text:
Q: ssh-agent forwarding and sudo to another user If I have a server A into which I can login with my ssh key and I have the ability to "sudo su - otheruser", I lose key forwarding, because the env variables are removed and the socket is only readable by my original user. Is there a way I can bridge the key forwarding through the "sudo su - otheruser", so I can do stuff on a server B with my forwarded key (git clone and rsync in my case)?
The only way I can think of is adding my key to authorized_keys of otheruser and "ssh otheruser@localhost", but that's cumbersome to do for every user and server combination I may have.
In short:
$ sudo -HE ssh user@host
(success)
$ sudo -HE -u otheruser ssh user@host
Permission denied (publickey).

A: sudo -E -s

*

*-E will preserve the environment

*-s runs a command, defaults to a shell

This will give you a root shell with the original keys still loaded.

A: You can always just ssh to localhost with agent forwarding instead of using sudo:
ssh -A otheruser@localhost

Disadvantage is that you need to log in again, but if you're using it in a screen/tmux tab, that's only a one time effort, however, if you disconnect from the server, the socket will (of course) be broken again. So it's not ideal if you can't keep your screen/tmux session open at all times (however, you could manually update your SSH_AUTH_SOCK env var if you're cool).
Also note that when using ssh forwarding, root can always access your socket and use your ssh authentication (as long as you're logged in with ssh forwarding). So make sure you can trust root.

A: If you are authorized to sudo su - $USER, then you would probably have a good argument for being permitted to do a ssh -AY $USER@localhost instead, with your valid public key in $USER's home directory.  Then your authentication forwarding would be carried through with you.

A: Combining information from the other answers I came up with this:
user=app
setfacl -m $user:x $(dirname "$SSH_AUTH_SOCK")
setfacl -m $user:rwx "$SSH_AUTH_SOCK"
sudo SSH_AUTH_SOCK="$SSH_AUTH_SOCK" -u $user -i

I like this because I don't need to edit sudoers file.
Tested on Ubuntu 14.04 (had to install acl package).

A: Allow otheruser to access $SSH_AUTH_SOCK file and it's directory, for example by correct ACL, before switching to them.
The example assumes Defaults:user env_keep += SSH_AUTH_SOCK in /etc/sudoers on 'host' machine:
$ ssh -A user@host
user@host$ setfacl -m otheruser:x   $(dirname "$SSH_AUTH_SOCK")
user@host$ setfacl -m otheruser:rwx "$SSH_AUTH_SOCK"
user@host$ sudo su - otheruser
otheruser@host$ ssh server
otheruser@server$

More secure and works for non-root users as well

A: Don't use sudo su - USER, but rather sudo -i -u USER. Works for me!

A: I think there is a problem with the - (dash) option after su in your command:
sudo su - otheruser

If you read the man page of su, you may find that the option -, -l, --login starts the shell environment as login shell. This will load the environment for otheruser regardless of the env variables where you run su.
Simply put, the dash will undermine anything you passed from sudo.
Instead, you should try this command:
sudo -E su otheruser

As @joao-costa pointed out, -E will preserve all variables in the environment where you ran sudo. Then without the dash, su will use that environment directly.

A: As you mentioned, the environment variables are removed by sudo, for security reasons.
But fortunately sudo is quite configurable: you can tell it precisely which environment variables you want to keep thanks to the env_keep configuration option in /etc/sudoers.
For agent forwarding, you need to keep the SSH_AUTH_SOCK environment variable.  To do so, simply edit your /etc/sudoers configuration file (always using visudo) and set the env_keep option to the appropriate users.  If you want this option to be set for all users, use the Defaults line like this:
Defaults    env_keep+=SSH_AUTH_SOCK

man sudoers for more details.
You should now be able to do something like this (provided user1's public key is present in ~/.ssh/authorized_keys in user1@serverA and user2@serverB, and serverA's /etc/sudoers file is setup as indicated above):
user1@mymachine> eval `ssh-agent`  # starts ssh-agent
user1@mymachine> ssh-add           # add user1's key to agent (requires pwd)
user1@mymachine> ssh -A serverA    # no pwd required + agent forwarding activated
user1@serverA> sudo su - user2     # sudo keeps agent forwarding active :-)
user2@serverA> ssh serverB         # goto user2@serverB w/o typing pwd again...
user2@serverB>                     # ...because forwarding still works

A: I have found that this also works.
sudo su -l -c "export SSH_AUTH_SOCK=$SSH_AUTH_SOCK; bash"

As others have noted, this won't work if the user you are switching to doesn't have read permissions on $SSH_AUTH_SOCK (which is pretty much any user besides root). You can get around this by setting $SSH_AUTH_SOCK and the directory it is in to have the permissions 777.
chmod 777 -R `dirname $SSH_AUTH_SOCK`
sudo su otheruser -l -c "export SSH_AUTH_SOCK=$SSH_AUTH_SOCK; bash"

This is pretty risky though. You are basically giving every other user on the system permission to use your SSH Agent (until you log out). You may also be able to set the group and change the permissions to 770, which could be more secure. However, when I tried changing the group, I got "Operation not permitted".

A: Unfortunately when you su to another user (or even use sudo) you'll lose the ability to use your forwarded keys.  This is a security feature: You don't want random users connecting to your ssh-agent and using your keys :)
The "ssh -Ay ${USER}@localhost" method is a little cumbersome (and as noted in my comment on David's answer prone to breakage), but it's probably the best you can do.

A: I used the following combination:
$ chmod g+rwx -R $(dirname $SSH_AUTH_SOCK)
$ sudo -HPEu ubuntu bash
$ ssh-add -L
ssh-rsa AAAA..kd /home/kolypto/.ssh/id_rsa

*

*gives more permissions to the ssh agent socket

*runs the command (bash) as another user (-u), preserving the environment (-E), preserving the original user's group (-P), and setting the $HOME properly (-H)

*verify that ssh keys are available


The newest collection for Kohl's Cares is Disney Pixar. From now until April 4th, Kohl's Department stores is offering exclusive merchandise from Disney Pixar for just $5 each. The new Kohl's Cares Disney Pixar plush and book collection is available now through April 4, at Kohl's stores nationwide and on Kohls.com.
Through the Kohl's Cares program, 100 percent of the net profit from the sale of this collection supports children's health and education initiatives nationwide. Finding Nemo, Cars, Toy Story, Wall-E, Up, and Monsters, Inc. books and plush are available for purchase.
I received the Disney Pixar Cars Lightning McQueen plush and book. The plush is simply adorable and looks just like the character from the movie. The book is hardback. The storybook is a fun read all on its own, but the plush gives an added touch. The books and plush would make wonderful gifts for small children. I'll be making a trip to Kohl's in the near future to purchase more merchandise from the Kohl's Cares collection to give as gifts for birthdays and upcoming holidays.
Have you ever purchased anything from the Kohl's Cares collection? Which Disney Pixar movie is your favorite?
I love the Kohl's Cares collections. I haven't shopped there in a while but I might have to stop in now that I know Pixar items are there! My favorite Pixar movie is Toy Story!
They always have really great promotions for their up front display Kohl's Care.
Our Kohl's used to have these on display right up front when you walked in the door. Now they're way in the back by returns/the restrooms where we rarely go. :( I forget to look or if I'm in a hurry don't go back there. I do love the books and stuffed animals. I bet my son would love to have Dory!
My daughter will flip for this new Kohl's Cares line. She loves Disney/Pixar, and Nemo is her favorite!
This is the first time I have heard of this wonderful program and I will be checking it out. I would love to get a couple of the books for my grandson.


Here at Riled Up we celebrate environmental science, new technologies, and engaged explorations. Discovery and inspiration can happen anywhere, to anyone, at any time of life. This is one reason why the growth of citizen science is so exciting.
Citizen science is defined as "the systematic collection and analysis of data, development of new technology, testing of natural phenomena, and the dissemination of these activities on primarily avocational basis." Individuals or volunteer networks, often without specific scientific training, perform research-related tasks including observation, measurement, or computation of natural data and thereby assist the method, results, and growth science. In the past, citizen scientists have been essential for wildlife counts that assisted the National Audubon Society determine the numbers of bird species on their annual migrations.
The roll new observers can play is particularly true now with the arrival of large numbers of Arctic snowy owls. The giant white owls have been appearing from New England to the Pacific Northwest with one even appearing in Hawaii that was sadly shot. The normally tundra inhabitant, the owls have moved south this winter in search of their prey, mice, voles, and other small rodents, after an exceptional population increase during the last breeding season in the Far North. We covered their recent visit here.
Now, Cornell University has initiated an exciting venture designated, eBird, so that anyone can work directly with university scientists, provide input to various avian projects, obtain information on new sightings, and generally participate in bird research. You might even become designated: eBirder of the Month. eBird provides location suggestions where citizen scientists might go birding to make the biggest impact where little species data exists. With data input from eBird members, new bird maps are being created that visualize species densities down to the county level.
So pull out the binoculars, put on warm cloths, join other eBird'ers, and help environmental science in action. You might even spot a snowy owl.


Hotel Anahi is a comfortable property conveniently located only 7.5km (4.7mi) from the centre of Rome. Local tourist attractions such as Piazza del Popolo (Rome), Santa Maria del Popolo and Altar of Peace (Ara Pacis) are not far from the hotel. Also easily within reach are Augustus' Mausoleum, Piazza di Spagna and Spanish Steps.
Dining facilities at Hotel Anahi include a cafeteria. There is also room service available. The hotel boasts a 24-hour front desk service. Other services: coffee in lobby, coffee shop/café, complimentary newspapers in lobby, elevator/lift, laundry facilities, porter/bellhop, tours/ticket assistance, wheelchair accessibility.
Hotel Anahi offers transportation to/from the airport for an additional fee. Guest parking is offered for a surcharge. Limo/Town car services can be arranged.


The book «Untouchable (Unexpected Love Book 1)» by Isabel Love Review and Quotes: The crowded dance floor of Club Bailar is the perfect escape from real life.
The heavy beat vibrates in my chest and my body itches to move to the music. It feels so good to get lost in the crowd. Bodies are everywhere, some dancing, some just standing around watching others. Tonight, I am not Dr. Morgan, Director of Emergency Services. Tonight, I just want to be Monica, a 32-year-old single woman in need of a drink, dancing, and no stress.
When was the last time I went out like this? I can't even remember. Things are so hectic at work and even though I promised myself I wouldn't let my job take over my life, it seems that it has. Not only that, but I cringe at the thought of a co-worker seeing me at a club. I try to stay away from this side of my life, the part that doesn't mesh well with being a respected physician. I bury it deep inside of me, but when life gets too stressful, dancing is one of the only ways to ease the pressure and make me feel like myself again.


Get 200 OMR Sheets free of cost. Conduct actual test on them and send us for evaluation. We shall do the complete evaluation and show you the result.
Other Heads : City Code, School Code, Class, Roll No.
Other Heads : City Code, School Code, Class, Name.


