text:
Extracts from residues left in the production of wine
The invention relates to extracts from residues left in the production of wine, and to the use thereof as active substance combinations for producing cosmetic and/or pharmaceutical compositions.
Henry, Florence (Villers-Les-Nacy, FR)
Pauly, Gilles (Nancy, FR)
Moser, Philippe (Essey-Les-Nancy, FR)
HENRY FLORENCE
PAULY GILLES
MOSER PHILIPPE
424/766, 424/777
C12F3/06; A61K8/00; A61K8/30; A61K8/33; A61K8/36; A61K8/64; A61K8/66; A61K8/72; A61K8/96; A61K8/97; A61K36/00; A61K36/18; A61K36/87; A61P17/00; A61P17/16; A61P29/00; A61P39/06; A61P43/00; A61Q5/00; A61Q5/02; A61Q5/12; A61Q17/04; A61Q19/00; A61Q19/08; A61Q19/10; (IPC1-7): A61K7/42; A61K35/78
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SAUCIER, SANDRA E
SERVILLA WHITNEY LLC/BASF (33 WOOD AVE SOUTH SUITE 830, ISELIN, NJ, 08830, US)
1. Extracts of residues from winemaking.
2. Extracts as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that they contain polyphenols and proteins.
3. Extracts as claimed in claims 1 and/or 2, characterized in that they contain association complexes of polyphenols and proteins.
4. Extracts as claimed in at least one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that they contain proteins, enzymes and/or the degradation products of enzymes.
5. Extracts as claimed in at least one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that they contain proteins from the cell membrane of the yeasts used and/or the degradation products of enzymes of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae type.
6. Extracts as claimed in at least one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that they contain—based on the dye residue—0.1 to 10% by weight of polyphenols and 10 to 50% by weight of proteins.
7. The use of extracts of residues from winemaking as active substances for the production of cosmetic and/or pharmaceutical preparations.
8. The use of extracts of residues from winemaking as skin and hair care agents.
9. The use of extracts of residues from winemaking as anti-inflammatory agents.
10. The use of extracts of residues from winemaking as antioxidants.
11. The use of extracts of residues from winemaking as skin rejuvenating agents.
12. The use of extracts of residues from winemaking as agents against fibroblast and/or keratinocyte damage by UV-A and UV-B radiation.
13. The use of extracts of residues from winemaking as agents for simulating or regulating the formation of skin cells.
14. The use of extracts of residues from winemaking as agents for stimulating skin detoxification enzymes.
15. The use claimed in at least one of claims 7 to 14, characterized in that the extracts are used in quantities of 0.1 to 100% by weight, based on the preparation.
[0001] This invention relates generally to cosmetics and more particularly to extracts of residues from winemaking and to their use for the production of cosmetic and/or pharmaceutical preparations.
[0002] Even in ancient times, the juice of the grape was known for its medicinal properties and not just its stimulating effect. However, the realization that the polyphenols present in wine, as natural radical trappers, actually have a positive effect on health is the result of research carried out in this century. This effect is based on the following reaction: 1
[0003] The phenol radical possesses particularly high stability through mesomeric stabilization. Accordingly, cosmetic chemistry has for some time used polyphenols and their esterification products as additives for care and repair products. The extensive prior art literature on the subject is represented, for example, by EP-A1 0692480 A1 (Berkem), EP-A2 0774249 (Unilever), EP-A2 0781544 (Nikka), EP-A1 0842938 (L'Oréal), WO 94/29404 (Ovi) and U.S. Pat. No. 4,698,360 (Horphag). However, it has now been found that the antioxidative and cell-stimulating effect of known polyphenols is subject to major structural variations. Because of this, the substances have to be used in high concentrations which adds significantly to the cost of the formulations.
[0004] Accordingly, there is much interest in natural active-substance mixtures which develop a comparable cosmetic effect, but in far smaller quantities. In particular, there is a demand for active substances with anti-inflammatory properties which would activate special repair and detoxification enzymes (for example glutathione-S-transferase), stimulate or regulate cell growth, influence the metabolic activity of fibroblasts or keratinocytes and could thus be used with advantage for the production of cosmetic and pharmaceutical preparations, especially skin and hair treatment preparations and sun protection products, without unwanted side effects, even in sensitive users. The problem addressed by the present invention was to provide active substances with the described complex performance profile.
DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0005] The present invention relates to extracts of residues from winemaking.
[0006] The terms "residues", "press residues" and "residues from winemaking" are synonymous in the context of the invention and may be equated with the term "lees".
[0007] It has surprisingly been found that extracts of residues which accumulate in the winemaking process solve the complex problem stated above very effectively. The invention is based on the observation that the press residues obtained in the flocculation of the fermented grape juice contain synergistic mixtures of polyphenols and proteins from the yeasts used, more particularly mannoproteins, which are present quite predominantly as association complexes and develop greater cosmetic or physiological activity than the sum of the individual constituents in a simple combination.
[0008] Active-Substance Composition
[0009] The winemaking process involves a number of steps. After the grape juice has been pressed from the skins and stalks, the must is separated from suspended particles ("preclarified") and, optionally after the addition of sugar ("chaptalization"), is pumped into vats for fermentation. The yeasts present on the berries or rather the enzymes present in those yeasts convert the grape sugar present in the must into ethanol and carbon dioxide. Fermentation is optionally supported by the addition of dry yeasts. On completion of the first fermentation, which generally takes 1 to 3 weeks, the "second" (malolactic) fermentation typical above all of red wines may follow although its main function is merely to convert the malic acid present in the must and in the young wine into lactic acid. When the fermentation processes are over, the wine is pumped from the vats which are then left with a residue which contains the active-substance composition to be used in accordance with the invention.
[0010] In one particular embodiment of the invention, the extracts of residues from winemaking contain polyphenols and proteins. The residues to be used in accordance with the invention are rich in polyphenols and proteins from the yeasts used, particularly when beaten eggwhite has been added to the wine for fining, and contain these polyphenols and proteins predominantly in the form of association complexes.
[0011] In another particular embodiment of the invention, the extracts of residues from winemaking contain association complexes of polyphenols and proteins. One type of the association complexes can be formed when the polyphenols are attached to the cell wall of the yeast by the mannoproteins present. These association complexes can have a greater cosmetic or physiological activity than the sum of the individual constituents in a simple combination.
[0012] Besides the known dihydroxybenzenes (pyrocatechol, resorcinol, hydroquinone), phloroglucinol and pyrogallol, the polyphenols may also be polynuclear complexes, for example the following substances or their oligomerization products: 2
[0013] The anthocyanidines, pro-anthocyanidines, flavones, catechols and tannins are particularly preferred. Among the raw materials to be used, residues from the production of red Madeira wine occupy a special position because they have particularly high contents of tannins and oligomeric pro-anthocyanidines.
[0014] In another particular embodiment of the invention, the extracts of residues from winemaking contain proteins, enzymes and/or degradation products. The proteins present in the mixtures are predominantly degradation products—i.e. peptide sequences—of enzymes that are added to the must during the winemaking process. Accordingly, special constituents are proteins from the cell membrane of the yeasts used and/or degradation products of enzymes of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae type. Extracts of residues from winemaking containing 0.1 to 10 and preferably 0.4 to 6% by weight of polyphenols and 10 to 50 and preferably 15 to 40% by weight of proteins are normally used. The residues are isolated in known manner, for example by means of superdecanters, hydrocyclones or filter presses, optionally in the presence of typical filter aids. The residues normally have a residual moisture content of 5 to 10% by weight.
[0015] The extracts according to the invention may be prepared by known methods of extracting plants or parts thereof. Particulars of suitable conventional extraction processes, such as maceration, remaceration, digestion, agitation maceration, vortex extraction, ultrasonic extraction, countercurrent extraction, percolation, repercolation, evacolation (extraction under reduced pressure), diacolation and solid/liquid extraction under continuous reflux in a Soxhlet extractor, which are familiar to the expert and which may all be used in principle, can be found for example in Hagers Handbuch der pharmazeutischen Praxis (5th Edition, Vol. 2, pp. 1026-1030, Springer Verlag, Berlin-Heidelberg-New York 1991) The percolation method is advantageous for industrial application. Suitable solvents for the extraction process are organic solvents, water (preferably distilled and/or hot water with a temperature above 80° C. and, in particular, above 95° C.) or mixtures of organic solvents and water, more particularly low molecular weight alcohols with more or less large water contents. Extraction with methanol, ethanol, pentane, hexane, heptane, acetone, propylene glycols, polyethylene glycols and ethyl acetate, mixtures thereof and water-containing mixtures thereof is particularly preferred. The extraction process is generally carried out at 20 to 100° C., preferably at 30 to 90° C. and more particularly at 60 to 80° C. In one preferred embodiment, the extraction process is carried out in an inert gas atmosphere to avoid oxidation of the active principles of the extract. This is particularly important where extraction is carried out at temperatures above 40° C. The extraction times are selected by the expert in dependence upon the starting material, the extraction process, the extraction temperature and the ratio of solvent to raw material, etc. After the extraction process, the crude extracts obtained may optionaly be subjected to other typical steps, such as for example purification, concentration and/or decoloration. If desired, the extracts thus prepared may be subjected, for example, to the selective removal of individual unwanted ingredients. The extraction process may be carried out to any degree, but is usually continued to exhaustion. Typical yields (=extract dry matter, based on the quantity of raw material used) in the extraction of press residues are in the range from 3 to 30 and more particularly 5 to 25% by weight. The present invention includes the observation that the extraction conditions and the yields of the final extracts may be selected by the expert according to the desired application. The extracts may be purified, for example, by membrane processes (ultrafiltration, diafiltration, microfiltration, nanofiltration), reverse osmosis, chromatography, crystallization from various solvents, electrophoresis and the like. In order to prevent contamination with germs, it is advisable to free the extracts from water by spray drying or freeze drying.
[0016] Commercial Applications
[0017] The present invention also relates to the manifold use of the extracts of these residues as active substances for the production of cosmetic and/or pharmaceutical preparations, for example
[0018] as skin and hair care agents, particularly against stress;
[0019] as anti-inflammatory agents;
[0020] as antioxidants;
[0021] as skin rejuvenating agents, particularly against wrinkles and/or ageing marks;
[0022] as agents against fibroblast and/or keratinocyte damage by UV-A and UV-B radiation, more particularly by UV-B radiation;
[0023] as agents for stimulating or regulating the formation of skin cells and
[0024] as agents for stimulating skin detoxification enzymes, especially glutathione-S-transferase.
[0025] In one particular embodiment of the invention, the extracts of residues from winemaking are used in quantities of 0.1 to 100, preferably 0.1 to 50, more preferably 0.1 to 30 and most preferably 0.1 to 5% by weight, based on the preparation.
[0026] In the context of the invention, the terms "preparations" and "agents" are synonymous with the term "care preparations".
