text:
Babies switched at birth are babies who, because of either error or malice, are interchanged with each other at birth or very soon thereafter, leading to the babies being unknowingly raised by parents who are not their biological parents. The occurrence has historically rarely been discovered in real life, but in recent years is becoming more commonly identified due to genealogical testing of DNA, which reveals true genetic parentage. The phenomenon has been common as a plot device in novels and films, such as the TV series Switched at Birth and Autumn in My Heart.

As a literary plot device
The plot device of babies who are switched at birth, or in their cradles, has been a common one in American fiction since the 18th century. It is one of the several identifiable characteristics of melodrama that are plot devices dealing with situations that are highly improbable in real life.

The use of this common theme has continued ever since. The device was used a number of times by W.S. Gilbert, including in the Gilbert and Sullivan comic operas H.M.S. Pinafore and The Gondoliers. In both cases, well-born babies were switched with commoners. Mark Twain later used this plot device in The Tragedy of Pudd'nhead Wilson (1893), where two babies, one white and one black, are switched at birth, resulting in both passing for races that they are not. It is one of the themes that television films regularly exploited in the 1970s and 1980s. It continues to be a popular theme in the 1990s and 21st century with (for examples) it being employed as a plot device in Veronica Mars (the characters Cindy "Mac" Mackenzie and Madison Sinclair), in Neighbours (the characters Bree Timmins and Anne Baxter), Night and Day (the characters Jane Harper and Della Wells) and in The Young and the Restless (children of Lauren Fenmore Baldwin and Sheila Carter). A non-human example occurs in the Planet of the Apes franchise, when the son of intelligent apes Zira and Cornelius is swapped with a 20th-century circus ape's infant, in order to assure the survival of the offspring that can become sentient. In Desperate Housewives, the characters Juanita Solis and Grace Sanchez were switched at birth by a nurse named Teresa Pruitt. In the Philippine television series Mara Clara, the characters Mara Davis/David and Clara del Valle were switched at birth by Gary for revenge after his former lover was married to another man. On the series Switched at Birth, the characters Bay and Daphne were switched at birth.

Baby switching storylines are a staple of daytime drama, as in the case of The Young and the Restless mentioned above. Other notable switched-at-birth storylines on American soaps include One Life to Lives story, begun in 1979, in which prostitute Katrina Karr, who had planned to put her child up for adoption as soon as it was born, and former nun Jenny Vernon both gave birth to girls at the same hospital, at the same time. Jenny's baby died in the maternity ward as Karen Wolek and Marco Dane (posing as a doctor) visited the child. As they knew Katrina had planned to give up her baby girl, Karen and Marco switched the newborns. It was not until 1982 that the truth came out and Jenny tearfully gave baby Mary back to Katrina.

In 2008, another One Life to Live storyline saw Starr Manning pregnant with Cole Thornhart's baby. Her cousin Jessica Brennan was also pregnant with her late husband's baby. Starr went into labor as her father Todd Manning (later revealed to be his twin brother Victor) planned to kidnap his grandchild and raise the baby secretly with Cole's amnesiac mother Marty Saybrooke. Tess, one of Jessica's alter personalities, had taken control of Jessica's life and went into premature labor. Starr, with the help of the baby's adoptive mother Marcie McBain and Starr's mother Blair Manning, gave birth to a healthy girl, whom she named Hope. Tess's child, named Chloe, was stillborn. The trauma of Chloe's death resulted in the emergence of another alter, Bess, who took Jessica's deceased baby to the hospital and switched her with Starr's healthy child. Seven months later, Jessica realized what had happened and told the truth to her cousin.

Possibly the most complex storyline involving the switched-at-birth plot device ran simultaneously on All My Children and One Life to Live, from March 2004 to February 2005. Involved were All My Childrens Bianca Montgomery and Babe Chandler, and One Life to Lives Kelly Cramer Buchanan, as well as many other characters.

In George R.R. Martin's A Song of Ice and Fire series, the baby Aegon Targaryen was switched with a commoner's baby at some point prior to the Sack of King's Landing in order to save him from being killed during the rebellion against the Targaryen dynasty. After the commoner's baby is killed, everyone believes that Aegon is dead when in fact he is preparing to take back his grandfather's throne.

In the 1971 manga/anime Wandering Sun / Nozomi in the Sun (Sasurai no Taiyou), Miki and Nozomi are two girls who were switched at birth by the nurse Michiko Nohara, who holds a personal grudge against one of the families involved. Miki should've been raised as the daughter of the poor but loving Mine family but instead is taken in by the rich and snobbish Kouda clan, and Nozomi the opposite. The deceit isn't properly revealed until almost the end of the series.

In the Umineko no naku koro ni visual novels, Rudolf Ushiromiya's wife Asumu and mistress/later second wife Kyrie were pregnant and gave birth at roughly the same time. Rudolf had the children switched when Asumu's child was stillborn so the affair wouldn't be uncovered, and after Asumu's death from an illness, he married Kyrie. The surviving child grows into the protagonist of the games, Battler Ushiromiya, who believes himself to be Asumu and Rudolf's son until later in the story.

In the game Tales of the Abyss, Princess Natalia Luzu Kimlasca-Lanvaldear died few after birth so her nanny Maggie switched her with her also newborn granddaughter, Meryl Oakland. This causes Meryl's mother Sylvia (Maggie's own daughter) to commit suicide out of grief, and her father Badaq soon became the enemy general Largo the Black Lion. Meryl, now Natalia, is raised as the Princess and doesn't find out the truth until she's a teenager.

In the manga/anime Kakkou no Iinazuke, Nagi Umino, whose biological parents are hotel tycoons; and Erika Amano, whose biological parents are owners of a local diner, are actually accidentally switched at birth. When they became older, their parents agree to have the two engaged.

In reality

In real life, such a switch occurs rarely. Since many cases of babies switched at birth are likely undocumented or unknown, the following is presumably not an exhaustive list.

