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SpaceX DM-2 (Demonstration Mission) або Crew Dragon Demo-2, Launch America — другий демонстраційний політ та перший політ із людьми на борту пілотованого космічного корабля (КК) Dragon 2 до Міжнародної космічної станції. Запуск здійснила приватна американська компанія SpaceX ракетою-носієм Falcon 9 Block 5 у рамках контракту з НАСА «Commercial Crew Development» щодо доставки на МКС членів екіпажу та вантажу.

Місія стартувала 30 травня 2020 року і стала для США першою від моменту останнього запуску Спейс Шаттла у 2011 році (STS-135). Номер польоту NSSDC ID — 2020-033A , номер за супутниковим каталогом — 45623. Dragon 2 був пристикований до МКС із 31 травня до 1 серпня 2020 року. Приводнення капсули відбулося 2 серпня, 18:48 (UTC).

Назву для свого корабля астронавти обрали на честь останнього шатла Індевор (, що означає — «прагнути», «докласти багато зусиль»).

Історія
У 2014 році SpaceX виграла контракт із НАСА розміром $2,6 млрд. на розробку і виготовлення пілотованих КК. Компанії Boeing на їхній корабель CST-100 Starliner тоді виділили $4,2 млрд.. Загалом на розвиток транспортної системи до космічної станції компанія Ілона Маска отримала $3,1 млрд. На початок січня 2018 року у календарі запусків до МКС перший пілотований політ цих кораблів значився на грудень 2018. Однак невдовзі космічне агентство приголомшило новиною про те, що навряд зможе дозволити пілотований політ (із вимог безпеки) раніше грудня 2019 року. Це була погана новина не лише для SpaceX, а й для НАСА, адже на той момент воно могло відправляти своїх астронавтів на МКС лише на КК Союз ($86 млн. за одну особу) за контрактом із Роскосмосом, а він закінчувався у середині 2019 року. На Crew Dragon вартість польоту одного астронавта складатиме для НАСА близько $55 млн. (із семи можливих місць агенство сертифікує для польоту лише чотири). Коли запуски стануть регулярними, можливе зниження ціни до $40 млн..

Однак, у серпні 2018 року НАСА повідомило, що Dragon 2 полетить з людьми у квітні 2019 та оголосило імена членів екіпажу. Ними стали астронавти Дуглас Герлі
та Роберт Бенкен. Обоє вже тричі літали до МКС на Спейс Шаттлі.

У жовтні 2018 стався черговий зсув розкладу, і запуск призначили на червень 2019 року. 20 квітня 2019 року під час планового стендового випробування двигунів SuperDraco на капсулі, що відновили після DM-1, стався вибух, і вона зруйнувалася. Люди не постраждали, але розклад запуску екіпажу посунувся.

17 квітня 2020 року вперше пролунала конкретна дата запуску — 27 травня 2020 року. Передбачалося, що місія триватиме від місяця до 119 днів. Головним обмеженням є деградація сонячних панелей Crew Dragon. Екіпаж мусить щодня активувати корабель та перевіряти їх стан, а також працездатність інших систем. Ще необхідний певний час, щоби SpaceX змогла виготовити наступний Dragon 2. НАСА прагнуло, щоб екіпаж пробув у космосі якнайдовше, аби скоротити розрив між цією місією та SpaceX Crew-1 (першим не демонстраційним, а власне робочим польотом до МКС). Це необхідно для збільшення кількості американських астронавтів на станції для проведення запланованих експериментів.

Перед запуском адміністратор НАСА Джим Брайденстайн закликав охочих спостерігати за польотом онлайн, замість того, щоби приїжджати до Центру Кеннеді. Це пов'язано із пандемією коронавірусної хвороби. Також, щоби втішити випускників навчальних закладів усіх рівнів, які через карантинні обмеження не змогли взяти участь у випускних заходах, усім охочим було запропоновано відправити їхні фото у цей історичний політ. Із отриманих 90 тис. світлин зробили мозаїчне зображення Землі. А ще SpaceX створила симулятор підльоту до космічної станції, завдяки якому можна уявити себе пілотом Crew Dragon і спробувати пристикуватися до МКС (хоча насправді таке уміння може стати у нагоді лише, якщо функція автоматичного стикування вийде із ладу).