Alexandria, VA - A complex interaction between lava and water, rather than a fight between mythical troll-beasts of lore, is responsible for the occurrence of rare terrestrial basalt pillars. EARTH Magazine uncovers the truth behind the pillars in the February issue. Despite regional tales of a fight between a pair of angry trolls resulting in the moss-covered basalt pillars, geoscientists from the University at Buffalo have determined that the pillars formed during a rare, nonexplosive lava-water interface during the 1783 eruption at Laki. Find out more about these pillars at http://bit.ly/MRSvJF.
Also read EARTH's a three-part feature series on the 2013 Colorado Front Range flooding and learn whether ancient mosquitoes also feasted on blood in the February 2014 edition of EARTH Magazine available on the digital bookstand, or by subscription.


text:
package org.cafesip.sipunit;

import static junit.framework.Assert.fail;

import java.util.EventObject;
import java.util.List;

import javax.sip.ResponseEvent;
import javax.sip.TimeoutEvent;
import javax.sip.address.Address;
import javax.sip.address.AddressFactory;
import javax.sip.address.URI;
import javax.sip.header.HeaderFactory;
import javax.sip.header.SIPETagHeader;
import javax.sip.header.ViaHeader;
import javax.sip.message.MessageFactory;
import javax.sip.message.Request;
import javax.sip.message.Response;

public class AbstractSession
{

	protected SipPhone _sipPhone;
	private static int __timeout = 5000;

	public AbstractSession(SipPhone phone)
	{
		_sipPhone = phone;
	}

	public AddressFactory getAddressFactory()
	{
		return _sipPhone.getParent().getAddressFactory();
	}

	public HeaderFactory getHeaderFactory()
	{
		return _sipPhone.getParent().getHeaderFactory();
	}

	public MessageFactory getMessageFactory()
	{
		return _sipPhone.getParent().getMessageFactory();
	}

	public Request newRequest(String method, long cseq, String to)
	{
		try
		{
			AddressFactory addressFactory = getAddressFactory();

			List<ViaHeader> viaHeaders = _sipPhone.getViaHeaders();
			URI requestUri = addressFactory.createURI(to);
			Address toAddr = addressFactory.createAddress(requestUri);

			Request request = getMessageFactory().createRequest(
					requestUri,
					method,
					_sipPhone.getParent().getSipProvider().getNewCallId(),
					getHeaderFactory().createCSeqHeader(cseq, method),
					getHeaderFactory().createFromHeader(_sipPhone.getAddress(),
							_sipPhone.generateNewTag()),
					getHeaderFactory().createToHeader(toAddr, null),
					viaHeaders, getHeaderFactory().createMaxForwardsHeader(70));

			return request;
		}
		catch (Exception e)
		{
			throw new RuntimeException(e);
		}
	}

	public Response waitResponse(SipTransaction trans)
	{
		EventObject event = _sipPhone.waitResponse(trans, getTimeout());
		if (event == null)
			fail("No response received");

		if (event instanceof TimeoutEvent)
			fail("Received timeout");

		return ((ResponseEvent) event).getResponse();
	}

	public Response sendRequest(Request request, int expectedResponseCode)
	{
		return sendRequest(request, null, null, expectedResponseCode);
	}

	public Response sendRequest(Request request, String user, String password,
			int expectedResponseCode)
	{
		SipTransaction trans = _sipPhone.sendRequestWithTransaction(request,
				true, null);

		Response response = waitResponse(trans);
		int status_code = response.getStatusCode();

		while (status_code != expectedResponseCode)
		{
			if (status_code == Response.TRYING)
			{
				response = waitResponse(trans);
				status_code = response.getStatusCode();
			}
			else if ((status_code == Response.UNAUTHORIZED)
					|| (status_code == Response.PROXY_AUTHENTICATION_REQUIRED))
			{
				// modify the request to include user authorization info
				request = _sipPhone.processAuthChallenge(response, request,
						user, password);
				if (request == null)
					return null;

				// clean up last transaction
				_sipPhone.clearTransaction(trans);

				// send the request again
				trans = _sipPhone.sendRequestWithTransaction(request, true,
						null);

				response = waitResponse(trans);
				status_code = response.getStatusCode();
			}
			else
			{
				fail("The status code " + status_code + " "
						+ response.getReasonPhrase()
						+ " was received from the server when expected "
						+ expectedResponseCode);
			}
		}

		return response;
	}

	public int getTimeout()
	{
		return __timeout;
	}

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


It is a time to expand horizons and see more of the world! But how to find the balance between learning something really different, that will prepare us for an increasingly global society, and yet still be on the safe side.
That is where B.I.T comes in. We can provide unique trips combining sightseeing, different culture and habits, exotic food, stretching the youngster´s boundaries and satisfying their wanderlust. B.I.T carefully elaborates programs according to age and target of a trip beyond the basic touristic travel experience. South America is the perfect place to explore new lands and gain an international perspective on the world.
We handle accommodation, guided tours with skip-the-line Sightseeing, great sports activities, meetings with interesting people, social projects, group adventures, percussion workshops, local food trips, all transportation and local guides.


text:
Q: SwiftUI - Transition Animations not working in GeoReader? I have code like this:
            VStack{
                if (DeleteScreen.sharedInstance.postDelete){
                    VStack{
                        GeometryReader{_ in
                            DeletePostAlert()
                                .frame(maxWidth: .infinity, alignment: .center)
                                .frame(maxHeight: .infinity, alignment: .center)
                                .transition(AnyTransition.opacity.animation(.easeInOut(duration: 0.2)))

                        }.background(Color.black.opacity(0.65))

                        .onDisappear{

                        }
                        .onAppear{

                        }
                    }
                }
            }

where the DeletePost alert is defined like this:
class DeleteScreen: ObservableObject {
    static let sharedInstance = DeleteScreen()
    @Published var postDelete: Bool = false
}

However, for some reason, the transition animations are not working. I'm trying to get the DeletePostAlert() to fade in or slide in or something but so far everything I've tried has not worked. I've also tried something like .animation(.spring()), but to no avail.
Any guidance as to what I'm doing wrong here would be appreciated.
Thanks

A: I have exactly the same problem. Looks like a bug.
A possible solution that could be working for you is to set transition modifier on top of GeometryReader.
VStack {
    if(DeleteScreen.sharedInstance.postDelete) {
        VStack {
            GeometryReader { _ in
                DeletePostAlert()
                    .frame(maxWidth: .infinity, maxHeight: .infinity, alignment: .center)
            }
            .transition(AnyTransition.opacity.animation(.easeInOut(duration: 0.2)))
            .background(Color.black.opacity(0.65))
            .onDisappear { ... }
            .onAppear { ... }
        }
    }
}

btw: I'm wondering why are you even using GeometryReader if you ignore its geometry value.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
* Serbest piyasa verileridir
Şanghay
antalyaosb@antalyaosb.org.tr
Tahsisi Yapılmamış Parseller
Protokol Yapılan Firmalar
Directorate of Electrical Works
Water Operation and Maintenance Directorate
Directorate of Parks and Gardens
Environment and Wastewater Management
Natural Gas and Machinery Management
Fire Department and DAMT (Natural Disaster Response Team)
IT Directorate
Directorate of Education and Quality
Directorate of Administrative Affairs
Directorate of Financial Affairs
Directorate of Development and Technical Works
OSB Day-care Center
Dış Ticaret İstihbarat Merkezi
Foreign Markets Bulletin
E-Ticaret Eğilim Anketi
AOSB News
OSB Soruyor Uzmanlar Yanıtlıyor
In 1976, it was decided to establish an Organized Industrial Zone in Antalya with the decree of the Council of Ministers dated 09.06.1976 and numbered 7/12106 under the leadership of Antalya Chamber of Commerce.
Antalya Organized Industrial Zone, established on an area of 370 Hectares (3,700,000 square meters) with the decree of the Council of Ministers dated 16.08.1977 and numbered 370 / h, was reduced to an area of 60 hectares on the grounds that the location selection was made wrongly in 1983. first size. The register of the Entrepreneurial Committee has been granted legal status with the number 194 of the Ministry of Industry and Trade dated 10.09.2001 and numbered 11556.
In 2005, with the addition of new expansion areas and the purchase of the lands belonging to the individual and treasury within the approved zoning plans, it reached 662 Hectares.
In 2010, the site selection area 3 was completed and the area size reached 692 hectares. In 2015, site selection studies were started on 4 and 5 areas. With the completion of the ongoing site selection studies
in 2017, the area will reach 781.6 hectares.
Antalya Organized Industrial Zone is located at the 26th km of Antalya-Burdur Highway. Located on the two sides of the State Highway;
1. Section area: 1.977.103 m² (198 Ha)
Extension area 1: 835,233 m² (84 Ha)
Extension area 2: 1,935,918 m² (194 Ha)
Extension area 3: 308.940 m² (30 hectares)
Organized Industrial Zone, which has a total area of 692 hectares in total, consists of 328 different sized industrial parcels with an area of 5.065,189 m². The region is mixed OSB and production is allowed in various subjects determined by the Ministry of Science, Industry and Technology. All the areas of the Antalya Organized Industrial Zone were purchased and the expropriation procedures were completed on behalf of the Organized Industrial Zone Enterprising Committee. Planning and infrastructure works of the region areas have been completed. Area of the 1st part of the region 89 percent, area 84 percent area, number 1 expansion area 74, number 2 expansion area 69, number 3 expansion area has begun to operate 11 percent.
Currently, there are no empty industrial parcels in the region. The occupancy rate of the region is .20, and has 274 firms. allocation. In addition, since there are new demands on the region, the works for opening the 4th and 5th expansion areas are being continued and in the new area of 89.6 ha, the site selection procedures are about to be completed. Approximately 250 companies awaiting the allocation of new drop-off areas are waiting in line, and the allocation requests are increasing every day.
Antalya Organized Industrial Zone, Burdur by mid-last state highway to reach every region of Turkey on opium is very easy. The region is 26 km away from Antalya, 26 km from Akdeniz University, 35 km from Antalya Harbor and 40 km from the airport. There is a railway station in Burdur, 99 km away. The distance between the settlements around the region varies between 300 mt and 3 klm. The employment opportunities of the districts such as Döşemealtı district centers and neighborhoods such as Kömürcüler, Çıplaklı, Bıyıklı, Yağca and Masonry are very high.
Antalya Organize Sanayi Bölge Müdürlüğü
1. Kısım Mah. 5. Cadde No:5
Döşemealtı / Antalya
Antalya Organized Industrial Zone

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
– japoński reżyser filmów anime.

Jako reżyser anime specjalizuje się w nurcie shōjo-muke-anime (filmy anime dla dziewcząt). Był reżyserem między innymi Kimagure Orange Road oraz pierwszego pełnometrażowego animowanego filmu telewizyjnego, wyprodukowanego przez Studio Ghibli – Szum morza (Umi ga kikoeru) z 1993 roku.