In 1913, a baby subsequently named Jim Collins was born to Sam and Ida Benson and a baby subsequently named Phillip Benson was born to John Josef Collins and his wife. They were switched at Fordham Hospital in New York City in the early days of hospital births.
In 1931, at the Leiden University Medical Center, female babies Agnes van Vegten and Lenie van Duyn were switched. Suspicions did not rise until two decades later, when the girls met at a wedding and wondered at their mutual likeness to each other's family.
In 1941, in a Michigan hospital, Tom Johnson and Herbert Benjamin Reibman were accidentally switched. The switch was discovered in 2019 after genetic testing.
In 1942, in a West Virginia hospital, John William Carr III and Jackie Lee Spencer were accidentally switched. The switch was discovered after DNA testing. In 2020, the men filed a lawsuit over the switch.
In 1942, in a Pennsylvania hospital, Sandra Baronick Pyne and Sandra Monaco Smith were accidentally switched. The switch was discovered in 2018 after genetic testing.
In 1942, at Bureå hospital in northern Sweden, two boys were accidentally switched, and then switched back after a legal process in 1945 (the case is known as  in Swedish). This is described in the novel Kapten Nemos bibliotek (1991) by Per Olov Enquist, who was a cousin of one of the boys.
In 1945, Denice Juneski and Linda Jourdeans were accidentally switched in a St. Paul Minnesota hospital. The switch was discovered in 2018 after genetic testing.
In 1951, at a hospital in Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin, the babies of Mary Miller and Kay McDonald were accidentally switched. Mary Miller immediately suspected that a switch had occurred, as the baby she received weighed a full two pounds less than at the hospital. Mary Miller knew Kay McDonald, and assumed that it was their baby she had taken home. However, a series of circumstances kept Mary Miller from actively pursuing her suspicion for 43 years, when she revealed to the now grown girls, Sue McDonald and Martha Miller, what she suspected of their births. Genetic tests later confirmed that a switch did in fact occur. The story was featured on an episode of the radio show This American Life.
In 1953, at Pioneer Memorial Hospital in Heppner, Oregon, two babies were switched. In May 2009, the women discovered they were switched. DeeAnn Angell of Fossil and Kay Rene Reed of Condon learned about the mistake from an 86-year-old woman who was a former neighbor. The former neighbor said that one of the girls' mothers, Marjorie Angell, insisted back in 1953 that she had been given the wrong baby after nurses returned from bathing them. But her concerns were ignored. With both sets of parents dead, the Reed and Angell siblings compared notes and family stories, learning that rumors of a mix-up had been around for years. Kay Rene Reed decided to get their DNA tested, and that confirmed the mistake. They both say they just have to move forward with their lives now, and they celebrated their latest birthday together.
In March 1953, at San-Ikukai Hospital in Tokyo's Sumida Ward, hospital staff mistook a baby boy for another baby boy born 13 minutes later. This story was referred to as the tale of the Japanese "prince and pauper." Sixty years later, a 60-year-old Japanese truck driver discovered he was switched at birth after being born to a rich family. The man was raised by a single mother in a 100-square-foot apartment. The boy who was raised in his place by the rich family became the president of a real estate company.
In 1969, Mary Ann Saenz High and Cynthia Rector were accidentally switched at a Texas hospital. The switch was discovered by DNA testing in 2018. A lawsuit was later filed by the women.
In 1975, at least two known cases occurred in Norway House, Manitoba of babies being switched at birth at the Norway House Hospital: Luke Monias and Norman Barkman, and Leon Swanson and David Tait Jr. Both pairs of boys were from the same small communities, and had been lifelong friends of their switch-mates before learning of the switches only in the mid-2010s.
In 1978, Kimberly Mays and Arlena Twigg were switched at birth as a result of a medical error in a hospital in Wauchula, Florida; the events surrounding their case were subsequently dramatized as the TV movie Switched at Birth.
The Mixed-Up Brothers of Bogotá refers to two sets of identical twins that got separated at birth in 1988 and were raised as fraternal twins. The twins reunited in 2015.
The sons of two South African women, Margaret Clinton-Parker and Sandra Dawkins, were accidentally switched at birth in 1989; the women sued in the High Court of South Africa in Johannesburg in 1995, demanding damages of ZAR120,000 each from the government of the province of Gauteng for the error. They were later that year awarded damages to cover medical expenses and the future projected costs of visiting their biological children. Each family kept the child they had been living and raised them as their own even after learning of the switch. That was until one of the boys, Robin, at the age of 15, decided to leave Sandy Dawkins to go and live with his biological mother Margaret Clinton-Parker. The boys spent the remainder of their childhood living as brothers.
In 1992, it was discovered that Canadians Brent Tremblay and Marcus Holmes had been switched at birth 21 years earlier. The error was discovered when Brent and his identical twin George Holmes met each other at Carleton University in Ottawa. The Children's Aid Society of Ontario later settled with the families involved.
On January 1, 1998, two newborn girls were switched at the hospital of Mazara del Vallo, Italy. Three years later, leaving  kinderschool, a teacher mistakenly handed one of the girls to her birth mother, as the woman bore an incredible likeness to the girl. After this episode, many doubts arose and DNA tests established unequivocally that there had been a cradle swapping. The tribunal decided to give back the girls to their birth parents, but the families remained friends and decided to create an "extended family" with "two mothers, two fathers and eight grandparents". The story inspired the film Il 7 e l'8 (The 7 and the 8), and the TV-movie Sorelle per sempre (Sisters Forever).
In 1998, it was discovered that Callie Johnson and Rebecca Chittum had been switched at birth in 1995 in Charlottesville, Virginia. The switch was discovered when a DNA test of Callie Johnson to determine paternity for child support found that she was not biologically related to either her purported father, Carlton Conley, or her purported mother, Paula Johnson. In a tragic coincidence, Callie's biological parents Kevin Chittum and Whitney Rogers died in a car accident the day after Paula Johnson learned of the results of the DNA test. Five others also died in the car accident, but Rebecca Chittum, Johnson's three-year-old biological daughter whom the deceased couple had been raising as their child, was at home with her supposed grandparents at the time of the accident. Over the next decade, Paula Johnson repeatedly grappled with Rebecca's purported grandparents for custody and visitation rights, until a judge determined that the two girls were old enough to express their own wishes with regard to seeing their biological relatives. In 2001, Carlton Conley married the sister of his biological daughter Rebecca's deceased adoptive father Kevin Chittum. Rebecca Chittum lived with the couple as of 2008 but had limited contact with her biological mother, while Callie lived with Paula Johnson and occasionally visited her biological relatives.
In 2001, it was reported that a 35-year-old woman from the Canary Islands had discovered that she was one of a set of identical twins and that she had been accidentally switched at birth with another girl. She grew up as an only child, until a friend of her twin mistook her for being that twin. But the person was shocked by the striking similarity in appearance and summoned them together. They took a DNA test, which proved they were identical twins. The twin who had grown up thinking that another girl was her twin said that the girl she thought was her twin looked nothing like her. Since the women were born in a state hospital, they sued the government for damages.
On December 9, 2006, two newborn girls were switched in a hospital in the Czech town of Trebic. The families did not find out until September 2007, when a couple of friends of one of the fathers made fun of him for not being the biological father of the baby. DNA tests proved that the girl was indeed switched. After days of investigation, the other family was found. The babies were gradually introduced to their biological parents and returned to their birth homes.
On October 10, 2011, it was discovered that two Russian newborn girls were switched 12 years beforehand in a town in the Ural Mountains. The truth emerged after the ex-husband of one of the mothers refused to pay alimony for the child on the basis that she looked nothing like him. DNA tests proved that the child was neither's biological daughter. The other family was discovered across town with the biological daughter. The children will stay with their adoptive parents, and both families are demanding 5 million rubles in damage.
On March 11, 2015, two newborn boys were switched in a hospital in the Indian state of Assam. The mother of one of the children became suspicious after one week, at which point she contacted the hospital. The hospital initially blamed the mother's concerns on her mental health issues. The child's father, through a right to information request, found the couple with whom their child was switched, and a DNA test was carried out. Each set of parents wanted to keep the child they took home from the hospital. If any punishment or penalty was awarded to the hospital is however unknown.
Moses Cushworth, the son of U.K. citizen Rich Cushworth and his Salvadoran wife Mercedes "Mercy" Casanalles, was switched with another baby at a Salvadoran hospital in May 2015. Getting Moses out of El Salvador became a nine-month process requiring the help of U.K. Ambassador Bernhard Garside in obtaining a passport for the boy, due to the problems with the birth certificate.
In 2021, a baby switching instance occurred in the province of Rizal, Philippines. The couple Aprhil and Marvin Sifiata took home the wrong baby of Margareth Traballo and Kim Jasper Mulleno, and vice versa. Originally, the DNA tests were negative. Several weeks later, with the help of newsmagazine program Kapuso Mo, Jessica Soho, the DNA tests became positive and both babies are with their respective biological parents.

Anti-switch techniques
Some hospitals take fingerprints, foot prints, or palm prints of newborns to prevent babies from being mixed up. Nurses also double check with the mother, checking the identity of that person as well, in order to prevent errors. Many hospitals also have policies in which a medical record number is assigned to an infant at birth, and bands with this number as well as the last name of the mother of the infant, the sex of the infant, and the date and time of birth are placed on the infant and the mother immediately after parturition before the mother and child are separated. A band may also be placed on the father (or other person chosen by the mother) at the time of birth.

See also
 Kaspar Hauser, whom some hypothesize to have been the real child of Karl, Grand Duke of Baden, switched at birth with a dead child
 Changeling, the offspring of a magical creature swapped with a human child and left in its place

References

Childbirth
Inheritance
Medical error
Plot (narrative)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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text:
All-Star Game rosters include Twins' Perkins, Suzuki
Major League Baseball revealed the players who will take part in next week's All-Star Game in Minneapolis and the American League roster includes a pair of Minnesota Twins.
As the Star Tribune reports, relief pitcher Glen Perkins and catcher Kurt Suzuki were named to the team – Perkins for the second time in as many years and Suzuki for the first time in his eight-year career.
Perkins is a Stillwater native who starred for the University of Minnesota. The Pioneer Press reports he called the chance to pitch in an All-Star Game in front of his hometown fans "a dream come true."
While Perkins was a member of the 2013 All-Star team, he did not play in last summer's game. This time around Twins Manager Ron Gardenhire is on the American League coaching staff. WCCO says Gardenhire promised Perkins will pitch on July 15, saying "I'll be on the bench. I'll just sneak him out there."
Perkins was selected to the team by the manager of the American League squad, John Farrell of the Boston Red Sox. Farrell also named Suzuki to the team to replace Matt Wieters of the Baltimore Orioles. Wieters was elected by fans to be the starting catcher but is unable to play because of an injury.
ESPN has the full rosters of both the American League team and the National League team.
In its announcement, Major League Baseball noted 26 players were named All-Stars for the first time. 24 of the players were born outside the U.S.
Twins President Dave St. Peter gave credit to reliever Pat Neshek, a former Twin and one-time star at Park Center High School in Brooklyn Park, who will represent the St. Louis Cardinals on the National League All-Star team.
Former Twin Justin Morneau is on the bubble for the last spot on the National League team. Morneau, now a member of the Colorado Rockies, is among five players who are candidates in the NL Final Vote. As with the AL Final Vote, the player who claims the most fan votes cast online will be added to the team.
While he's not a Minnesota native, the Washington Post reports pitcher Jordan Zimmerman of the Nationals is originally from Aurburndale, Wisconsin, about a three-hour drive from Minneapolis.
While he pitched in a college tournament at the Metrodome, Zimmerman has never set foot in Target Field. He tells the Post of his Badger State supporters "I'm sure I'll have a decent amount of people coming over. Hopefully not too many, so I don't have to buy too many tickets."
baseballSportsTwinssportsnewsBaseballkurt suzukiAll-Star GameJustin MorneauGlen Perkins
Gardenhire: Suzuki deserves to be an All-Star
Perkins, Suzuki close out American League win in All-Star Game
Dozier is the first Twin to go deep in an All-Star Game in 20+ years
Dozier, Suzuki only Twins in running for All-Star game
Perkins named an All-Star, Dozier vying for the final spot
'2 Minnesota kids' Mauer, Perkins make AL All-Star team
Twins hope Perkins, Dozier are named All-Stars
Gardenhire named to All-Star Game coaching staff

