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Weekend box office: Can a horsey biopic or a darkly premised romcom disconnect "The Social Network"?
Personally, I would think that, if only because of the eternal fascination of tween girls for all things equine, "Secretariat," about the seventies triple-crown winner, would be the more likely film to unseat the early Oscar favorite from writer Aaron Sorkin and director David Fincher, "The Social Network." However, jolly Carl DiOrio (whose background music on his video has become distractingly un-jolly) thinks not, while L.A. Times box office guru Ben Fritz projects a possible $15 million photo-finish between it and "Life As We Know It," a poorly reviewed rom-com with a bizarre and unlikely premise — Kathryn Heigel and Josh Duhamel hate each other but are somehow saddled with the custody of their dead best friends' children without their prior consent and, naturally, fall in comedic love.
For its part, "Secretariat" is getting decent, but not too excited reviews. From Randall Wallace, a director with a style that is both big "c" and small "c" conservative and written by Mike Rich of "Finding Forrester" and "Radio," the tone is definitely old school and inspirational. There's an audience for that. Perhaps reading more than is there because of Wallace's past films, Andrew O'Hehir of Salon both praised and damned the film politically, only to be slammed in turn by a liberal of a less snarky nature, Roger Ebert, who writes that "Secretariat was not a Christian."
On the other hand, the week's other new release, "My Soul to Take" marks the return of Wes Craven to the slasher horror genre after five years with a 3-D entry that DiOrio thinks has a shot at "the mid-teen millions." The movie is being sequestered from critics and sure sounds like a retread of past dead teenager films. On the other hand, even as a squeamish guy who will never, ever see his "Last House on the Left" or "The Hills Have Eyes," I've always admired Craven — I've been able to make it through a few of his films — and he was nice to me and some other geeks when I met him as a teenager. I won't be mad if it does better than expected.
In limited release are far more movies than I have time to talk about tonight adequately, but I'll mention a few anyway. "It's Kind of a Funny Story" is actually not such a limited release, as its being opening in 742 theater nationwide. It a dramedy featuring the underrated Zach Galifianakis from the team that made the highly acclaimed indie dramas "Sugar" and "Half-Nelson," that is dividing critics to some extent, with my colleague Jason Zingale being not too impressed.
We also have some potential Oscar material with the young John Lennon biopic "Nowhere Boy" and potential retching material with the remake of the ultra-controversial grindhouse torturific horror rape-revenge legend, "I Spit On Your Grave" (also on my "never, ever see list"). "It's a Wonderful Afterlife" is an Anglo-Indian production being touted as a combination of "My Big Fat Greek Wedding" and "Shaun of the Dead." Finally, I wish I could say better things than I did in my review of the latest from my favorite non-auteur living director, Stephen Frears, "Tamara Drewe" but ex-Bond-girl star Gemma Aterton is definitely worth a look.
Posted in: Actors, Actresses, Horror Movies, Movie Comedies, Movie Dramas, Movies, News
Tags: Aaron Sorkin, David Fincher, Finding Forrester, Gemma Aterton, Half-Nelson, Headlines, I Spit On Your Grave, It's a Wonderful Afterlife, It's Kind of a Funny Story, John Lennon, Josh Duhamel, Kathryn Heigel, Last House on the Left, Life As We Know It, Mike Rich, My Big Fat Greek Wedding, My Life as a Dog, My Soul to Take, Nowhere Boy, Radio, Randall Wallace, Secretariat, Shaun of the Dead, Stephen Frears, Suger, Tamara Drewe, The Hills Have Eyes, The Social Network, Wes Craven, Zach Galifianakis
Weekend box office: "The Social Network" wins the popularity contest a second time
Weekend box office: "Jackass 3D," a big win for creative stupidity; "RED" a smaller win for chronological maturity
A movie moment for Mark Zuckerberg
Sundance movie moment #2
Earlier this week, Michael Winterbottom's film version of Jim Thompson's pulp classic, "The Killer Inside Me," provoked an angry reaction from some in the audience during the post screening Q&A. At issue: scenes of intense violence by the sociopathic antihero of the film (Casey Affleck) against some of the female characters, including one reportedly disturbingly grisly scene featuring Jessica Alba. Today, Nikki Finke is reporting its purchase by IFC Films.
Say "Sundance movie," and most film fans tend to think of either social issue dramas and documentaries, or low-key tales of everyday life; when I was there, one writer I talked to said he was having a hard time finding synonyms for "unlikely friendship." Still, this is not the first time a film to premiere at Sundance caused a ruckus for its violence. In 1992, a highly touted film from a previously unknown filmmaker featured a scene that was said to cause walk-outs at every screening. According to Wikipedia, later festival walk-outs included make-up effects wizard Rick Baker and, most ironically of all, horror director Wes Craven (the original "Last House on the Left" and "The Hills Have Eyes"). Of course, in our post-"torture porn" world, the "Reservoir Dogs" torture scene seems pretty restrained today. It's still brilliant and not easy to watch — in a good way.
I was actually going to embed the scene here, but I realized at the last minute that every version is "embedding disabled by request" for whatever reason. And so, below is the film's famed NSFW (for language) opening sequence. You can, however, see the infamous "ear scene" here.
Posted in: Horror Movies, Movie Dramas, Movies, News
Tags: Casey Affleck, ear scene, Jessica Alba, Last House on the Left, Michael Winterbottom, Reservoir Dogs, Rick Baker, The Hills Have Eyes, The Killer Inside Me, Wes Craven
While I was out…
Big weekend at the box office: Twi-Hards turn out; proof that young men don't listen (to critics)
Latest "Twilight Saga" installment to eclipse "The Last Airbender" (updated)
Hey, I'm back, sort of, with weekend box office results


Long time no see, I feel like it has been forever since I have written a blog post and I figured, what better way to start writing again than during the beginning of the #nsale? A surprising summer of you in my stories said that you do not shop the Sale and I am hoping that with this post and my stories that will change.
I spent Yesterday morning and night finding my favorites of the sale. I tried to make it minimal, as I wanted to only list things that I would/will/have buy/ bought.
Last year was my first year shopping the sale and I went wayyyy to hard! Lol So, I want to be more purposeful with my purchases and not just buy up everything I can because it is a "good deal". To make it easier for you to shop, all of the images below will give you access to the items by clicking on them.


There are few safe bets in life, even fewer when it comes to entertainment. A new Toby Keith album, however, is as close to a sure thing as can be found. As he releases Hope On The Rocks, Keith is coming off yet another No. 1 country album, Clancy's Tavern, which included the biggest viral event in the genre's history, "Red Solo Cup." That effort was just the latest in a long run of chart-topping albums and singles that form an unmatched model of consistency. Starting with his first single, 1993's "Should've Been A Cowboy," Keith has had No. 1 hits every year.
Keith's tours, and his long running association with title sponsor Ford Trucks, are annually among the nation's top draws. His "I Love This Bar And Grill" restaurants are perhaps the fastest growing of any celebrity chain and now include 15 locations. His signature Wild Shot Mezcal has almost single handedly stoked growth in an entire segment of the spirits industry. Those successes led Forbes to once again feature Keith in the Forbes Celebrity 100 this year, the annual ranking of the most powerful stars in movies, television, sports and publishing. He is the top earning country male musician on the list.
Remarkable as they are, however, those achievements pale in comparison to the singular vision behind an astonishingly focused creative process. He remains the principal songwriter of his many hits, to the tune of more than 75 million airplay performances, according to BMI. That number puts him among the top songwriter/artists of all time in any genre.
• He played semi-pro football and is interested in golf, horse racing and coaching football.
• He completed his 10th annual USO tour in 2012 and has performed for over 220,000 service men and women since 2002. He has played over 192 shows mostly in the Persian Gulf area.
• Following his hugely successful European tour in late 2011, Keith was recently awarded the International Act of the Year & International Album of the Year for Clancy's Tavern at the British Country Music Awards (the biggest country award show in the UK).


