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Comment taken from comments section
Thank you Anonymous for leaving this comment
These fools do not understand what they have unleashed.
The word "army" means those who carry arms for war.
There are thousands of guns available to the Muslim army in Britain.
Just recently three religious Muslim radicals including a gun-toting mad-eyed and bearded jihadist, were sentenced to a pathetic 4 odd years, (as they pleaded they did not intend murder) for pouring diesel oil through the letter box of a book-publisher and attempting to burn him out. He was about to publish someone's book about the life of Aisha, the child-bride of the Muslim's founder, all of which is documented in the Islamic literature.
He is placed on a pedestal like an idol some say, for it is also said that "you can insult Islam as much as you like, but but not Muhammed."
This may explain why this brainwashing comes to the fore when books are published about him, or his life of war and preaching which spread throughout the Arabian tribes 1400 years ago, at the point of the sword.
The name "Sayful Islam" means "sword of Islam."
This is the name chosen by many who are openly, or secretly, jihadists, who intend to overthrow our Western democracies.
Any Government Agents or Ministers, that abuse the Law of the Land, and give succour or support to the jihadists in any way, are themselves guilty of treachery to the Crown, and as such are worthy of the severest of penalties when the Reckonng happens, as it shall, for no Englishman or true Briton shall allow the day to come to pass, wherein Enemies of the People are allowed to triumph against the Nation or the Crown.
Posted by Lionheart at 9:29 am
Labels: august 8th birmingham protest, edl, english defence league, luton protest, manchester protest, wdl, welsh defence league
Peaceful Christian family deported to face Muslim persecution, while Muslims allowed to rampage through Britain raping, plundering and bombing.
This government is SATANIC.
The EDL has formed a band of Brothers. This Gestapo government is intent on ruining our great land. There will be war .
You can stand with us or against us!
Take note OLD BILL,
your day will come, cause the Army of Her Majesty will not let this Great land wither and Die!
Be prepared to defend your heritage because War is upon us!
At sunrise , look to the West.
The Saxons Are Coming.............................
Take it easy on Muslim extremists
""Take it easy on Muslim extremists, police told," by Macer Hall for the Daily Express, July 11:
Police will be ordered not to charge Muslim extremists in many hate crime cases – to stop them becoming more militant.
Guidelines will tell forces to press for conviction only in cases of clear-cut criminal acts.
Officers will be advised not to proceed when evidence of lawbreaking is "borderline".
Examples of crimes to which a blind eye may be turned include incitement to religious hatred or viewing extremist material on the internet.
Last night critics warned that the move could mean Islamic radicals being give the freedom to encourage violence.
Some saw the move as a politically correct attempt to appease extremists who hate Britain.
It could even mean officers tolerating many activities of Muslim preachers of hate like the hook-handed cleric Abu Hamza.
Tory MP David Davies said: "This sounds like abject surrender. Everyone should be equal in the eyes of the law.
"It doesn't matter whether someone is suspected of incitement to hatred or shoplifting – they should all face the same risk of prosecution.
"There should be no special favours or treatment for any section of the community."
Officials insist there is no suggestion that people who have clearly committed offences will avoid prosecution.
Then, why did officials initiate this discussion? Are Muslims to be treated equally under the law with the majority population, or, per Orwell's coinage, "more equal than others?""
http://www.facebook.com/islam.sayful
his friends also include high ranking members of the MCB (muslim council of great britain)
others include a member of Leeds council who also works for a muslim gaza organization relief fund.
An other is a SNP muslim politician. A respect councillor. and raza, who's comments state "The training is nothing! The will is everything! The will to act." Raza also calls for one Ummah, with a blood stained banner.
All these moderate muslims connected with radical islamists. Charming people.
I've been reading the developments concerning Casuals Untied and supportive as long as the events remain peaceful.
The concern that I have and I'm sure others have is whether it will stay peaceful considering the military wing of the Islamic supremacists and the left wing rabble who protects them will do their best to disrupt these protests. While others are more critical, I am more pragmatic and know from experience that the ideals we wish to live up just does not happen with the realities of life. We have to make the best of what we've got.
IMHO, certain part of Britain are beginning to resemble what Britain was like in the early middle ages when monks came here to spread Christianity, where it was wracked with anarchy and destruction as competing tribes competed for dominance. Although these monks were successful in bringing Christianity to the pagan peoples, they were faced with the problem that with the brutality of age these people could not fully live to the ideals of Christ's message of love and non-violence. Faced with this reality, these monks tried to ensure these people believed in God and as battle was nearly an everyday event in these peoples lives would pray for success in the battlefield. The kings, and his people, who served God faithfully would be blessed with visions that night before battles by various saints like Saint Columba, Saint Cuthbert or Saint Andrew to give them fortitude and hope in the battle ahead, those who did not serve God faithfully suffered defeat.
Back to today. Paul has spread the word of the dangers of the radical elements of Islam who are putting our country in danger. Those who have answered the call has been the casuals. You have to be naive in thinking that the casuals don't have 'chequered past' but if they are true in heart in rising to this challenge by serving Queen and Country, they have to realise that Her Majesty, in her role as Fidei Defensor they are also serving God as well.
It is a heavy weight on their shoulders but like their early Christian convert ancestors, if they serve God they will be granted success, if not they will be punished. Paul, I don't know how well involved you are in this movement on the ground but could you please offer them guidance and make sure they do the right thing in their service of God, Queen and Country?
If you were around in the seventies in Luton, would you have been marching and organising against the Southern irish community on account of the murderous bombing activity of the IRA ?
Answer that one yourself Anonymous!
If you are consistent then you would have. You had an extremist strand of republicanism and an immigrant community - just as you have now with the pakistani community and an extremist group springing from the wider group. Where is the difference ?
Lol Paul, this site does really attract the bumpers.
Anon, you would have to be living in a case not to know that the troubles has finished and the IRA as well as the loyalist groups have stood down military operations.
As to Irish republicianism, it's sole aim was the reunification of Ireland which is very different from elements in the Muslim community (this has nothing to do with the Pakistani community as there are black and white converts and there is this country has a small Pakistani Christian population), where elements want to otherthrow the secular democracy we live in and impose Islamic law in it's place.
The other difference is that the Republicans, apart from the bombing on mainland targets, kept their activity like 'collections for the cause' and punishment beatings in their own community which is very different from the 'street Jihadits' who prey on everybody no matter what their religion or race is.
I look forward to your reply.
The difference is obvious. The republicans wanted a united Ireland,the muslims want to kill convert or enslave the rest of us.
Urban11
The phrase "No Surrender To Al Qaeda" wan't just pulled out of someone's arse the other day. It does have a history going back to before the time when the current threat came about.
Jocmadoc - thank you for the phrase "apart from the bombing on mainland targets" - you are quite happy it seems to set aside the Birmingham pub bombings, the guildford bomb, the harrods bonmb, the warrington bomb and many others. Also 29 people were killed in the Omagh bomb, which was in Northern Ireland. I would not blame the Southern Irish community in Luton for these atrocities - it is as ludicrous as blaming the Bury park community for the actions of Al Quaida.
This fat guy below with his belly sticking out is David Tull. He has got arrested twice on anti-Islamic demos in Luton. I knew him when he, aka David Coles, ran with the National Front 2 years ago and was in league with local Blood and Honour activists. To say that the Luton demonstrators are not racist is nonsense. I was with them on the streets when they were straining to get to Bury Park. Do you think, if they got there, they could have told the difference between an "extremist" and a moderate muslim ? Of course not - they would have torn into whoever came their way - as long as they had brown skin.
Many islamic organisation had been known to spout extremist filth and are extremist in nature. and the fact that most of their greedy supporters had been mostly unsavoury asian brown skin people from asia. Many of those asian nonmoslem asian (ie indian, chinese) had been quietly directly and indirectly supported and enriched those islamic hypocrites, due to similar traits, ignorance and due to greed. Therefore, it has nothing to do with racism. It is the majority of the brown skin people that are to be blamed.
WLIL
Anon @ 13-Jul-2009 21:59:00
Quite obviously they way you have taken words of my post out of context shows you are trolling. I guess it is my fault for posting it in haste.
Lets clear things up, I live in the west of Scotland. I know people who came from Ulster/have relatives who live in Ulster and support for the paramilitaries are backed up with the threats of getting the door kicked in at the wee small hours to get dragged out of our bed with a gun stuck in your face or picked up and driven to a deserted country road for a 'friendly chat'.
The Irish community in this country would be 'helping' the provo's because of this and apart from terrorist operations, the provo's would be keeping a low profile and, as far as I know, keeping their criminal activities like extortion in their 'own community' for obvious reasons
Contrast this with the Muslim community with the mad mullahs preaching anti-western rhetoric, the 'street jihadist's, who while have nothing to do with Islam but use the prejudices against non-Muslims as justifications for their crime, the terrorists who want to other throw the country and the 'community leaders' who chip away trying to get more rights for their community.
It would be mad to say that these 'factions' are some part of conspiracy but due to the human dynamic they feed off each other. The community leaders tug at the liberals heartstrings in order to get more anti-discrimination legislation and allow them to keep things in their 'own community' to deal with the 'hot heads', the mad mullah's have the freedom to say more extremist rhetoric without fear of arrest, the 'street jihadists' sectarian bigoted prejudices are reinforced as well as the terrorists. It is a never ending circle with more violence and more appeasement.
You say that the Bury park community is not to blame? Are they protesting against the radical elements or appealing to the government to deal with the problem. Their silence is deafening that is until the spotlight is put on them.
WLIL said...
Indeed, it does not make sense to compare nonislamic irish communities with islamic communities. Nonislamic irish problem was a localized problem whereas islamic problem was and is a widespread problem that is affecting too many nonbelievers around the world.
WLIL @ 15-Jul-2009 09:24:00
The anon poster is trolling and/or trying to cloud the issue with ethnicity. It is about religion, not ethnicity.