Przypisy

Bibliografia

Japońscy reżyserzy filmowi
Reżyserzy anime
Scenarzyści anime
Urodzeni w 1958

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
0423_diabetes_edit2.jpg
Finding New Targets for Diabetes Treatment
To understand the metabolic mechanisms behind diabetes, Bethany Cummings explores the positive impacts of bariatric surgery on diabetes remission.
Bethany P. Cummings
Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine
Bariatric Surgery Increases Production of Antidiabetic Hormone GLP-1
New Role for Bile Acid Receptor TGR5
Gut Microbiome Influences Bile Acids
Falling in Love with Metabolism and Nutrition
by Jackie Swift
Even if you don't know much about diabetes, you're probably aware that a crucial component of the disease is lack of the hormone insulin, which lowers blood sugar. But there's another hormone you may not have heard of that's just as important: glucagon, which raises blood sugar. "Normally we think of diabetes from a very insulin-centric point of view," says Bethany P. Cummings, Biomedical Sciences. "Research has focused on it because the discovery of insulin about 100 years ago changed diabetes from a deadly disease into something you could live with. But glucagon is a major player, too. It's overproduced in diabetes. There's a lot of data showing that if you can inhibit it, you can dramatically improve diabetes outcomes."
Cummings and her lab want to understand the metabolic mechanisms that control the production of glucagon and other hormones that play a role in diabetes in order to come up with new targets for diabetes treatment. As their jumping-off point, the researchers explore the metabolic effects of bariatric surgery, the surgical manipulation of the gut that is usually performed for weight loss. "Bariatric surgery also produces other benefits," Cummings explains. "It causes remarkably high rates of type 2 diabetes remission. This happens almost immediately after surgery, prior to any weight loss."
The Cummings lab focuses specifically on the most common type of bariatric surgery in the United States, the vertical sleeve gastrectomy (VSG) in which the surgeon removes 70 to 80 percent of the patient's stomach. Using mouse models of VSG, Cummings and her colleagues have zeroed in on pancreatic islets, patches of endocrine tissue located throughout the pancreas. The islets are where alpha cells produce glucagon, as well as a small amount of an antidiabetic hormone called glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) that is primarily produced in the gut after eating. However, alpha cells shift to producing more GLP-1 after VSG surgery, which increases the body's ability to lower blood sugar levels. The researchers are investigating why and how that comes about. The evidence points to the influence of another type of islet cell, the beta cell, which is the site of insulin production.
"We've found that when we increase GLP-1 signaling on the beta cell, that cell then secretes something—we don't know what—that acts to reprogram the alpha cell so that it makes more GLP-1," Cummings says. She and her colleagues are now doing proteomic studies to identify the nature of the beta cells' secretions. In collaboration with Charles G. Danko, Biomedical Sciences, they're also carrying out single-cell RNA sequencing on human islets to see if their mouse-model findings are relevant to humans and to help identify the essential mediators of this process.
"It's been exciting," Cummings says. "We've applied a new, single-cell RNA sequencing technology to the study of human islets, and that has translated what we found in mouse models into humans. It shows that our work has relevance, which is useful toward identifying a target for a therapeutic drug approach. We're hoping our data will help guide the development of a high-throughput chemical library screen for drug identification."
"It's been exciting… We're hoping our data will help guide the development of a high-throughput chemical library screen for drug identification."
Among the many other metabolic effects of bariatric surgery, Cummings is also interested in the dramatic elevation of bile acids. These molecules are secreted in the gut and aid in the digestion of fats and cholesterol. They have many different chemical properties so their metabolic effects vary. Some will disrupt cell membranes and promote inflammation; others are protective and decrease inflammation.
To study the connection of bile acids to diabetes, Cummings is focusing on a major bile acid receptor called TGR5, which is known to improve metabolic regulation by increasing GLP-1 secretion, among other things. "We use mouse models that lack TGR5 to see if VSG surgery can still be effective in creating a healthier bile acid profile," Cummings says. "We found the effect was largely blunted if TGR5 isn't present. Our work revealed a new role for TGR5 in the metabolic bile acid processes that happen in the liver."
Continuing their focus on bile acids, the Cummings lab also explores the interrelationship of bile acids and gut microbiome. "Bile acids are synthesized in the liver and then go into the gut to help digest lipids," Cummings explains. "When they're in the gut, the gut microbes further modify them. We're interested in finding ways to shift the composition of the gut microbiome to make a healthier bile acid profile."
Joining with Jessica R. Allegretti at Harvard Medical School, Cummings and her colleagues carried out a study to see if they could positively shift the microbiomes of patients with obesity but no overt metabolic disease. The Allegretti group performed fecal microbiome transfer (FMT) in test patients by putting stool from a healthy donor into pills that the patients then took, while a control group took placebos.
While FMT did not cause weight loss, when the Cummings lab analyzed blood samples from both groups of test patients to look for changes in glucose regulation, they found that glucose regulation in patients with FMT treatment remained stable compared to those who received a placebo.
"There are several potential mechanisms for this," Cummings says. "The most likely seems to be that FMT shifted recipients' microbiomes and their bile acid profiles to be more similar to the donor. This points to the gut microbiome as a good target for controlling metabolic disease, maybe through intervening to upregulate pathways of interest related to bile acid metabolism."
Cummings became interested in metabolic research as a pre-veterinary undergraduate student, when she worked for four years in an animal lab that studied metabolism and nutritional biology. "I fell in love with metabolism and nutrition," she says. "It stuck with me. Ultimately we all eat, so it's relevant to everyone, and obesity and diabetes rates are ever increasing."
When she went on to graduate school, she pursued dual degrees in physiology and veterinary medicine and struggled to figure out how to marry her two interests. "Then I heard about the latest findings that bariatric surgery seemed to cure diabetes," she says. "No one knew how. I thought, 'That's perfect. I'll use my veterinary skills to develop rodent models for bariatric surgery to understand metabolic disease better.'"


Oh and my first show was the epic Wembley 24th July 1989 show.
Lucky you, I can only imagine... And I totally agree with what you said.
I was there too. & it was, as you say, epic.
I love to read you talk about your shows !
Did they really do that! Im impressed. I also attended in copenhagen. It was really great. I wish i too could be in front!!
Oh yes they did How cool yes it was amazing.
I was down in the front row at Olympia 27/11/92 and suffering from the beginnings of flu.
and i was dreaming about going there one day from a distance, swooning over those ads in nme and mm....kmkmkm and prayer tour!


Naturopathic physicians (N.D.s or N.M.D.s) are general practitioners trained as specialists in natural medicine. They are educated in conventional medical sciences as well as complementary modalities. Naturopathic physicians treat disease and restore health using therapies from the sciences of clinical nutrition, botanical medicine, homeopathy, physical medicine, exercise therapy, counseling, Oriental medicine and acupuncture, natural childbirth, and hydrotherapy. They tailor these approaches to the needs of the individual patient. Naturopathic medicine is effective in treating most health problems, weather acute or chronic. Naturopathic physicians cooperate with all other branches of medical science, referring patients to other practitioners for diagnosis or treatment when appropriate.
In practice, naturopathic physicians perform physical exams, laboratory testing, gynecological exams, nutritional and dietary assessments, metabolic analysis, allergy testing, and other diagnostic tests. They are the only primary-care physicians clinically trained in the use of a wide variety of natural therapeutics. They combine and tailor these treatments to the needs of the individual based on cogent philosophy that acknowledges the patient as a participant.
The naturopathic physician has a Doctor of Naturopathic Medicine (N.D or N.M.D.) degree from a four-year, graduate-level, naturopathic medical college. In states where they are regulated, naturopathic physicians must pass a national and state-level board examination, and their actions are subject to review by a state Board of Examiners.
Throughout the four years of both classroom and clinical training, there is training in naturopathic therapeutics, including therapeutic nutrition, botanical medicine, homeopathy, natural childbirth, acupuncture, hydrotherapy, naturopathic manipulative therapy, and other therapies. Because the course work in natural therapeutics is added to a standard medical curriculum, naturopathic doctors receive significantly more hours of classroom education than graduates of many leading medical schools. In addition to classroom hours, naturopathic medical students do their clinical training in student clinics, various medical clinics and hospitals.
In addition, the naturopathic medical program at the University of Bridgeport in Bridgeport, CT, has candidate status for accreditation. The accrediting agency for naturopathic medical programs is the Council on Naturopathic Medical Education (CNME).The CNME is the only naturopathic accrediting body in the U.S. that is recognized by the U.S. Department of Education. Dr. Kargman received her naturopathic and acupuncture degrees from Southwest College of Naturopathic Medicine and Health Sciences in 1996 and 1997, respectively.
Clinical Nutrition. Nutrition and the therapeutic use of food have always been a cornerstone of naturopathic medicine. It refers to both the practice of using food to maintain health and the therapeutic use of food to treat illness. A growing body of scientific knowledge in this area is reflected by the numerous professional journals of nutrition and dietary sciences, validating the naturopathic approach to diet and nutrition. Many medical conditions can be treated effectively with foods and nutritional supplements as they can by any other means, but with fewer complications and side effects. Naturopathic physicians receive more than 140 classroom hours in clinical nutrition while most medical doctors receive fewer than 20.
Homeopathic Medicine. This powerful system of medicine is more than 200 years old, and is widely accepted in many other countries. This medical system uses highly diluted substances to cure illness. Homeopathic medicines act to strengthen the body's innate immune response and they rarely produce side effects. Some conditions which do not respond well to conventional medicine will respond to homeopathic therapies. Homeopathics are very safe for children, who respond particularly well to them.
Botanical Medicine. Many plant substances are powerful medicines, having advantages over pharmaceutical drugs. They are effective and safe when used properly, in the right dose and in the proper combinations with other herbs and treatments. There is much research being done demonstrating the efficacy of using botanicals in treating a variety of conditions. Naturopathic doctors are trained in both the art and science of botanical medicine.
Physical Medicine. In the last 100 years, various methods of applying treatments through the manipulation of muscles, bones and spine have been developed in the US. Naturopathic medicine has its own techniques, collectively known as Naturopathic Manipulative Therapy. Physical Medicine also includes but is not limited to physiotherapy using heat and cold, gentle electrical pulses, ultrasound, hydrotherapy, craniosacral therapy, and exercise therapy.
Natural Childbirth. Some naturopathic physicians who have completed additional specialty training provide natural childbirth care in an out-of-hospital setting. These physicians offer prenatal and postnatal care using the most modern diagnostic techniques. When natural childbirth is not medically indicated because of high risk, patients are referred for appropriate care. A naturopath's ability to practice natural childbirth varies legally from state to state.
Oriental Medicine. Naturopathic physicians are trained in the fundamentals of Oriental Medicine and diagnosis, and many use acupuncture, acupressure and oriental botanical medicine in their practices (see Acupuncture for more details).
Counseling and Stress Management. Mental attitudes and emotional states can be important elements in healing illness. Naturopathic physicians are trained in various psychological techniques, including counseling, nutritional balancing, stress management, hypnotherapy, biofeedback and other methods.
Minor Surgery. This includes repair of superficial wounds and removal of foreign bodies, cysts and other superficial masses with local anesthesia as needed.
The existence or absence (such as in Maryland) of naturopathic licencing laws may affect your doctor's scope of practice.
The Healing Power of Nature. Naturopathic medicine recognizes an inherent self-healing process in the person which is ordered and intelligent. Naturopathic physicians act to identify and remove obstacles to healing and recovery, and to facilitate and augment this inherent self-healing process.
First Do No Harm. Naturopathic physicians prefer non-invasive treatments which minimize the risks of harmful side effects. They are trained to know which patients they can treat safely, and which ones need to be referred to other healthcare professionals.
Find The Cause. Every illness has an underlying cause, often related to a variety of issues including aspects of lifestyle, diet, environment, or hereditary factors of the individual. A naturopathic physician seeks to remove the underlying cause of the disease, rather than merely eliminating or suppressing symptoms.
Treat The Whole Person. Health and disease come from a complex interaction of physical, emotional, spiritual, dietary, genetic, environmental, lifestyle and other factors. Naturopathic physicians treat the whole person, taking these factors into account.
Prevention. Naturopathic physicians emphasize the prevention of disease through assessing risk factors, heredity and susceptibility to disease and making appropriate interventions in partnership with their patients to prevent illness. Naturopathic medicine is committed to the creation of a healthy world in which humanity can thrive.
The American Association of Naturopathic Physicians (AANP) is the unifying professional association for naturopathic medicine. They support legislation to license and regulate naturopathic physicians in all states, in order to distinguish properly-trained physicians from lesser-trained individuals who may present a danger to public health. Dr. Kargman has been a member of the AANP since 1994.
Each state and territory determines whether or not naturopaths are state-licensed physicians. It is important, especially in states such as Maryland where there is no naturopathic licensing and regulation, to find out if your naturopath is a graduate of one of the 4 accredited schools, has passed the National Board Exam for naturopathic physicians (the NPLEX), and holds a license to practice naturopathic medicine in a state that does license naturopathic physicians. After graduating from Southwest College, Dr. Kargman completed and passed her NPLEX exams and was granted a license to practice medicine in the state of Arizona in 1997. She still maintains a current license from Arizona to practice medicine.
Currently 11 states and the US territories of Puerto Rico and US Virgin Islands have licensing laws for naturopathic physicians. These states are: Alaska, Arizona, Connecticut, Hawaii, Maine, Montana, New Hampshire, Oregon, Utah, Vermont, and Washington. In these states naturopaths are licensed primary-care physicians.
For more information about naturopathic medicine and physicians, or to find a naturopathic physician in your area, check out the AANP (American Association of Naturopathic Physicians) website at www.naturopathic.org.


