text:
Q: I am missing an alias for a derived table I know, this question has been asked very often but I know my error, I know how I could fix it, but I can´t find the point where the error is. In my opinion, all the subqueries have different and unique names, I even gave the columns different names then the subqueries. Any help would be appreciated. Where is the point I am missing an alias?
Whenever I am trying to run this query I get the response "Every derived table must have its alias", which is an understandable error message, but I can't figure out where my error is located.
SELECT
  mso.entity_id,
  GROUP_CONCAT(msh.comment) AS comment,
  msoa.lastname,
  base_grand_total,
  mso.created_at,
  mso.status,
  marketplace_order_id AS amazon_order_id,
  clvData.recurrenceRate,
  clvData.avgRepRate
FROM
  mag_sales_flat_order AS mso
  LEFT JOIN mag_sales_flat_order_status_history AS msh ON mso.entity_id = msh.parent_id
  LEFT JOIN mag_sales_flat_order_address AS msoa ON mso.entity_id = msoa.parent_id
  left join (
    select
      cast(((cet.cec - cnt.cnc) / cst.csc) AS decimal(6, 2)) as recurrenceRate,
      avg(repRate.countedOrders) AS avgRepRate
    from(
        Select
          *,
          (
            select
              count(customer_email) AS csc
            from
              mag_sales_flat_order
            where
              created_at between '2017-01-01'
              and '2017-12-31'
          ) AS cst,
          (
            select
              count(customer_email) AS cec
            from
              mag_sales_flat_order
            where
              created_at between '2017-01-01'
              and '2020-12-31'
          ) AS cet,
          (
            select
              count(mso_new.customer_email) AS cnc
            from
              (
                select
                  *
                from
                  mag_sales_flat_order
                where
                  created_at between '2018-01-01'
                  and current_date()
              ) AS mso_new
              left join (
                select
                  *
                from
                  mag_sales_flat_order
                where
                  created_at between '2017-01-01'
                  and '2017-12-31'
              ) AS mso_old on mso_new.customer_email = mso_old.customer_email
          )) AS cnt
          join (
            select
              customer_email,
              count(grand_total) as countedOrders,
              sum(grand_total) as summedOrders
            from
              mag_sales_flat_order
            group by
              customer_email
          ) AS repRate on cl.customer_email = repRate.customer_email
      ) AS clvData on mso.customer_email = clvData.customer_email
    WHERE
      store_id IN({$store['id']})
      AND (
        mso.status = 'complete'
        OR mso.status = 'closed'
        OR mso.status = 'processing'
        OR mso.status = 'exported'
        OR mso.status LIKE 'pending%'
      )
      AND (
        DATE_FORMAT(mso.created_at, '%Y-%m-%d') >= '$begin_date'
      )
      AND (
        DATE_FORMAT(mso.created_at, '%Y-%m-%d') <= '$end_date'
      )
    GROUP BY
      entity_id;

A: SELECT
    mso.entity_id,
    GROUP_CONCAT(msh.comment) AS comment,
    msoa.lastname,
    base_grand_total,
    mso.created_at,
    mso.status,
    marketplace_order_id AS amazon_order_id,
    clvData.recurrenceRate,
    clvData.avgRepRate
FROM mag_sales_flat_order AS mso
LEFT JOIN mag_sales_flat_order_status_history AS msh ON mso.entity_id = msh.parent_id
LEFT JOIN mag_sales_flat_order_address AS msoa ON mso.entity_id = msoa.parent_id
LEFT JOIN
(
    SELECT cast(((cet.cec - cnt.cnc) / cst.csc) AS decimal(6, 2)) as recurrenceRate, avg(repRate.countedOrders) AS avgRepRate
    FROM
    (
        SELECT *,
        (
            SELECT count(customer_email) AS csc
            FROM mag_sales_flat_order
            WHERE created_at BETWEEN '2017-01-01' AND '2017-12-31'
        ) AS cst,
        (
            SELECT count(customer_email) AS cec
            FROM mag_sales_flat_order
            WHERE created_at BETWEEN '2017-01-01' AND '2020-12-31'
        ) AS cet,
        (
            SELECT count(mso_new.customer_email) AS cnc
            FROM
            (
                SELECT *
                FROM mag_sales_flat_order
                WHERE created_at BETWEEN '2018-01-01' AND getdate()
            ) AS mso_new
            LEFT JOIN
            (
                SELECT *
                FROM mag_sales_flat_order
                WHERE created_at BETWEEN '2017-01-01' AND '2017-12-31'
            ) AS mso_old on mso_new.customer_email = mso_old.customer_email
        ) AS cnt
    ) as cl
    JOIN
    (
        SELECT customer_email, count(grand_total) as countedOrders, sum(grand_total) as summedOrders
        FROM mag_sales_flat_order
        GROUP BY customer_email
    ) AS repRate on cl.customer_email = repRate.customer_email
) AS clvData on mso.customer_email = clvData.customer_email
WHERE store_id IN({ $ store ['id'] })
    AND
    (
        mso.status = 'complete'
        OR mso.status = 'closed'
        OR mso.status = 'processing'
        OR mso.status = 'exported'
        OR mso.status LIKE 'pending%'
    )
    AND
    (
        DATE_FORMAT(mso.created_at, '%Y-%m-%d') >= '$begin_date'
    )
    AND
    (
        DATE_FORMAT(mso.created_at, '%Y-%m-%d') <= '$end_date'
    )
GROUP BY entity_id;


Evidently you haven't. Why in the name of all that is decent would you have Juan Pierre on your fantasy team? And the follow-up question--why haven't you dropped him long before now?
Eh, got caught in a bad spot actually. Mike Cameron was my starting CF and couldn't play at the beginning of the season. Jeremy Reed was my backup and started off horribly. I dealt for Pierre after his slow start figuring that he'd self-correct and that I could deal him for more than what I gave up when Cameron got healthy. He hasn't, Reed hasn't developed, injuries to other OF meant that I had to use Cameron in RF, and Cameron can't really help me right now at any position.
My OF situation started out bad and it's now to the point that my starters are Jonny Gomes (good), Juan Pierre (bad), and Carl Everett (not as bad as Pierre). And unless Brad Hawpe suddenly starts playing CF when he comes off the DL, I'm pretty much screwed in CF.
Then throw in the fact that I'm in a 2-team sabermetric league with 30-man rosters and smart owners and I really can't do much of anything right now other than hope for a hot finish to the season from Pierre. If he stinks for another couple days, I'm benching him and starting Chip Ambres.
How I'm challenging for the title is beyond me.
Counsell flies out. 2 outs.
Clayton flies out. 3 outs.
A 9 pitch inning for Milton. He hasn't really settled down, the DBacks have just gotten more impatient. Here is hoping that today turns out better than yesterday.
Aw man...sportsline has that recorded as a SB. GRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR.
SB are +3 Pts. CS are -6.
Welcome to my starting lineup Mr. Chip Ambres.
Encarnacion strikes out. 1 out.
Milton grounds out. 2 outs.
To bad everyone else will probably continue hacking.
Lopez flies out. 3 outs.
No score after 3 innings.
Is it me or has Felipe lost all patience at the plate. One or two pitches is all it takes for him to hack.
Batting RH he tends to be more of a hacker than a waiter, has less bat control too.
Gonzalez flies out. 1 out.
Glaus with an infield single.
Steve indicates that was a play Casey should have made. Anyone with TV have an opinion?
Green grounds into a force out at 2nd, Clark to 3rd. 2 outs.


I finally got around to reading the 700+ page conclusion to the Magicians and Mrs. Quent trilogy. I like to read books by the season. The first one I read in the dead of winter, the second in the middle of summer, and I planned to save the third for the long fall evenings. I started it in October, a perfect time for reading about eerie primeval sentient forests. But then work compilations, back-to-back illness and a busy holiday season threw my reading schedule way off track. This book proved the perfect antidote to all the stresses in my life.
The story opens with an extended flashback to a Neolithic Britain and the origins of many of the series' central elements: the arrival of the planet Cerephus and the Ashen, the first magicians, the true nature of the Wyrdwood and the first women who spoke to the trees. Naturally, the significance of the events don't become clear until the end, but it still made for gripping Stone Age action.
Thus far in the series, I've been of the opinion that the story and characters are great but nothing actually happens. Well, The Master of Heathcrest Hall totally did a 180 on the action front. Tons of things went down in a dramatic fashion, and in some parts I couldn't turn the pages fast enough. There were mornings when I had to (reluctantly) wrench the book away so I could finish getting ready for work.
It's difficult for me to say what actually happens without potentially spoiling the plot. Suffice to say that some of my predictions came true and some didn't. There were a lot of plot threads going on that had to be wrapped up, and most of them satisfactorily did. Much to my pleasure, the one I deemed most important to the overall series was saved for the very last few pages. Yes, that's right. I spent the book swooning over Mr. Rafferdy. He had big-time character growth over the series but in The Master of Heathcrest Hall he pulls a Mr. Darcy and becomes wiser and more selfless, while still being awesomely snarky. Jane Austen fans will note that the primary romance bears a striking resemblance to Pride and Prejudice, albeit with feminism and gay rights and evil ancient aliens. Really, what more could you ask for? This is a trilogy well worth the huge time investment - a pleasure from start to finish.