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Agnes von Limburg-Bronkhorst-Styrum (* 18. September 1563 auf Kasteel de Wildenborch; † 2. Januar 1645 in Vreden) war Äbtissin der Stifte Elten, Vreden, Borghorst und Freckenhorst.

Leben
Sie stammte aus dem Adelsgeschlecht Limburg-Styrum. Ihr Vater war Hermann Georg von Limburg und Bronkhorst, Herr auf Styrum, Wisch und Borculo. Die Mutter war Maria Gräfin von Hoya. Ihre Schwester Metta war ebenfalls Äbtissin in Freckenhorst.

Sie trat in jungen Jahren in das Stift Elten ein. Sie wurde 1596 Pröpstin in Vreden. In Elten wurde sie 1603 Äbtissin. Später war sie auch Äbtissin der Stifte Vreden, Borghorst und seit 1614 in Freckenhorst. Sie residierte meist in Vreden.

Zu Beginn ihrer Amtszeit waren alle vier Stifte in einem schlechten Zustand. Teilweise war das Leben verweltlicht, teilweise litten sie unter den Nachwirkungen zurückliegender Kriege. Agnes von Limburg-Stirum hat in allen Stifte für Reformen gesorgt. In Elten wurden die teilweise in Trümmern liegenden Gebäude abgerissen und mit einem Neubau begonnen. In Borghorst ließ sie ein neues Abteigebäude erbauen.

Im Jahr 1619 stiftete sie das Vredener Hungertuch. Das Tuch zeigt elf figürliche Passionsbilder. Im Mittelpunkt befindet sich das Bild der Kreuzigung.  Eingearbeitet auch der Hinweis auf die Stifterin: "Agnes, von Gottes Gnaden Äbtissin zu Elten, Vreden, Freckenhorst und Borghorst, Gräfin von Limburg und Bronckhorst, hat dieses Ornament zu Ehren des Leidens Christi angefertigt und der Kirche der heiligen Felicitas gestiftet im Jahr des Herrn 1619." Außerdem enthält es 16 Adelswappen der Vorfahren der Äbtissin.

Ein Teil ihrer Wirkungszeit fiel mit dem Dreißigjährigen Krieg zusammen. Auf Grund ihrer familiären Verbindungen sowohl ins protestantische wie auch katholische Lager, konnte sie verschiedentlich Raubzüge in ihrem Einflussbereich verhindern. Auch mit anderen Maßnahmen versuchte sie das Eindringen von fremden Soldaten zu verhindern. Sie hat sich darüber hinaus, wenn sie es für nötig hielt Anordnungen der Regierung des Hochstifts Münster widersetzt. Im Fall eines täuferisch gesinnten Müllers hat sie sich dessen Festnahme widersetzt, weil diese von Münster getroffene Anordnung ihre Rechte verletzt hatte.
Bestattet wurde sie in der Stiftskirche von Vreden.

Sonstiges
Sie erbte die Herrschaft Gemen und trat den Nachlass an ihren Neffen Hermann Otto I. von Limburg-Styrum ab. Dieser war der Vater der Freckenhorster Äbtissin Agnes Maria von Limburg-Styrum.

Einzelnachweise

Literatur
 Wilhelm Kohl: Das (freiweltliche) Damenstift Freckenhorst (= Germania Sacra. NF Bd. 10: Die Bistümer der Kirchenprovinz Köln. Das Bistum Münster. Teilband 3). de Gruyter, Berlin u. a. 1975, ISBN 3-11-002098-X, S. 347f.

