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Dyna rev.fac.nac.minas vol.85 no.204 Medellín Jan./Mar. 2018
http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/dyna.v85n204.66626
Evaluation of different methods for efficient extraction of hemicelluloses leaves and tops of sugarcane
Evaluación de diferentes métodos para la extracción eficiente de hemicelulosas de las hojas y cogollos de la caña de azúcar
Luz Marina Flórez-Pardoa , Andrea González-Córdobab , Jorge Enrique López-Galánc
a Departamento de Energética y Mecánica, Universidad Autónoma de Occidente, Cali, Colombia. lmflorez@uao.edu.co
b Escuela de Química, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia. andrea.gonzalez.c@correounivalle.edu.co
c Escuela de Ingeniería Química, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia. jorge.lopez@correounivalle.edu.co
There are around 9 million tons of sugarcane crop residue per year in Colombia that are not recovered but they have potential to make value-added products. It is necessary to know the residue components, especially those from hemicellulose, to clarify the type of process to obtain the hemicellulose monosaccharides and isolate them efficiently. In order to separate pure hemicelluloses, five processes of extraction from tops and leaves of CC 8592, CC 8475, and V 7151 sugarcane varieties were studied. After evaluating exposure to dewaxing using ethanol and chloroform-methanol mixtures, residues were subjected to different concentrations of hydrogen peroxide and acidified sodium chlorite to achieve delignification. Additionally, procedures of extraction were developed with sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, and precipitation. Chloroform-methanol dewaxing and sodium chlorite with sodium borohydride delignification allowed to achieve the highest extraction yield, with hemicellulose recovery ranging from 0.20-0.34 g hemicellulose/g dry residue in the varieties studied.
Key words: polysaccharides; lignocellulosic residue; bioethanol
En Colombia se producen alrededor de 9 millones de toneladas de residuos de la cosecha de la caña de azúcar por hectárea cada año, que no han sido valorizados hacia ningún tipo de producto. Es necesario conocer su composición, en especial el contenido de hemicelulosas, para dilucidar el proceso para obtener los monosacáridos de éstas y aislarlos eficientemente. Para separar las hemicelulosas puras, se estudiaron cinco procesos de extracción a partir de las hojas y cogollos de las variedades de caña de azúcar CC 8592, CC 8475 y V 7151. Después de evaluar la eliminación de ceras con etanol y mezclas de cloroformo-metanol, los residuos se expusieron a diferentes concentraciones de peróxido de hidrógeno y clorito de sodio acidificado para lograr su deslignificación. Adicionalmente, se desarrollaron procedimientos de extracción con hidróxido de sodio e hidróxido de potasio, y de precipitación. El método que logró el mayor rendimiento fue el de desceración con metanol-cloroformo y deslignificación con clorito de sodio y borohidruro de sodio, con un rango de recuperación entre 0.20-0.34 g hemicelulosas /g residuo seco en las variedades estudiadas.
Palabras-clave: polisacáridos; residuo lignocelulósico; bioetanol
Currently, there is a great interest on the lignocellulosic biofuels industry [1]. To achieve large-scale biotechnological production of ethanol at low costs that is environmentally safe, it is necessary to search abundant raw materials that do not compete against food security policies of populations and to not push the natural boundaries of primary and secondary forests. The raw materials should be easy to use, store, distribute, and transport and be attractive for use within the energy industry. Some lignocellulosic materials, such as sugarcane, corn, rice, beer, sweet sorghum, and wheat residue, fulfill these requirements [2]. Sugarcane is the most widely cultivated crop in subtropical countries, such as Colombia. Worldwide, the total area planted with sugarcane is 26 million hectares, producing 1.83 billion tons. The main product is sugar (92 %), followed by ethanol and animal feed [3].
Lignocellulosic residues contain 55(75 % dry matter basis (db) fermentable sugars. Besides, they are an emerging valuable resource for the generation of hemicellulose-based materials and products [4]. In biomass, the hemicellulose is joined to cellulose microfibrils through molecular interactions including hydrogen and van der Waals bonds. Also, hemicellulose has other functions, such as cell signaling and substance reserve. Hemicellulose molecules are branched polymers of low molecular weight with a degree of polymerization of 80-200. Hemicellulose isolation involves alkaline hydrolysis of the ester linkages to liberate them from the lignocellulose matrix [5]. Xylans and β-(1→3) and -(1→4) glucans are the principal components of hemicellulose in monocotyledonous plants like sugarcane. These components of hemicellulose comprise 15-20 % (db) of the cell wall [6]. A commercial process to hydrolyze these polysaccharides remains to be found. The likely cause is the strong ether and ester linkages that are between the lignin and the hemicellulose and the amount of hydrogen bonds within polysaccharides [7].
In Colombia, the highest percentage of agricultural residue (21.6 %) comes from sugarcane crops [8], where 54.9 % belongs to tops and leaves (around 9 million tons/year) with no specific use since it is burned or left in the field to decompose. Ethanol and different bioproducts can be obtained from this residue through the biorefinery concept. In order to use this residue in bioethanol manufacturing, before it is important to find an effective isolating method of the most abundant polysaccharides (cellulose and hemicellulose) that facilitates the enzymatic hydrolysis process to obtain fermentable sugars to biofuel because the direct hemicellulose combustion (heating value ≈13.6 MJ/kg) represents an inefficient use of the feedstock [9]. There are very few studies about hemicellulose characterization and extraction, specifically regarding top and leaf residue where molecular structures are not well known. However, there is some research that investigates hemicellulose characterization of sugarcane bagasse [4,10,11]. The goal of this study was to find an efficient method to extract hemicellulose selectively with the highest purity from residue of three sugarcane varieties (CC 8475, CC 8592, and V 7151), which are mainly harvested in the valley of the Cauca River. This research is important with respect to future investigations of ethanol production using this residue.
Crop residue (tops and leaves) of the sugarcane varieties CC 8475, CC 8592 (CC: Cenicaña-Colombia) and V 7151 (V: Venezuela) was obtained from several dried agro-ecological zones (valley of Cauca River, Colombia). In this zone, the mean temperature is 23.6 °C and relative humidity is 73 % [8]. Residue was mechanically green-harvested and collected directly from each row (2 m distance between rows) from several commercial sugarcane fields (350 m × 100 m).
The residue of CC 8592 and V 7151 varieties was collected a few days after harvest, while the CC 8475 variety was collected after 30 days. All material of the same variety was first mechanically homogenized and then washed with distilled water (30 °C) to remove dirt and impurities. It was then dried to 45 °C to constant weight in an oven, milled, and sieved. In order to extract the hemicellulose, the residue was ground to a 0.8 mm size according to methods of Sluiter et al. [12].
2.2. Selection of methods for hemicellulose extraction
In this study, the hemicellulose was extracted and gravimetrically quantified from harvested sugarcane residue (CC 8592, CC 8475, and V 7151 varieties). Several sequential methods exist to obtain these materials in alkaline media (after removing soluble substances, pectin, and lignin) [13], but still it is not defined an efficient protocol for the isolation of pure hemicelluloses particularly from sugarcane residues; different yields and purities depend on each raw material [14]. For this reason, it was necessary to test different methodologies in relation to the most efficient methods found in the literature (Table 1) in order to select the best, starting with CC 8592 (the most cultivated in the Cauca River valley). Treatments were replicated twice.
Table 1 Different treatments used to extract hemicellulose from residue of the CC 8592 variety.
Source: The authors.
To extract mostly pectin, all samples were first dewaxed with methanol-chloroform or ethanol, and then treated with dilute acid. For lignin removal, alkaline peroxide was used based on reports of Sun et al. [10], who observed that this substance was a strong, effective agent for both hemicellulose delignification and solubilization of straws and grasses. For this reason, the assays were made at two pH levels (13 and 11.5). Also, it is important to ensure an adequate concentration of (HO.) and (O2-.) radicals, which are responsible for the delignification process [15], thus, two different concentrations (AV1 and AV2 treatments) were tested.
The oxidation with NaClO2 was considered (assays AV3 and AV5) because it acts specifically on the phenolic ring and produces changes in the phenolic nucleus of the lignin subunits and does not remove polysaccharides until at least 60 % delignification is achieved [16]. It also produces chlorine gas as an oxidizing agent, which is more stable than H2O2. A solution of NaBH4 was used in the AV5 assay, as it protects the hemicelluloses from depolymerization [17]. According to the research of Xiao et al. [14], there was no delignification in the AV4 assay when observing that only NaOH treatment was necessary for lignin and hemicellulose solubilization in alkaline media. After selecting the best hemicellulose extraction method with the CC 8592 variety, the process was replicated using the other varieties (CC 8475 and V 7151).
2.2.1. Extraction of liposolubles
Two methods were used to clean or dewax materials. One employed chloroform-methanol (AV1, AV2, AV3, and AV4), and the other used 96 % ethanol (AV5). Pigments, waxes, and chlorophyll were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) in the supernatant that was extracted from each treatment. The GC-MS analysis was performed on a Shimadzu (Model QP 2010, Kyoto, Japan) system with a Restek XTI-5 capillary column (dimension: 30 m, ID: 0.25 mm, film thickness: 0.25 mm) programmed with a temperature at 240 °C with a 10 °C rise/min. The carrier gas was helium (99.999 %) at a constant flow of 1 mL/min. Electron impact mass spectra were taken at 70 eV with a scan speed of 0.5 scan/s from m/z 2(1024 amu. An ATAGO ABBE refractometer (Model NAR-3T, Washington, U.S.A.) was used to analyze °Brix in the supernatant obtained after dewaxing with 96 % ethanol.
In chloroform-methanol dewaxing, an amount of 10 g of sugarcane residue (CC 8592 variety) was mixed with 60 mL/g of chloroform-methanol (2:1 v/v) in a Pyrex Soxhlet extraction apparatus (Corning Incorporated,New York, U.S.A.) at 65 °C [16] to obtain total removal of cell wall liposoluble compounds (waxes, pigments, and chlorophyll). This process lasted 2(6 h until the solution became colorless. The insoluble residue was collected by filtration, washed with distilled water, and dried at 40 °C. The supernatant was obtained as mentioned previously in section 2.2.1 and analyzed by GC-MS and for °Brix.
In ethanol dewaxing, sugarcane residue was mixed with 96 % ethanol (5 mL/g residue) at boiling temperature with constant agitation for different periods of time (5, 10, or 15 min). Each sample was then filtered and washed with 80 % ethanol until the solution became colorless [17]. The insoluble residue was dried at 40 °C. As previously explained, the supernatant was analyzed by GC-MS and for °Brix, but the ethanol was first evaporated on a rotary evaporator and the volume adjusted to 500 mL with distilled water.
2.2.2. Pectin extraction
After the liposolubles were extracted, two treatments were applied in order to dissolve the protein, soluble lignin, and pectin present in the dewaxed residue in acidic or alkaline media. In pectin extraction in acidic medium the soluble pectin was extracted in acidic media with a Soxhlet apparatus. Amounts of 0.05 % or 0.05 M hydrochloric acid (HCl) (250 mL/g of dewaxed sample) were used and recirculated with a peristaltic pump at room temperature for 2 h according to the modified protocol of Höije et al. [18].
