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Abstinence Education Programs
The Effectiveness of Abstinence Education Programs in Reducing Sexual Activity Among Youth
Teenage sexual activity is a major problem confronting the nation and has led to a rising incidence of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), emotional and psychological injuries, and out-of-wedlock childbearing. Abstinence education programs for youth have been proven to be effective in reducing early sexual activity. Abstinence programs also can provide the foundation for personal responsibility and enduring marital commitment. Therefore, they are vitally important to efforts aimed at reducing out-of-wedlock childbearing among young adult women, improving child well-being, and increasing adult happiness over the long term.
Washington policymakers should be aware of the consequences of early sexual activity, the undesirable contents of conventional "safe sex" education programs, and the findings of the professional literature concerning the effectiveness of genuine abstinence programs. In particular, policymakers should understand that:
Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), including incurable viral infections, have reached epidemic proportions. Annually, 3 million teenagers contract STDs; STDs afflict roughly one in four teens who are sexually active.
Early sexual activity has multiple negative consequences for young people. Research shows that young people who become sexually active are not only vulnerable to STDs, but also likely to experience emotional and psychological injuries, subsequent marital difficulties, and involvement in other high-risk behaviors.
Conventional "safe sex" programs (sometimes erroneously called "abstinence plus" programs) place little or no emphasis on encouraging young people to abstain from early sexual activity. Instead, such programs strongly promote condom use and implicitly condone sexual activity among teens. Nearly all such programs contain material and messages that would be alarming and offensive to the overwhelming majority of parents.
Despite claims to the contrary, there are 10 scientific evaluations showing that real abstinence programs can be highly effective in reducing early sexual activity. Moreover, real abstinence education is a fairly young field; thus, the number of evaluations of abstinence programs at present is somewhat limited. In the near future, many additional evaluations that demonstrate the effectiveness of abstinence education will become available.
Consequences of Early Sexual Activity
Young people who become sexually active enter an arena of high-risk behavior that leads to physical and emotional damage. Each year, influenced by a combination of a youthful assumption of invincibility and a lack of guidance (or misguidance and misleading information), millions of teens ignore those risks and suffer the consequences.
The nation is experiencing an epidemic of sexually transmitted diseases that is steadily expanding. In the 1960s, the beginning of the "sexual revolution," the dominant diseases related to sexual activity were syphilis and gonorrhea. Today, there are more than 20 widespread STDs, infecting an average of more than 15 million individuals each year.1 Two-thirds of all STDs occur in people who are 25 years of age or younger.2 Each year, 3 million teens contract an STD; overall, one-fourth of sexually active teens have been afflicted.3
There is no cure for sexually transmitted viral diseases such as the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and herpes, which take their toll on people throughout life. Other common viral STDs are the Human Papillomavirus (HPV)--the leading viral STD, with 5.5 million cases reported each year,4 and the cause of nearly all cases of cervical cancer that kill approximately 4,800 women per year5 --and Chlamydia trachomatis, which is associated with pelvic inflammatory disease that scars the fallopian tubes and is the fastest growing cause of infertility.
Significantly, research shows that condom use offers relatively little protection (from "zero" to "some") for herpes and no protection from the deadly HPV. A review of the scientific literature reveals that, on average, condoms failed to prevent the transmission of the HIV virus--which causes the immune deficiency syndrome known as AIDS--between 15 percent and 31 percent of the time.6 It should not be surprising, therefore, that while condom use has increased over the past 25 years, the spread of STDs has likewise continued to rise.7
Emotional and Psychological Injury
Young people who become sexually active are vulnerable to emotional and psychological injury as well as to physical diseases. Many young girls report experiencing regret or guilt after their initial sexual experience. In the words of one psychiatrist who recalls the effects of her own sexual experimentation in her teens, "The longest-standing, deepest wound I gave myself was heartfelt; that sick, used feeling of having given a precious part of myself--my soul--to so many and for nothing, still aches. I never imagined Id pay so dearly and for so long."8
Sexually active youth often live with anxiety about the possibility of an unwanted pregnancy or contracting a devastating STD. Those who do become infected with a disease suffer emotional as well as physical effects. Fears regarding the course the disease are coupled with a loss of self-esteem and self-confidence. In a survey by the Medical Institute for Sexual Health, 80 percent of those who had herpes said that they felt "less confident" and "less desirable sexually."9
In addition, early sexual activity can negatively affect the ability of young people to form stable and healthy relationships in a later marriage. Sexual relationships among teenagers are fleeting and unstable, and broken intimate relationships can have serious long-term developmental effects. A series of broken intimate relationships can undermine an individuals capacity to enter into a committed, loving marital relationship. In general, individuals who engage in premarital sexual activity are 50 percent more likely to divorce later in life than those who do not.10 Divorce, in turn, leads to sharp reductions in adult happiness and child well-being.
Marital relationships that follow early sexual activity can also suffer from the emotional impact of infertility resulting from an STD infection, ranging from a sense of guilt to depression. In the words of one gynecologist and fertility specialist, "Infertility is so devastating, it often disorients my patients to life itself. This is more than shock or even depression. It impacts every level of their lives, including their marriage."11
Correlation Between Sexual Activity and Other High-Risk Behaviors
Research from a variety of sources indicates a correlation between sexual activity among adolescents and teens and the likelihood of engaging in other high-risk behaviors, such as tobacco, alcohol, and illicit drug use.
A study reported in Pediatrics magazine found that sexually active boys aged 12 through 16 are four times more likely to smoke and six times more likely to use alcohol than are those who describe themselves as virgins. Among girls in this same age cohort, those who are sexually active are seven times more likely to smoke and 10 times more likely to use marijuana than are those who are virgins.12 The report describes sexual activity as a "significant associate of other health-endangering behaviors" and notes an increasing recognition of the interrelation of risk behaviors. Research by the Alan Guttmacher Institute likewise finds a correlation between risk behaviors among adolescents and sexual activity; for example, teenagers who use alcohol, tobacco, and/or marijuana regularly are more likely to be sexually active.13
Out-of-Wedlock Childbearing
Today, one child in three is born out of wedlock. Only 14 percent of these births occur to women under the age of 18. Most occur to women in their early twenties.14 Thus, giving birth control to teens in high school through safe-sex programs will have little effect on out-of-wedlock childbearing.
Nearly half of the mothers who give birth outside marriage are cohabiting with the childs father at the time of birth.15 These fathers, like the mothers, are typically in their early twenties. Out-of-wedlock childbearing is, thus, not the result of teenagers lack of knowledge about birth control or a lack of availability of birth control. Rather, it is part of a crisis in the relationships of young adult men and women. Out-of-wedlock childbearing, in most cases, occurs because young adult men and women are unable to develop committed, loving marital relationships. Abstinence programs, therefore, which focus on developing loving and enduring relationships and preparation for successful marriages, are an essential first step in reducing future levels of out-of-wedlock births.
The Silent Scandal: Promoting Teen Sex
With millions of dollars in sex-education programs at stake, it is not surprising that the groups that have previously dominated the arena have taken action to block the growing movement to abstinence-only education. Such organizations, including the Sexuality Information and Education Council of the United States (SEICUS), Planned Parenthood, and the National Abortion and Reproductive Rights Action League (NARAL), have been prime supporters of "safe-sex" programs for youth, which entail guidance on the use of condoms and other means of contraception while giving a condescending nod to abstinence. Clearly, the caveat that says "and if you do engage in sex, this is how you should do it" substantially weakens an admonition against early non-marital sexual activity.
Not only do such programs, by their very nature, minimize the abstinence component of sex education, but many of these programs also implicitly encourage sexual activity among the youths they teach. Guidelines developed by SEICUS, for example, include teaching children aged five through eight about masturbation and teaching youths aged 9 through 12 about alternative sexual activities such as mutual masturbation, "outercourse," and oral sex.16 In addition, the SEICUS guidelines suggest informing youths aged 16 through 18 that sexual activity can include bathing or showering together as well as oral, vaginal, or anal intercourse, and that they can use erotic photographs, movies, or literature to enhance their sexual fantasies when alone or with a partner. Not only do such activities carry their own risks for youth, but they are also likely to increase the incidence of sexual intercourse.
In recent years, parental support for real abstinence education has grown. Because of this, many traditional safe-sex programs now take to calling themselves "abstinence plus" or "abstinence-based" education. In reality, there is little abstinence training in "abstinence-based" education. Instead, these programs are thinly disguised efforts to promote condom use. The actual content of most "abstinence plus" curricula would be alarming to most parents. For example, such programs typically have condom use exercises in which middle school students practice unrolling condoms on cucumbers or dildoes.17
Effective Abstinence Programs
Critics of abstinence education often assert that while abstinence education that exclusively promotes abstaining from premarital sex is a good idea in theory, there is no evidence that such education can actually reduce sexual activity among young people. Such criticism is erroneous. There are currently 10 scientific evaluations (described below) that demonstrate the effectiveness of abstinence programs in altering sexual behavior.18 Each of the programs evaluated is a real abstinence (or what is conventionally termed an "abstinence only") program; that is, the program does not provide contraceptives or encourage their use.
The abstinence programs and their evaluations are as follows:
Virginity Pledge Programs. An article in the Journal of the American Medical Association by Dr. Michael Resnick and others entitled "Protecting Adolescents From Harm: Findings from the National Longitudinal Study on Adolescent Health" shows that "abstinence pledge" programs are dramatically effective in reducing sexual activity among teenagers in grades 7 through 12.19 Based on a large national sample of adolescents, the study concludes that "Adolescents who reported having taken a pledge to remain a virgin were at significantly lower risk of early age of sexual debut."20
In fact, the study found that participating in an abstinence program and taking a formal pledge of virginity were by far the most significant factors in a youths delaying early sexual activity. The study compared students who had taken a formal pledge of virginity with students who had not taken a pledge but were otherwise identical in terms of race, income, school performance, degree of religiousness, and other social and demographic factors. Based on this analysis, the authors discovered that the level of sexual activity among students who had taken a formal pledge of virginity was one-fourth the level of that of their counterparts who had not taken a pledge. Overall, nearly 16 percent of girls and 10 percent of boys were found to have taken a virginity pledge.
Not Me, Not Now. Not Me, Not Now is a community-wide abstinence intervention targeted to 9- to 14-year-olds in Monroe County, New York, which includes the city of Rochester. The Not Me, Not Now program devised a mass communications strategy to promote the abstinence message through paid TV and radio advertising, billboards, posters distributed in schools, educational materials for parents, an interactive Web site, and educational sessions in school and community settings. The program sought to communicate five themes: raising awareness of the problem of teen pregnancy, increasing an understanding of the negative consequences of teen pregnancy, developing resistance to peer pressure, promoting parent-child communication, and promoting abstinence among teens.
Not Me, Not Now was effective in reaching early teen listeners, with some 95 percent of the target audience within the county reporting that they had seen a Not Me, Not Now ad. During the intervention period, the program achieved a statistically significant positive shift in attitudes among pre-teens and early teens in the county. The sexual activity rate of 15-year-olds across the county (as reported in the Youth Risk Behavior Survey21 ) dropped by a statistically significant amount from 46.6 percent to 31.6 percent during the intervention period. Finally, the pregnancy rate for girls aged 15 through 17 in Monroe County fell by a statistically significant amount, from 63.4 pregnancies per 1,000 girls to 49.5 pregnancies per 1,000. The teen pregnancy rate fell more rapidly in Monroe County than in comparison counties and in upstate New York in general, and the difference in the rate of decrease was statistically significant.22
Operation Keepsake. Operation Keepsake is an abstinence program for 12- and 13-year-old children in Cleveland, Ohio. Some 77 percent of the children in the program were black or Hispanic. An evaluation of the program in 2001, involving a sample of over 800 students, found that "Operation Keepsake had a clear and sustainable impact on...abstinence beliefs." The evaluation showed that the program reduced the rate of onset of sexual activity (loss of virginity) by roughly two-thirds relative to comparable students in control schools who did not participate in the program. In addition, the program reduced by about one-fifth the rate of current sexual activity among those with prior sexual experience.23
Abstinence by Choice. Abstinence by Choice operates in 20 schools in the Little Rock area of Arkansas. The program targets 7th, 8th, and 9th grade students and reaches about 4,000 youths each year. A recent evaluation, involving a sample of nearly 1,000 students, shows that the program has been highly effective in changing the attitudes that are directly linked to early sexual activity. Moreover, the program reduced the sexual activity rates of girls by approximately 40 percent (from 10.2 percent to 5.9 percent) and the rate for boys by approximately 30 percent (from 22.8 percent to 15.8 percent) when compared with similar students who had not been exposed to the program. (The sexual activity rate of students in the program was compared with the rate of sexual activity among control students in the same grade in the same schools prior to the commencement of the program.)24
Virginity Pledge Movement. A 2001 evaluation of the effectiveness of the virginity pledge movement using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health finds that virginity pledge programs are highly effective in helping adolescents to delay sexual activity. According to the authors of the study:
Adolescents who pledge, controlling for all of the usual characteristics of adolescents and their social contexts that are associated with the transition to sex, are much less likely than adolescents who do not pledge, to have intercourse. The delay effect is substantial and robust. Pledging delays intercourse for a long time.25