[0027] Care preparations in the context of the invention are understood to be hair and skin care preparations. These care preparations have inter alia stimulating, regulating, healing and regenerating effects on the skin and hair. Preferred care preparations in the context of the invention are those which have a stimulating and regulating effect on the skin cells and their functions and a regenerating effect on the skin and hair and a protective effect against environmental influences on the skin and hair. Other preferred care preparations in the context of the invention are those which can either ameliorate or cure various diseases of the skin through their various effects on the appearance and function of the skin.
[0028] According to the invention, the extracts of residues from winemaking are used as anti-inflammatory care preparations which are capable of healing or preventing inflammation of the skin. Such inflammation can have various causes. In particular, the preparations according to the invention may be used to treat inflammation induced by UV radiation, contamination of the skin or bacterial and hormonal changes in the skin, for example acne.
[0029] According to the invention, the extracts of residues from winemaking are used as antioxidants which, on the one hand, are capable of disrupting the photochemical reaction chain that is initiated when UV radiation penetrates the skin or which act against any form of skin and hair damage that can be triggered by radical reactions attributable to harmful environmental influences.
[0030] According to the invention, the extracts of residues from winemaking are used against ageing of the skin, above all against all forms of lining and wrinkling and against ageing marks. The uses include the slowing down of skin ageing processes. The ageing signs can have various causes. In particular, they may be caused by UV-induced skin damage. In one particular embodiment, the extracts of residues from winemaking are used against fibroblast and keratinocyte damage by UV radiation.
[0031] The extracts to be used in accordance with the invention may be may be used for the production of cosmetic and/or pharmaceutical preparations such as, for example, hair shampoos, hair lotions, foam baths, shower baths, creams, gels, lotions, alcoholic and aqueous/alcoholic solutions, emulsions, wax/fat compounds, stick preparations, powders or ointments. The quantities in which they are used may differ very considerably. In the most simple case, the extracts themselves represent the "agent", in other cases the extracts may be added to typical preparations in any quantities. Accordingly, the quantity used may be between 0.1 and 100% by weight and is preferably between 0.5 and 15% by weight and more particularly between 1 and 5% by weight, based on the preparation.
[0032] The preparations may contain mild surfactants, oil components, emulsifiers, superfatting agents, pearlizing waxes, consistency factors, thickeners, polymers, silicone compounds, fats, waxes, lecithins, phospholipids, stabilizers, biogenic agents, deodorants, antiperspirants, antidandruff agents, film formers, swelling agents, UV protection factors, antioxidants, hydrotropes, preservatives, insect repellents, self-tanning agents, tyrosine inhibitors (depigmenting agents), solubilizers, perfume oils, dyes and the like as further auxiliaries and additives.
[0033] Typical examples of suitable mild, i.e. particularly dermatologically compatible, surfactants are fatty alcohol polyglycol ether sulfates, monoglyceride sulfates, mono- and/or dialkyl sulfosuccinates, fatty acid isethionates, fatty acid sarcosinates, fatty acid taurides, fatty acid glutamates, α-olefin sulfonates, ether carboxylic acids, alkyl oligoglucosides, fatty acid glucamides, alkylamidobetaines and/or protein fatty acid condensates, preferably based on wheat proteins.
[0034] Suitable oil components are, for example, Guerbet alcohols based on fatty alcohols containing 6 to 18 and preferably 8 to 10 carbon atoms, esters of linear C6-22 fatty acids with linear C6-22 fatty alcohols, esters of branched C6-13 carboxylic acids with linear C6-22 fatty alcohols such as, for example, myristyl myristate, myristyl palmitate, myristyl stearate, myristyl isostearate, myristyl oleate, myristyl behenate, myristyl erucate, cetyl myristate, cetyl palmitate, cetyl stearate, cetyl isostearate, cetyl oleate, cetyl behenate, cetyl erucate, stearyl myristate, stearyl palmitate, stearyl stearate, stearyl isostearate, stearyl oleate, stearyl behenate, stearyl erucate, isostearyl myristate, isostearyl palmitate, isostearyl stearate, isostearyl isostearate, isostearyl oleate, isostearyl behenate; isostearyl oleate, oleyl myristate, oleyl palmitate, oleyl stearate, oleyl isostearate, oleyl oleate, oleyl behenate, oleyl erucate, behenyl myristate, behenyl palmitate, behenyl stearate, behenyl isostearate, behenyl oleate, behenyl behenate, behenyl erucate, erucyl myristate, erucyl palmitate, erucyl stearate, erucyl isostearate, erucyl oleate, erucyl behenate and erucyl erucate. Also suitable are esters of linear C6-22 fatty acids with branched alcohols, more particularly 2-ethyl hexanol, esters of hydroxycarboxylic acids with linear or branched C6-22 fatty alcohols, more especially Dioctyl Malate, esters of linear and/or branched fatty acids with polyhydric alcohols (for example propylene glycol, dimer diol or trimer triol) and/or Guerbet alcohols, triglycerides based on C6-10 fatty acids, liquid mono-, di- and triglyceride mixtures based on C6-18 fatty acids, esters of C6-22 fatty alcohols and/or Guerbet alcohols with aromatic carboxylic acids, more particularly benzoic acid, esters of C2-12 dicarboxylic acids with linear or branched alcohols containing 1 to 22 carbon atoms or polyols containing 2 to 10 carbon atoms and 2 to 6 hydroxyl groups, vegetable oils, branched primary alcohols, substituted cyclohexanes, linear and branched C6-22 fatty alcohol carbonates, Guerbet carbonates, esters of benzoic acid with linear and/or branched C6-22 alcohols (for example Finsolv® TN), linear or branched, symmetrical or nonsymmetrical dialkyl ethers containing 6 to 22 carbon atoms per alkyl group, ring opening products of epoxidized fatty acid esters with polyols, silicone oils and/or aliphatic or naphthenic hydrocarbons, for example squalane, squalene or dialkyl cyclohexanes.
[0035] Suitable emulsifiers are, for example, nonionic surfactants from at least one of the following groups:
[0036] products of the addition of 2 to 30 moles of ethylene oxide and/or 0 to 5 moles of propylene oxide onto linear C8-22 fatty alcohols, C12-22 fatty acids and alkyl phenols containing 8 to 15 carbon atoms in the alkyl group and alkylamines containing 8 to 22 carbon atoms in the alkyl group;
[0037] alkyl and/or alkenyl oligoglycosides containing 8 to 22 carbon atoms in the alk(en)yl group and ethoxylated analogs thereof;
[0038] adducts of 1 to 15 moles of ethylene oxide with castor oil and/or hydrogenated castor oil;
[0039] adducts of 15 to 60 moles of ethylene oxide with castor oil and/or hydrogenated castor oil;
[0040] partial esters of glycerol and/or sorbitan with unsaturated, linear or saturated, branched fatty acids containing 12 to 22 carbon atoms and/or hydroxycarboxylic acids containing 3 to 18 carbon atoms and adducts thereof with 1 to 30 moles of ethylene oxide;
[0041] partial esters of polyglycerol (average degree of self-condensation 2 to 8), polyethylene glycol (molecular weight 400 to 5000), trimethylolpropane, pentaerythritol, sugar alcohols (for example sorbitol), alkyl glucosides (for example methyl glucoside, butyl glucoside, lauryl glucoside) and polyglucosides (for example cellulose) with saturated and/or unsaturated, linear or branched fatty acids containing 12 to 22 carbon atoms and/or hydroxycarboxylic acids containing 3 to 18 carbon atoms and adducts thereof with 1 to 30 moles of ethylene oxide;
[0042] mixed esters of pentaerythritol, fatty acids, citric acid and fatty alcohol according to DE 11 65 574 PS and/or mixed esters of fatty acids containing 6 to 22 carbon atoms, methyl glucose and polyols, preferably glycerol or polyglycerol,
[0043] mono-, di- and trialkyl phosphates and mono-, di- and/or tri-PEG-alkyl phosphates and salts thereof,
[0044] wool wax alcohols,
[0045] polysiloxane/polyalkyl/polyether copolymers and corresponding derivatives,
[0046] polyalkylene glycols and
[0047] glycerol carbonate.
[0048] The addition products of ethylene oxide and/or propylene oxide with fatty alcohols, fatty acids, alkylphenols or with castor oil are known commercially available products. They are homolog mixtures of which the average degree of alkoxylation corresponds to the ratio between the quantities of ethylene oxide and/or propylene oxide and substrate with which the addition reaction is carried out. C12/18 fatty acid monoesters and diesters of adducts of ethylene oxide with glycerol are known as refatting agents for cosmetic formulations from DE 20 24 051 PS.
[0049] Alkyl and/or alkenyl oligoglycosides, their production and their use are known from the prior art. They are produced in particular by reacting glucose or oligosaccharides with primary alcohols containing 8 to 18 carbon atoms. So far as the glycoside unit is concerned, both monoglycosides in which a cyclic sugar unit is attached to the fatty alcohol by a glycoside bond and oligomeric glycosides with a degree of oligomerization of preferably up to about 8 are suitable. The degree of oligomerization is a statistical mean value on which the homolog distribution typical of such technical products is based.
[0050] Typical examples of suitable partial glycerides are hydroxystearic acid monoglyceride, hydroxystearic acid diglyceride, isostearic acid monoglyceride, isostearic acid diglyceride, oleic acid monoglyceride, oleic acid diglyceride, ricinoleic acid monoglyceride, ricinoleic acid diglyceride, linoleic acid monoglyceride, linoleic acid diglyceride, linolenic acid monoglyceride, linolenic acid diglyceride, erucic acid monoglyceride, erucic acid diglyceride, tartaric acid monoglyceride, tartaric acid diglyceride, citric acid monoglyceride, citric acid diglyceride, malic acid monoglyceride, malic acid diglyceride and technical mixtures thereof which may still contain small quantities of triglyceride from the production process. Addition products of 1 to 30 and preferably 5 to 10 moles of ethylene oxide with the partial glycerides mentioned are also suitable.
[0051] Suitable sorbitan esters are sorbitan monoisostearate, sorbitan sesquiisostearate, sorbitan diisostearate, sorbitan triisostearate, sorbitan monooleate, sorbitan sesquioleate, sorbitan dioleate, sorbitan trioleate, sorbitan monoerucate, sorbitan sesquierucate, sorbitan dierucate, sorbitan trierucate, sorbitan monoricinoleate, sorbitan sesquiricinoleate, sorbitan diricinoleate, sorbitan triricinoleate, sorbitan monohydroxystearate, sorbitan sesquihydroxystearate, sorbitan dihydroxystearate, sorbitan trihydroxystearate, sorbitan monotartrate, sorbitan sesquitartrate, sorbitan ditartrate, sorbitan tritartrate, sorbitan monocitrate, sorbitan sesquicitrate, sorbitan dicitrate, sorbitan tricitrate, sorbitan monomaleate, sorbitan sesquimaleate, sorbitan dimaleate, sorbitan trimaleate and technical mixtures thereof. Addition products of 1 to 30 and preferably 5 to 10 moles of ethylene oxide with the sorbitan esters mentioned are also suitable.