In pectin extraction in alkaline media, an EDTA (Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) solution was used in diluted alkaline media to selectively extract the pectin according to the protocol of Flórez [17]. An amount (400 mL) of 50 mM NaOH with 5 mM EDTA was added to the dewaxed sample. The solution was then mixed with constant agitation for 1 h at 4 °C. The process was repeated by adding a new solution of 50 mM NaOH and 5 mM EDTA.
2.2.3. Delignification of sample
Dewaxed residue without liposolubles or pectins was delignified in order to ensure removal of most of the lignin. Two extraction methods were used for this purpose. The first used H2O2 in alkaline media, and the second used NaClO2 in acidic media.
In the first method, hydrogen peroxide was used as a mild agent to remove the lignin in the alkaline media. It is generally accepted that in this condition, it is an unstable molecule that produces hydroxyl and superoxide anion radicals. These radicals are thought to cause lignin structure oxidation, which leads to its dissolution. For this purpose, a modified method of Sun et al. [5] was used. The dried material was extracted with 3 % H2O2 to pH 11.5 or 2 % H2O2 to pH 13 (200 mL) in a Soxhlet apparatus, recirculating the extractant with a peristaltic pump. The pH was adjusted with 18 % NaOH. The treatment was made at 75 °C for 12 h to allow major disruption between lignin-hemicellulose bonds.
In the second method, a solution of NaClO2 at pH 4 (3.52 g/10 g dried material in 200 mL of solution) adjusted with glacial acetic acid was used at 75 °C for 2 h and constant agitation. The phases were separated by filtration and the solid dried to constant weight at 45 °C. The NaClO2 lignin was defined as the difference between the initial and final weights [18].
2.2.4. Alkaline extraction of hemicellulose
Solutions of NaOH and KOH were used for hemicellulose extraction [19]. The treatment in alkaline media causes cell wall swelling and hydrogen bond disruption between cellulose and hemicellulose. It also can disrupt ether bonds among lignin and hemicellulose, and to break ester linkages between hydroxycinnamic acid and hemicellulose [20]. The dried material was sequentially extracted with both alkaline substances, as shown in Table 1. The NaBH4 was added to AV4 and AV5 treatments with the goal of avoiding hemicellulose depolymerization in alkaline media by peeling reactions from the reducing end groups [21] and facilitating easy release from cell wall [17,18]. Therefore, 33 mL of 10 %- or 24 %-KOH solutions with or without 0.26 M NaBH4 were added to 1 g of dried material and mixed for 18 h. In addition, an alkaline solution of 4 M NaOH (50 mL/g dried material) with 0.26 M NaBH4 for 8 h, or 18 % NaOH (45 mL/g dried material) with or without 0.26 M NaBH4 for 18 h at room temperature was used [18]. Two different concentrations were tested because an increase in the concentration of alkalis can result in a major release of hemicellulose compactly embedded in the cell wall due to its propensity to reduce the molecular size of hemicellulosic polymers and disrupt the bonds between carbohydrates and lignin [22].
2.3. Purification and precipitation of hemicellulose
The hemicellulose was first concentrated by vacuum evaporation and then precipitated with ethanol. Therefore, each alkaline extract that was obtained (described in section 2.2.4) was slowly acidified to 5.5(6.5 pH with 6 M HCl to stop any further hydrolysis [18]. Each extract was then concentrated by rotary evaporation at 45 °C to obtain a volume ranging from 100(300 mL. At this time, all hemicellulose parts were precipitated and filtrated. Pellets of hemicellulose were washed with 0.05 % HCl and dried to constant weight at 40 °C. Furthermore, the humidity was analyzed by the NREL/TP-510-42621.34 protocol [12]. The pellets of hemicellulose were macerated and stored in test tubes with a screw cap at 4 °C for further assays.
Supernatant solutions were further concentrated by rotary evaporation at 45 °C to obtain approximately 30 mL and were mixed with 3(4 volumes of 96 % ethanol to precipitate the remaining hemicellulose. The process was repeated to obtain colorless ethanol and avoid the presence of lignin in the precipitate. Subsequently, the precipitate was re-dissolved by heating in deionized water and dialyzed for three days (Spectra/Por 2 membrane, MWCO: 12-14,000, Spectrum Laboratories, Inc., Houston, U.S.A.) to remove dissolved salts [18]. The remaining solution was dried to a constant weight at 40 °C. Humidity was then analyzed via the NREL/TP-510-42621.34 protocol [12]. The hemicellulose pellets were macerated and stored in test tubes with a screw cap at 4 °C for further assays.
2.4. Fourier transform infrared spectra
Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra were obtained with a Shimadzu FTIR spectrophotometer (IR Affinity) at 400(4000 cm-1 at a 2-nm resolution using a potassium bromide (KBr) disk containing 1 % of finely ground hemicellulose (precipitated with ethanol).
3.1. Selection of hemicellulose extraction method
3.1.1. Extraction of liposolubles, pectin, and lignin in the CC 8592 variety
Hemicellulose extraction of CC 8592 sugarcane residue was made by five different treatments. The main objective was to solubilize liposolubles, pectin, and lignin compounds in order to find the treatment that selectively isolated the hemicellulose in alkaline media with the most purity and quantity with the introduction of a protector agent in two of the treatments, as shown in Table 2. Comparison between different treatments is necessary because the yield and composition of hemicellulose extracted depend on the separation method used due to the complex structure of different polysaccharides. Experimental error was <2 % in all assays.
Table 2 Percentages of dry material (w/w) and hemicellulose extracted per treatment (CC 8592 variety).
Based on GC-MS analysis (Fig. 1), which was done using the soluble fraction of dewaxed material, chloroform-methanol was found to be the most selective method to preferentially extract the waxes and pigments from sugarcane residues (waxes are normally deposited over the cell wall and are produced by plants to protect themselves from the effects of high and low temperatures, insect attack, and water loss [23]). It was found the light components of this fraction was mainly fatty acids including from the octanoic acid, the same as other autors [24], while treatment with ethanol dissolved liposolubles as well as sugars, since °Brix values increased from 0.7 in 5 min to 3.6 in 15 min. It is also probable that ethanol could have extracted other different compounds since it removed 18.9 % (dry matter) of the residue in 5 min (AV5, Table 2), whereas chloroform-methanol only removed 6.4(8.4 % of this material (AV1, AV2, AV3, and AV4).
Figure 1 GC-MS chromatogram of extracted methanol-chloroform waxes.
In each extraction treatment, approximately 2.6(4.2 % of material (AV1, AV2, and AV3, Table 2) with 0.05 % HCl at room temperature was solubilized. According to FTIR analysis (data not shown), 20.9(27.3 % of this material corresponded to pectic substances. Also, during the acid-treatment process, the fiber was more susceptible to the posterior treatments by cellulose swelling [19] and/or some acid-labile linkages like arabinofuranosyl residue could be hydrolyzed [25]. These hemicellulosic polysaccharides are neutral side chains that attach to the rhamnose units in a galacturonan backbone (homogalacturonan or so-called smooth region) [26]. These extractions in acidic media depend on the HCl concentration.
As a result, when the concentration increased to 0.15 % HCl, the extraction of these compounds incremented more than two-fold (AV4, Table 2). On the other hand, as shown in Table 2, the material extraction using 0.15 % HCl at room temperature in treatment AV5 was minor perhaps because the ethanol in the prior treatment of dewaxing solubilized a part of the soluble compounds in this acid. Also, in this treatment, the chelating agent (EDTA) probably enhanced the solubilization of non-esterified pectins by complexing calcium and magnesium ions from their free carboxylic acid groups, while esterified pectic compounds and phenolic acids were hydrolyzed by diluted alkalis (50 mM NaOH) [27]. In AV5 the delignification was achieved in the posterior treatment of alkalis in conjunction with hemicellulose extraction.
It was observed that treatment AV1 extracted 28.3 % more biomass than the AV2 treatment (Table 2). This difference in quantity of biomass is probably related to the lignin and hemicellulose extracted. A smaller quantity of hemicellulose was solubilized in the treatment at pH 13 and 2 % H2O2 (27.2 %) compared to the treatment at pH 11.5 and 3 % H2O2 (39.7 %). Two factors could influence these results: the peroxide concentration and the pH. If there is a large concentration of this oxidant in the solution, the reaction of the decomposition is more complete, and more hydroperoxy anions (HOO-) are produced, which react with more peroxide to produce hydroxyl radicals (HO.) and superoxide anions (O2-.) [28]. The hydroperoxyl and hydroxyl radicals are thought to cause the oxidation of lignin structures, which leads to the introduction of hydrophilic (carboxyl) groups, cleavage of some inter-unit bonds, and eventually, lignin and hemicelluloses dissolution [10]. Therefore, 3 % H2O2 could promote major breakage between lignin-hemicellulose linkages, favoring a major solubilization of the hemicellulose at this stage (Table 2). On the other hand, the extraction with the alkaline solution at a pH higher than 13 (AV1 treatment) could produce major breaks between ester linkages of the p-hydroxycinnamic acids and ether linkages between lignin and hemicellulose, which could promote a higher dissolution of the lignin [20]. Also, the cellulose could be solubilized due to the higher concentration of the peroxide radicals produced [10]. It was observed that increasing the temperature from 25 to 75 °C increased the delignification rate, which may be due to an elevated active radical production, resulting in increased breakage between lignin-hemicellulose linkages [28]. The yield of lignin dissolution did not increase beyond 12 h of treatment.
Assays of delignification with chlorite (AV3 and AV4 treatments, Table 2) extracted 11.3 and 5.16 % of the biomass, respectively. If this biomass is added to the one extracted by HCl in different concentrations, there is no significant difference between the total biomass extracted in the different treatments (around 15 %). As shown in Table 2, the material solubilized by chlorite was less than that extracted with peroxide. However, it was observed that this material corresponded to almost all lignin, since hemicellulose was not found. The lignin solubilized by chlorite in the treatments was low, but favored in the subsequent hemicellulose extraction treatment with 18 % NaOH and 24 % KOH, besides the quality of easily-removed hemicellulose was not affected. The effectiveness of chlorite to delignify was corroborated by Gómez [29], who found that NaClO2 removed 90 % of lignin of the same CC 8582 variety of sugarcane residue, whereas 57 % was removed with the peroxide. Similar results were found by Kumar et al. [30] using poplar and switchgrass, who reported removal of more than 90 % lignin in both species. However, the authors noted that selectivity for lignin and carbohydrate extraction with NaClO2-acetic acid and peracetic acid was substrate- and pretreatment-dependent. The ability to remove lignin from this extractant may be because in NaClO2 solution, the free functional groups in lignin are progressively oxidized to carboxylic acid or CO2, and the ester and ether bonds between lignin and cellulose and other polysaccharides are cleaved [31].
For the above reasons and perhaps because it is the established and most popular laboratory method for lignin removal from biomass [32], the delignification utilizing acid-NaClO2 was selected to delignify the other varieties of sugarcane residue (CC 8475 and V 7151).
3.2. Hemicellulose isolation in the CC 8592 variety
Fig. 2 shows the total material extracted from dewaxed and de-pectinated sugarcane residue for both delignification and alkaline media extraction methods (18 % or 4 M NaOH, 10 % or 24 % KOH) (light gray bar). The total material varied from 50.9(58.3 % and referred to lignin and hemicellulose mixtures, which depended on the method used. Specifically, as shown in the same figure of the total material extracted by the AV1 treatment, only 47.3 % corresponded to the hemicellulose fraction, while with the AV4 treatment the fraction was 72.4 %. This difference shows that NaClO2 was more selective in extracting lignin than hemicellulose, as shown in Table 3. Hemicellulose was completely solubilized in the last treatments by NaOH and KOH (AV3, AV4, and AV5). In these cases, NaOH extracted more hemicellulose than KOH. On the contrary, in addition to lignin, peroxide extracted around 34 % of hemicellulose (AV1 and AV2, Table 3).