text:
\section{Introduction}

The application to information technology has been a major motivation for the development of spintronic devices. Along this line of progress, efforts towards miniaturization of such devices made effects of geometric confinement a natural target of investigation. In particular, the spintronics related effects at the edge of two-dimensional (2D) thin films or heterostructures are of special interest, since most envisaged devices rely on this type of design. In this context, 2D metallic thin films with Rashba spin-orbit coupling (RSOC) have been studied \cite{Bychkov84,Bychkov84_2}, in parts, for the current induced spin-orbit torque (SOT) \cite{Manchon08,Manchon09,Haney10,Gambardella11,Pesin12,Haney13} and the spin Hall effect \cite{Hirsch99,Sinova04,Kato04,Valenzuela06,Sinova15}, both of which have been demonstrated in those devices for practical applications. Notable edge effects in this kind of Rashba systems include an equilibrium charge current induced by an in-plane magnetization pointing perpendicular to the edge \cite{Usaj05}, and an out-of-plane polarized edge spin current in the presence of a magnetic field or magnetization \cite{Reynoso04,Grigoryan09}. Besides, the out-of-plane polarized spin current occurs at the interface separating regions with and without RSOC \cite{Sablikov08}. Because the RSOC can be adjusted by a gate voltage, manipulating these edge effects under experimentally accessible condition should in principle be feasible.

In a recent work \cite{deSousa21_RSOC_nanoribbon}, we have demonstrated several peculiar spintronic effects caused by RSOC near the edge of yet another major category of 2D systems, namely the graphene nanoribbons. The investigation was motivated by features of nanoribbons that distinguish them from usual 2D metallic strips, including the linear dispersion at low-energy electronic spectrum \cite{Novoselov05,Zhou06,Geim07,CastroNeto09,Geim09,DasSarma11}, the existence of zero energy edge states \cite{Fujita96,Nakada96,Brey06,Ezawa06,Peres06,Akhmerov08,Tao11,Ruffieux16}, and the unusual magnetic responses at the edge \cite{Wakabayashi99,Lee05,Pisani07}. Moreover, experimental evidence suggests the possibility of a gate-controllable RSOC in some graphene heterostructures \cite{Yang16,Wang16_3,Yang17,Safeer19,Ghiasi19,Benitez20,Mendes15,
Wang15_3,Dushenko16,Leutenantsmeyer17,Rybkin18}, pointing to a way of realizing nanoribbons with RSOC. In the present work, we further demonstrate that some of the peculiar spintronic effects found in our previous study are in fact not unique to graphene nanoribbons, but rather universal features for geometrically confined 2D RSOC systems. Using a square lattice tight-binding model to simulate usual 2D metallic strips containing RSOC, we uncover the following spintronic effects similar to that in the graphene nanoribbons.

The first is a helical edge spin current of out-of-plane spin component that exists without any external field or magnetization. This current occurs because RSOC yields counter propagating modes for the two spin components by a spin dependent shift of the electronic momentum. A magnetization non-parallel to the edge then induces a charge current at the edge. In a ribbon geometry we observe situation where the charge current flows symmetric (non-chiral) or an antisymmetric (chiral) between the two ribbon edges, depending on whether the spin polarization is in-plane or out-of-plane, based on two different mechanisms.
Additionally, a transverse spin polarization appears, which is antisymmetric and tends to cause non-collinear magnetic order between the two edges. There are, however, situations where a net spin polarization can be generated, which would exert a spin torque on the magnetization. Because RSOC can be tuned by a gate voltage in the device, this mechanism yields a magnetoelectric torque without any bias voltage, which is very different from the standard SOT.

We structure this paper by introducing in Sec.~\ref{sec:lattice_model} our lattice model and the corresponding current operators, and then turn to Sec.~\ref{sec:Rashba_ladder} to solve the 2-leg ladder version of our model to demonstrate analytically the existence of edge currents and spin currents, as well as the existence of transverse spin polarization. In Sec.~\ref{sec:Rashba_strip}, we numerically demonstrate these phenomena for our model defined on a strip of finite width. Section \ref{sec:finite_torque} discusses several designs that can render a finite spin torque for practical applications. These results are then summarized in Sec.~\ref{sec:conclusions}.

\section{2D Rashba magnets}

\subsection{Lattice model of 2D magnets with RSOC \label{sec:lattice_model}}

The system under consideration is a 2D square lattice which we describe by tight-binding model including RSOC and a term controlling the spin polarization,
\begin{eqnarray}
H=&&-t\sum_{\langle ij\rangle \sigma}c_{i \sigma }^{\dag}c_{j\sigma} -\mu\sum_{i\sigma}c_{i\sigma}^{\dag}c_{i\sigma} +J_{ex}\sum_{i,\alpha,\beta}{\bf S}\cdot c_{i\alpha}^{\dag}{\boldsymbol \sigma}_{\alpha\beta}c_{i\beta}
 \nonumber \\
&& \quad +i\lambda_{R}\sum_{\langle ij\rangle,\alpha,\beta}c_{i\alpha}^{\dag}({\boldsymbol\sigma}_{\alpha\beta}\times{\hat{\bf d}}_{ij})^{z}c_{j\beta}  \nonumber \\
= && H_{t}+H_{J}+H_{RSOC}\;.
\label{By_SOC_lattice_Hamiltonian}
\end{eqnarray}
where $c_{i\sigma}$ is the annihilation operator of an electron at site $i=(x,y)$ and with spin $\sigma$,
$t $ is the hopping matrix element between neighboring sites $\langle ij\rangle$ which we take as the energy unit, $\mu$ is the chemical potential, and ${\bf S}=(S^{x},S^{y},S^{z})=S(\sin\theta\cos\phi,\sin\theta\sin\phi,\cos\theta)$ is a magnetization that couples locally to the spin via an exchange coupling $J_{ex}$. The RSOC has the coupling strength $\lambda_{R}$ and ${\hat {\bf d}}_{ij}=\left\{\pm{\hat{\bf x}},\pm{\hat{\bf y}}\right\}$ is the directed unit vector connecting site $i$ to the nearest-neighbor site $j$. Throughout the paper we use the relatively large parameter values $\lambda_{R}/t=J_{ex}|{\bf S}|/t=0.2$ for the sake of visualizing the effect on the band structure, but the phenomena we uncovered are certainly present at smaller and more realistic parameters.

We define the current operators from the time-evolution of the charge $n_{i}=\sum_{\sigma}c_{i\sigma}^{\dag}c_{i\sigma}$ and spin operators $m_{i}^{\nu}= \sum_{\alpha,\beta} c_{i\alpha}^{\dag}\sigma_{\alpha\beta}^{\nu}c_{i\beta}$ at site $i$, which can be rewritten as \cite{Zegarra20,Chen20_TIFMM}
\begin{eqnarray}
\dot{n}_{i}&=&\frac{i}{\hbar}\left[H,n_{i}\right]=\frac{i}{\hbar}\left[H_{t}+H_{R},n_{i}\right]
\nonumber \\
&=&-{\boldsymbol\nabla}\cdot{\bf J}_{i}^{0}=-\frac{1}{a}\sum_{\delta}J_{i,i+\delta}^{0},
\nonumber \\
\dot{m}_{i}^{\nu}&=&\frac{i}{\hbar}\left[H,m_{i}^{\nu}\right]=\frac{i}{\hbar}\left[H_{t}+H_{R},m_{i}^{\nu}\right]
+\frac{i}{\hbar}\left[H_{J},m_{i}^{\nu}\right]
\nonumber \\
&=&-{\boldsymbol\nabla}\cdot{\bf J}_{i}^{\nu}+\tau_{i}^{\nu}
\nonumber \\
&=&-\frac{1}{a}\sum_{\delta}J_{i,i+\delta}^{\nu}+\frac{2J_{ex}}{\hbar} \sum_{\alpha,\beta} \left({\bf S}\times c_{i\alpha}^{\dag} {\boldsymbol\sigma}_{\alpha\beta}c_{i\beta}\right)^{\nu},
\label{Mdot_1st}
\end{eqnarray}
where $\tau_{i}^{\nu}$ is interpreted as the spin torque that the magnetization excerts on the spin. $J_{i,i+\delta}^{\nu}$ denotes the charge and spin currents running from site $i$ to $i+\delta$, polarized along $\sigma^{\nu}=\left\{\sigma^{0},\sigma^{x},\sigma^{y},\sigma^{z}\right\}$, where $\delta=\left\{a,b\right\}$ represent the hopping directions along the two planar directions $ \{ \hat{\bf x}, \hat{\bf y} \}$, respectively . The resulting current operators along $a$ and $b$ directions are
\begin{eqnarray}
J_{i,i\pm a}^{\nu}&=&\frac{ia\,t}{\hbar} \sum_{\alpha,\beta} \left\{c_{i\pm a\alpha}^{\dag}\sigma_{\alpha\beta}^{\nu}c_{i\beta}
- c_{i\alpha}^{\dag}\sigma_{\alpha\beta}^{\nu}c_{i\pm a\beta}\right\}
\nonumber \\
&&\mp \frac{ia\lambda_{R}}{\hbar}\left\{
\sum_{\alpha} \left( c_{i\alpha}^{\dag}\sigma_{\alpha\uparrow}^{\nu}c_{i\pm a\downarrow} - c_{i\alpha}^{\dag}\sigma_{\alpha\downarrow}^{\nu}c_{i\pm a\uparrow} \right)\right.
\nonumber \\
&&\left. + \sum_{\beta} \left( c_{i\pm a\uparrow}^{\dag}\sigma_{\downarrow\beta}^{\nu}c_{i\beta}
- c_{i\pm a\downarrow}^{\dag}\sigma_{\uparrow\beta}^{\nu}c_{i\beta} \right) \right\},
\end{eqnarray}
\begin{eqnarray}
J_{i,i\pm b}^{\nu}&=&\frac{ib\,t}{\hbar} \sum_{\alpha,\beta} \left\{c_{i\pm b\alpha}^{\dag}\sigma_{\alpha\beta}^{\nu}c_{i\beta}
- c_{i\alpha}^{\dag}\sigma_{\alpha\beta}^{\nu}c_{i\pm b\beta}\right\}
\nonumber \\
&& \mp \frac{b\lambda_{R}}{\hbar}\left\{\sum_{\alpha} \left( c_{i\alpha}^{\dag}\sigma_{\alpha\uparrow}^{\nu}c_{i\pm b\downarrow} +c_{i\alpha}^{\dag}\sigma_{\alpha\downarrow}^{\nu}c_{i\pm b\uparrow} \right)    \right.
\nonumber \\
&&\left.+  \sum_{\beta} \left( c_{i\pm b\uparrow}^{\dag}\sigma_{\downarrow\beta}^{\nu}c_{i\beta}
 + c_{i\pm b\downarrow}^{\dag}\sigma_{\uparrow\beta}^{\nu}c_{i\beta} \right) \right\}   .
\end{eqnarray}
In general, $J_{i,i+\delta}^{\nu}$ and $J_{i+\delta,i}^{\nu}$ are not equal in the presence of boundaries. Thus, we use the following combinations to define the $\sigma^{\nu}$ component of the charge and spin current operators at site $i$ flowing along $\delta$ direction
\begin{eqnarray}
J_{\delta}^{\nu}(i)=\frac{1}{2}\left(J_{i,i+\delta}^{\nu}-J_{i+\delta,i}^{\nu}\right),
\label{lattice_spin_current_operator}
\end{eqnarray}
where the subscript denotes the direction of flow  and the superscript the spin polarization. In Appendix \ref{app:continuous_limit}, we demonstrate explicitly that in the continuous and small momentum limit, the Hamiltonian in Eq.~(\ref{By_SOC_lattice_Hamiltonian}) and the current operators in Eq.~(\ref{lattice_spin_current_operator}) recover the usual expressions of RSOC systems with parabolic bands. Finally, having the current operators defined, the equilibrium charge and spin currents are calculated by the expectation values $\langle J_{\delta}^{\nu}(i)\rangle=\sum_{n}\langle n|J_{\delta}^{\nu}(i)|n\rangle f(E_{n})$, where $|n\rangle$ is the $n$-th eigenstate with energy  $E_{n}$ for the lattice Hamiltonian, and $f(E_{n})=(e^{E_{n}/k_{B}T}+1)^{-1}$ is the Fermi distribution function. The bracket of the expectation value $\langle{\hat{\cal O}}\rangle\equiv {\hat{\cal O}}$ is often omitted in the discussion for simplicity. We have also verified that the expectation value of the continuity equation defined according to Eq.~(\ref{Mdot_1st}) vanishes on every site $\langle\dot{m}_{i}^{\nu}\rangle=\langle\dot{n}_{i}\rangle=0$ regardless the parameters and boundary conditions, such that the system remains at equilibrium.