The study, based on a sample of more than 5,000 students, concludes that taking a virginity pledge reduces by one-third the probability that an adolescent will begin sexual activity compared with other adolescents of the same gender and age, after controlling for a host of other factors linked to sexual activity rates such as physical maturity, parental disapproval of sexual activity, school achievement, and race. When taking a virginity pledge is combined with strong parental disapproval of sexual activity, the probability of initiation of sexual activity is reduced by 75 percent or more.
Teen Aid and Sex Respect. An evaluation of the Teen Aid and Sex Respect abstinence programs in three school districts in Utah showed that both programs were effective among the students who were at the greatest risk of initiating sexual activity. Approximately 7,000 high school and middle school students participated in the evaluation. To determine the effects of the programs, students in schools with the abstinence programs were compared with students in similar control schools within the same school district. Statistical adjustments were applied to further control for any initial differences between program participants and control students. The programs together were shown to reduce the rate of initiation of sexual activity among at-risk high school students by over a third when compared with a control group of similar students who were not exposed to the program.26 Statistically significant changes in behavior were not found among junior high students.
When high school and junior high school students were examined together, Sex Respect was shown to reduce the rate of initiation of sexual activity among at-risk students by 25 percent when compared with a control group of similar students who were not exposed to the program. Teen Aid was found to reduce the initiation of sex activity by some 17 percent. A third non-abstinence program, Values and Choices, which offered non-directive or value-free instruction in sex education and decision-making, was found to have no impact on sexual behavior.
Family Accountability Communicating Teen Sexuality (FACTS). An evaluation performed for the national Title XX abstinence program examined the effectiveness of the Family Accountability Communicating Teen Sexuality abstinence program in reducing teen sexual activity. The evaluation assessed the FACTS program by comparing a sample of students who participated in the program with a group of comparable students in separate control schools who did not participate in the program. The experimental and control students together comprised a sample of 308 students. The evaluation found the FACTS program to be highly effective in delaying the onset of sexual activity. Students who participated in the program were 30 percent to 50 percent less likely to commence sexual activity than were those who did not participate.27
Postponing Sexual Involvement (PSI). Postponing Sexual Involvement was an abstinence program developed by Grady Memorial Hospital in Atlanta, Georgia, and provided to low-income 8th grade students. A study published in Family Planning Perspectives, based on a sample of 536 low-income students, showed that the PSI program was effective in altering sexual behavior.28 A comparison of the program participants with a control population of comparable low-income minority students who did not participate showed that PSI reduced the rate of initiation of sexual activity during the 8th grade by some 60 percent for boys and over 95 percent for girls.29 As the study explained:
The program had a pronounced effect on the behavior of both boys and girls who had not been sexually involved before the program.... By the end of eighth grade, boys who had not had the program were more than three times as likely to have begun having sex as were boys who had the program.... Girls who had not had the program were as much as 15 times more likely to have begun having sex as were girls who had had the program.30
The effects of the program lasted into the next school year even though no additional sessions were provided. By the end of the 9th grade, boys and girls who had participated in PSI were still some 35 percent less likely to have commenced sexual activity than were those who had not participated in the abstinence program.31
Project Taking Charge. Project Taking Charge is a six-week abstinence curriculum delivered in home economics classes during the school year. It was designed for use in low-income communities with high rates of teen pregnancy. The curriculum contains these elements: self-development; basic information about sexual biology (anatomy, physiology, and pregnancy); vocational goal-setting; family communication; and values instruction on the importance of delaying sexual activity until marriage. The effect of the program has been evaluated in two sites: Wilmington, Delaware, and West Point, Mississippi. The evaluation was based on a small sample of 91 adolescents. Control and experimental groups were created by randomly assigning classrooms to either receive or not receive the program. The students were assessed immediately before and after the program and through a six-month follow-up.
In the six-month follow-up, Project Taking Charge was shown to have had a statistically significant effect in increasing adolescents knowledge of the problems associated with teen pregnancy, the problems of sexually transmitted diseases, and reproductive biology. The program was also shown to reduce the rate of onset of sexual activity by 50 percent relative to the students in the control group, although the authors urge caution in the interpretation of these numbers due to the small size of the evaluation sample.32
Teen Aid Family Life Education Project. The Teen Aid Family Life Education Project is a widely used abstinence education program for high school and junior high students. An evaluation of the effectiveness of Teen Aid, involving a sample of over 1,300 students, was performed in 21 schools in California, Idaho, Oregon, Mississippi, Utah, and Washington. The Teen Aid program was shown to have a statistically significant effect in reducing the rate of initiation of sexual activity (loss of virginity) among high-risk high school students, compared with similar students in control schools. Among at-risk high school students who participated in the program, the rate of initiation of sexual activity was cut by more than one-fourth, from 37 percent to 27 percent. A similar pattern of reduction was found among at-risk junior high school students, but the effects did not achieve statistical significance. The program did not have statistically significant effects among lower-risk students.33
Real abstinence education is essential to reducing out-of-wedlock childbearing, preventing sexually transmitted diseases, and improving emotional and physical well-being among the nations youth. True abstinence education programs help young people to develop an understanding of commitment, fidelity, and intimacy that will serve them well as the foundations of healthy marital life in the future.
Abstinence education programs have repeatedly been shown to be effective in reducing sexual activity among their participants. However, funding for the evaluation of abstinence education programs until very recently has ranged from meager to nonexistent. Currently, the number of adequately funded evaluations of abstinence education is increasing. At present, there are several promising new evaluations nearing completion. As each year passes, it can be expected that the number of evaluations showing that abstinence education does significantly reduce sexual activity will grow steadily.
Abstinence education is a nascent and developing field. Substantial funding for abstinence education became available only within the past few years. As abstinence programs develop and become more broadly available, future evaluations will enable the programs to hone and increase their effectiveness.
Robert Rector is Senior Research Fellow in Domestic and Economic Policy Studies at The Heritage Foundation.
1. Shepherd Smith and Joe S. McIlhaney, M.D., "Statement of Dissent on The Surgeon Generals Call to Action to Promote Sexual Health and Responsible Sexual Behavior," issued by the Medical Institute of Sexual Health, Austin, Texas, June 28, 2001, and American Social Health Association, Research Triangle Park, N.C., "STD Statistics," at http://www.ashastd.org/stdfaqs/statistics.html.
2. American Social Health Association, at http://www.ashastd.org/stdfaqs/statistics.html.
3. Alan Guttmacher Institute, Sex and Americas Teenagers (New York: Alan Guttmacher Institute, 1994), pp. 19-20.
4. American Social Health Association, "STD Statistics."
5. American Cancer Society, Cancer Facts and Figures, 1998, at http://www.cancer.org.
6. Dr. Susan Weller, "A Meta-Analysis of Condom Effectiveness in Reducing Sexually Transmitted HIV," Social Science and Medicine, Vol. 36, No. 12 (1993). See also National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, "Summary," Scientific Evidence on Condom Effectiveness for Sexually Transmitted Disease (STD) Prevention, July 20, 2001, at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/dmid/stds/condomreport.pdf.
7. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Tracking the Hidden Epidemics 2000: Trends in STDs in the United States, 2000, at http://www.cdc.gov/nchstp/od/news/RevBrochure1pdftoc.htm.
8. Tom and Judy Lickona, with William Boudreau, M.D., Sex, Love and You (Notre Dame, Ind.: Ave Maria Press, 1994), p. 70.
9. Medical Institute for Sexual Health, "Safe Sex," lecture with slide show, Austin, Texas, 1992.
10. Joan R. Kahn and Kathryn A. London, "Premarital Sex and the Risk of Divorce," Journal of Marriage and the Family, November 1991, pp. 845-855.
11. Joe S. McIlhaney, M.D., Why Condoms Aren	Safe (Colorado Springs, Colo.: Focus on the Family, 1993).
12. D. P. Orr, M. Beiter, and G. Ingersoll, "Premature Sexual Activity as an Indicator of Psychosocial Risk," Pediatrics, Vol. 87, No. 2 (February 1, 1991), pp. 141-147. See also Kimberly Erickson, "Interconnections: Emerging Patterns in Youth Risk Behavior," Institute for Youth Development, Washington, D.C., June 1, 1998.
13. Alan Guttmacher Institute, Sex and Americas Teenagers.
14. See, for example, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Center for Health Statistics, "National Vital Statistics Report," 2001.
15. Irwin Garfinkle and Sara McLanahan, The Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study, baseline report, at http://crcw.princeton.edu/fragilefamilies/nationalreport.pdf.
16. SIECUS National Guidelines for Comprehensive Sexuality Education Kindergarten--12th Grade, and National Guidelines Task Force, The Sexuality Information and Education Council of the United States (SEICUS), 1992.
17. Major programs with this type of activity include "Focus on Kids," "Becoming a Responsible Teen," and "Be Proud! Be Responsible!"
18. Most of the programs in this section show reductions in sexual activity that are statistically significant at the 95 percent confidence level and above. The significance of these studies is indisputable. In addition, a few studies show programs with positive effects in reducing sexual activity, but with statistical significance levels in the 90 percent to 94 percent confidence range. Because they fall short of the 95 percent confidence level, each of these studies viewed in isolation might be dismissed as inconclusive. Yet, viewed in conjunction with each other, the existence of multiple studies based on small samples, each showing the positive effects of abstinence programs in reducing sexual activity with tests of statistical significance slightly below the 95 percent confidence level, offers evidence reinforcing the case for the overall effectiveness of abstinence education.
19. Michael Resnick, M.D., et al., "Protecting Adolescents from Harm: Findings from the National Longitudinal Study on Adolescent Health," Journal of the American Medical Association, Vol. 278 (September 10, 1997). The effects of a virginity pledge in reducing sexual activity were statistically significant at the 99.9 percent confidence level.
20. Ibid., p. 830.
21. L. Kahn et al., "Youth Risk Behavior Survey--United States 1997," Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Reports, Vol. 47 (SS-3), 1998, pp. 1-89.
22. Andrew S. Doniger, "Impact Evaluation of the Not Me, Not Now Abstinence-Oriented, Adolescent Pregnancy Prevention Communications Program, Monroe County, New York," Journal of Health Communications, Vol. 6 (2001), pp. 45-60. Both the shifts in attitudes and the decline in sexual activity rate over the intervention period were statistically significant at the 95 percent confidence level. The difference in the rate of decline in adolescent pregnancy in Monroe County, when compared to other geographic areas, was statistically significant at the 95 percent to 99 percent confidence levels.
23. Elaine Borawski et al., Evaluation of the Teen Pregnancy Prevention Programs Funded through the Wellness Block Grant (1999-2000), Center for Health Promotion Research, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, March 23, 2001. The program effects on sexual activity were significant at the 93 percent confidence level.
24. Stan E. Weed, Title V Abstinence Education Programs: Phase I Interim Evaluation Report to Arkansas Department of Health, Institute for Research and Evaluation, October 15, 2001. The effects of the program in reducing the onset of sexual activity were statistically significant at the 98 percent confidence level. (Data on statistical significance are not currently included in the written report but were provided separately to the author by the evaluator, Dr. Stan Weed.)
25. Peter S. Bearman and Hanna Bruckner, "Promising the Future: Virginity Pledges and First Intercourse," American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 106, No. 4 (January 2001), pp. 861, 862. The effects of a virginity pledge were shown to be statistically significant at the 95 percent confidence level.
26. Stan E. Weed, Predicting and Changing Teen Sexual Activity Rates: A Comparison of Three Title XX Programs, report submitted to the Office of Adolescent Pregnancy Programs, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, December 1992. The effects the programs on at-risk high school students were significant at the 99 percent confidence level.
27. Stan E. Weed, FACTS Project: Year End Evaluation Report, 1993-1994, prepared for the Office of Adolescent Pregnancy Prevention Programs.
28. Marion Howard and Judith Blarney McCabe, "Helping Teenagers Postpone Sexual Involvement," Family Planning Perspectives, January/February 1990, pp. 21-26.
29. These effects were statistically significant at the 99 percent confidence level.
30. Howard and McCabe, "Helping Teenagers Postpone Sexual Involvement," p. 24.
32. Stephen R. Jorgensen, Vicki Potts, and Brian Camp, "Project Taking Charge: Six-Month Follow-Up of a Pregnancy Prevention Program for Early Adolescents," Family Relations, October 1993, pp. 401-406. The effects of the program in reducing the rate of onset of sexual activity were statistically significant at the 94.9 percent confidence level. The effects of the program on specific areas of knowledge were significant at the 95 percent confidence level and above.
33. Stan E. Weed, Jerry Prigmore, and Raja Tanas, The Teen Aid Family Life Education Project: Fifth Year Evaluation Report, Institute for Research and Evaluation, 1992. The effect of the program on the sexual activity of high-risk high school students was statistically significant at the 99 percent confidence level.
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I have #BlackBerryQ10 and get notified regularly in hub to update amazon app store. When I tap it it takes me to amz app store and nothing happens related to update it. How can I update amz store? Do I need to install amz app store apk straight away? Or there is another way to simply update the app. Curious about.
I am attaching related screen shot.
Probably an app that wants to update. Open Amazon app store. Menu button top left, library, my apps. Click on the updates tab.
The Amazon app update notifications are annoying.
Do u get notifications on amazon apps in hub or anything when you download them or the little red star on the app?
I am getting notification to update amz app strote itself with a newer version. In Hub.
In the Amazon Appstore settings, go to version and release notes. There is a check for update button there.
Yes. #BlackBerry world was the best source to find good apps. But #BlackBerry is not promoting world. And it will die soon. No more native social official apps. Thanx to nemory for doing something.
The amazon appstore app can't be deleted by normal method so it will notify about updates even if you don't want it.


