text:
\section{Introduction}

Multiferroics\textemdash materials exhibiting a coexistence of both magnetic and ferroelectric orders \cite{Kim-2003a,Che-2007}\textemdash have attracted substantial technological and scientific interest recently. The technological interest stems from the multifunctional properties exhibited by multiferroics, which make them potentially useful in device applications such as magnetoelectric memories and switches. Multiferroics are scientifically interesting, in part, because they exhibit a variety of microscopic mechanisms that can result in an interesting interplay between ferroelectric and magnetic orders; \cite{Che-2007} among other consequences, this interplay can spawn interesting dynamical properties in multiferroic materials, including electromagnons, i.e., hybrid excitations involving a coupling between optical phonons and spin waves via the magnetoelectric interaction, \cite{Bar-1970, Pim-2006, Kid-2008a, Kid-2008b, Sus-2008, Val-2009, Ste-2009, Moc-2010, Tiw-2010, Har-2011, Jon-2014, Cao-2015} and magnetodielectric effects. \cite{Kim-2003b, Law-2003, Yan-2012}

Materials in which geometric frustration leads to non-collinear spin order and strong spin-lattice coupling are particularly rich material environments to find novel magnetoelectric behavior. \cite{Kim-2003a, Got-2004} Transition-metal-oxide spinel materials (\textit{AB}$_2$O$_4$), for example, exhibit both non-collinear spin orders and strong spin-lattice coupling that can lead to magnetoelectric coupling, because the presence of magnetic ions on the \textit{B}-site pyrochlore lattice of the spinel structure often leads to strong geometric frustration and consequent non-collinear orders that can generate multiferroic phenomena. \cite{Che-2007} Magnetoelectric effects are indeed realized in some \textit{A}Cr$_2$O$_4$\, spinels (\textit{e.g.}, \textit{A}=Co$^{2+}$ and Fe$^{2+}$), in which the competition among the various exchange interactions, J$_\text{A-A}$, J$_\text{A-Cr}$, and J$_\text{Cr-Cr}$, involving the \textit{A}$^{2+}$ ions and the Cr$^{3+}$ $S=3/2$ spins lead to complex magnetic orders. \cite{Bor-2009, Sin-2011}

$\text{CoCr}_2\text{O}_4$, in particular, exhibits a succession of magnetic orders, including ferrimagnetic order below $T_C \sim 94$~K, incommensurate conical spiral order below $T_S\sim 26$ K, commensurate order below $T_L \sim 14$ K, \cite{Tom-2004, Tsu-2013} as well as spin-driven multiferroic behavior and dielectric anomalies below $T_S$. \cite{Yam-2006, Law-2006, Cho-2009} Yet, the nature and origin of magnetoelectric behavior in $\text{CoCr}_2\text{O}_4$\,remains uncertain. Multiferroicity in $\text{CoCr}_2\text{O}_4$\,has been associated with the spin-current mechanism \cite{Kat-2005} involving cycloidal spin order, \cite{Yam-2006} in which the induced electric polarization is generated by the non-collinear spins \cite{Mos-2006} via the inverse Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction, $\boldsymbol P \sim \boldsymbol e_{ij}\times(\boldsymbol S_i\times \boldsymbol S_j)$. However, evidence for multiferroicity, \cite{Sin-2011, Yan-2012} structural distortion, \cite{Yan-2012} and magnetodielectric behavior \cite{Yan-2012} have also been reported above $T_S$ in the ferrimagnetic state of $\text{CoCr}_2\text{O}_4$, raising questions about the origin of multiferroic behavior in this material. Yang \textit{et al.}, for example, have suggested that magnetodielectric behavior in $\text{CoCr}_2\text{O}_4$\,results from the presence of multiferroic domains that are reoriented in the presence of a magnetic field. \cite{Yan-2012} But magnetodielectric behavior in magnetic materials can also arise from magnetic fluctuations that induce shifts in optical phonon frequencies via strong spin-lattice coupling. \cite{Law-2003}

Unfortunately, a lack of microscopic information regarding spin-lattice coupling has prevented a clear identification of the mechanism for magnetodielectric behavior in $\text{CoCr}_2\text{O}_4$. The intersublattice exchange magnon has been observed in $\text{CoCr}_2\text{O}_4$\,using infrared and terahertz spectroscopies \cite{Tor-2012, Kam-2013} and optical phonons in $\text{CoCr}_2\text{O}_4$\,have been identified using Raman scattering \cite{Kus-2009, Pta-2014, Eft-2015} and optical absorption \cite{Tor-2012} measurements. However, to our knowledge, there have been no microscopic studies of spin-lattice coupling in $\text{CoCr}_2\text{O}_4$\,that could clarify the origin of magnetodielectric behavior in this material. The application of pressure \cite{Kan-1988, Tam-1993, Che-2013} would be a useful means of studying spin-lattice coupling and its role in magnetoelectric behavior in spinels such as $\text{CoCr}_2\text{O}_4$; indeed, \textit{ab initio} calculations predict that pressure should enhance the macroscopic polarization in the multiferroic regime of $\text{CoCr}_2\text{O}_4$. \cite{Eft-2015} However, the effects of pressure on the magnetoelectric behavior and spin-lattice coupling in $\text{CoCr}_2\text{O}_4$\,have not yet been experimentally investigated.

Raman scattering is a powerful tool for studying magnons, \cite{Gle-2014, Gim-2016} strong spin-lattice coupling \cite{Gle-2014, Byr-2016} and electromagnons \cite{Caz-2008, Sin-2008, Rov-2010, Rov-2011} in complex oxide materials. When used in conjunction with pressure and magnetic-field tuning, Raman scattering can provide pressure- and magnetic-field-dependent information about the energy and lifetime of phonons, magnons, and spin-phonon coupling effects. In this paper, we report an inelastic light (Raman) scattering study of magnon and phonon excitations in $\text{CoCr}_2\text{O}_4$\,as simultaneous functions of temperature, pressure, and magnetic field. Below $T_C=94$ K, we report the development in $\text{CoCr}_2\text{O}_4$\,of  a\, $\sim$ $16 \,\text{cm}^{-1}$ (2 meV) $\boldsymbol q=0$ magnon excitation with T$_{1g}$\,symmetry. The anomalously large Raman scattering susceptibility associated with the T$_{1g}$\,symmetry magnon in $\text{CoCr}_2\text{O}_4$\,is indicative of a large magneto-optical response arising from large magnetic fluctuations that couple strongly to the dielectric response; this coupling is likely associated with the dielectric anomalies \cite{Sin-2011} observed in the ferrimagnetic phase of $\text{CoCr}_2\text{O}_4$. We also show that the Raman intensity of the T$_{1g}$-symmetry magnon in $\text{CoCr}_2\text{O}_4$\,exhibits a strong suppression with increasing magnetic field, suggesting that the dramatic magneto-dielectric behavior \cite{Muf-2010, Yan-2012} observed in $\text{CoCr}_2\text{O}_4$\,results from the magnetic-field-induced suppression of magnetic fluctuations that are strongly coupled to phonons. \cite{Law-2003} Using applied pressure to increase the magnetic anisotropy in $\text{CoCr}_2\text{O}_4$\,results in a decreased magnetic field-dependence of the T$_{1g}$-symmetry magnon Raman intensity in $\text{CoCr}_2\text{O}_4$, suggesting that pressure or epitaxial strain can be used to control magnetodielectric behavior and the magneto-optical response in $\text{CoCr}_2\text{O}_4$\,by suppressing magnetic fluctuations.

\section{Experimental Methods}

\subsection{Crystal Growth and Characterization}
$\text{CoCr}_2\text{O}_4$\,crystals were grown by chemical vapor transport (CVT) following a procedure described by Ohgushi et al.\cite{Ohg-2008} Polycrystalline powder samples of $\text{CoCr}_2\text{O}_4$\,were first synthesized using cobalt nitrate hexahydrate (Strem Chemicals 99\%) and chromium nitrate nonahydrate (Acros 99\%). The nitrates were combined in stoichiometric amounts and dissolved in water. The solution was heated to $350^\circ$ C and stirred using a magnetic stir bar at $300$ rpm until all of the liquid evaporated. The remaining powder was heated in an alumina crucible at $900^\circ$ C for $16$ hours and then air quenched. Crystal samples of $\text{CoCr}_2\text{O}_4$\,were grown by CVT using CrCl$_3$ as a transport agent. $2.0$ g of polycrystalline samples and $0.04$ g of CrCl$_3$ were sealed in an evacuated quartz ampoule, which was placed inside a three-zone furnace having $950 ^\circ $C at the center with a temperature gradient of $10 ^\circ $C/cm for one month. Crystals with typical dimensions of $2 \times 2 \times 2$\,mm$^3$ were obtained.

\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[height=7.4cm,width=8.5cm]{xray.pdf}
\caption{\label{fig1}X-ray diffraction pattern and Rietveld fit of $\text{CoCr}_2\text{O}_4$\,at 298 K. The Miller indices for a cubic unit cell with cell parameter $a=8.334(1) \text{\AA}$ are also shown.}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[scale=0.4]{MPMS.pdf}
\caption{\label{fig2}Molar susceptibility of $\text{CoCr}_2\text{O}_4$\,as a function of temperature measured in an applied field of 100 Oe.}
\end{figure}

The $\text{CoCr}_2\text{O}_4$\,crystals were characterised using x-ray diffraction and magnetization measurements. Crystals of $\text{CoCr}_2\text{O}_4$\,were ground to a powder to obtain the x-ray diffraction pattern using a Siemens-Bruker D5000 diffractometer using Cu-K$\alpha$ radiation shown in Fig.~\ref{fig1}. Rietveld refinement of the $\text{CoCr}_2\text{O}_4$\,cell to the XRD data was performed using XND Rietveld, \cite{xnd} and indicates a pure sample with $Fd \bar{3} m$ symmetry and a lattice constant of $8.334(1)$\AA , which agrees with the established structure. \cite{Tor-2012} The $<110>$ reflections from a single crystal of $\text{CoCr}_2\text{O}_4$\,were measured, and no evidence of twinning imperfections was found. The field-cooled dc magnetization data on the $\text{CoCr}_2\text{O}_4$\,powder from which our crystal sample was obtained was collected using a Quantum Design MPMS-3 and is shown as a function of temperature in Fig.~\ref{fig2}. Our results are similar to existing data. \cite{Law-2006} In particular, the sudden increase in the molar susceptibility, $\chi_{\text m}$ at $T\sim 94$ K marks the onset of ferrimagnetic ordering. The change in slope of the graph at $T\sim26$ K and an additional small anomaly at $T\sim14$ K correspond to the incommensurate and commensurate spiral ordering, respectively, in $\text{CoCr}_2\text{O}_4$.