[0052] Typical examples of suitable polyglycerol esters are Polyglyceryl-2 Dipolyhydroxystearate (Dehymuls® PGPH), Polyglycerin-3-Diisostearate (Lameform® TGI), Polyglyceryl-4 Isostearate (Isolan® GI 34), Polyglyceryl-3 Oleate, Diisostearoyl Polyglyceryl-3 Diisostearate (Isolan® PDI), Polyglyceryl-3 Methylglucose Distearate (Tego Care® 450), Polyglyceryl-3 Beeswax (Cera Bellina®), Polyglyceryl-4 Caprate (Polyglycerol Caprate T2010/90), Polyglyceryl-3 Cetyl Ether (Chimexane® NL), Polyglyceryl-3 Distearate (Cremophor® GS 32) and Polyglyceryl Polyricinoleate (Admul® WOL 1403), Polyglyceryl Dimerate Isostearate and mixtures thereof.
[0053] Examples of other suitable polyolesters are the mono-, di- and triesters of trimethylolpropane or pentaerythritol with lauric acid, coconut fatty acid, tallow fatty acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, behenic acid and the like optionally reacted with 1 to 30 moles of ethylene oxide.
[0054] Other suitable emulsifiers are zwitterionic surfactants. Zwitterionic surfactants are surface-active compounds which contain at least one quaternary ammonium group and at least one carboxylate and one sulfonate group in the molecule. Particularly suitable zwitterionic surfactants are the so-called betaines, such as the N-alkyl-N,N-dimethyl ammonium glycinates, for example cocoalkyl dimethyl ammonium glycinate, N-acylaminopropyl-N,N-dimethyl ammonium glycinates, for example cocoacylaminopropyl dimethyl ammonium glycinate, and 2-alkyl-3-carboxymethyl-3-hydroxyethyl imidazolines containing 8 to 18 carbon atoms in the alkyl or acyl group and cocoacylaminoethyl hydroxyethyl carboxymethyl glycinate. The fatty acid amide derivative known under the CTFA name of Cocamidopropyl Betaine is particularly preferred. Ampholytic surfactants are also suitable emulsifiers. Ampholytic surfactants are surface-active compounds which, in addition to a C8/18 alkyl or acyl group, contain at least one free amino group and at least one —COOH— or —SO3H— group in the molecule and which are capable of forming inner salts. Examples of suitable ampholytic surfactants are N-alkyl glycines, N-alkyl propionic acids, N-alkylaminobutyric acids, N-alkyliminodipropionic acids, N-hydroxyethyl-N-alkylamidopropyl glycines, N-alkyl taurines, N-alkyl sarcosines, 2-alkylaminopropionic acids and alkylaminoacetic acids containing around 8 to 18 carbon atoms in the alkyl group. Particularly preferred ampholytic surfactants are N-cocoalkylaminopropionate, cocoacylaminoethyl aminopropionate and C12/18 acyl sarcosine.
[0055] Finally, cationic surfactants are also suitable emulsifiers, those of the esterquat type, preferably methyl-quaternized difatty acid triethanolamine ester salts, being particularly preferred.
[0056] Superfatting agents may be selected from such substances as, for example, lanolin and lecithin and also polyethoxylated or acylated lanolin and lecithin derivatives, polyol fatty acid esters, monoglycerides and fatty acid alkanolamides, the fatty acid alkanolamides also serving as foam stabilizers.
[0057] Suitable pearlizing waxes are, for example, alkylene glycol esters, especially ethylene glycol distearate; fatty acid alkanolamides, especially cocofatty acid diethanolamide; partial glycerides, especially stearic acid monoglyceride; esters of polybasic, optionally hydroxysubstituted carboxylic acids with fatty alcohols containing 6 to 22 carbon atoms, especially long-chain esters of tartaric acid; fatty compounds, such as for example fatty alcohols, fatty ketones, fatty aldehydes, fatty ethers and fatty carbonates which contain in all at least 24 carbon atoms, especially laurone and distearylether; fatty acids, such as stearic acid, hydroxystearic acid or behenic acid, ring opening products of olefin epoxides containing 12 to 22 carbon atoms with fatty alcohols containing 12 to 22 carbon atoms and/or polyols containing 2 to 15 carbon atoms and 2 to 10 hydroxyl groups and mixtures thereof.
[0058] The consistency factors mainly used are fatty alcohols or hydroxyfatty alcohols containing 12 to 22 and preferably 16 to 18 carbon atoms and also partial glycerides, fatty acids or hydroxyfatty acids. A combination of these substances with alkyl oligoglucosides and/or fatty acid N-methyl glucamides of the same chain length and/or polyglycerol poly-12-hydroxystearates is preferably used.
[0059] Suitable thickeners are, for example, Aerosil® types (hydrophilic silicas), polysaccharides, more especially xanthan gum, guar-guar, agar-agar, alginates and tyloses, carboxymethyl cellulose and hydroxyethyl cellulose, also relatively high molecular weight polyethylene glycol monoesters and diesters of fatty acids, polyacrylates (for example Carbopols® [Goodrich] or Synthalens® [Sigma]), polyacrylamides, polyvinyl alcohol and polyvinyl pyrrolidone, surfactants such as, for example, ethoxylated fatty acid glycerides, esters of fatty acids with polyols, for example pentaerythritol or trimethylol propane, narrow-range fatty alcohol ethoxylates or alkyl oligoglucosides and electrolytes, such as sodium chloride and ammonium chloride.
[0060] Suitable cationic polymers are, for example, cationic cellulose derivatives such as, for example, the quaternized hydroxyethyl cellulose obtainable from Amerchol under the name of Polymer JR 400®, cationic starch, copolymers of diallyl ammonium salts and acrylamides, quaternized vinyl pyrrolidone/vinyl imidazole polymers such as, for example, Luviquat® (BASF), condensation products of polyglycols and amines, quaternized collagen polypeptides such as, for example, Lauryldimonium Hydroxypropyl Hydrolyzed Collagen (Lamequat® L, Grunau), quaternized wheat polypeptides, polyethyleneimine, cationic silicone polymers such as, for example, Amodimethicone, copolymers of adipic acid and dimethylamino-hydroxypropyl diethylenetriamine (Cartaretine®, Sandoz), copolymers of acrylic acid with dimethyl diallyl ammonium chloride (Merquat® 550, Chemviron), polyaminopolyamides as described, for example, in FR 2 252 840 A and crosslinked water-soluble polymers thereof, cationic chitin derivatives such as, for example, quaternized chitosan, optionally in micro-crystalline distribution, condensation products of dihaloalkylene, for example dibromobutane, with bis-dialkylamines, for example bis-dimethylamino-1,3-propane, cationic guar gum such as, for example, Jaguar®CBS, Jaguar®C-17, Jaguar®C-16 of Celanese, quaternized ammonium salt polymers such as, for example, Mirapol® A-15, Mirapol® AD-1, Mirapol® AZ-1 of Miranol.
[0061] Suitable anionic, zwitterionic, amphoteric and nonionic polymers are, for example, vinyl acetate/crotonic acid copolymers, vinyl pyrrolidone/vinyl acrylate copolymers, vinyl acetate/butyl maleate/isobornyl acrylate copolymers, methyl vinylether/maleic anhydride copolymers and esters thereof, uncrosslinked and polyol-crosslinked polyacrylic acids, acrylamidopropyl trimethylammonium chloride/acrylate copolymers, octylacrylamide/methyl methacrylate/tert.-butylaminoethyl methacrylate/2-hydroxypropyl methacrylate copolymers, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, vinyl pyrrolidone/vinyl acetate copolymers, vinyl pyrrolidone/dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate/vinyl caprolactam terpolymers and optionally derivatized cellulose ethers and silicones.
[0062] Suitable silicone compounds are, for example, dimethyl polysiloxanes, methylphenyl polysiloxanes, cyclic silicones and amino-, fatty acid-, alcohol-, polyether-, epoxy-, fluorine-, glycoside- and/or alkyl-modified silicone compounds which may be both liquid and resin-like at room temperature. Other suitable silicone compounds are simethicones which are mixtures of dimethicones with an average chain length of 200 to 300 dimethylsiloxane units and hydrogenated silicates. A detailed overview of suitable volatile silicones can be found in Todd et al. in Cosm. Toil. 91, 27 (1976).
[0063] Typical examples of fats are glycerides while suitable waxes are inter alia natural waxes such as, for example, candelilla wax, carnauba wax, Japan wax, espartograss wax, cork wax, guaruma wax, rice oil wax, sugar cane wax, ouricury wax, montan wax, beeswax, shellac wax, spermaceti, lanolin (wool wax), uropygial fat, ceresine, ozocerite (earth wax), petrolatum, paraffin waxes, microwaxes; chemically modified waxes (hard waxes) such as, for example, montan ester waxes, sasol waxes, hydrogenated jojoba waxes and synthetic waxes such as, for example, polyalkylene waxes and polyethylene glycol waxes. Besides the fats, other suitable additives are fat-like substances, such as lecithins and phospholipids. Lecithins are known among experts as glycero-phospholipids which are formed from fatty acids, glycerol, phosphoric acid and choline by esterification. Accordingly, lecithins are also frequently referred to by experts as phosphatidyl cholines (PCs). Examples of natural lecithins are the kephalins which are also known as phosphatidic acids and which are derivatives of 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphoric acids.
[0064] By contrast, phospholipids are generally understood to be mono- and preferably diesters of phosphoric acid with glycerol (glycero-phosphates) which are normally classed as fats. Sphingosines and sphingolipids are also suitable.
[0065] Metal salts of fatty acids such as, for example, magnesium, aluminium and/or zinc stearate or ricinoleate may be used as stabilizers.
[0066] In the context of the invention, biogenic agents are, for example, tocopherol, tocopherol acetate, tocopherol palmitate, ascorbic acid, deoxyribonucleic acid, retinol, bisabolol, allantoin, phytantriol, panthenol, AHA acids, amino acids, ceramides, pseudoceramides, essential oils, other plant extracts and vitamin complexes.
[0067] Cosmetic deodorants counteract, mask or eliminate body odors. Body odors are formed through the action of skin bacteria on apocrine perspiration which results in the formation of unpleasant-smelling degradation products. Accordingly, deodorants contain active principles which act as germ inhibitors, enzyme inhibitors, odor absorbers or odor maskers.