Weblinks
Biographie auf lwl.org

Agnes
Äbtissin (Freckenhorst)
Geboren 1563
Gestorben 1645
Frau

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
German Central Bank Chief Calls For Caution in Developing CBDCs
Jens Weidmann, the President of the Deutsche Bundesbank, has weighed in on the prospect of allowing Facebook's Libra stablecoin project in the country, as well as the efforts of countries with implementing Central Bank Digital Currencies (CBDCs).
In an interview with local news medium Handelsblatt yesterday, the policymaker gave his opinions on Libra first, explaining that should be ways to come up with alternatives to the currency that will be faster and much cheaper to implement for their customers. However, as opposed to what many countries are doing right now, he explained that governments aren't the solution to this problem.
Private Firms should take the Lead
As he put it, most developed countries operate in capitalist economies, and one of the foundational principles of this economic model is that private companies are the ones to come up with solutions that will meet the demands of users.
"In a market economy, it is first up to the company to develop a suitable offer for customer requests," he said, while also adding that if there is ever the need for a digital Euro like several European policymakers have called for, then governments should be given the leeway to make investigations into these assets and look into the pros and cons that they could bring.
The prospect of the European Union launching a digital currency for making money transfers within the economic bloc has been championed by several people, including and especially Benoit Coeure, a Director of the European Central Bank (ECB), and French Finance Minister Bruno Le Maire. Both men have openly called for the creation of a "EuroCoin," which they believe will help them- and their citizens- operate in the digital asset space without the need for Libra.
No One Wants Libra
Christine Lagarde, the President of the ECB, has also called on the financial regulator to stay ahead of the curve as regards stablecoins, and has promised to explore the implications of CBDCs on European economies going forward. However, considering that several reports have outlined that stablecoins could have some terrible implications on privacy and economic policy implementation, several top policymakers have called on Libra to be abolished from the European Union and for it to never be released.
Last week, Swiss President Ueli Maurer explained that Libra has "failed" in its current form, adding that the chances of the stablecoin getting regulatory approval the way it is right now are slim to none.
Maurer especially called the asset peg of Libra into question, asserting that Central Banks all over the world won't allow an asset that is pegged by so many fiat currencies to operate in their jurisdictions.
Regardless, Facebook is continuing in its mission to launch its stablecoin. The company has dealt with the loss of several members of its Libra Association, but no indications have given cause to believe that it could be shutting down the asset.
Litecoin Price Prediction: Within 24 Hours, LTC/USD Beats the Market with 5.62% Gains
Litecoin Users Urge Charlie Lee to Bankroll New Privacy Development

