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US20040157551A1 - Repeater for extending range of time division duplex communication system - Google Patents
Repeater for extending range of time division duplex communication system Download PDF
repeater device
received signal
Kenneth Gainey
James Proctor
John Regnier
Stefan Haenggi
Michael Lynch
IPR Licensing Inc
Tantivy Communications Inc
2003-06-20 Application filed by Tantivy Communications Inc filed Critical Tantivy Communications Inc
2004-02-19 Assigned to INTERDIGITAL PATENT CORPORATION reassignment INTERDIGITAL PATENT CORPORATION ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: INTERDIGITAL ACQUISITION CORPORATION
2004-02-26 Assigned to INTERDIGITAL ACQUISITION CORP. reassignment INTERDIGITAL ACQUISITION CORP. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: TANTIVY COMMUNICATIONS, INC.
2004-02-26 Assigned to INTERDIGITAL PATENT CORPORATION reassignment INTERDIGITAL PATENT CORPORATION MERGER (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: INTERDIGITAL ACQUISITION CORP.
2004-03-10 Assigned to IPR LICENSING, INC. reassignment IPR LICENSING, INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: INTERDIGITAL PATENT CORPORATION
H04B—TRANSMISSION
H04B7/00—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field
H04B7/14—Relay systems
H04B7/15—Active relay systems
H04B7/155—Ground-based stations
H04B7/15528—Control of operation parameters of a relay station to exploit the physical medium
H04B7/15564—Relay station antennae loop interference reduction
H04B7/15571—Relay station antennae loop interference reduction by signal isolation, e.g. isolation by frequency or by antenna pattern, or by polarization
A repeater that extends the range of a wireless communication system especially one using Time Division Duplex (TDD) protocols. The device preferably translates signals received on a first radio frequency channel to a second radio frequency channel. The repeater preferably monitors one or more channels for transmissions. When a transmission on one channel is detected, the repeater is configured to translate the received signal to another channel where it is then transmitted. The device thus solves a problem of isolating input and output signal from one another.
This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/390,094 filed Jun. 21, 2002. The entire teachings of the above application(s) are incorporated herein by reference.[0001]
The present invention relates generally to wireless communication systems and in particular to a technique for distributing wireless signals. [0002]
Wireless communication networks of various types, including digital cellular systems, Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs), and Personal Area Networks such as Bluetooth are increasingly viewed as an ideal connectivity solution for many different applications. These can, for example, be used to provide access to wireless equipped personal computers within home networks, mobile access to laptop computers and Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs) as well as for robust and convenient access in business environments. Indeed it is estimated at the present time that at least 25% of all laptop computers are shipped from the factory with wireless networking equipment already installed. Certain microprocessor manufacturers, such as Intel, have even incorporated wireless capability directly into their processor chip platforms. It is clear that these and other initiatives will continue to drive the integration of wireless equipment into computing equipment and the demand for wireless networks of all types. [0003]
In these wireless networks, a central node, referred to as a base station or access point, contains a computer controlled transceiver that allows connection to wired networks such as local area networks, wide area networks or Public Switched Telephone Networks (PSTNs). The access point includes an antenna for transmitting forward link radio frequency signals to remote field units (stations) located within range. The access point is also responsible for receiving reverse link radio frequency signals transmitted from the remote stations. The remote stations also contain antenna apparatus and receivers for reception of the forward link signals and for transmission of the reverse link signals. [0004]
One group of wireless local area network equipment standards is known as Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 family of standards. These standards also support a single hub topology that provides wireless communication to a number of stations. In this architecture, a number of stations may communicate through the air to a single access point, which serves as a gateway to a hard-wired network. Unfortunately, the range of this equipment is typically expected to be limited to under 500 meters. In practice the range is typically much smaller than that, especially when the access point is deployed within a building where signal reflections off of furniture, building contents and even the infrastructure of the building itself are quite common. [0005]
There is often a need therefore to increase the coverage area afforded by an access point. This can be accomplished by increasing the height of an antenna, or increasing transmit power levels beyond conventionally accepted norms. However, these solutions cannot remove blind spots. In practice, the ability to increase transmit power level is limited by regulations and by power consumption which effects expected battery. [0006]
Another solution is to deploy a greater number of access points to provide coverage in the areas of a building where it is required. While this eliminates blind spots, it of course increases the total capital cost required for network equipment deployment. The cost of WLAN access points has dropped markedly in the past few years, to price points below 100 dollars. But for home users, deployment of more than one or two access points can still be cost prohibitive. [0007]
Various types of distribution networks have also been suggested in commercial deployments where multiple remote antennas are connected to centralized equipment. In this approach, such as suggested in U.S. Pat. No. 5,381,459, cable television or fiber optic networks can be used to connect multiple antennas that are deployed within remote coverage areas. This approach couples the remotely deployed antennas to transceivers using time or frequency division multiplexing, in order to avoid interference with the other signals being carried by the cables such as Cable Television (CATV) signals. [0008]
Still others have proposed the use of a number of repeating transceivers. Each repeater is assigned a coverage area within a predetermined location. Such repeaters are described to some extent in U.S. Pat. No. 6,005,884. In general, a repeater regenerates a wireless signal in order to extend the range of the existing network infrastructure. A repeater does not physically connect by wire to any other part of the network. Instead the typical repeater receives radio signals from an access point, user device, or another repeater and retransmits them. A repeater located in between an access point and a distant user can thus act as a relay for signals traveling back and forth between the user and the access point. [0009]
Certain wireless LAN access points available on the market have repeating functions already built into them, such as the model DWL-900AP access point available from D-Link Systems, Inc of Irvine, Calif. The Air Sation ProSeries WAL-AWCG available from Buffalo Technology, Inc. of Austin, Tex. is another example of a standalone type repeater. [0010]
U.S. Pat. No. 5,970,410 discloses a system in which a network of translators are deployed to extend the range of base stations in a wireless communication system. The translators operate in-band, that is, within the frequency channels that are available for use by the operator of the base station. Thus, signals received at one frequency at a translator are shifted to a different assigned frequency channel to be transmitted. [0011]
U.S. Pat. No. 6,088,570 describes an extension to the translator concept in which accommodation is made for a Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) wireless system Here, the in-band translator components include delay elements that implement slot-by-slot delay of signals in order to achieve diversity, that is separation between the time slotted channels. [0012]
Each of these prior art solutions is less than satisfactory for a number of reasons. [0013]
Solutions such as remote antenna drivers for cable television networks are not typically designed for use in home networks or inexpensive installations, but are rather cost effective only for deployment by the operators of public access networks such as cellular telephone network operators. [0014]
Repeaters which simply repeat received radio signals potentially reduce network throughput. For example, in the case of a wireless local area network where signals are transmitted and received on the same radio channel, each repeater must receive and then retransmit the repeated signal (data frame) on the same Radio Frequency (RF) channel. This effectively doubles the number of frames that are sent and therefore can reduce the available bandwidth. [0015]
Wireless access points that have repeater functionality built into them are not the most cost effective solution, since they incur both the cost of the wireless access point functionality and the associated cost of the repeater in the same unit. [0016]
Certain cellular mobile systems and wireless local area networking protocols as well as personal area network protocols separate, receive and transmit (forward and reverse link direction channels) by time rather by frequency. Such systems are known as Time Division Duplex (TDD) systems. Certain of these systems broadcast schedules for transmit and receive channels, and these schedules in turn can be used to switch the repeater. However, this approach would add complexity to the logic in a repeater. In still other applications, the exact time of receive and transmit is not known, due to the fact that the access points do not broadcast such timing and/or because of physical separation, multipath an additional delay and the like it is not possible to determine the same. [0017]
Certain local area network and personal area network protocols use collision avoidance schemes. In these collision avoidance schemes, a node desiring to transmit first checks to see if it can detect any activity from other nodes. If no activity is seen, then a node proceeds to transmit. If activity is detected, a wait time associated with a random number is used before attempting to transmit again. These schemes, variously referred to as collision avoidance with random back off protocols, therefore make the exact needed timing of any repeater re-transmissions unpredictable. [0018]
Most repeater applications face an additional problem in that some form of isolation typically should be provided between the receiver and transmitter. One approach is to employ directional antennas and/or to provide physical separation of two different receiving transmit antennas to achieve isolation. However, in some applications, this is not practical because of the added cost and/or necessary connections between transmit and receive antennas. [0019]
The present invention is an approach to implementing a repeater for Time Division Duplex (TDD) wireless system in which at least one radio channel is monitored for signals received from an access point. Upon detecting that a signal is present, the received transmission is then retransmitted. In a preferred embodiment, a delay is associated with the repeated transmission that is equal to or greater than the received signal detection time. The delay is not otherwise dependent upon characteristics of the received signal (such as a slot time or packet length). The delay isolates the transmitted portion from the received signal allowing for improved performance in certain cellular telephone and wireless local area network applications. [0020]
In a preferred embodiment, a different frequency is used for the retransmission delay, and this frequency difference is at least one channel spacing. In still other applications, re-transmission may occur with a small frequency offset. [0021]
In certain embodiments, a single antenna may be used; in other embodiments, two different antennas may be used for transmit and receive, and/or directional antennas may also be employed to further obtain isolation between the receive and transmit paths. [0022]
The approach is useful in wireless local area networks that use Time Division Duplex (TDD) protocols, where a particular unit may be transmitting or receiving, but not both, at the same time. These can include wireless local area network protocols such as the IEEE 802.11 based protocols, Bluetooth personal area network protocols, or cellular telephone protocols such as TD-SCDMA, TDD-W-CDMA and the like. However, the approach can also be used with other types of networks.[0023]
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a situation in which coverage of a wireless system may be extended with a repeater. [0024]
FIG. 2 is a view of a preferred package for the repeater. [0025]
FIG. 3 is detailed block diagram of a repeater constructed according to the invention. [0026]
FIG. 4 is a timing diagram that illustrates how the radio frequency signal is delayed before re-transmission. [0027]
FIG. 5 is an alternate embodiment using frequency offset and also using antenna arrays.[0028]
Turning attention now to the drawings, FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a building in which a repeater [0029] 100 is deployed according to the present invention. As is now quite common, a broadband network connection 102 such as may be provided by a cable modem, Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) telephone line, or other wired accesses point is provided to a broadband network 104 such as the Internet or private or a Public Switch Telephone Network (PSTN). An access point (AP) 110, also referred to as a base station, is connected to the broadband connection 102. The access point 110 provides or radiates wireless signals 120 within a defined area of the building. Wireless signals 120 provide wireless data connectivity to, for example, a laptop computer 122, having associated with it wireless interface card 124 and antenna 126. Other devices such as hand held mobile telephone 130 may also be able to communicate with the access point 110. The mobile telephone 130 is representative device only it should be understood that other small devices such as Personal Digital Assistance (PDAs), and combination PDA/cellular telephone devices may also be utilized.
The wireless network [0030] 120 in the illustrated embodiment uses a Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) protocol such as those defined by the 802.11a, 802.11b, or 802.11 g standards. These Time Division Duplex (TDD) methods cause both transmit and receive signaling on the same Radio Frequency (RF) channel. It should be understood that emerging cellular telephone protocols such as those defined in the Third Generation (3G) standards known as TDS-CDMA, TDD-WCDMA, and other cellular telephone standards may also use TDD methods to provide wireless connectivity. Still other types of wireless networks such as Bluetooth, Hyperlan and the like also use TDD signaling.
A second portable computer [0031] 132 is also located in the building and also having a wireless access card 134 and antenna 136, but is in a different room. It is therefore outside direct the range of the access point 110 given that walls 150-1 and 150-2 are attenuating the RF signals 120 radiating directly from the access point 110. Thus no signals 120 will directly reach portable computer 132 from the access point 110.
However, the repeater [0032] 100 cooperates to extend the range of the access point 110 so that re-radiated wireless signals 128 can reach the portable computer 132. In this implementation, the repeater 100 is plugged into an electrical outlet within the building such as within or along the wall 150-1. As will be understood shortly, the repeater 100 is preferably packaged in a most convenient form factor, as an Alternating Current/Direct Current (AC/DC) converters or "wall wart" that can be conveniently inserted into an electrical power outlet in a manner that is quite familiar to consumers.
The present invention relates to techniques that prevent oscillation, that is, coupling between the radio input and output of the repeater [0033] 100. This separation is often desirable in order to achieve enough attenuation between the transmit and receive paths through the repeater 100, in order to keep regenerative feedback from preventing the repeater to work.
FIG. 2 is a more detailed view of a typical repeater [0034] 100 and its housing. As seen, a familiar AC/DC power converter package 180 is typically formed of a thermoplastic housing. Prongs (plugs) 190-1, 190-2 provide connectivity to an AC power source. This package is typical of the small power supply brick having an integral male plug designed to plug directly into a common wall outlet. These packages are sometimes called "wall warts" because when installed in the wall plug or on a power strip, they tend to block off at least one more socket than they actually use. These packages are frequently associated with the necessary power supply for small electronic devices such as modems, re-chargers for cellular telephones and small hand-held household appliances which would otherwise become unacceptably bulky or hot if they had included the power supplies onboard.
FIG. 3 is a circuit diagram of a preferred embodiment of the electronics inside the repeater [0035] 100. In this preferred embodiment, the repeater 100 is capable of receiving signals on at least two different frequency channels simultaneously. If activity is present on a receiving channel, the repeater 120 delays such reception and also preferably translates its frequency to a radio frequency channel in which activity is not present. The unit then retransmits the signal.
More particularly, the repeater [0036] 100 consists of at least one resonating element, such as an antenna 300, an isolator 305, and receive signal processing elements including a Low Noise Amplifier (LNA) 310, splitter 315, a frequency conversion device, such as mixes 320 and 321, further splitters 323 and 324, delay line filters 360, 361, and switch 355. A pair of local oscillators 340 and 341 are also selected under control of switch 345. A transmit signal processing portion includes a transmit frequency converter 350, transmit filter 335, Variable Gain Amplifier (VGA) 330, and Power Amplifier (PA) 325.
Detection and control circuitry, consisting of bandpass filters [0037] 365, 366, detectors 370, 371, low pass filters 375, 376, Analog to Digital Converters (ADCs) 380, 381, and microprocessor controller 385 are used to generate various control signals. As will be understood shortly, these control signals select the operation of various other components such as the switches, local oscillators, variable gain amplifiers and the like.
In operation, radio waves that are incident to the antenna [0038] 300 are fed first to the isolator 305. The isolator 305 provides for separation between transmit and receive signal paths in a manner that is well known; it is possible that other similar devices such as duplexers, diplexers and the like can also provide for such required separation. After amplification by amplifier 310, the receive signal is split into two paths by a splitter 315, each at equal power. Other similar devices such as directional couplers and the like can also be used in place of splitter 315.