The ALPA Air Safety Forum featured industry stakeholders, government officials, and pilots from around the world who gathered for the four-day conference to collaborate on and advance improvements to airline safety and security.
The ONR biennial 2017 Naval Future Force S&T EXPO is the premier S&T event for the Navy and Marine Corps and is held every two years. It draws several thousand attendees and is designed to support the objectives of the Naval S&T Strategy. It also will showcase some of the Navy's and Marine Corp's latest technologies and bring together the brightest minds from around the world to share information; discuss research opportunities; and build partnerships between the Navy, Marine Corps, industry and academia.


text:
Ylimmäinen kan syfta på följande platser:

Finland

 Ylimmäisenjärvi, sjö, Södra Savolax,
 Ylimmäinen Tismiö, sjö, Norra Savolax,
 Ylimmäinen (sjö i Norra Savolax),
 Ylimmäinen (sjö i Päijänne-Tavastland),
 Ylimmäinen (sjö i Kymmenedalen),
 Ylimmäinen (sjö i Mellersta Finland),
Ylimmäinen (sjö i Alajärvi, Södra Österbotten, Finland),  (81,8 ha)

Robotskapade Finlandförgreningar

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Home / Uncategorized / This is the raffle prize for September!
This is the raffle prize for September!
This is "Fuchsia". He is a scratching dragon that is painted in a color very close to the "Violet Flame" color, except he lacks the blue color that the violet flames were antiqued with.
Like most of the raffle prizes I have found, Fuschia is a "rescue" piece. He has some small defects on his chest scales that make him look as if he is on his way to becoming an "old warrior", but he is still very beautiful.
If you would like to win "Fuchsia", email me with your forum name, real name and real address, (or if you have entered before , just your forum name is enough ) with the words "September raffle" in the subject line so I can find your entry and keep 'em all together.
My email is Reptangle ( at ) gmail (dot) com.
I think he looks absolutely lovely in that coloring!