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Home Uzbekistan The prospects of strategic partnership between Uzbekistan and Germany.
The prospects of strategic partnership between Uzbekistan and Germany.
The online talks, held on 12 March between the President of Uzbekistan Shavkat Mirziyoyev and the German Chancellor Angela Merkel, became a logical continuation of the consistent development of Uzbek-German cooperation, which in recent years has acquired a progressive, dynamic character, – said Dr Akramjon Nematov, First Deputy Director of the Institute for Strategic and Interregional Studies (ISRS) under the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan.
This was also a confirmation of the high level of mutual trust between the leaders of the two countries, which has developed thanks to the regular political dialogue, which began with the meetings of the President Shavkat Mirziyoyev, held in Berlin and Tashkent in 2019, with the German Chancellor Angela Merkel and the Federal President Frank Walter Steinmeier.
Undoubtedly, the agreements reached during the current negotiations will give a powerful impetus to the comprehensive expansion and deepening of Uzbek-German cooperation in all areas of mutual interest.
Already today, the partnership between our countries is multifaceted, covering the trade, economic, investment and technological spheres. Fruitful interaction is underway in the field of security, protection of human rights, environmental protection, science and education, expansion of cultural ties and tourist exchange.
Germany actively supports the policy of our country to strengthen relations of friendship, good-neighborliness, trust and partnership in Central Asia, is stepping up joint efforts to facilitate the peace process in Afghanistan, to promote regional infrastructure projects in the transport and energy sectors for this purpose.
The indicators in the areas of trade and investment, where Germany has traditionally been our key partner, speak most eloquently about the high level of interaction between our countries.
So, today Germany has become the main trade and economic partner among the countries of the European Union. In the period from 2016 to 2019, mutual trade reached its maximum indicators and grew by almost 87%, amounting to US$990 million. At the end of 2020, due to the coronavirus pandemic, trade slightly decreased to US$829 million. However, taking into account the forecast in both countries this year of economic growth is expected that the turnover may exceed the US$1 billion mark.
In 2020, within the framework of the implementation of about 110 investment projects, the volume of utilized German investments increased by 25% compared to 2019 and exceeded US$710 million. At the end of 2020, Germany has become one of the leading investors in the economy of Uzbekistan after Russia and China, and its share is about 14% of the total volume of foreign investments.
This year, more than 20 large projects with a total value of about US$1 billion in the automotive, chemical, pharmaceutical and electrical industries, as well as in the production of building materials, are planned for implementation together with German investors.
Active bilateral investment cooperation contributes to the expansion of the presence of German business in our country. If, in 2016, 120 enterprises with the participation of German investors operated in Uzbekistan, today their number has reached 193. Such well-known German companies as MAN, Claas, Knauf, Papenburg are actively working in Uzbekistan. For the first time, Volkswagen and Viessmann entered the market, after a long break, Siemens and Bosch returned.
It is expected that the regular meeting of the Uzbek-German Business Council, scheduled for May this year, will give impetus to cooperation in such new areas as the development of industrial clusters, digitalization and the "green economy", promotion of projects in the field of renewable energy.
The increased support of Germany for political and socio-economic reforms in the republic is also evidenced by the increase in the volume of financial and technical assistance provided in such areas as agriculture and water management, development of the legal system, education, health care, trade. In particular, in 2019-2020, the German government allocated 202 million euros to Uzbekistan in the form of concessional loans and grants. This is five times more than in 2017-2018.
Against the background of the intensification of Uzbek-German cooperation, the interest of our citizens in the study of the German language and education in Germany is growing. Today in Uzbekistan more than 300 thousand schoolchildren, 19 thousand students study the language of Goethe, Schiller and Kant. About 600 Uzbek students, postgraduates and doctoral students study at various universities in Germany.
In general, the results of the online summit testify to Germany's unwavering support for the new course of democratic transformations in Uzbekistan, the emergence of bilateral relations to a qualitatively new level, a characteristic feature of which is the desire of the parties to mutually beneficial cooperation based on the principles of mutual respect and interests of each other.
Against this background, it becomes obvious that the strategic partnership between Uzbekistan and Germany is designed for the long term and is designed to ensure joint actions at the international and regional levels.
polittica estera
Shavkat Mirziyoyev
"Uzbekistan GTL" – un impianto gigante nel mezzo della steppa.
Business Forum a Milano sulla Cooperazione per i settori Tessile e Pelle tra Italia e Uzbekistan il 6 dicembre.
Uzbekistan, il programma strategico del Presidente Mirziyoyev in 7 punti.
Lo Stato basato sull'essere umano, la strategia del nuovo Uzbekistan parte dai diritti umani.
Uzbekistan, intervista del Ministro degli Esteri Kamilov alla tv Russia 24.
Shavkat Mirziyoyev, candidato per il Partito Liberal Democratico dell'Uzbekistan, è stato eletto Presidente della Repubblica dell'Uzbekistan.
Settore carburanti ed energia dell'Uzbekistan: nuovo vettore di sviluppo.
Coronavirus, aggiornamento 20 ottobre, 4 decessi e 457 nuovi casi nelle ultime 24 ore.
Uzbekistan, il 24 ottobre si elegge il Presidente, i 5 candidati ed i loro programmi.
Pragmatismo politico in un mondo interconnesso, intervista al Ministro degli Esteri dell'Uzbekistan Abdulaziz Kamilov.
Nuova pagina nella collaborazione tra Uzbekistan e Turkmenistan.
L'Uzbekistan si impegna a unirsi agli sforzi della SCO per prevenire una crisi prolungata in Afghanistan.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Solute Transport through a Pine Bark-based Substrate under Saturated and Unsaturated Conditions
Authors: Tyler C. Hoskins1, James S. Owen Jr.1, Jeb S. Fields1, James E. Altland2, Zachary M. Easton3, and Alex X. Niemiera4
1 Department of Horticulture, Virginia Tech, Hampton Roads Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Virginia Beach, VA 23455
| 2 USDA-ARS, Application Technology Research Unit, 27 Horticultural Insects Research Laboratory, Wooster, OH 44691
| 3 Department of Biological Systems Engineering, 205 Seitz Hall, Blacksburg, VA 24061
| 4 Department of Horticulture, Virginia Tech, 301 Saunders Hall, Blacksburg, VA 24061
Contributor Notes
An understanding of how dissolved mineral nutrient ions (solutes) move through pine bark substrates during the application of irrigation water is vital to better understand nutrient transport and leaching from containerized crops during an irrigation event. However, current theories on solute transport processes in soilless systems are largely based on research in mineral soils and thus do not necessarily explain solute transport in soilless substrates. A study was conducted to characterize solute transport through a 9 pine bark:1 sand (by volume) substrate by developing and analyzing breakthrough curves (BTCs). Columns filled with pine bark substrate were subjected to the application of a nutrient solution (tracer) and deionized water under saturated and unsaturated conditions. Effluent drained from the columns during these applications was collected and analyzed to determine the effluent concentration (C) of the bulk ions in solution through electrical conductivity (EC) and nitrate (NO3–), phosphate, and potassium (K+) concentrations. The BTCs were developed by plotting C relative to the concentration of the input solution (Co) (i.e., relative concentration = C/Co) as a function of the cumulative effluent volume. Solutes broke through the column earlier (i.e., with less cumulative effluent) and the transition from C/Co = 0 to 1 occurred more abruptly under unsaturated than saturated conditions. Movement of the anion, NO3–, through the substrate was observed to occur more quickly than the cation K+. Throughout the experiment, 37% of the applied K+ was retained by the pine bark. The adsorption of K+ to pine bark cation exchange sites displaced calcium (Ca2+) and magnesium (Mg2+), of which the combined equivalent charge accounted for 43.1% of the retained K+. These results demonstrate the relative ease that negatively charged fertilizer ions could move through a pine bark substrate while solution is actively flowing through substrate pores such as during irrigation events. This approach to evaluating solute transport may be used in horticultural research to better understand how mineral nutrients move through and subsequently leach from soilless substrates during irrigation. Expanding this knowledge base may lead to the refinement of production practices that improve nutrient and water use efficiency in container nurseries.
Keywords: breakthrough curve; cation exchange capacity; containerized crops; nitrate; phosphate; potassium
Pine bark is a widely used substrate component in the southeastern and mid-Atlantic regions of the U.S. nursery industry for the production of container-grown, woody ornamental crops. As a result of the high porosity and relatively low water-holding capacity of pine bark-based substrates, frequent irrigation is required to supply adequate water to the crop. During irrigation, the unwanted leaching of water and applied mineral nutrients is a common occurrence. An understanding of how dissolved mineral nutrients (i.e., solutes) move through pine bark substrates is fundamental to reducing the quantity of fertilizers leached from nursery containers during irrigation. Significant effort has been placed on understanding the leaching of mineral nutrients from soilless substrates on a large time scale (i.e., throughout a production season; ≈4 to 12 months) in systems where controlled-release fertilizers (CRFs), a currently recommended best management practice (Bilderback et al., 2013), are used as the nutrient delivery method (Alam et al., 2009; Cabrera, 1997, Colangelo and Brand, 2001; Cox, 1993; Newman et al., 2006).
The rate at which mineral nutrients are released from CRFs is often cited to be influenced largely by temperature (Adams et al., 2013; Husby et al., 2003), and subsequently, temperature is used as a partial predictor of the quantity of nutrients released into the substrate solution that may leach during irrigation. However, a more complete estimation of the actual nutrient load that is leached during irrigation or rainfall would be accomplished by considering not only the quantity of available nutrients in the substrate solution, but also the intensity of irrigation or precipitation and the physiochemical properties of the substrate. Expanding our knowledge of the physiochemical factors that affect solute transport during irrigation may allow practitioners to better manage applied nutrients and provide data to help improve recent crop management models (Majsztrik, 2011) to better predict fertilizer use efficiency.
Research on how water and solutes move through mineral soil systems (Beven and Germann, 2013; Keller et al., 2004; Liu et al., 2010; Mohammadi et al., 2009) provides a foundation on which current theories of solute transport in soilless substrates are built. However, soilless substrates, which are predominantly made of organic matter, possess different physiochemical properties than mineral soils, including high porosity [≈75% total porosity (TP) for the pine bark/sand blend used in this study], low bulk density (Db), low ion exchange capacity, and low surface area. Because of these differences between soils and soilless substrates, an independent body of research on solute transport through pine bark substrates is warranted to best manage mineral nutrient leaching during irrigation. Hoskins (2014) began this process by evaluating the flow of applied irrigation water through a pine bark substrate and demonstrated the tendency for water to preferentially flow through certain portions of the substrate, a process that is dependent on substrate moisture content. However, there is limited information that bridges the gap between our understanding of solute transport in soilless substrates and that of soils.
Brown and Pokorny (1977) reported that soluble potassium applied to the top of a pine bark-filled column resulted in K+ adsorption to the bark and that the distribution of that adsorbed K+ was uneven throughout the column with most retained in the upper portion of the substrate profile. Furthermore, they demonstrated that an increase in pH led to an increase in the amount of adsorbed K+, indicating the presence of pH-dependent functional groups, which has been confirmed in several subsequent studies (Daniels and Wright, 1988; Foster et al., 1983). Foster et al. (1983) applied deionized (DI) water to pine bark-filled columns that had been pre-treated with a ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) solution and found that the majority of both ammonium (NH4+) and nitrate ions were leached with 120 mL of DI water, which was slightly less than the total column volume (170 mL). With the exception of Brown and Pokorny (1977), no other studies solely focused on anion or cation transport in soilless substrates or reported complete substrate physical properties, making interpretation and comparison against other studies difficult.
Breakthrough curve analysis can provide valuable information about the physiochemical properties of the substrates used in containerized plant production and how they affect solute transport during irrigation. A BTC is a plot of the relative effluent solute concentration vs. time or cumulative discharge (Hillel, 2004). To conduct a breakthrough analysis, a solution containing tracer ions of known initial concentration is applied to a soil or substrate-filled column while the effluent that drains from the column is collected and analyzed to determine the concentration of the tracer. Relative concentration (RC) is determined by dividing C by Co. The shape of the resulting BTC provides information about how the tracer was transported through the substrate. As the tracer solution enters the substrate, it interacts with the solution that is already in the pores at a "boundary" or "front." In an ideal system, this boundary moves evenly and unaltered through the substrate like a piston through a cylinder ("piston flow") with no mixing or dispersion of the applied tracer solution and the antecedent pore water (Jury and Horton, 2004). On the displacement of all the fluid in the pores [i.e., one pore volume (PV)], the theoretical piston reaches the other end of the column and is reflected in the BTC by a sudden increase in RC from 0 to 1. In non-ideal systems, there typically exists a certain degree of interaction or mixing between the tracer solution and the antecedent pore water (through dispersion or diffusion), the extent of which is largely influenced by the physiochemical properties of the substrate. These interactions will affect the shape of the BTC. As the degree of interaction or mixing (and subsequent dispersion) increases, the slope of the BTC lessens (becomes less steep), and the transition from RC = 0 to 1 occurs across a larger effluent volume compared with the piston flow model, which is instantaneous.
The objective of this study was to develop BTCs for a pine bark-based substrate that is representative of the mid-Atlantic and southeastern U.S. nursery industries for the production of containerized ornamental crops. Breakthrough curves were generated under saturated and unsaturated conditions using tracer ions (mineral nutrients) that varied in their potential for chemical interaction with the substrate. The resulting BTCs were interpreted and used to describe solute transport, the behavior of reactive and non-reactive dissolved mineral nutrient ions, in a pine bark substrate.
Anion and cation solute transport experiments were conducted at the Virginia Tech Hampton Roads Agricultural Research and Extension Center (Virginia Beach, VA).
Substrate preparation and analysis.
A 9 pine bark (Carolina Bark Products, Seaboard, NC):1 concrete sand (Heard Aggregates, Waverly, VA) (by volume) substrate was amended with 1.8 kg·m−3 crushed dolomitic lime (Rockydale Quarries Corp., Roanoke, VA) and an equal amount of pelletized dolomitic lime (Kelly's Limestone, Kirksville, MO). To allow for chemical and moisture equilibration, the substrate was placed into 2.7-L (trade gallon) nursery containers (Myers Industries, Middlefield, OH), 10 per experiment. In the cation transport experiment, 10 containers were placed on an outdoor gravel pad receiving daily 15-min overhead irrigation (12.7 mm·h−1) for 1 month (19 June to 17 July 2013). In the anion transport experiment, 10 containers were placed in a greenhouse for 2 weeks (7 to 20 Mar. 2014), where they were hand-watered on average every other day until leaching was observed. The anion transport experiment was conducted later in the year when temperatures were lower than when the cation transport experiment was conducted, necessitating substrate preparation in a greenhouse to allow for chemical equilibration under similar temperature conditions. The day before the solute transport experiments were conducted, the substrate for each experiment was pooled into one composite sample and allowed to equilibrate overnight in a sealed container to ensure an even moisture distribution before packing into columns. The same substrate was used in both the saturated and unsaturated treatment of the anion transport experiment. The substrate's particle size distribution (Table 1) was determined by way of a 5-min mechanical agitation [278 oscillations/min, 150 taps/min (RX-29 Ro-Tap® shaker; W.S. Tyler industrial Group, Mentor, OH)] with ≈100 g oven-dried substrate (n = 3). Physical properties (Table 2) were determined using the North Carolina State University (NCSU) porometer procedure (Fonteno and Harden, 2003). Cation exchange capacity (CEC) was determined to be (± se) 110.7 ± 3.5 meq·L−1 (n = 3) using a method first described by Thorpe (1973) and modified by Altland et al. (2014).
Particle size distribution of a screened substrate comprised of 9 pine bark:1 sand (by vol) for the cation and anion transport experiments.z
Physical properties of a substrate comprised of 9 pine bark:1 sand (by vol) used in the cation and anion transport experiments, including bulk density (Db), total porosity (TP), air space (AS), and container capacity (CC).
Column preparation.
Vertically oriented, acrylic columns (length = 30 cm, i.d. = 7.75 cm, o.d. = 8.9 cm, volume = 1.415 L) were packed with the previously described substrate using a modified version of the NCSU porometer procedure (Fonteno and Harden, 2003). The acrylic column was joined to a 15-cm sealed-base section of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipe (i.d. and o.d. equal to the acrylic column) below and a 30-cm section of PVC pipe above to create a 75-cm packing apparatus. This apparatus was loosely filled to the top with substrate and dropped seven times from a height of 17.5 cm to achieve a consistent Db in the column between reps as determined by weighing the oven-dried substrate after use in the experiment. The top and bottom PVC sections of the packing apparatus were removed from the column and the substrate surface was leveled across each end of the column before installing the appropriate caps and fittings to be used in the saturated or unsaturated treatments (Fig. 1). A solution containing potassium nitrate (KNO3) and monopotassium phosphate (KH2PO4) was used in both the anion and cation transport experiments (Table 3).
Physical setup of the saturated and unsaturated column experiments for measuring ion transport in pine bark substrates.
Citation: Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 139, 6; 10.21273/JASHS.139.6.634
Fertilizer solution measured electrical conductivity (EC) and ion concentrations of nitrate (NO3–), phosphate (PO43–), and potassium (K+) used in the cation and anion (n = 6) transport experiments.z
Anion transport.
Anion transport was evaluated under saturated and unsaturated conditions. Packed columns were fitted with the appropriate PVC fittings for either the saturated or unsaturated treatment (Fig. 1). A circular piece (diameter = 8.9 cm) of standard, plastic window screen (Phifer, Tuscaloosa, AL) was cut to nest within each end-cap at each end of the column to prevent any particles from plugging the outlet and impeding the flow of water. For the saturated treatment, one barbed plastic fitting (0.35 cm i.d.) was centered in each end-cap to create an inlet and an outlet, through which solution could be applied to or drained from the column. At the inlet, the column was attached through 0.79-mm PVC tubing (Tygon®; Saint-Gobain North America, Valley Forge, PA) to a three-way valve and two glass 10-L Mariotte bottles, one containing DI water and the other containing the fertilizer solution. Mariotte bottles allow for water to flow through the column at a constant pressure that is dictated by the position of the lower end of the Mariotte bottles' air inlet tube, which creates a constant atmospheric reference pressure that does not change with the level of water in the bottle. The vertical orientation of the column creates a gradient in the tension along the column that ranges from 7.75 cm at the top of the column to 37.75 cm at the base (Fig. 1).