\subsection{2-leg Rashba ladder \label{sec:Rashba_ladder}}

Before addressing a general 2D Rashba strip, we first examine the most narrow strip, a 2-leg ladder, to demonstrate analytically the realization of helical spin currents and the transverse spin susceptibility in equilibrium. For this purpose we adapt the model in Eq.~(\ref{By_SOC_lattice_Hamiltonian}) with a
2-leg ladder lattice structure which extended along ${\hat{\bf x}}$ direction. In particular, for this ladder we denote the electron operator as $c_{Ii\sigma}$
with the leg and rung index, $I=\left\{1,2\right\} $ and $i=\left\{1....N\right\}$, respectively, and the spin $ \sigma $. We then introduce the four-component spinor $\psi_{k_x} =\left(c_{1k_{x}\uparrow},c_{2k_{x}\uparrow},c_{1k_{x}\downarrow},c_{2k_{x}\downarrow}\right)$ with $c_{Ii\sigma}=\sum_{k_{x}}e^{ik_{x}r_{i}}c_{Ik_{x}\sigma}/\sqrt{N}$, defining the momentum $ k_x $ along the ladder. In this way we can rewrite the Hamiltonian in terms of a $4 \times 4$-matrix $H = \sum_{k_x} \psi_{k_x}^{\dag} H(k_x) \psi_{k_x}$, where we use
\begin{widetext}
\begin{eqnarray}
&&H(k_{x})=\left(\begin{array}{cccc}
\xi_{k}+J_{ex}S^{z} & -t & -2i\lambda_{R}X_{k}+J_{ex}S_{\perp}e^{-i\varphi} & i\lambda_{R} \\
-t & \xi_{k}+J_{ex}S^{z} & -i\lambda_{R} & -2i\lambda_{R}X_{k}+J_{ex}S_{\perp}e^{-i\varphi} \\
2i\lambda_{R}X_{k}+J_{ex}S_{\perp}e^{i\varphi} & i\lambda_{R} & \xi_{k}-J_{ex}S^{z} & -t \\
-i\lambda_{R} & 2i\lambda_{R}X_{k}+J_{ex}S_{\perp}e^{i\varphi} & -t & \xi_{k}-J_{ex}S^{z}
\end{array}\right),
\end{eqnarray}
with
 \begin{equation}
 \xi_{k}=-2t\cos k_{x}a-\mu,\;\;\;X_{k}=\sin k_{x}a,\;\;\;S_{\perp}=\sqrt{(S^{x})^{2}+(S^{y})^{2}}.
\end{equation}
\end{widetext}
Let us first discuss the situation without magnetization $({\bf S}={\bf 0})$, to analyze the effect of RSOC alone. Diagonalizing the Hamiltonian yields the eigenenergies
\begin{eqnarray}
&&E_{n_y}^{{\bf S=0}}(k_{x})=\xi_{k}\pm Z_{\pm k},
\nonumber \\
&&Z_{k\pm}=\left(t^{2}\pm 4X_{k}t\lambda_{R}+\lambda_{R}^{2}+4X_{k}^{2}\lambda_{R}^{2}\right)^{1/2},
\label{2leg_S0_Ek}
\end{eqnarray}
which are displayed in Fig.~\ref{fig:2leg_ladder_Ek_sigma} (a) for $n_y =\left\{1, \dots, 4\right\}$. This band structure can be easily understood: The usual 1D metallic $\cos k_{x}a$ band is split into two due to RSOC, one shifted by a positive and the other by a negative momentum. On top of this, the rung hopping and RSOC yield a splitting into high- and a low-energy bands corresponding to a anti-bonding and bonding configuration, respectively.

\begin{figure}[ht]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[clip=true,width=0.99\columnwidth]{2leg_ladder_Ek_sigma}
\caption{(a) The band structure of the 2-leg Rashba ladder in the absence of magnetization ${\bf S=0}$, where the colored points indicate the Fermi momenta assuming only the two lowest bands are filled. (b) The out-of-plane spin polarization on leg 1 contributed from filled eigenstates of the first $\langle\sigma^{z}_{1}\rangle_{1,k_{x}}$ and the second $\langle\sigma^{z}_{1}\rangle_{2,k_{x}}$ band multiplied by $\sin k_{x}a$. The integrations of these two curves are finite, yielding the helical edge spin current. (c) The band structure in the presence of an out-of-plane magnetization ${\bf S}\parallel{\hat{\bf z}}$, and (d) the transverse spin polarization on leg 1 contributed from the two bands $\langle\sigma^{y}_{1}\rangle_{1,k_{x}}$ and $\langle\sigma^{y}_{1}\rangle_{2,k_{x}}$, which integrate to finite. }
\label{fig:2leg_ladder_Ek_sigma}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

For the eigenstate $|u_{n_{y},k_{x}}\rangle$ of the $n_{y}$-th band with momentum $k_{x}$, we determine the out-of-plane spin polarization as $\langle u_{n_{y},k_{x}}|\sigma^{z}_{I}|u_{n_{y},k_{x}}\rangle\equiv\langle\sigma^{z}_{I}\rangle_{n_{y},k_{x}}$ on leg $I$:
\begin{eqnarray}
&&\langle\sigma^{z}_{1}\rangle_{1,k_{x}}=-\langle\sigma^{z}_{2}\rangle_{1,k_{x}}
=-\langle\sigma^{z}_{1}\rangle_{2,k_{x}}=\langle\sigma^{z}_{2}\rangle_{2,k_{x}}=\frac{\lambda_{R}}{2Z_{k-}},
\nonumber \\
&&-\langle\sigma^{z}_{1}\rangle_{3,k_{x}}=\langle\sigma^{z}_{2}\rangle_{3,k_{x}}
=\langle\sigma^{z}_{1}\rangle_{4,k_{x}}=-\langle\sigma^{z}_{2}\rangle_{4,k_{x}}=\frac{\lambda_{R}}{2Z_{k+}}.
\nonumber \\
\label{2leg_spin_expect}
\end{eqnarray}
The form of $Z_{k\pm}$ in Eq.~(\ref{2leg_S0_Ek}) indicates that the spin polarization is neither symmetric nor antisymmetric under reversal of $k_x$, i.e.:
\begin{eqnarray}
\langle\sigma_{I}^{z}\rangle_{n_{y},k_{x}}\neq\pm\langle\sigma_{I}^{z}\rangle_{n_{y},-k_{x}}.
\label{S0_sigmaz_symmetry}
\end{eqnarray}
According to the last equation in Eq.~(\ref{current_momentum_space}), the out-of-plane polarized spin current $ J_{x,I}^z $, on the two legs $I=1,2$ at zero temperature is given by
\begin{eqnarray}
&&J_{x,1}^{z}=-J_{x,2}^{z}
\nonumber \\
&&=\frac{2ta}{\hbar}\sum_{n_{y}}\int_{k_{F,n_{y}}^{-}}^{k_{F,n_{y}}^{+}}\frac{dk_{x}}{2\pi}\langle\sigma^{z}_{1}\rangle_{n_{y},k_{x}}\sin k_{x}a,
\label{2leg_Jz1_Jz2}
\end{eqnarray}
where $ k_{F,n_{y}}^{\pm} $ are the two Fermi points of each band $ n_y $ with the superscript $ +,- $ indicating the right- and left-hand-side Fermi momentum ($ k_{F,n_{y}}^{+} > k_{F,n_{y}}^{-} $), as indicated by the colored points in Fig.~\ref{fig:2leg_ladder_Ek_sigma}. This corresponds to integration of the function $\left(\lambda_{R}/2Z_{k\pm}\right)\times\sin k_{x}a$ over all the occupied states according to Eq.~(\ref{2leg_spin_expect}), yielding a nonzero value. Note that for completely filled bands, $ k_{F,n_{y}}^{\pm} = \pm \pi $ yielding a zero contribution.
Fig.~\ref{fig:2leg_ladder_Ek_sigma} (b) shows the integrand $\langle\sigma^{z}_{1}\rangle_{n_{y},k_{x}}\sin k_{x}a$ in Eq.~(\ref{2leg_Jz1_Jz2}) for the two lowest bands $E_{1}$ and $E_{2}$ used in the panel (a), which are partially filled.
The two legs possess opposite currents $J_{x,1}^{z}=-J_{x,2}^{z}$ and represent, thus, a helical edge spin current.