The Radio Frequency (RF) signals from each leg of the splitter [0039] 315 are next fed to a pair of RF mixers 320 and 321. The mixers operate under the control of two different local oscillators 340, 341. The local oscillators are each tuned to different frequencies such that two different signals at two different Intermediate Frequencies (IFs), LO1 and LO2, result at the output of the mixers. In a preferred embodiment, if the two different input channels being processed are wireless local area network signals in accordance with 802.11b for example, at carrier frequencies of 2.412 GigaHertz (GHz) and 2.462 GHz, local oscillator 340 may be tuned to 2.432 GHz and local oscillator 341 tuned to 3.532 GHz. In this case the two separate outputs at 320 and 321 would then be translated to an IF of approximately 70 MegaHertz (MHz).
The further splitters [0040] 323, 324 then operate to separate the IF signal into two paths. One path is associated with providing an output radio frequency signal, and the other path is associated with detection of signals that are used to determine activity.
The first path, the RF transmit chain, forwards the IF signal first to delay lines [0041] 360 and 361. These devices, which are bandpass filters that provide a delay serve at least two functions. The first is to filter modulation products that are not associated with the desired output, i.e., the detected channel information.
In the preferred embodiment, these filters also provide a time delay, with the time delay being sufficiently long such that the detection and control circuitry [0042] 400 associated with determining the presence of activity can complete its operation. That is, the delay is sufficiently long enough to determine if energy is present on either of the two input channels before output signals are provided.
The delay does not otherwise depend upon characteristics of the received signal itself. That is, unlike other prior art systems, the delay does not relate to physical parameters of the transmitted signals, such as a time slot duration; nor does it relate to other medium access layer, network layer, or application layer characteristics, such as a burst or packet length. [0043]
The other IF path bandpass filters [0044] 365 and 366 provide a first portion of the signal presence detection function, in connection with the diode detectors 370 and 371. These components thus detect if a signal present on either of the two input frequency channels, providing a proportional output voltage at low pass filters 375 and 376 accordingly. Other types of detection circuits are possible although the simple circuit shown here is probably preferred if cost is to be as low as possible. Such other devices could include matched filters, surface acoustic wave devices, correlators and the like to determine if the detected signal is a WLAN signal or noise or some unwanted signal.
The low pass filters [0045] 375 and 376 remove high frequency components that might remain after detection, thereby leaving a signal that is associated with a power envelope of any detected energy.
The ADCs [0046] 380 and 381 provide digital signals to the microprocessor 385. The microprocessor 325, which may be a digital signal processor or other microprogramable controller or logic circuit, determines when the detected voltage is above the predetermined threshold indicating activity. In such an instance, the switches 345, 355 are operated accordingly to allow selection of one of the delay line filter 360 or 361 outputs depending upon the channel in which activity was detected. It should be understood that other detection circuits could also include peak detectors, adjustable threshold controls, logarithmic amplifiers and the like.
The microprocessor [0047] 305 can also provide an indication of repeater operability to a user. In this simplest embodiment, this indication is provided by Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) 390, 391. The LEDs are activated when an RF output is provided. However, a more complex form of information is provided by a display which indicates a relative signal strength indication and/or the like. Such a display could be used to assist an end user to confirm that the repeater 100 is being placed in a location that actually improves reception at computer 132.
An additional switch [0048] 345 controls one of the two local oscillators 340 or 341. The selected local oscillator switch is then fed to the transmit frequency converter mixer 350. Thus, for example, if activity is detected on the LO1 (F1) channel, the switch 345 is operated so that oscillator 341 (LO2) is selected to produce the transmit signal. In the other situation where activity is associated with F2, then the switch 345 is operated to the upper position to select the output of local oscillator 340 LO1. In either event, the frequency converter mixer 350 up bands the IF signal to determine the final RF transmit frequency.
As one example, using the frequencies from the previously discussed example, assuming F[0049] 1 is 2.412 GHz, F2 is 2.462 GHz, and the IF of 70 MHz, LO1 is selected to be 2.342 GHz and LO2 is set at 2.532 GHz.
If activity is detected on F[0050] 1 at 2.412 GHz, then the active signal will be associated with delay line filter output 361. The switch 355 is then operated to select that signal, and switch 345 is selected to connect to the output of oscillator 341. The output of mixer 350 is thus the two components associated with LO1-IF and LO2+IF, with the desired component being LO2-IF, i.e., at 2.462 GHz.
Since the mixer [0051] 350 provides both the sum and difference term of the signals produced by switch 345 and switch 355, then a transmit filter 335 is necessary to remove the undesirable frequency product. In the examples discussed the undesired frequency modulation product is at 2.602 GHz. A sufficient bandpass is associated with filter 335 to remove such modulation products.
The translated version of the received signal is then ready to be applied to the antenna [0052] 300 for transmission. First, however, it is fed to a Variable Gain Amplifier 330 that provides a variable amount of appropriate gain under control of the microprocessor 385. This ensures that the signal being fed to the power amplifier 325 is within the desired transmit power range. The power amplifier 325 provides for final power amplification coupling its output signal to the transmit leg of the isolator 305. From this point, the radio frequency wave is the propagated by the antenna 300.
It should also be understood that the circuit illustrated is bi-directional for Time Division Duplex (TDD) systems such as 802.11 WLANs. For example, a received signal received on a first channel, F[0053] 1, is re-transmitted on a second channel, F2. IN addition, a signal received on the second channel, F2, is also re-transmitted on the first channel, F1.
While the above description assumes only two frequency channels F[0054] 1 and F2 are available, it is possible that additional frequency channels could be utilized with the addition of further but similar signal processing chains. For example, in some WLAN implementations, signals may be sent by the access point on up to twelve channels. Thus, it may be advantageous to monitor all twelve channels at the same time. In such a case where multiple channels are monitored, additional down converters 320, 321, splitters 323, 324, delay lines 360, 361, and detection circuits including fitters 365, 366, diodes 370, 371, filters 375, 376 and ADCs 380, 381 are used to cover the added channels. This architecture permits activity to be detected on any possible receive channel at any instant in time.
In other embodiments, it may be possible to have fewer receive signal processing components and scan the channels one at a time. [0055]
While in the embodiment described above, fixed local oscillators determined the exact operation frequency, it should be understood that variable oscillator (under control of the microprocessor [0056] 385) could also be used so that the repeater can be operated at any available frequency channels.
In certain Time Division Duplex (TDD) systems, the use of delay lines [0057] 360, 361 enhance the operation of the repeater. In such environments, which occur in 802.11-type systems, the exact time at which a received signal can be expected is unknown. As long as the delay 360, 361 is long enough to permit the detector and control unit (e.g., ultimately the micro controller, 385) to determine that a signal is being received, the repeater can then re-transmit the received signal.
This is illustrated in the timing diagram of FIG. 4. The top signal trace illustrates an RF signal which begins to be received at time t[0058] 1, say at the output of the LNA 310. The various splitters 315, frequency converters 320, 321, splitters 323, 324, and detection and control circuitry process the received signal with the micro controller 385 asserting an output/control signal (the second signal trace in FIG. 4) at time t2. The delay line 360, 361 output should this begin no earlier than time t2, and can be at a later time, t3.
A frequency translation from F[0059] 1 to F2 is preferred, as previously described. This permits the output transmitted RF signal (lowest trace in FIG. 4) to over lap in time with the received signal. Otherwise, for example, in a WLAN system, an entire packet time (until time t4) would have to expire before the output RF could be provided on the same radio channel without interfering with the received signal.
FIG. 5 is an alternate embodiment in which the frequency shift need not be as much as a full channel spacing, this embodiment also illustrates the use of separate donor and coverage antennas, as well as two complete signal processing paths, which eliminates the use of switches. [0060]
A donor antenna [0061] 300-1 is coupled to a duplexer 305-1 to separate out receive and transmit signals. The donor antenna 300-1 is generally intended to provide coverage towards the access point 110 (in FIG. 1) the coverage antenna 300-2 provides coverage in the area of the portable computer 132.
A receive LNA [0062] 310-1, mixer 320-1, filter 360-1, AGC amplifier 33D-1 and power detector 370-1 determine the presence of an input signal, a unit similar to the functions of the analogue components in the embodiment of FIG. 3. Once signal energy is detected at 320-1, the reference oscillator (REF) and Direct Digital Synthesizer (DDS) and Phase Locked Loop (PLL) provide signal LO2 used to upconvert at mixer 350-1. The RF output signal is provided through power amplifier 335-1 and duplexer 305-1 to coverage antenna 300-2.
Signals received at coverage antenna [0063] 300-2 are propagated through duplexer 305-2, LNA 310-2, mixer 320-2, AGC 330-2, detector 370-2, fitter 360-2, mixer 350-2, amplifier 335-2 and duplexer 305-1 in the same fashion.
In this embodiment, the frequency offset between the two RF frequencies is determined by the reference REF and DDS's. It can be a whole frequency channel, which is preferred in the case of a TDD system, but it may be a smaller offset. [0064]
One or more of the antennas [0065] 300-1 and 300-2 may be directed arrays, which can be used to further provide isolation between the donor side and coverage side.
While this invention has been particularly shown and described with references to preferred embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the scope of the invention encompassed by the appended claims. [0066]
1. A repeater device for a wireless network comprising:
a detector, for determining if a signal is being received on a monitored radio frequency channel;
a delay for delaying said received signal while detecting same, the delay being at least equal to a time need for the detector to determine if a signal is being received; and
a transmitter, for re-transmitting the delayed received signal.
2. A repeater device as in claim 1 wherein the repeater device is packaged in a power converter housing.
3. A repeater device as in claim 1 wherein the delayed received signal is re-transmitted on a different frequency channel than the received signal.
4. A repeater device as in claim 1 wherein the delayed received signal is re-transmitted on a carrier frequency that is different from the carrier frequency of the monitored radio frequency channel.
5. A repeater device as in claim 1 wherein a single antenna is used for receiving signals on the monitored channel and for re-transmitting signals.
6. A repeater device as in claim 1 wherein a separate antenna is used for receiving signals on the monitored channel and for re-transmitting signals.
7. A repeater device as in claim 1 wherein the received signal is a Time Division Duplex (TDD) type signal such that signals are not transmitted and received by the same device at the same time on the same frequency.
8. A repeater device as in claim 6 wherein at least one antenna is a directional antenna.
9. A repeater device as in claim 1 wherein the detector determines if the received signal is present on one of at least two monitored channels.
10. A repeater device as in claim 1 wherein the detector determines if the received signals is present on one of twelve monitored channels.
11. A repeater device as in claim 1 additionally comprising:
a down-converter, for processing the received signal to produce an Intermediate Frequency (IF) received signal.
12. A repeater device as in claim 11 wherein the detector is a diode detector coupled to the IF received signal.
13. A repeater device as in claim 11 wherein the detector is a matched filter coupled to the IF received signal.
14. A repeater device as in claim 1 wherein the detector is a diode detector coupled to the received signal.
15. A repeater device as in claim 1 wherein the detector is a matched filter coupled to the received signal.
16. A repeater device as in claim 1 wherein the transmit frequency may be one of the receive channel frequencies.
17. A repeater device as in claim 1 wherein the received signal arrives at the repeater from a first direction, and the transmitted signal is sent in a second direction.
18. A repeater device as in claim 7 wherein a received signal received on a first channel, F1, is re-transmitted on a second channel, F2, and a signal received on the second channel, F2, is re-transmitted on the first channel, F1.
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Your guide to Colora, Maryland assisted living facilities. With so many senior housing options available, how do you know which one is right for your family?
Our Senior Living Advisors live in the Colora area and can provide you with an insider's view of local communities including pricing information and distinctive features.
Request information online by filling out the form to the rightbelow or call us at 855-363-2002 for a no-cost, in-depth assessment of your senior care needs. Our compassionate advisors can help you find the best Colora assisted living facilities for your unique needs and budget.
Colora is also known as: Colora.
Colora is an unincorporated community in western Cecil County, Maryland in the United States, near Conowingo and Port Deposit.The zip code of this area is 21917, and has some historic houses and also some new ones, such as some development neighborhoods.It is also home to an apple orchard named "Colora Orchards" and to the school called West Nottingham Academy, from which current NBA player Josh Boone graduated in 2002. The school also educated famous contemporary artist Eric Fischl.It is the location of Colora Meetinghouse, listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977. The West Nottingham Academy Historic District was listed in 1990.
The minimum allowable age of residents is 75, a visiting podiatrist helps keep your feet healthy, physical therapy can be done on-site by a visiting physical therapist, speech therapy is available on-site by a visiting speech therapist, this community is its own stand alone building, caregivers at Abbey Manor of Elkton can address potential disorientation presented by residents, and full-service medication administration is available.
An on-call doctor is available to help, a dentist visits this community regularly, an occupational therapist visits and helps residents, speech therapy is available on-site by a visiting speech therapist, full-service medication administration is available, complimentary transportation is available to residents, and this location was renovated in 2012.
Appetizing and nutritious meals are provided to all residents even those with dietary restrictions, the minimum allowable age of residents is 62, staff is available help with your blood sugar management, resident parking is available to residents who drive, this community provides complimentary transportation, and wheelchair accessible showers are available at this location.
Professional nurses are on staff to help you, there is a physician on call, a podiatrist visits the community to address any issues related to your feet, physical therapy is handled by the physical therapist that makes regular visits to this community, caregivers at Rock Spring Village are trained to spot potential disorientation presented by residents, this community administers patient medications, and this community was built in 1989.
Delicious and wholesome meals are provided to all residents even those with dietary restrictions, 62 is the minimum age allowed for residents, staff is available help with your blood sugar management, this property provides complimentary transportation, and respite care is offered.
55 is the minimum age allowed for residents, nurses are on staff, regular occupational therapy by a visiting therapist helps you stay active and engaged, high tech wander guards can prevent residents from exiting the community, residents who need help with medication management can be given reminders and be monitored to make sure they are taking their medications, this community was built in 1999, and this location was renovated in 2011.
Residents have Kosher food as a dietary option, there is a physician on call, a podiatrist visits the community to address any issues related to your feet, staff is available help with your diabetes management, full-service medication administration is available, the staff speaks Spanish at this location, and this community was built in 1982.
Nutritious meals are provided to residents, the minimum allowable age of residents is 55, the facility has staff that can help residents with insulin to manage diabetic needs, and the property is secured for the safety of memory care residents that might be prone to wander.
Animal care is available for residents, 55 is the minimum age allowed for residents, a podiatrist visits the community to address any issues related to your feet, speech therapy is available on-site by a visiting speech therapist, this community provides complimentary transportation, the property is convenient to local bus lines, and the community is licensed for 66 residents.
A dentist visits this location regularly, physical therapy can be done without leaving the community by a visiting physical therapist, regular occupational therapy by a visiting therapist helps you stay active and engaged, caregivers at Friends Home in Kennett/ Linden Hall are trained to spot potential disorientation presented by residents, the community has a nurse that is able to administer injectable medicine, complimentary transportation is handy for residents, and residents can arrange for a room at this community that will allow them to live in this location whatever their healthcare needs are and become.


