The average temperature in the height of summer at McMurdo Station, Antarctica is -2.9°C (26°F). Balmy, right?
On the flip side, in the dead of winter the thermometer is typically frozen solid but it should read -26.1°C (-15°F) and can get as low as -49.4 (-56.9).
Winter protection is always a requirement for those who work at McMurdo Station, the largest of the three year-round US Antarctic Program stations managed by the National Science Foundation.
Regardless of how cold it is, when the temperature drops, it's time to start taking precautions to prevent injuries like frostbite or hypothermia.
It extreme situations, like working in McMurdo, the Fleece-Lined Extreme Cold Weather Mitt is your best bet.
These extreme cold mitts were designed with cold Canadian arctic winters in mind, but based on a recent testimonial we received from Rebecca B., a weather observer based at McMurdo Station, the gloves work pretty well at the South Pole as well.
Now you're probably thinking "Great. Next time I'm vacationing in Antarctica, I'll remember to pick a pair of these up…" But let's not kid ourselves, Canada and northern United States can get pretty cold.
Two Thinsulate™ and two foam-to-fleece laminate layers for unparalleled winter protection.
The liner is removed using velcro for easy drying.
Indispensable cheek warmers/nose wiper — stuck on with velcro for easy cleaning.
So whether your commute to work requires hiking through Antarctic tundra or just cleaning the snow off your car in Calgary, make sure you are wearing the right winter protection.
Not ready for the snow to fly?
Read our post "How to Stay Warm Like a Canadian" and get prepared.


A screencap of Colin Cowherd from a 2013 ESPN Radio commercial.
"I tagged out at Harry Potter," said ESPN's Colin Cowherd, sounding exasperated. "I tolerated Donkey Kong, OK? I'll tell you what that was the equivalent of there ... Of me putting a gun to my mouth and having to listen to that," he said, referring the audio clips of the Heroes of the Storm play-by-play commentary that he was sampling throughout the segment.
A lot of people were confused when the finals for a Heroes of the Storm tournament aired on ESPN 2. Video games on a sports channel? What sort of sorcery is this? (Not the same sorcery behind Arthas Menethil's sword Frostmourne ... Probably.) But while many people took it in stride (and some even ended up enjoying the show despite themselves), Colin Cowherd isn't happy. In fact, he said on his ESPN Radio show The Herd on Monday, "If I am ever forced to cover guys playing video games, I will retire and move to a rural fishing village and sell bait."
OK. On one hand, that's fine. He doesn't have any interest in covering eSports, so why should he stay at his current job if they forced him to do something he didn't want to do? I'd probably retire from GuideLive if I were forced to write about nothing but Justin Bieber's love life. We all have our likes and dislikes.
But Cowherd's comments quickly descended from "I'm not a fan of this" to comments that are better left to school yard bullies from the '90s.
"Somebody lock the basement door at mom's house and don't let 'em out," said Cowherd, who couldn't even bother to get the name of the game correct upon first reference (he initially called it League of Legends, which is a similar but altogether very different game). "I will quit this network if I'm ever forced to cover that."
What Cowherd fails to acknowledge or comprehend is ... well, OK, there are a lot of things. But one of them is that mocking people for playing video games isn't "cool" anymore. Video games are mainstream enough that all-star athletes are enthusiastic about the likes of Call of Duty -- and while that may be one of the more "jock-friendly" games on the market, it's still a video game.
Even your run-of-the-mill school yard bullies these days know that liking video games isn't enough to make fun of somebody anymore, because even most bullies will play Madden or maybe Halo. Video games are a multi-billion dollar industry containing players of all ages, shapes, sizes and backgrounds. And yes, some of those players treat games like a sport, playing competitively for fame and fortune if possible. Why is that a bad thing?
"You know what the funny thing is?" Cowherd asks. "Listen to how intense they are. These guys are totally into it." Yeah, dude. They are into it. They're enjoying a game -- something that is hurting absolutely nobody. Forgive them for apparently having fun incorrectly. We're not all as wise as you think you are.
But as a good piece on SBNation put it: "Here's the secret: eSports doesn't need you to care about it. This is a thing that will continue to grow, with your validation or not." Coverage of the eSports scene may still be in its infancy. It may have a lot of growing pains ahead of it. But it's not going away anytime soon.
If someone wants to have an academic discussion about whether or not eSports should be classified as "sports" the same way football or hockey are, fine. We can get into semantics about what level of physical exertion is required to make you an "athlete."
But to rail on ESPN for showing a video game competition? Is Cowherd forgetting that ESPN also airs the National Spelling Bee finals? Or the World Series of Poker? But I guess the hours I spend playing video games is a more worthy of mockery than the hours many ESPN viewers spend playing fantasy football.
Whether people like Cowherd like it or not, the Heroes of the Storm team from Cal Berkeley won a major gaming event and walked away with a lot of scholarship money. Before long, this year's International, a huge Dota 2 tournament, will draw even bigger crowds (last year's prize pool was more than $10 million, and it was watched by more than 20 million people live).
At this rate, Cowherd might want to start looking into another line of work if he wants to avoid video games entirely. That, or he could just grow up and stop imitating elementary school bullies, because that's not a good look for anybody.


The Larson House, attributed to the architectural firm of Claude and Starck, is significant as an exceptional local example of the Prairie Style. The Prairie Style is one of the few indigenous American styles, identifiable by its horizontal emphasis and use of stucco, brick and stone. Contributing to the horizontal effect are wide overhanging eaves and ribbons of windows with intricate leaded glass in the upper sash. The treatment of window pairs meeting at 45 degrees provides a variation to the bay window. This was the home of prominent Madison businessman, August Larson and his wife Della.
Larson House is located on the southwest corner of the intersection of Grant Street and Jefferson Street, at or near 1006 Grant Street, Madison, Wisconsin 53711.
The marker is No. 136 in a series of markers erected by the Madison Landmarks Commission.


text:
Business, government and researchers collaborate on climate
Hydro Tasmania in partnership with the Tasmanian Climate Change Office and the CSIRO will today host the third Tasmanian Climate Symposium, presented online from Hobart.
Targeted at key decision makers, scientists and other experts from government and industry, the symposium is designed to showcase how business and industry are responding to climate change, sparking thought-provoking discussions and building relationships with researchers.
The symposium will showcase businesses that are already managing climate variability, preparing for and adapting to climate change, and the world-class Tasmanian researchers exploring these impacts.
Hydro Tasmania CEO Evangelista Albertini said that changes in climate are already evident in Tasmania.
"As Australia's largest renewable energy generator, we recognise the importance of responding to climate change," Mr Albertini said.
"We rely on water to generate electricity so understanding how our climate is changing, and particularly the impact on rainfall, is very important for managing our storages. Our understanding of climate science and climate change is used daily in our business, and helps us to maintain Tasmania's energy security.
"Business and industry need support to identify the risks that arise as the climate changes, this symposium provides an opportunity for government, industry and researchers to share knowledge and exchange ideas.
"Hydro Tasmania has a long history of investing in research on how climate change will affect Tasmania and we are proud to support research and industry collaboration that helps all of us prepare, respond and adapt," he said.
This symposium complements other research partnerships Hydro Tasmania has with the Bureau of Meteorology, UTAS and CSIRO which look at a range of climate impacts, including the likelihood of extreme drought and flood events occurring more often, future climate conditions in the Tasmanian highlands, effects of orography on local rainfall patterns and developing seasonal to multiyear (5-10 years) forecasts of potential climate outcomes for Tasmania.
Released for Hydro Tasmania by Trent Swindells / 0409 722 359 / media@hydro.com.au.
media@hydro.com.au

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


As a past or present client, please know that I am here to respond to most of your legal needs. When questions arise for which you wouild like a legal opinion or advice, do not hesitate to either call or send an email. It is my goal to provide effexctive and straight-forward legal advice to all clients in any legal situation that may arise. Such advice is provided free of charge to all who have ever been service by this firm. So, if you find yourself in any situation where legal advice would be helpful, contact me.
Representation provided for the defense of ALL felony and misdemeanor offenses, including murder, aggravated battery, sexual assault, narcotic offenses, weapon offenses, theft, domestic violence and juvenile matters.
Representation provided in injury and wrongful death cases due to auto accidents, defective products, construction injuries, and all other claims arising from the negligence of another.
Representation provided for all serious traffic offenses including DUI, revoked/suspended licenses, and reckless homicide. Representation also provided before the Secretary of State for return of driving privileges.
Representation provided before the Illinois Industrial Commission for all work related injuries.
Representation provided in cases between businesses or individuals involving contract disputes, dissolutions, or like matters.
Steve began his legal career in 1985 as a prosecutor in the Office of the Will County State's Attorney. After prosecuting all misdemeanor offenses, including DUI offenses and other serious traffic violations, he was elevated to prosecuting felonies in 1986. This experience included the investigation, negotiation, and trial of all levels of felony prosecution including capital offenses, narcotics violations, and sexual assault/abuse charges.
In 1989, left the Office of the State's Attorney to work in the Joliet Office of the prestigious Chicago law firm of Rooks, Pitts, & Poust. This experience included the litigation and negotiation of multimillion dollar injury claims involving defective products, medical malpractice, insurance disoutes, automobile accidents and construction injuries.
In 1993, left the Office of Rooks, Pitts & Poust to form the firm of Tomczak & Haney with former partner Jeff Tomczak. Upon Jeff becoming Will County's State's Attorney on 12/1/00, Steve formed his present sole proprietorship. In the past 15 years, Steve has been involved as lead counsel in some the area's most publicized criminal and personal injury cases, including the Cisco crib case, the Escobel fire-bombing murder, plus others.
Steve lives in Plainfield, Illinois with his wife, Jane, and their three sons, Kyle, Colin, and Cameron.