Once packed, the following sequential procedure was used on each column in the saturated treatment: 1) saturation: the column was slowly saturated from below by connecting the lower end of the column to the DI water source. Once saturated, water flow was stopped and the column was allowed to rest for 1 h; 2) pore flush: DI water was passed through the column by adjusting the three-way valve to allow water to flow freely from the DI-containing Mariotte bottle and through the column (Fig. 1). Effluent was collected in 100-mL increments until effluent EC had reached a stable baseline of 10 μS·cm−1 or less, as indicated by effluent analysis with a benchtop meter (Orion 4-Star; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA) equipped with a DuraProbeTM 4-Electrode Conductivity Cell (Thermo Fisher Scientific); (3) tracer application: after the effluent EC was determined to be stable (from Step 2), the three-way valve was switched to the tracer solution and allowed to flow freely from the fertilizer-containing Mariotte bottle to the column. Effluent was collected in 150-mL increments and each sample collection time was recorded. This continued until 3 PV (1 PV ≈ 1 L) of effluent was collected to ensure that the majority of any late-arriving solute after 1 PV (relative to the aforementioned piston flow model) was reflected in the BTC. This resulted in 21 samples and 3.15 L of effluent per column; (4) DI application: without pause, the three-way valve was switched back to allow DI water to again flow from the DI-containing Mariotte bottle to the column. Three additional PVs of effluent were collected in 150-mL increments (another 21 samples) with the sample collection times recorded to evaluate how the applied tracer ions were flushed from the system. The rate at which solution moved through the column throughout Steps 3 and 4 was determined to be 2.5 mL·s−1 ± 0.1.
After the desired effluent volume had been collected, the application of DI water was discontinued and the column was allowed to drain for 1 h, which allowed for the measurement of container capacity [CC (percent of the substrate volume comprised of water after drainage from saturation)]. At this point, the column was also weighed, emptied, and the substrate placed in an oven to dry until weight was constant. The volume of water that drained from saturation to CC was used to determine the air space [AS (percent of the substrate volume comprised of air at CC)]. The difference in substrate weight at CC and after oven-drying was used to determine the volume of water held in the substrate at CC. Air space and CC were summed to determine TP (sum of void space occupied by air and water). Bulk density was calculated by dividing the weight of the dry substrate by the container volume. These physical properties are reported in Table 2 alongside those determined by porometer analysis. The aforementioned experimental procedure (Steps 1 to 4) and post-experiment assessment of substrate physical properties were repeated for each of three replicates using a newly packed column.
In the unsaturated treatment, the number of 150-mL effluent samples (21 during tracer application and another 21 during DI application) and total effluent volume collected (combined 6.3 L) were the same as the saturated treatment. Instead of connecting to Mariotte bottles for the application of fertilizer solution and DI water, the lower end of the column was fitted with a false-bottom PVC flat-cap with 20 evenly distributed, 8-mm holes (Fig. 1). An identically sized piece of mesh screen was nested in this cap to minimize the loss of substrate. The saturation procedure (Step 1) was modified by placing the packed column in a 19-L bucket, which was slowly filled with DI water. As the bucket filled, DI water entered the column through the lower, false-bottom flat-cap until the water level reached the substrate surface, at which point it was allowed to rest and saturated for 1 h, after which the column was removed from the bucket and was allowed to drain for 15 min before initiating the DI flush (Step 2). The upper end of the column was fitted with a PVC coupler to support a diffuser 5 cm above the substrate surface (Fig. 1). The diffuser was a modified PVC flat-cap that contained 16 evenly distributed, 2-mm holes that facilitated an even distribution of solution over the substrate surface. The tracer solution (Step 3) or DI water (Step 4) was poured, in 75-mL increments, every 2 min into the diffuser until the desired effluent volume was collected for either the respective tracer or DI application steps. On finishing Step 4, the substrate was allowed to drain for 1 h and was processed in the same manner as the saturated columns. However, because this treatment was unsaturated, determination of TP and AS was not possible.
The anion transport experiment was conducted over a 3-d period, where one saturated and unsaturated replication was conducted each day (n = 3 for each treatment). The fertilizer-containing Mariotte bottle provided a sufficient volume of tracer solution for one saturated and unsaturated replication. The fertilizer-containing Mariotte bottle was replenished from a stock solution after one saturated and unsaturated replication had been completed.
Cation transport.
Cation transport was evaluated under saturated conditions and followed the same procedure (Steps 1 to 4) used in the saturated treatment of the anion transport experiment with the following exceptions. In Step 2 (pore flush), a pH/EC meter (HI 9813-6; Hanna Instruments, Woonsocket, RI) was used to measure EC and pH. In Step 3 (tracer application), two PVs of effluent were collected. The sequence was conducted for three repetitions using a newly packed column for each treatment. One Mariotte bottle provided a sufficient volume of tracer solution for all replications, and therefore, one batch of tracer solution was used. The average rate at which solution moved through the column was determined to be (± se) 4.5 ± 0.9 mL·s−1 during Steps 3 and 4.
Data analysis.
A 10-mL aliquot of each effluent sample was collected and filtered (0.2-μm 30-mm syringe filter; Thermo Fisher Scientific) for ion analysis before measuring EC and pH of individual effluent samples. All analyses were conducted at room temperature (≈25 °C). Filtered samples were refrigerated before immediate analysis or stored at –18 °C if analysis could not occur within 48 h. Nitrate, phosphate (PO43–), K+, magnesium, and calcium concentrations were analyzed for the respective experiment using an ion chromatography system (ICS-1600; Thermo Fisher Scientific) equipped with a 4 × 250-mm (i.d. × length) anion-exchange column (AS22; Thermo Fisher Scientific) at 35 °C, a 4 × 25-mm cation-exchange column (CS12A; Thermo Fisher Scientific) at 35 °C, and an autosampler (AS-AP; Thermo Fisher Scientific) on a 25-μL sample loop driven by an isocratic pump.
In the anion transport experiment, EC readings and ion concentrations were converted to RCs by dividing C by Co for the parameter of interest (EC or ion concentration) and are presented as BTCs along with ses. Effluent pH was measured at the onset of tracer application (Step 3), at the transition between tracer and DI application (between Steps 3 and 4), and at the end of DI application (Step 4). The fertilizer (Step 3) and DI (Step 4) application steps of each BTC in the anion transport experiment were analyzed separately using logistic regression Eq. [1]:
where a = rate of change and b = inflection point (RC = 0.5), assuming that RC will range from 0 to 1. Mean and se of the inflection point and rate of change estimates were reported. The resultant EC, NO3–, and PO43– curves from the logistic regression analysis of the anion transport experiment were subject to a sums of squares reduction test (α = 0.05) to evaluate the difference between saturated and unsaturated conditions during tracer and DI application (analyzed separately). The sums of squares reduction test was conducted using SAS® (Version 9.3; SAS Institute, Cary, NC).
In the cation transport experiment, EC readings and ion concentrations were also converted to RCs by dividing C by Co for the parameter of interest (EC or ion concentration) and are presented as BTCs along with ses. Furthermore, the difference in equivalent charge (milliequivalents) of NO3– and K+ in each effluent sample was used as an indicator of the amount of K+ retained in the substrate at each cumulative effluent volume, because NO3– and K+ were applied at the same concentration. All data were processed using JMP® Pro (Version 10.0.2; SAS Institute).
Solute transport processes were different between unsaturated and saturated conditions as indicated by the shape of the BTCs (Fig. 2) and their estimated parameters (Table 4). Tracer breakthrough occurred earlier (i.e., with less effluent volume) during unsaturated conditions for the application of both the tracer solution and DI water [parameter b (Table 4)]. During the application of tracer solution (Step 3), the inflection point (parameter b), or center of the BTC where RC = 0.5, occurred with 229, 236, and 209 mL less effluent under unsaturated than saturated conditions for the EC, NO3–, and PO43– BTCs, respectively (Table 4). Similarly, when the tracer solution was flushed from the substrate pores (Step 4), the inflection point occurred with 198, 200, and 174 mL less effluent under unsaturated conditions for the EC, NO3–, and PO43– BTCs, respectively. Similar effects were seen for the BTC rate of changes (parameter a), where the absolute value of the parameter was of greater magnitude for the unsaturated treatment for each tracer during both the tracer and DI application steps (Table 4). During the application of DI water, the curves move in the opposite direction [Fig. 2 (RC moves from 1 to 0)] and subsequently, parameter a is negative. Throughout Steps 3 and 4, effluent pH was initially (± se) 6.51 ± 0.08 at the onset of tracer application, 5.45 ± 0.04 at the transition between tracer and DI application, and 6.62 ± 0.06 at the end of DI application.
Anion transport experiment breakthrough curves showing electrical conductivity (EC), nitrate (NO3–), and phosphate (PO43–) relative effluent concentration (C/Co, where C and Co = effluent and input solution concentration, respectively) during the application of a fertilizer solution (≈100 mg·L−1 NO3– and PO43– each) and deionized (DI) water to a pine-bark substrate under (●) saturated and (O) unsaturated conditions. The vertical line indicates when the input solution changed from fertilizer to DI water. Parameters for the (---) unsaturated and (─) saturated regression lines are reported in Table 4.
Parameter estimates (± se) for the electrical conductivity (EC), nitrate ( ), and phosphate ( ) breakthrough curves from the anion transport experiment, developed by applying a tracer solution [derived from potassium nitrate (KNO3) and monopotassium phosphate (KH2PO4) and deionized (DI) water] to a column filled with a 9 pine bark:1 sand (by vol.) substrate under saturated and unsaturated conditions.
The NO3– BTC in Figure 3 exhibited a curvilinear shape that was similar to those shown in the anion transport experiment (Fig. 2) and reached nearly full concentration (C/Co = 0.9) after 2 L of effluent had been collected. In contrast, the K+ BTC in Figure 3 exhibited a more linear increase in effluent K+ concentration that only reached C/Co = 0.5 after 2 L of effluent had been collected. The shape of these curves revealed that during application of tracers (Step 3), the movement of an infiltrating cation (K+) through the column was retarded, relative to the movement of the anion, NO3– (Fig. 3A). Throughout the experiment, a total of 204.8 mg of K+ was applied to each column. Of that total (± se), 129.1 ± 4.0 mg (3.3 ± 0.1 meq) was leached, leaving 75.7 ± 4.0 mg (1.9 ± 0.1 meq), or 37.0% of applied K+ retained by the substrate. This quantity of retained K+ represents 1.2% of the available CEC for this substrate. Furthermore (± se) 15.6 ± 0.6 mg Ca2+ and 7.8 ± 0.5 mg Mg2+ were leached throughout the experiment. This represented a combined 1.4 ± 0.1 meq of Ca2+ and Mg2+ and accounted for 43.1% of the retained K+.
Cation transport experiment results showing (A) ion breakthrough curves for (●) nitrate (NO3–) and (O) potassium (K+) relative effluent concentrations (C/Co; where C and Co = effluent and input solution concentration, respectively) and (B) exchanged cations (□) [sum of calcium (Ca2+), magnesium (Mg2+)] equivalent charge (milliequivalents) in effluent and (■) approximate meq potassium (K+) retained (meq NO3– – meq K+). Error bars are se (n = 3). From 0 to 2 L cumulative effluent volume, a tracer solution was applied. From 2 to 4 L cumulative effluent volume, deionized water was applied.
Solute movement was slower under saturated conditions compared with unsaturated, which was likely the result of the velocity of water through pores of variable size. The movement of water is affected by pore or channel size and the degree to which they are interconnected (Ma and Selim, 1997). Drzal et al. (1999) demonstrated that pine bark substrates contain many pore sizes that range from macropores (greater than 416 μm) to ultramicropores (less than 0.2 μm). With this in mind, the preferential flow of water through macropores (less restricted) over micropores (more restricted) may lead to a portion of the applied tracer solution reaching the base of the column more quickly via transport through macropores. Furthermore, within a saturated pore, solution will flow at a higher velocity in the center of the pore than near the particle surfaces where physical and chemical interactions between water and the particle surfaces may restrict flow (Hillel, 2004). Consequently, a range of pore water velocities exists within a pore (driven by the solutions proximity to the particle surface) and within the bulk substrate (driven by the pore or channel size distribution). This range of pore sizes and pore water velocities will allow for a portion of the applied tracer solution to arrive at the opposite end of the column earlier (via travel through the center of pores) than others (slower transport near particulate surfaces); hence, complete solute breakthrough (RC changes from 0 to 1 or 1 to 0) is a gradual process.
Under unsaturated conditions, the column inherently contains less water than under saturated conditions. As a result, there is less water to be displaced as the tracer or DI water is applied, possibly explaining the leftward shift of the inflection points (parameter b in Table 4) in the unsaturated BTCs relative to the saturated BTCs. However, the steeper slopes (parameter a in Table 4) observed in the unsaturated BTCs are more likely a result of the pore water velocity distributions. The previously discussed distribution of pore water velocities under saturated conditions would still occur under unsaturated conditions as a result of flow through macro- and micropores. However, because water flows predominantly along particulate surfaces in unsaturated conditions, the development of very fast pore water velocities found in the center of saturated macropores is presumably less prone to develop (Hillel, 2004). Therefore, the range of pore water velocities that occur during unsaturated conditions would be smaller than saturated conditions. This smaller range of pore water velocities may lead to a more even boundary between the applied tracer solution and the old pore water that allows the transition from RC = 0 to 1 to occur more quickly (over a smaller portion of the Fig. 2 x-axis or effluent volume), a trend that is reflected by the early breakthrough observed in the unsaturated treatment of the anion transport experiment.
During active, saturated solute transport in the cation transport experiment, the movement of an infiltrating cation (K+) through the substrate was different from the movement of anions. Potassium breakthrough was a more gradual process and may have contributed to the reduced slope or rate of change (parameter a in Table 4) for the EC BTCs as compared with that of NO3– and PO43– in the anion transport experiment. Because EC is a measure of the bulk ions in the solution, the EC BTCs are reflective of both cation and anion transport. Therefore, the relatively lower slopes or rate of change in the EC BTCs are likely a result of the slower movement of K+ through the substrate compared with NO3– (Fig. 3A). In Figure 2, effluent EC does not reach full tracer EC (RC = 1) and is also a likely result of the reduced effluent K+ concentrations. This may explain the slight deviation of the EC data from the logistic model in the upper portion of the tracer application EC BTC, where the model assumes RC will reach 1.
The chemical interaction between K+ and pine bark cation exchange sites reduced the total load of K+ that was leached from the substrate. During this process, other cations (Ca2+ and Mg2+) were displaced from these exchange sites. The meq of K+ that was calculated to have been retained by the substrate throughout the experiment (Fig. 3B) followed a similar trend to the combined meq of Ca2+ and Mg2+ that was leached. The magnitude of the Ca2+ and Mg2+ curve is less than the retained K+ curve and leached Ca2+ and Mg2+ only accounted for 43.1% of retained K+ suggests that other, unmeasured cations were exchanged by K+. Pokorny (1979) reported the presence of boron, copper, iron, manganese, and zinc in pine bark, which may have also interacted with K+ on bark exchange sites.
The amount of retained K+ accounted for only 1.2% of the available CEC of the substrate. This finding alone warrants further research into a functional quantification of the cation exchange that occurs under varying conditions (i.e., ion species, residence times, pH, and moisture content) that are likely to occur in a production scenario such as during fertilizer application or between irrigation events. Daniels and Wright (1988) found surprisingly few differences between the CEC of various pine bark particle size fractions and hypothesized that the internal porosity of pine bark may account for a significant portion of the overall CEC. Mohammadi et al. (2009) discussed an immobile fraction of the soil solution that, when accounted for in prediction models, allowed for a fairly accurate prediction of solute breakthrough. Pokorny (1987) found that the internal porosity of pine bark accounted for 42.7% to 44.0% of its total volume. However, the quantity and mobility of the internal pore solution of pine bark substrates and the accessibility of those internal pores to the ions in a solution that is freely flowing through the substrate are in question.
The range of measured effluent pH values in the anion transport experiment reflects the pH of the two different solutions, DI water (neutral pH) and the tracer solution (low pH), that were infiltrated through the substrate pores. Had this been measured under static conditions, rather than active solute transport, it is possible that the substrate may be able to buffer these pH changes as described by Altland et al. (2014). An unexpected observation while conducting both the cation and anion transport experiment was that during the pre-experiment DI flush (Step 1), the effluent was consistently cloudy and had a light brown color that became clear when fertilizer solution was applied (Step 2). It became cloudy again when DI water was re-applied in Step 3. A similar effect was observed in previous CEC studies (Daniels and Wright, 1988), where the washing of bark with distilled water after ion displacement produced a cloudy solution. Their observations and ours may suggest an interaction between soluble organic materials and applied fertilizer ions. It is possible that when the substrate pores are comprised mainly of DI water (low ionic strength and high pH), soluble organic materials are disassociated from the bark and into the pore solution. Conversely, when the pore solution is comprised mainly of fertilizer solution (high ionic strength and low pH), the extraction of soluble organic materials is restricted.
The behavior of individual ion species during active solute transport through a pine bark substrate differed with ion species and the method of analysis (saturated or unsaturated pores). Anions were passed through the substrate relatively unobstructed. In contrast, cations were retained by the pine bark to an extent that constituted a surprisingly small portion of the substrates' measured CEC. The findings discussed here provide insight into how individual ions move through and leach from a pine bark substrate during irrigation events and how the leached nutrient load may be affected by the volume of water that is drained from the substrate. Several factors appear to be occurring that affect the movement of solutes through pine bark substrates, including the dispersion of tracer ions through macropore (relatively unrestricted) and micropore (relatively restricted) flow, diffusion of the tracer ions across the concentration gradients within the substrate, and chemical interaction or exchange between tracers and bark particle exchange sites. The approach used in this study may be used in horticultural research to better understand how nutrients move through and leach from soilless substrates during irrigation. Expanding this knowledge base may lead to the refinement of crop models and production practices that improve nutrient and water use efficiency in container nurseries.
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This publication is a portion of a thesis submitted by Tyler C. Hoskins in partial fulfillment of the degree of Master of Science.
Partial funding was provided by the Virginia Nursery and Landscape Association.
Funding for this work was provided in part by the Virginia Agriculture Experiment Station and the Hatch program of the National Institute of Food and Agriculture, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
Special thanks to Julie Brindley for technical assistance and Drs. Michelle Frey and Ryan Stewart for input and guidance.
Trade or brand names used in this publication do not constitute a guarantee or warranty of the product by Virginia Tech and do not imply its approval to the exclusion of other products or vendors that also may be suitable.
1 Graduate Research Assistant.
2 Assistant Professor.
3 Professor.
4 Corresponding author. E-mail: jim.owen@vt.edu.
breakthrough curve; cation exchange capacity; containerized crops; nitrate; phosphate; potassium
Article by Tyler C. Hoskins
Article by James S. Owen
Article by Jeb S. Fields
Article by James E. Altland
Article by Zachary M. Easton
Article by Alex X. Niemiera