Featured: Mbeki reflects on Mandela's leadership.
Former President Thabo Mbeki spoke of Nelson Mandela an exemplary leader, who continued to inspire. He said the calibre of Madiba's generation sufficiently responded to the challenges South Africa faced.


text:
Trip date :Thursday 19th of December @ 7:30 pm
Cost :£69
Tickets remaining : Sold out, call us to enquire about cancellations
Following the West End opening at the Prince of Wales in 2013, The Book of Mormon has grown into a show of biblical proportions! In a show combining Mormons, missions and maggots, a visit to the West End isn't complete without raucous laughter like you'll experience watching this show. By the writers who gave us South Park and Avenue Q, it's an unmissable show that's won an Olivier Award for best new musical, so it's looked upon highly by those in the know on London theatre. So, if you want to see one of the most popular shows in the West End and be shocked and entertained all at the same time, then The Book of Mormon is the place for you.
Feel like a deity as you take your seat in the luxurious Prince of Wales Theatre, right in the heart of Leicester Square. Once the curtain rises, you'll hear the simple call of "Hello". But, don't say hello back because this is the start of the show. See the Mormons all come together in a hearty rendition of the opening song which greets you into the show's zaniness. As the Mormons are paired off on their mission, Elder Price dreams of serving in Orlando. But, when he's called to serve in Uganda with Elder Cunningham, he feels disheartened.
« Bruges Christmas Market via P&Js Chocolate Factory 15th December
Winter Wonderland »

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Dealing with Drama
by Laurel Nelson | February 29, 2012 | Bookmark +
Whenever you assemble a group of diverse personalities, drama is inevitable, but it also can be devastating to your staff and your business. Six salon experts share their drama sagas, as well as their strategies for managing them and achieving salon harmony.
FLIP THE TELEVISION CHANNEL to any reality show that portrays the innerworkings of a salon, and you're bound to see salon drama in action. From the trash-talking stylist badmouthing her salon owner to the demanding client leaving in disgust to two staff members flinging words and sometimes worse in the parking lot, salon drama makes for good television. Of course, we all know that reality TV is not always so realistic, but there is some truth to the fact that the very social and intimate environment of the salon creates a breeding ground for drama.
"Whenever you have multiple personalities in one environment, it's not a matter of if drama will show up, but simply a matter of when," says Lauren Gartland, president and founder of Inspiring Champions, a salon coaching and consulting company. "A high-drama individual is like a bad piece of fruit which if not removed will spread quickly and contaminate the other fruit—your team."
While all that bad behavior makes for great ratings on television, it can mean a monster of a migraine for a salon's owner and manager. Worse yet, consistent drama in a salon breeds staff resentment, constant tension, and even lost clients and staff. If not managed, that constant drama can be the downfall of a business.
Over the course of the last six months, SALON TODAY consulted with leading salon owners and identified four, very real dramatic scenarios that almost every owner ends up dealing with at one time or another. Then, we assembled what we've affectionately named our Drama Board, a panel of six salon management experts who've come prepared to share their own personal salon dramas and the strategies used to resolve them—as well as management steps for eliminating the drama in the first place.
Don Bewley is a 30-year veteran of the professional salon industry and one of the few hairdressers to own a professional salon corporation. Nearly 10 years ago, he and his wife Beth launched Eufora, with the mission of serving independent salons. Today, he brings the depth and breadth of his experience in all facets of the industry to his salon customers.
Ginny Eramo is the owner and creative director of Interlocks, a salon and spa located in Newburyport, Massachusetts, on Boston's north shore. A multi-award winning salon, Interlocks is in its 24th year of business with annual sales of more than $3 million and a team of 50 licensed stylists, spa therapists and support staff.
Lauren Gartland ranked as a top sales consultant and managed a distributor sales team when she launched Inspiring Champions in 1995. Since then, she has helped thousands of salon professionals make more money and work fewer hours while living a more balanced life. Today, she is one of the industry's top-ranked trainers and success coaches.
Bryan Nunes started working in a salon in 1993, and opened Blo, a premiere salon in Raleigh, North Carolina, in 2004. As an owner, Nunes says he continuously tries to become more efficient and improve the way the salon grows people. Recently, he launched a wellness program which incentivizes staff to take care of themselves through diet and exercise.
Kitty Tierney has owned Impressions Salon and Spa in Mequon, Wisconsin, for 25 years and describes her 48 employees as the "best staff ever," most of whom have been with her since their graduation from cosmetology schools. Over the years, Tierney and her salon have accumulated numerous awards, including SALON TODAY 200, Top Salon by Milwaukee Magazine, NAHA finalist, and Mequon's Business of the Year.
Christine Zilinski entered the beauty industry in 1994 at Vidal Sassoon, where she underwent a rigorous education, then sharpened her cutting skills at the New York salon. In 2000, she created Salon Concrete in Red Bank, New Jersey. Now an award-winning salon with high client retention and a talented team of stylists, the salon's success speaks volumes about Zilinski's professional reputation and business savvy.
The Dramatic Types
The Salon Diva The Staff Squabblers The Client You'll Never Please The Naysayer
inspiring champions
lauren gartland


Filmavailable.com- WorldFree4u-Download Free Movies . Full Name: Neerja 2016 Free Movie Download HD 720p . Daas Dev 2018 Hindi Full Movie Free Download 720p HDCAM .
Neerja 2016 - Full Movie FREE DOWNLOAD TORRENT HD 1080p . Neerja is a portrayal on the life of the courageous Neerja Bhanot, .
Neerja full movie in HD, now on hotstar.com . Watch Neerja, Sonam Kapoors latest Hindi movie, . Free content available in your region continues to remain so.


text:
""" standard """
from threatconnect import ApiProperties
from threatconnect.RequestObject import RequestObject
from threatconnect.SecurityLabelObject import parse_security_label, SecurityLabelObject

""" custom """
from threatconnect.ErrorCodes import ErrorCodes

def parse_attribute(attribute_dict, container):
    """ """
    # store the resource object in the master resource object list
    # roi = resource_obj.add_master_resource_obj(AttributeObject(), attribute_dict['id'])

    # retrieve the resource object and update data
    # attribute = resource_obj.get_resource_by_identity(roi)
    attribute = AttributeObject(container)

    #
    # standard values
    #
    attribute.set_date_added(attribute_dict['dateAdded'])
    attribute.set_displayed(attribute_dict['displayed'])
    attribute.set_id(attribute_dict['id'])
    attribute.set_last_modified(attribute_dict['lastModified'])
    attribute.set_type(attribute_dict['type'])
    attribute.set_value(attribute_dict['value'])

    return attribute

class AttributeObject(object):
    __slots__ = (
        '_date_added',
        '_displayed',
        '_id',
        '_last_modified',
        '_required_attrs',
        '_type',
        '_value',
        '_validated',
        '_writable_attrs',
        '_resource_properties',
        '_security_labels',
        '_container'
    )

    def __init__(self, container):
        self._resource_properties = ApiProperties.api_properties['ATTRIBUTES']['properties']
        self._date_added = None
        self._displayed = None
        self._id = None
        self._last_modified = None
        self._required_attrs = ['type', 'value']
        self._type = None
        self._value = None
        self._security_labels = []
        self._container = container
        self._writable_attrs = {
            '_displayed': 'set_displayed',
            '_type': 'set_type',
            '_value': 'set_value'
        }

        # validation
        self._validated = False

    #
    # unicode
    #
    @staticmethod
    def _uni(data):
        """ """
        if isinstance(data, (int, list, dict)):
            return data
        elif isinstance(data, unicode):
            return unicode(data.encode('utf-8').strip(), errors='ignore')  # re-encode poorly encoded unicode
        elif not isinstance(data, unicode):
            return unicode(data, 'utf-8', errors='ignore')
        else:
            return data

    """ shared attribute methods """

    #
    # date_added
    #
    @property
    def date_added(self):
        """ """
        return self._date_added

    def set_date_added(self, data):
        """Read-Only attribute metadata"""
        self._date_added = data

    #
    # displayed
    #
    @property
    def displayed(self):
        """ """
        return self._displayed

    def set_displayed(self, data):
        """Read-Write attribute metadata"""
        self._displayed = data

    #
    # id
    #
    @property
    def id(self):
        """ """
        return self._id

    def set_id(self, data):
        """Read-Only attribute metadata"""
        if isinstance(data, int):
            self._id = data
        else:
            raise AttributeError(ErrorCodes.e10020.value.format(data))

    #
    # last_modified
    #
    @property
    def last_modified(self):
        """ """
        return self._last_modified

    def set_last_modified(self, data):
        """Read-Only attribute metadata"""
        self._last_modified = data

    #
    # type
    #
    @property
    def type(self):
        """ """
        return self._type

    def set_type(self, data):
        """Read-Write attribute metadata"""
        self._type = self._uni(data)

    #
    # value
    #
    @property
    def value(self):
        """ """
        return self._value

    def set_value(self, data):
        """Read-Write attribute metadata"""
        self._value = self._uni(data)