Президент США Дональд Трамп і віце-президент Майк Пенс були присутні як під час першої, так і під час другої (успішної) спроби запуску «американських астронавтів із американської землі», що відбулася вперше за останні дев'ять років, та ще й приватною компанією. Високопосадовці подякували НАСА та команді SpaceX (а особливо її очільнику) за вдало виконану роботу. Ілон Маск же у своїй промові зазначив, що «Батут працює!». Це посилання на 2014 рік, коли Дмитро Рогозін порадив американцям запускати своїх астронавтів на МКС за допомогою батута замість кораблів «Союз». Так нинішній директор Роскосмосу відреагував на санкції США через розпочату Росією війну проти України. Тепер через втрату монополії Роскосмос недоотримає близько $400 млн. на рік.

27 травня близько 150 тис. чоловік зібралися на узбережжі біля космодрому, щоб на власні очі побачити історичний запуск. Он-лайн переглядів на різноманітних платформах НАСА нарахувало принаймні 10,3 млн..

Дозвіл НАСА
Щоб здійснити цю місію, SpaceX мала отримати від НАСА дозвіл на польоти Dragon 2 із астронавтами на борту. Для цього здійснювалися відповідні перевірки корабля, але головним критерієм був так званий «коефіцієнт втрати екіпажу». Наразі він не повинен перевищувати 1 до 276 (під час польотів на Спейс Шаттлах він складав 1 до 90). Це означає, що ймовірність загибелі астронавта чи отримання ним тяжкого ушкодження протягом запуску, перебування на борту МКС (210 діб) та повернення на Землю не повинна перевищувати 1 випадок із 276.

Значна увага приділялася захисту від метеороїдів та космічного сміття, а також термостійкому покриттю КК та парашутам (здійснено близько ста їх різноманітних перевірок). Важливим елементом захисту астронавтів є скафандри, що також виготовила SpaceX. Належачи до аварійно-рятувальних, вони відповідають за терморегуляцію організму, а у разі розгерметизації корабля їх треба під'єднати до роз'єму у сидінні, після чого розпочнеться подача в них кисню та підтримка необхідного рівня тиску. Їх розробляв голлівудський дизайнер костюмів Хосе Фернандес (Бетмен проти Супермена, Залізна людина 2).

Серйозними випробуваннями для отримання дозволу НАСА стали успішно пройдені місії SpaceX DM-1 (відбулася 2 березня 2019 року) та «In-flight abort test» () (19 січня 2020 року). А бездоганно проведений даний запуск та безпечне повернення капсули із астронавтами стали останніми кроками до сертифікації SpaceX для виконання пілотованих польотів, тобто офіційного визнання її здатності перевозити людей кораблем Crew Dragon і ракетою Falcon 9 Block 5, використовуючи заявлену наземну інфраструктуру та методику і засоби для рятування астронавтів після приводнення. Остаточно про позитивне вирішення цього питання було оголошено у листопаді 2020 року. Більше того, компанії дозволили користуватися вже літавшими першими ступенями ракети та космічними капсулами. Перший політ на вживаних апаратах відбудеться під час другої робочої пілотованої місії Crew-2, що запланована на 2021 рік.

Склад екіпажу

Герлі контролював процеси запуску, приземлення, а також дії під час рятувальної операції. Бенкен був відповідальний за зближення із МКС, стикування, розстикування та загалом за активність на кораблі, коли він під'єднаний до космічної станції.

Перебіг місії

Підготовка
За два тижні до старту для Бенкена і Герлі розпочався карантин. 20 травня вони прибули на космодром для проведення підготовчих робіт. Наступного дня на стартовий майданчик вивезли ракету із приєднаним космічним кораблем. 22 травня відбулося її успішне статичне вогневе випробування.

27 травня прогноз погоди передбачав 50 % ймовірності сприятливих умов для польоту на стартовому майданчику. Також враховували погоду у місці можливого приводнення капсули корабля у разі виникнення небезпечної ситуації, і спрацювання системи аварійного порятунку (САП). За 16 хвилин і 53 секунди до старту через тропічний шторм «Берта» політ було перенесено на 30 травня. У день запуску астронавти прибули на стартовий майданчик на білих Tesla Model X. Піднявшись на стартову вежу і пройшовши по містку, вони розмістилися у сидіннях корабля. За 45 хвилин до старту місток було відведено вбік, астронавти активували САП, і розпочалася заправка паливних елементів у ракету (рятувальна система активується раніше, бо саме із заливкою палива з'являється можливість вибуху).