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Football is a funny old game full of clichés, bizzare terminologies and with some down right silly rules. This is the page where you can find answers to all of those questions that might arise in a chat down the pub. We've got key facts and trivia on things like stadiums firsts (first stand, floodlights, artificial pitch, etc), biggest grounds, most expensive stadia, pitch sizes, football mascots and all sorts of other records and stats.
We also cover club milestorenes from signing records to most successful clubs, and much more. At Football-Stadiums.co.uk our footy boffins will also tell you about all kinds of interesting features, from why you can't broadcast at 3pm kick off to transfer rules, match fixing and even the origins of football itself. Have a browse of our articles, at the very least they will probably help you answer some quiz questions.
Never have an argument again about who are the most successful teams in England. Man United have won the most Leagues but Liverpool still have more major trophies, the top two are not going to be caught any time soon either.
There is little sentiment in the modern game and players are now expected to move several times in their careers. There are however some spectacular players that have only played for one club through their footballing lives.
From James Vaughan at number ten making his début for Everton ages 16 and 297 days to Matthew Briggs, the current record holder, aged 16 years and 65 days old when he made his début for Fulham in May 2007.
It's mainly the goalies that make up the top ten oldest, they have it easy standing between the stick all day don't they? Although Teddy Sheringham does make it in there too. From Edwin van der Sar to John Burridge see our top ten oldest list.
See a comprehensive list of all the record goalscorers in from England as well as a top 10 run down of the the greatest goal scorers from England's top division. We also look at goalscorers then vs now as well as other records and trivia.
Find the record appearance player at all English clubs as well as top teams form around the world. Former England goalkeeper Peter Shilton will take some beating for years to come with 1005 league appearances across 32 seasons.
Surprisingly you probably won't have heard of many of the ten biggest football grounds in the world. North Korea claim to have the largest with stadiums from Malaysia, Indonesia and Iran also making the list.
Footy grounds in the UK hit a low in the 1980's but since the investment brought by the FA and the Premier League we can now boast some of the biggest and most well equipt stadiums in the world, from Wembley to the Olympic Stadium.
Europe is the richest continent on earth and football the main sport. As you would expect it is the footballing giants Germany, England and Spain that domiante the list of the largest football stadiums in Europe.
We all have our own list of the best and most iconic stadiums in the world although we think you will agree with the grounds in our list on the whole. Read about the stadiums that we think are that little bit extra special in world football.
Most football grounds are designed to be as easy as possible to access as the whole point is to draw in crowds. Some stadiums around the world are simply in inaccessible locations, find out about the most remote and hardest to get to stadiums in the world.
Wembley remains to date the most expensive stadium built solely for or primarily for football. Wembley stadium would cost around £1.2 billion to build today, a staggering amount, but why is that the case? Is it just the best stadium ever or a case of spiraling construction costs?
A guide to the most famous multi-club cities in England, Scotland and the rest of Europe. Although London tops the charts for the most professional teams there are places with closer teams, more clubs per head, more honours and much bigger rivalries.
The majority of football stadiums saw higher attendances in the past but is it fair to compare these with the stadiums we have now? We discuss past, present and future attendance, what has affected crowd levels, records, averages and more.
It can feel like a personal assault when your much loved club decides to name a new or existing stadium after an airline, bank or brand of insurance. Unfortunately this is the way in the financially driven game of modern football. Find out where sponsorship came from and where it might end up.
The idea of top flight clubs sharing grounds in Britain has never really caught on, abroad however, and especially in Italy, there are lots of high profile clubs and stadiums that share grounds. See a list of stadium sharing football clubs along with famous examples from the past and present.
Long gone are the muddy bald pitches of the the 1970's, these days wherever you go from the Premier League to the League Two clubs play on immaculate surfaces. We tell you all about the history of football pitches and all about the new grass types available.
It's hard to maintain world class football pitches if you rely on the weather alone. We've all seen the sprinklers turned on before the match and at half time but is down to the ground staff or the manger? Are sprinklers used as part of the tactics of modern football?
Why do many football clubs play games behind closed doors? Most of the time this has nothing to do with disciplinary action but instead these games are used as a means for clubs to play matches away from prying eyes and the media, behind closed doors friendlies are very common.
Although we tend to associate one stadium with one club there are a multitude of examples where grounds have hosted numerous teams. We look at the top ten stadiums that have hosted the most football teams in their history. From England and around the world.
Having a pie and bovril at the match used to be an important part of the day. How have refreshments at football stadiums changed over the years and how do they vary around the world? How much does it cost these days for a pie and a cup of tea at your club?
Long gone are the days that big stadiums made most of their money from match day ticket sales. These days stadiums are more diverse than ever with naming rights, concerts, tours, museums and hospitality that can generate millions in revenue.
Where Is The Best Place To Sit In A Football Stadium?
From a purely visual point of view the best pace to sit is in a side stand, not too high and as close to the half-way line as possible. Many of course would disagree, speak to anyone who sits on Liverpool's Kop for example. We look at the where to sit in stadiums and why to sit there.
Football stadiums are changing and are now built as multi-purpose technological venues with bespoke architecture and quirky features. The future of football stadiums isn't so certain however with the gap increasingly widening between top and bottom clubs.
There is a sense of achievement to completing any collection and it may surprise you how many fans collect stadium visits. It is seen as a badge of honour to visit all the grounds in your league, and especially all 92 professional teams. It's called ground hopping.
You couldn't call a stadium a stadium if it didn't have an entire side of the pitch devoted to the huge entourage of staff and players that are now needed at the match. But where did these glorified bus shelters come from, who invented the dugout and how did it develop into a technical area?
Have you ever wondered where 1860 Munich got their name from? Well they were founded in 1860 making them one of the oldest clubs in the world still playing today. See a full list of the oldest football clubs from the UK and abroad.
Although we tend to focus on the founder members and the oldest football teams, what about the youngest. We've got the top ten newest English professional teams along with some of the most high profile protest clubs formed as a result of various disagreements.
Most modern football fixtures in Europe are rather serene affairs with largely friendly chants and little segregation. There are however some games that make the blood boil more than ever and there is no better place to look than a derby game to find the worst culprits.
We often don't think much about where clubs train but as this is where teams spend most of their working lives it can have a major impact on the football a team produces. Read about training complexes and facilities used by professional football clubs around the world.
Only the most die hard fans would know their names but we all know football teams are not just run by the manager, there is a whole host of roles that go to make a backroom staff at big football clubs. What are the most important jobs and what is involved in doing them?
The ownership of football clubs in England often grabs the headlines. The way some newspapers report it you would think football teams were 100% foreign owned. This is not the case, read our article to find out who owns your favourite teams and how much of English football is foreign owned.
The Premier League is the richest football league in the world and this means it attracts a lot of foreign investment, but is this a good thing. We look at foreign ownership in English football and compare this to other major European leagues to see what the actual story is.
Who are the Highest Paid Players?
Long gone are the days of measly pay and wage caps in top level football. Today the worlds best players can take home in excess of £15,000,000 a year in salary, that's a long way compared to the £20 a week wage cap in place in the late 1950's.
What Do Footballers Do After They Retire?
Finishing your career in your mid-30's is not a problem most of us have but for footballers what do you do with the next 40 years or so? We've taken a look at the most popular jobs post retirement for top footballers from punditry to coaching.
Player transfers in top level football has reached simply crazy levels in recent decades. Discover the origins of the modern transfer markets, find out what a Bosman ruling is and where it came from and how transfer windows work.
From Manchester United and Liverpool, Celtic and Rangers to Palmeiras and Corinthians and Brazil and Argentina, football is full of great rivalries. Read about the biggest rivals as well as the teams that everyone seem to love and those everyone seem to hate.
Have you ever wondered where this weird modern trend for big cuddly and sometimes outrageous mascots comes from. Well before the Muppets and Sesame Street most clubs didn't have official mascots and many that did used real animals, usually dogs. How things have changed.
Today when a team moves stadium it is big news. Moves these days need to be heavily financed and published in advance. Way back when however clubs would move around for fun with teams like QPR having called no less than fourteen different grounds home over the years.
Remember in 1998 when Betfred paid out on Manchester United to win the league and they only went and lost it to Arsenal? We look at the biggest points comebacks in football history in England and abroad. It's never over until the fat lady sings so they say.
What are the nicknames for your football team? Where do all the weird and wonderful football team nicknames come from and how do they stick with supporters. What is the reason Sunderland are called the Black Cats or Bolton Wanderers are called the Trotters?
Find out what the home and away kit colours are for all the football teams we list on this site. On our football kit page you can also discover the history of modern football kit colours including famous examples and major reasons why kit different colours are needed.
The modern game is so different to what it used to be and most top clubs no longer rely on gate receipts and match day revenue as their major money earner. Fins out about the major revenue streams in football today at all levels.
Football anthems have been very much part British football for decades, with many clubs adopting songs in the music revolution of the 1950's and 60's. What are the most famous football club anthems and ultimately why do fans sing them at all?
FOOTBALL CHILD MASCOTS, HOW TO BECOME ONE & HOW MUCH DOES IT COST?
The cost of football is often a lottery that depends on the club you support. Many parents and children dream of walking out onto the pitch with their favourite team and players, but is it fair that some clubs give free places to child mascots whereas others charge hundreds for the privilege?
It is the one thing the game could never do without, the ball. Often overlooked this key piece of kit wasn't always a sleek engineered design, find out the history of the football, how the design has changed and how we settled on a standard size and shape.