text:
All about tokenizationBlockchainDigital transformationLaws and regulations
For Facebook's Mark Zuckerberg, the metaverse is the future of the Internet. Critics see the autonomy of users in the digital uber-world at risk. We explain what Web 3.0 is all about
"Metaverse" is a compound of "meta" – in the sense of "superior" – and "universe". The term was coined 30 years ago by science fiction author Neal Stephenson. In his novel "Snow Crash," people live as avatars in a gigantic virtual world. Since then, the idea of a digital parallel universe has excited the community in Silicon Valleys around the world, as well as in America and England. In the imagination, the metaverse is revolutionizing the digital infrastructure as Web 3.0: the network of the future combines virtual worlds, the classic Internet and elements of real life in a boundless, collective cyberspace.
Seven characteristics of the metaverse
At present, no one can say exactly what the metaverse will look like. Canadian digital media expert Matthew Ball has identified seven characteristics that distinguish the virtual uber-world:
The metaverse never ends. There is neither "pause" nor "stop," nor is there a "reset."
The metaverse is synchronous and live. The experience exists for everyone continuously and in real time.
There is no user cap. Everyone can participate – acting together, simultaneously and individually.
The metaverse is a fully functioning economic system. Individuals and companies create, own, invest, and can get paid for any kind of service that provides value to others.
The metaverse spans the digital and physical worlds, private and public networks, open and closed platforms.
The metaverse offers unprecedented compatibility. Digital objects no longer exist only within a particular virtual world – a computer game, for example. They are transferable.
The metaverse is not owned by a single company. A very large number of participants create and operate it – from private users to commercial providers.
Web 3.0 as the successor to the mobile Internet
With mobile Web 2.0, we as users in America or England have access to online services via a screen. With Web 3.0, we don't need a smartphone, tablet or computer to visit websites, stream movies, play to earn games and communicate with others. We interact in 3-D environments. VR and AR technology makes this possible. But what distinguishes the network of the future above all from its predecessor: It is borderless. Users own digital assets in the form of non-fungible tokens (NFTs) and transport them from A to B as naturally as goods in the analog world. The skin from Counterstrike is used in the Fortnite weapon and the owner can make it available to a friend via Whatsapp.
Game manufacturers are the driving force
A metaverse that is thought through to its logical conclusion is still a distant dream of the future. However, computer game manufacturers are working at full speed to implement it. Some things are already possible. With the new "Party Worlds," the Fortnite developers have expanded the competitive game to include a "social" component – and are taking a big step toward the metaverse. On platforms like Decentraland and in the blockchain game The Sandbox, community members buy virtual land in the form of NFTs and build a metaverse existence with their property.
The metaverse doesn't make technology compatible with people; it makes people compatible with technology.
Douglas Rushkoff, professor of media studies at the City University of New York's Queens College
Facebook on its way to the metaverse
The big technology companies have also discovered the metaverse as their latest macro target. Facebook just changed its corporate name for it. "Meta" sets the new direction: From the social media present to a future that links virtual space with physical. Meta CEO Mark Zuckerberg wants to connect a wide variety of digital services. When the time comes, users will be able to put on their virtual reality headsets and AR glasses and meet in the Metaverse from their home space to network, play games, and work – even with real eye contact during meetings. Back in 2014, Facebook bought VR glasses manufacturer Oculus for this purpose. In the summer, the company presented its first AR glasses – the new tool for social networking.
Growth market Metaverse
Market volume in $ billion
Source: Statista 2021 / Token Info Port
Locomotion in virtual worlds: Metaverse helps determine the future.
The metaverse is a growth market
Experts expect the metaverse to trigger a revolution in the World Wide Web in the coming years – with far-reaching economic consequences. To implement their vision of the overworld, companies need money: for AI, for powerful hardware, software, VR and AR equipment, and haptic equipment that also lets users feel the virtual world. Game producer Epic Games led an additional round of funding in April, securing $1 billion to expand its metaverse. Statista expects the global market for augmented reality (AR), virtual reality (VR) and mixed reality (MR) to grow from $30.7 billion to nearly $300 billion over the next three years.
Metaverse shares spark investor fantasies
The potential of the Metaverse vision is also evident in the financial markets. Investors' fantasies have been aroused – as evidenced, among other things, by the Roblox IPO: the market capitalization of the online games platform was almost 40 billion U.S. dollars on the first day of trading – with sales of not even one billion dollars in 2020. Those who want to buy Metaverse shares can choose from a broad spectrum: from platform developers to software companies to hardware manufacturers. 15 stocks have been compiled into a Metaverse basket by Swiss investment house Vontabel. Metaverse stocks are promising, but because of the high volatility, they are only suitable for investors who are willing to take risks. They can make significant gains in some cases: The prices of Sandbox (see our instruction manual) and Decentraland rose by more than 263 and 275 percent, respectively, in seven days in early November.
Is the metaverse a danger?
Mark Zuckerberg's recent keynote, which takes us on a tour of his brave new meta-world, has set off a debate about the sociocultural consequences. Douglas Rushkoff, a professor of media studies at the City University of New York's Queens College says: "The metaverse doesn't make technology compatible with people, it makes people compatible with technology." Experts warn that a single company could control the Metaverse, giving it control over virtual space. Many see the solution in a decentralized blockchain-based infrastructure.
Less risk through aggressive regulation
U.S. computer scientist and CEO of Unanimous AI Louis Rosenberg is certain that the Metaverse, with its potential applications, will enrich our lives and our humanity. But he also sees the risks. The vulnerabilities of social media platforms – the risk of manipulation and the lack of data security – are even more pronounced in a metaverse built on biometric information from its users. Regulation is therefore essential for him: "The best way to make the magic possible and avoid the risks is to aggressively regulate the space." In doing so, he sees an acute need for action: "We need to start now, before the problems are so deeply rooted in infrastructure and business models that we can't get them fixed."
What distinguishes Web 3.0 from Web 2.0?
We access the mobile Web 2.0 via a screen. In Web 3.0, we move around with virtual reality headsets and AR glasses and can act as avatars. We own digital goods in the form of non-fungible tokens (NFTs) that we can use anywhere in the metaverse.
Does the Metaverse already exist?
So far, the metaverse exists mainly in the imagination of Mark Zuckerberg and Co. Computer game manufacturers and technology companies are working at full speed to implement it. We don't know exactly what it will look like. Experts assume that it will still take years, but that the metaverse will come.
What are the dangers of the metaverse?
In a centrally organized Metaverse, a single company would have control over the virtual space. The risk of manipulation and data misuse exists in every social network. It is even greater in the metaverse because it additionally processes biometric data.
Facebook and NFTs – Meta's new plans
Crypto stamps – Austria shows the way
The digital transformation is also advancing in America, England an around the world. But what exactly does digital transformation mean? What consequences does it have? One thing is certain: The new digital culture...
Many describe Decentraland as a mixture of Second Life and Minecraft. The first virtual world based on blockchain has a lot of both - and yet is unique. Read on to find out what Decentraland offers its users and for...
Mark Zuckerberg is blithely driving Facebook's transformation. The new Metaverse will soon include an NFT marketplace for Facebook and Instagram. Not much is known about Meta's NFT plans yet. We show the current status.


Collette Ishiyama's ultra cool Bridge Cuff of recycled brass and shimmering, sustainably sourced stingray makes a statement with its architectural detailing. Hand forged with each end bridged with stingray inlayed bar. One size, slightly adjustable. 2"


Norteno, ranchero, cumbia, salsa, even Spanish pop music, mariachi, reggaeton, banda are just a few of the music genres that normally plays on the radio and in other musical platforms. Celebrating festivals in honor of our holy patron saints, honoring family values, being religious and dominantly Catholic are some of the ways that we can connect and relate to. This may cause a feelings of seriousness and firmness in their actions and words. By subscribing, you agree to the terms of our Privacy Statement. This cultural attitude may be more apparent with the more religious or conservative men. Seek a female-friendly man. Many protect their woman as if they were protecting their mother, and when it comes Latino men, nothing is more important than their momma.
Ol July 14, at 7: The secret to his tasty and flavorful dish are the fresh ingredients. Mexican men who live in other countries may have their rougher edges softened by outside cultural influences. Men and women of all cultures may cheat, and Mexican men are no different. Never allow your feelings or words to be ignored. They say that the foreigners that Filipinos can relate the most are Mexicans.


text:
Q: Limit result of join query and order i have this query
select a.*,
    GROUP_CONCAT(b.`filename`) as `filesnames`
from `school_classes` a
join classes_data.`classes_albums` b on a.`school_key` = b.`school_key`
    and a.`class_key` = b.`class_key`
group by a.`ID`

the result of this query is
i want to add to it

ORDER BY b.added_date DESC LIMIT 2

so the output of filenames column only shows latest 2 files , ?