Переліт до МКС
Запуск відбувся із КЦ ім. Кеннеді, майданчик LC-39a ракетою Falcon 9. Старт здійснено 30 травня 2020 року, 19:22 (UTC). Ракета-носій із пасажирами розігналася до швидкості ~7,6 км/с. Після відокремлення від другого ступеня ракети для Crew Dragon розпочалася 19-годинна перевірка його роботи як у автоматичному, так і у ручному (двічі) режимі керування. Випробовували 16 малопотужних двигунів Draco, за допомогою яких збільшували висоту орбіти з 200 км до 420 км та здійснювали маневрування. Також була протестована система життєзабезпечення та три сенсорні екрани, що необхідні пілотам для мануального управління. Щоб зафіксувати момент виникнення невагомості, у корабель беруть м'яку іграшку. Цього разу нею став дракончик Трімер. Під час польоту астронавти мали змогу зняти свої скафандри, а також поспати. Розбудили їх із наземного центру керування польотами піснею «Planet Caravan» гурту Black Sabbath.

Зближення з МКС на заключному етапі здійснювалось з використанням трьох реперних пунктів (): 400 метрів від МКС, 200 метрів і 20 метрів від стикувального вузла. При цьому на дистанції між другим і третім реперними пунктами була виконана перевірка можливості ручного управління кораблем.

Стикування Dragon 2 із МКС, а саме — із модулем Гармоні, — відбувалося кораблем у автоматичному режимі, але під візуальним контролем членів екіпажу. Це сталося 31 травня о 14:16 (UTC). Підготовка переходу екіпажу до МКС по стикувальному перехіднику зайняла кілька годин. Однією із причин затримки стала проблема сполучення системи бортового зв'язку Crew Dragon із МКС, при цьому голосовий зв'язок із станцією деякий час здійснювався через наземний центр управління. Проблема була вирішена після остаточного переведення корабля в режим стикування із МКС. Після відкриття люків із обох сторін Роберт Бенкен та Дуглас Герлі о 18:22 (UTC) перемістилися до космічної станції, приєднавшись до складу 63-ї експедиції, яка вже налічувала одного американського астронавта  та двох російських — Івана Вагнера і Анатолія Іванішина.

Робота на станції

Астронавти Роберт Бенкен і Дуглас Герлі провели на МКС 62 дні, 9 годин і 8 хвилин, витративши понад 100 годин на наукові досліди. Разом із  Бенкен здійснив чотири виходи у відкритий космос загальною тривалістю 23 години і 37 хвилин. Вони замінили шість застарілих нікель-водневих акумуляторних батарей, що накопичували енергію від сонячних панелей, на три нові літій-іонні. Останні були доставлені на МКС японським транспортником HTV. Також на зовнішньому боці були встановлені два автоматичні детектори витоку амонію із охолоджувальної системи станції, а також завершено підготовку модуля Транквіліті до встановлення повітряного шлюзу  для випускання у космос CubeSat та інших невеликих експериментальних вантажів. На поточний момент Бенкен провів у космосі 60 годин і 10 хвилин і за цим показником посідає четверте місце серед астронавтів усіх країн.