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AFC Telford United
AFC Telford United >
Gavin Cowan won't stand sulking from Telford players
By Dave Cooper | AFC Telford United | Published: Jan 6, 2020
Gavin Cowan has urged his players not to 'sulk' following a 1-0 home defeat to play-off contenders Brackley Town.
TELFORD COPYRIGHT MIKE SHERIDAN Telford boss Gavin Cowan during the Vanarama Conference North fixture between AFC Telford United and Brackley Town at the New Bucks Head on Saturday, January 4, 2020...Picture credit: Mike Sheridan/Ultrapress..MS201920-039.
The Bucks saw their unbeaten run ended at four matches by Lee Ndlovu's 33rd-minute header, and the manager felt his team's response to falling a goal behind should have been to show more resilience:
"I felt for probably 15 minutes we really sulked," he said. "It was a bit reminiscent of when we were so dominant against Farsley (Celtic) and then they took the wind out of our sails and we sulked somewhat.
"I thought the lads were really patient, very disciplined, but then it was that moment when they caught us on the counter-attack and they got in and scored an exceptional goal.
"That's where we started to sulk a bit, thinking things weren't going our way, but that's football unfortunately.
"If we sulk every time we concede a goal it's going to be a long old season, but the response from half-time was one where they did everything we asked of them."
Referring to his half-time team talk, Cowan continued: "Our message to the players was to show a bit of resilience – all I wanted from them in the second half really was to go out there and give a true reflection of themselves as players, and they did that.
"I couldn't ask any more of them than to put the ball in the back of the net, it comes down to fine margins. We're deeply disappointed of course, but ultimately this happens in football."
Cowan served as a player under Brackley manager Kevin Wilkin at Nuneaton Town, and his admiration for the Northamptonshire side was clear, while Brackley complimented Cowan and his side in return:
"You can put them under the cosh and they find a way," said the boss. "That's what good teams do, and I have a lot of respect for them and how they go about their business – it was a tough test.
"I've spoken to their management team, and they said that was the best they've played in a long time, so I take that as a compliment that they had to raise their game."
The Bucks boss also felt justice was served when goalkeeper Matt Yates saved Brackley captain Shane Byrne's penalty kick early in the second half, awarded for a foul by Theo Streete:
"I didn't believe it was a penalty, from my perspective it was a really good tackle," added Cowan.
AFC Telford United Football Sport
By Dave Cooper
MMSPJ
Matty Stenson keen to keep up the work rate with AFC Telford
AFC Telford United | Jan 18, 2020

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Here at The Badger Herald office, we take school seriously. When we're not out chasing stories, putting together beautiful print issues, producing a steady flow on online content or getting blackout drunk, we're studying like mad for exams. Because school is cool. But sometimes it's hard to stay focused; these songs will help you do that.


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Statement on CARES Act Injunction & Appeal Process
The coronavirus is exposing longstanding vulnerabilities that our Alaska Native communities have faced for years. Many of our people are more at risk because of factors related to high rates of diabetes and heart disease. These conditions faced by Alaska Natives — many living in remote, rugged environments with limited infrastructure and services, including healthcare — further exacerbate the risk exposure to the virus.
The ongoing litigation delay in CARES Act funding for Alaska Native people does a tremendous disservice to Alaska Natives. Our communities deserve better.
We support relief funding for all vulnerable populations, particularly indigenous communities across the nation. We applaud Congress for taking the crucial step to offer aid in this time of profound crisis. And we are profoundly saddened by efforts in the Lower 48 to limit this badly needed assistance for Alaska Natives.
At Sealaska, we are working in close coordination with our tribes to support our Alaska Native people and rural communities to navigate this crisis. Prior to the introduction of the CARES Act, Sealaska committed to making $1 million available to help with immediate COVID-19 relief for shareholder families and neighbors. CARES Act funding would further these efforts.
We hope that all of our shareholders, tribal citizens and communities stay safe, and we will continue to do our part to help during this difficult time.
ANCs have long been recognized as Indian tribes in certain federal statutes and programs, and again in the CARES Act
CARES Act funding cannot be used for typical corporate purposes, as all funds must be tied to the impacts of COVID
CARES Act funds cannot be used to replace lost revenues
The funds are for necessary actions taken to respond directly to the public health emergency of COVID
Funds must be spent by Dec. 31, 2020; or at least committed by Dec. 2020, and paid within 90 days after Dec. 31, 2020
ANCs will be involved as a vehicle to support Alaska Native people, as we have the structures in place to benefit our communities
Unlike Lower 48 tribes, in Alaska the federally-recognized tribes and Alaska Native Corporations must work together to meet the economic, social and cultural needs of Alaska Native people
We share this responsibility, as Congress addressed Alaska Native settlements differently
Reference Sealaska's original statement on the CARES Act here.
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'Jamaica is my love, Ghana is my sweetheart' - With similar culture, climate, Sinclair urges countrymen to turn eyes to West Africa
Published:Wednesday | June 19, 2019 | 12:16 AMPaul Clarke/Gleaner Writer
Ricardo Makyn/Chief Photo Editor
Delona Flemming, director of public relations and media affairs at Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Foreign Trade, speaks with Audley Sinclair Morris, a Jamaican residing in Ghana, at the 8th Biennial Jamaica Diaspora Conference at the Jamaica Conference Centre yesterday.
Before there ever was an official invite to Ghana for the Year of Return, Audley Sinclair Morris, a Jamaican from Mona in St Andrew, fell head over heels for the West African country.
"I am now on the brink of getting my Ghanaian citizenship. I have been living there for a number of years, and before that, I had been visiting friends until I realised, 'This is exactly like Jamaica,' and decided to stay," said Morris, whose name takes a literal twist in Ghana, where he is known as Morris Sinclair.
Having lived in the United States for several years, Morris said he went to Ghana to visit a friend in 2011 and liked it so much, he wanted to go again.
"Jamaica is my love, Ghana is my sweetheart," he told The Gleaner.
Morris said he began exploring business opportunities in the capital, Accra, as with the African country having a similar climate and culture to Jamaica, he felt that he could make it home.
It's a decision he has not regretted and he is on a mission to woo more Jamaicans to visit the African country, touting immense opportunities there.
After two days in Kingston, Morris said he has convinced nearly two dozen persons at the 8th Biennial Diaspora Conference under way at the Jamaica Conference Centre to book trips to Ghana.
"Agricultural opportunities abound there, [as well as] infrastructure, information technology, basically everything you require in a developing nation that is so similar to home (Jamaica). I am telling Jamaicans to come. It's lovely there, and almost like Jamaica," Morris said.
Based in Accra, Morris said he went into tourism and travel management, a decision which has been bearing fruits.
There are approximately 4,000 Jamaicans living in Ghana, and that number could increase on account of the new visa waiver agreed to last week by Prime Minister Andrew Holness and Ghana President Nana Akufo-Addo.
Akufo-Addo's visit was part of a Caribbean tour for the 'The Year of Return, Ghana 2019', a major landmark marketing campaign targeting the African-American diaspora market to mark 400 years of the first enslaved Africans arriving in Jamestown, Virginia.
Morris said that while in Accra, he feels at ease with access to the Jamaica Caribbean Association, and, of course, the routine dose of reggae and dancehall music.
"One would have to be forgiven if they believed that they are in Kingston and not Accra with the number of Jamaican flags seen all over. They are attached to minibuses, taxis, bikes and, of course, the big sound of dancehall music. They just love the dancehall culture there," he said.
"Reggae music is as much part of their culture as is ours here in Jamaica. It has been a thrilling experience living there," Morris said.
paul.clarke@gleanerjm.com
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The highest percentage of individuals invest in businesses to receive money fast for survival. The people are motivated to invest in businesses since they boost profit maximization. Technology is growing at a higher rate. The high level of technology aid in the growth of businesses. The IT services enable people to determine when the businesses are making profits or losses easily. The article herein shows the essential tips for choosing the best business IT support company.
Firstly, the people should ensure that the company can support the software used in the business. The business operators have many programs which help to grow their businesses without any obstacles. The people should ensure that the company has the experience of manipulating the software used in various premises of businesses to ensure that no losses are encountered in the businesses. The people should work with a company which can handle all their applications and transactions without causing any loss to the business. The right IT support firms can use most of the technologies applied in most of the businesses.
It is wise for the people to make use of the referrals who are available to gather more information about the services issued to determine whether they are beneficial or not. There are many business people who have the experience of obtaining good services from the best IT support providers. The people are therefore advised to communicate with the readily available references to gather more information about the right business IT support service. The presence of experienced individuals help in giving guidelines for accessing the right services.
The individuals are encouraged to learn more about the IT companies before selecting them for any service or help. It is advisable for the individuals to determine the entire history of the IT support company before receiving any service. The people are supposed to communicate with the experienced business individuals to determine the reputation of the business IT support company. It is advisable for the people to pick an IT support agency which has a good reputation among the people since it provides quality services.
Investigations are supposed to be undertaken to ensure that guidelines for accessing the right company are obtained. Research help the people to gather more details about the best company which have the capability of offering excellent services. The investigations are beneficial since they provide updates and guidelines for picking the most reliable agency for IT services. The people should use the internet to research on the best IT service providers.
When your house is ready, you will now start thinking of buying the required furniture. For the best results, you should go to the market and get luxury furniture because they are the best. When you get luxury furniture then the look of your house will be improved. Right now, getting the best luxury furniture is the only thing that you need to care for. Finding these luxury furniture is something that will confuse you in one way or the other.
When you go to the furniture stores, you will have different luxury furniture, and this will be where the confusion will come from. The second thing is that these luxury furnitures are also being sold in so many stores. Do a lot of research and know many more information about these luxury furnitures if you have never bought the luxury furniture to avoid unnecessary problems. If you are not careful, you might buy luxury furniture that does not fit your uses.
To get the best luxury furniture, then the following are some of the things that you need to consider. In the furniture stores, there are luxury furniture that is made of a different style. Since everyone has their styles, you should use it and identify the best style of these luxury furniture. Know that there is a difference between the designing of these luxury furniture. Everything that you will be doing will depend on the design of the luxury furniture. Your present needs are also one thing that you need to look at when buying luxury furniture. Knowing your needs will help you in finding the best luxury furniture without wasting time among many.
The sizes and the material of the luxury furniture are the main things that you should consider in your needs. To know the size of the luxury furniture that you want, you must reflect the space that you will put it. You should know what material you love most because it will help you in getting the best material for your luxury furniture. Get the best type and color of these luxury furniture by looking at your needs.
The only thing that you are left with is to go to the best store to get the best luxury furniture. Go to a licensed luxury furniture stores because there are many of them that you will get out there. This will assure you that the furniture that you are buying is the best in the market. It is important to identify the cost of the luxury furniture. The stores that you will get selling these products are always selling them in at a different cost. If you get a store that sells a luxury furniture at a lower price ,then you are advised to go to them.
An accident lawyer is there to assist you when you have personal injury cases. There are many forms of accidents such as automobile accident, victim assault, and workplace among many. The accident might be fatal or mild. People can prevent some accidents, but some cannot be prevented. When an accident takes place there are legal procedures that need to be observed. You should not be responsible if you are involved in an accident due to the negligence of another person.
It is crucial that you hire the services of an accident lawyer when you are an accident victim. The personal injury lawyers are focused on helping accidents victims get justice. An excellent accident attorney helps you through the recovery process after an accident. It the duty of a personal injury attorney to educate you about your rights. With the help of a personal lawyer you can successfully pursue a lawsuit.
Accident attorneys have a lot of work when it comes to dealing with accident cases. The lawyers help you with preparing the case and acts as your legal representative. You need the services of an attorney whether you are liable or not. Legal process is long and complicated. The complexity of the legal process requires someone who understands the law. For example a personal injury lawyer should assist you to complete all the paperwork. A lawyer will assist you not to sign papers that can wave your rights.
The personal injury lawyers possess excellent negotiation skills that are best in getting fair compensation. The compensation is influenced by the conditions as well as how serious the injury looks. Among the many types of compensations some of them are like property damages, long-term care requirements, medical bills, lost wages and therapy You need the services of a lawyer from a prominent law firm. Most importantly is to hire one from a law firm that specializes in accident law.
Before you accept the lawyer assigned to you, ask about their experiences. Find out if the lawyer you hire has dealt with situations that look like yours and have succeeded. You should ask the number of years they have been in law business. You need to find out their previous performance in court. Successful means to get their clients a fair ruling. When you visit the law firm consult about the lawyer assigned to you.
Your potential lawyer must have a good reputation. His reputations should start from the colleagues and the society at large. The cost of service is another factor that you need to have in mind. You should avoid hiring for services that are beyond what you can afford. Check the skills of the lawyer and if they have a work permit. Let the lawyers produce their documents to be sure they are qualified.