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Lewin's three stage theory of change is commonly referred to as Unfreeze, Change, Freeze (or Refreeze). The world has changed since the theory was originally presented in 1947, but the Kurt Lewin model is still extremely relevant. Many other modern change models are actually based on the 3-stage Lewin model.


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Geld verdienen in tijden van crisis.
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text:
Should Public Breastfeeding Be Banned To Avoid Offending Muslims?
By Mollie Hemingway | July 16, 2011
I recently shared my politically incorrect views that "lactivists" take things a bit too far. I'm 100% in favor of breastfeeding but I think it's not too much to ask women to cover up or otherwise feed their children inconspicuously. I have breastfed in public many times and always with concern for modesty. It doesn't chap my hide in the least.
But this story out of the United Kingdom is getting people all in a tizzy. And it goes much further than just asking a woman to cover up. According to the Daily Mail, Emma Mitchell was in a multicultural community center and was told to leave after she tried to breastfeed her five-month-old son. She was asked to do her feeding in the restroom (yeck) and she declined the offer.
Seriously, the restroom? I mean, I guess I would do it in an emergency, but I certainly wouldn't want to eat anything in the restroom. Anywho, she was told she had to do this because otherwise she would offend Muslims. I'm not even sure if that's a true claim — that Muslims would be offended by public breastfeeding — but that's what the story claims.
She finally was offered another room but said she was so upset she just went and fed her baby in the car. She was seriously displeased:
"If someone from another culture started praying in the waiting room, I wouldn't say, 'Excuse me, you're offending me' I would respect it because it's their culture.
"So I shouldn't be made to feel what I wanted to do was wrong just because it's not in their culture.
Local councilman Shoab Akhtar defended the community center. On the other hand, he later issued a statement saying that the action was completely inappropriate.
Related ItemsbreastfeedinglactivismmodestyMuslimpublic breastfeeding
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text:
Karl Hecker (8 May 1827 – 14 December 1882) was a German gynecologist and obstetrician born in Berlin. He was the only son of medical historian Justus Hecker (1795–1850).

He studied medicine at the Universities of Berlin, Heidelberg, Paris and Vienna, receiving his doctorate in 1848 from Berlin. In 1851 he became an assistant at the clinic of obstetrics at the Berlin-Charité under Dietrich Wilhelm Heinrich Busch (1788–1858). Here he gained his habilitation in 1853 with a thesis involving retroverted gravid uterus (De retroversione uteri gravidi).

In 1858 he was an associate professor of obstetrics at the University of Marburg, and during the following year accepted an appointment as a gynecologist at the University of Munich. At Munich he was also director of the municipal district maternity hospital and school for midwives. In 1874/75 he served as university rector. From 1877 he worked with Carl Siegmund Franz Credé (1819–1892) and Alfred Hegar (1830–1914) for the creation of an independent gynecological society, but it wasn't until 1885, three years after his death, when the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Gynäkologie was established.

Hecker was a son-in-law to politician Johann Caspar Bluntschli (1808–1881).

Written works
 Beiträge zur Lehre der Schwangerschaft außerhalb der Gebärmutterhöhle (Contributions on the topic of pregnancy outside the uterus). 1858
 Klinik der Geburtskunde (Clinic of Obstetrics), 1861; with Ludwig von Buhl (1816–1880)
 Ueber die Schädelform bei Gesichtslagen. 1869
 Ueber den Gesundheitszustand der Wöchnerinnen in der Kreis- und Lokal-Gebäranstalt München (On the health of mothers in the district and local maternity hospital in Munich) 1877
 Beobachtungen und Untersuchungen aus der Gebäranstalt zu München, umfassend den Zeitraum von 1859–1879 (Observations and studies from the maternity hospital in Munich, comprising the period from 1859 to 1879).

References
 ADB:Hecker, Karl von Wikisource

German obstetricians
German gynaecologists
Physicians from Berlin
Academic staff of the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich
1827 births
1882 deaths
Academic staff of the University of Marburg


text:
Q: Links between SE sites giving me plaintext I've come across a problem recently that when I click links to travel between SE sites, like in the dropdown list or the hot questions, the new page is all in plaintext. I've determined that the non-secure http sites are resulting in plaintext, and if I just change it to https things look fine. I am also automatically being directed to the http version when I type in an address and don't specify either (e.g. academia.stackexchange.com).
I'm not sure if this is an issue with SE or with my computer/browser, though I would lean towards the latter. I am using Chrome 47.0.2526.80 on Windows 7.
How can I make it so I automatically go to the secure version of each site?
Edit:
I tried browsing while looking at the Network tab of devtools. I received two errors while trying to navigate to this HNQ:

GET http://cdn.sstatic.net/gamedev/all.css?v=c6de2a6b54e6    how-can-i-create-borders-in-an-open-world-game:23
  net::ERR_INCOMPLETE_CHUNKED_ENCODING
GET http://edge.quantserve.com/quant.js    how-can-i-create-borders-in-an-open-world-game:3506
  (anonymous function) @how-can-i-create-borders-in-an-open-world-game:3506
  (anonymous function) @how-can-i-create-borders-in-an-open-world-game:3511