\subsection{Raman Scattering Measurements}
Raman scattering measurements were performed using the $647.1\,\text{nm}$ excitation line from a Kr$^+$ laser. The incident laser power was limited to $5-10$ mW, and was focused to a $\sim \text{\SI{50}{\micro\meter}}$-diameter spot to minimize laser heating of the sample. Sample heating by the laser was estimated to be in the range $5-7$ K, and this estimated laser heating is included in the temperatures given in the results section. The scattered light from the samples was collected in a backscattering geometry, dispersed through a triple stage spectrometer, and then detected with a liquid-nitrogen-cooled CCD detector. The samples were inserted into a continuous He-flow cryostat, which was horizontally mounted in the open bore of a superconducting magnet. \cite{Kim-2011} This experimental arrangement allows Raman scattering measurements under the simultaneous conditions of low temperature ($3-300$ K), high magnetic fields ($0-9$ T), and high pressures ($0-100$ kbar). To determine the symmetries of the measured Raman excitations in zero magnetic field, linearly polarized incident and scattered light were used for various crystallographic orientations of the sample. In the magnetic field measurements, circularly polarized light was used to avoid Faraday rotation of the light polarization.

\begin{figure}
\subfloat{\includegraphics[height=5.2cm,width=8.5cm]{exa.pdf} \label{exa}}\\
\subfloat{\includegraphics[height=3.8cm,width=4.1cm]{exb.pdf} \label{exb}}
\subfloat{\includegraphics[height=3.8cm,width=4.1cm]{excc.pdf} \label{exc}}
\caption{\label{fig3}Illustrations showing the experimental arrangements used for different high-magnetic-field and high temperature Raman scattering experiments at low temperatures in this study. \cite{Kim-2011} (a) Configuration for high-magnetic field measurements in the Faraday ($\boldsymbol k \parallel \boldsymbol H$) geometry, where $\boldsymbol k$ is the wavevector of the incident light and $\boldsymbol H$ is the applied magnetic field direction. (b) Configuration for high-magnetic-field measurements in the Voigt ($\boldsymbol k \perp \boldsymbol H$) geometry. (c) Configuration for high pressure measurements using a diamond anvil cell.}
\end{figure}

Magnetic field measurements were performed in both Voigt ($\boldsymbol k \perp \boldsymbol M \parallel \boldsymbol H$) and Faraday ($\boldsymbol k \parallel \boldsymbol M \parallel \boldsymbol H$) geometries, where $\boldsymbol k$ is the wavevector of the incident light and $\boldsymbol M$ is the magnetization direction. \cite{Kim-2011} Because of the very small anisotropy field in $\text{CoCr}_2\text{O}_4$\,($H_A\leq0.1$ T), \cite{Kam-2013} the net magnetization $\boldsymbol M$ was assumed to follow the applied field $\boldsymbol H$ in all experiments performed. To verify this, we confirmed that the field-dependence of the Raman spectrum was independent of the crystallographic orientation of the applied field. The field measurements in the Faraday geometry were performed by mounting the sample at the end of the insert, as illustrated in Fig.~\subref*{exa}, so that the wavevector of the incident light is parallel to the applied field. The Voigt geometry was achieved by mounting the sample on an octagon plate, which was mounted sideways on the sample rod, as illustrated in Fig.~\subref*{exb}. The incident light was guided to the sample surface with a 45$^\circ$ mirror mounted on the sample rod. This sample mounting arrangement allows the magnetic field to be applied perpendicular to the wavevector of the incident light,  $\boldsymbol k \perp \boldsymbol M \parallel \boldsymbol H$.

 High pressure measurements were performed using a miniature cryogenic diamond anvil cell (MCDAC) to exert pressure on the sample via an argon liquid medium. The high-pressure cell was inserted into the cryostat as illustrated in Fig.~\subref*{exc}, allowing the pressure to be changed \textit{in situ} at low temperatures without any extra warming/cooling procedure. This arrangement also allows simultaneous high-pressure and high-magnetic field measurements in the Faraday  ($\boldsymbol k \parallel \boldsymbol M \parallel \boldsymbol H$) geometry, as illustrated in Fig.~\subref*{exc}. \cite{Kim-2011} The pressure was determined from the shift in the fluorescence line of a ruby chip loaded in the cell along with the sample piece.

\section{Temperature dependence of the magnetic excitation at \textit{P}=0 and \textit{B}=0}
\subsection{Results}
\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[scale=0.4]{T1.pdf}
\caption{\label{fig4}Temperature-dependence of the Raman scattering intensity, $S(\omega)$, for $\text{CoCr}_2\text{O}_4$\,at 10 K and 130 K, showing the phonon modes above 150 cm$^{-1}$ and the T$_{1g}$\,symmetry magnon near 16 cm$^{-1}$ that evolves for $T<90$ K. Inset shows the polarization dependence of the magnon in $\text{CoCr}_2\text{O}_4$; the presence of this mode only in the depolarized geometry for all crystallographic orientations is indicative of the T$_{1g}$\,symmetry, which transforms like an axial vector.}
\end{figure}

Fig.~\ref{fig4} shows the $T=10$ K and $T=130$ K Raman spectra of $\text{CoCr}_2\text{O}_4$\,between 0-700 cm$^{-1}$ in a scattering geometry with circularly polarized incident light and unanalyzed scattered light. The $T=10$ K spectrum exhibits the five Raman-active phonon modes expected and previously observed \cite{Kus-2009, Pta-2014, Eft-2015} for $\text{CoCr}_2\text{O}_4$, including phonon modes at 199 cm$^{-1}$, 454 cm$^{-1}$, 518 cm$^{-1}$, 609 cm$^{-1}$, and 692 cm$^{-1}$ (at $T=10$ K). In addition to the phonon modes, the $T=10$ K spectrum in Fig.~\ref{fig4} has an additional mode that develops near 16 cm$^{-1}$ ($\sim$2 meV) below $T=90$ K. The inset of Fig.~\ref{fig4} shows that the 16 cm$^{-1}$ mode intensity is present only in the ``depolarized" scattering geometry, \textit{i.e.}, only when the incident and scattered light polarizations are perpendicular to one another, independent of the crystallographic orientation. This polarization dependence indicates that the 16 cm$^{-1}$ mode symmetry transforms like the fully antisymmetric representation, T$_{1g}$, which has the symmetry properties of an axial vector, characteristic of a magnetic excitation. \cite{Cot-1986, Ram-1991} Consequently, we identify the 16 cm$^{-1}$ excitation as a $\boldsymbol q=0$ T$_{1g}$ \,symmetry magnon in $\text{CoCr}_2\text{O}_4$. This interpretation is supported by the temperature-dependence of the 16 cm$^{-1}$ T$_{1g}$ -symmetry mode Raman scattering susceptibility, $\text{Im}\,\chi(\omega)$ (see Fig.~\subref*{T2a}), where $\text{Im}\,\chi(\omega)=S(\boldsymbol q=0,\omega)/[1+n(\omega,T)]$, $S(\boldsymbol q=0,\omega)$ is the measured Raman scattering response, and $[1+n(\omega,T)]$ is the Bose thermal factor with $n(\omega,T)=[e^{\hbar\omega/k_BT})-1]^{-1}$. Fig.~\subref*{T2b} shows that the $\sim16\,\text{cm}^{-1}$ T$_{1g}$\,symmetry mode energy (solid squares) decreases in energy (``softens") with increasing temperature toward $T_C$\textemdash consistent with the temperature-dependence of the Co$^{2+}$ sublattice magnetization \cite{Kam-2013}\textemdash indicative of a single-magnon excitation. \cite{Cot-1986} Fig.~\subref*{T2b} also shows that the amplitude of the Raman susceptibility, $\text{Im}\,\chi(\omega)$, associated with the 16 cm$^{-1}$ T$_{1g}$ -symmetry magnon mode (solid circles) is relatively insensitive to temperature and is  comparable to that of the 199 cm$^{-1}$ T$_{2g}$ phonon. Notably, the 16 cm$^{-1}$ T$_{1g}$\,symmetry magnon we observe in $\text{CoCr}_2\text{O}_4$\,has a similar energy and temperature dependence to that of the exchange magnon observed previously in terahertz \cite{Tor-2012} and infrared spectroscopy \cite{Kam-2013} measurements of $\text{CoCr}_2\text{O}_4$. Nevertheless, it is unlikely that the 16 cm$^{-1}$ T$_{1g}$\, symmetry magnon we observe in $\text{CoCr}_2\text{O}_4$\,is the same as the intersublattice exchange mode reported in infrared measurements, because T$_{1g}$\,is not an infrared-active symmetry. Note in this regard that the spinel structure of $\text{CoCr}_2\text{O}_4$\,is expected to exhibit six $\boldsymbol q=0$ magnon modes with 5 closely spaced optical branches, \cite{Kap-1953, Bri-1966, Sah-1974, Tor-2012} so we are likely observing a different optical magnon that is close in energy to that observed in infrared measurements. \cite{Tor-2012, Kam-2013}