You would think talking about a corner flags would be a boring as watching paint dry, surprisingly that is not the case. It turns out the history of the corner flag, the shape of it and other celebrations and controversies using it, are far more interesting than you may have imagined.
The humble throw-in is often overlooked in football, but why do we throw the ball back into play over our heads using a system that is actually quite restrictive? With dedicated throw-in coaches in modern day football teams the throw-in is more complicated than you might imagine.
It took a while before penalties were introduced formally as a punishment for infringement inside the box, in the early days players were relied on to be honourable, I'm not sure you could say that today. Find out everything you need to know about penalties in our dedicated article.
Today we take it for granted that most games will see substitutes used, even if just to waste time. Of course for most of footballing history substitutes were not used or very limited. Find out how rules on substitutes in football have changed and what changes we may expect in the future.
Could you imagine a football pitch without an 18 yard box or a half-way line? The modern football pitch layout we see today wasn't always the same, find out how markings on football pitches came about, how they have evolved and who sets the rules when it comes to sizes and dimensions.
Why Do American's Call Football Soccer?
Despite common belief the word soccer actually arose in England as a way to discriminate Rugby Football from Association Football, soccer is a slang form of the word 'association'. In modern times the word has become an Americanism, find out why.
Where You Can Watch Football For Free?
How Do Football Players Make Money?
Modern top level football players can earn money from numerous sources in addition to their already astronomical salaries. What are the most common ways that players get their wage, from writing autobiographies and sponsorship to TV punditry and savvy investments.
We take the indirect free kick in football for granted as part of the game but do you really know what they are awarded for and where the rule came from? Did you know for example that free kicks for back-passes, offside and dissent are all indirect?
Are Football Pitches the Same Size?
You might have noticed that not all football pitches have the same dimensions. In fact the rules that govern pitch size allow for quite a large range of sizes so long as the aspect ratio is maintained. Even kids pitches comes with size rules.
Why are Saturday 3pm Games Not Broadcast on TV?
The football blackout was brought in to protect match attendances and to prevent fans choosing to watch top level football over going to a lower league game. In the modern day this has become rather arbitrary but is still enforced.
Have you ever thought when the first football matches were refereed? The job, rules and qualifications required have changed hugely over the years to what is now a high profile, high pressure job. Now we've got assistants (not linesmen), fourth officials and more to contend with.
Football is always last to adopt new sports technologies. Hawk eye had been in use in Tennis for nearly 15 years before the technology was first used in football. The use of VAR however is not all rosy and many see the video referee in football as damaging to the basic ethos of the game.
Are You Allowed to Sell Your Match Ticket?
We are all used to seeing the words "non-transferable" on our tickets, but what does this really mean? Anyone who goes the match regularly will have sold a ticket on before but where do you actually stand legally? Find out about legalised touts and third party sellers.
What Is The Offside Rule and How Has it changed?
Can you imagine a time before offside? Well it took while to get the rule nailed down and many would even argue it's not quite right even today. There is more history than you might think behind offside, maybe people have a point that is is too complicated?
Why Are Football Matches Abandoned?
Professional football games are rarely called off during the match these days but it does still happen. Whether it's the weather, safety or having too many players sent off find out what the rules are and what happens next.
Why Are Football Games Postponed?
Similarly matches are rarely postponed for things like the weather any more but with modern clubs trying to cram more fixtures than ever into a season it does still happen quite a lot. On a couple of occasions postponements have had a big impact on the end of the season.
Why Do Footballers Get Banned?
In the old days you needed to take someones head off to get a ban in football. Modern football is very different however with many sanctions now in place both on field and off field. Read about common bans and famous examples of some of the more bizarre bans.
Why Do Football Clubs Get Banned?
Bans for whole football clubs are fairy rare but they do happen. In our article we look at what bans mean for teams, why clubs get banned and some high profile examples of match fixing and safety issues in the past that have led to bans for clubs around the world.
Football is lauded as simple game, and it it, the problem is there are too many people in institutions, like FIFA constantly, trying to fix something that isn't broken. Over the years we've seen many ideas come and go from silver goals to kick-ins and American penalties.
It would surprise many fans today when they realise that cards were not used to issue discipline in football in England until the mid-1970's. Despite now being an icon of the game red and yellow cards are a relatively recent introduction for cautioning on the pitch.
A comprehensive look at the origins of football from the Chinese military game called Tsu' Chu to what we know today as the modern game. We look at the development and changes of rules, the formation of the football league and we show you at a timeline of football over time.
In the mid to late 1800's football was highly unstructured with many competing leagues and rule variations. In 1888 Aston Villa director, William McGregor, began the process of organising the first professional football league with 12 founder members, English football never looked back.
When you look at the modern game it would surprise many to learn how just how chaotic the origins of the FA was. The FA formed in 1863 but prior to this several competing organisations threatened to fracture the game in England before it had barely begun.
The older folks among us will remember the Home Championship, an annaul international competition between England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales. First played in 1883 it lasted for nearly 100 years and was once the biggest national competition many years before the World Cup arrived.
When your beloved club moves stadium for many fans it can be a deeply emotional time, the feeling of loss is somewhat like losing a pet or even a family member. If your looking for some nostalgia visit this page where we keep all the guides from our closed stadiums.
Go back 100 years or so and you'd be lucky to find a seat in a British football stadium, only the richest could afford to sit down, the rest of the fans stood in often packed terraces. A series of disasters and safety issues led to all seater stadiums, although standing may be coming back.
Floodlights are a necessity in the modern sport and this means these days we can watch all sorts of games and events at any time of day. This of course wasn't always the case and in fact to begin there was battle over their use in football.
How Have Football Pitches Changes Through History?
In the early days it really was jumpers for goalposts, early football pitches could be formed on the local park, the farm, anywhere with a bit of green basically. Now we have under-soil heating, artificial turf and even professional teams of staff to look after the grass.
Anyone who watches top class football would be disgusted if the game was called off these days for a frozen pitch. This wasn't always the case, prior to 1960 it was a common occurrence to have a game called off during the winter months, find out about the history of undersoil heating.
Wherever there is money there is corruption and with football being the richest and most wide spread sport on the planet it has seen its fair share of dodgy people and organisations. We cover everything from historical abuses to the recent FIFA scandal.
Football is a hard game to fix, especially with just one player or official. This doesn't mean people haven't tried many times, in this article we look at the history of fixing, high profile incidents as well as the future.
It may be controversial for some but whether you like it or not the gambling industry and football are tightly linked in the UK. It wasn't always this way however, the rise of online betting and sponsorship has seen bookmakers and casinos dominate, is this a good thing or not?
There is little debate about the oldest footy ground still open today, it is Bramall Lane home of Sheffield United. The stadium didn't start out hosting the beautiful game but it did play an integral role in bringing the rival football associations of the time together.
With cricket and early rugby being the national game back in the late 1800's it was logical the first ever football matches were played on rugby and cricket pitches. By the end of the century however football took over with dedicated stadiums.
There is a lot of debate around the origins of the game of football and in particular when the first recognised professional matches was played. Find out about the long running debates around who scored the first goal and more.
The question of which was the first ever football team is kind of dependent on when and where you think football began. We look at the first ever football teams under Cambridge Rules, Sheffield Rules and the Football Association Rules.
In the early days football was the poor relation playing matches on pitches of other sports such as Rugby and Cricket. The formation of the football league changed all that with clubs like Everton rapidly building stands to capitalise on the new working class craze.
Players weren't always bought and sold for more money that the cost of a small yacht. Find out the history of player signings, who were the first players signed for money and who was the first £100 and million pound player.
For a very long time it was very difficult for foreign players to play for British football clubs, rules meant that players had to be resident for over two years before they could play. New EU rules in the 1970's changed the game forever by removing these rules.
Stadiums these days are safer than they've ever been before but unfortunately it took us far too long to learn from history with many disasters repeating themselves with similar narratives across the world. Find out the biggest disaster and their major causes.
The Hillsborough disaster was not the biggest in terms of death toll or damage but it is certainly the biggest stadium disaster in the hearts and minds of the British public. Read about the harrowing events that happened in the FA Cup semi final between Liverpool and Notts Forrest.
The fire at Bradford's Valley Parade stadium in 1985 remains as the worst ever fire disaster in English football history. On that day 56 innocent supporters lost their lives in a horrific way when all they had tried to do is watch a football game.
Following nearly seven years of virtually no football during the second world war it is understandable why more supporters than expected turned up at a FA Cup 6th round replay between Bolton Wanders and Stoke at Burden Stadium in 1946.
There could not be a more high profile game than a European Cup final to have a stadium disaster. Heysel, then the Belgium national team stadium, was chosen to host the final between Liverpool and Juventus where the collapse of a wall resulted in 39 deaths.
What should have been a very straight forward qualifying game for the Olympic Games between Peru and Argentina turned into the worst stadium disaster in football. Following a disallowed goal fans clashed with police resulting in a crush that killed 328 people.
Since Ibrox opened in 1899 it has seen several tragic disasters. In 1902 during a Scotland v England match attended by 68,000 people the back of a new stand collapses resulting in the death of 25. Then in 1971 a crush at an Old Firm derby killed two innocent fans.
Are All Football Pitches The Same Size?