Wind, water, and molten rock constantly tear apart and resculpt the natural world we live in, and people have always struggled to create structures that will permanently establish their existence on the land. Frank Golhke has committed his camera lens to documenting that fraught relationship between people and place, and this retrospective collection of his work by John Rohrbach reveals how people carve out their living spaces in the face of constant natural disruption.
An acclaimed master of landscape photography, Golhke explores in Accommodating Nature how people configure the places where they live, work, and commune, both on an everyday level and in the aftermath of catastrophic destruction. Whether a ranch house anchored fast on an endless Texas plain, the shattered buildings and whipped trees left by a category 5 tornado, or the jagged cliffs of ash and rock created by the volcanic eruption of Mount St. Helens, the photographs unearth the ways in which new homes and lives emerge from the fragments of the old. Thought-provoking essays by Rebecca Solnit, Frank Gohlke, and John Rohrbach expand upon the issues raised by the images, contemplating the complexities of human and cultural geography and the relationships we have with our respective place.
An arresting and vibrant visual essay combining magnificent vistas with intimate emotional detail, Accommodating Nature exposes the intricate threads that bind our lives to the land surrounding us.


According to Asian News International, German scientists report that blood levels of vitamin D are significantly lower in patients with chronic heart failure, supporting previous animal research.
The article quotes a study reported in Cardiology, performed by researchers from the Univeristy of Bonn and Bad Oeynhausen Heart Center.
The study also reports that the more severe the deficiency to 50% of normal levels), the worse the symptoms became.
The researchers have not yet studied the results of supplementation, but animal studies suggest supplementation may help.