A: Based on the error you get, I found this is most likely caused by a rogue/corrupt anti virus software, as described in this Stack Overflow answer.
In case you can disable/replace the Anti Virus, this will be ideal and most likely resolve your problem.
If you can't do that (e.g. company computer) then you can force your browser to switch to ssl when possible and replace all the links as well, by installing a browser extension/plugin like HTTPS Everywhere. For Chrome, or Firefox. When in ssl mode, it's much harder for the anti virus to mess with the browser and scan the data it sends/receives, hence good chance it won't corrupt the files.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Florists' Review first published Design School in 2003. Since then, this essential reference has been reprinted six times, selling more than 47,000 copies as the main textbook for most floral design and floriculture curricula at colleges and universities across the U.S.
Morgan Anderson, Ph.D., educator and owner of The Flori.Culture in Scottsdale, Ariz., has edited a new edition, bringing a refreshing new approach with all new visuals and updated text.
Just released, the new Design School showcases the latest information on floral design, including principles and elements, techniques, styles, and historical periods of floristry. More than 125 color images of trending floral artists' work, including many of Anderson's pieces, are captioned with quotes describing the lessons they illustrate. Each technique is presented with two images: a how-to step and finished design. Each section of the book builds upon the previous section, to assist in learning the art of floral design.
We caught up with Anderson to ask her about this project.
I first interviewed her for a Florists' Review Q&A in May 2017 for our "Art for Art's Sake" issue and she has since contributed articles to these pages. Anderson was named to Florists' Review's "35 Under 35" in 2018.
Q: How do you see this book being used in education? In the classroom or for self-education?
A: I wrote this book to become a template for instruction not only in formal education but for a novice or skilled botanical artisan, as well. The content of Design Schoolis organized in a cumulative fashion in which the topics build upon another, just as a formal classroom structure is ordered. Thus, an instructor may apply the Design Schooltext to develop course content or a designer may study the text on their own for personal education.
Q: When you were studying floristry at the university level, what references did your instructors/professors use? Did they feel dated?
A: Funny enough, I taught my first floral design class at the university level using the first edition of Design School. It was a fantastic text and I knew it well! In fact, I knew it so well that on my first interview with Florists' Review publisher Travis Rigby, I presented the new layout for the book within seconds of being asked to write it!
Other floristry textbooks that I have studied or taught with were not necessarily dated, but either provided too much information or an underwhelming amount of information. I wanted this book to be inspiring with lovely images but also informative for readers and students to learn and grow within their artistic practice.
Q: Design School has beautiful visuals, mostly of your own designs. How did you go about producing these (and pulling from your archives of past work)?
A: Thank you! They are lovely images. This book does contain a good amount of my company's images (The Flori.Culture) but a goal of mine was to highlight other designers' perspectives on styles or historical periods. I believe it is important for designers to be exposed to a wide variety of artists' interpretations because it is a fantastic way to learn!
Q: Who are some of the other designers featured in the book?
A: At this point in my career, I am grateful to have designed and learned from many talented artists across the United States. Thus in this new edition of Design School, in addition to others, I was able to feature two of my mentors who have contributed to my personal aesthetic: Jennifer McGarigle of Floral Art LA and Tam Ashworth of Isari Flower Studio.
Q: You have a section on color that's amazing. Can you discuss how that came together?
A: Sometimes when you see a section of color in a floral design text it is over ten pages long and gets very scientific. For this book, I wanted it organized and easy for a designer or student to flip to the page and review schemes and terms quickly in the tables. I wanted this section to be useful and resourceful, not overwhelming or complicated.
Q: You also have a section on "Ways to Develop a Creative Floral Practice." I love that concept. Will you discuss how important this approach is?
A: My dissertation research identified floral design as an art form. And to create meaningful art, guess what? You need to be creative! However, creativity can be fleeting or difficult to "switch on." Thus, all artists (of any medium) need to practice creativity as an activity that progresses with time. It is a constant exercise. The tips for developing a creative practice I have followed personally for years, and they have helped me tremendously. I cannot tell you how many times family and friends tell me, "You are so creative, how do you come up with something new all the time?" Well, it does not just come to me, I actively pursue a creative mind to become the most fulfilled botanical artist that I can.
Q: Where are you currently teaching?
A: I am teaching Wellness in Floral Art within the Art Department at Arizona State University and I am thrilled! Students are learning how to work with plants to create art and we are researching theories on why humans are attracted to plants. We are exploring topics such as Forest Bathing, theories such as ecophysiology and biophilia, as well discussing traditional floral design education — using the Design Schooltext, of course!


Understand the jQuery Syntax used to select Element based on different Criteria.
:gt(n) To select the element with index value greater than n.
:odd To select all elements with odd-numbered index value.
Just like Pseudo elements , jQuery can also select element using the type extension selectors.
:password To select all password elements.
:selected To select all elements that are selected.
In the demo below, the button element is selected using Jquery Extension Selectors.
While searching for elements, the jQuery code goes through the entire DOM, but the scope of the search can be narrowed by supplying additional arguments to the $ function.
This additional argument is called as the context , it defines the starting point for matching elements.
You can even define the context using an HTMLElement object, the demo below searches for even numbered list elements, which are descendants of elements with id "cars"


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Q: What are #file# and file~ and how can I get rid of them? I originally had three files: makefile, readme.txt, and hashtable.c in my directory, where I am writing my code in emacs. I noticed that some new files: #hashtable.c#, #readme.txt#, hashtable.c~, and makefile~  have been created. I was wondering what these files were.  Are these important, and if not, how do I tell emacs to stop making them? I'm also curious why readme.txt doesn't get a tilde file and makefile doesn't get a sharp file.

A: I recommend installing no-littering.  It automatically puts backup files (file~) in ~/.emacs.d/var/backup/.  It doesn't do anything about autosaves (#file#), but there is a note about putting those files in a specified directory in the README:
(setq auto-save-file-name-transforms
      `((".*" ,(no-littering-expand-var-file-name "auto-save/") t)))

Neither of these things actually prevents Emacs from creating these files, but I'm assuming most people actually want these files (in case of a crash), but don't want them strewn all over the filesystem.

A: The file with the ~ is a backup file that automatically gets created when you save a file. The #readme.txt# is the file being currently edited/in use (i.e., the autosave version). That will usually go away (unlike the ~ file) when you exit emacs normally (if it crashes or gets killed the # files may stay around).
You might find this page about emacs backup files of interest, and this SO question: How do I control how Emacs makes backup files?
You can prevent backup files from being created with this:
(setq make-backup-files nil)

A: For #files# you have to do rm "#file#" from the terminal, because rm #file# doesn't work.
For ~file you can simply digit rm ~file.

A: Maybe you could try:
find . -name \\#*\\# | xargs rm
Warning: this will remove those files matching in subdirectories.


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Our library of pre-developed and tested SharePoint components and utilities can speed your web part development and ease your SharePoint administration tasks.


You will not want to leave this golf shoe even once the game is finished. Equipped with climacool® technology, it features a breathable and comfortable mesh upper with lateral stability for golfers. Equipped with a dynamic cloudfoam cushioning, it has an outsole without any versatile cleats.


Once more, lots of intriguing stories making the news this week. Here are a few of my favorites.
Sea Creatures Love Wood on the Sea Floor. Forget tires. It's the wood they love! A new study shows that old logs dumped into the sea soon become a haven for microorganisms and invertebrates.
First Living Brain Images of Football Injuries. For the first time, scientists can peer inside the brains of living football players and see evidence of concussion injuries to the brain. What are the implications?


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City: Ceres doing fine conserving water
Ceres fails to meet January state water cutback mandate
Freeway billboards operated by Caltrans bear drought messages in California, including on Highway 99 near Keyes.
Despite Ceres falling short of what the state has demanded that it reduce water consumption by for January, all is good, says the city.
City officials have never felt that the state was fair in dictating that Ceres must cutback in water consumption by 28 percent and January's numbers did not meet that goal. Ceres reduced consumption by only 15.2 percent for the month when compared to January 2013.
They're not too concerned about month to month figures, saying that cumulatively Ceres has reduced consumption by 24.3 percent overall since June 2015 when the state mandates were issued in response to the statewide drought.
Jeremy Damas, the city of Ceres' Deputy Public Works Director, sees January's numbers as not bad.
"January is just about where we felt that they should be," said Damas. "It's a 'you can't save water if there's no (outside) water being used. To even get a 15 percent savings (compared to January 2014) is really good, actually."
Damas said Ceres isn't overly concerned that failing to meet the state cutback percentages will result with a $10,000 per day fine.
"The cumulative number that the city has produced is amazing, as far as I am concerned. You could easily argue that we've had a 60 to 70 percent water savings over the last five to eight years, which is amazing in comparison to cities around us. So for our cumulative number to be at the 23-24 percent range, I have no concerns about that at all. The cities that need to be concerned - and the state knows this - are the ones that are actually having increases or down in the 2-5 percent cumulative savings. We've done our part."
The state extended the emergency drought regulations, which were originally intended to phase out on Monday. They now stretch until October, said Damas. However, in extending the regulations, the state made adjustments for some cities in the Valley since evaporation rates are much higher in the hotter Valley than on the humid coastal areas. Damas said the state gave Ceres a two percent downward adjustment to lower the consumption reduction level to 26 percent through October.
The city is continuing to do what it can to get residents to reduce water use, even in winter months when outdoor watering is not a necessity. As weather warms up and the skies clear, the city will be preaching that outdoor water use is limited to two days per week, said Damas.
Last year the city went into Ceres schools to educate children about water consumption.
"That helped us tremendously," said Damas. "The kids are taking it home to their parents on the rebate programs and how to conserve water and what a drip means and all that."
There's also the enforcement side of things. The Ceres City Council enacted water use targets on June 1, 2015 in response to the state emergency mandate. From January to March, the water usage target is 7,000 gallons of water per month. During April to September, the use "limit" is set at 27,000 gallons of water each month. In the fall and winter months of October, November and December, the target is decreased back down to 7,000 gallons each month. The targets are based on a figure of 60 gallons per person per day. Households that exceed the "target" by 10 percent get off with only a warning but those who exceed by 25 percent face a $25 fine; exceeding by 75 percent, a $75 fine; and exceeding by 150 percent, a $150 fine. Approximately 750 fines have been issued since June.
In 2015, the city issued 3,746 fines in the amount of $25 for households that exceeded its water use target by 25 percent. A total of 2,262 households were fined $75 for exceeding water use by 75 percent and 776 households were issued $150 fines for exceeding water targets by 150 percent. The city issued warnings for 2,117 households who exceeded water use targets of up to 10 percent.
In addition, the city issued 259 citations with fines for water wasting during 2015. The majority of the offenses were watering on the wrong days or hours and allowing water to run off the lawn into the gutter.
To help Ceres households keep a reign on water use, the city is offering to conduct a water audit. In January the city conducted 32 of these audits, which include tips on water saving practices. In some cases a household may request an audit to see if the city will grant a greater use target on account of more people living in the home. City staff will provide residents with efficient fixtures to replace any inefficient fixtures on site. No changes will be made to targets without a completed water audit. To schedule a water audit a resident may call 538-5732 or submit a customer service request at http://user.govoutreach.com/ceres/faq.php. The user will click on the "Submit Request" option listed on the bottom of the webpage, and then select "water conservation" as your topic. Once the personal information has been filled out, the resident should enter "Requesting water audit" in the description section and submit. A water conservation employee will call to schedule an appointment.
The city processed a number of rebates for households that installed water-saving appliances in 2015. A total of 191 Ceres households received rebates for ultra low flushing toilets, 42 for water-saving washing machines and 34 water conserving dish washers. Damas said that dishwashers made prior to 1974 use 10 gallons per cycle and that the new Energy Star appliances use a third of the water.
Only 31 homeowners took advantage of the city's rebate program for the turf replacement during 2015. The city offers rebates to residents who decide to take out grass and replace them with rocks and/or bark and drought-tolerant plants. To qualify for the turf removal rebate, the homeowner must take out at least 100 square feet of lawn and replace it with an eye-pleasing combination of rock or bark and drought tolerant plants. Proof of expenses must be offered to the city in order to qualify. Up to $500 will be offered.
For more information on the rebate program, call the city at 538-5688.
Damas urged homeowners to sign up for the city water meter portal to monitor water use. Most residents have not done so. The web portal may be found at http://meterportal.ci.ceres.ca.us/ and allows residents to track their use by hour or day if they wish.
"It doesn't cost them anything. They never have to look at it. They don't get spam emails. If nothing else, they never have to log in other than it'll notify them if they have a leak and when they have high consumptions. It's an amazing tool that only 16 percent of our residents are using. It's hard to get them to sign up."
Ceres residents are on an odd-even watering day schedule. Addresses ending in an odd number will only be able to water Wednesdays and Sundays while even-numbered addresses may only water outdoors on Tuesdays and Saturdays. Outdoor watering is never allowed in Ceres between noon and 7 p.m.
Water wasting may be reported to 538-5732.
Ten appointed to Beautification Committee
Council members assigned committee duties
Smith remains on commission
Whitmore Ranch may be annexed