[0068] Basically, suitable germ inhibitors are any substances which act against gram-positive bacteria such as, for example, 4-hydroxybenzoic acidand salts and esters thereof, N-(4-chlorophenyl)-N′-(3,4-dichloro-phenyl)-urea, 2,4,4′-trichloro-2′-hydroxydiphenylether (triclosan), 4-chloro-3,5-dimethylphenol, 2,2′-methylene-bis-(6-bromo-4-chlorophenol), 3-methyl-4-(1-methylethyl)-phenol, 2-benzyl-4-chlorophenol, 3-(4-chloro-phenoxy)-propane-1,2-diol, 3-iodo-2-propinyl butyl carbamate, chlorhexidine, 3,4,4′-trichlorocarbanilide (TTC), antibacterial perfumes, thymol, thyme oil, eugenol, clove oil, menthol, mint oil, farnesol, phenoxyethanol, glycerol monolaurate (GML), diglycerol monocaprate (DMC), salicylic acid-N-alkylamides such as, for example, salicylic acid-n-octyl amide or salicylic acid-n-decyl amide.
[0069] Suitable enzyme inhibitors are, for example, esterase inhibitors. Esterase inhibitors are preferably trialkyl citrates, such as trimethyl citrate, tripropyl citrate, triisopropyl citrate, tributyl citrate and, in particular, triethyl citrate (Hydagen® CAT, Henkel KGaA, Düsseldorf, FRG). Esterase inhibitors inhibit enzyme activity and thus reduce odor formation. Other esterase inhibitors are sterol sulfates or phosphates such as, for example, lanosterol, cholesterol, campesterol, stigmasterol and sitosterol sulfate or phosphate, dicarboxylic acids and esters thereof, for example glutaric acid, glutaric acid monoethyl ester, glutaric acid diethyl ester, adipic acid, adipic acid monoethyl ester, adipic acid diethyl ester, malonic acid and malonic acid diethyl ester, hydroxycarboxylic acids and esters thereof, for example citric acid, malic acid, tartaric acid or tartaric acid diethyl ester, and zinc glycinate.
[0070] Suitable odor absorbers are substances which are capable of absorbing and largely retaining the odor-forming compounds. They reduce the partial pressure of the individual components and thus also reduce the rate at which they spread. An important requirement in this regard is that perfumes must remain unimpaired. Odor absorbers are not active against bacteria. They contain, for example, a complex zinc salt of ricinoleic acid or special perfumes of largely neutral odor known to the expert as "fixateurs" such as, for example, extracts of ladanum or styrax or certain abietic acid derivatives as their principal component. Odor maskers are perfumes or perfume oils which, besides their odor-masking function, impart their particular perfume note to the deodorants. Suitable perfume oils are, for example, mixtures of natural and synthetic perfumes. Natural perfumes include the extracts of blossoms, stems and leaves, fruits, fruit peel, roots, woods, herbs and grasses, needles and branches, resins and balsams. Animal raw materials, for example civet and beaver, may also be used. Typical synthetic perfume compounds are products of the ester, ether, aldehyde, ketone, alcohol and hydrocarbon type. Examples of perfume compounds of the ester type are benzyl acetate, p-tert.butyl cyclohexylacetate, linalyl acetate, phenyl ethyl acetate, linalyl benzoate, benzyl formate, allyl cyclohexyl propionate, styrallyl propionate and benzyl salicylate. Ethers include, for example, benzyl ethyl ether while aldehydes include, for example, the linear alkanals containing 8 to 18 carbon atoms, citral, citronellal, citronellyloxyacetaldehyde, cyclamen aldehyde, hydroxy-citronellal, lilial and bourgeonal. Examples of suitable ketones are the ionones and methyl cedryl ketone. Suitable alcohols are anethol, citronellol, eugenol, isoeugenol, geraniol, linalool, phenylethyl alcohol and terpineol. The hydrocarbons mainly include the terpenes and balsams. However, it is preferred to use mixtures of different perfume compounds which, together, produce an agreeable fragrance. Other suitable perfume oils are essential oils of relatively low volatility which are mostly used as aroma components. Examples are sage oil, camomile oil, clove oil, melissa oil, mint oil, cinnamon leaf oil, lime-blossom oil, juniper berry oil, vetiver oil, olibanum oil, galbanum oil, ladanum oil and lavendin oil. The following are preferably used either individually or in the form of mixtures: bergamot oil, dihydromyrcenol, lilial, lyral, citronellol, phenylethyl alcohol, α-hexyl-cinnamaldehyde, geraniol, benzyl acetone, cyclamen aldehyde, linalool, Boisambrene Forte, Ambroxan, indole, hedione, sandelice, citrus oil, mandarin oil, orange oil, allylamyl glycolate, cyclovertal, lavendin oil, clary oil, β-damascone, geranium oil bourbon, cyclohexyl salicylate, Vertofix Coeur, Iso-E-Super, Fixolide NP, evernyl, iraldein gamma, phenylacetic acid, geranyl acetate, benzyl acetate, rose oxide, romilat, irotyl and floramat.
[0071] Antiperspirants reduce perspiration and thus counteract underarm wetness and body odor by influencing the activity of the eccrine sweat glands. Aqueous or water-free antiperspirant formulations typically contain the following ingredients:
[0072] astringent active principles,
[0073] oil components,
[0074] nonionic emulsifiers,
[0075] co-emulsifiers,
[0076] consistency factors,
[0077] auxiliaries in the form of, for example, thickeners or complexing agents and/or
[0078] nonaqueous solvents such as, for example, ethanol, propylene glycol and/or glycerol.
[0079] Suitable astringent active principles of antiperspirants are, above all, salts of aluminium, zirconium or zinc. Suitable antihydrotic agents of this type are, for example, aluminium chloride, aluminium chlorohydrate, aluminium dichlorohydrate, aluminium sesquichlorohydrate and complex compounds thereof, for example with 1,2-propylene glycol, aluminium hydroxyallantoinate, aluminium chloride tartrate, aluminium zirconium trichlorohydrate, aluminium zirconium tetrachlorohydrate, aluminium zirconium pentachlorohydrate and complex compounds thereof, for example with amino acids, such as glycine.
[0080] Oil-soluble and water-soluble auxiliaries typically encountered in antiperspirants may also be present in relatively small amounts. Oil-soluble auxiliaries such as these include, for example,
[0081] inflammation-inhibiting, skin-protecting or pleasant-smelling essential oils,
[0082] synthetic skin-protecting agents and/or
[0083] oil-soluble perfume oils.
[0084] Typical water-soluble additives are, for example, preservatives, water-soluble perfumes, pH adjusters, for example buffer mixtures, water-soluble thickeners, for example water-soluble natural or synthetic polymers such as, for example, xanthan gum, hydroxyethyl cellulose, polyvinyl pyrrolidone or high molecular weight polyethylene oxides.
[0085] Suitable antidandruff agents are Octopirox® (1-hydroxy-4-methyl-6-(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl)-2-(1H)-pyridinone monoethanolamine salt), Baypival, Piroctone Olamine, Ketoconazole® (4-acetyl-1-{4-[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl) r-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxylan-c-4-ylmethoxy-phenyl}-piperazine, selenium disulfide, colloidal sulfur, sulfur polyethylene glycol sorbitan monooleate, sulfur ricinol polyethoxylate, sulfur tar distillate, salicylic acid (or in combination with hexachlorophene), undecylenic acid, monoethanolamide sulfosuccinate Na salt, Lamepon® UD (protein/undecylenic acid condensate), zinc pyrithione, aluminium pyrithione and magnesium pyrithione/dipyrithione magnesium sulfate.
[0086] Standard film formers are, for example, chitosan, microcrystalline chitosan, quaternized chitosan, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, vinyl pyrrolidone/vinyl acetate copolymers, polymers of the acrylic acid series, quaternary cellulose derivatives, collagen, hyaluronic acid and salts thereof and similar compounds.
[0087] Suitable swelling agents for aqueous phases are montmorillonites, clay minerals, Pemulen and alkyl-modified Carbopol types (Goodrich). Other suitable polymers and swelling agents can be found in R. Lochhead's review in Cosm. Toil. 108, 95 (1993).
[0088] UV protection factors in the context of the invention are, for example, organic substances (light filters) which are liquid or crystalline at room temperature and which are capable of absorbing ultraviolet or infrared radiation and of releasing the energy absorbed in the form of longer-wave radiation, for example heat. UV-B filters can be oil-soluble or water-soluble. The following are examples of oil-soluble substances:
[0089] 3-benzylidene camphor or 3-benzylidene norcamphor and derivatives thereof, for example 3-(4-methylbenzylidene)-camphor as described in EP-B1 0693471;
[0090] 4-aminobenzoic acid derivatives, preferably 4-(dimethylamino)-benzoic acid-2-ethylhexyl ester, 4-(dimethylamino)-benzoic acid-2-octyl ester and 4-(dimethylamino)-benzoic acid amyl ester;
[0091] esters of cinnamic acid, preferably 4-methoxycinnamic acid-2-ethylhexyl ester, 4-methoxycinnamic acid propyl ester, 4-methoxycinnamic acid isoamyl ester, 2-cyano-3,3-phenylcinnamic acid-2-ethylhexyl ester (Octocrylene);
[0092] esters of salicylic acid, preferably salicylic acid-2-ethylhexyl ester, salicylic acid-4-isopropylbenzyl ester, salicylic acid homomenthyl ester;
[0093] derivatives of benzophenone, preferably 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone, 2-hydroxy-4-methoxy-4′-methylbenzophenone, 2,2′-dihydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone;
[0094] esters of benzalmalonic acid, preferably 4-methoxybenzmalonic acid di-2-ethylhexyl ester;
[0095] triazine derivatives such as, for example, 2,4,6-trianilino-(p-carbo-2′-ethyl-1′-hexyloxy)-1,3,5-triazine and Octyl Triazone as described in EP 0818450 A1 or Dioctyl Butamido Triazone (Uvasorb® HEB);
[0096] propane-1,3-diones such as, for example, 1-(4-tert.butylphenyl)-3-(4′-methoxyphenyl)-propane-1,3-dione;
[0097] ketotricyclo(5.2.1.0)decane derivatives as described in EP 0694521 B1.
[0098] Suitable water-soluble substances are
[0099] 2-phenylbenzimidazole-5-sulfonic acid and alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, ammonium, alkylammonium, alkanolammonium and glucammonium salts thereof;
[0100] sulfonic acid derivatives of benzophenones, preferably 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone-5-sulfonic acid and salts thereof;
[0101] sulfonic acid derivatives of 3-benzylidene camphor such as, for example, 4-(2-oxo-3-bornylidenemethyl)-benzene sulfonic acid and 2-methyl-5-(2-oxo-3-bornylidene)-sulfonic acid and salts thereof.
[0102] Typical UV-A filters are, in particular, derivatives of benzoyl methane such as, for example, 1-(4′-tert.butylphenyl)-3-(4′-methoxyphenyl)-propane-1,3-dione, 4-tert.butyl-4′-methoxydibenzoyl methane (Parsol 1789) or 1-phenyl-3-(4′-isopropylphenyl)-propane-1,3-dione and the enamine compounds described in DE 197 12 033 A1 (BASF). The UV-A and UV-B filters may of course also be used in the form of mixtures. Besides the soluble substances mentioned, insoluble light-blocking pigments, i.e. finely dispersed metal oxides or salts, may also be used for this purpose.