The Katholikon of the Monastery is a cross-in-square church. The Monastery is associated with the resurgance of the monastic life in Greece and dates back to the 12th century. The life of Hosios Meletios the Younger († 1 September), part of whose Holy Skull is kept at the Monastery, is closely connected with the history of the Monastery as he was its founder and also the founder of a number of monasteries located at a short or long distance from the Monastery. The murals date back to the 17th century. The Monastery is under the jurisdiction of the Holy Metropolis of Megara and Salamina.


text:
Hennessey will build a six-wheeled electric hypercar
Hennessey will release three new models in the next decade. And the first of these will be Project Deep Space, a $ 3 million, six-wheeled, electric hyper grand tourer. The powerplant for the electric vehicle will be developed in collaboration with Pennzoil and Cosworth engineering Delta, and will begin production at the Sealy, Texas plant in 2026.
As conceived by John Hennessy, Project Deep Space will turn the concept of electric hypercars on its head. The car will receive three axles, six electric motors and four seats, arranged according to the 1 + 2 + 1 scheme. The first three seats will be installed here, as in the McLaren F1 or GMA T.50, and the passenger farthest from the driver will be assigned the world's first VVIP class seat (from the Very Very Important Person). It unfolds horizontally and is as comfortable as seats in business jets.
The Hennessey hyper grand tourer will be based on a lightweight carbon fiber monocoque. The outer panels will also be made of composite. The manufacturer promises expensive finishes, gull-wing doors and the fastest spurt from standstill to 200 mph (322 km / h). Hennessy says they've long been limited by "mechanical hook", but six wheels and electric motors should solve that problem. Project Deep Space is calculated to have 50 percent more tire-to-road contact area than a four-wheeler, which means performance will "be incredible."
Hennessey Special Vehicles will partner with Shell Pennzoil, which wants to use the hypercar as a testing ground for the development of innovative fluids and lubricants. The power plant will be designed by Delta Cosworth. The company already has experience in electric drive design and even has its own Delta E4 demonstrator.
electric carsNew
In Kiev, drivers made a "New Year's tree"posted on December 27, 2021
Word is not a sparrow: Ford lost millions of dollars due to errors in the Mustang brochureposted on December 23, 2021
Toyota will stop the production of cars at five plantsposted on December 20, 2021
One of the Ford bosses trolled Tesla for which he paid the price.posted on December 30, 2021
Goodbye Big Smartposted on January 04, 2022