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Answered Essay: ETHICS CASE: Texaco: The Ecuador Issue1 In 1964, at the invitation of the Ecuadorian government, Texaco Inc.
ETHICS CASE: Texaco: The Ecuador Issue1
In 1964, at the invitation of the Ecuadorian government, Texaco Inc. began operations through a subsidiary, TexPet, in the Amazon region of Ecuador. The purpose of the project was to "develop Ecuador's natural resources and encourage the colonization of the area." TexPet was a minority owner of the project and its partner was Petroecuador, the government-owned oil company. Over the years from 1968 to 1992, the consortium extracted 1.4 billion barrels of oil from the Ecuadorian operations. Ecuador benefited greatly during this period. Ecuador received approximately 98 percent of all moneys generated by the consortium in the form of royalties, taxes, and revenues. Altogether, this amount represented more than 50 percent of Ecuador's gross national product during that period. TexPet's operations over the years provided jobs for 840 employees and approximately 2,000 contract workers, thereby benefiting almost 3,000 Ecuadorian families directly, in addition to the thousands of Ecuadorian nationals who supplied the company's needs for goods and services. Also, TexPet made substantial contributions to the Quito, Guayaquil, and Loja Polytechnics and other institutions of higher education. Oil is Ecuador's life-blood—a $1 billion per year industry that accounts for 50 percent of the export earnings and 62 percent of its fiscal budget. Unfortunately, problems also arose. Although Petroecuador acquired 100 percent of the ownership of the Transecuadorian pipeline in 1986, TexPet still accounted for 88 percent of all oil production and operated the pipeline in 1987 when it ruptured and was buried by a landslide. A spill of 16.8 million gallons (4.4 million barrels) occurred, which Texaco attributed to a major earthquake that devastated Ecuador. Other spills apparently occurred as well. Although Texaco pulled out of the consortium in 1992 entirely (having retreated to be a silent minority partner in 1990), three lawsuits were filed against it in the United States—the Aquinda (November 1993), the Sequihua (August 1993), and the Jota (1994). The indigenous people who launched the lawsuits charged that, during two decades of oil drilling in the Amazon, Texaco dumped more than 3,000 gallons of crude oil a day—millions of gallons in total—into the environment. The indigenous people say their rivers, streams, and lakes are now contaminated, and the fish and wild game that once made up their food supply are now decimated. They asked in the lawsuit that Texaco compensate them and clean up their land and waters. Maria Aquinda, for whom the suit is named, says that contaminated water from nearby oil wells drilled by the Texaco subsidiary caused her to suffer chronic stomach ailments and rashes and that she lost scores of pigs and chickens. Aquinda and 76 other Amazonian residents filed a $1.5 billion lawsuit in New York against Texaco. The class-action suit, representing 30,000 people, further alleges that Texaco acted "with callous disregard for the health, wellbeing, and safety of the plaintiffs" and that "large-scale disposal of inadequately treated hazardous wastes and destruction of tropical rain forest habitats, caused harm to indigenous peoples and their property." According to the Ecuadorian environmental group Ecological Action, Texaco destroyed more than 1 million hectares of tropical forest, spilled 74 million liters of oil, and used obsolete technology that led to the dumping of 18 million liters of toxic waste. Rainforest Action Network, a San Francisco—based organization, says effects include poor crop production in the affected areas, invasion of tribal lands, sexual assaults committed by oil workers, and loss of game animals (which would be food supply for the indigenous peoples). Audits were conducted to address the impact of operations on the soil, water, and air and to assess compliance with environmental laws, regulations, and generally accepted operating practices. Two internationally recognized and independent consulting firms, AGRA Earth & Environmental Ltd. and FugroMcClelland, conducted audits in Ecuador. Each independently concluded that TexPet acted responsibly and that no lasting or significant environmental impact exists from its former operations. Nonetheless, TexPet agreed to remedy the limited and localized impacts attributable to its operations. On May 4, 1995, Ecuador's minister of energy and mines, the president of Petroecuador, and TexPet signed the Contract for Implementing of Environmental Remedial Work and Release from Obligations, Liability, and Claims following negotiations with Ecuadorian government officials representing the interests of indigenous groups in the Amazon. In this remediation effort, producing wells and pits formerly utilized by TexPet were closed, producing water systems were modified, cleared lands were replanted, and contaminated soil was remediated. All actions taken were inspected and certified by the Ecuadorian government. Additionally, TexPet funded social and health programs throughout the region of operations, such as medical dispensaries and sewage and potable water systems. That contract settled all claims by Petroecuador and the Republic of Ecuador against TexPet, Texaco, and their affiliates for all matters arising out of the consortium's operations. In the summer of 1998, the $40 million remediation project was completed. On September 30, 1998, Ecuador's minister of energy and mines, the president of Petroecuador, and the general manager of Petropro-duccion signed the Final Release of Claims and Delivery of Equipment. This document finalized the government of Ecuador's approval of TexPet's environmental remediation work and further stated that TexPet fully complied with all obligations established in the remediation agreement signed in 1995. Meanwhile, in the United States, Texaco made the following arguments against the three lawsuits: Activities were in compliance with Ecuadorian laws, and international oil industry standards. Activities were undertaken by a largely Ecuadorian workforce—which Texaco believed would always act in the interest of its community/country. All investments/operations were approved and monitored by the Ecuadorian government and Petroecuador. All activities were conducted with the oversight and approval of the Ecuadorian government. Environmentally friendly measures were used, such as helicopters instead of roads. The health of Ecuadorians increased during the years Texaco was in Ecuador. Ninety-eight percent of the money generated stayed in Ecuador—50 percent of GDP during that period. Jobs were provided for 2,800. Money was provided for schools. Independent engineering firms found no lasting damage. A $40 million remediation program was started per an agreement with the Ecuadorian government. U.S. courts should not govern activities in a foreign country. The three lawsuits were dismissed for similar reasons—the Sequihua in 1994, the Aquinda in 1996, and the Jota in 1997. The Aquinda lawsuit, for example, was launched in New York (where Texaco has its corporate headquarters) because Texaco no longer had business in Ecuador and could not be sued there. The case was dismissed by a New York court in November 1996 on the basis that it should be heard in Ecuador. Failing that, the Ecuadorian government should have been involved in the case as well, or that the case should have been filed against the government and the state-owned Petroecuador as well as Texaco. At that point, the Ecuadorian government did get involved and filed an appeal of the decision. This was the first time a foreign government had sued a U.S. oil company in the United States for environmental damage. In addition, in 1997, the plaintiffs in the Aquinda and Jota cases also appealed the district court's decisions. On October 5, 1998, a U.S. court of appeals remanded both cases to the district court for further consideration as to whether they should proceed in Ecuador or the United States. Written submissions were filed on February 1, 1999. Texaco has long argued that the appropriate venue for these cases is Ecuador because the oil-producing operations took place in Ecuador under the control and supervision of Ecuador's government, and the Ecuadorian courts have heard similar cases against other companies. It is Texaco's position that U.S. courts should not govern the activities of a sovereign foreign nation, just as foreign courts should not govern the activities of the United States. In fact, Texaco claimed the ambassador of Ecuador, the official representative of the government of Ecuador, noted in a letter to the district court that Ecuador would not waive its sovereign immunity. Notwithstanding Texaco's arguments, the case was sent back to the court that threw it out, on the basis that the government of Ecuador does have the right to intervene. The question of whether the case can and will finally be tried in the United States or Ecuador under these circumstances will now take many years to be decided. Texaco claims that it has done enough to repair any damage and disputes the scientific validity of the claims—the Amazonians (or their supporters) seem to have the resources to continue fighting this suit in the U.S. courts. Ultimately the company may prefer the fairness of U.S. courts.
1. Should Ecuadorians be able to sue Texaco in U.S. courts?
2. If an oil spill was caused by an act of God, an earthquake, should Texaco be held responsible?
3. Do you find Texaco's arguments against the lawsuits convincing? Why and why not?
One question at a time, please repost to get the answer of other questions as well