I'm a fast-paced person. I get things done. I have lists and keep things moving in my work, my home, my life. Sometimes I move so fast that it's to a fault. I've been working on making time for peace and slowing down in my life lately, but it's hard for me. If there are things to do, I feel that I should be doing them.
This is a simple sentiment, but one I paid close attention to this past week. The simple act of noticing those moments has helped me to feel more calm. Awareness is everything, isn't it?
Trying to squeeze in new activities to calm my mind or slow down is not easy. The idea of taking just a little more time for the things that I already have really resonates with me in this active, fun, busy, sometimes hectic season of my life.
How do you find calm? How do you make time for peace and relaxation? What do you think of this simple, yet potentially powerful concept?
3 Responses to "Leaning in to peace, calm and pleasure"
Such a timely post for me right now. Thanks, Jes.
I love this concept of extending the peaceful moments you already have. Thanks for sharing!


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"Building Radar is as easy and intuitive to use as Facebook"
– Gerhardt Braun
key outcome for Gerhardt Braun thanks to Building Radar:
more sales active time
Increase in sales
Faster completion of projects from market analyzes
Gerhardt Braun daily saves 3 hours of research time thanks to Building Radar
Why did you choose Building Radar?
We are a medium-sized company in the construction industry, which operates mainly in Germany, Austria and Switzerland. As such, we are keen to find new ways to increase our sales efficiency. Efficiency plays a central role in our business processes, which is why we have been looking for a faster and better alternative in the area of lead generation and market analysis.
We came across Building Radar, whose novel and simple idea has sparked our interest directly. We are a happy customer since the first hour. The Building Radar team is really convinced of its offer and we benefit from its enthusiasm and growing experience. Even when building radar was still in its infancy, we were able to increase our sales performance by up to 14% per month. Nevertheless, Building Radar is far more than just an outstanding tool for sales to our employees. We also use the platform internally to explore and analyze new markets.
Previously, we had to use many expensive applications and our employees were stressed by the softwares' lack of user-friendliness. Recently one of my colleagues approached me and told me how pleased she is to work with Building Radar: "It's as easy and intuitive to use as Facebook," she told me with a smile.
May 2015: Gerhardt Braun becomes a customer
November 2015: Gerhardt Braun successfully completes first pilot phase for southern Germany
What do you find most attractive about Building Radar?
Originally, we intended to use Building Radar exclusively as a digital research tool. However, when we were introduced to the platform by our Building Radar account manager, we were particularly impressed by the Analytics feature. Unfortunately, the applications that we had previously used to support our business planning were very limited in their possibilities and not user-friendly. With Building Radar, we have now found a complete 2-in-1 solution to identify bottlenecks early and tap into new markets. Therefore, we could save over 2000 € per month, because we did not need the other applications anymore.
https://buildingradar.com/wp-content/uploads/Analysetools_en.mp4
How do you work with the Building Radar Platform at Gerhardt Braun?
Each morning, our employees spend half an hour reviewing key new projects and highlighting all relevant ones. Fortunately, this is a very straightforward process due to the ease of use of Building Radar. At the same time, the CRM integration allows us to quickly allocate the construction projects found to our sales staff. This is a decisive advantage because at times of slow manual research, competitors were often faster. In summary, it can be said that Building Radar has become an integral part of our operation!
What benefits have you experienced from working with Building Radar?
Building Radar has primarily helped us to achieve two goals:
More sales. We sell more each month, with increases of up to 14% per month.
Time-saving. Our market analyzes are completed on average 30% faster and are therefore the first projects, which we conclude under budget!
Better quality. Building Radar's extensive database allows us to fully rely on Building Radar data. Additional tools are no longer needed.
Which further steps will you take to improve your sales process?
True to the motto "If you stop improving, you have stopped being good." (Philip Rosenthal), we would like to further optimize our sales process in 2018. As a leader in Europe, we strive to continuously expand this position. Of course, we also aim for global market leadership. Building Radar already provides us with high-quality data. The recently introduced Article Search plays a crucial role here. This gives us the ability to search thousands of newspapers and magazines automatically. So we also find private tenders, resulting in new sales opportunities. We would like to open up this year.
December 2015: Gerhardt Braun extends the use of Building Radar to Austria, Switzerland and Germany
April 2016: Gerhardt Braun doubles its sales with key customers
September 2016: Gerhardt Braun continues to extend cooperation with Building Radar
March 2017: Gerhardt Braun expands number of building radar accesses from 7 to 12
November 2017: Gerhardt Braun increases relevant construction projects by 5 times
Gerhardt Braun: the number 1 in Germany for Room System Solutions
Market: europaweit
Industry: Room System Solutions
Revenue: +€100Mio
Employees: +420
More at: www.gerhardtbraun.com
Building Radar configuration
Number of accounts: 12
Geographic coverage: Germany, Switzerland, Austria
Relevant construction phases: Under construction, completed
Relevant building types: industrial and residential complexes, office buildings
Construction volume: +€2Mio
Discover more customer stories.
Ready to revolutionise your construction lead generation?
Browse hundreds of thousands construction projects globally today.


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Investment to reduce water wastage in West Cork schools
52 west Cork schools have been included in a new programme aimed at improving water conservation, according to Cork South West Fianna Fáil TD Christy O'Sullivan. The works will see funding of €9.75 million being spent around the country on measures to reduce the amount of water used by primary and post-primary schools.
The funding will go towards the installation of water displacement devices, percussions spray taps, thermostatic mixing valves and other water controls. The works are aimed at reducing the water charges being paid by schools.
"It is good to see that a large number of west Cork schools are to benefit from this programme," said Deputy O'Sullivan. "These works were needed to help reduce the water charges facing primary and post-primary schools in the county. Schools by their very nature require a lot of water and that means that they potentially face large water bills in the future."
"My hope is that once these measures are in place there will be major efficiencies in the water use by these schools. That will be good news for the staff, students, boards of management and trustees of the schools. Hopefully, the funding will be made available to the schools in the near future and they will be able to progress these measures quickly."
"The investment should also see the creation of some much needed local construction jobs in west Cork. This is another source of good news and another reason why we need to see this funding in place as soon as possible," Deputy O'Sullivan concluded.
In total 1,823 schools around the country are to benefit from the programme.
AREA: WEST CORK, EDUCATION, FIANNA FAIL, NEWS, POLITICS
Cork colleges offer accountancy places
Cork delegates hear that 'keeping up appearances' hides the true reality of rural poverty