A: It is not clear from your question what your tables look like and how they relate but this might be what you are after.
drop table if exists school_classes;
   create table school_classes (id int,school_key int, class_key int);
   drop table if exists classes_albums;
   create table classes_albums(id int,school_key int, class_key int, filename varchar(3),dateadded date);

   insert into school_classes values
   (1,1,1), (2,1,2),(3,1,3)

   insert into classes_albums values
   (1,1,1,'a','2017-01-01'),(1,1,1,'b','2017-02-01'),(1,1,1,'c','2017-03-01');

    select a.*, b.filenames
    from school_classes a
    join
    (
    select c.school_key,c.class_key,group_concat(c.filename order by c.rn desc) filenames
    from
    (
    select c.*,
            if(concat(c.school_key,c.class_key) <> @p, @rn:=1, @rn:=@rn+1) rn,
            @p:=concat(c.school_key,c.class_key) p
    from classes_albums c, (select @rn:=0, @ck:=0,@sk:=0) rn
    order by c.school_key,c.class_key, c.dateadded desc
    ) c
    where c.rn < 3
    group by c.school_key,c.class_key
    ) b on b.school_key = a.school_key and b.class_key = a.class_key

+------+------------+-----------+-----------+
| id   | school_key | class_key | filenames |
+------+------------+-----------+-----------+
|    1 |          1 |         1 | b,c       |
+------+------------+-----------+-----------+
1 row in set (0.02 sec)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


"In the Blind," by Sunny Moraine [bio] (edited by Neil Clarke), appeared in Clarkesworld issue 131, published on August 1, 2017.
Pro: It's an interesting setup.
It's possible there's a deeper symbolic meaning that I'm just missing.
Con: The author never does anything with the setup. We never learn what happened to the two men or to the Earth. Maybe the story implies that Nic has already died, but that's a real stretch.
The scene with Marlie bashing Nic with a wrench was impossible to believe. NASA does a better job of picking astronauts than that.
I suppose the point is simply to think about how alone and disconnected that would feel. And that Nic pretty much already felt that way.
Yeah, that's why I thought there must be some deep message that I'm missing. In a sense, Nic has always been off in space out of communication with the rest of humanity--emotionally, if not physically. But I can't see where it goes from there.