Friendlycontractor.com has raised the bar in innovative and high-quality home improvement in Shadow Hills and the surrounding area. When you first start to think about home improvement, there is a great chance that you will model it according to your dream home. Large and small home changes get you little by little to achieving that perfect place you can truly call home.
We are one of the best home builder and contractors for a very good reason: we make your dream a reality.
Let's start with bathroom remodeling. Take a look at your current bathroom and see what kinds of improvements can be made. Do you want a completely new look, or just add some nice and modern fixtures? If your bathroom is big enough, then you can install luxury bathroom features such as soft lighting, a magnificent bathtub, or an ultramodern sink that you have always wanted. You know what? We can do all of that, and more- with a guarantee it will be completed in just 14 days!
See in your mind's eye how your kitchen can be transformed from ordinary to the extraordinary. Have you always fancied modern and contemporary kitchens with all the conveniences designed for maximum efficiency and aesthetic effect? How would you like an expert designer take a look at your kitchen and offer professional advice in how to beautify it? Call us and get a free consultation, then if you like what you see, we can come up with a state-of-the-art 3D model of how your kitchen will look like. We can do this and more in just 21 days.
Sometimes you wonder how useful an extra room can be when it is built into your home, but have no idea in how to create that space or how to do it without changing the overall architecture of your abode. It may also be high time for a new roof to be installed, preferably a different material this time? Thinking about converting your current garage into a room that can accommodate a person?
Don't jump right in without knowing how the new roof or how the new room might look. If you are uncertain and hesitant to spend significant budget in home improvement, we can certainly help in that aspect. We are a roofing contractor that provides a complete service, using an excellent turnkey solution. Our design team can recreate your dream space first in 3D that will allow you to see it from any angle before committing fully in the project construction. You can rest assured that when you pick Friendlycontractor.com out of the many builders in Shadow Hills, you pick the most experienced, the most hardworking and the most qualified home improvement contractors there is.


This Christmas, Tron Theatre Company is delighted to present a Tron Christmas classic, Remember December. Ideal for little ones aged 3-6 year-olds and their adults, the show is written by our Creative Learning Manager Lisa Keenan (Snow Pals, The Night After Christmas) for our studio space (capacity 60), directed and brought up-to-date this year by Rosalind Sydney (who you may remember from 2016's The Night After Christmas).
Designer Jessica Brettle transforms our small studio space (capacity 60) into a cosy living room where forgetful Flora and her best pal in the world (her Granny) are busy writing their letters to Santa one snowy December eve… But when Flora realises she has forgotten to post her letter, she is left wondering what will happen on 25th December if she does not manage to put things right and make sure that her and Granny are not missed off of Santa's list!
Join Flora on a magical mission to the North Pole, where she'll meet a variety of quirky Christmas characters and maybe even have a wee boogie along the way. But will she remember what to do? We have a feeling she might need some help… We are delighted to welcome back festive favourites Isobel Joss as Flora and Mary Gapinski as her funky, fun-loving granny!
Remember December is 50 fun-filled minutes of charming storytelling, festive magic and audience participation - the perfect Christmas treat for little ones. Featuring choreography by Lisa Kennedy, lighting design by Malcolm Rogan and with a score by Sound Designer Danny Krass, Remember December uses the wonderful physicality and comic timing of the two actors to great effect and is an unforgettable visual experience for little ones who might still be too young for the Tron's main house panto.


text:
About: LABOR LAW
Degree: Bachelor's in Business Statistics
Faculty of Social and Legal Sciences of Elche
Year: Year 1 of Bachelor's in Business Statistics
Type: Core
ECTS credits: 6
Laboratory: 3
Shared: 40
Subject matter: Law
Module: Law
Department: Legal Science
Area: LABOR AND SOCIAL SECURITY LAW
Critical and systematic knowledge of labor and social security law, in both their theoretical and practical aspects.
CARMONA PAREDES, ROSARIO ■ ■ ■
PAREJO PEREZ, JOAQUIN ■ ■
A graduate person in Business Administration must acquire a basic legal training, eminently practical, labor and Social Security to complete a comprehensive and interdisciplinary in the legal and business will qualify for positions of highest responsibility both public and private sectors. The Labour Law should be understood, from this point of view, not only as a set of rules applicable to the contractual relationship that binds the company to each of its workers but as a valid and effective instrument to face the direction of the company and thereby helping to improve productivity and competitiveness.
The thematic content of the course is to approximate LABOR LAW students to the theoretical and practical knowledge of the dynamics of working relationships not only in its individual aspect but also collective and conflictual social security and regulatory system that regulates them. All this as a frame of reference the business dimension and pose major problems to which the application is subject of labor standards at the present stage of transformation of the economic and productive as a result of globalization and the rise of new technologies.
In this way, future graduates will have an overview of labor law and institutions will be equipped with effective tools of analysis to the challenge of dealing with the changes taking place in the labor market in this global context in order to successfully tackle problems involved in implementing labor standards in the company.
Capacity to identify, interpret, formulate, and resolve basic problems within the field of social and legal sciences.
Capacity for planning, organizing, directing, and controlling systems and processes within a framework that guarantees respect for the values, rights and basic principles of the legal system, business competitiveness, protection and conservation of the environment, and sustainable development in the corresponding field.
Adequate knowledge of government, businesses, institutions, governmental agencies, and organizations in general, regulations, and procedures necessary for carrying out tasks and other activities.
Capability for developing new lines, processes, projects, and products.
Ability to communicate in formal, graphic, and symbolic styles, as well as with oral and written forms of expression.
Leadership/Coordination of human resources for the implementation of projects.
Ability to work with multidisciplinary and multicultural teams.
Ability to update knowledge within the field of social and legal sciences.
Capacity to consolidate, expand, and integrate fundamental knowledge within the field of social and legal sciences.
Disposition of methodologies and efficient self-learning skills for adapting to and updating new skills and scientific advances, as well as to changing needs in order to adopt an aptitude for innovation and creativity in practicing the profession.
Capacity to identify relationships and associations in business data analysis.
Comprehend the content of the information derived from the economic activity carried out by the business, used by its users in decision making.
01Remember the historic birth of the Labour Law as a discipline within the Spanish legal system
02Know the labor laws and their application to the problem or specific case.
03Describe the collective labor relations that exist in the field of enterprise and collective potential conflicts that may arise and the right to organize
04Correctly use categories and specialized legal language.
05Critically evaluate the possible action of the employer in relation to both recruitment and modification, suspension and termination of employment
06Calculate and interpret a payslip
07Resolve legal disputes arising through case resolution.
U1DIDACTIC UNIT II: THE RIGHT INDIVIDUAL AND COLLECTIVE WORK WORK
U2DIDACTIC UNIT III: THE SOCIAL SECURITY LAW
U3DIDACTIC UNIT I: THE CATEGORY OF LABOUR LAW AND THE LEGAL AND LABOUR
Ramírez Martínez, Juan M. García Ortega, Jesús. "Curso básico de derecho del trabajo (para titulaciones no jurídicas)". Valencia Tirant lo Blanch 2018.
Palomeque López, Manuel Carlos. Álvarez de la Rosa, Manuel aut. "Derecho del trabajo". Madrid Editorial Universitaria Ramón Areces 2018.
Sánchez-Urán Azaña, Yolanda, coord. / Montoya Melgar, Alfredo. "Igualdad de mujeres y hombres comentarios a la Ley Orgánica 3/2007, de 22 de marzo, para la igualdad efectiva de mujeres y hombres ". Cizur Menos (Navarra) Thomson-Cívitas 2007.
Social Code BOE (Extract Workers Statute RD 2/2015)
According to the evaluation regulations, the student can request continuous evaluation or the completion of a final test to evaluate 100% of the competences of the subject.
The student who opts for continuous assessment will:
a) Two partial exams of written form and theoretical-practical content each composed by a test type test of 20 questions where two answers will barely detract from a good and a practice. It will be necessary to surpass 40% of the test to take into account the practice and it will be necessary to surpass the first partial to be able to do the second. The grade of each part will be: test test 3 points, practice 1.5 points. The total of both partial will represent 90% of the final grade.
b) One or two practices on seminars proposed throughout the course and related to the content of the subject, which will represent 10% of the final mark.
(The overcoming of the first part assumes the elimination of the matter, suspending the second will not save the note obtained in the first partial for subsequent calls)
The student who opts for the final test to evaluate 100% of the subject will perform:
a) Final exam written and theoretical-practical content composed of 30 questions type test where two answers will barely subtract a good that will represent 75% of the final grade. It will be necessary to surpass 40% of the test in order to be able to calculate the grade obtained by the following point.
b) Evaluation of general and specific competences with practical assumptions about the subject content and the proposed seminars, which will represent 25% of the final grade.
(Those who submit to the first part will be understood to want to follow the continuous assessment system. Otherwise, it will be understood that the final test is chosen to evaluate 100% of the competencies).
The subject will be exceeded with a minimum of 5.00.
The qualification for seminars for the students who have chosen continuous evaluation will keep it until the call of September.
In the December summons all students will take a test on 100% of the subject.
Correction criteria
In the test type test there will be three possible answers where only one is correct. Two answers will incorrectly subtract a response well. Questions not answered neither add nor subtract.
Once the test is passed, the qualification for practice and seminar will be added.