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Neighborhood children hop into spring with…
Neighborhood children hop into spring with Easter egg hunt
Victoria Makhlouf and other members of SODA pose with the Easter Bunny, played by Tammy Rayburn. Photo by Micah Walker
Chad Wilson, and Victoria Makhlouf, take their daughter, Violet, and son Mason out to the SODA Easter egg hunt. Photo by Micah Walker
By Micah Walker, Guide Intern and Guide News |
PUBLISHED: April 1, 2015 at 10:00 p.m. | UPDATED: June 17, 2021 at 11:05 a.m.
A winter chill lingered in the air on the afternoon of March 28. But that didn't stop the groups of children pouring into Penn-Vassar Park from excitedly running around, attempting to find as many eggs as they could.
PHOTOS: Dearborn Southwestern Outer Drive Association egg hunt 2015
Organized by the Southwestern Outer Drive Association, children in the neighborhood got a chance to celebrate Easter a week early by participating in an egg hunt. Children from as small as infants to 12 years old were allowed to join in on the action as they were divided into three separate age groups: 0-4, 5-8, and 9-12.
This marks the first time the association has hosted the Easter activity in 11 years, said Michele Featherston, treasurer of SODA. Members wanted to plan more events that involved the community, so they decided to bring back the Easter egg hunt and their Halloween event, Track or Treat.
SODA was created by Featherston in 1997, and after several years of being dormant, the organization relaunched in the fall of 2013. Over 100 families are involved with the neighborhood association as of this year, she said.
While children roamed around the park in search of eggs, they could also meet and take pictures with the Easter Bunny, played by member Tammy Rayburn.
She said when the idea of the Easter egg hunt came about, she mentioned to the other members that she had a bunny costume. After that, she was "suckered" into dressing up as the furry creature.
"I suggested it and it turned back on me," she said, laughing.
Rayburn and her husband, Jay, joined SODA a few months ago after finding out about Track or Treat on Facebook.
"I like that it brings us all together as one," she said about the association. "Our team is the neighborhood, and I like how we can watch over each other."
New member Victoria Makhlouf brought her 1-year-old son Mason to the event, who was bundled up in a coat, gloves, and hat, while also sporting a pair of bunny ears on top of his head. In similar fashion was Mason's 7-month-old cousin, Violet, who was wearing a pair of pink bunny ears. Makhlouf, along with her husband, attended their first SODA meeting only a few weeks ago.
"It was informative and my husband and I really responded to it. We decided to sign up for the organization to find out what's going on in our community."
Following the egg hunt, prizes were given out to those who had found a piece of paper with a number on it in one of their eggs. The prizes included Easter baskets filled with candy, toys, games and books. Sarah Ford, one of the event's organizers, originally expected to have 12 baskets, but ended up with 28 baskets thanks to donations from the community.
She said the reason behind creating the egg hunt was to "have something fun for the kids, and to raise awareness for SODA." But she is quick to point out that she couldn't have put the whole event together without her team, citing members Jay and Tammy Rayburn, Judy Struble, and Carol Lowe. They, along with 12 volunteers, stuffed over 2,000 eggs in about an hour.
"I like getting to know the neighbors," Ford said about joining the association. "Everybody's been really generous. We've gotten so many donations. It makes you feel good about the neighborhood."
Ford has been a member of the organization for two years with her husband, SODA president Regan Ford. Holding the vice president position in his first year, he was elected for the higher leadership role after the former president stepped down mid-year. This is now Regan Ford's second year as president.
"What I like most about being in this association is getting everyone involved and bringing back that old school feel of community. Everybody has a little part to play."
The Southwestern Outer Drive Association meets monthly at Whitmore-Bolles Elementary School, 21501 Whitmore St.
Boundaries for the organization include west and south of Outer Drive, south of Michigan Avenue, east of Telegraph, north of Dartmouth, and west of Pelham Road.
Association members must pay an annual fee of $15 per household.
For more information on SODA, visit sodadearborn.com or email Regan Ford at rford@vividclean.com
Micah Walker
Guide Intern


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Federal grand jury indicts militia group leader Larry Mitchell Hopkins
ALBUQUERQUE - A federal grand jury in Albuquerque has indicted Larry Mitchell Hopkins, a 69-year-old leader of a militia that was patrolling the U.S.-Mexico border in Sunland Park.
Mitchell, 69, of Flora Vista in northern New Mexico, was indicted on a charge of being a felon in possession of firearms and ammunition. The charge doesn't specifically relate to Hopkins' activities at the border but rather to a federal investigation from 2017.
Hopkins, also known as Johnny Horton, Jr., is scheduled for arraignment on the indictment at 9:30 a.m. Monday, April 29 before U.S. Magistrate Judge Karen B. Molzen in the federal courthouse in Albuquerque. Hopkins also is scheduled for a detention hearing at the same time.
The indictment charges Hopkins with knowingly possessing firearms and ammunition in San Juan County, New Mexico, in November 2017, despite having been convicted of at least one of the following felony crimes, which were punishable by at least a year of imprisonment: being a felon in possession of a firearm; impersonating a peace officer; and possession of a loaded firearm by a convicted felon, according to a news release from the U.S. Attorney's Office.
More:Alleged commander of militia group makes initial appearance in federal court
The FBI, along with Sunland Park police, arrested Hopkins on Saturday, April 20 in Sunland Park.
Hopkins, leader of the United Constitutional Patriots, appeared for the first in federal court in Las Cruces on Monday. Later that same day, he was attacked while in the Doña Ana County Detention Center, which has bed space for federal detainees. Federal authorities removed Hopkins from the county jail on Tuesday, taking him elsewhere.
If convicted on the charge in the indictment, Hopkins faces a maximum penalty of ten years of imprisonment, according to prosecutors. The U.S. Attorney's Office noted that charges are formal accusations, and defendants are considered innocent until a conviction occurs.
According to prosecutors, the case was investigated by the Farmington Resident Agency of the FBI with assistance from the Las Cruces Resident Agency of the FBI.
More:'Mr. Hopkins lied to me': Senate candidate Gavin Clarkson disavows armed border militia group


Dr. Elizabeth Plourde (www.emffreedom.com and www.sunscreensbiohazard.com) is a licensed Clinical Laboratory Scientist, a North American Menopause Society Certified Menopause Practitioner, who has spent 30 years as a medical researcher providing her knowledge to the world as a health educator, and Internationally known author whose books EMF Freedom: Solutions for the 21st Century Pollution and Sunscreens Biohazard: Treat as Hazardous Waste reveal how to reduce the health impact of wireless devices and alternatives to the sunscreens that can lead to the skin cancers they were intended to prevent.
The cell phones and Wi-Fi we are now surrounded by create a variety of symptoms including headaches, insomnia, itchy skin rashes, dizziness, nausea, and heart palpitations. Essential for everyone to learn, Dr. Plourde offers simple solutions for cell phone and Wi-Fi radiation survival in today's electrified world, as well as commonly available inexpensive items that provide safer sun exposure.
This Saturday, Lost Arts Radio listeners can tune-in to an unscripted conversation between women's health and EMF expert Dr. Elizabeth Plourde and Lost Arts Radio host Richard Sacks on Dr. Plourde's experience researching answers to the EMF health threat and her suggestions to all of us who live with it daily.


Pick your favorite teammate and race to the finish thru this heart racing obstacle courses. Scale climbing walls and slide your way to victory. Neon Entertainment offers several different inflatable party rentals. Book any of our inflatable obstacle course rentals for your next college event or corporate party!