Повернення на Землю
«Endeavor» автоматично відстикувався від МКС о 23:35 (UTC) 1 серпня 2020 року. Він повернув на Землю 150 кг вантажу, серед яких 97 кг належать до наукових експериментів, що зберігаються у замороженому вигляді. Корабель виконав чотири короткочасні увімкнення двигунів, відлітаючи від космічної станції, а після того — ще 6-хвилинне увімкнення, щоб лягти на курс повернення на Землю. Його середня швидкість до гальмування становила 7,8 км/с. В останній день мандрівки астронавтів розбудило повідомлення, що їм надіслали їхні сини. О 17:51 (UTC) відбулося відокремлення багажного відсіку із сонячними батареями, після чого розпочалося деорбітаційне гальмування тривалістю 11 хвилин і 22 секунди. О 18:11 (UTC) закрився носовий обтікач, а входження в атмосферу розпочалося о 18:36. Під час падіння температура сягала 1930 °C, але Crew Dragon від надмірного розігріву захищав абляційний щит, так що всередині було не більше 30 °C. Як і передбачалося, сталася ~6-хвилинна втрата зв'язку між екіпажем і наземною командою підтримки, спричинена обтіканням капсули плазмовим потоком. Витрачаючи енергію на тертя об атмосферу, космічний апарат зменшив свою швидкість до 134 м/с. Максимальне навантаження під час приземлення очікувалося на рівні 4g. Два стабілізаційні витяжні парашути відокремилися на висоті 5,5 км о 18:44 (UTC), а через хвилину на висоті 1,8 км розкрилися чотири основні парашути, коли швидкість падіння капсули становила 53 м/с (191 км/год). Після ~19 годин польоту 2 серпня о 18:48 (UTC) у Мексиканській затоці біля берегів Пенсаколи (Флорида) відбулося приводнення Crew Dragon. Рятувальний корабель «Go Navigator» із командою у 40 чоловік очікував його у зоні ймовірного падіння. Також були присутні близько двадцяти приватних катерів, які, порушуючи заборону, перетнули межі небезпечної зони, щоб стати свідками неординарної події. Першими до капсули направилися два катери, екіпажі яких перевірили відсутність шкідливих викидів палива та звільнили апарат від парашутів. Приватні човни тим часом постійно пропливали повз і заважали роботі (пізніше НАСА та SpaceX заявили про необхідність кращої координації дій із береговою охороною). Капсулу за допомогою підйомного механізму підняли на палубу рятувального корабля та провели очистку її сервісної секції, виявивши підвищений рівень азотного тетраоксиду, що є паливом для двигунів. Потім астронавтам допомогли вибратися із неї вже за присутності медиків. Рятувальний процес зайняв близько години. Астронавтів ґвинтокрилом доправили на берег, де їх очікував літак, щоб відвезти у Х'юстон, а космічну капсулу транспортували у флоридський порт на базу SpaceX, і прибула вона туди 8 серпня.

Коротка хронологія подій
 T+00:00 (19:22:45, UTC) — старт;
 T+01:01 — досягнення ракетою максимального динамічного тиску;
 T+02:38 — вимкнення двигунів першого ступеня;
 T+02:40 — відокремлення ступенів ракети;
 T+07:19 — перший ступінь вмикає три двигуни для гальмування під час входження в атмосферу;
 T+08:50 — вимкнення двигуна другого ступеня;
 T+08:58 — перший ступінь здійснює посадкове гальмування, націлюючись на платформу «Of Course I Still Love You» в Атлантичному океані;
 T+09:31 — посадка прискорювача, що має номер B1058 (для нього — перша, але для SpaceX загалом — 52-га вдала);
 T+12:08 — Crew Dragon відокремився від другого ступеня і ліг на курс до МКС;
 T+17:54:00 — початок випробувальних маневрів корабля із використанням двигунів Draco;
 T+18:54:40 — початкове «м'яке» стикування із космічною станцією;
 Т+19:05:00 — «жорстке» стикування;
 T+21:39:00 — відкриття люків;
 T+24:59:40 — астронавти зійшли на борт МКС;
 Т+27 днів — перший вихід у космос протягом цієї місії астронавта Роберта Бенкена (26 червня);
 Т+32 дні — другий вихід (1 липня);
 Т+47 днів — третій вихід (16 липня);
 Т+52 дні — четвертий вихід (21 липня);
 Т+63 дні, 09:08 (1 серпня, 23:35, UTC) — відстикування Crew Dragon;
 T+63 дні, 23:25:21 (2 серпня, 18:48:06) — приводнення капсули;
 T+64 дні, 00:36 (2 серпня, 19:59) — астронавти на борту рятувального корабля.

Змагання за прапор
Як і для багатьох інших країн, для Америки розміщення прапору США у космосі є важливим символом їхніх здобутків. Під час першого польоту Шаттла до МКС було доставлено не менше 1 тис. прапорів, і лише один із них залишився там до 2011 року, коли Космічний Човник здійснив свій останній політ. Тоді астронавти почепили його у лабораторії, підкреслюючи, що забрати його зможе лише американська команда, яка прилетить на першому комерційному космічному кораблі. Всі ці роки змагання відбувалося між SpaceX та Boeing, однак після невдачі, що сталася протягом безпілотного польоту Starliner, прапор (а разом із ним і перемогу у цьому символічному змаганні) здобуває екіпаж Crew Dragon.