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National Practice
Significant Transactions
Health Law Advisories
HLB Weekly Health Policy Update
Health Law Perspectives
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Partnership Eligibility
Legal Recruiting Contact
Stephanie Gross
Charles Oppenheim
Changes Ahead for California's Managed Care Regulatory Scheme
Stephanie Gross and Charles Oppenheim
California's Department of Managed Health Care ("DMHC") recently finalized regulations that significantly expand what it means to take on "global risk," which triggers the requirement to obtain a Knox-Keene license or an exemption. Historically, the requirement to obtain a Knox-Keene license has been reserved for health maintenance organizations ("HMOs") or other organizations that are paid on a capitated basis in exchange for providing or arranging health care services.
The new regulation will disrupt this status quo by sweeping in a range of value-based payment arrangements – potentially including independent practice association ("IPA") participation in hospital risk pools and some accountable care organizations ("ACOs") – that providers have historically entered into without needing to be licensed as a Knox-Keene plan. California-based providers that engage in these types of payment arrangements should therefore pay special attention to these new rules as they are implemented.
Though the rules technically take effect July 1, 2019, the Department recently released draft guidance indicating that the licensure requirement will be phased in such that prior approval will not be required during the second half of 2019, and for the time being, certain arrangements will not be subject to the licensure requirement at all – including bundled payments, arrangements under the purview of the California Department of Insurance, and ACOs regulated by the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services ("CMS"). However, while the guidance remains in draft form, providers should pay close attention to this shifting regulatory landscape.
The Current Regulatory Framework
The Knox-Keene Health Care Service Plan Act of 1975 (the "Knox-Keene Act") was enacted to "promote the delivery and the quality of health and medical care to the people of the State of California who enroll in, or subscribe for the services rendered by, a health care service plan …" Accordingly, the focus of the law is "health care service plans." These are defined in the statute to include "any person who undertakes to arrange for the provision of health care services to subscribers or enrollees, or to pay for or to reimburse any part of the cost for those services, in return for a prepaid or periodic charge paid by or on behalf of the subscribers or enrollees." Health & Safety Code § 1345. Under the law, a license issued under the Knox-Keene Act is generally required in order to operate a health care service plan.
Historically, the term "prepaid or periodic charge" has been widely understood to describe capitation, or a per-member, per-month payment made in advance to an organization for providing or arranging for health care services for those members. A fully-licensed plan enrolls its members directly (as individuals or groups) and provides or arranges for those members to receive services in exchange for a premium, while a restricted plan contracts with a fully-licensed plan to arrange for or provide services to that plan's members.[1]
The statute does not require any other type of organization to be licensed as a health plan. After several large medical groups that accepted capitation from health plans faced financial collapse in the 1990s, however, the Department began regulating these groups indirectly, requiring the licensed Knox-Keene plans that contracted with them to ensure that they had sufficient capitalization to take on financial risk. These medical groups are referred to in the regulations as "risk-bearing organizations" ("RBOs"). Because these groups only take risk for services that are within the scope of their professional licenses, they have traditionally been considered exempt from the requirement to obtain a full or restricted Knox-Keene license.[2]
Setting the Stage for New Rulemaking
Until now, the Department has not sought to regulate other provider types – including hospitals – that take on significant financial risk in their arrangements with health plans or employers. The new regulation represents a step in that direction, though it is not entirely clear why the Department decided to engage in new rulemaking.
Several recent developments may provide insight into the Department's decision-making. First, in a 2015 decision, Hambrick v. Healthcare Partners Medical Group, Inc., the California Court of Appeal invited the Department to determine "the level of financial risk… that causes [an organization]… to become a 'health care service plan,' " because that "is precisely the type of regulatory determination involving complex economic policy that should be made by the DMHC in the first instance."[3] This may have encouraged the Department to engage in rulemaking to provide guidance on the types of activities for which it considers a license to be necessary.
Second, the Department has indicated that it is uncomfortable with the amount of risk-taking by certain provider groups, including those that contract directly with employers that self-insure and are not regulated by the Department. This suggests that the new regulation was specifically intended to allow the Department to oversee these activities. Finally, the Department has expressed a desire to provide clarity around certain concepts, like "restricted" or "limited" licenses, that are not currently described in the Knox-Keene Act or its implementing regulations.
Expanded Licensure Requirement Under the New Regulation
The regulation echoes the statutory requirement that a license is required in order to take on "global risk" (subd. (b)(1)) which is defined as "The acceptance of a prepaid or periodic charge from or on behalf of enrollees in return for the assumption of both professional and institutional risk" (subd. (a)(1)).[4]
This aligns closely with the language of the statute, which requires a health plan to obtain a Knox-Keene license to accept a "prepaid or periodic charge" in exchange for providing or arranging health care services. While this has historically been understood to refer to capitation, the new regulation departs from this traditional interpretation in how it defines a "prepaid or periodic charge," which is defined under subdivision (a)(4) as "any amount of compensation, either at the start or end of a predetermined period, for assuming the risk, or arranging for others to assume the risk, of delivering or arranging for the delivery of the contracted-for health care services for subscribers or enrollees that may be fixed either in amount or percentage of savings or losses in which the entity shares." (Emphasis added.)
This new definition changes the historical understanding of a "prepaid or periodic charge" in two key ways. First, the reference to payments made at the "start or end of a predetermined period" departs from the traditional understanding that only organizations that charge advance payments for providing or arranging for health care services – that is, capitation – would be subject to licensure.
Second, the regulation's reference to charges of amounts "fixed either in amount or percentage of savings or losses in which the entity shares" establishes that payment arrangements involving fee-for-service payments, with an opportunity to share savings if the total amount of payments made under the arrangement is under budget, are also considered a "prepaid or periodic charge." This upends the capitation concept entirely: take, for example, a contract by which a provider is paid for health care services using a fee schedule, but is entitled to 50% of any savings the provider can achieve against a target budget. The provider would be accepting compensation at the "end of a predetermined period" that is "fixed" in the "percentage of savings… in which the [provider] shares." This common arrangement, which is currently used by many IPAs in their risk pools, and by accountable care organizations ("ACOs"), would require a Knox-Keene license under the new regulation.
The New Scheme Will Be Phased In Over the Second Half of 2019
The new regulation expressly applies to contracts "issued, amended, or renewed" on or after July 1, 2019. (Subd. (e).) As a result, payment arrangements between providers and payors that satisfy the new definition of a "prepaid or periodic charge" do not require a license on July 1, 2019, – if the arrangement is already in place as of that date.
Instead, the regulation requires a license (or exemption) for any payment arrangements that are entered into, amended or renewed on or after July 1. The Department's recently-issued draft guidance indicates that the Department is thinking of phasing in the licensure requirement, giving providers more time to comply with the new rules.
First, the draft guidance indicates that arrangements entered into, amended or renewed in the first six months after the rule is in effect will be deemed exempt from the licensure requirement. An organization would not need to seek prior approval from the Department for arrangements entered into, amended or renewed in the first six months the regulation is in effect. Rather, an organization can simply submit a request for an expedited exemption within thirty days of entering into, amending or renewing the arrangement or beginning to perform under it (whichever is earlier), and the Department will deem the arrangement to be exempt. This six-month phase-in will significantly ease the burden for providers that are establishing new payment relationships, or amending or extending existing relationships, in the latter half of 2019.
Second, the draft guidance document indicates that the Department will consider certain payment arrangements to be entirely outside of the scope of the licensure requirement for now. These include bundled payments, case rate, diagnosis-related group payments, and per diem arrangements; ACOs regulated by CMS; and arrangements where the payor is an insurer licensed by the California Department of Insurance.
If the draft guidance is finalized as currently written, this means that providers will have more time to comply with the new rules, and that certain providers might not need to seek an exemption from the Department at all.
Compliance in 2020 and Beyond
Although the grandfathering and phase-in provisions contemplated by the regulation and draft guidance, respectively, provide some much-needed relief from the immediate need to obtain a license or exemption, many organizations will eventually need to pursue one of these paths. While providers can seek a Knox-Keene license in order to comply with the new rules, this is probably an unrealistic and undesirable option for many providers. Obtaining and maintaining a Knox-Keene license involves complying with a host of complex requirements that are aimed at traditional HMOs and are simply inappropriate for providers whose only risk-bearing activities involve entering into value-based payment arrangements with health plans and other payors. For these providers, obtaining an exemption from the Department will likely be the most efficient way to comply with the new rule in the long term.
The regulation provides some insight into how the Department will respond to exemption requests. First, the regulation identifies materials that should be submitted to the Department by an organization seeking an exemption, including contracts for the assumption of risk, financial information, and information about the patient population affected by the arrangement for which an exemption is being sought. (Subd. (b)(2).) The regulation also specifies the criteria the Department considers in determining whether to grant an exemption, including information related to the applicant's financial wherewithal and market conditions. (Subd. (b)(3).) During informal conversations with stakeholders, the Department has signaled that it is more likely to grant exemptions for relatively low-risk arrangements entered into by well-established organizations that have greater financial resources. Under the new regulation, the Department must respond to requests for exemption within thirty days of receipt of the request. (Subd. (b)(4).)
Another path forward is to enter into only payment arrangements that are not subject to the new rule. Providers could redesign existing payment arrangements to avoid falling within the scope of the new rule; for example, providers that currently share in a payor's savings or losses may redesign those agreements to incorporate different incentives for providing efficient, effective care. Moreover, according to the draft guidance, the Department will not apply the licensure requirement to certain common payment arrangements (such as bundled payments, Medicare ACOs, etc.), though it is unclear how long the Department will take that position.
As July 1 approaches, California providers should develop a strategy for complying with the new rule. Unless and until the Department's draft guidance is finalized, providers should not rely on draft guidance and should be prepared to comply beginning July 1.
To discuss whether the new rule impacts your organization and explore paths forward, please contact Stephanie Gross in San Francisco, Charles Oppenheim in Los Angeles, or your regular HLB contact.
[1] Until now, restricted (or limited) plans have never been described in statute or regulation, and the Department issued licenses to these plans with waivers from the various requirements under the Knox-Keene Act that are only appropriate for plans that market directly to individuals and groups.
[2] Professional corporations, independent practice associations (IPAs) and medical foundations can also be RBOs.
[3] 238 Cal.App.4th 124, 149. While this case dealt squarely with the amount of risk-taking that requires an RBO to obtain a license, it raised questions regarding the level of risk-taking that requires an organization to obtain a Knox-Keene license generally.
[4] All references are to a new regulatory section, section 1300.49 of title 28 of the California Code of Regulations.
© 2021 Hooper Lundy & Bookman PC
For media assistance, please contact Maura Fisher at 202-580-7714.