[0103] Examples of suitable metal oxides are, in particular, zinc oxide and titanium dioxide and also oxides of iron, zirconium oxide, silicon, manganese, aluminium and cerium and mixtures thereof. Silicates (talcum), barium sulfate and zinc stearate may be used as salts. The oxides and salts are used in the form of the pigments for skin-care and skin-protecting emulsions and decorative cosmetics. The particles should have a mean diameter of less than 100 nm, preferably between 5 and 50 nm and more preferably between 15 and 30 nm. They may be spherical in shape although ellipsoidal particles or other non-spherical particles may also be used. The pigments may also be surface-treated, i.e. hydrophilicized or hydrophobicized. Typical examples are coated titanium dioxides, for example Titandioxid T 805 (Degussa) and Eusolex® T2000 (Merck). Suitable hydrophobic coating materials are, above all, silicones and, among these, especially trialkoxyoctylsilanes or dimethicones. So-called micro- or nanopigments are preferably used in sun protection products. Micronized zinc oxide is preferably used. Other suitable UV filters can be found in P. Finkel's review in SÖF-Journal 122, 543 (1996).
[0104] Besides the two groups of primary sun protection factors mentioned above, secondary sun protection factors of the antioxidant type may also be used. Secondary sun protection factors of the antioxidant type interrupt the photochemical reaction chain which is initiated when UV rays penetrate into the skin. Typical examples are amino acids (for example glycine, histidine, tyrosine, tryptophane) and derivatives thereof, imidazoles (for example urocanic acid) and derivatives thereof, peptides, such as D,L-carnosine, D-carnosine, L-carnosine and derivatives thereof (for example anserine), carotinoids, carotenes (for example α-carotene, β-carotene, lycopene, lutein) and derivatives thereof, chlorogenic acid and derivatives thereof, liponic acid and derivatives thereof (for example dihydroliponic acid), aurothioglucose, propylthiouracil and other thiols (for example thioredoxine, glutathione, cysteine, cystine, cystamine and glycosyl, N-acetyl, methyl, ethyl, propyl, amyl, butyl and lauryl, palmitoyl, oleyl, γ-linoleyl, cholesteryl and glyceryl esters thereof) and their salts, dilaurylthiodipropionate, distearylthiodipropionate, thiodipropionic acid and derivatives thereof (esters, ethers, peptides, lipids, nucleotides, nucleosides and salts) and sulfoximine compounds (for example butionine sulfoximines, homocysteine sulfoximine, butionine sulfones, penta-, hexa- and hepta-thionine sulfoximine) in very small compatible dosages (for example pmole to μmole/kg), also (metal) chelators (for example α-hydroxyfatty acids, palmitic acid, phytic acid, lactoferrine), α-hydroxy acids (for example citric acid, lactic acid, malic acid), humic acid, bile acid, bile extracts, bilirubin, biliverdin, EDTA, EGTA and derivatives thereof, unsaturated fatty acids and derivatives thereof (for example γ-linolenic acid, linoleic acid, oleic acid), folic acid and derivatives thereof, ubiquinone and ubiquinol and derivatives thereof, vitamin C and derivatives thereof (for example ascorbyl palmitate, Mg ascorbyl phosphate, ascorbyl acetate), tocopherols and derivatives (for example vitamin E acetate), vitamin A and derivatives (vitamin A palmitate) and coniferyl benzoate of benzoin resin, rutinic acid and derivatives thereof, α-glycosyl rutin, ferulic acid, furfurylidene glucitol, carnosine, butyl hydroxytoluene, butyl hydroxyanisole, nordihydroguaiac resin acid, nordihydroguaiaretic acid, trihydroxybutyrophenone, uric acid and derivatives thereof, mannose and derivatives thereof, Superoxid-Dismutase, zinc and derivatives thereof (for example ZnO, ZnSO4), selenium and derivatives thereof (for example selenium methionine), stilbenes and derivatives thereof (for example stilbene oxide, trans-stilbene oxide) and derivatives of these active substances suitable for the purposes of the invention (salts, esters, ethers, sugars, nucleotides, nucleosides, peptides and lipids).
[0105] In addition, hydrotropes, for example ethanol, isopropyl alcohol or polyols, may be used to improve flow behavior. Suitable polyols preferably contain 2 to 15 carbon atoms and at least two hydroxyl groups. The polyols may contain other functional groups, more especially amino groups, or may be modified with nitrogen. Typical examples are
[0106] glycerol;
[0107] alkylene glycols such as, for example, ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, propylene glycol, butylene glycol, hexylene glycol and polyethylene glycols with an average molecular weight of 100 to 1000 dalton;
[0108] technical oligoglycerol mixtures with a degree of self-condensation of 1.5 to 10 such as, for example, technical diglycerol mixtures with a diglycerol content of 40 to 50% by weight;
[0109] methylol compounds such as, in particular, trimethylol ethane, trimethylol propane, trimethylol butane, pentaerythritol and dipentaerythritol;
[0110] lower alkyl glucosides, particularly those containing 1 to 8 carbon atoms in the alkyl group, for example methyl and butyl glucoside;
[0111] sugar alcohols containing 5 to 12 carbon atoms, for example sorbitol or mannitol,
[0112] sugars containing 5 to 12 carbon atoms, for example glucose or sucrose;
[0113] amino sugars, for example glucamine;
[0114] dialcoholamines, such as diethanolamine or 2-aminopropane-1,3-diol.
[0115] Suitable preservatives are, for example, phenoxyethanol, formaldehyde solution, parabens, pentanediol or sorbic acid and the other classes of compounds listed in Appendix 6, Parts A and B of the Kosmetikverordnung (ACosmetics Directive≅). Suitable insect repellents are N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide, pentane-1,2-diol or Ethyl Butylacetyl-aminopropionate. A suitable self-tanning agent is dihydroxyacetone. Suitable tyrosine inhibitors which prevent the formation of melanin and are used in depigmenting agents are, for example, arbutin, ferulic acid kojic acid, coumaric acid and ascorbic acid (vitamin C).
[0116] Suitable perfume oils are mixtures of natural and synthetic perfumes. Natural perfumes include the extracts of blossoms (lily, lavender, rose, jasmine, neroli, ylang-ylang), stems and leaves (geranium, patchouli, petitgrain), fruits (anise, coriander, caraway, juniper), fruit peel (bergamot, lemon, orange), roots (nutmeg, angelica, celery, cardamon, costus, iris, calmus), woods (pinewood, sandalwood, guaiac wood, cedarwood, rosewood), herbs and grasses (tarragon, lemon grass, sage, thyme), needles and branches (spruce, fir, pine, dwarf pine), resins and balsams (galbanum, elemi, benzoin, myrrh, olibanum, opoponax). Animal raw materials, for example civet and beaver, may also be used. Typical synthetic perfume compounds are products of the ester, ether, aldehyde, ketone, alcohol and hydrocarbon type. Examples of perfume compounds of the ester type are benzyl acetate, phenoxyethyl isobutyrate, p-tert.butyl cyclohexylacetate, linalyl acetate, dimethyl benzyl carbinyl acetate, phenyl ethyl acetate, linalyl benzoate, benzyl formate, ethylmethyl phenyl glycinate, allyl cyclohexyl propionate, styrallyl propionate and benzyl salicylate. Ethers include, for example, benzyl ethyl ether while aldehydes include, for example, the linear alkanals containing 8 to 18 carbon atoms, citral, citronellal, citronellyloxyacetaldehyde, cyclamen aldehyde, hydroxycitronellal, lilial and bourgeonal. Examples of suitable ketones are the ionones, α-isomethylionone and methyl cedryl ketone. Suitable alcohols are anethol, citronellol, eugenol, isoeugenol, geraniol, linalool, phenylethyl alcohol and terpineol. The hydrocarbons mainly include the terpenes and balsams. However, it is preferred to use mixtures of different perfume compounds which, together, produce an agreeable fragrance. Other suitable perfume oils are essential oils of relatively low volatility which are mostly used as aroma components. Examples are sage oil, camomile oil, clove oil, melissa oil, mint oil, cinnamon leaf oil, lime-blossom oil, juniper berry oil, vetiver oil, olibanum oil, galbanum oil, ladanum oil and lavendin oil. The following are preferably used either individually or in the form of mixtures: bergamot oil, dihydromyrcenol, lilial, lyral, citronellol, phenylethyl alcohol, α-hexylcinnamaldehyde, geraniol, benzyl acetone, cyclamen aldehyde, linalool, Boisambrene Forte, Ambroxan, indole, hedione, sandelice, citrus oil, mandarin oil, orange oil, allylamyl glycolate, cyclovertal, lavendin oil, clary oil, β-damascone, geranium oil bourbon, cyclohexyl salicylate, Vertofix Coeur, Iso-E-Super, Fixolide NP, evernyl, iraldein gamma, phenylacetic acid, geranyl acetate, benzyl acetate, rose oxide, romillat, irotyl and floramat.
[0117] Suitable dyes are any of the substances suitable and approved for cosmetic purposes as listed, for example, in the publication AKosmetische Färbemittel≅ of the Farbstoffkommission der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft, Verlag Chemie, Weinheim, 1984, pages 81 to 106. These dyes are normally used in concentrations of 0.001 to 0.1% by weight, based on the mixture as a whole.
[0118] The total percentage content of auxiliaries and additives may be from 1 to 50% by weight and is preferably from 5 to 40% by weight, based on the particular preparation. The preparations may be produced by standard hot or cold processes and are preferably produced by the phase inversion temperature method.
[0119] To remove soluble components, such as tartaric acid for example, a white wine press residue was repeatedly washed with water and then concentrated by centrifuging. The concentrate was suspended in 10 times its volume of distilled water, homogenized with intensive shearing and then autoclaved for 1 hour at 120° C. After cooling, 25% by weight sodium hydroxide solution was added to the preparation in such a quantity that a solids content of 0.8% w/v and a pH of 12.2 were established. The treated residue was then transferred to a stirrer-equipped extractor, extracted for 1 h at 90° C. and the extract obtained was separated from insoluble residue by re-centrifuging. To precipitate the proteins/tannins, the extract was adjusted to a pH of 3.5 by addition of 4n sulfuric acid, the brown-red colored solid was removed by centrifuging and dissolved in dilute sodium hydroxide solution (pH=7.5). Undissolved components were again removed by centrifuging. The solution was then dried by spraying. Based on 100 g press residue, 5.2 g extract were obtained. 100 g extract contained 54.5 g proteins and 0.4 g tannin (expressed as cyanidin).
[0120] Example 1 was repeated using a red wine press residue. The extract was then dewatered by freeze drying. Based on 100 g press residue, 15.5 g extract were obtained. 100 g extract contained 44 g proteins and 3.0 g tannin (expressed as cyanidin).