Галерея

Див. також
 Boeing Crew Flight Test

Примітки

Посилання

  // НАСА
  // 5 канал
  // ТСН
  // SpaceX
  // SpaceX
  // SpaceX

Джерела

SpaceX (пілотовані місії)
Пілотовані космічні польоти до МКС
Космонавтика 2020
Falcon (сімейство ракет-носіїв)


Today is the day, guys. My nursing school pinning.
There were so many times, especially early in nursing school where I truly thought I wasn't going to make. There were some nasty bumps along the way, but it all worked out exactly as it should.
One of the best parts of the program was my cohort. They were supportive and loving, always encouraging. Nursing school would have been a totally different experience if they hadn't been such a wonderful group.
Especially these two ladies who were my BFFs during the program.
Today, I put on my cap and gown, join my classmates and my family, and take my Florence Nightingale pledge. I've got all the feels.
I will be writing a follow-up post about the actual day, but for right now, enjoy instagram-y type cap and stethoscope pictures.
I'm so proud of you, dear. Hope it's a fabulous day.


text:
\section{Introduction}
To express their interpersonal goal and attitude, people often use different styles in their communication. The style  of a text can be as important as its literal meaning for effective communication \cite{hovy1987generating}.
NLP researchers have built many models to identify different styles in text, including politeness \cite{danescu-niculescu-mizil-etal-2013-computational}, emotion \cite{alm2005emotions, mohammad-etal-2018-semeval}, and sentiment \cite{ socher-etal-2013-recursive}. Recently, transformer-based \cite{vaswani2017} pretrained language models, such as BERT \cite{devlin-etal-2019-bert}, have achieved impressive performance on many NLP tasks, including stylistic studies. However, explaining what these deep learning models learn  remains a challenge. Thus, there is a growing effort to understand how these models behave \cite{rogers2021primer, rajagopal2021selfexplain}.

In this work, we attempt to understand style variation through the contrasting words identified by humans and BERT as determining a style. Given the subjective nature of styles, we are interested in capturing human's inherent perception of stylistic cues in the text and compare this with the BERT's ``perception''. Specifically, we investigate the extent to which BERT's word importance, as estimated using  Shapley value-based attribution scores \cite{mudrakarta-etal-2018-model}, aligns with human perception in stylistic text classification.

\begin{figure}[t!]
\centering
{
\includegraphics[trim=0cm 0.1cm 2cm 0cm,clip,width=0.99\linewidth]{images/example_new.pdf}
}
\caption{
\label{fig:example_from_captum}
Both humans and BERT models label the sentence (a) as ``polite'', whereas in sentence (b), the humans label it as ``anger'' but BERT does not.
Pink highlight: high human perception score. Blue: BERT's important words. Purple: the word is seen as a strong cue by both human and BERT.
The darker color means that the score for human perception or machine word importance is higher.
Best seen in color.
}
\vspace{-5mm}
\end{figure}

When humans identify styles in a text, specific words play an important role in recognizing the style, such as hedges for identifying politeness \cite{danescu-niculescu-mizil-etal-2013-computational}.
We call such words \textit{stylistic cues}.
For example, in Figure \ref{fig:example_from_captum}(a), humans perceive the words ``\textit{understand},'' ``\textit{like},'' and ``\textit{accept}'' as strong stylistic cues for politeness. But does the BERT model learn the same words as indicative? It turns out that although the model learns that the word ``\textit{accept}'' is an important feature for classifying the text as polite, it disagrees with humans for ``\textit{understand}'' and ``\textit{like}'' by identifying these words as signals for impoliteness. This leads to a concern that lexical explanation from BERT could be unreliable and motivates us to investigate more deeply into the lexical cues used by  humans and BERT. Since styles overlap significantly \cite{kang21acl_xslue}, we cover multiple styles: politeness, sentiment, offensiveness, anger, disgust, fear, joy, and sadness.

Our contributions are as follows:
\begin{itemize}[noitemsep,topsep=1pt]
\item This is the first comparative study to examine stylistic lexical cues from human perception and BERT. To characterize their discrepancy, we developed a dataset, called \textsc{Hummingbird}, where crowd-workers relabeled benchmarking datasets for style classification tasks.
\item We found that human and BERT cues are quite different; BERT pays more attention to \textit{content words}, and word-level human labels provide more accurate multi-style correlations than sentence-level machine predictions.
\item Our work differs from previous works which have generated stylistic lexica from manually-curated seed words or thesauri \cite{davidson2017automated, mohammad-turney-2010-emotions};  Instead, in our work, the full text is given to annotators, providing more context to the selection of the cue words.
\end{itemize}

\section{Collection of Human and BERT's Importance Scores on Stylistic Words}
While there are many datasets with stylistic labels, to the best of our knowledge, there is no available dataset of stylistic texts with \textit{human labels on the individual words} that drive the human perception. Therefore, on top of existing benchmark style datasets, we we develop \textsc{Hummingbird}, a new dataset with human-identified stylistic words in those stylistic sentences .