We are delighted you are visiting us 'online' ~ please get to know us as you meander along!
It was the Spring of 2008 and I was seated in the Parlor of my home in White Rock, 'beautiful British Columbia', gazing pensively through the windows when I saw a lady walking a dog – a breed I had never seen before. I quickly ran to the porch and called out to her … she very graciously came over and I asked what breed her dog was she said: "Coton de Tulear" and explained it was a very rare breed; she was visiting from out-of-town and "Yes!" the dog could travel on the airplane with you! I just fell in love with the breed and after she left quickly googled and read all about the breed and even spoke with a couple of breeders from out-of-town. I was 'love struck', however, quickly said to myself: "NO! I am still not ready for another dog, nor do I know if I want another dog." as my beloved Cocker Spaniel of 13-1/2 years had died in December 2006 and she left a huge void in my life. This was one of a few big changes I was going through since January 2005 so I decided to wait.
Little did I know that I would yield to my inner promptings and get my first Coton de Tulear puppy – a male – 'KINTANA' in May 2009; the second in March 2010; third in October 2010! Yes! I added 2 females to my family of White Pearls in one year: 'JEWELA' and 'FATIANA'. It was such a pleasure to see my Coton family enjoy themselves all around my home – inside and outside in the gardens – life sure changed for me. my family and friends, the community(ies). organizations I support and … everywhere they go.
You may contact me either by phone or email – it is my pleasure to be there to assist you.