Figure 2 Total material and hemicellulose extracted through different treatments in the CC 8592 variety.
Table 3 Percent of hemicellulose extracted in each treatment.
When comparing the extracting power of aqueous alkalis, NaOH is slightly more effective than KOH for the removal of hemicellulose, corresponding to the increasing alkali strength from KOH to NaOH [33]. In general, these hemicellulose molecules were not extracted with total purity. Lignin and/or cellulose were detected in many fractions. For this reason, depending on the extraction method used, the quantity of hemicellulose obtained varied from 27.6(41.5 %.
With respect to the AV4 treatment, it was observed that 41.8 % of hemicellulose was recovered (Fig. 2). It is possible that NaBH4 in this treatment acted as a protective agent in the alkaline media to minimize degradation of the reducing end groups in hemicellulose, avoiding its depolymerization [21], obtaining more intact structures, and resulting in greater precipitation. Fig. 3 shows that following treatment with NaClO2, the hemicellulose obtained by concentration in the rotary evaporator (samples A-2, A-3, and A-4) and ethanol (samples B-2, B-3, and B-4) remained whiter in color than those extracted by peroxide and without delignification. In these samples, the pigmentation is probably due to the presence of lignin associated with hemicellulose through ether linkages [34, 35].
Figure 3 Hemicellulose from treatments of delignification with peroxide (1), chlorite (2), and NaOH in EDTA (3). The hemicelluloses in A were obtained by precipitation with a rotary evaporator concentration process. The hemicelluloses in B were obtained by precipitation with ethanol.
The FTIR spectra of the hemicellulose solubilized during different treatments with peroxide, chlorite, and NaOH-EDTA are shown in Figs. 4 and 5. In general, these spectra show the characteristics of lignin and hemicellulose bands for all the fractions isolated. As seen in Fig. 4, the prominent band around 3400 cm-1 represents the hydroxyl stretching vibrations (OH-1) of the hemicellulose and water involved in hydrogen bonding [10]. The C-H stretching vibrations of the methyl and methylene groups give a signal between 2919(2920 cm-1, while bending bands were found up to 1377(1378 cm-1[36]. This signal was more intense in the hemicellulose precipitated with ethanol. The bands at 1639(1642 cm-1 are indicative of the bending mode of the absorbed water, since holocellulose usually has a strong affinity for this compound. Also, in the solid state, these macromolecules may have disordered structures that can be easily hydrated [33].
Figure 4 Hemicellulose extracted with NaOH. AV1, 2% NaOH, pH 13 (1); AV1, NaOH (2); AV2, 3% pH 11.5 (3); AV2, NaOH (4); AV3 (5); AV4 (6); AV5 (7); CC 8475 (8); and V 7151 (9).
A small band from 1720(1745 cm-1 in the region of carbonyl stretching is due to the acetyl, uronic, and ferulic ester groups of the polysaccharides. The absence of this signal in all sprectra in this region demonstrated that alkali treatment under the conditions used completely cleaved the ester bonds from the hemicellulose and did not significantly attack or oxidize the glycosidic linkages and hydroxyl groups among them. An intensive band near at 1420 cm-1 corresponds to the C=O stretch of carboxylic anions (salt) for uronic acids in hemicellulose [28]. The occurrence of a rather weak band range in all spectra from 1500(1523 cm-1 suggests the presence of only small amounts of bound lignin in these hemicellulosic fractions. The fractions precipitated with ethanol showed a less intense band in this region, which also occurred with the fraction that was not delignified (AV5 treatment). The hemicellulose that was delignified with chlorite and concentrated by rotary evaporation did not show this band range. This means that the white color they exhibited signaled the absence of lignin.
In the anomeric region (700-950 cm-1), a small sharp band in all spectra at 894(896 cm-1 was observed, due to the C-1 group frequency or ring frequency, which is characteristic of β-glycosidic linkages within sugar units of hemicellulose [28], specifically the 1→4 glycosidic bond between xylopyranose (Xylp) units of the main xylan chains [37]. On the other hand, a small peak at 792 cm-1 is indicative of α-anomers in side chains [10]. The broad band from 1000(1170 cm-1 was typical of arabinoxylans (AX) [36], since the presence of the arabinosyl side chains is shown by a high-intensity peak near 1030(1130 cm-1 in the spectrum of water-soluble hemicellulosic fractions and a relatively low intensity peak at 1161 cm-1 in the spectrum of holocellulose [33,37]. The AX has a linear backbone that is, in part, substituted by α-L-arabinofuranosa residues positioned either on O-3 or O-2 (mono-substitution) or on both O-2 and O-3 (di-substitution) of the Xylp monomer units; a characteristic of this compound is that the bulk of it can only be released by alkaline solutions [38].
3.4. Hemicellulose extracted from CC 8475 and V 7151 varieties
With respect to the previous results, the methods of using chloroform-methanol for dewaxing, HCl for de-pectination, and NaClO2 for delignification and NaOH and KOH were selected to isolate hemicellulose with NaBH4 as a protective agent in alkaline media. This procedure was replicated in CC 8475 and V 7151 varieties in order to extract hemicellulose, as shown in Table 4.
Table 4 Comparative results of hemicellulose extractions from CC 8475, V 7151, and CC 8592.
The percentage of material extracted by different solvents is similar except for lignin that was solubilized with NaClO2 in the V 7151 variety, which was, on average, 145 % superior to the other two varieties. In the same residue, Gómez [29] did not find significant differences in the composition among the three varieties, whose residue was harvested at the same time with little time in the field. More representative change in the de-pectination process was observed in the CC 8475 variety due to all material being extracted in acidic media; 66.1 % corresponded to pectic substances. In the other two varieties, this material only represented 12.8 or 27.1 % of the total. It was found the NaClO2 did not extract hemicellulose in CC 8592. The total material extracted was similar in the three varieties, but the critical aspect in all the processes was the quantity of hemicellulose extracted in alkaline media with NaOH and KOH. The hemicellulose obtained was about half that of the other two varieties (Fig. 6).
More significant change occurred in the fraction precipitated with ethanol, which was only 4 % compared to 28 % isolated in the Venezuelan variety and CC 8592. In relation to the hemicellulose precipitated by the rotary evaporation process, the difference among the three varieties was only 3 %. The treatment with NaClO2 in CC 8475 likely could not delignify as effectively as the other two varieties mainly due to the strong interactions between hemicelluloses and lignins often hinders hemicellulose extraction [13], which were more recalcitrant due to their longer time in the field (> 30 days). It is well known abiotic and biotic stresses increase lignin content of grasses, [39] and lignification continues postharvest in plants [40]. Also, it is likely that ethanol was added for this reason, where a significant part of hemicellulose combined with large amount of lignin could not precipitate and remained in the solution without recovery. The FTIR analysis of the hemicellulose of CC 8475 and V 7151 showed similar spectra to CC 8592 (numbers 8 and 9, Fig. 4, and 6 and 7, Fig. 5) and, therefore, are the same type or structure. In this hemicellulose, no lignin was detected from 1507(1523 cm-1.
Figure 5 Hemicellulose extracted with KOH. AV1 (1), AV2 (2), AV3 (3), AV4 (4), AV5 (5), CC 8475 (6), and V 7151 (7).
Figure 6 Yield and content of neutral sugar of hemicelluloses extracted in three varieties of sugarcane residue.
The amount of hemicellulose in the majority of plants ranges from 15(35 % (dry matter) [35], in sugarcane bagasse ranges between 25-28 % [41] and the CC8475, CC8592 y V7151 varieties of sugarcane residues showed hemicellulose concentrations between 20-34 %. In this research, it is possible to find in many isolated hemicelluloses other polluting components, such as residual lignin, cellulose, and pectins (frequently linked to arabinans and galactans on their side chains [34]. In addition, some water can remain, which can be embedded among the branches of the hemicelluloses, making it difficult to release.
The dewaxing method with methanol-chloroform, de-pectination with 0.15% HCl, delignification with NaClO2, and extraction of hemicellulose with 18% NaOH and 24% KOH in 0.26 M NaBH4 resulted in the greatest yield of hemicellulose extraction among the five different methods tested in this study using the CC 8592 variety. This procedure was replicated using CC 8475 and V 5171 varieties. It was found that, on average, 41% of hemicellulose extraction was possible gravimetrically with exception of CC 8475. However, the extracted hemicellulose was not totally pure. Furthermore, arabinoxylans, small portions of lignin, cellulose, and pectin were extracted, as evidenced by FTIR analysis. Residue of the CC 8475 variety was collected 30 days after harvest, and, because of this, it was presumed that the lignin-hemicellulose complex was more recalcitrant and was therefore not recovered after precipitation with ethanol. It is believed that leaves and tops that remain in the field exposed to environmental factors for several weeks undergo cellular structure and composition alterations. Therefore, it would be interesting to perform studies to observe these variations on residue remaining in the field over time. It is also important to adjust hemicellulose extraction methods to use alkaline media to separate hemicellulose with greater purity.
Authors thank the funding sources for this project from the Universidad Autonoma de Occidente, Universidad del Valle, and the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development of Colombia, Project 3719-346 2007D-07.
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[34] Carpita, N.C., Ralph, J. and McCann, M.C., Biochemistry and molecular biology of plants. [Online]. 2nd ed. Buchanan, B., Gruissem, W. and Jones, R., Eds. Rockville, John Wiley & Sons, 2015 [cited 2017 Jul 24]. pp. 51, 65, 73, 78. Available at: Available at: https://books.google.com.co/books?id=9YAZCgAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=es#v=onepage&q&f=false [ Links ]
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[38] Ebringerová, A. and Thomas, H., Hemicellulose. In: Heinze, T., Ed.. Polysaccharides I Structure, Characterization and Use. Heidelberg, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2005, pp. 1-67. [ Links ]
[39] Frei, M., Lignin: Characterization of a multifaceted crop component. The Scientific World Journal. [Online]. 2013, ID 436517, 25 P. [cited 2014 May 23]. Available at: DOI: 10.1155/2013/436517 [ Links ]
[40] Pesquet, E., Zhang, B., Gorzsás, A., Puhakainen, T., Serk, H., Escamez, S., et al., Non-Cell-autonomous postmortem lignification of tracheary elements in Zinnia elegans. Plant Cell [Online]. 25(4), pp. 1314-1328, 2013. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23572543. DOI: 10.1105/tpc.113.110593. [ Links ]
[41] Brienzo, M., Abud, Y., Ferreira, S., Corrales, R.C., Ferreira-leitão, V.S., Souza, W., et al., Characterization of anatomy, lignin distribution, and response to pretreatments of sugarcane culm node and internode. Ind Crop Prod. [Online]. 84, pp. 305-313, 2016. Available at: DOI: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2016.01.039. [ Links ]
How to cite: Flórez-Pardo, L.M., González-Córdoba, A. and López-Galán, E., Evaluation of different methods for efficient extraction of hemicelluloses leaves and tops of sugarcane. DYNA, 85(204), pp. 18-27, March, 2018.
Received: July 27, 2017; Revised: October 19, 2017; Accepted: November 07, 2017
Universidad Nacional de Colombia Sede Medellin
Calle 59A No 63 - 20
Bloque 42
cenpubli@unalmed.edu.co