\paragraph{Dataset}
We use the following datasets for our style classification tasks and as a starting point for collecting human perception scores on lexical level: StanfordPoliteness \cite{danescu-niculescu-mizil-etal-2013-computational}, Sentiment Treebank \cite{socher-etal-2013-recursive}, \citet{davidson2017automated}'s tweet dataset for offensiveness, and SemEval 2018's dataset for emotion classification \cite{mohammad-etal-2018-semeval}.

\begin{table}[]
\centering
\small
\setlength\tabcolsep{4.0pt}
\begin{tabular}{@{}l c c c@{}
\toprule
\multirow{2}{*}{\textbf{Style}}  & \textbf{Label} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{Interannotator}} & \multirow{2}{*}{\textbf{F1}} \\% &\multicolumn{3}{c|}{\textbf{F1}}& \multicolumn{2}{c|}{\raisebox{-2pt}{{\includegraphics[height=1em]{images/human.png}}} - \raisebox{-2pt}{\includegraphics[height=1em]{images/emoji.png}} \textbf{Pearson's} \textit{r}} & \textbf{Naive}\\
&  \textbf{Distribution} & \textbf{Agreement} & \\ \hline
Politeness & 22.8\%(+) / 41.2\%(-) & \multirow{1}{*}{62.8}  & \multirow{1}{*}{69.4}\\
Sentiment & 24.6\%(+) / 53.6\%(-)  & \multirow{1}{*}{71.1} &\multirow{1}{*}{96.5} \\%& 85.0 & 89.1 & 0.273 & 0.402 & 0.223\\
Offensiveness & 33.6\%  & 75.7 & \textbf{98.0} \\%& \textbf{98.0} & 89.4 & 0.088 & 0.224 & -0.013\\ \hline
Anger & 35.0\% & 73.5 & 82.0 \\% & 79.0 & 80.6 & 0.179 & 0.374 & 0.113\\
Disgust  & 41.6\%  & 71.2  & 80.7\\% & 78.0 & 76.7 & 0.149 & 0.289 & 0.080\\
Fear  & 16.4 \%  & 76.1  & 84.6\\% & 76.5 & 90.8 & 0.125 & 0.176 & 0.077\\
Joy  & 22.6\%  & \textbf{82.7}  &  86.5\\% & 88.0 & 89.4 & \textbf{0.288} & \textbf{0.435} & 0.128\\
Sadness  & 26.4\%  & 72.4  & 78.2 \\%& 71.5 & 87.8 & 0.185 & 0.330 & 0.118\\
\bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\caption{Dataset statistics: \% of stylistic texts labeled by annotators in 500 texts. (+) refers to polite or positive, (-) refers to impolite or negative. Inter-annotator agreement: percent agreement scores for two or more people. F1 score is the performance of BERT models on the existing test sets.
}
\vspace{-3mm}
\label{tab:dataset}
\end{table}

\begin{table*}[]
\centering
\small
\setlength\tabcolsep{4.0pt}
\resizebox{\textwidth}{!}{
\begin{tabular}{@{}c c c | c c c | c c c @{}}
\multicolumn{3}{c}{\textbf{Politeness}} & \multicolumn{3}{|c}{\textbf{Positive Sentiment}} & \multicolumn{3}{|c}{\textbf{Joy}}
\\\hline

\raisebox{-2pt}{{\includegraphics[height=1em]{images/human.png}}}$\uparrow$\raisebox{-2pt}{\includegraphics[height=1em]{images/emoji.png}}$\uparrow$ & \raisebox{-2pt}{{\includegraphics[height=1em]{images/human.png}}}$\uparrow$& \raisebox{-2pt}{\includegraphics[height=1em]{images/emoji.png}}$\uparrow$ &
\raisebox{-2pt}{{\includegraphics[height=1em]{images/human.png}}}$\uparrow$\raisebox{-2pt}{\includegraphics[height=1em]{images/emoji.png}}$\uparrow$  & \raisebox{-2pt}{{\includegraphics[height=1em]{images/human.png}}}$\uparrow$& \raisebox{-2pt}{\includegraphics[height=1em]{images/emoji.png}}$\uparrow$&
\raisebox{-2pt}{{\includegraphics[height=1em]{images/human.png}}}$\uparrow$\raisebox{-2pt}{\includegraphics[height=1em]{images/emoji.png}}$\uparrow$  & \raisebox{-2pt}{{\includegraphics[height=1em]{images/human.png}}}$\uparrow$ & \raisebox{-2pt}{\includegraphics[height=1em]{images/emoji.png}}$\uparrow$ \\ \hline