text:
Q: Define groups of dates based on gaps, and then find start and end dates within groups I have a large data frame which can be grouped by different customer IDs (ID). Each ID has several visiting dates (VisitingTime). If there is a gap of 45 five days between visits within an ID, I want to define it as new project. Then I need to find the start and end date for each project, within each ID. Below is my code to find the start and end dates, but what is the professional form of this code in R?
(x is a customer records example)
For instance having a customer as follows:
x:
             ID VisitingTime
2  Customer_001   2011-09-01
3  Customer_001   2011-09-22
4  Customer_001   2011-10-25
5  Customer_001   2011-11-29
6  Customer_001   2011-12-20
7  Customer_001   2012-01-13
8  Customer_001   2012-02-03
9  Customer_001   2012-02-24
10 Customer_001   2013-07-24
11 Customer_001   2013-08-08
12 Customer_001   2013-08-29
13 Customer_001   2013-09-12
14 Customer_001   2013-10-03
15 Customer_001   2013-10-24

I need to have:
> start
[1] "2011-09-01" "2013-07-24"
> end
[1] "2012-02-24"  "2013-10-24"

My code:
start <- x[1,2]
end <- x[nrow(x),2]

for (i in 1:(nrow(x)-1)){
  if (difftime(x[i+1,2], x[i,2] , units = "days") >  45){
    end <- c(x[i,2],end)
    start <- c(start ,x[i+1,2])
  }
}

dput(x)
structure(list(ID = c("Customer_001", "Customer_001", "Customer_001",
"Customer_001", "Customer_001", "Customer_001", "Customer_001",
"Customer_001", "Customer_001", "Customer_001", "Customer_001",
"Customer_001", "Customer_001", "Customer_001"), VisitingTime = structure(c(1314835200,
1316649600, 1319500800, 1322524800, 1324339200, 1326412800, 1328227200,
1330041600, 1374624000, 1375920000, 1377734400, 1378944000, 1380758400,
1382572800), class = c("POSIXct", "POSIXt"), tzone = "UTC")), .Names = c("ID",
"VisitingTime"), row.names = 2:15, class = "data.frame")

A: I'd use the following dplyr one-liner:
> require(dplyr)
> x %.% group_by(ID) %.%
  mutate(visit=cumsum(c(Inf,diff(VisitingTime))>45)) %.%
  group_by(ID, visit) %.% summarise(end=max(VisitingTime),start=min(VisitingTime))

which produces a data frame:
            ID visit        end      start
1 Customer_001     1 2012-02-24 2011-09-01
2 Customer_001     2 2013-10-24 2013-07-24
3 Customer_002     1 2012-02-24 2011-09-01
4 Customer_002     2 2013-10-24 2013-07-24

note I've tested it on a data frame with more than one customer ID to make sure the first part works.
How does it work? Well, start with your data and do the following, printing out x after each step:
x$DT = c(Inf, diff(x$VisitingTime))
x$begin = x$DT>45
x$visit = cumsum(x$begin)