    #
    # validated
    #
    @property
    def validated(self):
        """ """
        return self._validated

    def validate(self):
        """ """
        for required in self._required_attrs:
            if getattr(self, required) is None:
                self._validated = False
                return

        self._validated = True

    def load_security_labels(self):
        """ retrieve attributes for this indicator """
        prop = self._resource_properties['load_security_labels']
        ro = RequestObject()
        ro.set_description('load security labels for attribute {0} of object {1}'.format(self.id, self._container.id))
        ro.set_http_method(prop['http_method'])
        ro.set_owner_allowed(prop['owner_allowed'])
        resource_uri = self._container._resource_properties['id']['uri']
        try:
            resource_uri = resource_uri.format(self._container.indicator)
        except AttributeError:
            resource_uri = resource_uri.format(self._container.id)
        ro.set_request_uri(prop['uri'].format(resource_uri, self.id))
        ro.set_resource_pagination(prop['pagination'])
        api_response = self._container._tc.api_request(ro)

        if api_response.headers['content-type'] == 'application/json':
            api_response_dict = api_response.json()
            if api_response_dict['status'] == 'Success':
                self._security_labels = []
                data = api_response_dict['data']['securityLabel']
                for item in data:
                    self.__add_security_label(parse_security_label(item))  # add to main resource object

    def delete_security_label(self, security_label_name):
        """ retrieve attributes for this indicator """
        prop = self._resource_properties['delete_security_label']
        ro = RequestObject()
        ro.set_description('deleting security label {0} for attribute {1} of object {2}'.format(security_label_name,
                                                                                self.id,
                                                                                self._container.id))
        ro.set_http_method(prop['http_method'])
        ro.set_owner_allowed(prop['owner_allowed'])
        resource_uri = self._container._resource_properties['id']['uri']
        try:
            resource_uri = resource_uri.format(self._container.indicator)
        except AttributeError:
            resource_uri = resource_uri.format(self._container.id)
        ro.set_request_uri(prop['uri'].format(resource_uri, self.id, security_label_name))
        ro.set_resource_pagination(prop['pagination'])

        self._container._resource_container.add_commit_queue(self._container.id, ro)

    def __add_security_label(self, security_label):
        self._security_labels.append(security_label)

    def add_security_label(self, security_label_name):
        """ retrieve attributes for this indicator """
        prop = self._resource_properties['add_security_label']
        ro = RequestObject()
        ro.set_description('deleting security label {0} for attribute {1} of object {2}'.format(security_label_name,
                                                                                self.id,
                                                                                self._container.id))
        ro.set_http_method(prop['http_method'])
        ro.set_owner_allowed(prop['owner_allowed'])
        resource_uri = self._container._resource_properties['id']['uri']
        try:
            resource_uri = resource_uri.format(self._container.indicator)
        except AttributeError:
            resource_uri = resource_uri.format(self._container.id)
        ro.set_request_uri(prop['uri'].format(resource_uri, self.id, security_label_name))
        ro.set_resource_pagination(prop['pagination'])
        callback = lambda status: self.__failed_add_security_label(security_label_name)
        ro.set_failure_callback(callback)
        self._container._resource_container.add_commit_queue(self._container.id, ro)

        security_label = SecurityLabelObject()
        security_label.set_name(security_label_name)
        self.__add_security_label(security_label)

    def __failed_add_security_label(self, security_label_name):
        for security_label in self._security_labels:
            if security_label.name == security_label_name:
                self._security_labels.remove(security_label)
                break

    #
    # security_labels
    #
    @property
    def security_labels(self):
        """ """
        return self._security_labels

    #
    # add print method
    #
    def __str__(self):
        """allow object to be displayed with print"""

        printable_string = '\n{0!s:_^80}\n'.format('Attribute Object Properties')

        #
        # retrievable methods
        #
        printable_string += '{0!s:40}\n'.format('Retrievable Methods')
        printable_string += ('  {0!s:<28}: {1!s:<50}\n'.format('id', self.id))
        printable_string += ('  {0!s:<28}: {1!s:<50}\n'.format('type', self.type))
        printable_string += ('  {0!s:<28}: {1!s:<50}\n'.format('value', self.value))
        printable_string += ('  {0!s:<28}: {1!s:<50}\n'.format('displayed', self.displayed))
        printable_string += ('  {0!s:<28}: {1!s:<50}\n'.format('date_added', self.date_added))
        printable_string += ('  {0!s:<28}: {1!s:<50}\n'.format('last_modified', self.last_modified))

        return printable_string

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Synopsis, transport, and physical characteristics of Asian dust in Korea
Youngsin Chun, Kyung On Boo, Jiyoung Kim, Soon Ung Park, Meehye Lee
Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences
Historical records in association with Asian dust events were retrieved from ancient Korean literature, which in conjunction with modern observations, indicate that dust events have occurred most frequently in the springtime during the last two centuries. Recent observations through surface network exhibit that Asian dust took place more often in the western part of the Korean peninsula over the last 20 years. In this study, two dust cases, April 1998 and January 1999, were selected to examine detailed conditions most favorable for dust generation, emission, and transport to Korea and to investigate the effect of dust particles on physical and optical properties of aerosols collected in Seoul. Dust transported to the Korean peninsula is closely linked to dust storms generated in upstream regions of the Yellow River or Manzurian plain, which are known as main source regions. Judged from synoptic conditions for both spring and winter dust events, meteorological settings favorable for dust emission are high surface winds and baroclinic instability at 1.5 km level. A strong wind belt, formed at a 5 km level, expedites dust transport, and this is typically much faster in winter. It was confirmed from a backward trajectory analysis that the air carrying mineral dust particles originated from deserts in central Asia and in 1 day passed through the Korean peninsula during wintertime. The effect of mineral dust on aerosol particles is well depicted in the size-separated number concentrations of aerosols observed in Seoul. In both cases, concentrations of coarse particles larger than 0.82 μm were distinctly enhanced while those of fine particle smaller than 0.5 μm were reduced. The measurements of optical depth also indicate that the atmosphere is more turbid with larger particles during dust events.
2001JD900184
Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres
Published - 2001 Aug 27
Earth-Surface Processes
Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous)
10.1029/2001JD900184
Dive into the research topics of 'Synopsis, transport, and physical characteristics of Asian dust in Korea'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
Korea Physics & Astronomy 100%
Dust Chemical Compounds 85%
dust Agriculture & Biology 78%
Korean Peninsula Agriculture & Biology 75%
peninsulas Physics & Astronomy 29%
aerosols Agriculture & Biology 21%
Aerosol Chemical Compounds 20%
particle Earth & Environmental Sciences 17%
Chun, Y., Boo, K. O., Kim, J., Park, S. U., & Lee, M. (2001). Synopsis, transport, and physical characteristics of Asian dust in Korea. Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres, 106(D16), 18461-18469. [2001JD900184]. https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JD900184
Synopsis, transport, and physical characteristics of Asian dust in Korea. / Chun, Youngsin; Boo, Kyung On; Kim, Jiyoung et al.
In: Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres, Vol. 106, No. D16, 2001JD900184, 27.08.2001, p. 18461-18469.
Chun, Y, Boo, KO, Kim, J, Park, SU & Lee, M 2001, 'Synopsis, transport, and physical characteristics of Asian dust in Korea', Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres, vol. 106, no. D16, 2001JD900184, pp. 18461-18469. https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JD900184
Chun Y, Boo KO, Kim J, Park SU, Lee M. Synopsis, transport, and physical characteristics of Asian dust in Korea. Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres. 2001 Aug 27;106(D16):18461-18469. 2001JD900184. doi: 10.1029/2001JD900184
Chun, Youngsin ; Boo, Kyung On ; Kim, Jiyoung et al. / Synopsis, transport, and physical characteristics of Asian dust in Korea. In: Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres. 2001 ; Vol. 106, No. D16. pp. 18461-18469.
@article{acc65087de2b40d6a4f342f4a24b7dca,
title = "Synopsis, transport, and physical characteristics of Asian dust in Korea",
abstract = "Historical records in association with Asian dust events were retrieved from ancient Korean literature, which in conjunction with modern observations, indicate that dust events have occurred most frequently in the springtime during the last two centuries. Recent observations through surface network exhibit that Asian dust took place more often in the western part of the Korean peninsula over the last 20 years. In this study, two dust cases, April 1998 and January 1999, were selected to examine detailed conditions most favorable for dust generation, emission, and transport to Korea and to investigate the effect of dust particles on physical and optical properties of aerosols collected in Seoul. Dust transported to the Korean peninsula is closely linked to dust storms generated in upstream regions of the Yellow River or Manzurian plain, which are known as main source regions. Judged from synoptic conditions for both spring and winter dust events, meteorological settings favorable for dust emission are high surface winds and baroclinic instability at 1.5 km level. A strong wind belt, formed at a 5 km level, expedites dust transport, and this is typically much faster in winter. It was confirmed from a backward trajectory analysis that the air carrying mineral dust particles originated from deserts in central Asia and in 1 day passed through the Korean peninsula during wintertime. The effect of mineral dust on aerosol particles is well depicted in the size-separated number concentrations of aerosols observed in Seoul. In both cases, concentrations of coarse particles larger than 0.82 μm were distinctly enhanced while those of fine particle smaller than 0.5 μm were reduced. The measurements of optical depth also indicate that the atmosphere is more turbid with larger particles during dust events.",
author = "Youngsin Chun and Boo, {Kyung On} and Jiyoung Kim and Park, {Soon Ung} and Meehye Lee",
doi = "10.1029/2001JD900184",
journal = "Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans",
number = "D16",
T1 - Synopsis, transport, and physical characteristics of Asian dust in Korea
AU - Chun, Youngsin
AU - Boo, Kyung On
AU - Kim, Jiyoung
AU - Park, Soon Ung
AU - Lee, Meehye
N2 - Historical records in association with Asian dust events were retrieved from ancient Korean literature, which in conjunction with modern observations, indicate that dust events have occurred most frequently in the springtime during the last two centuries. Recent observations through surface network exhibit that Asian dust took place more often in the western part of the Korean peninsula over the last 20 years. In this study, two dust cases, April 1998 and January 1999, were selected to examine detailed conditions most favorable for dust generation, emission, and transport to Korea and to investigate the effect of dust particles on physical and optical properties of aerosols collected in Seoul. Dust transported to the Korean peninsula is closely linked to dust storms generated in upstream regions of the Yellow River or Manzurian plain, which are known as main source regions. Judged from synoptic conditions for both spring and winter dust events, meteorological settings favorable for dust emission are high surface winds and baroclinic instability at 1.5 km level. A strong wind belt, formed at a 5 km level, expedites dust transport, and this is typically much faster in winter. It was confirmed from a backward trajectory analysis that the air carrying mineral dust particles originated from deserts in central Asia and in 1 day passed through the Korean peninsula during wintertime. The effect of mineral dust on aerosol particles is well depicted in the size-separated number concentrations of aerosols observed in Seoul. In both cases, concentrations of coarse particles larger than 0.82 μm were distinctly enhanced while those of fine particle smaller than 0.5 μm were reduced. The measurements of optical depth also indicate that the atmosphere is more turbid with larger particles during dust events.
AB - Historical records in association with Asian dust events were retrieved from ancient Korean literature, which in conjunction with modern observations, indicate that dust events have occurred most frequently in the springtime during the last two centuries. Recent observations through surface network exhibit that Asian dust took place more often in the western part of the Korean peninsula over the last 20 years. In this study, two dust cases, April 1998 and January 1999, were selected to examine detailed conditions most favorable for dust generation, emission, and transport to Korea and to investigate the effect of dust particles on physical and optical properties of aerosols collected in Seoul. Dust transported to the Korean peninsula is closely linked to dust storms generated in upstream regions of the Yellow River or Manzurian plain, which are known as main source regions. Judged from synoptic conditions for both spring and winter dust events, meteorological settings favorable for dust emission are high surface winds and baroclinic instability at 1.5 km level. A strong wind belt, formed at a 5 km level, expedites dust transport, and this is typically much faster in winter. It was confirmed from a backward trajectory analysis that the air carrying mineral dust particles originated from deserts in central Asia and in 1 day passed through the Korean peninsula during wintertime. The effect of mineral dust on aerosol particles is well depicted in the size-separated number concentrations of aerosols observed in Seoul. In both cases, concentrations of coarse particles larger than 0.82 μm were distinctly enhanced while those of fine particle smaller than 0.5 μm were reduced. The measurements of optical depth also indicate that the atmosphere is more turbid with larger particles during dust events.
U2 - 10.1029/2001JD900184
DO - 10.1029/2001JD900184
JO - Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans
JF - Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans
IS - D16
M1 - 2001JD900184