text:
Courses Included and Excluded in GPA and Degree Requirements
Degrees, Major, Concentration, Minor
The University offers undergraduate programs of study leading to a baccalaureate or Bachelor's degree. A Bachelor's degree is the entire program of study including general education and major course requirements, and elective courses, totaling 120 credit hours, or more for some degrees. Some baccalaureate degrees and some majors require a minor.
A major is the student's primary program of study and typically includes courses from a single discipline or a set of similar disciplines. Some majors require that students choose a concentration within the major. A concentration is a group of courses emphasizing one specialized area of study within a major.
Some majors require that students complete an established minor as part of the graduation requirements. A minor is a secondary subject area of interest but not a subdivision of the major subject area. Students must complete all academic requirements, including those for the major and minor, from the same catalog year.
Declaring a Major
The University encourages students to declare a major before completing 42 credit hours. Students may declare a major by completing the Program/Minor/Catalog Year Change Request form available online at www.utc.edu/records/forms.php.
Catalog Effective Dates
The catalog in effect at the student's time of entry or reentry determines the requirements for the degree. Catalogs are valid for 6 years. Consequently, students must complete all degree requirements in accordance with a valid catalog. Students may select an earlier valid catalog year provided they were enrolled for classes at UTC during that catalog year.
Transfer students must fulfill the degree requirements published in the catalog in effect at the time of entry to UTC, but may elect to use the catalog in effect at the time of their first entry into college or first entry to UTC as long as it is a valid catalog. Transfer students must complete the degree requirements in accordance with a valid catalog.
To request a change in catalog year, students must submit the Catalog Year Change Request form available online at www.utc.edu/records/forms.php.
A student seeking the recommendation of The University of Tennessee at Chattanooga for initial teacher licensure or endorsement must satisfy the current UTC approved program requirements on file with the Tennessee Department of Education at the time of application for licensure.
Registration Classification
Students are classified as full time if they are registered for 12 credit hours or more. Students registered for 6 to 11 credit hours are classified as half-time students. Students with less than 6 credit hours are considered less than half-time.
Sequence Course Registration
Students who have successfully completed a higher level sequence course are not required to register for the lower level sequence course. Students, however, will not receive credit for the lower level course on their transcript. Sequence courses are defined as Part I and Part II courses that must be taken consecutively. Knowledge of the second course is reliant on knowledge of the first courses (Calculus I and Calculus II).
Students may register for 20 or fewer credit hours each semester without prior approval of the Petitions Committee.
Exceptions to these restrictions must have advanced approval from the Petitions Committee.
Students requesting approval of the Petitions Committee to register for excess hours for a given semester must submit the petition to the Records Office no later than one week prior to the first day of class for each semester. The petition form can be accessed through the UTC website at www.utc.edu/records/forms.php.
Students are responsible for processing their course registrations, additions, and drops. Students who register must pay fees unless they drop the courses before the first day of classes.
Failure to attend classes is not evidence of the student's intent to drop classes or withdraw from the University. A student who does not attend classes will remain on the class rosters and will receive grades for these courses. Registration and drop dates for each specific term can be found on the University's online calendar.
The instructor of record for each course assigns each student a course grade that indicates the student's academic performance in the course. Course grades may not be changed after the instructor reports the grade to the Records Office except in cases of computational error or for removal of an incomplete. Students may not perform additional work, revise a paper, repeat an exam, or complete other assignments after the instructor reports the final grade in order to receive a change of grade.
The student must be enrolled in the course for the semester to receive a grade. Grades can only be issued for work completed during the semester.
The following table presents grades, their numerical value used for the calculation of GPA, and their relation to the student's performance.
Quality Points Description
A 4 Superior performance in the course.
B 3 Commendable performance in the essentials of the course.
C 2 Acceptable performance in the essentials of the course.
D 1 Marginal performance below the acceptable standards of university work.
F 0 Unqualified failure and the necessity for repeating the course to obtain credit.
S Not Included Satisfactory/no credit basis. The hours are not computed in the grade point average.
AU Not Included Audited course in which the student attends at least 75 percent of the class sessions.
NA Not Included Audited course in which the student attends less than 75 percent of the class sessions.
NC Not Included Failure to complete the requirements in satisfactory/no credit courses. The attempted hours are not computed in the grade point average.
NR Not Included A temporary administrative note that the instructor of record had not submitted a course grade. The NR is not computed in the grade point average.
I Not Included An interim grade given to a student whose work has been of passing quality and who has valid reason for not completing some requirement of the course. Removal of an Incomplete must be submitted by the instructor to the Records Office no later than the due date published in the Academic Calendar, or the Incomplete will become an F. The Incomplete grade will not be computed in the grade point average during the interim. Any student called to active duty in the Armed Forces of the United States may, with the permission of the instructor, be given an indefinite incomplete. The incomplete may be made up at any time. Degrees cannot be awarded with an Incomplete.
IP Not Included An interim grade for departmental honors courses numbered 4995r, indicating work in progress. The IP will not be computed in the grade point average during the interim. Degrees cannot be awarded with an IP. The IP has a limitation of one year for removal.
W Not Included Official withdrawal from one or more courses after the first two weeks of classes and up to the last six class weeks before final examinations. Comparable deadlines apply to each of the summer terms.
Grade Reports
Students may review their semester grades online through the secure link in MyMocsNet. Grades are posted to MyMocsNet account upon completion of the end of semester grade processing period.
Grades for the individual summer terms are usually available within 5 days after the end of the respective term.
The grade point average (GPA) is the total number of quality points divided by the total number of GPA credit hours, including hours for which the student received an F. The GPA does not include credit hours for courses in which grades of S, NC, NR, I, and W have been earned. (Developmental credit is not included in the calculation of grade point averages for graduation or for honors.) Grade point averages are not rounded.
How to Compute Grade Point Average (GPA)
Standard GPA Calculation:
Multiply the grade value for each course taken by the credit hours for that course. The product of this multiplication will be the quality points. Total the quality points and the credit hours.
Divide the total quality points by the total GPA hours.
Do not include the hours for S, or NC or I grades.
Course Grade Value (Multiply) Credit Hours Attempted (Equals) Quality Points
MATH 1010 A=4 x 3 = 12
ENGL 1010 B=3 x 3 = 9
GEOL 1110 C=2 x 4 = 8
HHP 135 D=1 x 3 = 3
PSY 1010 F=0 x 3 = 0
Totals: 16 32
Divide 32 (Quality Points Column) by 16 (Credit Hours Attempted Column) to determine GPA: 32/16 = 2.00 GPA.
Institutional: includes work completed at UTC.
Transfer: Includes work completed at another institution and submitted to UTC.
Overall: Includes UTC institutional work and transfer work.
Developmental Credit
Developmental courses completed at another institution to meet specific course prerequisites do not apply to the hours required for graduation, major requirements, general education requirements, or electives. The grades earned in these courses are not included in the calculation of the institutional, transfer or overall grade point averages.
Continuation Standards
Students will be in good standing if they maintain a minimum overall cumulative GPA of 2.0 in all attempted hours, excluding developmental courses.
Students on probation who do not enroll for one or more semesters and return are readmitted on probation. Students on probation who do not enroll for one or more semesters and return with transfer work will have the transfer work evaluated and will be on probation regardless of the overall GPA.
Students on suspension who do not enroll for one or more semesters and return will be admitted on probation. Students who return after their period of suspension with transfer work must earn at least a 2.0 transfer GPA on all hours attempted in order to be eligible for automatic readmission to UTC. Students who are denied admission because the GPA on transfer work does not meet the required 2.0 transfer GPA must apply for readmission through the Admissions Committee. If readmitted, student will be on probation regardless of the overall cumulative GPA.
Students who were dismissed and return with or without transfer work must appeal for readmission through the Admissions Committee. Students who receive approval for readmission will be admitted on probation.
Academic Warning
Academic warning is a cautionary notice to the student that the semester GPA is 2.2 or below and that continued academic performance at this low level may lead to probation, suspension, or dismissal. Students may be placed on probation or may be suspended or dismissed without having received such a warning notice since these academic actions are linked to the overall grade point average. Academic warnings do not appear on the academic record.
The University classifies a student as on academic probation when the overall cumulative GPA is less than 2.0. A student on academic probation may enroll in courses for the subsequent semester. If the student's overall cumulative GPA for the subsequent semester is 2.0 or better, the student is reclassified as in good standing. If the student's overall cumulative GPA remains below 2.0, but the student earns at least a 2.0 overall semester GPA, the probation status will be extended for another semester. If the student does not earn a 2.0 overall semester GPA their status is changed to academic suspension. If the student has been previously suspended they will be dismissed.
A student classified as on academic suspension cannot enroll at the university for one semester from the time he or she is suspended. The complete summer sessions, or the entire summer, constitute one semester for this policy. A student who wishes to resume an education at UTC after the suspension must complete the undergraduate admissions process outlined in the "Enrolling at UTC" section of this catalog.
A student who is suspended from another institution of higher education may not enroll at UTC until one semester after the suspension date.
A previously suspended student who is readmitted is placed on academic probation regardless of the overall cumulative grade point average at the time of readmission. If the student's overall cumulative GPA for the subsequent semester is 2.0 or better, the student is reclassified as in good standing. If the student's overall cumulative GPA remains below 2.0, but the student earns at least a 2.0 overall semester GPA, the probation status will be extended for another semester. A student who fails to achieve either of these requirements will be dismissed for an indefinite period and may not apply for consideration for readmission for one calendar year.
A suspended student who enrolls in other colleges or in correspondence courses during their semester of suspension must earn at least a 2.0 average on all hours attempted during this period in order to be eligible for automatic readmission to UTC. A student not meeting the 2.0 requirement must apply for readmission through the Admissions Committee.
Students who have been dismissed for academic reasons may not enroll at the University for one calendar year from the time of dismissal. In order to appeal for reentry after one calendar year, they must explain in the supplemental readmission form why they can now achieve the grades necessary to meet UTC's continuation standards. Students who have been dismissed from another institution of higher education may not enroll at UTC until one calendar year after the dismissal date.
Appeals from Suspension and Dismissal
Although the University believes it to be in the best interests of students who have been suspended or dismissed to remain out of school for a reasonable period, it also recognizes that in unexpected circumstances (e.g., incapacitating injury or serious illness of a family member), students may fall behind in their studies through no fault of their own. Students with extenuating circumstances may submit appeals for reentry prior to sitting out the required suspension or dismissal period. Suspension and dismissal appeals are due in the Records Office, 125 University Center, no later than one week (seven calendar days) prior to the first day of classes in any semester or summer term. The Petitions Committee will consider appeals for readmission, but it should be understood that exceptions to the suspension and dismissal period will be rare.
The Honor Code expresses the University's expectation that students behave in an honest and responsible manner in all matters within the University community, and that education is a cooperative enterprise between student and teacher and among fellow students. Dishonesty violates and weakens this relation and lessens the value of the student's education. Violation of the honor code may be recorded on the student's academic record. The Student Handbook presents the Honor Code, and describes the Honor Court and its procedures.
Plagiarism occurs when a person presents words, ideas, patterns of ideas, data, and other intellectual or creative work as the product of his or her effort. Plagiarism is a violation of the University's Honor Code and can lead to specific penalties including classification on disciplinary probation, a failing grade for the course, or suspension or dismissal from the University. Each student assumes full responsibility for understanding the concept of plagiarism and the University's policies.
The University encourages all its students to learn more about plagiarism and methods to appropriately present the work of others. Students should refer to the Student Handbook or to www.utc.edu/Administration/StudentDevelopment/handbook/academics.pdf to review the University's Honor code and treatment of accusations of plagiarism.
It is the prerogative and responsibility of each member of the faculty to determine the final grade for each student according to criteria clearly defined and explained in the syllabus.
Whenever a student feels that his or her rights and interests have been seriously jeopardized by way of unfair, arbitrary, or malicious exercise of faculty grading prerogatives and desires to appeal the grade, the following appeal procedures must be followed. (It is recognized that the following time frames are maximal, and that in cases where a failing grade prevents a student from continuing in the course, the appeals procedure can be accelerated.)
Conversation with the Instructor
The student who desires an appeal must seek an appointment with the faculty member who awarded the grade within five working days of the day when the final course grades were posted. The purpose of this appointment is to request clarification of the basis for the evaluation. If the student is unable to locate the faculty member personally, the request may be presented to the head of the department in which the course is offered. During these conversations, the student shall have access to all his or her exams and papers that have not previously been returned to the student for the period covered by the grade. Provision of material returned to the student is the responsibility of the student. A faculty member who chooses not to return papers to the student should keep graded exams and papers for a minimum of the next regular semester following the completion of a term. If the complaint is not resolved by way of such discussions and the student is still convinced that the grade is arbitrary or unjust, a formal appeal may be made to the Faculty Grade Appeals Committee.
Appeal to the Faculty Grade Appeals Committee
Within five working days of the conversation with the faculty member who awarded the grade (or the department head, if necessary, as described above), the student desiring to proceed with a formal appeal shall present in writing the reasons on which the appeal is based, together with any and all supporting documents. Such appeal shall be addressed to the Faculty Grade Appeals Committee and personally delivered to the head of the department in which the course in question is offered. Check the UTC web site or departmental office for the required form.
Upon receipt of a formal appeal, the head of the department (or the dean, if the department head is the faculty member whose grade is being appealed) involved shall notify the faculty member who awarded the grade and shall immediately appoint two members of the department faculty to serve as observers at the appeals hearing and as informational resources for the Faculty Grade Appeals Committee. The head shall forward those names, and the written appeal, together with all relevant material and information concerning the case, to the dean of the college or school. The dean shall then meet with the student to counsel the student and discuss the appeals process. If the student wishes to continue with his or her appeal the dean, with the cooperation of the Committee chair, will call, as soon as possible, a meeting of the Faculty Grade Appeals Committee.
The Faculty Grade Appeals Committee shall consist of three (3) faculty members and two (2) alternate faculty members (who can be called on if one of the three regular members is unavailable or is in the same department as the appealing student) elected annually by the Faculty Senate. In addition, two (2) faculty members shall be selected at the time of an appeal by the head of the department (or dean of the appropriate college) in which the appealed course is offered to serve as observers at the appeals hearing and as informational resources for the Committee. These faculty are invited to answer questions asked them of the Committee, but otherwise are observers only, and will be excused before deliberations begin. The student may also invite up to two observers, but they are to be observers only. The dean of the academic unit involved shall convene the meeting but the Committee chair shall run the hearing. Should the dean be the course professor involved in the appeal, the Provost will serve in place of the dean. The dean shall not vote on an appeal except in cases of a tie vote. A quorum for this committee will consist of three (3) members of the Grade Appeals Committee.
Responsibilities of the Committee, Department Head and Dean
The responsibility of the Grade Appeals Committee is to hear undergraduate student appeals whenever students feel that their rights have been seriously jeopardized by way of unfair, arbitrary, or malicious exercise of faculty grading prerogatives and desire to appeal the grade. The committee reviews grades after a student who is appealing has followed the current published procedures.
As soon as possible after the complete appeal is received in the Dean's office, the dean shall inquire of the student and the faculty member involved whether either desires a hearing before the committee. If no hearing is requested within 5 business days, the committee shall determine the appeal and issue its ruling on the basis of the record. If either party requests a hearing within 5 business days, such a hearing shall be held within 10 working days of the request, at which time both the student and the faculty member shall be afforded the opportunity to present further evidence. Within five working days after the hearing, the committee shall, on the basis of all the material before it, determine the appeal and issue its ruling as it deems appropriate, either upholding the grade or requesting the faculty member to change it accordingly. As soon as possible after this ruling is made, the Dean (or Provost, if appropriate) shall notify the faculty member and the student about the Committee's ruling, by email and hard copy. Either party shall have the right to appeal the committee's decision to the Chancellor of the University.
Grade Appeals Committee Guidelines
If a student appeals a grade to the Grade Appeals Committee, the following guidelines will be used in he appeal process:
The burden of proof in the appeal lies with the student. Instructors should maintain, however, documents related to the assignment of grades for a period of at least one semester to facilitate the investigation of improperly assigned grades. If requested, instructors shall make copies of all relevant documents available to the student, following FERPA guidelines. If the student requests the hearing but fails to appear at the hearing without sufficient cause the grade appeal will be denied and cannot be refiled.
Grade appeals may be warranted in the case of deviations from the syllabus. This constraint should not be interpreted to mean that instructors may not change grading criteria during the course of the semester, as long as all students in the class are notified of these changes in a timely manner. Events may necessitate such changes.
Grade appeals should never be based upon a student's individual needs or circumstances; students do not have the right to appeal a grade because of their health, anxiety, family circumstances or other such circumstances. Grades should only be based upon student performance.
Instructors have a right to set standards for a course consistent with department parameters including the number and types of exams, amount of outside work required, attendance policies, class discussion requirements, exam time limits or any other grading criteria. It is the responsibility of the instructor to clearly outline these standards in the syllabus. Students may not use the issue of an instructor's standards (e.g., "an instructor was too hard") as the basis for a grade appeal.
Students may not use the grade appeal procedure as a bargaining mechanism. Grade change recommendations will be based on already completed course work.
Student claims of unjust assignment of grades based upon the perception that an instructor did not like or was biased against the student must still stand the burden of objective proof. If proof can be provided that the instructor was biased or disliked a student, then the possibility of arbitrary or capricious assignment of grades may result in a successful appeal.
The outcome of a grade appeal is a recommendation only. If the Grade Appeal Committee finds with the student, the instructor may request the committee to explain its decision in writing. If the instructor refuses to change the grade, a copy of the committee's rationale shall be provided to all administrators who are part of the appeals process. The student may appeal to the Chancellor.
Appeal to the Chancellor
Within five working days of the decision of the Faculty Grade Appeals Committee, the student or the faculty member may present, in writing, a request for review by the Chancellor of the University. In such event, the Chancellor shall immediately request the complete record of the case from the Faculty Grade Appeals Committee and shall make a decision on the basis of the record. The Chancellor has the ultimate authority on this campus to decide whether the grade will be changed and to effect such a change. In the event that a decision of the committee against the student is upheld by the Chancellor, that decision shall be final. If the Chancellor upholds a decision of the Faculty Grade Appeals Committee against the faculty member, the faculty member shall be requested to change the grade in accordance with the committee's ruling.
Course Repeat and Grade Replacement Policy
Students may repeat any UTC or transfer course.
Provided prerequisites are met, students may replace a total of three grades. The first three grades in one or more subjects may be replaced; the total number of replaced grades cannot exceed three. Effective Fall 2010, developmental studies courses will not be included in the grade replacement limit. Grades of S, NC, and W will not count in the allotted number of replacement grades.
All grades, except the three replaced grades, will be used in the grade point average computation.
Courses in which a grade of A was earned cannot be repeated except for "r" courses. If an A is repeated, the repeated course will be changed from credit to audit.
In any repeated course, excluding "r" courses, a student forfeits the first earned hours, if any. Previous grades and credit do not count; only the last grade counts.
For a transfer student, a "course" is interpreted as any course listed separately in an individual term on the transcript, regardless of the number of such courses needed to equate to a UTC course.
When a student is repeating more than one course in a term and is nearing the permissible limit of three replacement grades, the following order will determine replacements: 4 hour Fs, 3 hour Fs, 2 hour Fs; 4 hour Ds, 3 hour Ds, 2 hour Ds; 1 hour Fs, 1 hour D; 4 hour Cs, 3 hour Cs, 2 hour Cs, 1 hour Cs. In the case of a tie, a grade in a course within the student's major will be replaced first.
After a semester or summer term begins, students are expected to attend all classes until or unless the class(es) is (are) officially dropped online or in the Records Office, 125 University Center.
During the first two weeks of a semester, a student may officially withdraw without prejudice from any class, and no grade will be recorded. After the first two weeks of the semester and up to the final drop date, a student who officially withdraws will receive a grade of W. Comparable periods apply to each of the individual summer terms. Specific withdrawal deadlines for each semester or summer term are noted in the academic calendar.
Students may not withdraw from a course after the final drop date for the semester. The withdrawal date is published each semester in the academic calendar posted on the Records Office website at http://www.utc.edu/records/calendars-and-schedules/index.phphttp://www.utc.edu/records/calendars-and-schedules/index.php.
Exception to the Withdrawal Policy
A student experiencing a serious illness, injury, or unusually difficult personal circumstances may request an exception to the withdrawal policy by submitting documentation of these circumstances to the Records Office. The student will receive a W for all courses for which withdrawal is approved. Requests for exemptions must be submitted in writing within one calendar year of the end of the semester in question.
Failure to Withdraw from Classes
Failure to attend scheduled class meetings is not evidence of the student's intent to withdraw from a course. Students wishing to withdraw from courses must withdraw. Students cannot withdraw from a course either online or in the Records Office after the official last day to withdraw for the semester or summer term. Failure to withdraw officially from any course will result in a grade of F if the student has not successfully completed the assigned work.
Students who are receiving Title IV financial aid and have stopped attending UTC classes without withdrawing officially will have their change in enrollment status reported to the U.S. Department of Education as required. The grade of F will remain on the student's transcript.
Academic Recognition and Honor Societies
The University recognizes scholarly achievement in a number of ways.
ThinkAchieve Award
ThinkAchieve is an institutional endeavor to encourage and recognize students who demonstrate commitment to critical thinking and experiential learning. ThinkAchieve Graduates earn this recognition by participating in and reflecting upon experiences such as creative activities, internships, research, service, teaching and connection to the campus and community.
The dean's list includes the names of all students who achieve an institutional semester GPA of at least 3.2 with a registration of a minimum of six graded hours or more each semester.
General University Graduation Honors
To be eligible for Latin honors at UTC, students must have a minimum of 60 earned hours at UTC. The University grants graduation honors to students with distinguished academic records. The graduation honors are:
cum laude:
granted when the student's cumulative Institutional (UTC) GPA at the end of the final semester is 3.5.
magna cum laude:
summa cum laude:
granted when the student's cumulative Institutional (UTC) GPA at the end of the final semester is 3.9 or higher.
Graduation honors will be inscribed on the diplomas. Developmental credit will not be counted in the grade point average for graduation or honors. Grade point averages are not rounded. These standards apply to all undergraduate degree candidates, regardless of the catalog under which they entered.
Honors Societies
Academic achievement, either in general or in specific fields, is recognized by a number of organizations:
Alpha, the scholastic honor society of The University of Tennessee at Chattanooga, elects to membership seniors who have maintained a very high scholastic average (3.75 or higher). Election is by vote of the faculty members of Alpha.
Alpha Lambda Delta, national honor society for women and men, elects to membership those freshmen who have a 3.5 institutional cumulative average on at least 12 graded hours in the first semester or an institutional cumulative average of 3.5 at the end of the freshman year.
Golden Key, is a national honor society for all juniors and seniors, either full or part time, who have been at UTC for one year and who have maintained at least a 3.3 institutional cumulative grade point average.
Mortar Board, a national honor society for senior women and men, elects to membership those who at the end of their junior year have a minimum institutional cumulative grade point average of 3.0 and who have demonstrated outstanding ability in leadership, scholarship, and service to the University.
Phi Eta Sigma, national honor society for men and women, elects to membership those freshmen who have a 3.5 institutional cumulative average on at least 12 graded hours in the first semester or an institutional cumulative average of 3.5 at the end of the freshman year.
Honor societies in specific areas include:
Alpha Kappa Delta (sociology)
Alpha Mu Alpha (marketing)
Alpha Psi Omega (theatre)
Beta Alpha Psi (accounting)
Beta Beta Beta (biology)
Beta Gamma Sigma (business)
Delta Omicron (music)
Delta Tau Omega (geology)
Financial Management Association (finance)
Gamma Sigma Epsilon (chemistry)
Kappa Delta Pi (education)
Kappa Omicron Phi (home economics)
Kappa Tau Alpha (communication)
Lambda Alpha Epsilon (criminal justice)
Lambda Iota Tau (literature)
Omicron Delta Epsilon (economics)
Phi Alpha Theta (history)
Pi Delta Phi (French)
Pi Gamma Mu (social sciences)
Pi Mu Epsilon (mathematics)
Pi Sigma Alpha (political science)
Psi Chi (psychology)
Scabbard and Blade (military science)
Sigma Delta Pi (Spanish)
Sigma Iota Epsilon (business management)
Sigma Pi Sigma (physics)
Sigma Theta Tau (nursing)
Sigma Xi (sciences)
Tau Beta Pi (engineering)
Upsilon Pi Epsilon (computer science)
Administered by the Honors College, the Departmental Honors Program allows exceptional students to receive special recognition for their academic achievements. Departmental honors is bestowed upon students who have maintained high academic standards in their course work, completed an acceptable two-semester, four-hour thesis project, and passed an oral examination. Graduation with departmental honors is recorded on the academic record and on the diploma. The departmental thesis project allows each honors candidate to deepen knowledge and increase skills in a particular discipline. Typical thesis projects include original research or literary analysis, scientific experimentation, or artistic expression. Admission to departmental thesis requires an institutional cumulative grade point average of 3.2 and a grade point average of 3.5 in the major. Any student with an institutional cumulative grade point average of 3.5 and a grade point average of 3.75 in the major may become a candidate for highest honors. The requisite GPA is required at the time of graduation for a student to be awarded Departmental Honors.
Application for departmental honors is usually made during the third semester before graduation. Forms and a full accounting of procedures and policies can be found in the current Departmental Honors Handbook, obtainable online at http://www.utc.edu/departmental-honors/
Enrolling in Graduate Courses
A senior who is within 30 credit hours of completing requirements for the bachelor's degree at The University of Tennessee at Chattanooga may submit a petition to take graduate level courses. The applicant must have an overall cumulative grade point average of 3.0 (B) or higher and have the approval of the head of his or her major department. Subject to the approval of the Dean of the Graduate School, a student may earn up to nine credit hours of graduate credit prior to completing the bachelor's degree. Such approval must be obtained each semester by completing the special application form which is available in the Graduate School Office. Courses taken for graduate credit may not be applied toward an undergraduate degree.
Accelerated Graduate Program
Undergraduate students at the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga who are classified as seniors and are within 30 hours of completion of their first bachelor's degree with an overall GPA of at least 3.25 are eligible to participate in an accelerated graduate program. An accelerated graduate program allows a student to gain early admission to and potentially complete a graduate program in less time and for less cost than the traditional graduate program which is completed after the undergraduate degree is awarded.
Applications to the accelerated graduate program may be submitted to the Graduate School for review during the student's junior year. With the approval of the program coordinator, department head, dean of the college housing the graduate program, and the dean of the Graduate School, the student will be admitted to the graduate program in the senior year (90 earned hours). Students admitted to an accelerated graduate program will begin coursework related to the graduate degree upon completion of 90 earned hours.
Upon completion of the undergraduate degree, meeting graduate continuation standards, and completing an application to the Graduate School the student's level will be changed from undergraduate to graduate.
Students in an accelerated graduate program may take up to 12 graduate hours with departmental approval. Individual accelerated graduate programs have the option of limiting the number of graduate hours taken. Graduate coursework successfully completed with a "B" or better will apply to the graduate degree.