\subsection{Discussion and Analysis}
The finite $\boldsymbol q=0$ energy of the $\omega \sim$ 16 \text{cm}$^{-1}$ (2 meV) T$_{1g}$-symmetry magnon in $\text{CoCr}_2\text{O}_4$\,primarily reflects the finite exchange, $H_E$, and anisotropy, $H_A$, fields in $\text{CoCr}_2\text{O}_4$, according to $\omega=\gamma(2H_AH_E + {H_A}^2)^{1/2}$, where $\gamma$ is the gyromagnetic ratio $g\mu_B/\hbar$. \cite{Ram-1991} Fig. ~\ref{fig5} also shows that the 16 cm$^{-1}$ T$_{1g}$\, symmetry magnon in $\text{CoCr}_2\text{O}_4$\,is apparent to temperatures as high as $T\sim60$ K, indicating that the T$_{1g}$\,symmetry magnon in $\text{CoCr}_2\text{O}_4$\,is dominated by the Co$^{2+}$ sublattice spins, which order at a significantly higher temperature (94 K) than the Cr$^{3+}$ sublattice (49 K). \cite{Kam-2013}

\begin{figure}
\subfloat{\includegraphics[height=3.6cm,width=3.6cm]{T2a.pdf}
\label{T2a}}
\quad
\subfloat{\includegraphics[height=3.6cm,width=4cm]{T2b.jpg}
\label{T2b}}
\caption{\label{fig5}(a) Raman scattering susceptibility, $\text{Im}\,\chi(\omega)$, of the T$_{1g}$-symmetry magnon of $\text{CoCr}_2\text{O}_4$\,as a function of temperature. (b) Summary of the temperature dependence of the T$_{1g}$\,symmetry magnon energy (filled squares). Also shown in filled circles is a summary of the temperature dependence of the T$_{1g}$\,symmetry magnon Raman susceptibility amplitude normalized to the susceptibility amplitude of the 199 cm$^{-1}$ T$_{2g}$ optical phonon, $\text{Im}\,\chi_{mag}(\omega)/\text{Im}\,\chi_{ph}(\omega)$.}
\end{figure}

Importantly, the Raman susceptibility of the 16 cm$^{-1}$ T$_{1g}$\, symmetry magnon at T=10 K (for $H=0$ T and $P=0$ kbar) (see Fig.~\ref{fig5}) reflects the degree to which this magnon modulates the dielectric response, $\epsilon=4\pi\chi_E$ (where $\chi_E$ is the electric susceptibility). \cite{Dem-1987, Kum-2011} Consequently, while Raman scattering from magnons is generally much weaker than Raman scattering from phonons, \cite{Cot-1986} Figs.~\ref{fig4} and \ref{fig5} show that Raman intensity of the T$_{1g}$-symmetry magnon is comparable to that of the Raman-active phonons in $\text{CoCr}_2\text{O}_4$, indicative of a strong influence of this magnon on the dielectric response of $\text{CoCr}_2\text{O}_4$.

The large Raman susceptibility of the T$_{1g}$\, symmetry magnon reflects a large magneto-optical response in $\text{CoCr}_2\text{O}_4$, and is likely associated with strong magnetic fluctuations that modulate the dielectric response via strong spin-lattice coupling. \cite{Bar-1983, Dem-1987, Bor-1988} Such large magnetic fluctuations are attributable to the weak anisotropy field in $\text{CoCr}_2\text{O}_4$, $H_A\leq$0.1 T, \cite{Kam-2013} and can contribute in several ways to fluctuations in the dielectric response:\cite{Bar-1983, Dem-1987, Bor-1988}

\begin{equation}
\delta \epsilon(m, l) = i \, f \delta m + g (\delta l )^2 + a (\delta m)^2
\label{eq1}
\end{equation}
where $\delta\epsilon$ is the dielectric response fluctuation, $\delta m$ represents longitudinal fluctuations in the magnetization, $\delta l$ represents fluctuations of the antiferromagnetic vector, and $a$, $f$, and $g$ are constants. The first term in Eq.~\eqref{eq1} is associated with the linear magneto-optical Faraday effect, the second term is associated with linear magnetic birefringence, and the final term is an isotropic ``exchange" mechanism for magnon scattering that is present in non-collinear antiferromagnets. \cite{Dem-1987, Vit-1991} In non-collinear antiferromagnetic and ferrimagnetic materials with weak anisotropy\textemdash such as $\text{CoCr}_2\text{O}_4$\textemdash strong single-magnon scattering can result from large fluctuations of both $l$ and $m$. In particular, the one-magnon Raman scattering intensity, $S$, associated with large magnetic fluctuations of the antiferromagnetic vector at $H=0$ is limited only by the anisotropy field, $H_A$ (i.e., $S \propto 1/H_A$), \cite{Dem-1987} which is very small in $\text{CoCr}_2\text{O}_4$, $H_A\leq$0.1 T. \cite{Kam-2013}

\section{Magnetic-field-dependence of the T$_{1g}$-symmetry magnon in $\text{CoCr}_2\text{O}_4$}
\subsection{Results}
\begin{figure}
\subfloat{\includegraphics[scale=0.25]{F1aa.pdf}
\label{F1a}}
\quad
\subfloat{\includegraphics[scale=0.25]{F1b.jpg}
\label{F1b}}
\\
\subfloat{\includegraphics[scale=0.24]{F1c.jpg}
\label{F1c}}
\quad
\subfloat{\includegraphics[scale=0.24]{F1d.jpg}
\label{F1d}}
\caption{\label{fig6} Magnetic-field-dependence of the Raman scattering susceptibility, $\text{Im}\,\chi(\omega)$, of the T$_{1g}$-symmetry magnon in $\text{CoCr}_2\text{O}_4$\,at $T=10$ K in the (a) Faraday geometry ($\boldsymbol k\parallel\boldsymbol M\parallel\boldsymbol H$) and the (b) Voigt geometry ($\boldsymbol k \perp \boldsymbol M \parallel \boldsymbol H$). (c) Summary of the field dependences of the T$_{1g}$-symmetry magnon energy of $\text{CoCr}_2\text{O}_4$\,at (filled squares) $T=10$ K and (filled circles) $T=55$ K in the Faraday geometry and at (filled triangles) $T=10$ K in the Voigt geometry. (d) Summary of the field dependences of the amplitude of the T$_{1g}$-symmetry magnon Raman susceptibility normalized to the amplitude of the 199 cm$^{-1}$ T$_{2g}$ phonon Raman susceptibility at (filled squares) $T=10$ K and (filled circles) $T=55$ K in the Faraday geometry and at (filled triangles) $T=10$ K in the Voigt geometry.}
\end{figure}

Fig.~\ref{fig6} shows the magnetic-field-dependence of the Raman susceptibility, $\text{Im}\,\chi(\omega)$, for the T$_{1g}$-symmetry magnon of $\text{CoCr}_2\text{O}_4$\,at $P=0$ kbar and $T=10$ K with an applied magnetic field in both the (Fig.~\subref*{F1a}) Faraday ($\boldsymbol k\parallel\boldsymbol M \parallel \boldsymbol H$) and (Fig.~\subref*{F1b}) Voigt ($\boldsymbol k \perp\boldsymbol M \parallel \boldsymbol H$) geometries. Fig.~\subref*{F1c} summarizes the field-dependences of the T$_{1g}$-symmetry magnon energy at both $T=10$ K and $T=55$ K, showing that the T$_{1g}$-symmetry magnon energy exhibits a linear increase with increasing field. The shift in the T$_{1g}$-symmetry magnon energy with field, $d\omega /dH \sim$ 1.1 cm$^{-1}/$T corresponds to a dimensionless ratio $\hbar\omega/\mu_BH=2.4$. This ratio is close to the $T=4$ K value of $\hbar\omega/\mu_BH=2.5$  measured for the exchange magnon in $\text{CoCr}_2\text{O}_4$\,\cite{Kam-2013} and is consistent with the gyromagnetic ratio of 2.2 for Co$^{2+}$. \cite{Alt-1974, Tor-2012} Fig.~\subref*{F1d} compares the field-dependence of the normalized T$_{1g}$-symmetry magnon intensity, $\text{Im}\,\chi_{mag}(\omega)/\text{Im}\,\chi_{ph}(\omega)$, in both the (filled circle and square) Faraday ($\boldsymbol k \parallel \boldsymbol M \parallel \boldsymbol H$) and (filled triangle) Voigt ($\boldsymbol k \perp \boldsymbol M \parallel \boldsymbol H$) geometries, where $\text{Im}\,\chi_{mag}(\omega)$ and $\text{Im}\,\chi_{ph}(\omega)$ are the Raman susceptibilities of the T$_{1g}$-symmetry magnon and 199 cm$^{-1}$ T$_{2g}$ phonon, respectively. Fig.~\subref*{F1d} shows that there is a substantial decrease in the normalized T$_{1g}$-symmetry magnon intensity of $\text{CoCr}_2\text{O}_4$\,with increasing field in both the Faraday ($\boldsymbol k \parallel \boldsymbol M \parallel \boldsymbol H$) and Voigt ($\boldsymbol k \perp \boldsymbol M \parallel \boldsymbol H$) geometries at $T=10$ K and $T=55$ K. Note that the field-dependent decrease we observe in the T$_{1g}$-symmetry magnon intensity \textemdash which is particularly dramatic in the Faraday geometry ($\boldsymbol k \parallel \boldsymbol M \parallel \boldsymbol H$) \textemdash cannot be attributed to field-dependent changes in polarization or crystallographic orientation: the use of circularly polarized incident light in these experiments precludes field-dependent rotation of the incident polarization; and T$_{1g}$-symmetry modes appear in the depolarized scattering geometry independent of the crystallographic orientation of the sample.

\subsection{Discussion and Analysis}
The anomalously large decrease in the 16 cm$^{-1}$ T$_{1g}$-magnon Raman intensity with increasing field in the Faraday geometry ($\boldsymbol k \parallel \boldsymbol M \parallel \boldsymbol H$) of $\text{CoCr}_2\text{O}_4$\,(see Fig.~\ref{fig6}) is quite different than the field-independent magnon Raman intensities observed in other spinel materials, such as Mn$_3$O$_4$ and MnV$_2$O$_4$. \cite{Gle-2014} To clarify the anomalously strong field-dependence of the T$_{1g}$-symmetry magnon Raman intensity in $\text{CoCr}_2\text{O}_4$, note that the magnon Raman intensity in the Faraday geometry is expected to be dominated by the linear magnetic birefringence contribution to dielectric fluctuations, $\delta\epsilon=g (\delta l )^2$. \cite{Dem-1987, Bor-1988, Vit-1991} Thus, the strong decrease in the T$_{1g}$-symmetry magnon Raman intensity in the Faraday geometry likely reflects a field-induced decrease in fluctuations of the antiferromagnetic vector, $\delta l$. A similar field-dependent decrease in the single-magnon inelastic light scattering response associated with fluctuations of the antiferromagnetic vector was also observed in the canted antiferromagnet EuTe. \cite{Dem-1987}

Fig.~\subref*{F1b}, \subref*{F1d} shows that there is a similar, albeit less dramatic, field-dependent decrease in the T$_{1g}$-symmetry magnon Raman intensity measured in the Voigt ($\boldsymbol k \perp \boldsymbol M \parallel \boldsymbol H$) geometry. This geometry is primarily sensitive to the Faraday ($\delta\epsilon=i \, f \delta m$) and isotropic exchange ($\delta\epsilon=a (\delta m)^2$) contributions to dielectric fluctuations, which are dominated by longitudinal fluctuations in the magnetization. \cite{Dem-1987, Bor-1988, Vit-1991} Altogether, the suppression of the T$_{1g}$-symmetry magnon Raman scattering intensities in both Faraday and Voigt geometries is indicative of a field-induced suppression of both transverse and longitudinal magnetic fluctuations in $\text{CoCr}_2\text{O}_4$.