One of the finer crack climbing test-pieces in Red Rocks is 'The Fox.' The 140-foot pitch begins with a finger crack, but gradually widens through all sizes into a short chimney, and then narrows to a 5" offwidth to finish. During a climbing trip in April, 2015, Dave onsighted The Fox after a real battle, and inspired Nick to give it a try as well. Not having much crack climbing experience, Nick was quickly thrashed before even reaching the fist crack, 1/3 of the way up the climb.
Daniel and Nick were both motivated to return to The Fox and gauge how far their crack climbing technique had progressed. Check out the photos, and a brief recap of their sends.


Just made a video for us, as I received news that made sense about a short opportunity with NZDUSD.
The NZD has climbed very high as of late, as it looks to make ground on the back of global risk appetite. With the upcoming rate hike expected from the RBNZ the dollar is looking strong. However, at the 85 cent mark its unsustainable and it looks likely we will see ranging lower in the coming days.
Technically, we can see that the RSI is showing signs that there is heavy buying pressure, especially given the recent 85 cent touch. Traders will now be looking to profit taking and the last few candles showed heavy pressure to fall lower. With this information its clear that a short opportunity exists in the market.
I look to enter at 0.8440 as the pair falls lower. I set my take profit at 0.8381 as kiwi looks for support. I also set a tight stop loss at 0.8472 in case of a break out.
Previous Post: The lowest true-STP Spread, only via this site.


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Q: Data bound drop down in a gridview template I need to limit the values in a data bound drop down placed in a template column in a gridview based on the text in another column in that row of the gridview. I also want the dropdown to be databound. Aparently,  these two things are not possible at the same time as it gives a data bind error. I think .net prevents it because there is a likelihood of a valid value appearing in the database which doesnt exist in the drop down.
How can I accomplish this using a drop down or any other method.
Kindly help.

A: You can limit the value of databound dropdown by filtering the data to be displayed based on the values entered on the textbox right?
On the event grd_RowDataBound put the ff: test code
protected void grd_RowDataBound(object sender, GridViewRowEventArgs e)
{
    TextBox txt = (TextBox)e.Row.FindControl("txt");
    DropDownList cbo = (DropDownList)e.Row.FindControl("cbo");