Nice cheap parts tumbler for parts that are CNC'ed out from metal. Having done some metal work in the past, cut metal can be very sharp on its edges. I typically sanded the edges down or use a de-burring tool. But this sounds interesting as well.
This entry was posted in CNC/3D-printing, Tinkering. Bookmark the permalink.


text:
Strikeforce/M-1 Global: Fedor vs. Rogers foi um evento de artes marciais mistas promovido pelo Strikeforce em parceria com o M-1 Global, ocorrido em  no Sears Centre em Hoffman Estates, Illinois. Esse foi o primeiro evento de MMA na televisão desde o agora extinto EliteXC transmitir seu evento final, EliteXC: Heat, na CBS em 4 de Outubro de 2008. O evento contou com quatro lutas no card principal com o time de transmissão com Gus Johnson, Frank Shamrock e Mauro Ranallo. O evento acumulou aproximadamente 4,040,000 telespectadores, com um pico de 5,060,000 na CBS.

Background
Gegard Mousasi era originalmente esperado para defender seu Cinturão Meio Pesado do Strikeforce, mas eventualmente competiu em uma luta não válida pelo título.

Uma luta já anunciada entre Bobby Lashley e Ron Waterman foi movida para um outro evento mais tarde, porém, sem um lugar oficial.

A luta feminina entre Marloes Coenen e Erin Toughill foi colocada para servir de luta reserva, mas foi cancelada quando Toughill se retirou da luta devido a uma condição médica desconhecida. Roxanne Modafferi entrou para enfrentar Coenen no evento.

EA Sports mostrou um trailer de pré-visualização para o novo jogo EA Sports MMA que sairia em 2010 durante o evento.

A luta entre os meio médios Mark Miller e Deray Davis era esperada para acontecer no card preliminar, mas foi cancelada.