The field-dependent suppression of the T$_{1g}$-symmetry magnon Raman intensity in $\text{CoCr}_2\text{O}_4$\,points to a specific microscopic mechanism for the magnetodielectric response observed in $\text{CoCr}_2\text{O}_4$. \cite{Sin-2011, Muf-2010, Yan-2012} Lawes \textit{et al.} have pointed out that the field-induced suppression of magnetic fluctuations can contribute to the magnetodielectric response of a material via the coupling of magnetic fluctuations to optical phonons. \cite{Law-2003} This spin-phonon coupling contributes to the magnetodielectric response of a material through field-induced changes to the net magnetization. \cite{Smo-1982, Kim-2003b, Law-2003, Yan-2012} A simple phenomenological description for how the magnetization of a magnetoelectric material influences the dielectric response of the material is obtained by considering the free energy, $F$, in a magnetoelectric material with a coupling between the magnetization $\boldsymbol M$ and polarization $\boldsymbol P$: \cite{Smo-1982, Kim-2003b, Yan-2012}

\begin{eqnarray}
F(M,P) = F_0 + aP^2 &+& bP^4 - PE + cM^2 + \nonumber
\\  &&dM^4 - MH + eM^2P^2 ,
\label{eq2}
\end{eqnarray}
where $F_0$, $a$, $b$, $c$, $d$, and $e$ are temperature-dependent constants, and $M$, $P$, $E$, and $H$ are the magnitudes of the magnetization, polarization, applied electric field, and applied magnetic field, respectively. The dependence of the dielectric response on magnetization in a magnetoelectric material, $\epsilon(M)$ , can be obtained from the second derivative of the free energy with respect to polarization $P$: \cite{Smo-1982, Kim-2003b, Yan-2012}

\begin{equation}
[\epsilon(M)]^{-1} \sim (\partial^2F/\partial P^2) = 2a + 12bP^2 + 2eM^2,
\end{equation}
which, for a negligible macroscopic polarization $P$ in the material, can be written: \cite{Kim-2003b, Yan-2012}
\begin{equation}
\epsilon(M) = 1/[2a + 2eM^2].
\end{equation}
Thus, the dielectric response, $\epsilon = 4\pi\chi_E$, decreases with increasing squared magnetization, $M^2$ and decreasing magnetic fluctuations. \cite{Law-2003}

The above results suggest that both the magnetic-field-dependent decrease in the intensity of the 16 cm$^{-1}$ T$_{1g}$-symmetry magnon (see Fig.~\ref{fig6}) and the magnetodielectric response, $\Delta\epsilon(H)/\epsilon(0)=[\epsilon(H)-\epsilon(0)]/\epsilon(0)$, in $\text{CoCr}_2\text{O}_4$\,\cite{Muf-2010, Yan-2012} reflect magnetic-field-induced changes to magnetic fluctuations\textemdash particularly fluctuations associated with the antiferromagnetic vector\textemdash that are strongly coupled to phonons \cite{Law-2003} via the biquadratic contribution to the free energy, $M^2P^2$ (see Eq.~\eqref{eq2}).

\section{Pressure dependence of the T$_{1g}$-symmetry magnon in $\text{CoCr}_2\text{O}_4$}

\subsection{Results}

As discussed above, the strong T$_{1g}$-symmetry magnon Raman intensity of $\text{CoCr}_2\text{O}_4$\,is believed to reflect strong magnetic fluctuations that are coupled to long-wavelength phonons, which should also be associated with significant magneto-optical responses (both linear Faraday and linear magnetic birefringence) in $\text{CoCr}_2\text{O}_4$. Our results show that the application of a magnetic field suppresses these fluctuations, leading to the substantial magnetodielectric response observed in $\text{CoCr}_2\text{O}_4$. An alternative approach to suppressing magnetic fluctuations is to use applied pressure or strain to increase the crystalline anisotropy of $\text{CoCr}_2\text{O}_4$. To investigate this possibility, magnetic-field-dependent measurements of the T$_{1g}$-symmetry magnon in $\text{CoCr}_2\text{O}_4$\,were performed for different applied pressures.

\begin{figure}
\subfloat{\includegraphics[scale=0.23]{P1aa.pdf}
\label{P1a}}
\,\,
\subfloat{\includegraphics[scale=0.23]{P1bb.pdf}
\label{P1b}}
\,\,
\subfloat{\includegraphics[scale=0.23]{P1cc.pdf}
\label{P1c}}
\caption{\label{fig7}Field-dependence in the Faraday ($\boldsymbol k \parallel \boldsymbol M \parallel \boldsymbol H$) geometry of the T$_{1g}$-symmetry magnon Raman susceptibility of $\text{CoCr}_2\text{O}_4$\,at $T=10$ K and at various applied pressures, including (a) $P=0$ kbar, (b) $P=15$ kbar, and (c) $P=21$ kbar.}
\end{figure}

Fig.~\ref{fig7} shows the field-dependence of the T$_{1g}$-symmetry magnon spectrum of $\text{CoCr}_2\text{O}_4$\,in the Faraday ($\boldsymbol k \parallel \boldsymbol M \parallel \boldsymbol H$) geometry for different applied pressures at $T=10$ K. Fig.~\subref*{P2a} summarizes the field dependence of the T$_{1g}$-symmetry magnon energy at $T=10$ K for different applied pressures, and Fig.~\subref*{P2b} shows the amplitude of the T$_{1g}$-symmetry magnon Raman susceptibility (normalized by the amplitude of the 199 cm$^{-1}$ T$_{2g}$ phonon susceptibility) at $T=10$ K for different applied pressures. The inset of Fig.~\subref*{P2b} summarizes the pressure-dependence of the T$_{1g}$-symmetry magnon energy of $\text{CoCr}_2\text{O}_4$\,for $H=0$ T and $T=10$ K.

\subsection{Discussion and Analysis}
The inset of Fig.~\subref*{P2b} shows that the T$_{1g}$-symmetry magnon energy increases linearly with applied pressure at a rate of $d\omega/dP=$0.46 cm$^{-1}$/kbar. This increase likely reflects a systematic increase in the anisotropy field, $H_A$, with increasing pressure, according to the relationship $\omega\sim(2H_AH_E)^{1/2}$. Additionally, the magnetic field dependence of the Raman spectrum of $\text{CoCr}_2\text{O}_4$\,at different fixed pressures summarized in Fig.~\subref*{P2a} shows that the field-dependent slope associated with the T$_{1g}$-symmetry magnon frequency, $d\omega/dH$, is insensitive to applied pressure up to roughly 21 kbar, indicating that the gyromagnetic ratio associated with Co$^{2+}$ is not strongly affected by these pressures in $\text{CoCr}_2\text{O}_4$.

\begin{figure}
\subfloat{\includegraphics[scale=0.25]{P2aa.pdf}
\label{P2a}}
\quad
\subfloat{\includegraphics[scale=0.25]{P2b.pdf}
\label{P2b}}
\caption{\label{fig8}(a) Summary of the field dependences in the Faraday ($\boldsymbol k \parallel \boldsymbol M \parallel \boldsymbol H$) geometry of the T$_{1g}$-symmetry magnon energy of $\text{CoCr}_2\text{O}_4$\,at (filled squares) $T=10$ K and at various pressures, including (filled squares) $P=0$ kbar, (filled circles) $P=4.5$ kbar, (filled triangles) $P=15$ kbar, and (filled diamonds) $P=21$ kbar. (b) Summary of the field dependences of the amplitude of the T$_{1g}$-symmetry magnon Raman susceptibility normalized to the amplitude of the 199 cm$^{-1}$ T$_{2g}$ phonon Raman susceptibility at $T=10$ K and various pressures, including (filled squares) $P=0$ kbar, (filled circles) $P=4.5$ kbar, (filled triangles) $P=15$ kbar, and (filled diamonds) $P=21$ kbar. ((b) inset) Summary of the pressure-dependence of the T$_{1g}$-symmetry magnon energy in $\text{CoCr}_2\text{O}_4$\,at $T=10$ K and $H=0$ T.}
\end{figure}

On the other hand, Figs.~\ref{fig7} and \ref{fig8} also show that $H=0$ T$_{1g}$-symmetry magnon Raman intensity, $\text{Im}\,\chi(\omega)$, systematically decreases relative to the T$_{2g}$ phonon intensity, illustrating that increasing pressure suppresses the magnetic fluctuations and the magneto-optical response in $\text{CoCr}_2\text{O}_4$\,by increasing the anisotropy field. Additionally, Fig.~\subref*{P2b} shows that increasing pressure reduces the strong suppression of the T$_{1g}$-symmetry magnon intensity with increasing magnetic field in the Faraday geometry ($\boldsymbol k \parallel \boldsymbol M \parallel \boldsymbol H$), providing evidence that the magnetodielectric response of $\text{CoCr}_2\text{O}_4$\,decreases with increasing pressure. Altogether, these results show that, by tuning magnetic anisotropy and reducing magnetic fluctuations of the Co$^{2+}$ spins, pressure and epitaxial strain can be used as effective tuning parameters for controlling the magnetodielectric response of $\text{CoCr}_2\text{O}_4$.