Turning on the magnetization ${\bf S}\parallel{\hat{\bf z}}$, the eigenenergies  become
\begin{eqnarray}
&&E_{n_y}^{\bf S\parallel{\hat z}}(k_{x})=\xi_{k}\pm\sqrt{t^{2}+\lambda_{R}^{2}+Y_{k}
\pm\sqrt{t^{2}Y_{k}}},
\nonumber \\
&&Y_{k}=J_{ex}^{2}S^{2}+4\lambda_{R}^{2}X_{k}^{2},
\end{eqnarray}
as displayed in Fig.~\ref{fig:2leg_ladder_Ek_sigma} (c). A key feature of this case is the non-vanishing $\langle\sigma_{I}^{y}\rangle_{n_{y},k_{x}}$, orthogonal to ${\bf S}\parallel{\hat{\bf z}}$, whose analytical expression is omitted here, as it is rather lengthy. Nevertheless, $\langle\sigma_{I}^{y}\rangle_{n_{y},k_{x}}$ is neither symmetric nor antisymmetric under inversion of momentum
\begin{eqnarray}
\langle\sigma_{I}^{y}\rangle_{n_{y},k_{x}}\neq\pm\langle\sigma_{I}^{y}\rangle_{n_{y},-k_{x}},
\label{Salongz_sigmay_symmetry}
\end{eqnarray}
as shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:2leg_ladder_Ek_sigma} (d) for the two partially filled bands. The presence of RSOC is essential as the magnetization vanishes otherwise, and it is antisymmetric between the two legs,
\begin{eqnarray}
\langle\sigma_{1}^{y}\rangle_{n_{y},k_{x}}=-\langle\sigma_{2}^{y}\rangle_{n_{y},-k_{x}}.
\end{eqnarray}
As a result, the partially filled bands contribute to a net transverse spin poalrization orthogonal to the $ {\bf S} $ and opposite in sign between the two legs, as given by
\begin{eqnarray}
\langle\sigma^{y}_{1}\rangle=-\langle\sigma^{y}_{2}\rangle=\sum_{n_{y}}
\int_{k_{F,n_{y}}^{-}}^{k_{F,n_{y}}^{+}}\frac{dk_{x}}{2\pi}\langle\sigma_{1}^{y}\rangle_{n_{y},k_{x}}
\end{eqnarray}
Moreover, according to Eq.~(\ref{current_momentum_space}), the charge current flowing in the ladder direction $J_{x}^{0}$ contains two terms. The first term is the usual hopping term calculated by the integration of $\propto\langle\sigma_{I}^{0}\rangle_{n_{y},k_{x}}\sin k_{x}a$, which vanishes because $\langle\sigma_{I}^{0}\rangle_{n_{y},k_{x}}=1/2$ and $\sum_{n_y} \int_{k_{F,n_{y}}^{+}}^{k_{F,n_{y}}^{-}}\sin k_{x}a\,dk_{x}=0$, as can be easily seen considering Fig.~\ref{fig:2leg_ladder_Ek_sigma} (c). However, the second term contributes to a finite current
\begin{eqnarray}
&&J_{x,1}^{0}=-J_{x,2}^{0}
\nonumber \\
&&=\frac{2\lambda_{R}a}{\hbar}\sum_{n_{y}}
\int_{k_{F,n_{y}}^{-}}^{k_{F,n_{y}}^{+}}\frac{dk_{x}}{2\pi}
\langle\sigma_{1}^{y}\rangle_{n_{y},k_{x}}\cos k_{x}a,
\end{eqnarray}
whose flow direction is opposite between the two legs, indicating a chiral edge charge current.

In summary, this two-leg ladder model gives an analytical account for the important features we will discuss now for strips of larger width. We find a helical spin edge current with out-of-plane spin orientation caused by RSOC. Moreover, the spin polarization ${\bf S\parallel{\hat{z}}}$ induces a transverse spin polarization $\langle\sigma^{y}\rangle$ of opposite sign on the two legs, accompanied by a chiral (charge) current on the legs.

\subsection{Edge currents and magnetoelectric torque in a 2D RSOC strip \label{sec:Rashba_strip}}

We proceed now with the Hamiltonian in Eq.~(\ref{By_SOC_lattice_Hamiltonian}) defined on a 2D strip with periodic boundary condition (PBC) along ${\hat{\bf x}}$ and open boundary condition (OBC) along ${\hat{\bf y}}$. The numerical calculation is performed including different magnetizations ${\bf S}\parallel\left\{{\hat{\bf x}},{\hat{\bf y}},{\hat{\bf z}}\right\}$. The results are presented in Fig.~\ref{fig:2DEGRashbamag_S0xyz} for the following cases:

(i) ${\bf S=0}$: In the absence of magnetization, the RSOC alone causes bulk equilibrium spin currents $J_{x}^{y}$ and $J_{y}^{x}$ \cite{Rashba03,Rashba05,Sonin07,Tokatly08}, as displayed in Fig.~\ref{fig:2DEGRashbamag_S0xyz} (a). In addition, we observe the edge spin current $J_{x}^{z}$ out-of-plane polarized, whose magnitude is largest near the edges, and oscillates with distance from the edge, a feature inherited from the Friedel oscillation. The pattern of this spin current is antisymmetric between the two edges, indicating a helical edge spin current. Color-coding the band structure according to the spin of the corresponding eigenstate wave functions at $y=1$, spin up (blue) and spin down (green), we see that states with $ +k_x $ and $ -k_x $ have often opposite spin, indicating the existence of $J_{x}^{z}$. These features of $\left\{J_{x}^{y},J_{y}^{x},J_{x}^{z}\right\}$ remain valid even in the presence of magnetization $ {\bf S} $.

(ii) ${\bf S}\parallel{\hat{\bf x}}$: For a magnetization pointing along the strip, the pattern of the spin current is practically unchanged to the case of ${\bf S=0}$. Naturally, a longitudinal spin polarization $\langle\sigma^{x}\rangle $ is induced.
Since there are no new qualitative feature otherwise, we omit this case in Fig.~\ref{fig:2DEGRashbamag_S0xyz}.

(iii) ${\bf S}\parallel{\hat{\bf y}}$: In this case a charge current $J_{x}^{0}$ occurs close to the edge and is diminished in the center of the strip. This edge current oscillates with distance from the edge, is symmetric between the two edges and, hence, non-chiral. Its occurrence is due to a shift in the band structure, which becomes asymmetric between $+k_{x}$ and $-k_{x}$ because of the in-plane magnetization\cite{Gambardella11}.
In addition, the spin polarization near the edge develops an out-of-plane component $\langle\sigma^{z}\rangle$, rendering a local spin torque according to the Landau-Lifshitz dynamics
\begin{eqnarray}
\frac{d{\bf S}_{i}}{dt}=\frac{J_{ex}}{\hbar}\langle{\boldsymbol\sigma}_{i}\rangle\times{\bf S}_{i}.
\label{Landau_Lifshitz_dynamics}
\end{eqnarray}
However, because $\langle\sigma^{z}\rangle$ is antisymmetric between the two edges, the net torque is zero and, thus, does not flip the magnetization on a mesoscopic scale. Instead, the local torque has the tendency to cause non-collinear polarization between the two edges, i.e., effectively a Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction (DMI) on the mesoscopic scale.

(iii) ${\bf S}\parallel{\hat{\bf z}}$: In this case, a charge edge current $J_{x}^{0}$ also occurs, but having opposite direction on the two edges indicates that the current is a chiral edge current. Combining with the ${\bf S}\parallel{\hat{\bf y}}$ case above, this suggests that the chirality of $J_{x}^{0}$ can be controlled by the direction of magnetization. The coloring of the band structure in Fig.~\ref{fig:2DEGRashbamag_S0xyz}(c) allows us to judge whether the eigenstate wave functions of given $k_x $ are localized more to the right or to left edge, from which the origin of the chiral edge current can be understood.
Moreover, a transverse spin polarization $\langle\sigma^{y}\rangle$ antisymmetric between the two edges is induced, which again yields the local torque and mesoscopic DMI according to Eq.~(\ref{Landau_Lifshitz_dynamics}) and practically retraces the spatial dependence of the charge current.

In Appendix \ref{app:symmetry_current_spin}, we demonstrate that the patterns of charge/spin currents and spin polarizations between the two edges are in agreement with the expectations from the symmetry properties of the system, in particular the mirror reflections. Comparing the three magnetization directions $ {\bf S} $, we find that the local torque can be written in the form
\begin{eqnarray}
\left.\frac{d{\bf S}_{i}}{dt}\right|_{\bf S\parallel\left\{{\hat{\bf x}},{\hat{\bf y}},{\hat{\bf z}}\right\}}\propto {\bf S}\times\left({\bf S}\times{\hat{\bf x}}\right),
\label{spin_torque_damping_like}
\end{eqnarray}
which corresponds to a damping-like torque defined with respect to the strip direction (${\hat{\bf x}}$), and is in complete agreement with the symmetry argument in Appendix \ref{app:symmetry_current_spin}. We close this section by mentioning that although we focus on Rashba systems here, in Appendix \ref{app:Dresselhaus_SOC} we demonstrate that these edge currents and transverse spin polarizations are in fact universal features for any type of antisymmetric spin-orbit coupling that can be obtained from the RSOC by a unitary transformation, such as the Dresselhaus spin-orbit coupling. Because the unitary transformation rotates the spin quantization axis, these effects occur when the magnetization is oriented accordingly in the appropriate direction.

\begin{figure}[ht]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[clip=true,width=0.99\columnwidth]{2DEGRashbamag_S0xyz}
\caption{(a) The numerical result of 2D Rashba strip in the absence of magnetization ${\bf S=0}$. The band structure (left) is colored according to the spin at the edge $y=1$ of the eigenstates. The spin current $J_{\beta}^{\alpha}$ polarized in $\alpha$-direction and flowing along $\beta$-direction is shown in the right panel, where we see the bulk spin current $J_{x}^{y}$ and $J_{y}^{x}$ due to RSOC, and in addition an out-of-plane polarized helical edge spin current $J_{x}^{z}$. (b) The ${\bf S}\parallel{\hat{\bf y}}$ situation, whose band structure is asymmetric between $+k_{x}$ and $-k_{x}$, resulting in a laminar edge current $J_{x}^{0}$ that is symmetric between the two edges. In addition, a transverse spin polarization $\langle\sigma^{z}\rangle$ is induced. (c) For the ${\bf S}\parallel{\hat{\bf z}}$ case, the band structure is colored according to the wave function at the left $y=1$ and right $y=N_{y}$ edges, which indicates a chiral edge current $J_{x}^{0}$ that is antisymmetric between the two edges. In addition, a transverse spin polarization $\langle\sigma^{y}\rangle$ is induced, which almost has the same pattern as the $J_{x}^{0}$. }
\label{fig:2DEGRashbamag_S0xyz}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[ht]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[clip=true,width=0.99\columnwidth]{magrange_flake}
\caption{(a) Spin polarization $\sigma^{y}$ as a function of transverse coordinate $y$ in partially magnetized RSOC strip, with the three panels represent different ranges of magnetization closer the $y=1$ edge. The averaged spin polarization in the magnetized region is indicated by $\overline{\sigma_{FM}^{y}}$. (b) A possible realization of this set up, which consists of Co deposited closer to one edge of a Pt  or GaAs strip. An electric field produced by a gate voltage tunes the RSOC, which is predicated to cause a magnetoelectric torque, and no bias voltage is needed. For the quantum confinement effect to take place, the width of the strip in the ${\hat{\bf y}}$ direction should be of the order of $\sim 10$nm, but the length in the ${\hat{\bf x}}$ direction is not restricted. }
\label{fig:magrange_flake}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Engineering a finite magnetoelectric torque \label{sec:finite_torque}}

To raise the magnetoelectric torque to practical usage, one must design a situation where the torque does not average to zero on a mesoscopic scale, as it happens in our simple strip above.  We suggest two situations that can resolve this problem. The first is by introducing a spatial dependent magnetization, e.g.  the exchange coupling term $H_{J}$ in Eq.~(\ref{By_SOC_lattice_Hamiltonian}) exists only for sites $i=(x,y)$ that are within a range to one of the two edges, say $y\leq N_{y,mag}$. In this situation, we can use the spin polarization averaged over this region $\overline{\sigma^{\alpha}_{FM}}=\sum_{y=1}^{N_{y,mag}}\sigma^{\alpha}_{y}/N_{y,mag}$ to quantify the torque. As shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:magrange_flake} (a) for ${\bf S}\parallel{\hat{\bf z}}$, we indeed see that in this set up, there is a finite spin polarization as large as $\overline{\sigma^{\alpha}_{FM}}\sim 10^{-5}$ in our parameters $J_{ex}|{\bf S}|=\lambda_{R}=0.2$, which would give a torque of magnitude $\sim$ GHz, comparable to that of SOT in typical devices.
Drawing analogy with the usual SOT set up, this partially magnetized situation suggests the device shown schematically in Fig.~\ref{fig:magrange_flake} (b), where a narrow Co film is deposited closer to one edge of a thin Pt or GaAs strip. The width of the device must be narrow enough ($\sim 10$nm) for the quantum confinement effect to take place. Note that a gate voltage can efficiently tune the RSOC, as has been demonstrated in semiconductor heterostructures \cite{Schultz96,Nitta97,Nitta98,Heida98,Miller03,Hinz06,Studer09,
Koo09,Liang12,Takase17,Chen18_tunable_SOC,Froning21}, and also hinted by the experiments in heavy metal thin films \cite{Dushenko18}. Provided a magnetization can be incorporated into these devices, a magnetoelectric torque should be induced by the gate voltage without applying any bias voltage. In particular, recent experiments on Fe/GaAs\cite{Chen18_FeGaAs} and oxide-capped Pt/Co\cite{Emori14,Mishra19,Liu14_Efield_SOT} suggest the controllability of RSOC by a gate voltage in these heterostructures.