What are the types of diarrhea and its symptoms?
Acute diarrhea is fairly common and can last for hours or days. You might experience diarrhea as a result of a viral or bacterial infection including food poisoning or traveller's diarrhea.
The usual clinical features of acute infective diarrhea are frequent stools, sometimes with blood and mucous, pain during passing stools, abdominal pain, vomiting, and fever.
Severe diarrhea leads to dehydration, which manifests itself as apprehension, cold clammy skin, rapid pulse, deep and rapid respiration, inelastic skin, sunken eyeballs, dry tongue, scanty urine, and low blood pressure. Untreated acute diarrhea can be fatal.
Non-infectious diarrhea can be caused by drugs such as antibiotics, certain anti-depressants, antacids, bronchodilators, chemotherapeutic agents, laxatives, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, etc., and spurious diarrhea, which follows chronic constipation especially in older people and in association with psychological stress.
Chronic diarrhea lasts for weeks or months and may be either persistent or recurrent. The causes of chronic diarrhea is usually the result of an intestinal disease or disorder, such as celiac disease or Crohn's disease.
Chronic diarrhea is either persistent or recurrent with intervening periods of normalcy or constipation. Stool volume may be large or small and may be watery, loose, bulky, or frothy.
Untreated chronic diarrhea can lead to malabsorption syndrome and malnutrition. It is always important to understand the underlying cause of diarrhea so that the right treatment can be planned.
Having an episode of diarrhea is never a pleasant experience. You need to take steps to help relieve diarrhea.
Diaronex®'s active ingredient, the bark extract of the tree herb Holarrhena Antidysentrica (Pubescens), works to effectively relieve diarrhea. Its medicinal ingredient is 100% natural and herbal, is dairy free, gluten free and allergen free.
It's important to stay hydrated when suffering from diarrhea as bouts of this bowel movement can dehydrate you. For mild cases of diarrhea, diluted fruit juices, sports drinks, and water can be used to prevent dehydration.
Avoid caffeine and lactose containing dairy products since they can exasperate diarrhea.
If there is no nausea and vomiting, solid foods should be continued. Foods that usually are well tolerated during a diarrheal bout include rice, cereal, bananas, potatoes and lactose-free products.
Oral rehydration solutions can be used for moderately severe diarrhea that is accompanied by dehydration in older children and adults.
Do I need a prescription for Diaronex®?
A prescription is not required for Diaronex®.
Where can I purchase Diaronex®?
You can buy Diaronex® online and soon over-the-counter at select retail stores and pharmacies. Available in bottles of 20 tablets.
When can I take Diaronex®?
As soon diarrhea symptoms occur, you can take Diaronex®.
Take Diaronex® up to three times a day if needed. To take Diaronex®, ingest two tablets with warm water and drink it before meals.
Should I take Diaronex® with or without food?
Diaronex® should be taken with warm water, before meals.
No. Diaronex® is only available and approved by Health Canada for adults.
Are they any known side effects or toxic effects if I take Diaronex®?
Are they any known adverse reactions if I take Diaronex®?
Who should consult a healthcare provider before taking Diaronex®?
Who should not be taking Diaronex®?


The caring memorial service directors at Smith Funeral Home provide specialised funeral services designed to meet the needs of every family. The professional, dedicated staff can help you in making funeral service preparations, funeral planning, and talk you through cremation choices. The memorial director will guide you through all facets of the service; including memorial flowers, casket choices, suitable music selection, and local accommodations. Trust is their top concern and so they specialize in custom funerals, basic cremation, grief support, urn selection, and military memorial service services including offering veteran burial flags.
If you are interested in sending sympathy flowers to a family that has a loved one here}, you can send out funeral bouquets to Smith Funeral Home right now. The florists near Smith Funeral Home contain a wonderful and diverse selection of wreaths, arrangements, and baskets to help exhibit your empathy for the family. In order to help you call Smith Funeral Home or if you need the address with respect to Smith Funeral Home, the information is listed above.
This location has proudly served the area with exceptional care for years and will help guide your family through burial etiquette, individualize your tribute, funeral costs, directions to cemeteries, guestbook, online obituary creation, and telling your life story. For anyone who is interested in preplanning your funeral, you can be sure your legacy will be guarded and that you may have peace of mind.
This business is located 2.5 miles coming from downtown Sunnyside, Washington which is in Yakima County and serves surrounding neighborhoods of: North Prosser, Sawyer, Donald, Moxee City, Kiona, Desert Aire, East Selah, Yakima Firing Center, Sumach, and Union Gap.
Smith Funeral Homes, Sunnyside, WA : Reviews and maps - Yahoo! Local, 509.837.4962. Get Ratings, Reviews, Photos and more on Yahoo! Local.


Countries around the world are battling the spread of misinformation, and Guatemala is no different. Troll factories, bots and more threaten the country's media, especially as they approach upcoming elections in June.
At the forefront of it all, launching a new fact-checking initiative, is Luis Assardo — a former firefighter who now works as a journalism professor and media entrepreneur.
"I came to journalism [by] accident," he said, explaining his nontraditional career path.
While working as a firefighter, he gave an interview that caught the attention of a managing editor, who offered him a position as a news anchor. From there, he studied computer science and technology, worked at other publications, travelled and started numerous media organizations. His latest will launch next week, called Confirmado.
Assardo is a longtime fan of IJNet, and has used the site to land numerous opportunities — including a six-week fellowship in the U.S. He also shares IJNet's resources with his students, including those in rural areas with limited internet access.
To learn more about his work, IJNet spoke to Assardo about his career, upcoming projects, advice for young journalists and his perspective on working in Guatemala.
IJNet: Your new project, Confirmado, tackles misinformation in Guatemala. What does the misinformation scene look like in the country?
Assardo: For the last 10 years it has changed a lot here in Guatemala; it's very different from other countries. We have here a growth of what we call net centers. They are like troll factories or troll networks. Right now, they are coming not only for political issues but also to attack journalists, social media public figures and media organizations. I wrote a piece last February, almost a year ago, on Guatemalan troll factories.
We have here is a combination between troll networks, which work across many countries here in Central America, and local trolls, which are real people [or] public figures that are attacking other public figures — and behind them there are a lot of bots. [They work on] every network possible, mainly WhatsApp and Facebook.
You took a nontraditional path, and obviously have a strong background in technology. Are there other topics that you're interested in?
Safety and security is one of my passions, so I have a project about that. It's called Alerta247. I'm doing that podcast to educate people about safety and security, and I also do some workshops around the city. I have another project for young journalists called Explicame Más, so I can share information and experiences about journalism in Guatemala.
What are your biggest challenges and concerns while reporting in Guatemala?
There are a lot of difficulties because not all journalists here have access to universities. They are learning about journalism along the way. On the other side, working here is not only difficult, but we are under attack every day. There are a lot of people trying to kill journalists and attacking journalists from different sides.
Which contributes to your interest in security?
Yes, I also do workshops about safety and security for journalists, so they can have all the information [they need] to do safer work.
What is your advice for someone just entering the field of journalism?
Something I've noticed for a long time is that journalists sometimes read the same [publications and viewpoints], and they cannot create new things. One of the best ways to get better is to read things that you don't want to read. If you have information from different experiences and different websites, you have a lot of information — more than other journalists.
Images courtesy of Luis Assardo.