\section{Summary and Conclusions}

In this paper, we showed that the $\boldsymbol q=0$ T$_{1g}$-symmetry magnon in $\text{CoCr}_2\text{O}_4$\,exhibits an anomalously large Raman scattering intensity, which reflects a large magneto-optical response that likely results from large magnetic fluctuations that couple strongly to the dielectric response. The strong suppression of the T$_{1g}$-symmetry magnon Raman intensity in an applied field is consistent with the magnetodielectric response observed previously in this material, \cite{Muf-2010, Yan-2012} and suggests that the strong magnetodielectric response in $\text{CoCr}_2\text{O}_4$\,results from the magnetic-field-induced suppression of magnetic fluctuations that are strongly coupled to phonons. \cite{Law-2003} Using pressure to increase the magnetic anisotropy in $\text{CoCr}_2\text{O}_4$, we found that we can suppress the magnetic field-dependence of the T$_{1g}$-symmetry magnon Raman intensity by suppressing magnetic fluctuations, demonstrating that pressure or epitaxial strain should be an effective means of controlling magnetodielectric behavior and the magneto-optical response in $\text{CoCr}_2\text{O}_4$. This Raman study also reveals conditions that are conducive for the substantial magneto-optical responses and magneto-dielectric behaviors in materials, including the presence of strong spin-orbit coupling and weak magnetic anisotropy, both of which create favorable conditions for large magnetic fluctuations that strongly modulate the dielectric response.

\acknowledgements{
Research was supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant NSF DMR 1464090. RDM and DPS thank the Illinois Department of Materials Science and Engineering for support. X-ray diffraction and magnetic susceptibility measurements were performed in the Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory.}

\bibliographystyle{apsrev}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
Singapore: RedMart opens automated fulfilment centre officially
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Walmart gives text to shop service second try
Through its Store No8 incubation arm, Walmart is testing a text to shop service. This forms part of its braoder plans for conversational commerce. Conversational commerce Walmart's Store No8 and Global Tech teams are testing a beta experience which enables customers to add products to their online shopping list by text. Available in selected areas, the retailer is aiming to make this more w...
Auchan is not for sale as it continues digitisation process
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Three digital and in-store innovations from Walmart
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AEON is working together with Tupperware Brands in Malaysia to promote sustainability while at the same time, encourage customer loyalty. Free Tupperware eco-friendly products when customers shop at AEON AEON has brought in Tupperware's eco-friendly home products as an incentive for its loyal customers in Malaysia. Shoppers collect stamps every time they shop at AEON's stores, which they can ...
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Am I trusting in the Lord?
Is my confidence in Him?
When the heat comes, the tree with its roots in position to receive water from the stream will not fail to thrive.
This entry was posted in Bible verses on photos, Inspirational photography, Uncategorized and tagged boating, St. John's River, stream, tree, trust.


THIS IS EVERY MANS CHILDHOOD FANTASY COME TRUE!
CREATIVE YOUTUBER SARUHAN SARAL HAS TAKEN IT UPON HIMSELF TO CREATE AN EPIC MATCH BETWEEN MARVEL AND DCS MOST ICONIC HEROES AND VILLAINS. MR SARAL HAS USED EXISTING 3D MODELS FROM GAMES SUCH AS GODS AMONG US AND ANIMATED WITHIN WHAT LOOKS LIKE NEW YORK OR MAYBE GOTHAM?
NOW YOU MAY NOT ENTIRELY AGREE WITH THE OUTCOME OF SOME OF THE ONE ON ONE MATCH UPS BUT YOU'LL BE SO BLOWN AWAY BY THE HEART PUMPING ACTION THAT YOU REALLY WONT CARE. BATMAN WHO IS USUALLY SIDELINED IN THESE EPIC FAN MADE BEAT DOWNS BECAUSE HES JUST A REGULAR GUY IN A BATSUIT IS ACTUALLY A FULL ON BADASS IN THIS SHORT FILM. FLASH ON THE OTHER HAND IS A BIT OF A LET DOWN!
WHATS GREAT IS YOU GET TO SEE BOTH SIDES HEREOS AND VILLAINS WORKING TOGETHER WHICH IS SOMETHING I'VE PERSONALLY NEVER EXPECTED TO SEE BUT ITS SURPRISINGLY COOL!


Posted on July 23, 2010 by Ching under Movies.
The Dills came over for movie night last night. We watched Legion. The dialogue left a lot to be desired, but the movie was pretty entertaining nonetheless. Maybe because I love Paul Bettany. The first time I noticed him was in A Knight's Tale, one of my favorite movies.
I think all of the side comments made the movie. Brian absolutely hates it when people talk through movies, but Legion was just begging for it. I mean, who the heck names their kid Jeep? And if Jeep is the protector and all mankind depend will depend on him, then we are all in big trouble. LOL.
Michael, on the other hand, can be my protector any day. Did I already mention that I love Paul Bettany?
In their defense, we didn't get to start the movie until late. They didn't arrive at our place until after 8 pm and then that's when Mandy (our next door neighbor, who we love because she super nice and super quiet) got home from running errands. She was put in charge of the United Way fundraising campaign at her work, Stinson Morrison Hecker, so she wanted to borrow our electric grill for a cookout they're doing tonight. When she first asked me this on Tuesday, I told her it was no problem but I was worried that she wouldn't be able to transport the grill to her work. She thought it would fit in the back seat of her car. I told her that Brian could put both grills (she was taking her own grill as well, but needed a second one) on the back of the truck and take it to her work if she wanted.
She put her grill in the trunk of her car and it fit. She has an indoor/outdoor George Foreman grill that disassembles. Ours, unfortunately, does not. Jay and Brian tried to put it in her car, but there was no way it could fit. The only alternative was my suggestion — use the truck to transport the grill.
So off Brian and Jay went. They followed Mandy who had her grill in the trunk of her car to the Stinson Morrison Hecker office down the street. Becca and I stayed at home and waited for them. Mandy's office is just two minutes away from our place (which Mandy has found to be both an advantage and disadvantage) so I reassured Becca that the guys wouldn't be gone long. Little did I know that they would get a tour of the building and take FOREVER.
Brian, the wonderful husband that he is, knew I would want pictures (because I've never been inside the Stinson Morrison Hecker building) so he dutifully took photos and posted them on Flickr for me. Check out this huge aquarium in the lobby!
They also have this nice, huge balcony overlooking the water.
I love the Waterfront area. It's so pretty. Brian and I have yet to bike over there. We definitely should before the summer is over.
So anyway, Brian and Jay returned raving about Mandy's fancy office building. It was only after they simmered down that we started the movie. So yeah, we were up late.
Tonight is Filipino movie night with Jen and Armando. We are going to try not to stay up too late because we are taking Brian's parents to the Kansas Cosmosphere in Hutchinson tomorrow.
Replies to "Movie Night — Legion"


Happy New Year! I hope your year is off to a terrific start. The theme for this week's Things We Find Pinteresting hop is: PAPER CRAFTS. One of my favorite things to do. Here are a few of my favorite pins.
Thanks for hosting :) Have a wonderful day!
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CUTE LITTLE STUFF FOR PINTEREST--MAY HAVE TO STEAL ONE..


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Baldwin is dead, avatar of the god Baldr in legend he stayed dead because Loki would not cry for him – but this time Loki's descendants grieved for his loss. With the myth changed, Laurie, Fenn and Matt are willing to enter the underworld and bring Baldr home – even if it means facing the dead, giant dogs and the goddess of Hel.
Even then they've still got Mjolnir, the hammer of Thor to find and an apocalypse to stop… and Matt, a 13 year old boy, has to grow into the shoes of Thor.
Plot wise I think this book has a similar issue with the last book – it's very linear. They have a step-by-step plan and are railroaded along it. They have to rescue Baldwin, they have to find Mjolnir and to do both they're basically told how to do both. We then have all the necessary action scenes described (and they're really good, don't get me wrong) and they all flow very smoothly, there's little in the way of down time or dead places in the book – but it's still linear. They have a task, they know exactly where to go, they go there, they fight whatever gribbly thing they have to fight then either they succeed and fail and move on to the next step. There's no real complexity there. And it isn't written badly and it certainly doesn't flow better and it's generally fun to read – but it's a classic quest story. A well written quest story, a nicely paced quest story with some great description – but still a linear quest story.
I am torn over Fenn. On the one side he's a pretty annoying character – he's surly and moody and his cousin Laurie spends waaaaay too much time tip-toeing around his stompyness. I honestly spent most of the book a little tense waiting for him to do something unforgivably outrageous, turn to the dark side, or otherwise make me want to strangle him. In the end he was still a character I didn't like – but he wasn't unrealistic, excessive or aggravating – or any more aggravating that a bad tempered 13 year old with a chip on his shoulder should be. I think there's a level of realism to him, he's had a hard pretty neglected life, he's always been second or overlooked and accused (which we also see from the general Thorsen way of treating him and the other Brekke's) and the only person he has ever had he could rely on is Laurie – who now has other friends and is supporting them and not just following in his wake. His behaviour is understandable – annoying but understandable and realistic.
Laurie has stepped forward a lot in this book – both her changing role as champion and her getting a weapon and finally taking her place in combat rather than being the portal bus for the rest of the group. She is a more active participant, she still has to constantly navigate around Fenn's ridiculously stifling "protectiveness" which I had hoped would have been dealt with in the last book, but she's more involved than being the transport. I also like more of her Loki-ness coming through in cleverness – when she meets Helen (goddess of Hel) she is quick to call her "auntie Helen" and play into the relationship while Fen is more reluctant. She sees a potential advantage and she works it – to Helen's amusement. Laurie is beginning to show signs of craftiness.
Owen also made more appearances in this book and he had some nice elements of character development – including the way his gift of all seeing forces him to be vague and not to intervene. He wasn't around a lot but he had a lot of conflict in that time and managed to come across as a major power without stealing Matt's thunder.
Of all, I think Matt actually had the least development because he was pretty much already in the right mindset after the last book. Still there was some excellent maturing of him – (including an awesome scene with Rayna, basically telling him to stop being so damn wet and get his Thor together) – as he turned more and more from a rather lost and apologetic boy into Thor, a war leader. He came into his own this book.
We have no minorities in this book. Everyone is straight, cis and white and largely able bodied (Owen has one eye which is a recent development). There's zero attempt at diversity here. There are some nods towards how the Brekke's are treated but the class elements of it are pretty much ignored or irrelevant, it's more a comment on the Thorsen's power and the contempt for Brekke criminality than anything else. At least Laurie's development and the addition of Helen and the return of Reyna makes for some better depiction of women.
I would say this book is a step up from the last one because there's some more meat on the bare bones of the story. The character development, the further exploration into Norse myths and the greater involvement of the characters all worked to make it less sparse than the first book. I also think it was an excellent idea to spend some of the book paring back to Matt, Laurie and Fenn for a time to help us establish them more before throwing the huge number of characters at them as happened at the end of the last book. It's a step up but it has some way to go yet.