Another geometry that can realize a finite torque is the small, irregularly shaped nanoflake for which symmetry related cancelling effects are suppressed.  As shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:2DEG_nanoflake} (a) for an L-shaped nanoflake, the equilibrium charge current caused by the out-of-plane magnetization ${\bf S}\parallel{\hat{\bf z}}$ still exists, but turns into a complex pattern of currents that flows throughout the nanoflake. This suggests that the equilibrium charge and spin currents may occur ubiquitously in polycrystalline thin films that contain small magnetic domains or grain boundaries, in which the current pattern depends on the shape of the grain. Moreover, the in-plane spin polarization shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:2DEG_nanoflake} (b) has a nonzero average of the order of $\overline{\sigma^{x}}\sim\overline{\sigma^{y}}\sim 10^{-4}$ (in units of Bohr magneton $\mu_{B}$) per site, which would yield a very large spin torque $\sim 10$GHz, although it varies significantly with the size and shape of the nanoflake. Our result suggests that geometric confinement can play a very important role in the magnetization dynamics of nanometer scale devices, and may further be used to engineer the spin torque in these devices, provided the shape of the device is fabricated in a controlled manner.

\begin{figure}[ht]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[clip=true,width=0.99\columnwidth]{2DEG_nanoflake}
\caption{(a) The network of equilibrium charge current $J^{0}$ in a small L-shaped RSOC nanoflake with out-of-plane magnetization ${\bf S}\parallel{\hat{\bf z}}$. The largest black arrow corresponds to current $0.039$ in units of $et/\hbar$. (b) The in-plane spin polarization in this configuration, where the largest purple arrow corresponds to spin polarization $0.041$ in units of Bohr magneton. The average in-plane spin polarization per site is $\overline{\sigma^{x}}=-8.7\times 10^{-4}$ and $\overline{\sigma^{y}}=3.6\times 10^{-4}$ in units of Bohr magneton $\mu_{B}$.  }
\label{fig:2DEG_nanoflake}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

\section{Conclusions \label{sec:conclusions}}

In summary, using a tight-binding model, we analyze a number of peculiar spintronic effects near the edge of 2D Rashba systems with strip geometry. The first is an out-of-plane polarized helical edge spin current due to RSOC. Second, introducing a magnetization perpendicular to the edge induces an edge current, which can be chiral or non-chiral depending on whether  the magnetization is oriented in-plane or out-of-plane. In addition, the spin polarization develops a component that is orthogonal to the direction of the magnetization, which serves as a local spin torque that tends to create non-collinear order between the two edges. The net torque can be finite in certain systems if the magnetization is not uniform, and it is found to be damping-like defined with respect to the edge direction as described by Eq.~(\ref{spin_torque_damping_like}). Alternatively, a nanoflake of irregular shape can also have a finite torque. Because previous investigation also unveil similar phenomena for graphene nanoribbons, this indicates that these phenomena are generic effects of the RSOC independent of lattice structure, low energy band structures, and whether localized edge states exists or not. The tunability of RSOC by a gate voltage further may allow for the controllability of these effects, which could help to observe them in reality. Finally, we elaborate that similar effects also manifest in other types of spin-orbit coupling that can be obtained from RSOC by a unitary transformation, such as the Dresselhaus spin-orbit coupling, provided the magnetization points in an appropriate direction, suggesting that these effects may occur abundantly in spin-orbit coupled systems.

\begin{acknowledgments}
We would like to thank P. Gambardella, C. O. Avci, J. Moodera, and M. S. M. de Sousa for stimuating discussions. M.S. was financially supported by a grant of the Swiss National Science Foundation (Grant No. 184739). W. C. acknowledges the support from the productivity in research fellowship of CNPq.
\end{acknowledgments}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


For first year undergraduate students there are nearly 1,000 places in halls of residence available; around three-quarters of those who apply are offered a place.
The University of Westminster has four halls of residence: two in central London (Alexander Fleming and Marylebone Hall), one in Harrow (Harrow Halls) and one in Wembley (iQ Raffles House).
Both Harrow and Wembley residences are well-served by public transport; students can reach the central London campuses in around 20–30 minutes.
iQ Raffles House is located in Wembley and is on the same development as Wembley Stadium and Wembley Arena, so there's always something going on. Raffles House is also only two stops from Harrow campus, where the Students' Union is based. The shops of Wembley are a short walk away and provide a range of local options.
Harrow Halls is located on campus. It's a short bus ride into Harrow with its lively town centre, where students can find a wide range of shops, an art centre and a multiplex cinema.
Baker Street is only 20 minutes away, but it is also easy to escape the hustle and bustle of central London and visit the picturesque country villages and towns of the Home Counties.
London is one of the most diverse cities in the world; with more than 170 museums, over 800 art galleries and 200 professional theatres, students can visit a different show every weekend. Combine this with over 6,000 restaurants and 4,500 pubs and bars, there is always somewhere to eat, drink and relax.
Within walking distance of the university's three London campuses are three of the biggest shopping streets – Oxford Street, Regent Street and Bond Street. There are also famous London attractions including Tower Bridge, Buckingham Palace, Southbank, Brick Lane and Soho.
The University of Westminster has three campuses located under five minutes walk from central London Tube stations. The Harrow campus in north-west London is only 20 minutes by Tube from central London.


text:
Q: Trying to save data after reading .p12 file into mongo gives me Error Trying to save .p12 private key file for a service key account for domain wide delegation gets me an error.
Exception: Illegal params - strings in documents must be valid UTF-8

What I am trying is while uploading the file, read the content and then store it in the mongo db.
I tried bson.Binary, unicode, str(utf-8) etc. But some way its giving problem.
Any ways to properly do this ?


text:
Beth Harmon's (Anya Taylor-Joy) audiences, spectators and fans alike, grew with each chess match she took part in. The same can be said of The Queen's Gambit, as the limited series has now become Netflix's biggest to date.
Launched in October, the seven-episode drama from Godless' Scott Frank and based on Walter Tevis' 1983 book, has taken the streaming platform by storm. New statistics reveal that 62 million households have tuned into Beth's mesmerizing matches within the first 28 days of The Queen's Gambit's release.
Could 'The Queen's Gambit' Return for Season 2 on Netflix?
Will Beth Harmon be back for another round of chess?
The show has ranked within the platform's Top 10 in 92 countries and has clocked in at number one in 63 countries.
The series centers on chess prodigy Beth who becomes addicted to tranquilizers while growing up in an orphanage. After she's adopted, Beth finds solace in competing but her unhealthy habits make for a rocky journey of self-discovery that ultimately lead her to a path of competitive success.
(Credit: PHIL BRAY/NETFLIX)
"Her success — against the odds — speaks to the importance of perseverance, family, and finding, and staying true to, yourself," said Netflix's Vice President of Original Series, Peter Friedlander. "However, I don't think any of us could have predicted that The Queen's Gambit — and the extraordinary Anya Taylor-Joy — would become the global phenomena they are today, or our biggest limited scripted series ever."
Along with being a major ratings hit for Netflix, the show has sparked renewed interest in the actual game of chess as well as the book. Sales for The Queen's Gambit novel have placed it on The New York Times bestseller list 37 years after its release and new players on Chess.com have increased five fold.
With the spell that the Queen's Gambit has cast, you could call it a checkmate.
The Queen's Gambit, Season 1, Streaming now, Netflix


text:
Q: Run-time 3464 in Access VBA. Trying to open a recordset with SQL select statement I'm having trouble trying to get this code to work:
Public Sub GetDepot()
    Dim fs As Date
    Dim ss As Long

    fs = CurrentDb.OpenRecordset("SELECT Max(fldMovementDate) FROM [tblMovements] WHERE [fldMovementTypeIdfk] =1")(0)

    ss = CurrentDb.OpenRecordset("SELECT(fldMovementLocationIdfk) FROM [tblMovements]  WHERE [fldMovementDate]= '" & fs & "'")(0)

    MsgBox (ss)
End Sub

Ultimately I am trying to populate a textbox on a form with from its last depot location. The debug picks out where I am trying to set the ss variable. There is something going wrong with my SQL statement and have tried various things to correct it but to no avail. I have also tried storing the variable as different data types thinking that this might be where I've gone wrong but again this approach as yet hasn't worked to fix the problem.
The MsgBox at the end was just there to help try and debug but the code isn't getting that far. I understand that I will need to add more to this Sub to get it to complete what I need but cant get it any further.
I've also tried setting a MsgBox up to show what the fs variable is storing and this seems to be showing a correct date i.e. 18/02/16.
If any one could help it would be massively appreciated!

A: Use DMax and DLookup for this:
fs = DMax("fldMovementDate", "[tblMovements]", "[fldMovementTypeIdfk] = 1")

ss = DLookup("fldMovementLocationIdfk", "[tblMovements]", "[fldMovementDate]= #" & Format(fs, "yyyy\/mm\/dd") & "#")

Or do like this:
Public Sub GetDepot()

    Dim rs As DAO.Recordset
    Dim ss As Long

    Set rs = CurrentDb.OpenRecordset("SELECT TOP 1 fldMovementLocationIdfk FROM [tblMovements] WHERE [fldMovementTypeIdfk] = 1 ORDER BY fldMovementDate DESC")

    ss = rs(0).Value
    rs.Close

    Set rs = Nothing

    MsgBox (ss)

End Sub`


Launch a project – MJCZone Inc.
The first step in the process with us is simply to have a conversation; whether we partner now or sometime in the future. We'd love to get to know you, and your vision. Maybe just having someone to talk with about your project will give you some additional insight and ideas. We never hard-sell. We like to build relationships.
Tell us a bit about yourself and your project, and the best way to reach you. We'll be in touch, usually within 24 hours or the next business day.


Just like your... ABORT THIS JOKE!
I currently own 6 cars (don't judge). Only one of which is driveable.
My previous daily driver, a Peugeot 505 2.5 GTD has been engineless for 6 months, I haven't driven it for about 8 months due to high oil consumption. An engine rebuild is on schedule, but the schedule keeps slipping.
The Peugeot 505 V6 has a healthy engine, but it has rust issues. This isn't a huge problem. The real problem is a collapsed front suspension, which in itself could be a quick fix if the car didn't have ABS. See, the ABS version had specific suspensions, which are not available anymore. The best solution is to get rid of the ABS, especially since the ABS rings are so worn that the sensors won't ever be able to get a clear signal. But getting rid of the ABS means changing the whole system and the pedals, from what I've heard, so it's not an easy task. Moving on.
The 4 door Bel Air is currently on the lift, as it has been sitting for about 2 months now. The rebuilt engine is neatly placed near it under a blanket, so it doesn't get dusty while I prepare the engine compartment and the front suspensions.
The Mégane is ready to be registered, I drove it the whole last week while doing the necessary paperwork for the import on a temporary German plate. The only roadblock is French administration, which requires you to make an appointment to register a car.
I made an appointment last Sunday on their online platform, thinking I'd take the last day of the week, so I have all the week to get the necessary papers, the available slots were Thursday or Friday anyway. So I got there on Friday morning. For about 5 minutes, the clerk looks for my appointment, only to discover that my appointment was the week after. They have a freaking wait of 2 weeks! The thing is, the appointments are for 5 minutes, which is a bit more than the time they need for the registration, and nobody came in that time despite the schedule being full. So had she done her freaking job instead of looking for my name, I would have my car registered by now! Gotta love Administration. And it is planned to get worse in the upcoming months. Yeah.
While parked near a wall last week, I noticed that the Pajero made a suspicious sound when I released the clutch in neutral. I asked my father to listen to it yesterday morning, and he confirmed what I thought: worn bearings, transmission rebuilt needed. And keeping driving would make the rebuild unnecessary/impossible. He lend me his Peugeot Partner to get to work. The thing is, my parents need their car too.
That leaves me with one driveable car, and that's a 57 year old american land yacht. Could be worse, but come on!