4-newcomers-msg Comments directed at SCA newcomers.
Anno-Societat-art "Common Questions: What is the Term Anno Societatis" by Kurios Halfdan 'Two Bears' Ôzurrson.
callig-beg-msg Hints for beginning calligraphers.
Children-SCA-art "Children in the SCA: An Introduction for Newcomers" by Lady Genoveva von Lubeck.
Choose-a-Name-art "Choosing a Society Name: Hints for Newcomers" by Dietmar Reinhart von Straubing and Malachias von Morgenstern.
clothing-4-nc-msg Comments for newcomers on SCA clothing.
courtesy-msg Courtesy guidelines in the SCA and period.
crash-space-msg 'crash-space' etiquette for both the traveler and the crash-space provider..
Do-not-Wear-art "SCA - What Not To Wear - Belts, Baldrics and Scarves, Oh My!" by THLord Ian the Green.
Define-Yr-Win-art "How do you define your win?;" by THLord Ian the Green.
Earng-Your-AoA-art "Earning your AoA in the SCA" by Lady Meliora Leuedai de Ardescote.
Easy-T-Tunics-art "Easy T-Tunics" by THL George Anne. Directions for making a simple T-tunic.
Evnt-Etiquete-art "Event Etiquette" by Master Donal Mac Ruiseart.
Fabric-Stores-art "Don't Fear the Fabric Store" by THL Rosalyn MacGregor.
Feast-Basket-art "The Well-Tempered Feast Basket: a guide for newcomers" by Lady Jehanne de Huguenin.
Generic-Clths-art "Generic Clothes - Tunic, Skirt, Shirt, and Pants" by Caitlin nic Raighne.
Generic-Pants-art "Generic Pants" by Caitlin nic Raighne.
Getting-an-AoA-art "How to Get and AoA" by Gunnora Hallakarva.
Hand-Kissing-art "Ioseph of Locksley's Handy Guide to Cavalier Hand-Kissing"
How-to-Behave-art "How to Behave in these Current Middle Ages" by Lady Meliora Leuedai de Ardescote.
How-2-get-2do-art "How to get to do things in the SCA" by Duchess Willow de Wisp, OL, OP, OR.
Houses-Guilds-art "On Households, Guilds etc in the SCA" by Lord Ian the Green.
intro-books-msg Recommended books on the Middle Ages and Renaissance.
Jena-Estrella-art "A report about Jenna's trip to the Estrella War" by Baroness Jenna of SouthWind, OP.
KW-Handbook-msg Comments about the Known World Handbook. The cloest thing the SCA has to an official handbook.
Medvl-Cooking-art "A Beginner's Guide to Medieval Cooking" by Lady Jehanne de Huguenin.
names-FAQ Choosing and registering names in the SCA.
NC-Academie-art "Creating a Newcomers Academie" by HL Jeanne-Marie la Verriere.
newcomers-lnks Links for newcomers to the SCA by Dame Aoife Finn of Ynos Mon.
newcomers-msg How to make newcomers to your group confortable. Integrating newcomers.
No-Ck-Potluck-art "No Cook Potluck Contributions for the Culinary Inept and Others" by HL Rycheza z Polska.
No-Cook-PotLk-art "Period Potluck Contributions That Require No Cooking" by HL Eulalia de Ravenfeld.
On-Personae-art "On-Personae" by Baron Hrolf Herjolfssen OP. An overview of personas in the SCA.
Othr-Newcomrs-art "The 'Other' Newcomers" by Lady Wilhelmina Catharin de Rochelle. For SCA folks moving from one group to another.
Period-Names-art "Picking Out A Period Name in the SCA" by Wulfhere of Eofeshamme, Amlesmore Herald.
Persona-101-art "Persona 101" by L. Kyleena of the Ansteorran Rom.
Persona-4-NC-art "Persona, do I need one?" by Lady Alison Wodehalle.
SCA-Awards-art "AoA's, Barons, and Laurels: Who's who in the SCA" by Lady Alison Wodehalle.
SCA-Cooking-art "SCA Cooking & You: How to Get Started" by Lady Alice Percy of Montengarde.
SCA-courtesy-art Courtesy guidelines by Ioseph of Locksley.
SCA-courts-nc-msg Comments about SCA Courts for newcomers.
SCA-Feasts-art "Orts It All About, Alfred? - (Attending your first year or two of SCA Feasts)" by Lady Caterina della Pieri.
SCA-Housholds-art "Introduction to SCA Households" by Maistor Justinos Tekton called Justin.
SCA-intro-art An Introduction to the SCA.
SCA-Personas-art "On Choosing a Name and a Persona; A Quick and Dirty Guide" by Ld. Daniel Raoul Le Vascon du Navarre'.
SCA-Rialto-FAQ SCA FAQ list from the Rialto (rec.org.sca).
SCA-Terms-art "What Language are You Speaking?" by Lady Alison Wodehalle. SCA vocabulary.
SCA-trans-msg How to handle the move from one group to another. For the people in the group too.
Thrifty-Anach-art "The Thrifty Anachronist: The Handbook" by Lady Mathilda Harper. Thrift stores for inexpensive SCA clothing.
Volunteer-art "Volunteers in the SCA" by Mistress Jane Beaumont.
Why-Reg-A-Nme-art "Why Register a Name in The SCA" by Wulfhere of Eofeshamme.
Y-Join-th-SCA-art "Why You Should Join SCA, Inc." by Meg Baron.
Yor-1st-Feast-art "Going to your 1st Feast" by Lady Alison Wodehalle.
Your-1st-Evnt-art "Going to your 1st Event" by Lady Alison Wodehalle.
This symbol indicates these files are new or have been updated since 5/1/17.


text:
Vibrant Cities Launches Sales for Alki Beach Luxury Condos
"Sales on the 37-unit Infinity Shore Club Residences condominium on Alki Beach recently launched, and five units are already under contract. James Wong, CEO of Vibrant Cities, which is developing the project, expects the 102,000-square-foot project to be complete in October."
"Right now, we are feeling pretty good," he said. "We are getting the prices that we are asking."
The project started right about the time the pandemic began. Shortly after groundbreaking, construction shut down for a couple of months due to Covid-19 restrictions. The work stoppage and commodity price increases — for materials including wood, steel and oil — added about 5% to 6% to construction costs, Wong said.
The development is delivering at a tenuous time for condominium sales in Seattle. Laconia Development recently relaunched its sales at Spire, a 41-story condominium tower near the Space Needle. Laconia is temporarily lowering its asking prices for units by as much as 10% after the Covid-19 pandemic depressed demand in 2020.
Wong doesn't expect this project to be affected in the same way since it isn't situated in Seattle's main core and is one of the few waterfront condominium options.
The decision to develop in West Seattle was personal, he said. Wong attended middle and high school in West Seattle, so to him developing in this area is the fruition of a longtime dream.
For more click on the URL below:
https://www.bizjournals.com/seattle/news/2021/05/10/west-seattle-condo-project-launches-sales.html?ana=TRUEANTHEMFB_PS&csrc=6398&utm_campaign=trueAnthem%3A+Trending+Content&utm_medium=trueAnthem&utm_source=facebook&fbclid=IwAR32xyO18Z2_JQRtn5iEtSTlBPHRHdvIveIrMsN0FCTaUQsLL_E6HAjQvlw


Maximize return on investment with a series of diesel generator set ratings for proven standby power solutions from Caterpillar. These gensets have been re-engineered with higher power densities to meet challenging restrictions on capital, site size, emissions and cost. Proven platforms will deliver the benefits of high power density to customers around the globe.
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Power ratings for Cat 3516C diesel gensets will help customers in Western Europe and other global markets specify solutions that meet power needs and emissions targets with more precision.
Low-NOx, 50-Hz power ratings of 2,250 kVA, 2,500 kVA and 2,750 kVA have been designed for use in regulated emissions environments and applications. Two additional 50 Hz ratings of 3,000 kVA and 3125 kVA with certification to U.S. EPA Tier 2 emissions regulations are also available. These gensets supply reliable backup power from an optimally sized engine that enables lower costs for transportation, installation, maintenance, and ancillary enclosures.
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Meets ISO 8528-5 G3 requirements for steady state and load acceptance.
Available with a low- or high-voltage frame alternator that enables quick load acceptance through exceptional motor starting capabilities to eliminate need to oversize genset due to motor starting requirements.
Uses the field-proven Cat ADEM™ A3 engine control module, which integrates all engine functions including ignition, governing, air-fuel ratio control, and engine protection.


Mediation is a completely voluntary process. Any agreements made are not binding, unless the parties wish to make them so. Any party can leave the mediation if he or she feels it is not working for that party. If the parties enter into a written agreement that has been developed during the mediation, that written agreement is likely to be a binding contract. In divorce mediation, often the parties enter into a mediated divorce agreement, which, if approved by the Court, becomes the legally binding agreement relating to their divorce.


Our daily lives can be thought of as a world that, taking out the symbolized, surface images, is constructed by a processed and edited identity. This work is a film work that was joined together by asking a Shinto priest, a firefighter, a female store manager, and a Buddhist priest some questions and editing their answers. The video, which shows only bust shots and not the people's faces, connects together only the words that don't become words – conjunctions and interjections like Er, Umm, and Yeah – and projects the anonymous person from the enumeration of words that are at first glance meaningless. You could say this is extracting the surface field that people have, where people sense that person's "identity" from their unclear word fragments as well.


ISLAMABAD: A two-day high-level expert group meeting on the theme of 'Preventing Drug Abuse in Educational Settings: Fostering Regional Cooperation and Partnership' will be held in Islamabad on Monday.
The Supreme Court (SC) in November last year directed centre and provinces to submit monthly progress report against the usage of narcotics in educational institutes.
According to the details, a three-member bench of the SC headed by the then chief justice Saqib Nisar, while hearing a case pertaining to drug peddling in educational institutes, had ordered the provinces to submit monthly report on drugs in academies.
It is pertinent to mention here that Punjab and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) had submitted report in the apex court on drugs in educational institutes, whereas the chief justice had directed Sindh and Balochistan police to submit their reply over noncooperation within 10 days.