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When is it true love or unhinged obsession? Find out in this tongue in cheek guide to adolescent love that lets you know when you've become way too obsessed with your crush. The Mortified Podcast is a proud member of Radiotopia from PRX.
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A small town boy becomes consumed with The Guiding Light. The Mortified Podcast is a proud member of Radiotopia from PRX. Listen to all eps at getmortified.com This episode is supported by Bombas, OMGYes & Nectar.
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The pitfalls of teenagers and tiaras. This week, Mortified explores the obsession kids have with becoming a princess. The Mortified Podcast is a proud member of Radiotopia from PRX. Listen to all eps at getmortified.com/podcast.
Holding hands around the campfire. Making out behind the bunks. Tales of teens who think they've finally found love only to discover what happens at sleepaway usually stays at sleepaway. The Mortified Podcast is a proud member of Radiotopia from PRX. Listen to all eps here!
From The Beach Boys to The Smiths to White Lion — tales of teenagers who were inspired by rock to make their greatest romantic fantasies a reality. Featuring a very special appearance by Johnny Marr (The Smiths, Modest Mouse). Support for Mortified come from the mattress gurus at Nectar.
Celebrate Father's Day 2018 with tales that prove no matter what Dad does he is doomed to embarrass his kids. The Mortified Podcast is a proud member ofRadiotopia from PRX. Listen to all episodes. This episode is supported by the Tesla of toothbrushes. Get Quip!
This week, Mortified Celebrates PRIDE with an episode devoted to teenagers who come out of the closet after high school and set out to find love for the very first time. The Mortified Podcast is a proud member of Radiotopia from PRX. Listen to all episodeshere.
Celebrate Valentines season with the tale of a teen who searches for eternal love in the goth scene and discovers Vampires and Elves along the way. The Mortified Podcast is a proud member of Radiotopia from PRX. Listen and binge @ getmortified.com.
Start listening to The Mortified Podcast on your phone right now with Player FM's free mobile app, the best podcasting experience on both iPhone and Android. Your subcriptions will sync with your account on this website too. Podcast smart and easy with the app that refuses to compromise.


Wholesale Tropical Animal Key Rings - Our colorful, tropical key rings are a great item for beach shops and are available in packages of 12. They come in a variety of painted images including angelfish, geckos, turtles and butterflies. The fobs are about 3 inches in length, and each key chain has a split key ring.
Size: Total length - ~5-5.5", Sandal - ~3"


text:
'Sky Captain' an ingenious, idealized sci-fi adventure
Roger Ebert September 17, 2004
Angelina Jolie stars as a sexy pilot with a hidden agenda in "Sky Captain."
Now streaming on:
"Sky Captain and the World of Tomorrow" is even more fun than it sounds like. In its heedless energy and joy, it reminded me of how I felt the first time I saw "Raiders of the Lost Ark." It's like a film that escaped from the imagination directly onto the screen, without having to pass through reality along the way.
Before I got into serious science fiction, I went through a period when my fantasies were fed by a now-forgotten series of books about Tom Corbett, Space Cadet. There was a gee-whiz vigor to those adventures, a naive faith in science and pluck, evoking a world in which evil existed primarily as an opportunity for Tom to have fun vanquishing it. "Sky Captain" has that kind of innocence.
Jude Law and Gwyneth Paltrow star, as Joe "Sky Captain" Sullivan, a free-lance buccaneer for truth and justice, and Polly Perkins, a scoop-crazy newspaperwoman who hitches a ride in his airplane. Manhattan has come under attack from giant mechanical men who lumber through the skies like flying wrestlers, and stomp down the city streets sending civilians scurrying. This is obviously a case for Sky Captain, who must be the richest man on earth, judging by his secret hideaway and what seems to be his private air force and science lab.
The robots have been sent by the mysterious Dr. Totenkopf, a World War I vintage German scientist who has nurtured his plans for world domination ever since. He has kidnapped many leading scientists, and now his metal men will enforce his rule, unless Joe and Polly can stop him. Also on the side of the good guys are Franky (Angelina Jolie), a sexy pilot with her own agenda, and Dex Dearborn (Giovanni Ribisi), Sky Captain's head of research and development.
To summarize the plot would spoil the fun, and be pointless, anyway, since the plot exists essentially to inspire silly grins. What needs to be described is the look and technique of the film. "Sky Captain" is filmed halfway between full color and sepia tone, so that it has the richness of color and yet the distance and nostalgic quality of an old photograph. Its production design and art direction remind me of covers for ancient pulp magazines like Thrilling Wonder Stories.
Much will be written about the technique, about how the first-time director, Kerry Conran, labored for years to bring forth on his Macintosh a six-minute film illustrating his vision for "Sky Captain." This film caught the attention of the director Jon Avnet, who agreed to produce Conran's film and presented the idea to Paltrow and Law.
The actors did almost all of their scenes in front of a blue screen, which was then replaced with images generated on computers. The monsters, the city, and most of the sets and props never really existed except as digital files. This permitted a film of enormous scope to be made with a reasonable budget, but it also freed Conran and his collaborators to show whatever they wanted to, because one digital fantasy cost about as much as another.
The film is not good because it was filmed in this way, however; it's just plain good. The importance of the technique is that it allows the movie to show idealized versions of sci-fi fantasies that are impossible in the real world and often unconvincing as more conventional special effects. It removes the layers of impossibility between the inspiration and the audience.
Paltrow and Law do a good job of creating the kind of camaraderie that flourished between the genders in the 1930s and 1940s, in films like "The Lady Eve," with Henry Fonda and Barbara Stanwyck, or "His Girl Friday," with Cary Grant and Rosalind Russell. The women in this tradition are tomboys (Katharine Hepburn is the prototype), and although romance is not unknown to them, they're often running too fast to kiss anyone. We gather that Polly and Joe had a romance a few years ago that ended badly (Franky may have had a role in that), but now their chemistry renews itself as they fly off to Nepal in search of Dr. Totenkopf's lair.
The evil doctor is played by Laurence Olivier, who died in 1989, and who is seen here through old shots recycled into a new character. A posthumous performance makes a certain sense, given the nature of Dr. Totenkopf. There's something ghoulish about using a dead actor's likeness without his knowledge, and in the past I've deplored such desecrations as the Fred Astaire Dust-Buster ads, but surely every actor on his deathbed, entering the great unknown, hopes he has not given his last performance.
"Sky Captain" will probably not inspire the universal affection of a film like "Indiana Jones," in part because Steven Spielberg is a better director than Kerry Conran, in part because many of "Sky Captain's" best qualities are more cinematic than dramatic; I responded to the texture and surfaces and very feel of the images, and felt some of the same quickening I remember from the cover of a new Tom Corbett book. If the Space Cadet ever graduated, he probably grew up to be Sky Captain.
Roger Ebert was the film critic of the Chicago Sun-Times from 1967 until his death in 2013. In 1975, he won the Pulitzer Prize for distinguished criticism.
Peter Sobczynski
Monica Castillo
Nell Minow
Sky Captain and the World of Tomorrow (2004)
Rated PG for sequences of stylized sci-fi violence and brief mild language
Angelina Jolie as Capt. Franky Cook
Giovanni Ribisi as Dex Dearborn
Ling Bai as Mysterious Woman
Gwyneth Paltrow as Polly Perkins
Omid Djalili as Kaji
Michael Gambon as Editor Morris Paley


Actually, it's about ethics in purchasing videogames with campaign funds.
In other totally huge criminal political news today, "Republican congressman Duncan Hunter and his wife have been indicted by DOJ for allegedly using $250,000 in campaign money for their own personal expenses, including trips to Italy and Hawaii, and dental work," reports Mike Levine of ABC News.
California congressman Rep. Duncan Hunter (R-Alpine) and wife Margaret spent over $1,500 of that campaign money on Steam games.
They initially blamed their son.
The weird gaming connection in the case was reported back in 2016, but -- now the guy is probably going to prison. For games, in part. Pretty wild.
The document, filed Tuesday in federal court, accuses the couple of converting more than $250,000 in campaign funds to pay for personal expenses and filing false campaign finance records with the Federal Election Commission. The indictment accuses the couple of crimes including conspiracy to commit wire fraud, falsification of records and aiding and abetting prohibited use of campaign contributions.
The crimes date back to 2009, according to the indictment.
Hunter has been under scrutiny since April 2016, when the FEC and then The San Diego Union-Tribune began questioning expenses of campaign funds including video games, private school tuition, oral surgery and a garage door for the couple's Alpine home. Spending of campaign funds for personal use is banned by law, to protect against undue influence by donors who might benefit from congressional actions.
The Federal Election Commission is questioning Rep. Duncan Hunter, R-Alpine, for his use of campaign funds to pay for video games on 68 separate occasions — something the congressman is attributing to a mistake by his son, followed by several unauthorized charges.
The expenses run from Oct. 13 through Dec. 16, and no payback is listed during the time period of the report.
Hunter's spokesman, Joe Kasper, said the congressman's teenage son used his father's credit card for one game, and then several unauthorized charges resulted after the father tried to close access to the website. Kasper said that Hunter is trying to have the unauthorized charges reversed before repaying his campaign account.
"There won't be any paying anything back there, pending the outcome of the fraud investigation, depending on how long that takes," Kasper said.


text:
package solvere

import (
	"context"
	"errors"
	"time"

	"github.com/miekg/dns"
)

var (
	ErrNoDNSKEY               = errors.New("solvere: No DNSKEY records found")
	ErrMissingKSK             = errors.New("solvere: No KSK DNSKEY found for DS records")
	ErrFailedToConvertKSK     = errors.New("solvere: Failed to convert KSK DNSKEY record to DS record")
	ErrMismatchingDS          = errors.New("solvere: KSK DNSKEY record does not match DS record from parent zone")
	ErrNoSignatures           = errors.New("solvere: No RRSIG records for zone that should be signed")
	ErrMissingDNSKEY          = errors.New("solvere: No matching DNSKEY found for RRSIG records")
	ErrInvalidSignaturePeriod = errors.New("solvere: Incorrect signature validity period")
	ErrBadAnswer              = errors.New("solvere: Response contained a non-zero RCODE")
	ErrMissingSigned          = errors.New("solvere: Signed records are missing")
)

func (rr *RecursiveResolver) lookupDNSKEY(ctx context.Context, auth *Nameserver) (map[uint16]*dns.DNSKEY, *LookupLog, func(), error) {
	q := &Question{Name: auth.Zone, Type: dns.TypeDNSKEY}
	var r *dns.Msg
	var log *LookupLog
	var err error
	if rr.cache != nil {