Don't forget when you're preparing to head down to the beach, to pack some doggy essentials too, including a water bowl, bottle of fresh water and some food and treats, if you will be on the beach over their usual meal time. Always pack your dog a towel too. As well as helping to protect you from being covered in seawater by your dog's enthusiastic shake on their return from the sea, it can also be transformed into a cooling aid for your dog, by dipping it in the sea and draping it over them. This is especially handy if your pooch is water-shy and not keen to take a cooling dip.
There's often not a lot of shade on the beach. Therefore, packing a lightweight beach umbrella is vital for any beach trip, as it will provide somewhere for your dog to shelter under if they need to get out of the heat. It's also a great place to keep their food and water, to ensure it stays nice and cool. Plus, if the British weather lets you down and surprises you with a shower, you're all set to sit it out.
The heat combined with the sand and seawater can leave your pooch feeling extra thirsty. So, make sure you pack plenty of fresh water and a portable bowl for your dog, to help keep them well hydrated.
Try to discourage your dog them from drinking seawater where possible, as this can upset their tummies and dehydrate them. Instead, keep a bowl of cool water available for them at all times.
If your dog loves nothing more than dashing into the sea to show off their excellent doggy paddle, make sure you keep a close eye on them. Strong currents and tides can result in even the strongest doggy paddler finding themselves in trouble.
Light-haired and thin-coated dogs that have areas of pink skin exposed are especially at risk of sunburn, which can increase their risk of getting skin cancer. So, make sure when you pack your sun cream to pop a dog-friendly one in your beach-bag too. Their ears, nose, belly and groin are especially vulnerable and will need protecting.
It's best to avoid hitting the beach at the hottest times of the day e.g. midday. Instead, schedule your beach excursion for first thing in the morning or later in the afternoon.
Check the temperature of the sand before taking your dog on to the beach, as sand can heat up as the day progresses and could burn your dog's paws.
Follow these simple tips and you and your pooch will have a 'pawesome' time at the beach!
©2018 Merial Animal Health Ltd. All rights reserved. Merial is now part of the Boehringer Ingelheim Group of Companies. Date of preparation: Jun 2018. PE2590.