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The Women's Direction
A Blog Supporting Female Filmmakers
Featured Filmmakers
New Filmmakers Guide
Posted on January 15, 2021 January 15, 2021 by The Women's Direction
Featured Female Filmmakers – Part 35
Cover Photo: Jessica Redish working on the set of a Karmina music video. Photo by @longstreetphotography
It's The Last Croissant But Just One Of Many Films For Director Jessica Redish
It's 2021 and our 35th featured filmmaker on the blog! Jessica Redish's comedy short film The Last Croissant garnered enough interest to spawn filmic sequel Airway, a second short comedy about flying which also boasts a 98% female crew.
As a child drawn to musical films like Annie and Little Shop Of Horrors Redish grew to love storytelling through music. "Now it has transitioned somewhat to comedy. I think comedy and musical theatre live in the same heightened place — indeed it is called 'musical comedy' for a reason," Redish said. Whilst working with comedy her storytelling seeks to showcase women in a better light then mainstream media, "I believe filmmaking is a powerful way to tell a story and a good way to change minds on a grand scale," she explained "I want to show women in full form, with complexities and realities, and upgrade and update how we are perceived. We can do so much more than be crazy and/or slutty! I believe comedy is the best way to tell the truth, and what's great is the feedback I've received is that my films are relatable regardless of gender or sex. People seem to get it."
Her short comedy The Last Croissant has a simple premise of what happens when the person in front of you at a café takes the last item left before you can buy it. This results in a very funny turn of events. I asked Jessica where the idea for the film came from. "Honestly, years of standing in line at cafes with only one item I want left in the bakery case. There might have been an incident with a French cruller at a Starbucks…" she joked. "I think the animal instinct in us is real — if we want something, we go for it, and sometimes I think about what I might do. There's a French word for it, l'appel du vide, the call of the void. What would happen if someone actually behaved on their instincts?" The film was screened at the Portland Comedy Film Festival in October, played the Atlanta Comedy Film Festival in December where Jessica won Best Director, and was also just featured in the UK-based Shiny Network's Shiny New Director Awards & Screening, where Jessica was shortlisted as one of 'The Best New Directors Worldwide.'
Watch The Last Croissant below:
Jessica's latest film Airway, completed in September of last year, is the sequel to The Last Croissant. "I was getting some good traction from Croissant and some major Hollywood players were interested in seeing what else I could do," Jessica said. "The idea came about when I was flying frequently from Washington, D.C. to LA last fall. I would frequently sit next to men who just wouldn't turn off their phones. So I would worry, naturally, and wonder if one person can really make a difference with tower communication. I once sat next to a guy who FaceTimed with a friend from take off until we lost connection in the air. We have a word for that in Yiddish, "chutzpah."
Shot on February 26th in just 6 hours the crew was 98% female with DP Rachael Kliman and Producer Kira Leinonen pulling together most of the numbers. "They did an incredible job finding our amazing crew, and we also pulled from the Women in Media crew list, which is a great resource." Redish explained, "Our first AD, Meghan Nealon, was fantastic and was someone I had met through Women in Media's CAMERAderie Initiative in the summer of 2019." The film also included the same lead actress from The Last Croissant, Jenna Rossman. "It was a great shoot. I booked an airplane location and gathered a large cast, most of whom were friends of mine and great actors. I'm so grateful for their immense skill and for their friendship!" Redish exclaimed.
There was limited time and a big crew on set but for Jessica Redish this was a positive. "I think as an independent filmmaker we think we can just DIY everything, and to some extent the digital age gives us that prowess and possibility, but truthfully, it takes that big a crew to make something that looks as good as possible." she said. "We had 6 hours and we made it work. My DP and I planned extremely well and we had an incredible and efficient team running the set. My wardrobe designer, Anne M. Robinson, got everyone ready and set to go for approvals. Grip, electric and camera all set up smoothly and we were off to the races."
Jessica Redish on the set of Airway – Photo by Ashly Covington
With a shoot in February the main work of the project managed to be completed before the impact of Coronavirus really struck. However it didn't stop the post-production process being affected. "Covid hit right before our scheduled ADR session so we had to cancel since we couldn't all be in a room together. Fortunately, most of the actors have home VO studios or could record on their phones. It wasn't convenient, but it's par for the course at this point," Jessica said. The colour grading and sound mixing were also affected as Jessica couldn't be in the same room with her crew as the processes happened. "Worse things have happened to people this year. But seriously, I'm a detail artist and I think in person collaboration, like always, is best, so I look forward to the day we can do this safely."
The other potential issue was that she had just filmed a comedy film surrounding flying which no one was doing anytime soon once the pandemic hit the entire globe. "After March 12th I wasn't sure what was funny anymore, or if anything was funny, or if anyone was prepared to laugh (or wanted to)." Jessica said, "So I waited. I wasn't sure if I had just filmed ancient history or not — no one was flying in March or April. Once things levelled out and flying proved safe, I figured, OK, this is not a horror film."
Director Jessica Redish – Photo by: Ali Levin
Jessica is currently submitting Airway to film festivals and it has received a great reception so far with some positive reviews in trade publications. There may even be a potential series on the way. "I would love for an online platform to serialize Jenna's story. Many have said her neuroses are quite relatable and enjoyable to watch, so I believe watching this woman walk through the world could be heroic and tragic and amazing," she said.
Apart from her two short comedies Jessica has also done some work directing music videos one of which appeared in HollyShorts' Screening Series in May 2020, where The Last Croissant has been accepted this year as well. There are also more projects in the works for Redish including a short film called cat. which was a recent Semi-Finalist in Women in Media's CAMERAderie Initiative, and Free Britney about a woman who goes on a quest to free Britney Spears only to realise she needs to free herself. On top of this her work has also been low-key likened to that of Martin Scorsese. "I cried when I read it. Of course, I had just been to the eye doctor and my eyes had been dilated, but the moment still stands," Jessica said.
Follow Jessica Redish
WEBSITE | FACEBOOK | INSTAGRAM | TWITTER | LINKEDIN
CategoriesFeatured Filmmakers Tagscomedy, femaledirectors, femalefilmmaker, femalefilmmakerfriday, gender equality, independent film, shortfilm, womendirectors, womenincinema, womeninfilm, womenmakemovies
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My 52 Films By Women Challenge In 2020
Is It Really The Happiest Season? – Review
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Youssouf Abdallah: Thermo-hydro-mechanical behaviour and microstructure evolution of sedimentary rocks under high stress and high temperature: application to geothermal systems, started in 2016, co-supervised by Prof. Jean Sulem, Dr. Ioannis Stefanou, Dr. Sébastien Brisard, Dr. Michel Bornert.
Philipp Braun: Thermo-hydro-mechanical behaviour of Callovo-Oxfordian claystone under thermal loading following different stress paths, started in 2015, co-supervised by Prof. Pierre Delage, Prof. Jean Sulem, Dr. Nathalie Conil (Andra).
PhD thesis: Thermo-poro-mechanical behaviour of a hardened oil-well cement paste.
Ghabezloo S. (2010) Effect of porosity on the thermal expansion coefficient: A discussion of the paper 'Effects of mineral admixtures on the thermal expansion properties of hardened cement paste' by Z.H. Shui, R. Zhang, W. Chen, D. Xuan, Constr. Build. Mater. 24(9) (2010) 1761–1767, Constr. Build. Mater. 24(9) (2010) 1796–1798.


I have always had a soft spot for Airfix, as they were the first series of models that I encountered in the same exact scale – 1/72 – and of more interesting subjects as they were historical and not simply one-off prototypes as many American models of the late 1950s-early 1960s were focused on. They really hit their stride at the end of the 1960s with some truly great kits.
One of my all time favorites was their Short Stirling bomber kit from 1966 - not only was it very detailed for the time, but it came with a small tractor and bomb dollies to set it off. Apparently Airfix got a bug in its ear from modelers, for three years later they released an Austin K2 ambulance and fire engine as the RAF Rescue Set. In 1971 they followed it with a pair of fuel bowsers as the RAF Refuelling Set, and topped it off with a "Queen Mary" tasker and mobile crane in 1973 as the RAF Recovery Set. Each one came with a few figures suited to their missions, and as well as that they added a "rubber" (flexible plastic) set of RAF Personnel in 1972. While I changed over to armor and eventually from 1/76 to 1/35 scales, I still fondly remembered these sets.
To everyone's suprise, in 2013 Airfix returned to this line and released a new WWII RAF Bomber Resupply Set. This is a welcome addition to the older kits, and provides a wide variety of new items.
Included in the box are the following: a Bedford MW chassis, with two bodies so it can be finished as an MWC petrol bowser (fuel tanker) or an MWD cargo and personnel carrier; a Standard 12 hp 4x2 truck, better known as the "Tilly"; a David Brown VIG 1 Tractor/aircraft tug; a 450 gallon petrol bowser trailer; three bomb trolleys, two Type C for four bombs each and one Type F for a single large bomb; a 500 cc single-cylinder motorcycle; a mobile maintenance platform trailer; a bicycle; 6 x 1000 lb MC bombs; 6 x 500 lb MC bombs; one 4000 lb HC "Cookie Cutter" bomb; one 8000 lb bomb; six SBC small bomb containers; six wheel chocks, one ladder, three "jerry" cans, a 55 gallon oil drum, and a mechanic's tool kit.
While nominally 1/72 scale, apparently old line Airfix fans have noted the vehicles all appear to be 1/76 scale, the old Airfix military vehicle one derived from British OO Gauge model railways. But as all the vehicles are rather small, the differences are so slight that few will notice or care about the differences.
The Bedford is very nicely done and unlike the old Airfix sets comes with clear styrene for the windshield and side windows. The MWC body comes with its doors closed, but there is a rough interior so a good modeler can open them up and add details to represent the pump system. The MWD canvas comes with a separate rear flap and a tailgate which can be represented in the lowered position or removed, so it also presents a number of options.
The Tilly is also very nicely done and comes with the cowl panel and windshield as a single clear part for rigidity and ease of assembly. Its canvas is open at the rear.
The David Brown tractor appears to be a near clone of the old Stirling kit one, but as it was nicely done in 1996 all they have done is clean up the molds a bit and reproduced the original kit nearly part for part less the driver.
Two comments on the vehicles. Apparently as a sop to modern aircraft modelers, the tires have all been "flattened" where they touch the ground. Also, all three vehicles have a front axle which uses tabs and slots which cleverly permit the front wheels to be angled when installed for posing the wheels in a turned aspect.
The bowser trailer has flattened tires as well, but it comes with a complete pump system inside and split doors to begin with.
The maintenance platform is a two-story affair and looks something like a mobile "jungle gym" set. It is provided for crews working engines, fuelling, loading items, etc.
The bomb dollies come in what appears to be a similar fashion to the originals, namely carrier racks that can be inverted for carrying single 500-1000 pound bombs or right side up to carry two bombs. The F dolly only carries one large bomb, either the 4000 or 8000 pound weapon. The 500 and 1000 pound bombs are basic and old-fashioned three-piece styrene affairs.
The motorcycle comes in three parts – forks/wheel, handlebars, and body. As such it can be posted with the front forks angled where the modeler chooses, as its flip-down stand is deployed. The bicycle is a single piece with – as is common in small scales – no spokes.
cans with solid handles vice three individual bars (the very fussy may want to replace them with fine wire).
The kit comes with a reasonably good set of decals and also two pages of color (!) finishing and marking directions, with the suggested time frame being mid 1943. Paint recommendations are not surprisingly keyed to Humbrol paints (also now owned by Hornby, Airfix's current parent company).
Overall this is a very nicely done set with a great deal of flexibility. As I also model OO Gauge British pattern railways, the vehicles will be "demilled" and used for my layout.