm, join Lucas Artist Fellows We Players for a fun afternoon Mask Salon and Open Studio in our charming outdoor Creekside Studio space.
You'll explore the rich artistic tradition of mask-making through a series of hands-on activities and come away with a unique mask of your own.
We Players' stage fighting expert will also teach the basics of swordfighting to anyone who's feeling up to the task!
Enjoy a taco!
Enjoy a beer or glass of wine at this casual workshop, and don't forget to get a delicious taco plate served up fresh to order. Chat with the artists as you create your mask, and learn how they stage site-specific performances around the Bay Area (including Romeo & Juliet at Montalvo this October). You'll even get a peek inside their studio space to see what they're working on now.
Tickets to this special Open Access event are just $10, or free for Montalvo members. Click below to purchase yours today (members, RSVP through Chris Wilcox at 408-961-5849).
Meeting Maupin
Join the author for a conversation April 24
Hailed as having "invented San Francisco" through his iconic Tales of the City series, internationally bestselling author Armistead Maupin comes to Montalvo on on Sunday, April 24, at 3pm, for a fascinating and evocative conversation with Katherine Maxfield about his life in literature, theater, and music.
Launched in 1976 as a groundbreaking serial in the San Francisco Chronicle, Tales of the City went on to blaze a trail through popular culture—from a sequence of globally best-selling novels, to a Peabody Award-winning television miniseries. Maupin's other novels include Maybe the Moon and The Night Listener—which became a 2006 feature film starring Robin Williams.
After the talk, join us for an intimate reception in the historic Villa—your opportunity to meet and mingle with the author and purchase books. Hors d'oeuvres and a cash bar will also be available.
Purchase tickets below or call our box office at 408-961-5858 10am-4pm Monday-Friday.
Thu, April 14, 7:30pm
Fri, April 15, 8pm
The Swingles
Sat, April 16, 11:30am
Floral Design: Spring Branches & Buds
Sat, April 16, 2pm
Open Access: Un-Masked—Mask Salon & Open Studios with We Players
Sun, April 17, 3pm
The Saint Michael Trio: Delineating Brahms
By Appointment:
Docent-Guided Villa & Grounds Tours
On view through May 29:
James Gouldthorpe's Particles: A Painting in Ten Chapters


Uruguay is a country with population of 3,477,000 people. Size of the country is 68,039 square miles. Official currency is Peso (currency code: UYU). Capital of Uruguay is Montevideo. Latitude and longitude of Montevideo are -34.9033 and -56.1882. It is using America/Montevideo time zone. Local time in Uruguay is the same as in all other places in this timezone. International calling code for Uruguay is +598. Neighbour countries of Uruguay are Brazil, Argentina.


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The Center for Aerosol Science & Engineering (CASE) at Washington University in St. Louis is focused on the advancement of knowledge through aerosol science and technology in the areas of energy, environment, materials and health.
Aerosol science and engineering encompasses the basic principles that describe the formation, growth, evolution and transport of a system of particles suspended in a gaseous medium, and the measurement, characterization and modeling of their properties. Advances in this cross-disciplinary area of research are pivotal to improve our understanding and estimation of climate change, enhancing environmental quality, assessing health impacts and enabling advanced material synthesis.
"Washington University in St. Louis is uniquely positioned as the global leader in aerosol engineering research and innovation. Our faculty members and research strengths have allowed us to grow our facilities and partnerships worldwide while expanding our knowledge and understanding of climate change and the effects of aerosols on our environment."
Jian Wang, CASE Director and Professor
View the 2020 CASE Report