	}
	if rr.cache != nil {
		if a := rr.cache.Get(q); a != nil {
			r = new(dns.Msg)
			r.Rcode = dns.RcodeSuccess
			r.Answer = a.Answer
			r.Ns = a.Authority
			r.Extra = a.Additional
			log = newLookupLog(q, nil)
			log.CacheHit = true
			log.DNSSECValid = a.Authenticated
			log.Rcode = dns.RcodeSuccess
		}
	}
	if r == nil {
		r, log, err = rr.query(ctx, q, auth)
		if err != nil {
			return nil, log, nil, err
		}

		if len(r.Answer) == 0 || r.Rcode != dns.RcodeSuccess {
			return nil, log, nil, ErrNoDNSKEY
		}
	}

	keyMap := make(map[uint16]*dns.DNSKEY)
	// Extract DNSKEYs based on type
	for _, a := range r.Answer {
		if a.Header().Rrtype == dns.TypeDNSKEY {
			dnskey := a.(*dns.DNSKEY)
			tag := dnskey.KeyTag()
			if dnskey.Flags == 256 || dnskey.Flags == 257 {
				keyMap[tag] = dnskey
			}
		}
	}

	if len(keyMap) == 0 {
		return nil, log, nil, ErrNoDNSKEY // ???
	}

	// Verify RRSIGs from the message passed in using the KSK keys
	if auth.Zone != "." {
		err = verifyRRSIG(r, keyMap)
		if err != nil {
			return nil, log, nil, err
		}
	}

	addCache := func() {
		if rr.cache != nil && !log.CacheHit {
			rr.cache.Add(q, &Answer{r.Answer, r.Ns, r.Extra, dns.RcodeSuccess, true}, false)
		}
	}

	return keyMap, log, addCache, nil
}

func checkDS(keyMap map[uint16]*dns.DNSKEY, parentDSSet []dns.RR) error {
	for _, r := range parentDSSet {
		parentDS := r.(*dns.DS)
		// This KSK may not actually be of the right type but that
		// doesn't really matter since it'll serve the same purpose
		// either way if we find it in the map.
		ksk, present := keyMap[parentDS.KeyTag]
		if !present {
			continue
		}
		ds := ksk.ToDS(parentDS.DigestType)
		if ds == nil {
			return ErrFailedToConvertKSK
		}
		if ds.Digest != parentDS.Digest {
			return ErrMismatchingDS
		}
		return nil
	}
	return ErrMissingKSK
}

func verifyRRSIG(msg *dns.Msg, keyMap map[uint16]*dns.DNSKEY) error {
	for _, section := range [][]dns.RR{msg.Answer, msg.Ns} {
		if len(section) == 0 {
			continue
		}
		sigs := extractRRSet(section, "", dns.TypeRRSIG)
		if len(sigs) == 0 {
			return ErrNoSignatures
		}
		for _, sigRR := range sigs {
			sig := sigRR.(*dns.RRSIG)
			rest := extractRRSet(section, sig.Header().Name, sig.TypeCovered)
			if len(rest) == 0 {
				return ErrMissingSigned
			}
			k, present := keyMap[sig.KeyTag]
			if !present {
				return ErrMissingDNSKEY
			}
			err := sig.Verify(k, rest)
			if err != nil {
				return err
			}
			if !sig.ValidityPeriod(time.Time{}) {
				return ErrInvalidSignaturePeriod
			}
		}
	}
	return nil
}

func (rr *RecursiveResolver) checkSignatures(ctx context.Context, m *dns.Msg, auth *Nameserver, parentDSSet []dns.RR) (*LookupLog, error) {
	keyMap, log, addCache, err := rr.lookupDNSKEY(ctx, auth)
	if err != nil {
		return log, err
	}

	if len(parentDSSet) > 0 {
		err = checkDS(keyMap, parentDSSet)
		if err != nil {
			return log, err
		}
	}

	err = verifyRRSIG(m, keyMap)
	if err != nil {
		return log, err
	}

	log.DNSSECValid = true

	// Only add response to cache if it wasn't a cache hit
	if !log.CacheHit {
		if rr.cache != nil {
			addCache()
		}
	}

	return log, nil
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Note: all page numbers and citation info for the quotes below refer to the David Fickling Books edition of The Boy in the Striped Pajamas published in 2007.
He put his face to the glass and saw what was out there, and this time when his eyes opened wide and his mouth made the shape of an O, his hands stayed by his sides because something made him feel very cold and unsafe.
Munk, Olivia. "The Boy in the Striped Pajamas Quotes." LitCharts. LitCharts LLC, 20 Jan 2016. Web. 23 Apr 2019.
Munk, Olivia. "The Boy in the Striped Pajamas Quotes." LitCharts LLC, January 20, 2016. Retrieved April 23, 2019. https://www.litcharts.com/lit/the-boy-in-the-striped-pajamas/quotes.


This cool Ditto stamp was sent to me from Kari. I stamped it on vellum using StazOn ink (this doesn't smear and dries immediately). I used fiskars sea pearls corner punch, pink stickles, twine, and the sentiment is cut from a magazine.
This card will be entered in CAS-ual Friday's vellum challenge!
This IS cool, Rachel! Love the stamping on vellum and you chose this stamp perfectly! GREAT job on adding the Stickles ( Matt has excellent tastes!) Happy Dad's Day! Thanks so much for playing with us at CAS-ual Fridays!
Hi Rachel! Your stamping on vellum is wonderful...love the stickles, too!! VERY cool card:)!! Thanks for adding your creativity to the gallery this week at CAS-ual Fridays:)!!
What a cool effect! I love the dramatic stamped image on the vellum!! Thanks so much for playing with us at CAS-ual Fridays! We're so glad you did!


Union Health Minister, JP Nadda has informed the Lok Sabha that the ministry has not yet made it mandatory to implement Electronic Media Record (EMR) in all government hospitals. However, the ministry is mulling over the fact, and will be doing so in a phased manner over a period of time.
The advisory issued to all states and UTs in September 2013, to adopt EMR standards in all information and communication technology applications in healthcare, including in rural areas, have not been updated, informed Nadda.
Nadda also apprised on the slew of digital initiatives taken by the health ministry recently, with AIIMS, RML hospital, Sports Injury Centre in New Delhi and National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences in Bengaluru, launching e-hospital portal services in July this year. The hospitals now offer e-healthcare services, including availing OPD appointment services, integrating payment gateway for online payments and to facilitate patients in viewing their lab reports and check blood availability status in hospitals.


text:
New York, NY (Top40 Charts/ CineMedia Promotions) Lakeshore Records will release the I, FRANKENSTEIN - Original Motion Picture Soundtrack digitally and on CD on January 7, 2014. The soundtrack features ten songs written and performed by By Maker, featuring Geno Lenardo (Filter, Device) and Daniel Davies (Year Long Disaster). I, FRANKENSTEIN will be in theaters on January 24, 2014.
By Maker is the collaboration between Geno Lenardo and Daniel Davies originally conceived for I, FRANKENSTEIN. Lenardo was the guitarist of Filter from 1995-2002. No stranger to writing songs for film, Lenardo contributed to the UNDERWORLD: RISE OF THE LYCANS with string writing for the Alkaline Trio song "Over and Out" and additional programming for The Cure's "Underneath the Stars." He also contributed several original tracks to the UNDERWORLD: AWAKENING soundtrack, including "Heavy Prey" in collaboration with Flyleaf singer Lacey Sturm. In 2012 Lenardo joined David Draiman of Disturbed and formed Device - whose debut album was released in the spring of 2013.
Daniel Davies is an English-American singer, guitarist and songwriter. He is best known for his work in the rock band Year Long Disaster as front man and lead guitarist. Davies continues to work as a solo artist, releasing his first EP, Hidden Faces in October 2011. As well as recording his own material he has been composing for film and television.
200 years after his shocking creation, Dr. Frankenstein's creature, Adam, still walks the earth. But when he finds himself in the middle of a war over the fate of humanity, Adam discovers he holds the key that could destroy humankind. From the co-writer of the hit supernatural saga, UNDERWORLD, comes the action thriller I, FRANKENSTEIN, written for the screen and directed by Stuart Beattie, screen story by Kevin Grevioux and Stuart Beattie, based on the Darkstorm Studios graphic novel "I, Frankenstein" created by Kevin Grevioux. The story is brought to life by a cast that includes Aaron Eckhart, Bill Nighy, Yvonne Strahovski, Miranda Otto, Jai Courtney, and Aden Young as Victor Frankenstein.
"Misgiving was the first song we wrote for the project," said Davies. "The song is about the exile the monster experiences while looking at the lives of others, seeing their experiences from a distances and coming to terms with immortality and what his role is."
The second original song featured in the film, Trouble, "hits on some of those same themes the monster is put in to a position he doesn't not want at first then figures out what role he must play what role we all play," Davies described. In addition to Trouble and Misgiving, both written and featured in the film, By Maker contributes 8 additional original tracks for the soundtrack, inspired by I, FRANKENSTEIN.
01. Misgiving - By Maker (feat. Geno Lenardo & Daniel Davies)
02. Trouble - By Maker (feat. Geno Lenardo & Daniel Davies)
03. 1 By 1 - By Maker (feat. Geno Lenardo & Daniel Davies)
04. Perennial Flow - By Maker (feat. Geno Lenardo & Daniel Davies)
05. Gimme Soul - By Maker (feat. Geno Lenardo & Daniel Davies)
06. By Maker - By Maker (feat. Geno Lenardo & Daniel Davies)
07. Way Down - By Maker (feat. Geno Lenardo & Daniel Davies)
08. After All - By Maker (feat. Geno Lenardo & Daniel Davies)
09. Possessions Mine - By Maker (feat. Geno Lenardo & Daniel Davies)
10. Ascension - By Maker (feat. Geno Lenardo & Daniel Davies)
11. Scream Where My Heart Should Be - 8mm
12. Feed Me More - Justin Lassen
13. Frankenstein - Geno Lenardo feat. Prashant Aswani
Lionsgate / Lakeshore Entertainment / Sidney Kimmel Entertainment present a Hopscotch Features / Lakeshore Entertainment / Lionsgate / Sidney Kimmel Entertainment production presents I, FRANKENSTEIN, in theaters in on January 24, 2014. I, FRANKENSTEIN - Original Motion Picture Soundtrack will be available digitally and CD on January 7, 2014.
Taiwo Faux Releases New Single 'Quake'
Blue Note Records Kicks Off 75th Anniversary!
Del Castillo's New Single To Be Featured On ABC's "Killer Women" Jan 14, 9pm CST
"Spoils Of Babylon" To Debut 1/9 - Music By John Nau/Andrew Feltenstein
20th Anniversary Essence Festival July 3-6, 2014, New Orleans, LA
Jidax, Enzo Darren & Chester Rushing Team Up For Single "Paint The World"
Lost Silent Film Collection 'Accidentally Preserved Vol. 2' Available January 21, 2014
"The Legend Of Hercules" Featuring Original Music By Tuomas Kantelinen In Theaters January 10, 2014
V/A This Is Reprezent! - Best Of 2013 Mixtape