and you should see that x$visit groups each visit.
The one-liner just does all this using dplyr, and then goes on to get the min and max data within each visit group.
As a further test I've just checked what happens if I test the difference as 1 day, in which case I get one visit for each record, and also if the differences is over 9000 days, in which case I get just one visit record. (I've also just fixed a silly mistake where I called start the max date and vice versa)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Apparently, mistletoe can work more miracles than just helping break the ice in those office parties.
Stop bothering your kids and let them eat all the candy canes they want.
UFO photographed in Cannock. Doesn't look like a sleigh, does it?
Archeologists find gold coins at the Holy City. The Frankincense and myrrh are still missing.
The perfect gift for your Otaku boyfriend who is an ignoramus when it comes to Politics & Economics: a Manga edition of Marx's 'Das Kapital'.
Oh! and in case you were wondering? the bankers are having a VERY Merry Xmas this year.
Go ahead and indulge yourself with your traditional Xmas cigar—Cohiba? cool!— Canadian medi-boffins are working to get you mint-condition replacement lungs.
Snowtastic sculptures will amaze tourists at the upcoming Harbin International Ice and Snow Festival, in China.
Meet the Japanese who claim to be descendants of Jesus. I dunno dude… Sushi for Xmas seems like a No No.
Move over, Christian Bale! This is the real BATMAN. Psst! Before you go… can I have your autograph?
Neither Dave Gibbons nor Alan Moore were aware in the 80's that they were destined to make the Citizen Kane of comics: 'Watchmen'. Here's a lengthy interview with Gibbons @ Wired, concerning his new book Watching the Watchmen (Amazon US, & UK).
The great Twilight vs Harry Potter debate: Questions #1 & #2.
In Britain, 29% of science teachers believe Creationism should be taught alongside Evolution. After he recovered from his cardiac arrest, Richard 'Ebenezer' Dawkins responded thus; which in turn provoked this counter-response.
The BAD AStronomer discusses the Dover "Monkey" trial of the XXIst century: Simon Singh vs the British Chiropractic Association.
You gotta give credit to him: Zahi Hawass is one dedicated — and prolific — Archeologist.
A tourist project has been aborted to protect the pyramids at Teotihuacan.
Crucifix attributed to the great Renaissance master — and my favorite Ninja Turtle — Michelangelo is on display in Rome.
Obama chooses Abe Lincoln's Bible for his inauguration swearing-in… for good luck?
Have we all been duped by the "Don't be evil" Google mantra, and unknowingly ceded to our right of free speech?
Gloria-Lee Byrd: Alien Contactee… & Anorexic.
Who says the dead are idle? In a Spanish town, they're the ones who provide the energy.
Drillers make First Contact with Inner Earth & strike magma. Quit buggering my Mom you perverts!!
JibJab's 2008 year in review (they even mention the Georgia Bigfoot hoax!).
Thanks to my TDG compadres Greg, Kat, Rick, Turner Young, Perceval & Jameske. But also thanks to YOU, all the Grailers out there —Both the commenting ones as well as the Read-only ones— for teaching me so much & making this place the Greatest. Site. Ever!! Happy Holidays, and I'll see you in 2009.
Well, it's almost Christmas Day where I live and so, although I'm not a Christian, allow me to wish those here a very Merry Christmas, a Happy Hanukkah, and for my fellow Pagans, Io! Saturnalia!
May the Gods bless us, one and all, and grant to us a healthy and prosperous New Year.
Thanks Red for giving up your holiday time to bring us a news list. You're a legend!
I used to be partial to Hornitos reposado, but I can't get it where I live now.
I'll light up some of Portland Oregon's finest to salut you all! And listen to Willie Nealson's "The Little Dealer Boy". Funniest new Xmas song of the year!
Call me a barbarian if you like, but I actually prefer Cuervo Black over Patron. In fact, I really like Cuervo Black a lot. Poir about 4-5 fingers into a glass and enjoy. No citrus, no mixer, no ice, just straight.
To tell you the truth Gwedd, I wouldn't know about the quality of Cuervo Black and Patron.
The reason for this is that those brands of Tequila are made exclusively for import. Now, call me a purist, but a Tequila that you can't buy in Mexico is probably not the best that money can buy. Also, casa Cuervo is not known for the quality of their products here in Mexico.
I don't like Patron tequila for two reasons. One, it is too smooth. I prefer tequila with a taste that lets you realize the seriousness of the situation immediately. Two, the stuff is hellishly expensive. Never tried Cuervo Black, I don't know if they sell it here. The other Cuervo products are awful, for my taste.
Like I said above, I'm usually a bourbon drinker, but I saw a bottle of the Cuervo Black and it piqued my interest so I bought a bottle. It's much smoother and kinda smokey tasting than any of the other Cuervo brands and I liked it.
The smoothness of Tequila depends on two reasons: the quality, and the aging period.
But the very first thing one should notice before buying a bottle, is that in the label it should read '100% Agave'. If it doesn't say that don't even bother: that Tequila is not 100% pure and it's mixed with sugar-cane alcohol.
Now there are three main kinds of Tequila: 'Blanco' (White), 'Reposado' (Rested), and 'Añejo' (Aged).
White Tequilas are the strongest ones, like Earthling said. They are perfect appetizers when you're serving snacks of cheese, smoked ham, guacamole & nachos etc; My dad's favorite brand is Herradura Blanco; but there's a way to know if a white Tequila is of good quality: after pouring the drink in the glass (with a separation between it and the bottle of about 6 inches) several pefectly round, compact & resistant bubbles should be present at the top; these are called 'pearls' and are the sign of a good white Tequila.
The 'Rested' Tequilas are the ones that were kept in their barrels for at least 2 months. They are smoother and more prefumed, and are often used to prepare mixed beverages like 'Margaritas', 'Charros Negros' (Tequila+Coke+lime twist) or 'Palomas' (Tequila+Squirt softdrink+lime twist & salt). There are several good Tequilas of this type: Sauza Hornitos, Herradura Reposado, Centenario, Cazadores (not so good, but passable specially if you intend to mix it), Cuervo Tradicional (like Gwedd said most of Cuervo products are pretty lame, this one is IMO the exception to the rule), etc.
Where do we find a good Caribbean source for information about rum?
My dad's favorite drink used to be Bacardi white. Since there's a Bacardi plant in Mexico—designed by Architecture legend Mies Van Der Rohe, BTW— it is a very affordable rum.
My brother-in-law Mauricio likes a brand called 'Flor de Caña'.
When I started drinking—And yes, it was in my teens, but take into account that in Mexico the legal age to drink is 18; that's why American college boys love to come here in Spring Break— I used to take Cuba Libres; but I got tired of it's sugary taste and now I favour other things.
A very nice dark rum is "Pussers". It's a Navy rum, and made by the same company that made rum for the royal navy since Hood's time. I pour about 3 finger's measure into a glass, and then add a splash of Rosa's lime juice (although any lime will do), and enjoy. Lamm's Navy Rum is similar and also quite good. There's another whose name escapes me at the moment, but it has a Bat on the label. Also, Black Seal isn't a top shelf Run, but IS a very tasty decanting.
I admit to having had some good evening's with Bacardi Select, although I prefer Pusser's if drinking rum. Just saying.
Bacardi white was my favorite too!
Also Mount Gay, and another small island rum, a rich golden brown. But the Bacardi Bat and I started hanging out for breakfast, lunch, and dinner, and became the said meals. Soooo it had to go or me.
try Guyanese D'Aguiar's Demarara 15 y/o, or if you can afford it (@200US/bottle, the 25 y/o. Won Best rum in the world, for 4-5 years in a row.
You make an excellent point. However, being a Navy man (retired) I will tell you that, as much as Demarara is like mother's own milk to the mouth, after the first glass or two, it tends to taste the same as everything else.
Also let me express my appreciation for the hijacking of this thread. Red posted a typical good mix of Science, Magick and History, as is proper for TDG.
"Also let me express my appreciation for the hijacking of this thread. Red posted a typical good mix of Science, Magick and History, as is proper for TDG.
Why yes… yes they are!
I have always found that the very best conversations are those which start with some premise, then wander all over the map before ending with no one remembering where they began.
You learn so very much more that way.
To those who celebrate it, Merry Xmas.
Thank you for the most excellent surprise-these posts. Speaking of which I copied the photo from the page and found that it is a bad cut and paste job. One can actually see the outline of the paste at about 500 zoom. Not nice of these people. I simply deplore this kind of thing happening, however it did make the local news, but Ufology doesn't need another hoax. However, I know it will not be the last.
Gah, the vitriol. I wonder if he had his hands on his hips and was looking into the sky when he typed this… Luckily we have a leader such as him to lead us.
I did type a response to him on his blog but I'm sure it will never see the light of day. This skeptic thing is very weird and definitely cultish, and now unabashedly so. To me it's right up there with Scientology in its attempt to convert and oppress. I only hope that most people will make up their own minds about reality.
I think the biggest problem with Phil is that, whenever he goes on to debunk something that's outside his professional specialty, he merely regurgitates the usual skeptic mantras instead of actually investigating beforehand.
Having said that, I admit that chiropractice trial should be most interesting, and if the guy who denounced the chiropractics actually wins, it could stem to other areas such as Homeopathy, Bach flowers, Reiki & all those therapies which cost sick people a lot of money, and might not be that useful after all.
I'm not against alternative therapies, but I do think they need to be regulaed and validated by some sort of independent association.
Well, I'll say this much: Chiropractors ought to be required to show the proof of their "science", or be jailed and made to pay some onerous fines.
To my mind, there is a special place in hell for chiropractors, homeopaths, and other charlatans who take good money from poor people for what amounts to fraud.
I'm personally ambivalent toward homeopathy. I understand the scientifical improbability of their claims; but when I was a kid, I suffered from asthma, and I was cured with homeopathy. So can that be explained by placebo effect alone?
Many children suffer from juvenile asthma and grow out of it as they mature. In most cases it has to do with the body having a reaction to an allergen. As they mature, the children's bodies develop the means to either fight this allergen, or neutralize it. Two of my children had asthma when young, but by age 13, with the onset of puberty, had completely lost their symptoms.
That could be it. However as I recall, my asthma disappeared at a much earlier age—in fact I'm lying, since I don't really remember having asthma or suffering the attacks that let me looking like a Smurf according to my mother— and I don't think my family made any significant enviromental changes that could have helped me in my condition— my dad continued smoking many more years after I got cured.
So the thing is asthma is still scarcely understood. Maybe he basic idea of the homeopaths might be the right one—i.e. exposing the body to several allergens in order to help the immune system recognize the real threats—the prolem of course is this idea that the more you dillute a solution the more powerful it effects get—as if water had some sort of 'memory'.
I dunno. I will tell ou this though: My mom has kept her faith in Homeopathy and she used to treat all my colds and minor affections with it weel into my teens. I think that I started to switch mainly to aleopathic medicine when I got Hepatitis. And my sister still treats her two children with Homeopathy whenever hey get the flu too; it takes longer, but they get cured in the end—would they get cured on their own without them? Maybe.
I hate to use this word "ignorance", but it springs to mind. The real fraud is the medical establishment that most have been programed to trust.
Having said that I am sure that Sound theropy, light, colour and essence all play a role in healing and calming the physical body. If people only took a little time to understand how this vehicle they call their body works, then they may have no need for medications and manipulation. I personally don't go near doctors, there dangerous. But Remedial theropy which is close to this threads concerns would be the only second party I would see. But if one has a bone or joint slightly scewed it can cause many symtoms in other parts of the body. When rectified by a chiro' will have many benificial effects. But the muscles and ligaments need attention as well. Massage is good for this.
Please do not put so much weight behind a very deficient and ignorant scientific establishment. They are still learning and have a long way to go.
Understand your own body first and then you may also be problem free.
Is the result of not being exposed to other ideas. Stupidity is failing to take advantage of what resources are available to deal with the problem at hand, in a manner most likely to achieve a satisfactory outcome.
Chiroprators are the modern version of a shaman, without the shaman's skills and abilities. They are frauds, charlatans, and a danger to the health and well being of the species. People who allow their children, especially, to be treated by chiroprators should be reported to the authorities for investigation of abuse, as that is exactly what they are doing.
Using herbs, scents, massage, color therapy, etc, are fine for working on the mental symptoms of any disease or injury, and for some forms of pain management, but skilled physicians, with access to proper medicines and surgical treatments are light-years ahead of anything else we have.
Apparently the "c" key is sticking on my keyboard.
your first three lines are more or less what I meant but totally contradict the rest of your post.
We all are intitled to our opinions based on our experiences.
Maybe this professional is expressing his based on his experiences.
of chiropractors. They align you're bones. Thye don't prescribe homeopathic or natural herbs/remedies. Not where I live anyway.
Without chiropractic, massage, yoga, and meds. I would not function. My insurance pays for my chiropractic visits, and the meds(not the massage or yoga), would they if it wasn't without scientific backup? No. Did you have a bad experience with a chiropractor, what is your reason to disbelieve in their effectiveness? In the US they're even in hospitals.
Ironically 2008 was supposed to be a good year according to Chinese (and many Asians) because 8 sounds similar to the Chinese word which means "prosper" or "wealth". Therefore the Beijing Olympics were held on the 8/8/08 at 8 seconds and 8 minutes past 8 pm and everyone everyone thought the Olympics were good (the 42 billion dollars spent on it could have helped a bit…).
Notwithstanding the Olympic 8/8/08 at 8 seconds and 8 minutes past 8 pm came the (hope you don't) Got (Chinese) Milk Scandal which was an effective Olympic counterbalance.
Not to mention all the other nasty financial meltdowns which have gone on to underscore that the number 8 just follows number 7 and presides the number 9 and that's it!