What in the world is lilikoi?
If you read this blog and you are not a resident of Hawai`i, that's probably what you've been wondering. Lilikoi is the Hawai`ian name for Passion Fruit. It has a very distinctive flavor and not everyone likes it the first time they taste it. I think it's definitely an acquired taste, although it was love at first bite for me.
You can cut it in half, and spoon out the insides with a spoon and eat it, seeds and all. Sometimes I cut up a whole bag of them, scoop out the flesh into a colander and let them drain into a bowl overnight. The juice that results is perfect for making salad dressings, ice cream, jams, or anything else you can think of.
A friend gave me an already established purple lilikoi vine along with some of the yellow lilikoi fruits. I planted the purple vine, ate a few of the yellow ones, and kept the seeds from the rest to plant. The picture above shows the seedlings. I gave some to a friend in Kailua-Kona (where they have a little real soil) and hers are growing like crazy!
I put these seedlings out, poured soil in around them, but some still are not much larger than they are in the picture above. Some of the others are about 8″ tall. It will be a long time before I get enough lilikoi juice to make ice cream.
Another of my other early attempts at trying to grow something at 2300′ elevation in lava was this banana. I'm not quite sure it will make it. But you can see a few leaves trying to push through.
I was given several protea plants. The picture below shows them before I put them in the ground. Unfortunately, the sulfur dioxide got to them and they probably aren't going to make it.
Posted on June 26, 2008 Categories Bananas, GARDENING, Jacaranda, Lilikoi, Plumeria, ProteaTags banana, GARDENING, Jacaranda, Lilikoi, Plumeria, ProteaLeave a comment on What in the world is lilikoi?