E2E Networks Delhi Zone had severe network degradation for more than two hours and intermittent network degradation over the course of the night and early morning. We are awaiting a root-cause report from our ISP on the same. Shall update this blog post as it happens.
Our network uptime over last 3 months remains over 99.9% despite this outage. We'll update the blog about the latest we get from the ISP.
Other E2E Zones were not affected by the outage.
← Why Latency matters in India?


text:
Five dead as light aircraft crashes in Mumbai
Image caption Four people aboard the flight and one person on the ground were killed, officials say
A chartered plane has crashed in India's financial capital Mumbai, killing at least five people, officials have confirmed.
It crashed into a building that was under construction in Ghatkopar, a residential area in eastern Mumbai.
Fire officials told BBC Marathi that the dead included four people on the flight and one person on the ground.
Initial reports say the plane crashed while the pilot was attempting to land. It burst into flames immediately after.
"I was riding my bike when I saw the plane go down," Prathamesh Lokhande, an eyewitness, told BBC Marathi's Janhavee Moole. "I rushed to the spot and helped the fire officials recover the bodies and send them to the hospital."
Suresh Prabhu, India's aviation minister, tweeted his condolences and said that there would be an official inquiry into the crash.
The plane used to be owned by the government of the northern state of Uttar Pradesh and had been sold to private operator UY Aviation, a senior police official told the BBC.
Image copyright Kunal Kotak
Image caption The plane burst into flames immediately after crashing
Image caption It left a trail of fire in a residential area
Image copyright Rahul Ransube
Image caption Investigators will examine the debris of the turbo-prop King Air C-90
Three dead in India chemical factory fire
The man saving Mumbai water one tap at a time


text:
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Alex has $2,545.57 in bank account. If he writes a $244.58 check to buy a watch, how much money will be left in his bank account?
A. $2300.99 B. $2231.00
C. $2319.99 D. $2252.00
Mr. Smith bought two air tickets for his son and himself. The cost of Mr. Smith's air ticket was $1,587.99 and cost of his son's air ticket was $2,396.99. How much money did Mr. Smith pay for the tickets?
A. $4,984.98 B. $3,584.98
C. $3,955.91 D. $3,984.98
An electrical company used 34,462.45 meters of wire on Monday and 56,879.35 meters of wire on Tuesday. What is the total length of wire used by the electrical company?
A. 101,341.8 meters B. 81,341.2 meters
C. 92,341.8 meters D. 91,341.8 meters
Nancy needs $42,899.55 to buy a new car. If she has $24,100.65, how much more money does she need to buy the car?
A. $28,798.9 B. $19,798.9
C. $18,798.9 D. $18,797.9
Danny finished the car race in 42.25 seconds while Robby finished it in 44.36 seconds. Who won the race and by how much time?
A. Robby won the race by 2.11 sec. B. Danny won the race by 2.11 sec.
C. Danny won the race by 2.00 sec. D. Robby won the race by 2.00 sec.
Julia paid $100.00 to the cashier for the book that costs $69.79. How much money the cashier should pay back to Julia?
A. $31.00 B. $30.21
C. $30.00 D. $31.21
How much money should Alice pay to the cashier to buy the pizza slice and coke shown in the picture?
A. $3.00 B. $3.89
C. $3.19 D. $2.00
Referee weighed two boxers before the boxing match. One weighed 69½ kg and the other weighed 67.25 kg. What is the difference in their weight?
A. 2.0kg B. 2.25kg
C. 3.0kg D. 3.5kg
Richard and Lisa put their savings together to buy a new house. If Richard puts $140,350.65 and Lisa puts $16,356.85, then how much money do they have to buy the house?
A. $166,707.50 B. $246,707.50
C. $156,717.50 D. $156,707.50
A plumber joins two pieces of pipes that are 511.35 meter and 408.78 meter in length. What is the total length of the pipe now?
A. 919.00 meter B. 920.43 meter
C. 920.13 meter D. 920.00 meter
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text:
Floris' Top 10 movies of 2015
7 January 2016	Off	By Floris Groenewald
Every December, I make a list of my 10 favourite movies of the year. We'll call it "Top 10 movies of 2015", but it doesn't reflect box office performance, critical reception, or public consensus. This is just one person's recommendation of 10 great films that were released in the past year. Now, counting down to #1 – Floris' Top 10 movies of 2015:
10. Jurassic World
The latest in the modern trend of combining reboot and remake in one film, Jurassic World succeeded in respecting and acknowledging the original film, but not ruining its premise. This franchise has a lot of potential for more sequels, especially when treated well and in the hands of great directors like Colin Trevorrow.
9. The Imitation Game
The least surprising casting choice of the year: Benedict Cumberbatch stars as Alan Turing – the tortured genius mathematician widely considered to being the father of theoretical computer science and artificial intelligence.
8. The Diary of a Teenage Girl
A confident, clever, and daring coming-of-age film about one girl's first sexual experiences in 1970's San Fransisco. Minnie is a 15-year-old girl who starts a relationship with her mother's boyfriend in this film based on a graphic novel. It's a genuine and funny narrative about growing up, becoming a grownup, and the difference between the two.
7. Nightcrawler
Can you say "creepy"? Jake Gyllenhaal definitely creates a creepy, unpredictable character in Nightcrawler. It's a fascinating look at desperation, attention-seeking, and the lengths some people would go to in order to reach their idea of "success".
6. The Martian
Matt Damon and Ridley Scott are both at the top of their game with The Martian. This is a sciency sci-fi thriller about getting stuck and surviving on Mars – another visceral reminder that it's way safer to just stay on Earth.
5. Star Wars: The Force Awakens
Star Wars returns with a bang. Although many have called The Force Awakens a by-the-numbers Star Wars flick and a pseudo-remake of the 1977 original, there's enough fun and fresh action and laughs in Episode VII to thrill fans, excite newcomers, and keep everyone on the edge of their seat.
4. Me and Earl and the Dying Girl
A cinephile flick that's not really about film. Me and Earl and the Dying Girl mixes a coming-of-age narrative and fun characters with cancer drama and a film about art and fitting in.
3. Whiplash
An intense drama about mentors, encouragement, and what it takes to truly be great. JK Simmons is definitely deserving of his Best Supporting Actor Oscar for this film, and it's a pity that Miles Teller didn't get a statue too.
2. Mad Max: Fury Road
In a word: Spectacular. You've never seen any film like Mad Max: Fury Road. Even if it's only for its uniqueness, this film will be remembered for a long time.
1. Birdman
Birdman, about a washed-up superhero movie star (Michael Keaton) who tries to reinvent himself as a serious actor, is fascinating on many levels. And definitely one of those films that warrant a ton of thought and discussion long after the cinema lights have come on again.
Close contenders:
[Links to trailers]
Scouts Guide to the Zombie Apocalypse
Movies I'm looking forward to seeing in 2016
[Links to trailers, where possible]
Hail, Caeser!
Hateful eight
Floris Groenewald
Floris sometimes writes things when he's not watching movies or playing video games or editing videos or folk-rock singing/songwriting.
CategoryMovie Club Opinion
Tags2015 2015 movies Benedict Cumberbatch Birdman film Jurassic World Mad Max Mad Max: Fury Road Me and Earl and the Dying Girl movies Nightcrawler Ridley Scott Star wars Star Wars: The Force Awakens The Diary of a Teenage Girl The Force Awakens The Imitation Game The Martian Top 10 Whiplash
Floris sometimes writes things when he's not watching movies or playing video games or editing videos or folk-rock singing/songwriting.
JJ Abrams surprises again: 10 Cloverfield Lane teaser - The flow says:
[…] Did anyone notice that Damien Chazelle (writer/director of Whiplash) is one of the screenwriters? Now I'm even more […]
Sanita Groenewald says:
Quite a few that I have not seen. Will look out for them.