Resultados

Audiência na TV
Em termos de audiência, o evento acumulou em média de 3.79 milhões de telespectadores para o tempo estipulado das 9-11pm. O evento principal, que aconteceu após as 11pm, acumulou 5.46 milhões de telespectadores. No total, as duas horas de transmissão acumulou 4.04 milhões de telespectadores e uma audiência doméstica de 2.5.

Referências

Ligações Externas

2009 nas artes marciais mistas
Desporto nos Estados Unidos em 2009

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Fred and friends go to the beach!
Delighted to announce that the 5th book about Fred the friendly snake is now published. Jack the boy's Dad comes home from a trip and takes the whole family with Fred, Bernadette, Jungle Jim and all the animals on the ferry to Dewees island, where I live. They have a great time, but had a scare when Bernadette floated out to sea. Can Jack save her?
Signed books (personalized if requested) are available, as are the other 4 books, at www.petercottontales.com. As my birthday present to you, shipping to USA will be free in June.
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FINLAND TO INVEST IN THE FUTURE SKILLS OF EUROPEANS WITH AI TRAINING
FINLAND TO INVEST IN THE FUTURE SKILLS OF EUROPEANS – TRAINING ONE PER CENT OF EU CITIZENS IN THE BASICS OF AI
During 2020–2021, Finland will provide European citizens with free access to a successful online course, the Elements of AI. The course will be made available in all the official EU languages. This initiative by the Finnish Presidency aims to respond to the challenges posed by the transformation of work and to reinforce the digital leadership of the EU.
The Elements of AI is a series of free online courses realised by the University of Helsinki and the Finnish tech company Reaktor. It is designed to encourage people to learn the basics of artificial intelligence, whatever their age or education.
The initiative was made public in Brussels on 10 December 2019, in the margins of the meeting of the EU employment ministers.
"Our investment has three goals: we want to equip EU citizens with digital skills for the future; we wish to increase practical understanding of what artificial intelligence is; and by doing so, we want to give a boost to the digital leadership of Europe," said Minister of Employment Timo Harakka.
"The significance of AI is growing. To make use of it, we need digital skills. Changing labour markets, the transformation of work, digitalisation and intensifying global competition all mean one thing for the EU: we must invest in people. Every EU citizen should have the opportunity to pursue continuous lifelong learning, regardless of age and educational background," the Minister said.
"As our Presidency ends, we want to offer something concrete. It's about one of the most pressing challenges facing Europe and Finland today: how to develop our digital literacy," the Minister said.
Research-based online course contributes to a critical understanding of AI
As generators of new ideas and innovations, universities play a key role in the efforts to build Europe's future on competences and education. Research and higher education not only produce commercial applications, but also new social innovations  – such as this AI course – that have the potential to benefit everyone. The Elements of AI is the result of both sustained research and teaching excellence at the University of Helsinki.
"Our University has a policy of making its research and expertise benefit society at large. As research into artificial intelligence is highly advanced in Finland, it came naturally to us to make AI teaching more widely accessible," says Teemu Roos, Associate Professor in Computer Science at the University of Helsinki.
Artificial intelligence, and technology at large, carry an enormous potential for Europe's future.
"It is therefore vital that more and more individuals can understand how different solutions work and what they can be used for. We are very excited that this course will be widely adopted in Europe, in many language versions," says Ville Valtonen, Managing Director at Reaktor Education.
First published in 2018, the Elements of AI is already available in English, Finnish, Swedish and Estonian. The original goal was to have one per cent of Finns, equalling some 55,000 people, study the basics of AI. That goal was reached in just a few months, and today the Elements of AI is the most popular course ever offered by University of Helsinki.
The initiative was launched in the context of Finland's Presidency of the Council of the European Union. The Finnish Presidency has been working with the member states to reach a shared understanding of the conditions for sustainable growth. Finland has stressed the importance of future development of the single market; taking full advantage of research, development, innovation and digitalisation; and investing in the competences of European citizens.
The cost of the initiative, a total of €1 679 000, will be funded from the budget of the Ministry of Economic Affairs and Employment of Finland
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<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">

<title>ColumnFamilyRecordReader (apache-cassandra API)</title>
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org.apache.cassandra.hadoop

Class ColumnFamilyRecordReader

java.lang.Object

org.apache.hadoop.mapreduce.RecordReader<java.nio.ByteBuffer,java.util.SortedMap<java.nio.ByteBuffer,ColumnFamilyRecordReader.Column>>

org.apache.cassandra.hadoop.ColumnFamilyRecordReader

All Implemented Interfaces:

java.io.Closeable, java.lang.AutoCloseable, org.apache.hadoop.mapred.RecordReader<java.nio.ByteBuffer,java.util.SortedMap<java.nio.ByteBuffer,ColumnFamilyRecordReader.Column>>

Deprecated.

@Deprecated
public class ColumnFamilyRecordReader
extends org.apache.hadoop.mapreduce.RecordReader<java.nio.ByteBuffer,java.util.SortedMap<java.nio.ByteBuffer,ColumnFamilyRecordReader.Column>>
implements org.apache.hadoop.mapred.RecordReader<java.nio.ByteBuffer,java.util.SortedMap<java.nio.ByteBuffer,ColumnFamilyRecordReader.Column>>

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static class
ColumnFamilyRecordReader.Column

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static int
CASSANDRA_HADOOP_MAX_KEY_SIZE_DEFAULT

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ColumnFamilyRecordReader()

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ColumnFamilyRecordReader(int keyBufferSize)

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void
close()

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java.nio.ByteBuffer
createKey()

Deprecated.

java.util.SortedMap<java.nio.ByteBuffer,ColumnFamilyRecordReader.Column>
createValue()

Deprecated.

java.nio.ByteBuffer
getCurrentKey()

Deprecated.

java.util.SortedMap<java.nio.ByteBuffer,ColumnFamilyRecordReader.Column>
getCurrentValue()

Deprecated.

long
getPos()

Deprecated.

float
getProgress()

Deprecated.

void
initialize(org.apache.hadoop.mapreduce.InputSplit split,
          org.apache.hadoop.mapreduce.TaskAttemptContext context)

Deprecated.

boolean
next(java.nio.ByteBuffer key,
    java.util.SortedMap<java.nio.ByteBuffer,ColumnFamilyRecordReader.Column> value)

Deprecated.

boolean
nextKeyValue()

Deprecated.

Methods inherited from class java.lang.Object

clone, equals, finalize, getClass, hashCode, notify, notifyAll, toString, wait, wait, wait

Field Detail

CASSANDRA_HADOOP_MAX_KEY_SIZE_DEFAULT

public static final int CASSANDRA_HADOOP_MAX_KEY_SIZE_DEFAULT

Deprecated.

See Also:

Constant Field Values

Constructor Detail

ColumnFamilyRecordReader

public ColumnFamilyRecordReader()

Deprecated.

ColumnFamilyRecordReader

public ColumnFamilyRecordReader(int keyBufferSize)

Deprecated.

Method Detail

close

public void close()

Deprecated.

Specified by:

close in interface java.io.Closeable

Specified by:

close in interface java.lang.AutoCloseable

Specified by:

close in interface org.apache.hadoop.mapred.RecordReader<java.nio.ByteBuffer,java.util.SortedMap<java.nio.ByteBuffer,ColumnFamilyRecordReader.Column>>

Specified by:

close in class org.apache.hadoop.mapreduce.RecordReader<java.nio.ByteBuffer,java.util.SortedMap<java.nio.ByteBuffer,ColumnFamilyRecordReader.Column>>

getCurrentKey

public java.nio.ByteBuffer getCurrentKey()

Deprecated.

Specified by:

getCurrentKey in class org.apache.hadoop.mapreduce.RecordReader<java.nio.ByteBuffer,java.util.SortedMap<java.nio.ByteBuffer,ColumnFamilyRecordReader.Column>>

getCurrentValue

public java.util.SortedMap<java.nio.ByteBuffer,ColumnFamilyRecordReader.Column> getCurrentValue()

Deprecated.

Specified by:

getCurrentValue in class org.apache.hadoop.mapreduce.RecordReader<java.nio.ByteBuffer,java.util.SortedMap<java.nio.ByteBuffer,ColumnFamilyRecordReader.Column>>

getProgress

public float getProgress()

Deprecated.

Specified by:

getProgress in interface org.apache.hadoop.mapred.RecordReader<java.nio.ByteBuffer,java.util.SortedMap<java.nio.ByteBuffer,ColumnFamilyRecordReader.Column>>

Specified by:

getProgress in class org.apache.hadoop.mapreduce.RecordReader<java.nio.ByteBuffer,java.util.SortedMap<java.nio.ByteBuffer,ColumnFamilyRecordReader.Column>>

initialize

public void initialize(org.apache.hadoop.mapreduce.InputSplit split,
              org.apache.hadoop.mapreduce.TaskAttemptContext context)
                throws java.io.IOException

Deprecated.

Specified by:

initialize in class org.apache.hadoop.mapreduce.RecordReader<java.nio.ByteBuffer,java.util.SortedMap<java.nio.ByteBuffer,ColumnFamilyRecordReader.Column>>

Throws:

java.io.IOException

nextKeyValue

public boolean nextKeyValue()
                     throws java.io.IOException

Deprecated.