The ruby shell is something many of us use but rarely think about. In this talk, I will be digging in to the ruby shell to find out how it works and how we could build our own.
Steven is a software engineer at Springbuk. He writes flawless backend Ruby, pristine frontend React, and has never pushed a bug to production.
Join Nic for a talk about web accessibility. How easy it is to implement, why it matters, and how you can increase your user base without internationalizing your product. This talk will focus primarily on vision-based disabilities and the options to make your sites/apps delightful for them.
While Nic's official title is "iOS Engineer who also contributes to the web team" he typically just goes by "Software Engineer". As a remote employee of Big Nerd Ranch, Nic is currently focusing on accessibility issues on a project at a Fortune 500 company and studying computer vision.


text:
Walter Livingston (* 27. November 1740 in Clermont, Columbia County, Provinz New York; † 14. Mai 1797 in New York City) war ein US-amerikanischer Politiker. In den Jahren 1784 und 1785 war er Delegierter für New York im Kontinentalkongress.

Werdegang
Walter Livingston entstammte einer bekannten Politikerfamilie. Er war der Sohn von Robert Livingston (1708–1790), der ein einflussreicher Industrieller und Händler im kolonialen Amerika war. Sein Onkel Phillip (1716–1778) war ein Händler, Politiker und Unterzeichner der Unabhängigkeitserklärung der Vereinigten Staaten. Walter Livingstons Sohn Henry (1768–1810) wurde Kongressabgeordneter für New York. Ein weiterer Nachfahre ist der 1943 geborene Kongressabgeordnete Bob Livingston.

Livingston arbeitete als Händler und Rechtsanwalt. In den 1770er Jahren schloss er sich der Revolutionsbewegung an. Im April und Mai 1775 gehörte er dem ersten Provinzialkongress seiner Heimat an. In den Jahren 1774 und 1775 war er auch Richter im Albany County. Von 1775 bis 1776 war er Staatsbeauftragter für Ladengeschäfte und Nachschub (Commissary of stores and provisions for the department of New York). Zwischen 1777 und 1779 saß er in der New York State Assembly, deren Präsident er im Jahr 1778 war.  Von 1784 bis 1785 vertrat er seinen Staat im Kontinentalkongress. 1784 gehörte er auch einer Kommission zur genauen Bestimmung des Grenzverlaufs zwischen New York und Massachusetts an. Im Jahr 1785 wurde er zum Commissioner im US-Finanzministerium ernannt. Walter Livingston starb am 14. Mai 1797 in New York City.

Weblinks

Mitglied des Kontinentalkongresses
Sprecher der New York State Assembly
Politiker (18. Jahrhundert)
Richter (New York)
Rechtsanwalt (Vereinigte Staaten)
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1740
Gestorben 1797
Mann


text:
Warner denies involvement in FIFA scandal
Jack Warner (Getty Images)
Lebese, Mathoho nursing injuries
Gomez set to return for Germany
Isco joins mounting Spanish injury list
Berlin - Disgraced football official Jack Warner on Wednesday denied any wrongdoing in the awarding of the 2006 World Cup to Germany over a document appearing to link him to the ongoing scandal.
"I have never, ever had any agreement of any kind with anyone on Germany's hosting of the 2006 World Cup," wrote Warner in an email to broadcaster Sport 1.
"I have said a thousand times that I have no intention of talking or writing to anyone about my 30 years sojourn in FIFA.
"Nor do I have no intention (sic) of joining the international media circus whose only objective seems to be demean and denigrate."
On Tuesday, the German Football Association (DFB) confirmed reports of a draft agreement, signed in part by Franz Beckenbauer, who was chairman of the 2006 World Cup's organising committee, which German daily Bild claims was aimed at buying "votes for the German bid".
The draft contract, which reportedly offered a lucrative friendly against Germany, but no cash, is with Warner, the ex-president of the Confederation of North, Central American and Caribbean Association Football (CONCACAF) who is banned for life by FIFA.
But it remains unclear whether the document was ever used.
German football has lurched into a crisis over Spiegel magazine's report last month alleging that the votes of four members of FIFA's executive committee were bought in 2000, when Germany narrowly won the vote to host the 2006 finals.
At the centre of the scandal is a $7.2-million payment, which is alleged to have been used to purchase the support of FIFA's executive committee.
The scandal took a dramatic twist last week when police carried out raids at the Frankfurt headquarters of the German Football Association (DFB) and led to Wolfgang Niersbach resigning as DFB president on Monday.
Beckenbauer, who is being investigated by FIFA's ethics committee, is staying tight-lipped on the matter, despite growing calls to explain his part in the scandal, and will only speak as part of an official investigation.
"Franz Beckenbauer is still available to talk to the appropriate bodies and will not therefore be commenting publicly," his management group said Wednesday.
Read more on: fifa | franz beckenbauer | jack warner | soccer
Santemarie


text:
Q: Trying to convert a Try> to a Try> using Java Vavr I'm able to "solve" this with the following (ugly and smelly) code:
List<Message> messages = messagesRepository.findAll().get();

return Try.success(
                    messages
                    .stream()
                    .map(m -> new SummarizedMessage(m.destination(), m.title(), m.date()))
                    .toList()
            );

But how can I avoid this get() and Try.success()?

A: You can use map and orElse.
messagesRepository.findAll().map(messages -> messages.stream()
                     .map(m -> new SummarizedMessage(m.destination(), m.title(), m.date()))
                     .toList()).orElse(null);

A: If this is a Spring-based project you can use vavr's collections instead of java's. Thats is, MessageRepository.findAll can return a list of type io.vavr.collection.List. So it may look as follows:
import io.vavr.collection.List;
import io.vavr.control.Try;

import java.time.Instant;

class Main {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        var repo = new MessageRepository();
        var summarized = repo
            .findAll()
            .mapTry(
                messages -> messages.map(message -> new SummarizedMessage(message.title(), message.destination(), message.date()))
            )
            .getOrElse(List.empty());
        System.out.println(summarized);

    }
}

record Message(String title, String origin, String destination, String text, Instant date) {
}

record SummarizedMessage(String title, String destination, Instant date) {
}

class MessageRepository {

    Try<List<Message>> findAll() {
        return Try.of(() -> List.of(
            new Message("title", "origin", "dest", "text", Instant.now())
        ));
    }
}

It allows you to drop unnecessary .stream() call. Also instead of null it's better to return an empty list (List.empty of List.of) but it may depend on your logic.


When Savannah Guthry receives an invitation to her cousin's wedding back home in Charleston, South Carolina, her first thoughts aren't of flowers and dresses. Instead, she's reminded of the groom: her first love and the reason she ended up at a college 500 miles away from home.
She might not land her Prince Charming before her Last Call.
Surviving the storm was only the beginning for Jules. Surviving the guilt? That is something only love can help her overcome.
Storms come and go, but true love remains.


DCI Marsden warns the suspects about a new forensic profile of the murderer and continues her pursuit of Ronnie, who has stolen Roxy's passport... Does she think she'll pass for Roxy at the airport or summink? Lord only knows. Meanwhile, Ricky begins to question Bianca's loyalty as their wedding day approaches (he watches a video of the hen party and sees Bianca slur that Nathan was her soulmate), and it becomes clear as to why Lucy Beale attended the hen - to sleep with a certain someone. Elsewhere, Minty tells Manda he still has feelings for Sam, which leaves Josie Lawrence with no option but to also pack her bags and flee the square.


text:
module.exports.addLink = addLink
module.exports.addLinks = addLinks
module.exports.parseMetadataFromHeader = parseMetadataFromHeader
module.exports.linksHandler = linksHandler

var li = require('li')
var path = require('path')
var S = require('string')
var metadata = require('./metadata.js')
var debug = require('./debug.js')
var utils = require('./utils.js')
var error = require('./http-error')

function addLink (res, value, rel) {
  var oldLink = res.get('Link')
  if (oldLink === undefined) {
    res.set('Link', '<' + value + '>; rel="' + rel + '"')
  } else {
    res.set('Link', oldLink + ', ' + '<' + value + '>; rel="' + rel + '"')
  }
}

function addLinks (res, fileMetadata) {
  if (fileMetadata.isResource) {
    addLink(res, 'http://www.w3.org/ns/ldp#Resource', 'type')
  }
  if (fileMetadata.isSourceResource) {
    addLink(res, 'http://www.w3.org/ns/ldp#RDFSource', 'type')
  }
  if (fileMetadata.isContainer) {
    addLink(res, 'http://www.w3.org/ns/ldp#Container', 'type')
  }
  if (fileMetadata.isBasicContainer) {
    addLink(res, 'http://www.w3.org/ns/ldp#BasicContainer', 'type')
  }
  if (fileMetadata.isDirectContainer) {
    addLink(res, 'http://www.w3.org/ns/ldp#DirectContainer', 'type')
  }
}

function linksHandler (req, res, next) {
  var ldp = req.app.locals.ldp
  var root = !ldp.idp ? ldp.root : ldp.root + req.hostname + '/'
  var filename = utils.uriToFilename(req.url, root)

  filename = path.join(filename, req.path)
  if (path.extname(filename) === ldp.suffixMeta) {
    debug.metadata('Trying to access metadata file as regular file.')

    return next(error(404, 'Trying to access metadata file as regular file'))
  }
  var fileMetadata = new metadata.Metadata()
  if (S(filename).endsWith('/')) {
    fileMetadata.isContainer = true
    fileMetadata.isBasicContainer = true
  } else {
    fileMetadata.isResource = true
  }

  // Add ACL and Meta Link in header
  addLink(res, utils.pathBasename(req.path) + ldp.suffixAcl, 'acl')
  addLink(res, utils.pathBasename(req.path) + ldp.suffixMeta, 'describedBy')
  // Add other Link headers
  addLinks(res, fileMetadata)
  next()
}

function parseMetadataFromHeader (linkHeader) {
  var fileMetadata = new metadata.Metadata()
  if (linkHeader === undefined) {
    return fileMetadata
  }
  var links = linkHeader.split(',')
  for (var linkIndex in links) {
    var link = links[linkIndex]
    var parsedLinks = li.parse(link)
    for (var rel in parsedLinks) {
      if (rel === 'type') {
        if (parsedLinks[rel] === 'http://www.w3.org/ns/ldp#Resource') {
          fileMetadata.isResource = true
        } else if (parsedLinks[rel] === 'http://www.w3.org/ns/ldp#RDFSource') {
          fileMetadata.isSourceResource = true
        } else if (parsedLinks[rel] === 'http://www.w3.org/ns/ldp#Container') {
          fileMetadata.isContainer = true
        } else if (parsedLinks[rel] === 'http://www.w3.org/ns/ldp#BasicContainer') {
          fileMetadata.isBasicContainer = true
        } else if (parsedLinks[rel] === 'http://www.w3.org/ns/ldp#DirectContainer') {
          fileMetadata.isDirectContainer = true
        }
      }
    }
  }
  return fileMetadata
}