Parents of Study Abroad Students : What do you Need to Know?
For students enrolled to study abroad, the new school year is a new emotion and impression, but not less than the students themselves are experiencing their parents. After all, most often the first time their children find themselves on their own in a foreign country, far away, without the opportunity to come often. Sure, the parents are worrying. But we have some tips, that can help students abroad parents.
1/ First of all, believe in your child. Yes, he/she is already adult, and can live without parents. And your little child can be motivated enough to study abroad his homework without you. It will be much easier to your child to learn from afar if he knows that you believe in him. Do not forget to support it, if study abroad will begin with failures. This happens, the first results are not so important. All exams can often be passed again. Convince the child that the most important thing in school is perseverance and the desire to bring everything to a successful end.
2/ Do not try to organize hyper-care. Do not call him very often, do not demand daily reports. Even if you do not know what he ate for breakfast — believe me, he is not hungry. Will be hungry — eat. Run out of money — call. Let go of your child. Student years are the most interesting time in human life. There are always new acquaintances, new feelings, new emotions. Give your child the opportunity to experience it on their own, without his parents.
3/ But be near. Ukraine has a very good mobile connection, high quality and inexpensive. The Internet is almost everywhere. Therefore, it will be enough for you to install software communication. You can choose either a local operator card or international connection. The main thing is to give your child an emergency contact with you at any time.
4/ You can always request a visa and go see how your kid has mastered. But do not abuse it. He/She must learn to be an adult and independent. And during his student years you will be a welcome guest.
5/ Please keep in mind to arrange good system of money transfer. You should always be able to urgently send money to your student. This is life and situations are different, he may urgently need additional funds. Fortunately, Ukraine has a very well-developed banking network, including online banking. Also on the market there are many systems for instant money transfer. Find out all the details in advance and choose the best option to yourself.
The main fears of the parents are primarily related to his safety. As for Ukraine, this is a fairly safe country, of course, with some precautions. So that in the modern world, studying abroad has become much easier than 30 years ago, to a generation of modern parents. Consider that now there is a stable connection, developed banking. As for the usual student temptations, which often interfere with the student to engage in and have a bad effect on his progress — this has always been the case. Here your assistant will be a high level of motivation of your student.
What else I would like to draw your attention — certainly pay special attention to the documents of your students. They must be safe and complete. Check in time for the need to renew or update the data. Problems with documents often serve as a reason to return of foreign students to their homes and parents with the inability to continue studying abroad. Do not forget to make a set of copies of all your student's documents — in the event of their loss it will be much easier to recover them. Remind your child that careful and responsible attitude to documents is a guarantee of his safety abroad!


United Building Society, the name of several financial institutions in different countries around the world.
Union Broadcasting System, the fictional television network from the 1976 film Network.
This web site and associated pages are not associated with, endorsed by, or sponsored by Ubs Ag and has no official or unofficial affiliation with Ubs Ag.