Cell Protecting Effect Against UV-A on Human Fibroblasts Cultured in vitro
[0121] Background: UV-A rays (from 320 to 400 nm) penetrate into the dermis where they lead to oxidation stress as demonstrated by lipoperoxidation of the cytoplasm membranes. The lipoperoxides are degraded to malonaldialdehyde which will crosslink many biological molecules, such as proteins and nuclein bases (enzyme inhibition or mutagenesis).
[0122] Method: To carry out these tests, a defined culture medium containing the fibroblasts was inoculated with foetal calf serum and the plant extract (in the defined medium containing 2% serum) was added 72 hours after inoculation.
[0123] After incubation for 48 hours at 37° C. (CO2 content 5%), the culture medium was replaced by a sodium chloride solution and the fibroblasts were exposed to UV-A (365 nm, 15 J/cm2; tubes: MAZDA FLUOR TFWN40).
[0124] At the end of the exposure time, the MDA level (malonaldialdehyde level) in the supernatant sodium chloride solution was quantitatively determined with thiobarbituric acid. Besides the MDA level, the protein content and the glutathione content (GSH) were determined with a fluorescent probe. 1
Quantification of malonaldialdehyde in fibroblasts (results in %,
based on the control, average value from 2 tests repeated 3 times)
Concentration GSH/protein
(% weight volume) MDA level contents
Control without UV 0
UV-A (365 nm) 100 100
UVA = extract of Example 1 0.01% 46 174
[0125] The results in Table 1 show that the extracts according to the invention significantly reduce the level of MDA in human fibroblasts induced by UV-A rays. These results reveal a high capacity on the part of the extracts of residues from winemaking to reduce the harmful effects of oxidative stress on the skin or the hair follicles.
[0126] activity towards free radicals. The effectiveness of the extracts against oxidative stress was investigated in a series of tests. The extracts of Examples 1 and 2 were used in a concentration of 0.03% by weight. The first test substrate selected was diphenyl picryl hydrazyl (DPPH), a purple-red colored stable radical which changes into its colorless leuco derivative on contact with radical trappers. The change of color can be followed photometrically. The test results are set out in Table 2 (DPPH Test) where the inhibition of DPPH is shown in %-absolute.
[0127] In another test, xanthine oxidase was selected as the test system. Under oxidative tress, the enzyme converts purine bases, for example adenine or guanine, into uronic acid. The oxygen radicals intermediately formed can be detected by reaction with luminol (via the luminescence) and quantitatively determined. The luminescence output diminishes in the presence of substances with radical-trapping properties. These results are also set out in Table 2 where the inhibition is again shown in %-absolute (Luminol Test). 2
Radical inhibition [% absolute]
DPPH Test Luminol Test
None 0 0
Extract of Example 1 64 93
Extract of Example 2 68 100
[0128] 3
Cosmetic preparations (water, preservative to 100% by weight)
Composition (INCI) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Texapon ® NSO — — — — — — 38.0  38.0  25.0  —
Texapon ® SB 3 — — — — — — — — 10.0  —
Disodium Laureth Sulfosuccinate
Plantacare ® 818 — — — — — — 7.0 7.0 6.0 —
Coco Glucosides
Plantacare ® PS 10 — — — — — — — — — 16.0
Sodium Laureth Sulfate (and) Coca Glucosides
Dehyton ® PK 45 — — — — — — — — 10.0  —
Dehyquart ® A 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 4.0 4.0 — — — —
Cetrimonium Chloride
Dehyquart L ® 80 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 0.6 0.6 — — — —
Dococoylmethylethoxymonium Methosulfate (and)
Propyleneglycol
Eumulgin ® B2 0.8 0.8 — 0.8 — 1.0 — — — —
Eumulgin ® VL 75 — — 0.8 — 0.8 — — — — —
Lauryl Glucoside (and) Polyglyceryl-2
Polyhydroxystearate (and) Glycerin
Lanette ® O 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 3.0 2.5 — — — —
Cutina ® GMS 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 1.0 — — — —
Cetiol ® HE 1.0 — — — — — — — 1.0
Cetiol ® PGL — 1.0 — — 1.0 — — — — —
Hexyldecanol (and) Hexyldecyl laurate
Cetiol ® V — — — 1.0 — — — — — —
Eutanol ® G — — 1.0 — — 1.0 — — — —
Nutrilan ® Keratin W — — — 2.0 — — — — — —
Lamesoft ® LMG — — — — — — 3.0 2.0 4.0 —
Glyceryl Laurate (and) Potassium Cocoyl
Hydrolyzed Collagen
Euperlan ® PK 3000 AM — — — — — — — 3.0 5.0 5.0
Glycol Distearate (and) Laureth-4 (and)
Generol ® 122 N — — — — 1.0 1.0 — — — —
Soya Sterol
Extract of Example 1 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
Hydagen ® HCMF 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
Copherol ® 12250 — — 0.1 0.1 — — — — — —
Tocopherol Acetate
Arlypon ® F — — — — — — 3.0 3.0 1.0 —
Sodium Chloride — — — — — — — 1.5 — 1.5
Composition (INCI) 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Texapon ® NSO 20.0  20.0  12.4  — 25.0  11.0  — — — —
Texapon ® K 14 S — — — — — — — — 11.0  23.0
Sodium Myreth Sulfate
Texapon ® SB 3 — — — — — 7.0 — — — —
Plantacare ® 818 5.0 5.0 4.0 — — — — — 6.0 4.0
Plantacare ® 2000 — — — — 5.0 4.0 — — — —
Plantacare ® PS 10 — — — 40.0  — — 16.0  17.0  — —
Sodium Laureth Sulfate (and) Coco Glucosides
Dehyton ®PK 45 20.0  20.0  — — 8.0 — — — — 7.0
Eumulgin ® B1 — — — — 1.0 — — — — —
Eumulgin ® B2 — — — 1.0 — — — — — —
Lameform ® TGI — — — 4.0 — — — — — —
Polyglyceryl-3 Isostearate
Dehymuls ® PGPH — — 1.0 — — — — — — —
Polyglyceryl-2 Dipolyhydroxystearate
Monomuls ® 90-L 12 — — — — — — — — 1.0 1.0
Cetiol ® HE — 0.2 — — — — — — — —
Eutanol ® G — — — 3.0 — — — — — —
Nutrilan ® Keratin W — — — — — — — — 2.0 2.0
Nutrilan ® I 1.0 — — — — 2.0 — 2.0 — —
Lamesoft ® LMG — — — — — — — — 1.0 —
Lamesoft ® 156 — — — — — — — — — 5.0
Hydrogenated Tallow Glyceride (and)
Potassium Cocoyl Hyrolyzed Collagen
Gluadin ® WK 1.0 1.5 4.0 1.0 3.0 1.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 —
Sodium Cocoyl Hydrolyzed Wheat Protein
Euperlan ® PK 3000 AM 5.0 3.0 4.0 — — — — 3.0 3.0 —
Panthenol — — 1.0 — — — — — — —
Arlypon ® F 2.6 1.6 — 1.0 1.5 — — — — —
Hydagen ® CMF 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
Sodium Chloride — — — — — 1.6 2.0 2.2 — 3.0
Glycerin (86% by weight) — 5.0 — — — — — 1.0 3.0 —
Texapon ® NSO — 30.0  30.0  — 25.0  — — — — —
Plantacare ® 818 — 10.0  — — 20.0  — — — —
Plantacare ® PS 10 22.0  — 5.0 22.0  — — — — — —
Dehyton ® PK 45 15.0  10.0  15.0  15.0  20.0  — — — — —
Emulgade ® SE — — — — — 5.0 5.0 4.0 — —
Glyceryl Stearate (and) Ceteareth 12/20
(and) Cetearyl Alcohol (and) Cetyl Palmitate
Eumulgin ® B1 — — — — — — — 1.0 — —
Lameform ® TGI — — — — — — — — 4.0 —
Dehymuls ® PGPH — — — — — — — — — 4.0
Monomuls ® 90-O 18 — — — — — — — — 2.0 —
Cetiol ® HE 2.0 — — 2.0 5.0 — — — — 2.0
Cetiol ® OE — — — — — — — — 5.0 6.0
Dicaprylyl Ether
Cetiol ® PGL — — — — — — — 3.0 10.0  9.0
Cetiol ® SN — — — — — 3.0 3.0 — — —
Cetearyl Isononanoate
Cetiol ® V — — — — — 3.0 3.0 — — —
Myritol ® 318 — — — — — — — 3.0 5.0 5.0
Coco Caprylate Caprate
Bees Wax — — — — — — — — 7.0 5.0
Nutrilan ® Elastin E20 — — — — — 2.0 — — — —
Hydrolyzed Elastin
Nutrilan ®I-50 — — — — 2.0 — 2.0 — — —
Gluadin ® AGP 0.5 0.5 0.5 — — — — 0.5 — —
Hydrolyzed Wheat Gluten
Gluadin ® WK 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 5.0 — — — 0.5 0.5
Euperlan ® PK 3000 AM 5.0 — — 5.0 — — — — — —
Arlypon ® F — — — — — — — — — —
Magnsium Sulfate Hepta Hydrate — — — — — — — — 1.0 1.0
Glycerin (85% by weight) — — — — — 3.0 3.0 5.0 5.0 3.0
Dehymuls ® PGPH 4.0 3.0 — 5.0 — — — — — —
Lameform ® TGI 2.0 1.0 — — — — — — — —
Polyglyceryl-3 Diisostearate
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Cetearyl Glucoside (and) Cetearyl Alcohol
Tegocare ® PS — — 3.0 — — — 4.0 — — —
Eumulgin VL 75 — — — — — 3.5 — — 2.5 —
Polyglyceryl-2 Dipolyhydroxystearate (and)
Lauryl Glucoside (and) Glycerin
Bees Wax 3.0 2.0 5.0 2.0 — — — — — —
Cutina ® GMS — — — — — 2.0 4.0 — — 4.0
Lanette ® O — — 2.0 — 2.0 4.0 2.0 4.0 4.0 1.0
Antaron ® V 216 — — — — — 3.0 — — — 2.0
PVP/Hexadecene Copolymer
Myritol ® 818 5.0 — 10.0  — 8.0 6.0 6.0 — 5.0 5.0
Cocoglycerides
Finsolv ® TN — 6.0 — 2.0 — — 3.0 — — 2.0
C12/15 Alkyl Benzoate
Cetiol ® J 600 7.0 4.0 3.0 5.0 4.0 3.0 3.0 — 5.0 4.0
Oleyl Erucate
Cetiol ® OE 3.0 — 6.0 8.0 6.0 5.0 4.0 3.0 4.0 6.0
Mineral Oil — 4.0 — 4.0 — 2.0 — 1.0 — —
Cetiol ® PGL — 7.0 3.0 7.0 4.0 — — — 1.0 —
Hexadecanol (and) Hexyldecyl Laurate
Panthenol/Bisabolol 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2
Copherol ® F 1300 0.5 1.0 1.0 2.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 2.0 0.5 2.0
Tocopherol/Tocopheryl Acetate
Neo Heliopan ® Hydro 3.0 — — 3.0 — — 2.0 — 2.0 —
Sodium Phenylbenzimidazole Sulfonate
Neo Heliopan ® 303 — 5.0 — — — 4.0 5.0 — — 10.0
Neo Heliopan ® BB 1.5 — — 2.0 1.5 — — — 2.0 —
Neo Heliopan ® E 1000 5.0 — 4.0 — 2.0 2.0 4.0 10.0  — —
Isoamyl p-Methoxycinnamate
Neo Heliopan ® AV 4.0 — 4.0 3.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 — 10.0  2.0
Uvinul ® T 150 2.0 4.0 3.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 4.0 3.0 3.0 3.0
Octyl Triazone
Zinc Oxide — 6.0 6.0 — 4.0 — — — — 5.0
Titanium Dioxide — — — — — — — 5.0 — —
Glycerol (86% by weight) 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0
(1-4) hair rinse, (5-6) conditioner, (7-8) shower bath, (9) shower gel, (10) wash lotion
(11-14) "two-in-one" shower bath, (15-20) shampoo
(21-25) foam bath, (26) soft cream, (27, 28) moisturising emulsion, (29, 30) night cream)
(31) w/o sun protection cream, (32-34) w/o sun protection lotion, (35, 38, 40) o/w sun protection lotion, (36, 27, 39) o/w sun protection cream
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Lakeside Trees and Stumps offer a full range of services for all types of private or domestic property. All of the services available to our large corporate clients are also available to our domestic clients - such as tree lopping, mulching, cutting branches/trimming trees and palm tree removal - all at the most affordable rate in Perth.