Specified by:

nextKeyValue in class org.apache.hadoop.mapreduce.RecordReader<java.nio.ByteBuffer,java.util.SortedMap<java.nio.ByteBuffer,ColumnFamilyRecordReader.Column>>

Throws:

java.io.IOException

next

public boolean next(java.nio.ByteBuffer key,
           java.util.SortedMap<java.nio.ByteBuffer,ColumnFamilyRecordReader.Column> value)
             throws java.io.IOException

Deprecated.

Specified by:

next in interface org.apache.hadoop.mapred.RecordReader<java.nio.ByteBuffer,java.util.SortedMap<java.nio.ByteBuffer,ColumnFamilyRecordReader.Column>>

Throws:

java.io.IOException

createKey

public java.nio.ByteBuffer createKey()

Deprecated.

Specified by:

createKey in interface org.apache.hadoop.mapred.RecordReader<java.nio.ByteBuffer,java.util.SortedMap<java.nio.ByteBuffer,ColumnFamilyRecordReader.Column>>

createValue

public java.util.SortedMap<java.nio.ByteBuffer,ColumnFamilyRecordReader.Column> createValue()

Deprecated.

Specified by:

createValue in interface org.apache.hadoop.mapred.RecordReader<java.nio.ByteBuffer,java.util.SortedMap<java.nio.ByteBuffer,ColumnFamilyRecordReader.Column>>

getPos

public long getPos()
            throws java.io.IOException

Deprecated.

Specified by:

getPos in interface org.apache.hadoop.mapred.RecordReader<java.nio.ByteBuffer,java.util.SortedMap<java.nio.ByteBuffer,ColumnFamilyRecordReader.Column>>

Throws:

java.io.IOException

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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Villa Riachuelo é um bairro da cidade argentina de Buenos Aires.

Estende-se pelas ruas Av. General Paz, Unanué, Lisandro de la Torre, Av. Cnel. Roca y Escalada, e pelo Riachuelo. Limita-se com os bairros de Villa Lugano ao norte, Villa Soldati ao leste, e com as localidades de Lanús e Banfield ao sul, e Villa Madero ao oeste.

Na Villa Riachuelo se encontra o Autódromo Juan y Oscar Alfredo Gálvez (que foi sede em 20 oportunidades do Grande Prêmio da Argentina de Fórmula 1, assim como em 10 vezes sediou o Gran Premio de Argentina de Motociclismo), e a ponte de la Noria.


I have a few nanoAVR DL calibration questions. The manual was not completely clear.
1. Must a source component (i.e. bluray player) be connected and on to perform installation and calibration?
2. Must the setting in the nano be 7.1 or 5.1? My pre-pro, Emotiva UMC-200, is a 7.1 processor. But, I'm only running a 5.1 set-up.
3. What is the max. length HDMI and USB cables (for unit and microphone) that can be used?
1. "If you do not hear audio when pressing a Test button, ensure that an HDMI video source is connected, selected, and not asleep"
2. 7.1, because the Emotiva will presumably downmix the last two channels if you have source content in them.


Silver pendants beautifully designed to add a touch of glamour to any outfit. Choose from everyday wear designs or something special to add that wow factor to an evening outfit.
Our latest silver jewellery collection features plain silver, turquoise, opals, Swarovski crystal and many other beautiful gemstones.


text:
Week of Nov 12
Today, November 13th is my late husband Kelly Roberti's birthday. He would be 64 this year. He was the reason I moved to Montana, the link to my husband Bob Bowman, also he is one of the biggest reasons I started BigSkyJazz. The place this week's cover photo shows is one of the places I spread Kelly's ashes. The surrounding is very quiet and looking down Hebgen lake. I would like to share my sincere gratitude for love and support from many of you to Kelly and me when we needed them. Also your continuous support to this wonderful local jazz scene in Montana.
On Wednesday, November 14th from 8:00 p.m. to 11:00 p.m. Craig Hall on guitar, Bob Bowman on bass, and Adam Greenberg on drums will be making fantastic sounds! It has been a while to see this trio and I am very looking forward to listening to them! Please come down to enjoy the music with glass of wine and delicious food! No Charge.
Wednesday, November 14th
ON THURSDAY NIGHT AT CAFE ZYDECO
There will be open jam session at Cafe Zydeco Bozeman on Thursdays from 6:00 p.m. The house jazz band will consist of Alex Platt on drums, Silas Stewart on vibraphone, John Swendseid on tenor, and Michael Steele on bass. Jazz musicians one and all, students, teachers, and players, come out and play! They will open with their own set, and then open up the stage to anyone who wants to jam. All ages, no cover, amazing food! And BYOB!
Cafe Zydeco
Thursday, November 15th
6:00 p.m. ~
http://www.cafezydeco.com/bozeman
ON THURSDAY NIGHT AT THE MINT IN BELGRADE
On Thursday, November 15th a band Skylark is performing at The Mint Cafe and Bar in Belgrade from 7:00p.m. to 9:30p.m.! Singer Krista Barnett, guitarist Craig Hall, and bassist Bob Bowman will be making sweet and lovely music. Please come to The Mint where great foods, drinks, service are and enjoy the music, dance if you would like to!
The Mint Cafe and Bar, Belgrade
http://www.mintcafebar.com/
Every Friday, there is a Jazz Night at Red Tractor Pizza in Bozeman from 7:00p.m. to 9:00 p.m. This Friday Alex Robilotta on guitar, Rob Kohler on bass, and Adam Greenberg on drums will be making great sounds! Please come down and enjoy your Friday night with good live music and of course delicious pizza and beer/wine!
Friday, November 16th
LIVINGSTON JAZZ FESTIVAL 2018
Tickets are now on sale for the 2018 Livingston Jazz Festival!
Focusing on a strong combination of performance, education, and improvisation within the jazz language; The Liv Jazz Fest will hold performances, clinics, and master classes from our guest artists, local professionals, and student musicians from around the state.
For more info, please visit : https://www.parkhighbands.org/livjazzfest
FRIDAY NIGHT – ERIC RICHARDS JAZZTET & THE PARK HIGH JAZZ ENSEMBLE
Eric Richard // Piano & Trombone
Luca Rodoni // Trumpet
Scott Jeppesen // Saxophones
Alex Nauman // Guitar
Craig Hall // Bass
Zach Paris // Drums
SATURDAY NIGHT – ERIC RICHARDS JAZZ ENSEMBLE & THE PARK HIGH JAZZ ENSEMBLE
Mark Fenderson // Trumpet
Loren Stillman // Alto Sax
Brent Kotch // Baritone Sax
John Roberts // Trombone
– along with –
FRIDAY AND SATURDAY LATE NIGHT JAM
Alex Platt // Drums
Silas Stewart // Vibraphone
Eddie Tsuru // Bass
Sunday, November 18th
On every Sunday American Grill & Tapas Bar Walkers in Billings has Jazz night through 7:00 p.m. to 10:00 p.m. Walkers features some of the very best jazz cats in the Rocky Mountain region and is well known for its depth of musicians. This week Pablo Masis on trumpet, Erik Olson on keys, Parker Brown on bass, and Bill Honaker on drums will be performing! Please come down to enjoy the music with delicious food and drinks! No charge.
MJ WILLIAMS AND FRIENDS!
On Tuesday, November 20th, Squire House in Bozeman will host a unique and geographically diverse quartet of Montana jazz musicians. This performance will feature MJ Williams on vocals, Bob Bowman on bass, Jeremy Quick on guitar, and Alex Platt on drums. (Dinner will begin at 6:00 PM. )Tickets are $25, available directly through Squire House on 25 Mendenhall, or through online sales at https://www.eventbrite.com/e/mj-williams-at-squire-house-tickets-52074315680
MJ Williams is a vocalist and trombonist who lives in Basin Montana but has traveled the world in search of musical ideas and opportunities to learn about music in all its many forms. Williams has performed in the Bozeman area with Kelly Roberti, Ann Tappan and many others for at least three decades. She has been involved in many recording projects including a CD recorded in France entitled "The MJ Williams Paris Project". In her early career she performed at the Universal Jazz Coalition in New York City, the Bellevue Jazz Festival in Seattle WA. In 2013, MJ wrote a score for Mary Ellen Strom's two channel video installation at the Longhouse Projects Gallery in New York City. In 2015 she performed at the Eiteljorg Museum in Indianapolis with pianist Bob Packwood. In 2016 she was a recipient of the Montana Governors' Award to Artists.
Bob Bowman (Bozeman/Kansas City) has performed with numbers of artists including Thad Jones/Mel Lewis Orchestra, Toshiko Akiyoshi, Frank Mantooth, Carmen McRae, Pat Coil, Freddie Hubbard, Bud Shank, Karrin Allyson, Dan Haerle, Steve Houghton, Steve Allee, Bill Mays, Clay Jenkins, Danny Embrey, Todd Strait, Loren Stillman, Bob Sheppard, Matt Otto, Rod Fleeman, John Stowell, Jerry Hahn, Bobby Watson and others. Bob has toured around the world and been on many recordings that have won or been nominated for GRAMMY awards. While performing with these artists, he works with his own bands including the legendary Kansas City group, INTERSTRING and BOWDOG. Also he has also dedicated himself to jazz education. Bob now resides in Montana continuing to play and influence the music scene.
Jeremy Quick (Whitefish, MT), skilled musician and composer, has been studying and enjoying music since he was a young child. He's been performing live since 2003: nationally and internationally, solo and with groups. While Jeremy enjoys playing guitar for a myriad of bands, he also finds time to compose and tour with his original project, The JQTrio. In 2011, the group recorded an album, Live and Uncut. Jeremy Quick's first studio album Sketches of America was released in 2016. When Quick is not performing, composing, writing, or learning about music, he's teaching music. In Fall 2015, Quick was Artistic Associate for The Banff Centre's Artists-In-Residence (Banff, AB, Canada). His 2014 original song, "Superhero" (available on iTunes) was an American Songwriting Award Nominee.
Alex Platt (Bozeman/Los Angeles) began playing the drums at the age of 10, began gigging professionally at the age of 13, and along with his prodigious younger brother Adam Platt (piano), started his career early in life opening jazz festival shows for international jazz stars like Ahmad Jamal, Diana Krall, and many others. He went on to study with drum legends Joe LaBarbara, Mike Clark, Tootie Heath, Rick Latham, Dave Elitch, Jeff Hamilton, and received his performance degree in Jazz and African-American Music from the California Institute of the Arts in 2001. He has performed and/or recorded with jazz artists such as Alice Coltrane, Jack Walrath, Oranyon Coltrane, Ambrose Akinmusire, and Brad Rabuchin; as well as country artist Stephanie Quayle, soul/funk impresario Big Joe Hurt, Persian legends Bahram Bajelan and Mehrdad Arabi, Jake Faulkner and Zac Sokolow of The Americans, and many more. He has also been a part of the rotating faculty at the Stanford Jazz Workshop. He currently resides in Bozeman, where he performs, teaches, and records.
November 21st @ Plonk
Jeremy Quick on guitar and Bob Bowman on bass
November 23rd @ Red Tractor Pizza
Alex Robilotta on guitar, Eddie Tsuru on bass, and Mike Gillan on drums
November 25th @ Sola Cafe
Montana Manouche
November 25th @ Walkers (Billings)
Arterial Drive