While the chancellor is scratching about like a restless chicken for the odd billion here or there, he ignores the main opportunities for reducing public expenditure. Britain's welfare system is not designed to help its citizens but its landlords and business owners. £27bn a year goes on housing benefit. None of it sticks to the fingers of tenants. It goes straight to landlords, who raise rents with impunity knowing the state will foot the bill. £30bn goes on working tax credits to supplement the wages of people whose employers refuse to pay them a living wage. Together these benefits account for about a quarter of total welfare costs. They do not benefit poor people at all. Rent controls and the enforcement of minimum wages could cut welfare spending without persecuting poor people and disabled people. Why isn't Labour proposing this?
• Rather than tweaking legislation to prevent private landlords and letting agents from making obscene amounts of money from rental properties (Report, 23 November), surely the only genuine solution is to ditch the dogma and return to a national programme of building council housing. However, even in this year of the unexpected, I cannot see common sense making a much-needed comeback.
• The chancellor has promised extra help for the growing housing crisis in London and elsewhere in England. However, the measures he has put forward will at best make a marginal impact on a housing market in London, where the sale of social housing and the failure to replace it has created a crisis. In Scotland we have banned the sale of social housing, are building 60,000 new social housing units and have regulated private renting. We need tougher measures to regulate rents in the private sector but we are showing that another way is possible. However, I think we need independence for Scotland to get the full control over our economy and budget to make sure that all our social policies are fairer.
• It's very good news for tenants of rented property that the chancellor has announced that he will crack down on the letting fees agents charge them.
In effect, however, agencies charge twice, since they also charge landlords administrative fees for arranging new tenancies, for renewing existing tenancies, and for inventories. These charges are levied on landlords in addition to the percentage of the monthly rent that agencies take for managing landlords' properties.
• The chancellor made a number of announcements that are intended to kickstart further housebuilding and deal with issues in the planning system (£4bn plan to tackle housing crisis wins a cautious welcome, 24 November). We await further details of how the government intends to deal with more fundamental housing and planning issues to be outlined in a white paper that was disappointingly not published on Wednesday, but is expected soon.
One of the key headlines was an announcement of £2.3bn, forming part of the new £23bn national productivity investment fund, towards infrastructure needs in order to unlock 100,000 new homes in areas of high demand.
Another headline announcement was for £1.4bn, forming part of the same fund, to go towards providing 40,000 additional affordable homes by 2020-21. When one considers that the government's intention is to build 1m new homes over the course of this parliament, helping to provide 40,000 new affordable homes appears as a drop in the ocean.
It is clear that the government is still relying on the private sector to drag Britain out of its housebuilding malaise, but in the last week government figures have been published showing affordable housing delivery has hit its lowest level since 2001, so it is questionable whether Wednesday's proposals go far enough.