Tom Whiteley Thatching has created an enviable reputation for high quality work throughout the New Forest and parts of Dorset, Hampshire and Wiltshire.
Our work stands as testament to what we have achieved over the last 30 years: a large portfolio of beautifully thatched properties which have been thatched by our highly skilled craftsmen to a standard of which we are extremely proud.
Our customers can expect a first class service: from advice, patching and repairs through to new ridges and a complete re thatch, and we can work with you to devise a long term strategy for your roof.
Our depth of knowledge of materials and our vast experience have enabled us to create roofs which not only look stunning, but will last for many years.
Our work is renowned in the New Forest and surrounding areas along with our enviable reputation for producing work which is unsurpassed in quality and craftsmanship.


SEO is still an important internet marketing concept today. And SEO Manchester businesses use these days is still a cost-effective way to drive relevant web traffic.
Keywords are essential to the effectiveness of your SEO at https://graemewinchester.co.uk/ as they're the words you anticipate customers to use and find your site. And to know which keywords to use on your website as well as anywhere else you provide content, research is required.
Though not meant for non AdWords application, Google's keyword tool can help. This resource can provide ideas for key phrases you can employ to attain higher rankings.
In addition, keyword research is a question of investigating your direct competitors for how they're utilizing specific keywords to improve their SERPs and web traffic. You'll also have to examine your own content and see if you're matching what your competitors are doing.
Quality content and Graeme Winchester SEO go hand in hand. It's impossible to get the Google ranking you expect without first supplying web content that your visitors can rely on when making prudent choices. Therefore, begin by looking into the concerns of buyers in your niche, and give content that solves frequently asked questions, supplies critical tips, or explains known consumer troubles.
One of the most practical search engine optimization strategy is link buildings. In fact, Google does give your site a rating based on the meaningful inbound links you're having. If you have plenty of high-quality websites linking to your company site, there's the guarantee that Google will notice it.
But link building requires careful thought and strategizing. Firstly, research influential websites, for example press releases, article directories, and authority blogs to which you can send your content with links back to your business platform. You may also identify partners you may link your website to. Your affiliates may also require you to reciprocate by providing links to their sites from your website.
The capacity to track the performance of your SEO activities is very important. When you've enlisted an SEO firm to assist with this matter, you require a guarantee that your money and time are being used efficiently.
Measurements should determine how your SEO keywords are doing in several aspects like attracting traffic as well as their conversion rates. Likewise, identify the partner sites, other than Google, that are contributing to web traffic to your site via link building.
Are you implementing SEO in Manchester to boost your SERP visibility? Be sure to include SEO success elements in your entire campaign, such as link building and good content.


text:
Promising Drug Candidate for Alzheimer's Found in Turmeric Compound
The bioactive compound found in the spice is called aromatic (ar-) turmerone, & previous studies have shown it can block activation of microglial cells. When they are activated, these cells cause neuroinflammation...
The bright yellow spice sitting in your kitchen - that you sometimes use to make curry powder - has a compound that could be used as a drug candidate for treating neurological disorders. Researchers from the Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine in Jülich, Germany, say a turmeric compound promotes stem cell proliferation and differentiation in the brain, giving hope for patients who suffer from stroke and Alzheimer's disease.
The bioactive compound found in the spice is called aromatic (ar-) turmerone, and previous studies have shown it can block activation of microglial cells. When they are activated, these cells cause neuroinflammation, which is linked to certain neurological disorders.
Until this latest study, however, the impact of ar-turmerone's impact on the brain's self-repair ability was unknown, the researchers say.
They explain that they focused on endogenous neural stem cells (NSC) - stem cells found in adult brains. These NSCs differentiate into neurons, playing an important role in self-repair of brain function in diseases such as Alzheimer's.
To further investigate, the team tested ar-turmerone's effects on NSC in live adult rats by injecting them with ar-turmerone.
After using PET imaging and a tracer to find proliferating cells, the team observed that the subventricular zone (SVZ) was wider and the hippocampus expanded in the brains of the rats injected with the compound, compared with those that did not receive the compound.
The researchers explain that the SVZ and hippocampus are the two sites in adult mammalian brains were the growth of neurons occurs.
'One step closer to achieving major goal in regenerative medicine'
To further test the effects of ar-turmerone, the researchers also cultured and grew rat fetal NSCs in six different concentrations of the compound for 72 hours.
They found that, in certain concentrations, the compound increased NSC proliferation by up to 80% without impacting cell death whatsoever. In addition, the cell differentiation process sped up in the cells treated with the compound, compared with the untreated control cells.
Commenting on their findings, lead author Adele Rueger says:
"While several substances have been described to promote stem cell proliferation in the brain, fewer drugs additionally promote the differentiation of stem cells into neurons, which constitutes a major goal in regenerative medicine. Our findings on aromatic turmerone take us one step closer to achieving this goal."
Turmeric contains another compound called curcumin, which is known for its anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective features.
Illustration: Turmeric comes from the ginger family and, in spice form, is typically used to make curry powder. –Medical News Today.
Medical News Today (09/26/14)
Newsmax Health (10/05/14)
Abstract (Stem Cell Research & Therapy; 5:100 (09/26/14))


In an effort to save thousands of lives each year, The Food and Drug Administration has announced a ban on trans fat in food, according to USA Today.
Food manufacturers will have three years to phase out partially hydrogenated oils—one of the primary sources of artificially manufactured fats in processed foods like frozen pizzas, pies, cookies etc.—which the FDA has deemed unsafe for human consumption.
"Doctors estimate that eradicating trans fats would prevent 20,000 heart attacks and 7,000 deaths from heart attacks per year," cardiologist Suzanne Steinbaum, director of women's heart health at Lenox Hill Hospital in New York, told USA Today.
This is a huge move for the FDA—one that will make it easier for all of us to eat healthier.


Carry bag and dust bag included..
See an ALEKO Telescopic Drywall Sander in action!
Extra 9-Inch Sanding Discs can be bought here.
bought it for finishing the basement, and several more projects. It was a life/shoulder, arm saver. For the price it is a must have if you have a bunch of mudding to do.
rse than useless and I wonder if it actually makes a connected wet-dry vac work harder as there seems to be a lot of dust in the shroud when pulling it away from the wall - tested it without an external vacuum attached and could not detect any airflow through the hose. The unit is very loud and immediately had that grating "my bearings are failing" noise; we'll see if that's just crappy bearings or a true failure just waiting to happen. There were no instructions, but it's only two bolts to assemble it, so not hard to figure out. Not sure what the loose spring in the packaging was for, though. The removable piece of shroud really didn't want to stay on and required quite a bit of fiddling and force before it would catch and stay. The lights move very easily but so far generally seem to stay where pointed. The hose has a good positive attachment to the handle, but the other end is exactly the same to fit the "vacuum" bag so required an adapter and some tape to fit a useful wet-dry vac.
I've used more commercial type sanders before, notably "Porter Cable" , where you have to supply a shop vac to work in conjuction with the sander. This one has a built in vaccum, that ended up being very convient, and surprisingly well built. It did weigh more than others I've used but overall I was quite pleased.


Caroline: Star light, star bright, first star I see tonight, wish I may wish I might I might, have this wish I wish tonight.
Adam: That's Mars.You just wished on a planet.
Caroline: You love with your mind and soul, not you heart.
Adam: Then how come I hurt here when you're not with me?
Caroline: What's your dog's name?
Adam: I don't know. He never told me.
Caroline: He was like an angel, you know? I never knew life could be like that. He was the one thing I followed through in my life, the one thing I didn't give up on. I was good at loving him.
Caroline: I am going to fall in love with you. You don't have to love me back. I am going to give you my heart.
Caroline: I have fallen so in love with you, so much more than I said I would.


PERCEPTION OF SOUND | Technature Inc.
The deviation of sound above and below the atmospheric pressure levels is called Sound Pressure. The energy expanded in the the process of sound propagation is labeled intensity (loudness) and is measured in energy units. At this point the science of sound can be a little more complex and intimidating since placing a numerical value on sound is very difficult due to the extraordinary sensitivity of the human ear. Our ears can detect deviations in atmospheric pressure in the order of 1,000,000 to 1 and sound intensities of over a trillion to one.
In order to make the measurement, calculation and perception of sound more manageable, a compact scale has been devised incorporating the decibel (dB). A decibel is a logarithmic unit measure of sound pressure.
(Figure A) Shows sound levels of recognizable sound in decibels with a subjective evaluation from "very faint" to "deafening". It shows the logarithmic values of intensity of energy units and the relative loudness as perceived by the human ear. Obviously, it is much easier to comprehend the decibel levels.
The Relative Loudness levels are important insofar as they demonstrate that a 10-decibel increase will be perceived as twice as loud as the pervious level or conversely, a decrease of 50% from the previous higher level. It is less important to understand the physics of this relative difference as much as to accept it as an acoustical phenomenon.
Note: (Figure A) expresses the sound pressure levels as single number levels in the A weighted scale. The A weighted scale uses the equal loudness contours to provide a single number value in the same manner as our ears perceived sound. The A weighting discounts the low frequency sound level perception.


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Astăzi este 17 January 2021
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