text:
BIRCH: A user-oriented, locally-customizable, bioinformatics system
Brian Fristensky1
Molecular biologists need sophisticated analytical tools which often demand extensive computational resources. While finding, installing, and using these tools can be challenging, pipelining data from one program to the next is particularly awkward, especially when using web-based programs. At the same time, system administrators tasked with maintaining these tools do not always appreciate the needs of research biologists.
BIRCH (Biological Research Computing Hierarchy) is an organizational framework for delivering bioinformatics resources to a user group, scaling from a single lab to a large institution. The BIRCH core distribution includes many popular bioinformatics programs, unified within the GDE (Genetic Data Environment) graphic interface. Of equal importance, BIRCH provides the system administrator with tools that simplify the job of managing a multiuser bioinformatics system across different platforms and operating systems. These include tools for integrating locally-installed programs and databases into BIRCH, and for customizing the local BIRCH system to meet the needs of the user base. BIRCH can also act as a front end to provide a unified view of already-existing collections of bioinformatics software.
Documentation for the BIRCH and locally-added programs is merged in a hierarchical set of web pages. In addition to manual pages for individual programs, BIRCH tutorials employ step by step examples, with screen shots and sample files, to illustrate both the important theoretical and practical considerations behind complex analytical tasks.
BIRCH provides a versatile organizational framework for managing software and databases, and making these accessible to a user base. Because of its network-centric design, BIRCH makes it possible for any user to do any task from anywhere.
The diversity of computational tools needed in genomics presents many challenges [1]. The most sophisticated algorithms and methods might as well not exist if the programs implementing them are not accessible to the biologist. Biologists need to understand the tasks with which they are faced, find software tools that will help them with these tasks, and be able to evaluate the validity and significance of the results.
Many packages provide a large set of programs and functions, and to different degrees, try to promote usability through graphic interfaces, hierarchical desktop menus, and organization of documentation files. To simplify comparison with BIRCH, a few representative packages will be cited as examples. Packages such as EMBOSS [2] and Staden [3] are available for many platforms. There are numerous other packages specific to Linux. BioRPMS is a collection of packages that can be installed on an existing Linux system [4], while NEBC Bio-Linux [5] is a complete Linux distribution with bioinformatics applications pre-installed. In some cases, graphic interfaces are available to tie together sets of applications. Two examples include JEMBOSS [6], a Java front end for EMBOSS, and the Kaptain extensions to EMBOSS [7], which utilize Kaptain, a system for generating graphic interfaces for commandline programs using grammar scripts [8]. Similarly, web-based interfaces to over 200 applications have been generated using Pise, which creates HTML interfaces from XML definitions of program parameters [9]. The Taverna workbench takes a different approach. Taverna is a Java application in which complex data workflows can be created by linking together icons representing web services available at both local and remote sites [10].
Bioinformatics packages such as those described above can be made available to users throughout a lab, department, or campus on network-centric Unix/Linux systems. Network-centric systems allow users to login from any computer and be presented with the same desktop, programs, and filesystems [11]. This avoids some of the problems associated with individual PCs, because users don't have to be worried about which software is installed on which PC. While installing programs and databases can be a major effort, transforming them from a mere collection into an integrated system is far more difficult [12, 13].
The BIRCH system consists of a core of commonly-used programs for most typical bioinformatics tasks, set within a portable framework that allows for seamless integration of locally-installed programs so that each BIRCH site can be tailored to the needs of the local user-community. GDE [14] as updated by Eric Linton [15] provides a powerful graphic interface unifying both core BIRCH programs and locally-installed software. The BIRCH documentation system provides a merged view of both core and locally-installed documentation. BIRCH also contains numerous tools that make it easier for the system administrator to manage, update and customize the system for the local user base.
I. The user' perspecitve
A seamless view of the software
The BIRCH core distribution comes with a wide range of commonly-used software packages pre-configured and ready to run. These include NCBI network BLAST, Cn3D, and Sequin [16], FASTA [17], PHYLIP [18], TCOFFEE [19], and Taverna [10]. All programs can be run from the command line, and most can also be launched from GDE.
GDE can be thought of as a program that runs other programs. The flexibility of GDE makes it possible to have GDE interfaces specialized for different types of data. In the current implementation of BIRCH, there are four GDE interfaces:
GDE – sequence data
dGDE – list data (eg. ACCESSION, GI, TAXID numbers)
mGDE – molecular marker data (eg. AFLP)
tGDE – phylogenetic tree data
The functions of these interfaces will be illustrated in two examples. GDE lends itself to complex tasks in which data is pipelined from one step to the next. Figure 1 shows a simple example of how to create a dataset of sequences for a specific gene family, beginning with a single amino acid sequence. Figure 2 shows an example of building a phylogenetic tree from molecular marker data, using mGDE and tGDE.
Creation of a dataset of plant defense gene sequences. To find genes related to pea defense protein DRR206, the DRR206 protein (PEADRRB) was selected in the GDE window (top), and TBLASTN was launched from the Database menu. The results appear in two windows (middle). The BLAST report appears in a text editor, and the accession numbers appear in a dGDE window. dGDE is a GDE implementation specialized for working with lists of identifiers. The list of accession numbers was selected in the dGDE window, and a request sent to the SeqHound data warehouse [27], retrieving the corresponding NCBI GI numbers. Next, the GI numbers were selected, and sequences were retrieved from SeqHound. The new GDE window (bottom), contains DNA sequences for all of the BLAST hits.
Phylogenetic analysis of plant populations. To evaluate population structure in the weed green foxtail, RAPD marker data from different foxtail accessions were read into an mGDE window (top), and selected. Parsimony analysis was chosen from the Phylogeny menu, and the Phylip DOLLOP program generated a set of equally parsimonious trees, which appear in a tGDE window, and in the text report (middle). All trees were selected, and CONSENSE was run. Output is a single consensus tree, which appears in a new tGDE window, as well as in the ATV tree editor (bottom). The tGDE window has additional menu options for running various other tree display programs.
With interfaces such as Jemboss, Kaptain, or Pise, input and output files for a given program are selected within the menu that launches the program. A program is selected from a list, one or more datafiles are chosen, parameters are set, and the program is launched. Thus, at each step in the analysis, the user must ensure that an input file, of the type expected by the program, is available. In contrast, data need only be read into GDE at the first step. Data items (eg. sequences, trees) are displayed in the GDE window, and can be selected individually, or in any combination, prior to launching a program. Even parts of sequences can be selected with the mouse. GDE automatically converts data into the format required for each subsequent step. Finally, whereas GDE can send output to a new GDE window for further processing, Jemboss and Kaptain require that output be saved to a file before it can be used as input for the next analytical step.
BIRCH uses GDE in several ways to overcome the learning curve usually associated with trying a new program. First, all of the "overhead" tasks associated with running a program (eg. interconversion of file formats using READSEQ [20]) are automated in wrapper scripts. As well, wrappers can prevent errors by checking the validity of the parameters set by the user. Long-running programs that are CPU intensive are run in the background at lower priority, minimizing the impact on system performance. When jobs are run in the background, the user can logout and review the results at a later time when the job is complete.
Figure 3 illustrates how a complex pipeline can be implemented in a single menu, using the example of construction of a DNA sequence distance tree from a multiple alignment. From the user's point of view the entire pipeline appears to be executed as a single step, even though numerous programs are run. If bootstrap resampling is chosen, the script will first generate a bootstrapped dataset using SEQBOOT. Next, DNADIST is called to calculate the distance matrices, which are used as input for one of the phylogeny programs shown in the pulldown menu in Figure 3 (WEIGHBOR, FITCH, KITCH or NEIGHBOR, which together implement seven distinct methods). If bootstrapping was done, a consensus tree is automatically generated by CONSENSE. The output report pops up in a text editor, and trees pop up in a text editor and tree editor, or are written to files. In this way, the user is presented with a variety of choices for viewing or further analysis of the data.
Implementation of an analysis pipeline in a single menu. Parameter settings for all steps in construction of a DNA distance tree are incorporated into the DNA Distance methods menu of GDE. All programs in the pipeline are from the Phylip package [18], with the exception of WEIGHBOR, which combines elements of maximum likelihood methods and distance methods [28].
GDE is a programmable interface
By itself, GDE is a small program that can read and write datafiles, display the data as a set of character strings, and create menus. All programs that GDE runs are completely external to GDE, and are not compiled as part of the code. (In fact, almost the only component remaining from the original GDE distribution [14] is the GDE interface itself. Virtually all menus, and most of the external programs, are new to BIRCH.) When GDE is started, it reads a set of menu items for each program. Each menu item has a template for a Unix command to be executed, along with parameters that are displayed in menus as buttons, sliders, choosers, or text. In this regard, the GDE menu syntax is analogous to the ACD command definition syntax used for describing program input, output and parameters in EMBOSS, or the XML program descriptions in Pise. In most cases, the program called by GDE is a wrapper script, which might execute a single command, or a complex series of commands needed to accomplish a task. To run a program from GDE, the user reads in a datafile (eg. sequences), selects the data to be analyzed, and then chooses a program from the menus. Next, the user sets parameters and clicks on the OK button. Parameter settings are substituted into the Unix command template, and the command is executed. Programs launched by GDE do not even need to be running on the same login host or workstation to which the user is logged in, because anything that can be run from a script can be run by GDE, including web services on remote systems. In the core BIRCH distribution, BLAST searches are run remotely at NCBI using the NCBI BLASTCL3 client.
Wrapper scripts can also enhance the presentation or content of the output. For long-running programs, scripts will add the name of the login host and time and memory resources utilized, as a guide for scaling up to larger jobs. Some programs, as written, do not include in the output potentially important information needed for interpreting the results. In such cases, BIRCH wrapper scripts will add more detailed information on parameters and input files used in each run.
Any user can do anything from anywhere
BIRCH is scaleable from a single workstation to a server cluster. Figure 4 illustrates a typical campuswide system. By choosing binaries and libraries at login, BIRCH makes it transparent to the user which platform they are actually using. Most importantly, a Unix graphic desktop can be redirected from the server to be displayed anywhere. BIRCH has been successfully tested on X-terminals, SunRay terminals, PCs running X11 clients such as XWin32 [21] and CygWin [22], Sun Secure Global Desktop [23] and various versions of VNC [24]. BIRCH has also been tested on several graphic desktops, including CDE, GNOME, Sun Java Desktop and KDE. In our laboratory, it has been possible to eliminate PCs entirely, and instead do all work, both common office tasks and specialized bioinformatics tasks, from low-cost terminals.
Scalability of a BIRCH system. On a PC, File Services, Processing and Display would all reside on the PC. Alternatively, a Unix/Linux workstation might remotely-mount filesystems, but carry out the processing and display steps. For larger multiuser systems, File Services might be remotely-mounted onto login servers, where programs actually run. Windows generated by programs would appear on the local display, which could be an X-terminal or other thin client, or a PC running X11 display software. At login, BIRCH determines the OS/hardware platform of the login host (eg. Linux-Intel, Solaris-Sparc or Solaris-AMD64) and provides the user with platform-specific binaries, libraries, paths and environment variables.
II. Local customization of a birch system
No software package does everything, and each lab, department, or institution has different needs. BIRCH has numerous mechanisms for adding programs and documentation that are not part of the BIRCH core, and for customization to take advantage of the strengths of a local local Unix/Linux system, and to work around problems specific each system.
The $BIRCH/local directory
BIRCH is downloaded as a hierarchical directory structure which is usually installed in the $HOME directory of an account specifically used for administering BIRCH. This directory is referred to by the $BIRCH environment variable. Local customization is made possible through the $BIRCH/local directory. Analogous to /usr/local in Unix, $BIRCH/local is a part of the system that does not change when an updated version of BIRCH is installed. During an update the birchconfig install wizard automatically merges programs, documentation, and settings from $BIRCH/local into the new version of BIRCH. For example, to add a program to a BIRCH system on Linux, the binaries would be added to $BIRCH/local/bin-linux-intel, and the documentation added to $BIRCH/local/doc. At the same time, software packages already in place prior to installing BIRCH can be integrated into BIRCH simply by creating symbolic links to them from $BIRCH/local.
Automatic updating of GDE interfaces
$BIRCH/local contains directories for adding menus to each of the four GDE interfaces (dGDE, GDE, mGDE and tGDE). To add a program, the binary file is copied to $BIRCH/local, and then a GDE menu file is written, typically by modifying an existing menu file. A script merges the new menu into the existing menus. Subsequently, when BIRCH is updated to a new version, the menu is automatically added to GDE. For example, the core BIRCH distribution runs BLAST remotely at NCBI. When BIRCH was installed at the University of Calgary, symbolic links were made to binaries for the already existing Paracel® BLAST system [25], and menus for launching Paracel BLAST were added by copying the NCBI BLAST menus to $BIRCH/local and modifying them.
Working in a heterogeneous computing platform