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By clicking on a link above, you will leave the Ruger website and be transported to the website of an independent, federally licensed retailer of Ruger® products. Once there, you can verify that the Ruger® firearm you seek is available through that retailer and order it, subject to all federal, state and local laws.
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Simple, one-button takedown for quick and easy field-stripping and proper chamber-to-muzzle cleaning. Pressing a button in the back of the frame allows the barrel-receiver assembly to tilt up and off the grip frame without the use of tools.
Comfortable, precision-molded polymer grip frame with a serrated frontstrap and checkered backstrap.
Features a lightweight, ventilated, aerospace-grade aluminum receiver and a tensioned stainless steel barrel.
Threaded barrel models feature a 1/2"-28 thread pattern for popular muzzle accessories (thread protector included).
Cold hammer-forged barrel results in ultra-precise rifling that provides exceptional accuracy and longevity.
Checkered, 1911-style grip panels for a great appearance and comfortable, non-slip hold.
Internal cylindrical bolt construction ensures permanent sight-to-barrel alignment and higher accuracy potential than conventional moving-slide designs.
Contoured ejection port and easy-to-grasp bolt ears allow for durable and reliable operation round after round.
Accurate sighting system features an adjustable rear sight and a factory-installed Picatinny rail for easy mounting of optics.
Ambidextrous manual safety can be converted to left-side only with included washer.
Features a conveniently located push-button magazine release on the left side of the frame.
Magazine drops free on release for convenient reloading.
Magazine disconnect prevents discharge when the magazine has been removed.
Also includes: two, 10-round magazines.
* Color and shade of anodized component may vary from photo.


There are approximately ten units with two units tenant occupied. One unit is rented for $800 a month and the other one is rented for $320 a month. All of the units have large commons areas and large windows throughout. The upper units feature balconies with views of the golf course. The fire escape and stairwell were recently replaced. Each unit has its own CH/CA unit and hot water tank. They are all on a single meter that the owner pays the utilities for.
Gross Building Sq. Ft. 12,800 Sq. Ft.


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text:
Iran Watch: Does Ahmadinejad really want to "wipe Israel off the map"?
Iran Watch, part 4.
By Mehdi Hasan
Follow @@mehdirhasan
I guess I should be flattered. On Tuesday night, at 11:18pm, when some of us were spending time with our families, and others were tucked up in bed, the Blair biographer (hagiographer?) John Rentoul was in front of his computer composing a blogpost trying to ridicule my views about Iran, Israel and nuclear weapons. You see, I had the temerity to dare mention that Israel happens to have nukes and Iran doesn't. Silly me. (Incidentally, I'm going to give Rentoul the benefit of the doubt and assume he didn't mean to deliberately try and link me to Mahmoud Ahmadinejad in the eyes of his readers with his photo of the latter, the use of my name and then the headline "Spot the difference". But if he did, subtle it wasn't and shame on him.)
In a classic "compliment dressed up as an insult", Rentoul referred to me in his opening paragraph as "one of the more thoughtful of the appeasement faction, returning to the scene of his folly". I don't know whether to laugh or cry.
First, if I'd called Iraq as spectactularly badly as Rentoul did, I'd be careful about uttering the word "folly".
Second, if I was a writer who constantly railed against the use of cliché, I'd be wary of invoking lazy Second World War analogies.
I mean, "appeasement"? Really? I'm opposed to nuclear-armed Israel pre-emptively and illegally attacking a nuclear-weapons-free Iran so that makes me an appeaser? I guess Shirin Ebadi, Iran's leading, Nobel-Prize-winning dissident, who also opposes military action against the Islamic Republic, is also an appeaser then. I guess Meir Dagan, the former head of Mossad, who has described an attack on Iran as "a stupid idea" is an appeaser too. Then there's Martin Dempsey, the chairman of the joint chiefs of staff in the United States, who says an Israeli attack on Iran would be "destabilising". He's an appeaser too, John? And how about well-known appeaser Barack Obama, who decried "loose talk of war" from the hawks in his speech to Aipac earlier this week? Are we all appeasers?
Rentoul is more of a chickenhawk than a hawk; a laptop bombardier who demands the west bomb and invade Middle East countries on spurious grounds. Civilian casualties don't seem to figure in his calculations. In fact, for the past nine years, Rentoul has obsessively tried to downplay and discredit the various peer-reviewed studies that document how many hundreds of thousands of innocent men, women and children died in Iraq as a result of the war that he supported - and still supports.
But let's turn to the subject of his latest blogpost, headlined "Spot the difference". Rentoul repeats his earlier assertion on Twitter that
the Iranian President said that Israel must be wiped from the pages of history.
To be fair to the Independent on Sunday columnist, countless politicians and pundits on left and right have bought into this nonsense. The inconvenient truth - for them - is that the Iranian president, despite being an odious, obnoxious and bombastic individual, never used these words.
See Guardian columnist Jonathan Steele's debunking of this myth here and here. See this handy Wikipedia page for other references and further evidence.
And here's Farsi-speaker Professor Juan Cole of the University of Michigan, one of America's leading academic experts on Iran, Iranians and Shia Islam, writing on his blog in 2006:
[Ahmadinejad] made an analogy to Khomeini's determination and success in getting rid of the Shah's government, which Khomeini had said "must go" (az bain bayad berad). Then Ahmadinejad defined Zionism not as an Arabi-Israeli national struggle but as a Western plot to divide the world of Islam with Israel as the pivot of this plan.
The phrase he then used as I read it is "The Imam said that this regime occupying Jerusalem (een rezhim-e ishghalgar-e qods) must [vanish from] from the page of time (bayad az safheh-ye ruzgar mahv shavad)."
Ahmadinejad was not making a threat, he was quoting a saying of Khomeini and urging that pro-Palestinian activists in Iran not give up hope- that the occupation of Jerusalem was no more a continued inevitability than had been the hegemony of the Shah's government.
Whatever this quotation from a decades-old speech of Khomeini may have meant, Ahmadinejad did not say that "Israel must be wiped off the map" with the implication that phrase has of Nazi-style extermination of a people. He said that the occupation regime over Jerusalem must be erased from the page of time.
Again, Ariel Sharon erased the occupation regime over Gaza from the page of time.
When I debated this issue with him on Twitter last month, the flailing, Farsi-less Rentoul sent me a link to a Washington Post "fact-check"-style article, entitled: "Did Ahmadinejad really say Israel should be 'wiped off the map'?" I'm not sure what his reasoning was, given the Post piece concludes:
"Wipe off the map," in other words, has become easy shorthand for expressing revulsion at Iran's anti-Israeli foreign policy. . . But we're going to award a Pinocchio to everyone -- including ourselves -- who has blithely repeated the phrase without putting it into context.
And the piece also cited Karim Sadjadpour, an Iranian specialist at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace and no apologist for Ahmadinejad, pointing out how the Iranian regime's "goal is not the military destruction of the Jewish state but 'the defeat of Zionist ideology and the dissolution of Israel through a 'popular referendum.'"
So, what was Rentoul's response to being corrected and educated on a subject about which he clearly knows little? An apology? Some sheepishness or humility? Nope. None. He writes on his blog:
In other words, [Ahmadinejad] said what everyone thinks he said.
Er, no, John, he didn't. That's the whole point! Read in context, and with the correct translation, Ahmadinejad's comments mean something quite different. They relate to occupation, regime change and a one-state solution for the inhabitants of Palestine, rather than a military attack and a new Holocaust (which, incidentally, would also kill one million Arab Muslim residents of Israel - why would the Iranians want to do that??). Rentoul is one of the brightest columnists around so I can't understand why he has such difficulty understanding this rather simple point. Perhaps, just perhaps, he is being deliberately disingenuous in his repetition of the false translation and his insistence on its "genocidal" connotations. After all, it's the best argument the hawks have - they can't be allowed to have nukes, or trusted with uranium, because they're genocidal maniacs!
As one Canadian academic cited by the Wikipedia article succintly put it:
Ahmadinejad was quoting the Ayatollah Khomeini in the specific speech under discussion: what he said was that "the occupation regime over Jerusalem should vanish from the page of time." No state action is envisaged in this lament; it denotes a spiritual wish, whereas the erroneous translation - "wipe Israel off the map" - suggests a military threat. There is a huge chasm between the correct and the incorrect translations. The notion that Iran can "wipe out" U.S.-backed, nuclear-armed Israel is ludicrous.
Indeed. The point is this: Rentoul was caught out misquoting the Iranian president for self-serving, fear-mongering purposes. Instead of acknowleding his error, he then claimed that the actual translation means the same thing as his original misquote - and then carries on using the original mistranslation to beat the drum for war against Iran, despite the fact that his pants are on fire and he knows they're on fire.
What's so pathetic about this particular "gotcha" quote is that it was delivered seven years ago and Ahmadinejad has been asked about it, and clarified it, several times in the intervening period. In a January 2006 news conference, he said:
There is no new policy, they created a lot of hue and cry over that. It is clear what we say: Let the Palestinians participate in free elections and they will say what they want.