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March 28, 2018 March 28, 2018 Sarah Kay Bierle
10 Things You Should Know About The Civil War & The Great Lakes
Unless you live near them, the Great Lakes probably aren't on your mind. That's unfortunate because these huge bodies of water in the north eastern part of the United States – along the Canadian border – have been the scenes of many historic moments in American History.
There's an idea that the American Civil War wasn't fought in the North. And – generally speaking – that's mostly true. However, there were plenty of riots, local disturbances, sabotage attempts, and other violent issues in the "Union" states. And Confederates caused disturbances around the Great Lakes.
Today – to provide some historical back-up to some plot points in Lighthouse Loyalty – we've rounded up ten basic things you should know about the Civil War on the Great Lakes.1. Canada – A "Neutral" Place
Officially speaking, Canada did not get involved in the American Civil War since it was part of the British Empire and had to remain "neutral." However, Canada's history ties closely to the United States and aspects of the Civil War; for example, in the Antebellum Period, many slaves found freedom in Canada, safe from the fugitive slave laws.
Perhaps it's ironic that the same freedom and protection offered to escaped slaves was available to Confederates during and after the war. Like it or not, details known or unknown, Canada's neutrality sheltered schemers and played a major role in the 1860's American conflict in the Great Lakes region.
Great Lakes – satellite image from space, labelled for identification
2. Commerce on the Lakes
To set the historical stage, the Great Lakes were used for commerce transportation. Large cities stood on the shores, fostering and driving an ever-growing maritime trade in the area. Lighthouses were under construction or shining brightly along the shores (though the main lighthouse building boom along the lakes would occur post-war). Disruption of the maritime traffic, a raid, or simple subterfuge at a strategic point could have caused panic on the Northern homefront and potentially opened two war fronts.
3. Union Prisons along the Shores
As the war progressed, Federal forces constructed prisons along the lake shores. Originally created to confine officers but later imprisoning enlisted men too, Johnson Island Prison in Lake Erie operated for three years and held over 15,000 Confederates or Southern sympathizers captive. Camp Douglas at Chicago, Illinois, was known for its harsh conditions and had a higher death rate compared to other Union prisons.
4. The USS Michigan
This warship had the distinction of being the first iron hulled steamship in the U.S. Navy when she was commissioned in 1844. She spent her entire patrol career guarding the Great Lakes, eventually decommissioned in 1912.
During the Civil War, USS Michigan became a central target in some of the Confederate plots, patrolled the waters, appeared off Detroit and Buffalo to advert draft riots, and hung around Johnson Island to help guard the Southern prisoners.
USS Michigan – later renamed USS Wolverine – image from about 1900.
5. Draft Riots
Draft Riots? Yes, many Northerners weren't happy about the Union draft instituted in March 1863. And by 1863 and 1864 there was growing discontent with the war as a whole among the Peace Democrats (Copperheads) throughout the North.
In July 1863, violent riots broke out in New York City and other cities agitated. On July 28, the commander of the USS Michigan reported that citizens in Detroit, Michigan, worried about a destructive riot in their city and felt calmer with the presence of a U.S. vessel in their harbor. In August, the ship anchored off Buffalo, New York – again, making a quiet threat against violence and rioting. In these cities, the danger was adverted, partly to the tiny, but effective, U.S. defense on the lakes.
6. Davis originally says "No"
The Confederate government knew about the Union prison camps along the lakes; unlike other prisons, these would be relatively easy to approach with a military force if the Lakes were in Confederate control. (Remember, they could assemble a military force in Canada.) One of the major obstacles? USS Michigan.
In 1863, a lieutenant in the Confederate Navy – William Henry Murdaugh – put forward the idea to gain control the lakes by simply capturing the Union warship. Then they could work on freeing the prisoners who could add to the dwindling Southern armies.
However, in 1863, Confederate president Jefferson Davis vetoed the idea. With enough troubles in the east and west of the Confederacy, how wise would it be to open another conflict front?
7. Confederate Prisoner Escape?
Just because Davis said "no" in 1863, didn't mean officers didn't stop thinking about raids or escapades on the lakes. In 1864, Captain Charles H. Cole and Captain John Yates Beall received permission to arrange a prisoner escape from Johnson's Island and Camp Chase (located inland in Ohio). The first step in the plot required the captains and thirty-five volunteers to capture USS Michigan. The schemers managed to befriend some of the Michigan's officers, contact a secret society in the North that sympathized with the Confederate, and infiltrate the regiment of prison guards.
Johnson Island Prison
September 19, 1864 – fateful day to begin the venture… Cole boarded the Michigan to dine with his friends, also preparing to take the ship. Beall and his team were supposed to capture the ferryboat which connected the American and Canadian ports on Lake Erie; they managed to capture the ferry, then had trouble with another vessel and a brief firefight broke out, leading to the scuttling of plans when the volunteers got scared and refused to go farther.
In reality, the Union troops in the area already knew about the plot. A Confederate prisoner at Johnson's Island had informed the guards of the plan and Michigan's crew – along with the guards – were on high alert, making it doubtful the Southern plot would have succeeded if pursued.
8. St. Albans Raid
St. Albans, Vermont, sits on the shore of Lake Champlain and isn't technically a "Great Lake," but the raid is worth mentioning in this discussion. Just one month after the attempted Johnson's Island Prisoner Rescue, a small group of Confederates crossed from Canada to St. Albans and, on October 19, 1864, attacked the small town, robbing banks, burning buildings, and injuring several civilians who tried to resist. The raiders escaped to Canada with about $208,000 (over $3 million in modern value) and the hopes that they would divert many Union troops to guard the northern border.
Canadian officials caught the raiders, but because of the neutrality laws refused to send them to trial. (However, the money was returned to the town.) Once again, Confederate plans backfired, more severely this time as Canadians turned unfriendly to the Southerns in the country, feeling like their nation was being used and drawn into a war because there were spies, plotters, and maybe even assassins seeking refuge under their "neutrality."
9. John Wilkes Booth
Lincoln's assassin. What does he have to do with the story of the Great Lakes and Canada during the Civil War?
Well, in October 1864, Booth visited Montreal (not on the Great Lakes, but in Canada) without a plausible reason. In the city, he met Confederate secret agents and probably laid plans for a presidential kidnapping that would eventually turn into the assassination. (Long, long story). There are hints that he was meeting with other agents in the North, and some may have been operating in the Great Lakes region with a quick getaway to Canada. It's just not quite clear in the historical documentation…
10. Historical Mysteries
Spies and secret agents generally don't keep records. Combining the known incidents of possible riots and the attempted rescue at Johnson's Island with the numbers of known and unknown Confederate agents and agitators in the Great Lakes region on both sides of the border, it seems possible there was even more going on than is readily available to cover in this short post. While it's not wise to speculate with solid facts, it does seem reasonable to conclude that there was a secret Civil War going on along the border and along the lake shores that has mostly escaped documentation and therefore most history books.
And that's one of the treasures of history, locked away in time. Perhaps to be discovered. Perhaps to hold the secret of the spies and conflict until the end of time.
"Were there really Rebels on the Lakes?" Jacob asked, wide-eyed.
"Yes. Some escapades made it to the newspapers. I'm sure many things happened that were never reported." (Lighthouse Loyalty, Chapter 18)
P.S. Do you have more "secret" Civil War history to add to the discussion? (And don't forget – we have a series on Civil War spies in our archives!)
Authors Notes on Lighthouse Loyalty
camp douglas
Confederate prisoners
Confederates in Canada
john yates beall
Union prisons
USS Michigan
william henry murdaugh
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Caribbean News, History & Culture, International News
St Eustatius: 18th-Century Graveyard Found At Former Sugar Plantation
An 18th-century burial ground has been discovered at a former sugar plantation on the Dutch Caribbean island of St. Eustatius, officials said Monday, and archaeologists said it likely contains the remains of slaves and could provide a trove of information on the lives of enslaved people.
Government officials said 48 skeletons had been found at the site so far, most of them males, but also some females and infants.
Alexandre Hinton, the director of the St. Eustatius Center for Archaeological Research, said many more remains were expected to lie in the graves at the former Golden Rock Plantation.
"We are predicting that the number of individuals buried here will surpass the burial site discovered at Newton Plantation on Barbados, where 104 enslaved Africans were excavated. This is one of the largest sites of its kind ever discovered in the Caribbean," she said.
Authorities said the site was found while archaeologists checked an area needed for the expansion of an airport.
"We knew the potential for archaeological discoveries in this area was high, but this cemetery exceeds all expectations," Hinton said.
Given the location near the former plantation, Hinton said the graves most likely contain the remains of enslaved people.
"Initial analysis indicates that these are people of African descent," she said. "To date, we have found two individuals with the dental modification that is a West African custom. Typically plantation owners did not allow enslaved persons to do this. These individuals are thus most likely first-generation enslaved people who were shipped to St. Eustatius."
The majority of the burials contain remnants of coffins, coffin nails and objects that were buried with the deceased, such as several intact tobacco pipes, beads and ceramic plates. A coin from 1737 depicting King George II of England was found resting on a coffin lid.
Experts at several universities around the world will analyze the remains to learn more about the lives of the buried individuals.
Hinton said Leiden University in the Netherlands will conduct "stable isotope analysis" to determine the peoples' diets as well as whether they were born on the island. Harvard will do the DNA analysis to find where the people came from, and England's Northumbria University will do protein studies to discover what diseases they might have suffered.
One of the most important outcomes of the research will be a more thorough understanding of the lives of slaves in the Caribbean. Most of what is known about their lives come from the writings of people in power, such as colonial administrators and plantation owners, sources that can be biased or incomplete.
St. Eustatius, which lies in the northeastern part of the Caribbean, was colonized by the Dutch in 1636 and became an important transit port for the regional trade in sugar and slaves from West Africa.
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Catching on: Stover embraces move to tight end for OSU
Jon Spencer
COLUMBUS - Kevin Wilson finally got his man. And it seems silly now that Ohio State's offensive coordinator was ever banned from attending Lexington High School games.
In what was essentially a position swap, Wilson traded tight end Cormontae Hamilton to defensive line coach Larry Johnson for 2019 Lex grad Cade Stover.
"We thought it could be a mutual thing," said Wilson, who in addition to being the OC also coaches the tight ends. "Maybe it will be best for both kids. In the short term it looks good."
Hamilton had physically outgrown the tight end position and the belief is that Stover, who began his OSU career as a linebacker before moving to defensive end late last season, can mature, athletically, into his new role on offense.
The raw ability is already there.
"I think an offensive guy with a defensive mindset is dangerous," Stover said, describing himself. "It's bred in me. That's not going anywhere."
Wilson has long coveted Stover. He was Ohio's Mr. Football in 2018 primarily because of his prowess as a hybrid linebacker/safety. But what sometimes gets overlooked is the skill set he provided on offense.
A wide receiver as a Lex freshman and sophomore, Stover moved to quarterback as a junior and finished his prep career as a running back, rushing for 1,497 yards and 18 touchdowns. He also caught 21 passes for 238 yards and a TD.
What's more, he finished school as Lexington's all-time leading scorer in basketball.
"I was told when we recruited Cade I could never go see him because recruiters (nationally) thought he could be a good tight end and if I walked in the room it could be a bad deal (for OSU's plans to play him on defense)," Wilson said. "I was dying to see him play basketball, but I was prohibited from doing so."
It's going to work out for Wilson anyways. And for Stover.
"I was open to (the move)," Stover said. "I trust coach (Ryan) Day and I like coach Wilson and the way he coaches. I think it's good move.
"I feel like I can be special with the ball in space, going up and catching balls and helping the blocking game. I like playing tight end (more), to be honest with you. I liked running back, too, but I think I'm too big for that now. I think at tight end you can be nasty inside, blocking people, and you can also play in space, too."
The Buckeyes played four tight ends last season, so maybe Stover will be part of a similar rotation this coming season with seniors Jake Hausmann and Luke Farrell and junior Jeremy Ruckert.
Every year it seems like there's talk about the tight ends being bigger offensive threats for the Buckeyes. Last year, Hausmann, Farrell and Ruckert combined with Rashod Berry to catch 25 passes for 7 touchdowns.
Versatility-wise, Stover might be closest to Berry, who played tight end for most of his career, but also spent time as a defensive end.
With defensive end Chase Young sidelined by suspension last season, Berry became the first OSU player since Zach Boren in 2012 to play offense and defense in the same game.
"You can see the jolt of athleticism they've both got," Ruckert said of Stover and Berry. "It's really going to help (Stover) down the line."
Wilson agrees.
"I think sometimes in the winter he looked like a fish out of water," he said. "I'd like to see him smoother, more fluid. But you can tell he's a natural football and basketball player. The guy's played a lot of ball, and with his family and his dad's background ..."
Trevor Stover, Cade's father, started his football career at Bowling Green as a linebacker and finished as an all-conference tight end.
"When he's running around, he naturally finds the right place," Wilson said of Cade. "He might look a bit out of control and out of whack. He's (making the transition) on the run, but you know he's a good football player. I think it's going to be a good move for him and a good move for us. He's got a lot of work to do, but he's going to be good."
Stover wishes he could say that learning pass routes is a snap.
"I wouldn't say it's easy; it's coming along slowly," he said. "You're going to mess things up. If you see me run the wrong route, turn off the cameras and we'll go from there."
The key for Stover, said Farrell, is "just being able to play fast, getting the signal, getting lined up, knowing what your job is and playing fast while you're doing it. It's nice to have three or four guys in the room to bring him along."
One of the lasting images of last season is of quarterback Justin Fields appearing to throw a ball out of the end zone in the Big Ten Championship Game against Wisconsin. Instead, there was the 6-5 Ruckert streaking along the back of the end zone and using every inch of his wing span to make a one-handed, 16-yard touchdown catch.
That triggered a run of 27 unanswered points as Ohio State rallied for a 34-21 victory.
Maybe there's a play like that in Stover's near future.
"He brings a great mindset," Ruckert said. "He just wants to play football. He's bounced around a lot, but he's trying to throw his body around and make plays. He has a good attitude and he's obviously a great athlete and understands defenses, coming over from there.
"With his mindset and toughness, he'll be a great blocker with his power. He's got all of the tools. He's ahead of where I was when I got here."
Stover arrived at Ohio State weighing 230 pounds. He now packs 255 pounds on his 6-4 frame.
Spencer:Day was right hire, but how about his new QB coach?
"It's a good group of guys in that (tight end) room," he said. "They've helped me a lot with learning stuff. I think it's a better fit for my body and what I can do. It feels a lot more natural (with the ball in my hands). Day by day, I'll just build on it and learn the playbook better."
Inevitably, there will be collisions with linebacker Pete Werner or defensive end Tyreke Smith, old sidekicks of his.
So who's going to win those battles? Who, to borrow a word from Stover, is more "dangerous?"
"We'll see," Stover said, grinning. "That's a question I'll answer when I get there."