text:
September 21, 2012 September 24, 2012 borgeditor
Retro review–TCM's screening of Alfred Hitchcock's suspense thriller The Birds
By C.J. Bunce
(Insert a spoiler alert here as a courtesy to anyone who really thinks a 50 year old film needs one!)
Sometimes you are at the right place at the right time. Having recently heard about the new Fathom Events series, where the satellite-video entertainment company transmits a one-night only event around to movie theaters across the country, I keep going back to the Fathom website to see what is next. And I marked my calendar when a Hitchcock film made the list. Last week we let borg.com readers know about this past Wednesday's screening of Alfred Hitchcock's The Birds, a Turner Classic Movies presentation to celebrate the 100th year of Universal Pictures, on the cusp of the 50th year since The Birds first premiered.
For me, I am always excited to see another Hitchcock film on the big screen, adding this one to later era screenings Rear Window, Vertigo and Dial "M" for Murder. The quality of this presentation of The Birds was perfection–certainly better than the film looked when it was in cinemas originally. From the crystal clear credits in the opening to the vistas of Bodega Bay throughout, this could have been a modern historical picture. Of course this clarity may cause you to notice things like Tippi Hedrin's lip gloss changing colors or vanishing or her nail polish dwindling away throughout the film. Originally no one would have noticed, as all prior versions had some level of pops, flickers, or other marks. But those technical oddities were probably not even noticed by most people, especially those sitting in the back of the theater. Actually that is all you can say technically that may be off with this new release and that amounts to nothing.
Whatever you remember about the actual bird special effects, on the big screen they make the swarms suffocating to the viewer. Is this a horror movie like Psycho? Yes and no. It doesn't cause the shrieks that more celebrated horror film has, but for being the next film Hitchcock made, it stands apart in its own right for superb storytelling. And it has the unexpected scary bits, too, most notably when Jessica Tandy goes to visit her friend Dan to find he was attacked the night before and had his eyes plucked out. For me this image has stayed in my mind equal in film terror to Anthony Perkins opening the shower curtain. I had forgotten I listed this on last year's top 10 movies to watch at Halloween time, too. I still stand by that list, and with The Birds as my #5 I am still happy with that selection.
I noticed many new things at this viewing. On the TV screen commercials and distractions sometimes made the film boring in parts for me. Not so in the theater. Like watching Raiders of the Lost Ark, I hardly budged for the entire movie, and never left the theater no matter how much I wanted to refill my drink. The lack of a traditional soundtrack created a palpable quiet in the theater, so much so that when Hedrin takes her final walk up the stairs to the attic, a man at the back of the theater uttered the word "NO!" and broke the silence with laughter. There was so much to laugh about. This really has some funny elements, from Hedrin's playing a practical joke on Rod Taylor that backfires at a pet shop, to a diner full of local yokels denying that birds would actually attack anyone, to Rod Taylor teasing Hedrin for lying about coming to visit a friend. The juxtaposition of humor and fear makes the fear all that much the scarier (and the humor that much funnier). The relentless waiting by the audience for the second big attack was reminiscent of waiting for the bass notes to signal a certain great white shark in a later thriller.
The famed designer Edith Head designed Hedrin's wardrobe, which consisted of three costumes–her black pet shop ensemble, the famous green jacket and skirt combo, and a loud and almost clown-like flannel nightgown topped with a fur coat. Hedrin pretty much wears the green outfit in the entire film, because it all takes place over about 24 hours, and her character doesn't bring a change of clothes. But the birds finally get their revenge by film's end, thrashing it to bits in the penultimate scene.
Intentional or not, a signature of Hitchcock films is both his cameo (here with a pair of pooches leaving the pet shop) to his abrupt endings (if you blinked you might have thought the film just ran out at the end). I'll never understand the befuddling ending to Vertigo.
Suzanne Pleshette and Veronica Cartwright nailed their roles. Pleshette played Taylor's ex-girlfriend who appears jealous of Hedrin at first but ultimately rises above it all to help her out by giving her a place to stay in the little hamlet. I would find it hard to believe if Pleshette wasn't John Carpenter's inspiration for Adrienne Barbeau's Stevie Wayne in the original version of The Fog. She sets the perfect tone for this isolated town. Young Veronica Cartwright showed in her 11th broadcast role that she could cry on demand with the best of them, and you can watch her in The Birds but you instantly recognize her even then later–decades later–freaking out in Alien and The X-Files.
And setting is so much a part of Hitchcock's films. San Francisco and the surrounding towns are to Hitchcock what Monument Valley was to John Ford. Bodega Bay creates the feeling of desolation, maybe despair. It works like Amity in Jaws and Antonio Bay in The Fog (there's even a great reference in The Birds to an attack where birds and fog created havoc in another town).
Taylor is confident and rightly cast as the leading man Mitch Brenner, but the biggest surprise is Tippi Hedrin as Melanie Daniels. Before this picture Hedrin had been a model. According to the TCM interview screened before the film, Hitchcock saw her and signed her to an acting contract before she had ever acted at all. He took her under his wing and gave her master courses in acting. Then he gave her this film as her acting debut. His risk paid off. Her timing, her responses, her reactions to other characters, all was as it should be. She showed humor, fear, warmth, sadness, all despite at Melanie's core she was something of a haute couture heiress meets Lindsey Lohan.
The use of kids as the target of most of the attacks was also a brave move. The kids really look like they took some birds to the head in the film, fake or not. Taylor in an interview said for some of the film they threw the fake birds at Hedrin over and over to get the right footage, and they must have done the same for the running and falling kids. This was another element that seemed to be echoed by suspense director John Carpenter, particularly in his Assault on Precinct 13.
To top it all off, this film is a romance under the most unusual of circumstances. Mitch's mother (Tandy) is possessive of her only son. Ex-girlfriend Annie Hayworth (Pleshette) provides the other woman bit. Cathy (or is it Alice? or Lois?) gives Melanie someone to lean on. What is love all about? Are these two just like the love birds, stuck together in a cage?
Ultimately the film is completely enjoyable and can stand up against any suspense thriller made today. Probably the best film I have seen in the theater in more than a decade. That says a lot, but then again, what more would you expect from a Hitchcock film?
Alfred Hitch
Antonio Bay
Assault on Precinct 13
Best of the Best retro review
Jessica Tandy
Tippi Hedrin
Turner Classic Movies The Birds
Previous New trailer released for The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey with new scenes
Next Much ado about Hobbit Day 2012 today
Michael Prestage says:
I saw The Birds last Wednesday, with a semi-packed theatre of all ages, including a number of rugrats, along with several very elderly, though surprisingly enthusiastic folks, who might well have actually saw the film on its first run whilst in their thirties! Thankfully, there was no texting, yapping, or other distractions. Hitchcock's slow (by 21st century standards), methodical pacing not only didn't seem to bother the audience, but only added to the collective sense of foreboding and unease. Appropriately, everyone was sucked into the story, laughed at the comedic touches and were thrilled by the aviary action, most probably as theatregoers were some nearly 50 years ago. Hitch's reliance on physical effects, primarily real birds, allowed the master's effects to still shine almost a half century after their inception. Something that digitally-generated fx struggle to do after mere years. Upon exiting the theatre, instead of the usual morbid silence that always accompanies bleary-eyed patrons into the lobby, the crowd was animated, chatting enthusiastically of what a wonderful film they'd just witnessed. Several people informed me that it was their first encounter with Hitchcock, but that they were now eager to see more. For what it's worth, The Birds may not be Hitchcock's greatest film, but it's great filmmaking by any standard… modern-day or otherwise.