Our model ensures that your child can receive the best services and that other children can too.
At Create a LOOP, our operating model enables us to provide the best quality services at an affordable cost for all participants. Half of all club fees are reinvested into providing scholarships for kids whose families are unable to afford our program. We are a self-sustaining nonprofit organization seeking to provide kids from all communities with the opportunity to learn key computer programming skills -- without having to depend on grants or government funds.
A club membership costs $200 per month. Club memberships include weekly, 2-hour classes on a college campus. Club amenities and computer kits are provided.
An after-school club membership costs $200 per month. Club memberships include weekly, 2-hour after-school classes. Club amenities and computer kits are provided.
Workshops cost $100 per student. Workshops are intended to introduce game design and app development over a single 2-hour session. Kids must bring their own laptops.
Tech for Tomorrow workshops cost $100 per student. Companies provide space, internet access and snacks for the workshop.


Excellent "Steubenville 21"" W x 26"" H Wall Mounted Cabinet" By Andover Mills is necessary have in every home. You need to find the best pieces, and you want to actually in no way overpay for them. Seems a bit complicated, right? Properly, this article is on this page to aid. Read more and locate some good skilled tips for locating the discounts on furniture pieces you may adore. Prior to buying any kitchen cabinets, open up each of the compartments and check on the inside. You're not only making sure that every one of the compartments are designed to last and available without the hitches, you should also make sure that the interior of your drawers have some form of finishing as well. When shopping for "Steubenville 21"" W x 26"" H Wall Mounted Cabinet" By Andover Mills, determine your bed room before going store shopping. There is certainly absolutely nothing worse than selecting the ideal set of "Steubenville 21"" W x 26"" H Wall Mounted Cabinet" By Andover Mills only to realize that it will not fit in your room as soon as you get it residence. As an alternative, accurately measure your bedrooms proportions before going mentioning in which front door and microsoft windows are situated.
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A photo teacher of mine, Carol Leigh, turned me on to looking for hearts to photograph. I spotted this the other day on a walk. It was a little heart-shaped puddle in the roadway. Since it was a grey day, on a grey street, the original photo was boring so I took it into Photoshop and messed with the hue and contrast. I like it much better this way!


So I hope you've read through the initial information on cruciate ligaments in dogs. The next bit is to understand how we diagnose this problem.
Diagnosis of cruciate ligament disease, can be the easiest and quickest diagnosis to make, and sometimes also one of the hardest. This is because as said before, the ligament doesn't always fully rupture when a dog is still consistently painful, and also some of our patients have had such a long history of progress ligament weakening, there is a lot of scar tissue built up around the joint which makes instability harder to feel.
This is a test where the vet shows the instability of a ruptured cruciate by pushing the tibia forwards, while keeping the femur still - it is not possible to do this in a dog with a normal knee. This single test is simple, cheap and absolutely diagnostic of a ruptured ligament. Sometimes in very strong dogs it is necessary to sedate or even induce anaesthetic to allow them to be sufficiently relaxed to accurately perform this test. I often find myself proven wrong when I tell an owner, the ligament isn't fully ruptured when their 40kg Rottweiler is conscious, only to find under anaesthetic the ligament has completely gone. A partially torn ligament might prove painful when a drawer test is performed, but not always.
The second test is perhaps more sensitive for a partially torn cruciate ligament, but it also diagnostic for a fully torn ligament, it is the 'Tibial Compression Test'. In this test, the vet mimics load bearing by fixing the knee in a walking angle, and then pushing up on the foot, to mimic load. The tibia will slide forward under this load, and with a partially torn ligament will often be painful.
Sometimes the best way to show that the knee is the problem is just to extend the knee to its fullest extent, which is often painful when dogs have a partially torn ligament.
X-rays do not actually confirm the diagnosis of cruciate ligament disease, although they sometimes can, if a knee's instability has been so long standing it has led to a dislocation remodelling of the joint.
1. Rule out other conditions - occasionally bone tumours are found lurking in a dog with a cruciate ligament rupture.
4. Examine an individual dog's knee for anatomical differences which might mean one type of surgery is selected over another.
X-rays are always taken at our clinic prior to surgery, even if the rupture of the ligament has been diagnosed in the consulting room. It is not possible to perform the correct surgery for an individual case without x-rays first. If the incorrect technique is chosen, then the outcome might be compromised.
This X-ray shows evidence of swelling within the knee joint, visible as a fluffy white cloud in the triangle on the front of the joint, this is typical of a relatively recent cruciate ligament rupture.
If the signs on x-rays, and clinical examination tests are not conclusive, it is possible to relatively non-invasively diagnose the cruciate ligament as the source of the pain, by using an arthroscope. Here at Peninsula Vetcare when I perform a cruciate surgery, I examine the joint to check for cartilage tears with an arthroscope, but occasionally when a lameness has been long standing, and there is no concrete evidence of cruciate ligament disease, except for a painful knee joint, we do use the 'scope to confirm our suspicion that the ligament is involved.


Itraconazole is an antifungal medication that works to slow the growth of certain types of fungus. This medication may be used to prevent and treat fungal infections throughout the body, including vaginal, oral, throat, abdominal, blood and other organs that may be infected.
In general, our body keeps a steady balance of healthy fungus and bacteria. The balance might be changed by antibiotics, steroids, chemotherapy or other situations that stress your body. When this happens, the fungus grows more easily in your body.
Itraconazole capsules are usually taken 1 or 2 times daily. This medication should be taken with a full meal. If you forget to take a dose, take it as soon as you remember. If it is near the time of your next dose, skip it and continue with your normal dose time. Do not take a double dose to make up the missed dose.
Avoid taking antacids or any medication that decreases the acid in your stomach either 1 hour before or 2 hours after you take itraconazole. This medication will not work as well when taken with antacids.
Itraconazole may worsen congestive heart failure. Do not take this medication if you have a history of heart failure. Stop this medication and call your doctor right away at the first sign of shortness of breath, fast heartbeat, sudden weight gain, or swelling in the ankles.
Some medications, when taken with itraconazole, have been known to cause serious heart problems and sudden death. Talk with your pharmacist or doctor before taking any medication along with itraconazole.
Tell your doctor if you have ever been told you have any heart rhythm problems. Rarely, itraconazole may cause your heart to beat fast and unsteady. If you feel any severe dizziness or feel like your heart is racing or beating too fast, get medical help right away.
Rarely, this medication may make you dizzy, drowsy, or blur your vision. Do not drive or do any activity that requires focus and attention until you are sure you can do them Avoid alcoholic beverages while taking itraconazole.
Infants born to mothers who are taking itraconazole may be at risk. This medication should only be used during pregnancy when the benefit to the mother is greater than the risk to the unborn baby. Talk with your doctor about this.
Itraconazole passes into breast milk. Talk with your doctor before breastfeeding if you are taking this medication.
Tell your pharmacist or doctor all your medication allergies so they may determine if itraconazole is safe for you to take.
While taking itraconazole, you may feel a headache, dizziness, nervousness, depression or perhaps some gastrointestinal effects such as diarrhea or stomach pain. You may also have some sores in and around your mouth or unpleasant If these or any other unwanted side effects persist, contact your doctor or pharmacist to talk about it with them.
Call your doctor right away if you have any signs of infection such as nausea or vomiting, lack of energy, dark urine or flu-like symptoms, ringing in the ears, swelling or any other unwanted or persistent side effects.
Seek immediate medical attention if you have a fast or abnormal heart beat, experience severe dizziness or fainting or become short of breath.


Am I late to this event, but I can see why the sport is so loved. I'll stick to watching swimming.
Come watch Barista go head to head.
Hosted by: Reunion Island and Te Aro.
A kin to the #TNT, proceeds going to Cup to education.
You will see one face there: me.