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Greece, Middle East, Visual Arts
Ex-Defence Minister threatens to tell all
by Alex Mitchellon August 7, 2012 March 2, 2013
As noted in previous despatches, Greece's vast over-spending on arms was one of the compelling reasons for its debt crisis as well as the corrosive spread of corruption among the political classes.
We have been receiving a daily diet of reports on the impending trial of former Defence Minister Akis Tsochalzopoulos, a senior member of the late and unlamented Pasok (social democratic) government. He is charged with trousering two billion euros ($2.2 billion) in kickbacks and bribes for army, navy and air force contracts over a 10-year period.
In the latest instalment, the 73-year-old ex-minister has given a newspaper interview saying: "I remind you that I served Pasok for 30 years and knew a lot of citizens and politicians. Of course I knew the part they all played. We all judge and are judged. Today I'm not just being judged but I've been thrown into a modern-day Colosseum created for political reasons.
"My turn to judge will come. By exposing the whole truth, everyone will have to take on his share of the responsibility. In front of the judge, I will reveal the plot that has been hatched. The former leader of Pasok and representative of New Democracy Antonis Samaras have formed an unethical front against me with the aim of saving all their ministers and leaving me as the sole person responsible."
When the ICAC starts its public inquiry into Operation Jasper in Sydney on November 1, is it too much to ask that one of the former NSW Labor Government ministers offers the same kind of conscience-clearing testimony that Tsochalzopoulos is proposing in Athens?
ISRAEL'S WAR PLANNING
When the Greek Government was putting down anti-bank and anti-austerity demonstrators with their customary violence, they ran out of CS gas and rubber bullets.
Never mind, one regional nation was ready to send emergency supplies. The helpful neighbour? Israel.
This week Athens city centre has been festooned with Israeli flags and the cops are out in force on every street corner due to the visit by President Shimon Peres. While his predecessor languishes in jail following his conviction on rape charges, Peres, an ex-Labor prime minister, has become the senior diplomat-at-large for the odious Likud coalition of "Bibi" Netanyahu.
There are two reasons for his Greek visit: to encourage the Hellenic government to increase its diplomatic hostility to neighbouring Turkey (which has become a major thorn in the side of Israel) and to ask for Greece's support in the planned air attack on Iran's nuclear installations.
The current view is that Israel won't attack until after the US presidential election in November. The preliminary choreography for the attack has already started: the terrorist attack on Israelis in Bulgaria, the walk-out from the Israeli coalition by Kadima, the renewed "intelligence" reports that Iran is less than two years away from the capacity to make a nuclear weapon; the Israeli public is being whipped into a state of anti-Iranian fanaticism.
The Tel Aviv military has calculated that the predictable counter-attack by Iranian missiles – 80 per cent of which will be shot down by Israel's electronic defence system – will result in 20,000 casualties which is considered "acceptable" and will be quickly overcome by a massive programme of new Jewish settlers.
That's the plan anyway.
TRIBUTE TO BOB HUGHES
I have never subscribed to the concept of the Tall Poppy Syndrome, the name given to the Australian habit of chopping into the reputation of prominent people considered to be "up themselves".
I thought the syndrome was over-exaggerated and, quite frankly, something of an urban – Sydney and Melbourne – myth.
That was until I witnessed the savaging of art critic Robert Hughes who has just died aged 74. It followed a head-on car crash on a lonely road in WA in 1999 as he was returning from a fishing excursion, a recreation he greatly enjoyed.
The mainstream newspapers, television and radio went after him with loathsome revenge: stories were invented, quotes were made up, anonymous sources from the legal and medical professions were stapled into lurid accounts of what purportedly happened.
On reflection, Hughes was made to pay for being too bright. He was too avant garde. He had been described as "the greatest art critic of the 20th century" and, horror of horrors, he had written a world acclaimed book, The Fatal Shore, giving a shocking account of the brutal and cruel convict origins of his homeland.
This was too much. The suburban-minded hated his success. Not only was he an "airy fairy" art lover but he was also a "self hater" (to adapt the Zionist term of abuse for anti-Zionist Jews).
I met Bob Hughes in London in the 1960s and again in Sydney in the 1980s. He was a formidable, passionate, adventurous and unique intellectual who made art and history accessible to millions of people with his brilliant television programmes and coruscating art reviews.
It is not necessary to know Hughes or even to like him. The point is to celebrate the great things he accomplished in his life.
Is it too much to ask that we offer the same generosity to other Aussie expats who have served us all with such huge distinction – Clive James and Germaine Greer to name but two?
This entry was posted in Greece, Middle East, Visual Arts. Bookmark the permalink.
Australia, Environment, Federal, Media, Middle East, USA, World
Alex Mitchell's Weekly Notebook – Jihadist Abbott on mission to poison political debate in Oz
Books, Britain, Eurozone, Middle East, USA
The unfeeling toffs
Books, Britain, Greece, Media
A looming showdown
Greece, World
Whither Greece?
Where Theseus sailed
Judith White/ August 7, 2012 March 2, 2013
History is both alive and dead
Alex Mitchell/ August 5, 2012 March 2, 2013