lovely & \textcolor{WildStrawberry}{hilarious} & \textcolor{blue}{disappointed} & delightful & \textcolor{WildStrawberry}{deep} & \textcolor{blue}{shocking}  &excited & \textcolor{WildStrawberry}{moved} & \textcolor{blue}{movies}$^{*}$\\
delightful & \textcolor{WildStrawberry}{thank} & \textcolor{blue}{scenes}$^{*}$ & lovely & \textcolor{WildStrawberry}{thanks} & \textcolor{blue}{scare}  & love & \textcolor{WildStrawberry}{share} & \textcolor{blue}{managing}\\
loving & \textcolor{WildStrawberry}{moved} & \textcolor{blue}{suffers} & smart & \textcolor{WildStrawberry}{fun} & \textcolor{blue}{move}  &  entertaining & \textcolor{WildStrawberry}{performances} & \textcolor{blue}{referring}\\
smart & \textcolor{WildStrawberry}{good} & \textcolor{blue}{hi}$^{\#}$ & solid & \textcolor{WildStrawberry}{deftly} & \textcolor{blue}{absolutely}  & great & \textcolor{WildStrawberry}{congrats} & \textcolor{blue}{documentary}\\
trouble & \textcolor{WildStrawberry}{clear} & \textcolor{blue}{optimism} & excited & \textcolor{WildStrawberry}{best} & \textcolor{blue}{wow}$^{\#}$ &  perfect & \textcolor{WildStrawberry}{smile} & \textcolor{blue}{baseball}$^{*}$
\end{tabular}
}
\caption{Top 5 words where humans and BERT agree or disagree. \raisebox{-2pt}{{\includegraphics[height=1em]{images/human.png}}}$\uparrow$\raisebox{-2pt}{\includegraphics[height=1em]{images/emoji.png}}$\uparrow$: both human and BERT agree. \raisebox{-2pt}{{\includegraphics[height=1em]{images/human.png}}}$\uparrow$: high human perception score but low BERT's importance score. \raisebox{-2pt}{{\includegraphics[height=1em]{images/emoji.png}}}$\uparrow$: high BERT's importance score but low human perception score.
\textbf{BERT-only agreement includes more content words ($^*$) or interjections ($^\#$) than human-only agreement}.
}
\label{tab:top_five_words}
\end{table*}

\paragraph{Human Perception Scores}
To collect human perception scores, we first pick 500 stylistically-diverse texts from the four style datasets by the following method. First, we fine-tune BERT on the training sets of the exiting datasets using the original train/dev/test splits. The models' performance is shown in Table \ref{tab:dataset}. We then run each model on every development set. For example, we run a sentiment classifier on our emotion dataset. From this, we obtain the probability score from the model for predicting each style.

To encourage that the chosen texts exhibit diverse styles, we sort them based on their probability scores and compute the standard deviation of these scores across the eight styles, following \citet{kang21acl_xslue}. We then select the 50 most polite texts, 50 most impolite texts, 50 positive texts, 50 negative texts, 100 offensive texts, and 200 emotional texts (40 from each emotion style), resulting in total 500 texts from the four different style datasets.

We hired 622 workers to annotate them with human perception on Prolific\footnote{\url{https://www.prolific.co/}} from November to December 2020. We required the workers to be in the United States and payed them an average of \$9.6/hour. Each worker was asked what styles they perceive each of the texts to exhibit. If they think the text has certain styles, workers then highlight the words in the text which they believe make them think the text had those styles (Pink highlights in Figure \ref{fig:example_from_captum}).

Three workers label the same pair of sentence and style, and we take majority voting for the style labels.\footnote{See Appendix for original dataset details.} Crowd-workers obtained an average percentage agreement of 73.2\% on majority labeling, which is a substantial agreement, for text-level as shown in Table \ref{tab:dataset} and an average percentage  agreement of 27.7\% for word-level agreement.

Then, for a word $w_i$ in a text $t = w_1..w_N$, the human perception score is defined as:
\begin{equation}
    H(w_i) = \frac{\sum_{j=1}^{\#\textrm{annotators}}h_j(w_i)}{\#\textrm{annotators}}
\end{equation}

\noindent where $h_j \in {-1, 0, 1}$ is the score given by the $j^{\textrm{th}}$ annotator. Each annotator's label will contribute a score of either 1 for a word that is perceived as a positive cue, -1 for a negative cue, and otherwise 0 (neutral or no emotion).