In a September 2008 interview, the Iranian president was asked: "If the Palestinian leaders agree to a two-state solution, could Iran live with an Israeli state?" To which he replied:
If they [the Palestinians] want to keep the Zionists, they can stay ... Whatever the people decide, we will respect it. I mean, it's very much in correspondence with our proposal to allow Palestinian people to decide through free referendums
Why is it that journalists like Rentoul can't bring themselves to mention such quotes that don't fit their "he's a genocidal maniac" narrative? Is it wilful ignorance? Or their hawkish agenda? Or a bit of both?
Let me finish by dealing with Rentoul's brief, sarcastic critique of my own original blogpost:
Today, [Hasan] returns to the subject, asking: "What about Israel's nukes?"
I'll tell him about Israel's nukes. They're not anyone's favourite thing. But there is a difference between the governments of Israel and Iran. One of them has said that the other "must vanish from the page of time".
I wonder if Hasan can guess which one?
Well, I've dealt with the "vanish from the page of time" stuff, so let me, in a tribute to Rentoul's "Spot the difference" headline, ask him a few questions and get him to "spot the difference" between Iran and Israel (since Rentoul is so intent on presenting the latter as doveish and the former as hawkish):
1) Which country in the Middle East has a secret stash of 100-200 nuclear warheads? Iran or Israel?
2) Which country in the Middle East has been the subject of more than 60 critical UN Security Council resolutions? Iran or Israel?
3) Which country invaded and occupied one of its neighbours between 1978 and 2000 and then bombed it again in 2006? Iran or Israel?
4) Which country continues to illegally occupy Syrian and Palestinian land? Iran or Israel?
5) Which country in the Middle East refuses to sign the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty or allow IAEA inspectors to visit its nuclear facilities? Iran or Israel?
6) Which country in the Middle East has been accused of providing "expertise and technology that was central to [apartheid] South Africa's development of its nuclear bombs"? Iran or Israel?
7) Which country in the Middle East is currently, actively, openly planning an illegal, pre-emptive air attack on another? Iran or Israel?
I await Rentoul's answers.
Oh and on a final, related note, before you shout (a la "Mark Wallace" in the comments to my last blogpost) "Israel is a democracy, Iran isn't!", let me just say that (a) I agree Israel (inside the Green Line) is much more democratic than Iran, but (b) it's irrelevant to the debate over the permissibility of nuclear weapons, given the fact that the only country in history to actually use nuclear weapons was, er, a democracy: the United States, in 1945.
Yet another formal and official disavowal (denial?) of the "wipe them off the map" line, this time from Mohammad Javad Larijani, "a member of a powerful political clan in Iran and an adviser to the country's supreme leader, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei", speaking to CNN's Christiane Amanpour on 15 March:
Larijani sought to downplay the significance of comments attributed to President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad a few years ago suggesting that Israel should be wiped off the map.
He said the comments were "definitely not" meant in a military sense and that such an approach was not "a policy of Iran."
I know I said "case closed" but I couldn't help but add another update to this blogpost, noting the comments made by Dan Meridor, Israel's minister of intelligence and atomic energy and deputy prime minister, in an interview with Al Jazeera on 16 April 2012:
Al Jazeera's Teymoor Nabili talks to Dan Meridor, Israel's minister of intelligence and atomic energy and deputy prime minister, about this and questions him over Israeli politicians' claims that Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, the Iranian president, said Iran would 'wipe Israel out'.
"They [Iranian leaders] all come basically ideologically, religiously with the statement that Israel is an unnatural creature, it will not survive," Meridor says. "They didn't say 'we'll wipe it out', you are right, but 'it will not survive, it is a cancerous tumour, it should be removed'. They repeatedly said 'Israel is not legitimate, it should not exist'."
Thanks for the clarification, Dan!
› Building the entrepreneurial state
Mehdi Hasan is a contributing writer for the New Statesman and the co-author of Ed: The Milibands and the Making of a Labour Leader. He was the New Statesman's senior editor (politics) from 2009-12.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
<!DOCTYPE html>

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text:
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var AccessorReader = require('../../lib/AccessorReader');
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var WebGLConstants = Cesium.WebGLConstants;

describe('changeAccessorComponentType', function() {
    it('does nothing if the accessor is already the target componentType', function() {
        var gltf = {
            accessors : {
                accessor : {
                    componentType: WebGLConstants.FLOAT
                }
            }
        };
        var accessor = gltf.accessors.accessor;
        changeAccessorComponentType(gltf, accessor, WebGLConstants.FLOAT);
        expect(accessor.componentType).toBe(WebGLConstants.FLOAT);
    });

    it('overwrites the existing data if the target component type is smaller', function() {
        var data = new Uint16Array([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]);
        var dataBuffer = Buffer.from(data.buffer);
        var gltf = {
            accessors : {
                accessor : {
                    bufferView : 'bufferView',
                    byteOffset : 0,
                    byteStride : 0,
                    componentType : WebGLConstants.UNSIGNED_SHORT,
                    count : data.length,
                    type : "SCALAR"
                }
            },
            bufferViews : {
                bufferView : {
                    buffer : 'buffer',
                    byteLength : dataBuffer.length,
                    byteOffset : 0
                }
            },
            buffers : {
                buffer : {
                    byteLength: dataBuffer.length,
                    extras: {
                        _pipeline: {
                            source: dataBuffer
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
        };
        var accessor = gltf.accessors.accessor;
        changeAccessorComponentType(gltf, accessor, WebGLConstants.UNSIGNED_BYTE);
        expect(accessor.componentType).toBe(WebGLConstants.UNSIGNED_BYTE);
        expect(Object.keys(gltf.buffers).length).toBe(1);
        var accessorReader = new AccessorReader(gltf, accessor);
        var components = [];
        while (!accessorReader.pastEnd()) {
            accessorReader.read(components);
            expect(components[0]).toBe(accessorReader.index);
            accessorReader.next();
        }
    });

    it('overwrites the existing data if the target component type is the same size', function() {
        var data = new Float32Array([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]);
        var dataBuffer = Buffer.from(data.buffer);
        var gltf = {
            accessors : {
                accessor : {
                    bufferView : 'bufferView',
                    byteOffset : 0,
                    byteStride : 0,
                    componentType : WebGLConstants.FLOAT,
                    count : data.length,
                    type : "SCALAR"
                }
            },
            bufferViews : {
                bufferView : {
                    buffer : 'buffer',
                    byteLength : dataBuffer.length,
                    byteOffset : 0
                }
            },
            buffers : {
                buffer : {
                    byteLength: dataBuffer.length,
                    extras: {
                        _pipeline: {
                            source: dataBuffer
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
        };
        var accessor = gltf.accessors.accessor;
        changeAccessorComponentType(gltf, accessor, WebGLConstants.UNSIGNED_INT);
        expect(accessor.componentType).toBe(WebGLConstants.UNSIGNED_INT);
        expect(Object.keys(gltf.buffers).length).toBe(1);
        var accessorReader = new AccessorReader(gltf, accessor);
        var components = [];
        while (!accessorReader.pastEnd()) {
            accessorReader.read(components);
            expect(components[0]).toBe(accessorReader.index);
            accessorReader.next();
        }
    });

    it('creates a new buffer if the target component type is larger', function() {
        var data = new Uint16Array([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]);
        var dataBuffer = Buffer.from(data.buffer);
        var gltf = {
            accessors : {
                accessor : {
                    bufferView : 'bufferView',
                    byteOffset : 0,
                    byteStride : 0,
                    componentType : WebGLConstants.UNSIGNED_SHORT,
                    count : data.length,
                    type : "SCALAR"
                }
            },
            bufferViews : {
                bufferView : {
                    buffer : 'buffer',
                    byteLength : dataBuffer.length,
                    byteOffset : 0
                }
            },
            buffers : {
                buffer : {
                    byteLength: dataBuffer.length,
                    extras: {
                        _pipeline: {
                            source: dataBuffer
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
        };
        var accessor = gltf.accessors.accessor;
        changeAccessorComponentType(gltf, accessor, WebGLConstants.UNSIGNED_INT);
        expect(accessor.componentType).toBe(WebGLConstants.UNSIGNED_INT);
        expect(Object.keys(gltf.buffers).length).toBe(2);
        var accessorReader = new AccessorReader(gltf, accessor);
        var components = [];
        while (!accessorReader.pastEnd()) {
            accessorReader.read(components);
            expect(components[0]).toBe(accessorReader.index);
            accessorReader.next();
        }
    });
});


to help sponsor our new Altar and ongoing iconography.
please contact our Pastor the Rt. Rev. Roman Pankiw or our parish office.
We thank you in advance and may God bless us all!
On June 19th we celebrated 25 years of priesthood of our pastor Rt. Rev. Dr. Roman Pankiw, who was ordained on the 6th of July 1986, with a Gala banquet in our parish hall. From the banquet proceeds, the Right Rev. Roman Pankiw is donating the icon "Good Shepherd", as part of our continued iconography project, which will be painted and installed in the sanctuary of St. Marys' Dormition Church in blessed memory of his parents Yuriy and Olena Pankiw.
Dear Right Reverend Pankiw, May God bless you with Many Happy and Blessed years to come in your continued service in Christ's Vineyard!
Encounter between Jesus and the Samaritan Woman, and Jesus finding Zacchaeus.
Let the children come to me, and do not hinder them; for to such belongs the kingdom of God. Truly, I say to you, whoever does not receive the kingdom of God like a child shall not enter it.


We are still working on things here but we wanted to provide a quick update and some of the services we offer.
Computer Repair(select locations, contact us to see if we service your area).
Setup and secure Router and Modem.
and more if something isn't listed feel free to ask.
we are currently designing a Client portal that will allow our clients to access their dashboard and stay updated with project updates. upload any files we might need. submit trouble tickets. pay bills and more.
Copyright © 2014 Remote Tech Desk LLC. All Rights Reserved.


No phone, no laptop, no internet, no Facebook!!!
First of all, I would like to thank Richard Tan, my boss, for allowing me to participate in the 49-day retreat.
I did not join MoZhao Chan for a while. Master Shengyen advice always ring in my mind. If one found and encountered a method which is suitable, one should persevere in its practice.


Trull Parish Council is sole trustee of the KGV field. It fulfils the role of custodian (keeper of the assets) and is the managing trustee (responsible for executing the management of the field and assets).
All councillors are by definition members of the Board of Trustees.
The Playing Field Management Committee was set up by the Board of Trustees to manage the maintenance and upkeep of the facilities which include the pavilion, the playing field and the play equipment.
The Committee meets at least four times a year, and meetings are open to members of the public.
The routine monitoring of the general condition of the facilities.
Consideration of the annual Play Equipment Safety Inspection and managing the risks identified.
Oversight of planned improvements and upgrading of facilities.
Hiring arrangements for the Pavilion including bookings and invoicing.
The raising of funds through activities or grant applications.
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