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Q: How to change default mode of H2 without changing the jdbc url? Is there a way to change default compatability mode of H2 Database without specifying it inside spring.datasource.url each time?
Something like:
spring.h2.mode=ORACLE (does not work)


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82nd Airborne, Truman carrier strike group deployments extended
By Meghann Myers
Gen. Mark Milley, chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, speaks with a paratrooper assigned to the 82nd Airborne Division during a visit to Nowa Deba, Poland, March 4, 2022. (Master Sgt. Alexander Burnett/Army)
Thousands of troops who mobilized over the past two months in response to Russia's military build-up and then invasion of Ukraine are probably going to remain activated into the summer, the Pentagon confirmed on Thursday.
More than 5,000 troops are in Poland, training with local forces and facilitating handoffs of weapons and equipment to Ukrainian forces, while a carrier strike group has been operating in the Mediterranean Sea since late last year. Defense Secretary Lloyd Austin has decided both will extend past their original estimated deployments, Pentagon spokesman John Kirby said.
"He reviews the posture literally every day, and he has decided that he's going to keep the 82nd there for a while longer," Kirby said. "And he has decided that the carrier Truman and her strike group will stay in the Med for a while longer."
The support units that accompanied the 82nd will also stay, Kirby added. Aviation assets and an armored brigade combat team have also deployed to Germany and across Eastern Europe.
Kirby could not offer details on how long the extension would last, nor how long the original deployments were slated for. In general, unplanned deployments tend to be slated for about 90 days.
To date, about 11,000 troops have joined 80,000 that are already stationed in Europe. As Russia's war in Ukraine wages on, there have been renewed discussions about how many American troops is the right number in Europe.
Air Force Gen. Tod Wolters, the head of U.S. European Command, told lawmakers on Wednesday that he has had discussions with his chain of command about increasing the number of troops on the continent.
"It's got to change," he said during a House Armed Services Committee hearing. "And certainly, this is an opportunity, as a result of this senseless act on behalf of Russia, to reexamine the permanent military architecture that exists not only in Eastern Europe, but in our air policing activity, in aviation and in our standing naval maritime groups."
In the past 10 years, the Army has closed multiple garrisons in Germany, replacing permanently stationed forces with back-to-back rotational deployments.
Those troops have trained local forces up and down NATO's eastern front, leading countries like Poland and Romania to suggest permanent basing.
"The rotational troop presence is not adequate," Rep. Mike Rogers, R-Alabama, told Wolters. "It needs to be permanent."
Wolters' advice was included in considerations of a global force posture review completed last year. The Pentagon has classified its results, telling reporters that they will find out about the recommendations if and when they are announced as formal moves.
Pentagon's military presence review done, but details lacking on new deployments, troop plus-ups or home-port shifts
The Defense Department had no announcements to report about the global posture review's results.
"You can bet that senior leadership at the department are going to take a look at our European posture going forward," Kirby told Military Times on Wednesday. "Again, I can't tell you when a decision is going to be made one way or the other."
Asked whether the department had been considering making changes before Russia's invasion, Kirby said the Pentagon had consulted with Wolters, but that the war in Ukraine would also be part of the decision-making process.
"Clearly, because of the acute threat of Russia and clearly, because of the way the security environment in Europe has changed," he said. "So could it mean more troops more permanently based in Europe? It could, but again, no decisions have been made."
About Meghann Myers
Meghann Myers is the Pentagon bureau chief at Military Times. She covers operations, policy, personnel, leadership and other issues affecting service members.
u.s. troops poland82nd airborne europe deploymenttruman carrier ukraine responseeastern europe force posture
108-year-old original Montford Point Marine honored for his service
Cosmas D. Eaglin Sr. was recognized for his years of dedicated service across three military conflicts.