NSA whistle-blower Edward Snowden appeared Thursday on Russian state television via video link, where he posed a question to Vladimir Putin's during the president's annual question-and-answer program: Is the Russian government spying on millions of people?
NATO is strengthening its military footprint along its eastern border immediately in response to Russia's aggression in Ukraine, the alliance's chief said Wednesday. "We will have more planes in the air, more ships on the water and more readiness on the land," Secretary General Anders Fogh Rasmussen told reporters in Brussels, declining to give exact troop figures.
Search crews will send a sub deep into the Indian Ocean on Monday for the first time to try to determine whether signals detected by sound-locating equipment are from the missing Malaysian plane's black boxes, the Australian head of the search said.
NATO's secretary-general warns Russia there would be "grave consequences" if it invades the Ukraine. "If Russia were to intervene further in Ukraine it would be a historic mistake," says Anders Fogh Rasmussen. "It would have grave consequences for our relationship with Russia and would further isolate Russia internationally."
The United States' campaign to encourage China to be more open about its military growth and intentions got a symbolic boost Monday, but efforts to get the Asian giant to be more transparent about other defense operations, including cybersecurity, have so far lagged behind. U.S. Defense Secretary Chuck Hagel got a rare tour of China's first aircraft carrier, becoming the first foreign visitor to go aboard the ship, according to Chinese leaders.
An investigation launched on information from the German branch of Anheuser-Busch Inbev SA, which wasn't fined as a result of its cooperation, has resulted in fines of 231.2 million euros ($319 million) for beer-price fixing in Europe.
Obama to Russia: Our Illegal Invasions Nicer Than Your Illegal Invasion!
This is what happens when you don't have an open and honest reckoning with the mistakes of history. This is what happens when the whole world knows the mistakes that were made, and how it impacts the future.
Read full story about Obama to Russia: Our Illegal Invasions Nicer Than Your Illegal Invasion!
The search area for the lost Malaysian jetliner moved 1,100 kilometers (680 miles) to the northeast on Friday, following a new analysis of radar data, and a plane quickly found objects that a ship set out to investigate. The search area has changed several times since the plane vanished as experts analyzed a frustratingly small amount of data from the aircraft, including the radar signals and "pings" that a satellite picked up for several hours after radar contact was lost.


text:
Search word definitions and unscramble anagrams.
Words starting with: A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z
Unscramble Anhag
What is the meaning of word anhag unscrambled?
What 5 letter words can be made from letters A N H A G:
1. Aghan - Definition of Aghan
2. Ghana - Definition of Ghana
Make more words by adding or removing letters
How many 4 letter words can you make from letters A N H A G?
1. Agha - Definition of Agha
2. anga - Definition of anga
3. hang - Definition of hang
4. Naga - Definition of Naga
Which 4 letter words can be made by removing one letter and unscrambling the remaining letters?
1) Removing the letter A and unscrambling nhag
2) Removing the letter N and unscrambling ahag
3) Removing the letter H and unscrambling anag
4) Removing the letter A and unscrambling anhg
5) Removing the letter G and unscrambling anha
More anagrams containing the letters A N H A G
anhga gaahn ghaan ghnaa
Unscramble © Copyright 2013-2015. All rights reserved. Privacy Policy


text:
En हिंदी
Language : Enहिंदी
Donald Trump 'ready to assist' India and Pakistan over Kashmir if both countries insist
Washington D.C., First Published 23, Aug 2019, 9:09 AM IST
US President Donald Trump once again raked up the Kashmir issue and stated that he is ready to assist both India and Pakistan if the countries wished so. A senior administration official also added that the United States is monitoring the Kashmir situation very closely
Washington: US President Donald Trump is "ready to assist" India and Pakistan over the Kashmir issue if both sides ask for it, the White House said on Thursday (August 22), even as Washington was "very closely" monitoring the situation.
Tensions between India and Pakistan spiked after New Delhi abrogated provisions of Article 370 of the Constitution to withdraw Jammu and Kashmir's special status and bifurcated it into two union territories on August 5.
"The United States is watching the situation in Kashmir very closely. We are continuing to call for calm and restraint, including on rhetoric," a senior administration official said ahead of the bilateral meeting between Trump and Prime Minister Narendra Modi on the sidelines of G7 summit in France over the weekend.
India has categorically told the international community that the scrapping of Article 370 to revoke the special status of Jammu and Kashmir was an internal matter and also advised Pakistan to accept reality.
According to the official, Trump is "very focused" on the situation in Kashmir because of the broader implications of the developments in Jammu and Kashmir and the potential for increased stability in the region.
"What he (Trump) has indicated that he is ready to assist if both sides are interested in helping to reduce their tension. But we just know that India has not requested any formal mediation," the official said requesting anonymity.
The official said that President Trump, during his meeting with Modi in France will likely want to hear how he intends to calm regional tensions in the aftermath of his decisions on Kashmir.
"The president will likely want to hear from Prime Minister Modi on how he plans to reduce regional tensions and uphold respect for human rights in Kashmir, as part of India's role as the world's largest democracy," he said.
Trump on Tuesday said that he was willing to either meditate or do something to resolve the Kashmir issue between India and Pakistan. But New Delhi has made it clear to the US that Kashmir is a bilateral issue between India and Pakistan and there was no role for a third party.
According to the official, in light of this significant move by Modi on Kashmir, the president is likely to stress the need for dialogue among all sides of the conflict and he hopes that India will lift communication and movement restrictions in Kashmir and exercise utmost restraint in dealing with potential protests.
"Trump has said that he is friends with both the leaders of India and Pakistan and stands ready to assist if they both would like him to do so," the official said.
"Certainly, President Trump is also calling on Pakistan to prevent infiltration of militants across the Line of Control that divides Kashmir and to crack down on groups on its territory that have attacked India in the past," said the official.
Trump, the official said, is very much looking forward to his meetings with Prime Minister Modi where they will discuss the strategic partnership and how they can cooperate more closely on issues like defence cooperation, counterterrorism and trade.
"We expect the two leaders to build on a very productive discussion they had in Osaka at the G-20 as well as the phone call that they held earlier this week. They will look for solutions on the trade front. The US is looking to India to reduce tariffs and open its market," said the official.
Last Updated 9:09 AM IST
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text:
Gang Xu flies the flag for Champion System in Trentino
Chinese national champion goes on the attack
Gang Xu (Champion System) crosses the line in 8th place after spending the day in the breakaway at Trentino (Image credit: Bettini Photo)
China's Gang Xu is one of five national champions on the 2013 roster for the Champion System Pro Cycling Team. (Image credit: Brian Hodes / VeloImages)
Gang Xu sends it skyward after picking up most aggressive on Stage 1 at Giro del Trentino (Image credit: Bettini Photo)
Gang Xu (Champion System) swaps his national champs jersey for most aggressive at Trentino (Image credit: Bettini Photo)
Gang Xu on Stage 1 at the 2012 Tour of Beijing (Image credit: Bettini Photo)
Gang Xu (Champion System Pro Cycling Team) (Image credit: Daniel Simms)
Chinese national road race champion Gang Xu ensured the Champion System team was in the breakaway during the first stage of the Giro del Trentino and then swapped his red national champion's jersey for the cream coloured most aggressive rider's jersey.
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Xu finished last of the eight breakaway riders but earned his 15 minutes of fame by being the first to attack at the start of the 128.5km stage. He suffered on the late climb and could not stay with eventual winner Maxime Bouet but was happy to be in the action.
"I arrived in Austria yesterday after some races in Belgium and so my form's pretty good. In the team meeting my manager told me to go in the break and I said: 'Ok, no problem', I was happy to go for it. As soon as the race started, I went!" Xu told Cyclingnews.
Gang Xu has been a professional rider for two years with Champion System. He won the Chinese national title last October, his fourth national title after also winning titles in 2007, 2008 and 2009. He rode the Tour of Qatar and the Tour of Oman in February and has raced in Belgium and France since then, often suffering on the cobbles and in the echelons and failing to finish.
"The level is very high in Europe, the races are very fast," he said. "In northern Europe it's very wind and very cold. But fortunately last week there was no wind and so I did better."
The Giro del Trentino marks the end of Xu's spring campaign. Next on his race calendar is the Tour of California.
"I'm going home to Shanghai after this race to get a Visa so that I can ride the Tour of California. That's a big race for us, I can't wait. It'll be nice to race in the USA."