BIRCH has unique design considerations for working in a heterogeneous operating environment consisting of workstations and hosts with different operating system/hardware platforms. For example, the Unix system at the University of Manitoba is configured as shown in Figure 4. Users can log into machines running either Linux, Solaris-Sparc or Solaris-AMD64. At login, BIRCH determines the OS/hardware platform. Depending on the platform, BIRCH then chooses binaries and libraries appropriate for that system. The BIRCH implementation of GDE can also handle cases in which a program is not available on all platforms. For example, if a program is only available for Solaris-Sparc, the user will see that program in the GDE menus when logged into a Solaris-Sparc host, but not when logged into a Linux-Intel or Solaris-AMD64 host.
In a heterogeneous system, some hosts may have single CPUs and others multiple CPUs. At login BIRCH sets environment variables specifying whether or not threaded applications can take advantage of multiple CPUs.
Setting the user environment
Unix/Linux systems achieve a high level of flexibility through use of environment variables, which are used by the shell (command interpreter) to store information such as the locations of programs and files. When a user logs in, BIRCH reads startup scripts that set numerous environment variables for the duration of the session. For example, $BIRCH_PLATFORM tells the OS/hardware platform of the machine to which the user is currently logged in. Since a wide variety of shells are available in Unix/Linux, BIRCH has startup scripts appropriate for most of the major shells (eg. sh, bash, ksn, csh, tcsh). This simplifies things especially for new users, who in most cases don't even know which shell they are using.
Some of the startup scripts are found in $BIRCH/local. Because almost any code could be added to these scripts, the system administrator has great flexibility in tailoring BIRCH to the needs of the system and the user base. For example, the default PDF viewer is set by the statement 'GDE_PDFVIEW=acroread'. On a system that did not have Adobe Reader, the statement could be changed to a different PDF viewer eg. 'GDE_PDFVIEW=ggv'.
First time users run the 'newuser' script to set their accounts to read the BIRCH startup scripts. Consequently, BIRCH does not have to be installed in system directories, but instead, can be administered through a regular user account in a world-readable directory. Therefore, root permissions are not required to install and manage a BIRCH system. Eliminating the need for root access also provides added security.
A single view of all documentation and datafiles
One of the problems facing users on a system with many bioinformatics packages is that documentation is often scattered across many locations on the system. The software included with BIRCH is from a wide variety of authors, and documentation is written in different styles (eg. Unix manual pages, tutorials, user's guides), and in many formats (eg. PDF, HTML, text) [13]. To make documentation easy to find, documentation for the core BIRCH programs is catalogued in the birchdb database, and documentation for locally-installed programs is catalogued in the lbirchdb database. Both databases are implemented using ACeDB [26], a small database engine which includes an easy-to-use graphic interface. When BIRCH is installed or updated, the contents of both databases are merged, and a hierarchical set of web documentation pages is generated, including programs listed by category, programs listed by package, and a program index. For each program a separate web page is generated, listing the name and short description of the program, information on how to launch the program, links to documentation and sample datafiles, a listing of os/hardware platforms for which the program is available, as well as a link to the web page describing the package to which the program belongs. An example is seen in Figure 5.
BIRCH documentation. Example of a web page for the bachrest restriction site search program, generated from the birchdb database. This entry shows that bachrest can be run as a conversational program in a text window (interactive), or run from the DNA/RNA menu in GDE (GDE). Two documentation files are listed, as well as an ancillary datafile containing a list of restriction enzymes. The Platforms field indicates that bachrest is available on all platforms supported by BIRCH.
The user doesn't care whether programs are part of the BIRCH core, or are locally-installed. One of the goals of BIRCH is to make the documentation web pages appear as if they were written specifically for the local BIRCH site. This is particularly useful because most first-time BIRCH users will also be using Unix for the first time. Rather than giving the user a generic set of web pages, the BIRCH documentation pages have sections earmarked for system specific information, such as how to log in or which desktops are available. During installation and updating, these sections of the BIRCH web pages are replaced with local content. For example, the email address for the BIRCH administrator at the University of Manitoba is "psgendb@cc.umanitoba.ca". At another site, the email address would be changed in all web pages to that of the local BIRCH administrator eg. "birch@myhost.org".
Many sections of the BIRCH web site can be automatically replaced with HTML code specific to the local system. These sections include links to local pages for obtaining and setting up a Unix account, descriptions of local databases, locally-installed software, as well as institutional logos, announcements, and links to local web sites. For example, at the University of Manitoba, both CDE and Sun Java desktops are available. The BIRCH home page contains a set of links to documentation for these desktops as shown in Figure 6. During installation and updating, BIRCH will replace this section with HTML code found in $BIRCH/local.
Replaceable web page components. This section of the BIRCH home page contains links to documentation for desktops that are installed on the local system. In this example, the BIRCH distribution comes with links to two desktops available on the University of Manitoba Unix system: the Java Desktop and CDE. If BIRCH was installed at a site using the KDE desktop, this section could be replaced with links to KDE documentation. In each case, the 'First time setup' link points to a document which needs to be locally-written at each site, because of differences from site to site. In most cases, all that needs to be done is to modify one of the 'First time setup' documents distributed with BIRCH. The 'User's Guide' link will typically point to a generic User's Guide for a given desktop.
Simplifying BIRCH system administration
BIRCH provides for the system administrator an organizational framework and tools that ensure that programs and documentation remain easily accessible to users. Because startup scripts are read from a central location, the user never needs to perform configuration steps when new software or databases are installed. By the same token, installation and updating of a BIRCH site is automated by birchconfig, the BIRCH install wizard. The BIRCH Administrator's Guide spans numerous topics, including customization of the BIRCH web site, managing systems with multiple servers or operating platforms, installing and merging 3rd party applications into BIRCH, and setting default applications for viewing and displaying data.
BIRCH tries to minimize the skill set needed for being a BIRCH administrator. Where a computer specialist is not available, a biologist with basic knowledge of perhaps 20 of the most common Unix commands, some knowledge of how to write and edit web pages, and some knowledge of shell scripting should be able to install and update a BIRCH system for a lab or working group. Minimizing this skill set has guided the design of BIRCH. Recognizing that tutorials are as important for the system administrator as they are for the user, the BIRCH Administrator's Guide covers all aspects of local customization and addition of new programs with step-by-step instructions, illustrated with screenshots.
One of the problems with the decentralized PC model of computing is that it implicitly makes every user a system administrator. BIRCH frees biologists from system administration tasks, allowing them to focus on being users.
It could be argued that the single biggest limiting factor in bioinformatics is not hardware or software or algorithms, but the high learning curve needed to work with all but the simpler tools. By handling the minor technical details, the learning curve is shortened, allowing the user to concentrate on the theoretical considerations of running the program. For tasks such as phylogenetic analysis, in which numerous steps are required, analysis pipelines can be built into a single menu. At the same time, inclusion of programs in a pipeline does not negate the ability to use each of them as standalone programs, where finer control is needed for intermediate steps.
While GDE is not itself an object-oriented application, the BIRCH implementation of GDE uses some OO strategies, within the limitations imposed by the diverse ways in which different programs represent the same types of data. Most importantly, four GDE interfaces allow data to have some of the behavior of objects. For example, a phylogenetic tree, regardless of how it was generated, will appear in a tGDE window. The 'methods' of a tree object would be implemented in the menus that appear in tGDE. At a lower level of implementation, where there are commonalities in data types, a single script or program often handles input or output for many programs. For example, a single program parses the IDs for hits from BLAST or FASTA, and sends output to files, viewers, or even dGDE. In the latter case, the IDs are in the form of a list, which could be used as input for databases queries.
BIRCH is flexible enough to accommodate programs written any language, and documentation in many different formats. While it is straightforward to install many software packages side by side on any computer system, there are usually few mechanisms for integrating them into a single view for the user. In principle, programs and documentation could be added to a local copy of any bioinformatics package. Depending on the package, it might be necessary to revise programs and documentation to be added to adhere to a specific requirements, such as an API, or documentation format, respectively. These changes would have to be re-integrated each time the package was updated. BIRCH follows the opposite strategy. Since integration of local add-ons is a standard part of a BIRCH update, updates do not break local changes.
As described above, BIRCH is also unique in supporting a heterogeneous computing environment with multiple os/hardware platforms coexisting. To make this possible, there is only one version of BIRCH, not one for each platform. BIRCH is organized around a core of platform-neutral scripts and Java programs. Platform-specific binaries and libraries are downloaded separately. While BIRCH currently supports three platforms (Solaris-Sparc, Solaris-AMD64, and Linux-Intel) it would be straightforward to support other platforms. In fact, adapting BIRCH from Solaris-Sparc to Solaris-AMD64 required less than one person/week.
BIRCH is designed from the perspective of the biologist, keeping in mind that ease of use is highly dependent on ease of system management. For labs or institutions interested in setting up a central bioinformatics system, BIRCH is a quick way of getting started. At the same time, the organization and administration of an existing collection of programs could be improved by integrating these into a local copy of BIRCH.
Project name: BIRCH
Project home page: http://home.cc.umanitoba.ca/~psgendb
Operating systems: Solaris, Linux
Other requirements: sh, csh, Python, Java
Restrictions: none
Fristensky B: Building a multiuser sequence analysis facility using freeware. In Bioinformatics Methods and Protocols. Edited by: Misener S, Krawetz S. Humana Press; 1999:131–145.
Rice P, Longden I, Bleasby A: EMBOSS: The European Molecular Biology Open Software Suite. Trends in Genetics 2000, 16: 276–277.
Staden R, Beal KF, Bonfield JK: The Staden Package, 1998. In Computer Methods in Molecular Biology, Bioinformatics Methods and Protocols. Volume 132. Edited by: Misener S, Krawetz SA. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ; 1998:115–130.
BioRPMS[http://apt.bea.ki.se/]
Field D, Tiwari B, Booth T, Houten S, Swan D, Bertrand N, Thurston M: Open Software for Biologists: from famine to feast. Nature Biotechnology 2006, 24: 801–803.
Carver T, Bleasby A: The design of Jemboss: a graphical user interface to EMBOSS. Bioinformatics 2003, 19: 1837–1843.
Kaptain extensions to EMBOSS[http://userpage.fu-berlin.de/~sgmd/]
Kaptain[http://kaptain.sourceforge.net/]
Letondal C: A Web interface generator for molecular biology programs in Unix. Bioinformatics 2001, 17: 73–82.
Oinn T, Addis M, Ferris J, Marvin D, Senger M, Greenwood M, Carver T, Glover K, Pocock MR, Wipat A, Li P: Taverna: A tool for the composition and enactment of bioinformatics workflows. Bioinformatics 2004, 20(17):3045–3054.
Fristensky B: Network computing: Restructuring how scientists use computers and what we get out of them. In Bioinformatics Methods and Protocols. Edited by: Misener S, Krawetz S. Humana Press; 1999:401–412.
Fristensky B: Installing bioinformatics software in a server-based computing environment. In Introduction to Bioinformatics. Edited by: Krawetz S, Womble DD. Humana Press; 2003:285–296.
Fristensky B: Management of a server-based bioinformatics resource. In Introduction to Bioinformatics. Edited by: Krawetz S, Womble DD. Humana Press; 2003:297–306.
Smith SW, Overbeek R, Woese CR, Gilbert W, Gillevet PM: The genetic data environment: an expandable GUI for multiple sequence analysis. Comput Appl Biosci 1994, 10: 671–675.
Linton E: MacGDE: Genetic Data Environment for MacOSX.[http://www.msu.edu/~lintone/macgde/]
NCBI applications[ftp://ftp.ncbi.nih.gov]
Pearson WR: Flexible sequence similarity searching with the FASTA3 program package. Methods Mol Biol 2000, 132: 185–219.
Felsenstein J: PHYLIP – Phylogeny Inference Package (Version 3.2). Cladistics 1989, 5: 164–166.
Notredame C, Higgins D, Heringa J: T-Coffee: A novel method for multiple sequence alignments. J Mol Biol 2000, 302: 205–217.
Gilbert D: Readseq.[http://iubio.bio.indiana.edu/soft/molbio/readseq/java/]
XWin32[http://www.starnet.com/]
CygWin[http://x.cygwin.com/]
Sun Secure Global Desktop[http://www.sun.com/software/products/sgd/]
Real VNC[http://www.realvnc.com]
Paracel Blast[http://www.paracel.com]
Durbin R, Thierry Mieg J: A C. elegans Database.[http://www.acedb.org]
Michalickova K, Bader GD, Dumontier M, Lieu H, Betel D, Isserlin R, Hogue CW: Seqhound: biological sequence and structure database as a platform for bioinformatics research. BMC Bioinformatics 2002, 3: 32.
Bruno WJ, Socci ND, Halpern AL: Weighted Neighbor Joining: A Likelihood-Based Approach to Distance-Based Phylogeny Reconstruction. Mol Biol Evol 2000, 17: 189–197.
This work was funded in part by Genome Prairie and Genome Canada. System support was provided by Academic Computing and Networking, University of Manitoba. Early portions of this work were done on computers provided by the Sun Academic Excellence Grants program. Thanks to Dr. Christoph Sensen and the National Research Council Canadian Bioinformatics Resource for providing access to systems for testing downloading and installation of BIRCH. A special debt of gratitude goes to Dr. Eric Linton for updating the GDE program so that it would compile on current computing platforms. Thanks to Sherrie Kelly for a critical reading of the manuscript.
Department of Plant Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2, CANADA
Brian Fristensky
Correspondence to Brian Fristensky.
Fristensky, B. BIRCH: A user-oriented, locally-customizable, bioinformatics system. BMC Bioinformatics 8, 54 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2105-8-54
Local Customization
Unix Command
Bioinformatics System
Menu File