BEIJING/HONG KONG (Reuters) - Mounting bad loans are running down Chinese banks' capital buffers, forcing them to turn to investors for fresh funds despite raising a record amount last year.
Commercial banks are issuing expensive preference shares as well as convertible and perpetual bonds to shore up their capital bases, even after 2014's bumper issuance when lenders raced to meet new regulatory requirements.
But with bad loans up 30 percent in the first half of 2015 according to China's banking regulator, doubts are growing about the ability of some banks to withstand the economic slowdown.
"China is facing a systemic credit crisis," said Jim Antos, banking analyst at Mizuho Securities in Hong Kong.
Banks' operating profit margins also are expected to worsen, following the central bank's decision on Friday to cut interest rates for the sixth time in less than a year.
China's listed commercial lenders raised $57.6 billion (£37.6 billion) last year to bolster their core capital according to Thomson Reuters data.
But they may need to raise an additional 553 billion yuan (£54.7 billion) if a slowdown in the economy pushes the ratio of non-performing loans (NPLs) from 1.5 to 4 percent, according to calculations by Barclays' banking analyst Victor Wang.
Huaxia Bank Co (600015.SS) is the latest lender to get approval from the Chinese Banking Regulatory Commission (CBRC) to issue 20 billion yuan in preference shares, a bank official told Reuters News.
The economic downturn and structural adjustment have caused "overdue loans to increase quickly, increasing pressure on credit risk management of the entire system," the official said.
Preference shares pay investors a fixed dividend taken from a company's after-tax profits, and are a more expensive form of financing than bonds, which pay out interest before taxes.
Huaxia Bank will follow other Chinese mid-tier banks that recently announced fundraising plans, including Huishang Bank Corp (3698.HK), China Everbright Bank Co. (601818.SS) and China Citic Bank, which said last month that it had approval to sell up to 350 million preference shares.
China's biggest issuers of high quality tier 1 capital over the last 18 months have been its "Big Four" commercial banks, which are expected by analysts to report this week that their percentage of non-performing loans increased this quarter.
The CBRC has ordered the country's systematically important lenders to hold, by 2018, a minimum of 9.5 percent in core tier one capital, which is made up of equity and retained earnings. Currently most of them hold capital above that level, though they all have programs under way to raise more to ensure they can comfortably stay above that target.
Industrial & Commercial Bank of China Ltd (601398.SS)(1398.HK), China Construction Bank Corp (601939.SS)(0939.HK) and Bank of China Ltd (601988.SS)3988HK>, raised $33.3 billion last year, mainly by selling preference shares and subordinated debt, Thomson Reuters data shows.
The total value of bad loans at Chinese banks surpassed 1 trillion yuan in the first half of this year for the first time since 2008, representing 1.5 percent of all issued loans, according to the China Banking Regulatory Commission.
However some Chinese banks are extending the amount of time a loan can be overdue for before they classify it as "bad", meaning the number of problem loans on their books could be higher.
Loans that are overdue by more than 90 days, but not classified as impaired, increased 166 percent during the first half of the year among China's listed banks, UBS banking analyst Jason Bedford said in a note last month.
For example China Minsheng Banking Corp's (600016.SS) proportion of non-performing loans (NPL) increased slightly to 1.36 percent at the end of June, from 1.17 percent in 2014, but its number of overdue but not impaired loans rose by more than 70 percent to 48.4 billion, representing 2.57 percent of all its loans.
A China Minsheng Bank spokesman declined to comment on its overdue loan level.
At Huaxia Bank, the volume of loans 90 days past due but unimpaired increased 289 percent, to 34 billion yuan, during the first six months of the year while its impaired loan ratio worsened only marginally to 1.35 percent.
Still, the proportion of bad loans in China's banking system as a whole is still well below the level hit in the early 2000s, when the culmination of years of government directed lending meant the NPL ratio at some banks in excess of 20 percent.
But back then China's fast growing economy enabled lenders to run down their bad debt levels relatively quickly. Now, with growth slowing, the chances of such a quick recovery look slim.
"We foresee NPLs will continue to climb as the economy slows - no growth turnaround is foreseen in the near future," said Andrew Wood, the Singapore-based head of Asia country risk at BMI Research.


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Though dairy products are considered one of the four basic food groups and an important part of the diet, in one specific situation milk can be responsible for causing a type of rampant decay. This decay process happens when a child goes to sleep while breastfeeding or bottle-feeding. The milk is collected on the roof of the mouth and tongue, and the upper front teeth are bathed in it. During sleep, the flow of saliva is reduced and the natural self-cleansing action of the mouth is diminished. The sugar content of the stagnant collected milk is changed to acids which cause decalcification (softening) of the enamel, resulting in extensive decay called "nursing caries".


text:
How Dan Sundheim became the LeBron James of investing, launched one of the hottest hedge funds on earth, and minted a billion-dollar fortune along the way
by Tradechat
in News, stream
Dan Sundheim has quickly become an investor to follow since launching his fund D1 Capital after working as the chief investment officer at Andreas Halvorsen's Viking Global.
Alastair Grant/AP Photo; Streeter Lecka/Getty Images; Brendan McDermid/Reuters; Scott Olson/Getty Images; Samantha Lee/Business Insider
The world has changed drastically in the two years since D1 Capital launched.
And Dan Sundheim made money through it all, thanks to a string of bets that have emerged as winners in the new normal. The Wharton grad now has at least $1 billion in personal wealth between his assets in his firm, stake in the NBA's Charlotte Hornets, real-estate portfolio, and art collection.
The former Viking Global Investors chief investment officer started trading at D1 in July 2018 with more than $5 billion — including more than $500 million of his own money — and hasn't looked back.
Business Insider's conversations with a dozen college classmates, coworkers, and people who've invested with him revealed a whip-smart, mild-mannered colleague who had early flashes of investing brilliance.
"I think of Dan like LeBron James. Whatever team he is on is going to be a contender because he makes everyone else around him so much better," one of Sundheim's former Viking colleagues told Business Insider.
SUBSCRIBE NOW TO READ THE FULL STORY: The rise of Dan Sundheim: How a Wharton whiz kid became the LeBron James of investing, launched one of the hottest hedge funds on earth, and minted a billion-dollar fortune in the process
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Tags: economyfeedid-27
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