Woodville Little Athletics Centre is a voluntary community based organisation focused on developing children of all abilities, by promoting positive attitudes and a healthy lifestyle through involvement in athletic activities.
Woodville Little Athletics Centre WLAC has been running for over 40 years, and each season over 200 little athletes and their families enjoy all the events and activities WLAC has to offer.
Little Athletics is based upon the sport of athletics (track and field) with a wide range of running, jumping, throwing and walking events specially modified to suit all ages and abilities.
WLAC is a small family focused little athletics club in the western suburbs of Adelaide.
The centre has been established since the 1970's and is operated entirely by parents and family members on a voluntary basis.
providing all our athletes with a safe environment and well-maintained equipment and facilities.
Athletes are able to learn and develop at their own pace and in some events they will compete with others of a similar ability. Each event is modified to suit the age of our competitors. All registered athletes participate in the centre's awards for participation and personal improvement at the end of the season.
Little Athletics is a uniquely Australian sport for children aged 3-17 years. As the name suggests, it is based upon the sport of athletics (track and field) and the events are specially modified to suit the ages and abilities of children. A wide range of running, jumping, throwing and walking events is conducted.
Competition is held every Saturday morning, including most school holidays, at Findon High School Oval, Drummond Ave, Findon. A warm-up for all athletes is held at 8:45am sharp. Most events finish by 11:30 at the latest with younger age groups finishing earlier.
Children are divided into age groups for competition. Children aged three and four can participate in athletics as Tiny Tots. On their 5th birthday they become Little Athletes and compete in age groups from Under 6 to Under 17.
Any child from 5 to 16 can join Woodville Little Athletics Centre. Registrations will be accepted on any of our Saturday competition days at Findon High School Oval, however we recommend you complete our online registration forms before bringing them on Saturday morning. This will speed the process up on the day - helping both you and our volunteers. Although competition starts at 8:45am with the warm up, we do ask that you come a little earlier if you wish to register on the day. Bring proof of age (eg birth certificate or passport) and cash or a cheque made out to "Woodville Little Athletics Centre" for the appropriate fee as outlined below.
Committee members will provide a short orientation for new parents if requested on Saturday mornings around 8:30am before the first events have started. Parents will be given a brief description of the events, the rules of those events, what role is required of the parents and where equipment is placed in the morning and where it is returned at the conclusion of the meet. Other information to help you understand how the centre is run will also be available. Questions will be welcome!
Weekly event programmes for all age groups.
Weekly points update and achievement levels.
Recognising and Rewarding little athletes.
WLAC Centre Best Performances & records.
Just as we use training to improve technique, proper nutrition can help the athlete gain the most out of athletics. Nutrition provides the athletes with the energy reserves needed to compete. Since our meetings are on Saturday mornings there may be a tendency to skip breakfast. This can lead to reduced energy reserves and nausea during competition. On the other hand anything more than a very light meal should be avoided any later than an hour before competition. It is important that parents encourage their children to have a proper diet to ensure that they can compete to the best of their ability.
NOTE: The Centre does not subscribe to any particular nutritional guidelines nor promote itself as being a nutritional expert. The Centre expects that parents will take the proper measures to ensure their children's nutritional needs are met.
Athletes and parents should be aware that with athletics, in particular running events, there will be fluid loss due to perspiration. Athletes can expect to lose at least 300ml of water every hour while competing. It is therefore, very important that athletes replace lost fluids by making sure that they drink during competition, and in particular on very hot days.
The best fluid replacement is water or very weak cordial or commercially available 'sports drinks'. The sugar content in soft drinks is too high for them to be used as a means of fluid replacement. On hot days soft drinks, taken in large quantities over a short space of time, will inhibit absorption of water by the body from the gut and may lead to dehydration. Take soft drinks in moderation or leave them until after competition is completed. For this reason lollies should also be avoided before and during competition.
Slip on your t-shirt. Slop on your sunscreen. Slap on a hat.
Parents are reminded of the need for athletes to apply a suitable sunscreen and to wear a hat (broad brimmed is preferable).
Injury prevention is the aim in all sports. A thorough warmup with jogging and stretching is essential to achieve this. A warmup should be performed prior to starting to compete. Stretching should be continued between events, especially if there is a time gap.
The common injuries in Little Athletics are muscle strain injuries and strain injuries where tendons join bone. The first aid treatment of these injuries involves: Rest Ice Compression with a firm bandage Elevation R Rest is continued until the acute pain has settled. Ice is applied for 10 to 15 minutes each two to three hours until the swelling has settled. Compression is applied with a firm bandage until swelling has been controlled. Rehabilitation should aim to return the injured athlete to a condition where their risk of re-injury has been absolutely minimised. It is based on accurate diagnosis, early mobilisation, stretching and strengthening exercises. Technique correction is often required as well to prevent re-injury. Any athlete who experiences pain repeatedly in the same area requires careful assessment.
Upon registering your child your permission will be sought for medical attention in the event of injury. This is to ensure that your child receives proper treatment as quickly as possible. The Centre has a First Aid Kit and members will provide some basic first aid until proper medical attention, if required, arrives.
It is quite normal for athletes who may have medical conditions, for instance asthma and epilepsy, to compete. These athletes may sometimes require medication to assist them. Athletes who require medication should be familiar with their medications, how and when to take them, and should have the medications on hand at meetings.
The Centre strongly advocates that parents of athletes who are on medication, be on hand at meetings to assist their children in the taking of their medication in the event such action be required.
The special events calendar will be updated for the next season shortly.
View our Key Event Dates.
All duties are carried out voluntarily by the parents/caregivers of the children competing - the success of the Centre depends on YOU!


text:
Q: Basic javascript questions about onclicks, createElement and more? I really don't understand why I'm running into so many little problems. The questions are also commented out in the javascript. Thanks a lot for any help!
1) How do I get and use the form's data outside createNote function?
2) Why does formArea, textArea and submitButton disappear from inside div1 on the click of submitButton?
3) Alert is appearing, why is it but not console.log?
4) No console log appearing, why?
5) Why isn't the 'p' tag showing up in div2?
html:
<!DOCTYPE html>

        <title>Todo App</title>
        <link rel="stylesheet" href="css/style.css" type="text/css" media="screen" charset="utf-8">

        <button id="newNote">Add Note</button>

css:
#div1 {
  width: 200px;
  height: 200px;
  border: solid 1px #000;
}

#div2 {
  width: 200px;
  height: 200px;
  border: solid 1px #000;
}

javascript:
var div1 = document.getElementById("div1");
var div2 = document.getElementById("div2");
var newNote = document.getElementById("newNote");

var createNote = function(){
    var formArea = document.createElement("form"); formArea.id = "form_1";
    var textArea = document.createElement("textarea");
    var submitButton = document.createElement("button"); submitButton.innerHTML = "Submit";
    formArea.appendChild(textArea);
    formArea.appendChild(submitButton);
    div1.appendChild(formArea);
    var getValue = document.getElementById("form_1").value; // how do I get and use the form's data outside this function?

    submitButton.onclick = submitClicked; // why does formArea, textArea and submitButton disappear from inside div1 on the click of submitButton?
};

var submitClicked = function (){
    alert("asdf"); // alert is appearing, why is it but not console.log?
    console.log("asdf"); // no console log appearing, why?
    var paragraphArea = document.createElement("p"); // why isnt this showing up in div2?
    div2.appendChild(paragraphArea);
    paragraphArea.innerHTML = "asdf";
};

newNote.onclick = createNote;