    if (cbo != null)
    {
        cbo.DataSource = _data.getData(txt.Text); //returns filterered datatable based on txt value
        cbo.DataTextField = "ListName";
        cbo.DataValueField = "ListID";
        cbo.DataBind();
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Category Archives: Orange County
It's Aggie Underwood's Birthday Month!
Yesterday was the 117th anniversary of Aggie Underwood's birth. In her honor the Central Library downtown is hosting a party on Saturday, December 21, 2019 at 2 pm.
I will speak about Aggie and her many accomplishments from her time as a switchboard operator at the Record to her groundbreaking promotion to city editor at the Evening Herald and Express. And yes, there will be cake.
Aggie inspired me to create this blog and her Wikipedia page on December 12, 2012. Aggie loved the newspaper business as much as I love writing for the blog and connecting with all of you.
Aggie hoists a brew.
Deranged L.A. Crime readers are an impressive group. They include current and former law enforcement professionals, crime geeks (like me), and the victims of violent crime. I have even been contacted by a serial rapist (a despicable scumbag).
Each December I reflect on the year that is ending and make plans for Deranged L.A. Crimes. In 2020, the blog's reach will extend to encompass all of Southern California, which includes the following counties: Los Angeles, San Diego, Orange, Riverside, San Bernardino, Kern, Ventura, Santa Barbara, San Luis Obispo, and Imperial.
I look forward to new stories, personalities and challenges.
Please join me as we enter the Roaring Twenties. This time, no Prohibition.
Four women line up along a wall and chug bottles of liquor in the 1920s.
Image by © Kirn Vintage Stock/Corbis
Posted in 1900s, 1910s, 1920s, 1930s, 1940s, 1950s, 1960s, 1970s, 1980s, 1990s, Imperial County, Kern County, Los Angeles County, Orange County, San Bernardino County, San Diego County, San Luis Obispo County, Santa Barbara County	| Tagged 2020, Agness "Aggie" Underwood, Prohibition, Roaring Twenties	| 2 Replies
Candlelight Killer, Conclusion
Posted on November 14, 2018 by Deranged
At 7 p.m. on Thursday, March 12, 1970 an unidentified woman telephoned the Huntington Beach Police to report a drunk man lying beside the road. The man, sprawled in the muddy ditch, was twenty-five-year-old Thomas Astorina, but he wasn't drunk, he was dead. Someone shot Thomas in the stomach with a .22 caliber pistol.
Police speculated that Thomas, arrested in February for possession of stolen property and reckless driving, may have crossed someone and paid with his life.
The killer, or killers, denied the twenty-five-year-old father of two, separated from his wife, a chance to make things right. Why did Thomas die?
Before his death, Thomas lived at 350 Avocado Street in Costa Mesa with three roommates, one of whom, Randall G. Allen, police booked on suspicion of murder. The other two roommates, Robert Connolly and Robert Liberty, remained at large.
Detectives knew of Robert's trial for Marcella's murder. His violent past and his release six months earlier from a state run mental institution made Robert a compelling suspect in Thomas' death.
Robert flew under law enforcement's radar from March until June when he embarked on a crime spree.
On Saturday, June 6, Robert and a female companion paid an unannounced visit to his mother's home in Westminster. There, Robert pulled out a .22 caliber pistol and forced his mother to hand over $45. He claimed she owed him the money. Police did Robert's mother a kindness when they declined to identify her for the newspapers. Having Robert for a son was a big enough cross to bear in private.
Following the armed robbery of his mother, Robert and the unnamed woman hitchhiked south. A teenage boy picked them up and drove them to the apartment of Robert Irion in old town San Diego. Irion and Robert met in a state run mental facility. It was the same way Marcella Landis, Robert's first victim, met him.
Rather than turn him loose, Robert and his companion forced the teenager into Irion's apartment where he watched in horror as Robert and the woman shot and strangled the man.
The couple left the teenager tied up and stole Irion's Peugeot. The kid escaped his bonds and called police. When police arrived, they found Irions on his bed surrounded by lit candles.
A note scrawled in pencil on a closet door near the body read: "The Candlelight Killer Strikes Again."
Detectives feared Robert would pay another visit to Orange County, and they began a search of his usual hangouts. He wasn't in any of his favorite haunts—he was on his way to Colorado.
On the way to Colorado, Robert and his companion, identified as twenty-four-year-old Kendell Bierly of New York City, picked up a 17-year-old boy, Glenn Allen Fawcett, from Midland, Texas. In Colorado Springs, the three of them rented a motel room where, according to Assistant Police Chief Carl Petry, "They harassed everyone quite a bit."
Around midnight on Tuesday, June 9, the three entered the motel office and tied up the owner, his wife and their small child, and then stole $100 from the cash register. They then searched the adjoining house for more valuables. While they were busy ransacking the house, the manager broke free and ran to another motel and called police.
Robert discovered the manager gone and in retaliation he took the man's wife, Edna Brenek, hostage. The four left the motel in Brenek's car.
Detective Bernard Carter and Sergeant Neal Stratton arrived at the motel moments later. Stratton stayed at the motel while Carter took off to search for Brenek's car. He spotted the vehicle and gave chase.
The chase continued along Interstate 25 south of Colorado Springs and reached speeds of 100 mph. During the chase Robert held Mrs. Brenek up in the rear window of the car and pointed a gun at her temple. He motioned for Carter to stay back.
Carter said, "I felt if he was going to shoot the woman, he would shoot her regardless of whether I was there. Somebody was shooting at me from the back window, but the bullets all went wild—didn't even hit my car. When I pulled up pretty close behind them, I fired three shots into their car."
Nine miles and five minutes after the chase began, Robert threw his weapon out of the window and the car pulled to the curb. They arrested Robert, Kendell, and Glenn without further incident.
Charged in Colorado Springs with armed robbery, kidnapping, and assault on a police officer, they set Robert's bail at $200k and $100k each for the other two.
Huntington Beach and San Diego authorities began extradition proceedings on murder charges against Robert and Kendell.
Robert used his time in the Colorado Springs jail to make a new friend, James E. Jackson Jr., accused of the fatal beating of a local pawnbroker. The two men dug through a cinder block wall at the jail, and they made it halfway through before steel rods stalled their progress. Someone discovered them and the intended jail break failed.
What do you do when your jailbreak fails? You get married. Robert and Kendall exchanged vows in a double-ring civil ceremony in the El Paso County Courthouse at Colorado Springs. District Judge John Gallagher officiated. A deputy public defender acted as Robert's best man, and a female inmate was Kendell's matron of honor. The groom wore no shoes and dressed in dark green pants and a green button-down shirt with its tail hanging out. The bride recited her vows wearing a medium length red-and-white striped dress, with brown shoes.
Robert and Kendell described the day as the "happiest" of their lives. They paid no special attention to the "until death us do part" pledge. Following the ceremony a sheriff's deputy placed handcuffs on each and led them to separate jail cells where they continued to fight extradition to California.
California won its extradition fight with Robert, and on September 18 he left Colorado for San Diego to stand trial for murder. Kendall joined her husband in San Diego Superior Court where the newlyweds pleaded innocent to the charges against them.
Robert Connolly, the other suspect Thomas Astorina's slaying, turned up in Waukesha, Wisconsin. The FBI arrested him in Milwaukee on December 10 on a charge of unlawful flight to avoid prosecution.
The case against the Candlelight Killer and his accomplices was coming together.
Robert shared a cell block with two other murder suspects—New Yorker, Timothy Earl Dudley, and Carl Raymond Riggs of Romulus, Michigan. Timothy stood accused of strangling a young man with a bootlace, and they charged Carl with murdering an off-duty San Diego police officer outside a bar.
At 7 a.m. on January 20, 1971, jailers did a routine check of the three killers. They returned at 10:50 in response to an alarm bell. They found Robert dead, face down on his bunk with a blanket pulled up to his head. There were scratches on the knuckles of his left hand, an abrasion on his left elbow and discoloration on the sides of his neck.
Carl admitted to the murder. He said he executed Robert because he believed he was a police informant. Some would say it was a fitting end for the Candlelight killer.
Posted in 1960s, 1970s, Homicide, Orange County	| Tagged 1966, 1969, 1970, 1971, Bernard Carter, Carl Petry, Glenn Allen Fawcett, James E. Jackspon, John Gallagher, Kendell Bierly, Marcella Landis, Neal Straton, Robert Connolly, Thomas Astorina	| 2 Replies
Candlelight Killer, Part 1
Posted on November 6, 2018 by Deranged
8382 Westminster Boulevard
Westminster police received a call late Saturday night, June 4, 1966 from a man who identified himself as Robert W. Liberty, nineteen. He told them his girlfriend, thirty-one-year-old Marcella Landis, was dead in the apartment they shared.
A black and white rolled out to the building on busy Westminster Boulevard. The apartment complex was typical for the time. The buildings were rectangular with minimal ornamentation.
When police arrived, they found Marcella dead on the couch. Lit candles surrounded her and Robert sat on the floor near her body strumming his guitar and humming.
Robert's behavior was bizarre, and the circumstances of Marcella's death suggested homicide—she had a single stocking knotted around her neck. The police arrested the teenager on suspicion of murder.
During questioning, Robert said he and Marcella met as patients in the County Hospital psych ward after they admitted both following unsuccessful suicide attempts.
Three court-appointed psychiatrists examined Robert. Two of them declared him insane. Two out of three convinced Judge Robert Gardner to send Robert to Atascadero for 90 days or until he could assist in his own defense.
They deemed Robert well enough for trial in mid-March 1967. He pleaded innocent by reason of insanity to Marcella's murder.
Weird details of Marcella's murder came out during Robert's trial. Robert strangled her with one of her own stockings. After he killed her Robert played mortician. He applied eye makeup, arranged her body on the couch, placed a Bible on her chest, and surrounded her with lit candles. Then, in the company of her pets, the onetime glue sniffer conducted a funeral se vice. When he finished, he phoned the police.
Judge Byron McMillan had no qualms finding Robert innocent—the young man was insane at the time of the crime. Robert went to Vacaville State Hospital for the Criminally Insane.
During his confinement, they transferred Robert from Vacaville to Metropolitan State Hospital in Norwalk, and it was from there he walked away.
The facility was unaware that Robert, considered a dangerous mental patient, was missing. Sheriff's deputies claimed to have no record of Robert's status, and a hospital supervisor said he knew nothing about the case.
While Robert was walk-about, he contacted his attorney who convinced him to surrender. The district attorney's office recommended Robert be held at the Orange County medical center in Santa Ana where Superior Judge William Speirs ordered Robert to submit to new psychiatric tests.
In a shocking turn of events, they released Robert in September 1969 after six court-appointed psychiatrists concurred he was sane. The shrinks offered a caveat, Robert would be harmful if he used drugs or alcohol.
Deputy District Attorney A. A. Wells argued Robert should remain in custody on the strength of the caveat. Judge Gardner disagreed and noted mere speculation was not enough to hold Robert released him.
NEXT TIME: What will Robert do with his freedom?
Posted in 1960s, 1970s, Homicide, Orange County, San Bernardino County	| Tagged 1966, 1967, 1969, A.A. Wells, Byron McMillan, Marcella Landis, Riverside County, Robert Gardner, Robert Willard Liberty, Westminster Police Department, William Speirs	| 5 Replies