I review when I haven't tried as yet ... Sorry !
Ordered on line late Thursday evening Order received14.00hrs. Monday. Excellent service and brillian..
Ordered 3 days for my Peugeot 407 SW ago delivered today & fitted did have a little problem with the..
These are superb! Very good fit on the vehicle, look great and are so practical. Extremely satisfied..
Fantastic. Arrived within a day. Brilliant service. They do the job and they look great on my car. T..
I bought a set of these shades. They do a great job and are well worth buying. Unfortunately, I have..
Good afternoon. I wonder when to send the uv curtains ? stranger on the site have to say that in s..
Very impressed with the product and service, Thank you.
I'm interested in custom window shades for my 2015 Mazda 6. I am a private detective and want to ..


Nasal congestion can negatively affect a person's quality of life by interfering with day-to-day activities and disrupting the individual's sleep pattern.
During this time of the year, as the peak cold and flu season starts, many patients are likely to seek counsel regarding the nonprescription cold, cough, and flu products on the market. Many of these cold and flu medications, as well as allergy products, contain decongestants. Pharmacists can be an indispensable resource when it comes to aiding patients in the proper use and selection of decongestant products, especially for those with preexisting medical conditions or who take other medications. Pharmacists can also be instrumental in identifying drugs, such as α-adrenergic receptor antagonists, angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors, β-blockers, and oral contraceptives, that may cause nonallergic rhinitis in some patients.1 Aspirin and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs may also produce nasal symptoms in sensitive individuals.1 Pharmacists can also refer patients to seek further medical care from their primary health care providers when warranted.
Decongestants are indicated for the temporary relief of eustachian tube and nasal congestion and for cough associated with postnasal drip.2 Decongestant products are available in several dosage forms as combination and single-entity products, including pediatric formulations, to suit the needs of various patient populations. To avoid the unnecessary use of medications and therapeutic duplications, patients should be advised to use caution when using multi-ingredient products. If patients elect to use a combination product, they should be advised to use only those products that contain ingredients to treat their specific symptoms.
Because the use of decongestants is associated with cardiovascular stimulation, including arrhythmia, elevated blood pressure, palpitations, and tachycardia, they may exacerbate conditions that are sensitive to adrenergic stimulation, including coronary artery disease, hypertension, and ischemic heart disease, as well as interact with several other medications.
Prior to recommending any of these products, pharmacists should evaluate the patient's allergy and medical histories and symptoms and screen for potential drug contraindications and interactions. During counseling, patients should be reminded to read labels prior to administration and to adhere to the recommended dosages, administration guidelines, and duration of use. It is especially critical for caregivers and patients to be reminded to always use calibrated measuring devices when administering liquids and to read all labels prior to administering medications to children to ensure proper accuracy and dosage. Caregivers and parents should give children only products manufactured specifically for the pediatric population and consult their pediatrician or pharmacist when in doubt regarding the appropriateness or dose of the medication. Lactating and pregnant women and patients with chronic medical conditions should always confer with their primary health care providers prior to using any nonprescription medication.
Pharmacists can also recommend the nonmedicated inhalers such as Non-Medicated Vicks VapoInhalers (P&G Brands) that contain menthol and the nonmedicated nasal strips marketed as Breathe Right (GlaxoSmithKline) for relief from nasal congestion. Nonpharmacologic remedies include nasal steam inhalation, which can be very effective and provide temporary relief for nasal congestion. There is an assortment of personal steam inhalation machines as well as a host of diffusers that emit the aromas of essential oils, such as eucalyptus and peppermint, which may provide temporary relief from nasal congestion. Patients should be advised to discuss any concerns with their primary health care providers prior to using any of these therapies.
Yvette C. Terrie, BSPharm, RPh, is a consulting pharmacist and a medical writer in Haymarket, Virginia.
Dykewicz MS. Rhinitis medicamentosa. Medscape website. emedicine.medscape.com/article/995056-overview#a5. Updated January 2, 2018. Accessed September 12, 2018.
Scolaro KL. Disorders related to colds and allergy. In: Krinsky DL, Ferreri SP, Hemstreet B, et al, eds. Handbook of Nonprescription Drugs. 19th ed. Washington, DC: American Pharmacists Association; 2018=.
Leelathanalerk A, Rollins CJ, Krinsky DL. Common OTC medications may worsen heart failure. Pharm Today. 2017;23(4):16.
CFR - Code of Federal Regulations Title 21. Drugs for human use. FDA website. www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?fr=341.80. Updated April 21, 2018. Accessed September 11, 2018.
Benzedrex. B.F. Ascher & Co, Inc, website. bfascher.com/category/benzedrex/. Accessed September 27, 2018.
Label: vapor inhaler - levmetamfetamine nasal decongestant inhalant. US National Library of Medicine's DailyMed website. dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=904b7e21-cce5-4b96-afc1-b36f532f98ac. Accessed September 27, 2018.