A: When you click on a button that is inside a form, the form will be submitted automatically. This means a page reload. This is why your custom elements keep disappearing and why the alert kicks in. The console log was printed, but then removed on refresh (you can verify this by turning on the 'Preserve Log' feature on the console in Chrome)
To handle this, in your submitClicked function, you need to prevent the default behavior of the form. Something like,
var submitClicked = function(event) {
    event.preventDefault();
    ... Rest of the code.
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Q: get an ordered list of objects from 2 maps sharing same properties in JAVA I have a map with order(rank) I expect
sortedMap{deviceId:rank}:
{0:"id0"},
{1,"id1"},
{2:"id2"},
{3:"id3"},

having another map that needs to be sorted
{"id3":object3},
{"id1":object1},
{"id0":object0},
{"id2":object2}

I expected having list like
{object0},
{object1},
{object2},
{object3}

i tried with code like below, but it seems wrong with the list adding part in my code, and i don't know any better solution for it:
    private List<MyObject> getSortedResultList(Map<String, Integer> sortedMap, Map<String, Object> toSortMap) {
    List<MyObject> sortedResultList = null;
    for (Integer rank : sortedMap.keySet()) {
        for (int i = 0; i < sortedMap.size(); i++) {
            sortedResultList.add(i, (MyObject) toSortMap.get(sortedMap.get(rank)));
        }
    }
    return sortedResultList;
}

Tried searched online for hours, got no clues to solve it because of my weak datastructure knowledge and decided asking for help from here, thanks advanced if any suggestions could be raised.

A: Here is one way to do it:
List<Object> sortedList = sortedMap.entrySet().stream()
            .sorted(Comparator.comparingInt(Map.Entry::getValue))
            .map(entry -> toSortMap.get(entry.getKey()))
            .filter(Objects::nonNull)
            .collect(Collectors.toList());

First the entries are sorted, then we get the corresponding object, then we filter out the null values and finally we collect everything in a list.

A: If sortedMap is sorted by key (e.g. it's a TreeMap) it should suffice to build the list sorted by the sortedMap's values:
private static List<MyObject> getSortedResultList(TreeMap<Integer, String> sortedMap, Map<String, MyObject> toSortMap) {

    return sortedMap.values().stream()
                    .map(key -> toSortMap.get(key))
                    .collect(Collectors.toList());
}

If sortedMap needs to be sorted additionally:
private static List<MyObject> getSortedResultList2(Map<Integer, String> sortedMap, Map<String, MyObject> toSortMap) {

    return sortedMap.entrySet().stream()
                    .sorted(Map.Entry.comparingByKey())
                    .map(entry -> toSortMap.get(entry.getValue()))
                    .collect(Collectors.toList());
}

Test:
Map<Integer, String> sorted = new TreeMap<>(Map.of(1, "id1", 0, "id0", 3, "id3", 2, "id2"));
Map<String, MyObject> toSort = Map.of(
    "id3", new MyObject("object3"), "id1", new MyObject("object1"),
    "id0", new MyObject("object0"), "id2", new MyObject("object2")
);

System.out.println(getSortedResultList(sorted, toSort));

System.out.println(getSortedResultList2(sorted, toSort));

Both outputs identical:
[MyObject(field=object0), MyObject(field=object1), MyObject(field=object2), MyObject(field=object3)]
[MyObject(field=object0), MyObject(field=object1), MyObject(field=object2), MyObject(field=object3)]


text:
Attorney for Rape and Sex Abuse Victims Explains the System and the Best Strategies for Winning Cases and Settlements
Studies have shown that a surprising number of women that have been raped or sexually assaulted still choose not to report the attacks to the authorities. Assuredly, even fewer pursue civil actions against their assailants. Victims may be intimidated by the legal system and rightfully fear a loss of their privacy. But the attorneys at The Law Office of Matthew Galluzzo are firm believers that the system does work for those who are brave enough to pursue justice, and they are prepared to help victims skillfully navigate those waters.
Recently, the high-profile matter of Dominique Strauss-Kahn's arrest has caused many laypeople to wonder how the criminal prosecutions of rape cases relate to the civil lawsuits filed by the victims. Generally speaking, a smart civil attorney will wait to file a lawsuit alleging a sexual assault until after the criminal court case has resulted in a conviction, for three reasons. First, if the defendant decides to plead guilty to a sex crime to resolve the criminal matter, his plea and allocution – which are done under oath – can be used as evidence (an admission, really) in the civil lawsuit. Of course, an admission by the defendant under oath makes the civil lawsuit very easy to win. Second, if the defendant is convicted after trial, that decision by the jury does not automatically guarantee a victory in the civil suit (as the criminal verdict does not constitute evidence in the civil proceeding), but it certainly makes a big settlement in favor of the plaintiff more likely. Third and finally, civil lawyers also want to delay the filing of the civil lawsuit because the filing of that suit is likely to jeopardize the victim's credibility in the criminal trial. Indeed, one of the easiest ways for a criminal defense lawyer to discredit a rape victim at trial is to ask her, "And you have filed a civil lawsuit seeking millions of dollars, have you not?" Of course, the implication for the jury is that the complainant has fabricated her story because she wants to get rich. (This may have in fact contributed to the acquittal of the "Rape Cops" Kenneth Moreno and Franklin Mata). Fortunately, the CPL allows attorneys to delay the filing of their sexual assault lawsuits when the criminal case is pending, without statute of limitations penalties.
An acquittal of the perpetrator in criminal court doesn't necessarily mean that a civil lawsuit will be unsuccessful, however. For example, O.J. Simpson was found "not guilty" of murder in criminal court, but was later found to be criminally responsible for the death of Nicole Brown in a civil trial. The reason for these different results is that the standards of proof are different: in criminal court, the defendant must be found guilty beyond a reasonable doubt, but in civil court, the defendant must be proven liable by a preponderance of the evidence. Clearly, the latter is a less difficult standard of proof than the former. Thus, a civil claimant need not abandon her lawsuit simply because her accuser was found not guilty by a criminal jury. (As an example, the writer thinks it will be very interesting to see the resolution of the $57 million civil lawsuit in the "Rape Cop" case involving Kenneth Moreno and Franklin Mata, who were found not guilty of rape and sex abuse but found guilty of official misconduct.).
Civil lawsuits can even be successful in cases where the perpetrator is destitute or not apprehended. That is because there may be liability on the part of the operator of the premises where the rape occurred. Hotels, bars, and concert venues that fail to provide adequate security to prevent a sexual assault can also be sued, even where the perpetrator eludes capture or is not apprehended.
If you or a loved one have been a victim of a rape or sexual assault and are considering starting a lawsuit against the perpetrator, you should strongly consider contacting the experienced attorneys at the Law Office of Matthew Galluzzo. In particular, Matthew Galluzzo served as a prosecutor in the famous Sex Crimes Unit of the Manhattan D.A.'s Office, and thus he has real-world experience building and proving cases of sexual assault and rape. His efforts have resulted in the conviction and incarceration of numerous sexual criminals, and now, he is available to help victims obtain the justice they deserve in civil court. He has been recognized by the U.S. government as a leading expert in the investigation and prosecution of sex crimes, and his opinions on the prosecution of sex crimes have been sought out by television and print media. Plainly put, if you have been a victim and are seeking justice in civil court, or if you just need help understanding the often daunting and intimidating criminal justice process, you would be hard-pressed to find someone better suited to do so. Give him a call today to schedule an appointment.


I want to try and grow my hair out a bit so I've been trying everything I can to not damage it, and I've heard that these inventions are better than a normal hairbrush in that they cause less breakages. So this is top of my shopping list right now, any hair growth tips you may know are also very welcome!
I've never tried anything by Daniel Sandler so I'm really curious about this fluid blusher, it's oil free and I can imagine it would be really easy to blend. Also the colour is pretty!
I am very unsure as to how good it would be to have your nail polish peel off, but I'm intrigued and I also hate removing nail polish so I really want to give this a go!
Have you tried any of these things?
What are you coveting at the moment?
P.s. Like my facebook page for post updates, giveaways and more!
Hey lovely! I have the Tangle Teezer! it is well worth getting! I love using it! I also think my hair is growing faster now that i'm not damaging myhair with a normal brush!
Great wish list the Tangle Teezer is also on my wish list same with Benefit Fake Up.
The tangle teaser is great, I love mine, when I can find it. Boyfriend always steals it?!!? bit weird really. He loves it too!
I need a tangle teaser used my sisters and its amazing !!!