She's been called the Queen of New York Nightlife, a stylish, tough-talking publicist who made her fame in the world of hip downtown celebrity parties.
Elizabeth Grubman epitomized the hot new look of public relations, with an A list of clients including Britney Spears, Quincy Jones and 'N Sync's Justin Timberlake. Some believed that she and other Young Turks would soon eclipse the city's older, more traditional and respected publicists such as Howard J. Rubenstein.
But when Grubman backed her Mercedes-Benz sport-utility vehicle into a crowd outside a trendy Hamptons club last weekend, injuring 16 people, the 30-year-old publicity maven faced a dilemma: Witnesses accused her of doing it on purpose and fleeing the scene. Who would she call to solve her public relations crisis?
She turned to the old guard, hiring Rubenstein.
"It was a tragic accident that she truly regrets," said a somber Rubenstein in the first news reports about the carnage at Southampton's Conscience Point Inn. "But it truly was an accident."
In the days to come, an ashen Grubman appeared sans makeup before TV cameras to voice her regrets. Meanwhile, friends who initially talked to reporters clammed up. The media made much of Grubman's allegedly obscene comments to a club bouncer, who asked her to move her vehicle just before the 2 a.m. incident. But Rubenstein said that would have been "out of character."
"Howard did a good job of advising her on all these things," a rival publicist said. "She's still taking a beating in the press, but as long as Lizzie sticks to the script he gives her, she can hold her own."
For more than 45 years, New York celebrities who find themselves in hot water have sought comfort--and reassuring spin--from this quiet, uncharismatic man whom some insiders consider a public relations genius. His firm handles top corporate accounts, but Rubenstein, 69, is best known for his management of clients such as Donald Trump, George Steinbrenner, Rupert Murdoch, Denise Rich, Michael Jackson and others hoping to burnish or redeem reputations.
He can't always rehabilitate a damaged image. But for many, the simple act of hiring Rubenstein is a bid for respectability in New York's overheated media world, a first step on the road back from negative news coverage.
"Howard knows everybody, and his clients are savvy enough to realize they get a measure of credibility by retaining him," said Kevin McCauley, editor of O'Dwyers PR Daily, a news source for the public relations industry. "He knows how the press works, and he plays the game well."
Sometimes Rubenstein uses a genial approach with reporters, trying to soften the harsh edges of clients such as hotel queen Leona Helmsley. But he also can use bare-knuckle tactics, as he did in his representation of financier Ronald O. Perelman during a messy divorce from Patricia Duff.
In Grubman's case, Rubenstein has his work cut out for him. The SUV incident is the talk of the Hamptons, and the PR world is abuzz concerning his efforts to guide her through the media jungle. The irony of their pairing is delicious, McCauley said, because they come from such different worlds.
"I'm sure Rubenstein will do his job--we'll hear more statements of contrition," said Sheldon Rampton, editor of PR Watch, a magazine that monitors the public relations industry. "But that strategy can backfire because people were injured, and at some point it's hard to admit something and defend yourself in court."
New York coverage of the Hamptons incident has been very critical of the young publicist, and victims of the accident have begun showering Grubman with lawsuits. Some stories have portrayed her as a spoiled kid whose rich father--entertainment lawyer Allen Grubman--will bail her out of this fix.
Police officials still are investigating the July 7 incident, sifting through conflicting accounts. Grubman, through Rubenstein and her attorneys, has said she mistakenly shifted her SUV into reverse when leaving the club, largely because she was unfamiliar with the vehicle.
Other witnesses, however, said she got into a shouting match with a bouncer, calling him "[expletive] white trash," and then rammed the vehicle into a crowd. Police arrested Grubman several hours later, charging her with seven counts of assault, leaving the scene of an accident and reckless endangerment. She pleaded not guilty and was released after posting $25,000 bail. If convicted, Grubman could face as much as 25 years in prison.
"Money Talks" shouted a New York Post headline above a story recounting how Grubman hired Rubenstein and a battery of powerhouse attorneys hours after the incident. She was not given a Breathalyzer test because police said they did not have probable cause to ask for such a test right away; critics suggested that Grubman's clout got her special treatment.
Rubenstein declined to be interviewed, noting that he doesn't like to inject himself into news stories involving his VIP clients. But over the years it's been impossible to separate the spin master from the spin.
Rubenstein, the son of a Brooklyn police reporter, dropped out of Harvard law school because he had a temperamental aversion to conflict. Instead, he found a home in public relations, where consensus and imagery prevailed.
From modest origins in 1954, Rubenstein built his firm into one of the world's largest public relations companies. He did it with hard work, smooth communication skills and key contacts. One of his first big clients was developer Fred Trump, Donald Trump's father, which led to accounts with some of New York's most powerful real estate interests.
Today, Howard J. Rubenstein & Associates handles an array of prestigious clients, including the state of Israel, the National Hockey League, BMW of North America, Sony Music Entertainment, Rockefeller Center, Columbia University, Ian Schrager Hotels and Weight Watchers International.
Most New Yorkers wouldn't recognize Rubenstein on the street. But his media influence is pervasive. In an interview with Forum News Daily this year, he outlined a strategy that explained his quick availability to the media after Grubman's accident.
"There is a continuous news cycle . . . and I receive calls in the middle of the night--1 a.m., 2 a.m.," he said. "And I respond to that. Our staff responds to that [because] if you ignore it, you will be behind the curve. And you very often can't catch up with the first wave of publicity."
But he teaches clients an even more important lesson, said Lisa Linden, chief executive of a prominent New York public relations firm and a former Rubenstein executive.
In a case such as Grubman's, she said, "Howard is very good at helping a client understand that what runs in the newspapers today is not necessarily what runs tomorrow. You take publicity one day at a time."


This course is approved for 1.0 Contact Hour(s) including 0.75 Pharmacy Hour(s).
Joscelyn Greaves has been a GI NP for the past 6 years. In her practice, she treats GERD and uses PPI daily. She also works an adjunct faculty in local graduate NP program.
SeminarWeb and Ohio Association of Advanced Practice Nurses programs are non-refundable.


11/01/2019 · Open me! Hot Cloth Cleansing Balm: https://www.boots.com/botanics-organic-hot-cloth-cleansing-balm-97-percent-organic-70-ml-10231452 Microdermabrasion Polish...... 18/05/2015 · The hot cloth cleansing balm is the best of the group. It's a nice little facial treatment that made my skin feel soft and it was very relaxing to use.
Buy BOOTS Botanics Organic Hot Cloth Cleansing Balm by Botanics by Boots at Amazon UK. Free delivery on eligible orders. Free delivery on eligible orders. BOOTS Botanics Organic Hot Cloth Cleansing Balm by Botanics by Boots: Amazon.co.uk: Beauty... In case you thought we'd lost the run of ourselves with €80 cleanser reviews, here's the antidote: it's Boots Botanics Organic Face Soothing Cleansing Balm and it's only €9.75, so a different class of affordable beast altogether.
Botanics Skincare range is created with you in mind, using organic ingredients such as clary sage and ginkgo. Plant based solutions taking care of your skin. Plant based solutions taking care of your skin.... In case you thought we'd lost the run of ourselves with €80 cleanser reviews, here's the antidote: it's Boots Botanics Organic Face Soothing Cleansing Balm and it's only €9.75, so a different class of affordable beast altogether.
Boots Botanics Hot Cloth Cleansing Balm Reviews (37) Q&A (4) Media (3) Leave a Review This cleansing Balm is a Godsend! I used to use Egyptian Magic from Whole Foods for $34+ to remove my makeup, and occasionally as a night moisturizer. The texture and ingredients, (though not exactly spot on) are very similar to each other. In fact, I prefer the smell of the Botanics to Egyptian Magic. It... Review: Boots Botanicals Hot Cloth Cleansing Balm Let me just start out by saying that I am so happy that this wasn't the very first cleansing balm that I tried, because this stuff is terrible, and it would have scared me away from them.
I am normally a cleansing oil kinda gal but I recently decided to take a break from what I knew and finally try some new cleansers. The first one being this one from the Boots Botanics Range.
18/05/2015 · The hot cloth cleansing balm is the best of the group. It's a nice little facial treatment that made my skin feel soft and it was very relaxing to use.
Botanics Hot Cloth Cleanser Review! by Lou Loves - November 17, 2017 I mentioned this Botanics Hot Cloth Cleansing Balm in my London Haul (click here to have a read) and I've been using it for the past few weeks so I thought it was about time that I did a review on it!