\paragraph{BERT's Importance Scores}
To obtain the word importance (attribution) scores from BERT, we first trained BERT-based models, yielding with F1 scores in Table \ref{tab:dataset}. We then use the popular technique of layered integrated gradients \cite{mudrakarta-etal-2018-model} provided by Captum \cite{captum2020}. This technique is a variant of integrated gradients, an interpretability algorithm that attributes an importance score to each input feature by approximating the integral of the gradients of the model's output with respect to the inputs along a straight line from given baselines to the inputs \cite{sundararajan2017axiomatic}.

Since BERT could tokenize a word $w$ into several word pieces, the importance of a word is an average of the scores of the word pieces $x$ that make up the word.
For an input of word pieces $x$, if we have a function $F: \mathbb{R}^n \rightarrow[0,1]$ as a neural network, and an input $x = (x_1, ..., x_n) \in \mathbb{R}^n  $, an attribution of the prediction at input $x$ relative to a baseline input $x'$ is a vector $A_F = (x, x') = (a_1, ... , a_n) \in \mathbb{R}^n$ where $a_i$ is the attribution of $x_i$ to the prediction $F(x)$. We use the default setting of Captum for the baseline input $x'$ which is zero scalar.
Finally, we obtain [-1,1] attribution score for each token like the blue highlights in Figure \ref{fig:example_from_captum}.

\begin{figure}[t!]
\vspace{-2mm}
\centering
{
\includegraphics[trim=0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm,clip,width=0.99\linewidth]{images/pearson_correlation.pdf}
\vspace{-6mm}
}
\caption{
\label{fig:correlation_scores}
Pearson's $r$ between human and BERT for the eight styles ($p < 0.001$).
}
\vspace{-5mm}
\end{figure}

\section{Human-BERT Agreement through Lexical Analysis}
We study how  similar human perception and BERT's word importance are, within each style (intra-style) and across styles (multi-styles).

\paragraph{Intra-stylistic Analyses}
We measure the correlation between human perception of stylistic words and BERT's word importance, by computing the Pearson's $r$ for them across all words in the vocabulary, as shown in Figure \ref{fig:correlation_scores}.  Na\"{i}ve refers to our baseline which is that we simply count word frequencies in the stylistic text. For example, if the style is positive sentiment, for a word $w$, we computed how many times $w$ appears for sentences labeled as "positive". We calculated the Pearson's r between this word count and the sentences' styles across all sentences. This Pearson's r score is the baseline score of the word importance for word $w$.

We find that BERT's word importances correlate more highly with human judgements than this baseline; neither BERT nor humans rely purely on co-occurrence frequencies. Some styles are easier to identify by both human and BERT, such as joy and sentiment with Pearson $r$=0.288 and 0.273. The yellow bar suggests that human-BERT agreement is higher when the word appears more often, especially for offensiveness (0.088 vs. 0.224).

\begin{figure}
\vspace{-2mm}
\centering
{
\includegraphics[clip,width=\linewidth]{images/new_politeness.pdf}
}
{
\includegraphics[clip,width=\linewidth]{images/new_emotions.pdf}
}
\vspace{-5mm}
\caption{
\label{fig:simple_classification}
Simple classification using top-N human and BERT features for all the eight styles.
Best seen in color.
}
\vspace{-4mm}
\end{figure}

We now look into which words BERT and humans agree and disagree on. Table \ref{tab:top_five_words} shows such words selected based on the difference of the word ranks of the human perception score and those from BERT's word importance. To include only highly stylistic words, words are selected only if their scores are greater than a threshold of 0.3. When humans and BERT agree (\raisebox{-2pt}{{\includegraphics[height=1em]{images/human.png}}}$\uparrow$\raisebox{-2pt}{\includegraphics[height=1em]{images/emoji.png}}$\uparrow$), they attend to words that are clearly associated with the styles (e.g joy, positive) and are general ("lovely", "delightful", "excited").

In contrast, BERT often finds words that suggest contexts in which the sentiment is likely to occur. For example, top-5 words from BERT-only agreement (\raisebox{-2pt}{{\includegraphics[height=1em]{images/emoji.png}}}$\uparrow$) contain more content words such as ``scenes'' for politeness and ``movies'' and ``basebell'' for joy than those from human-only agreement (\raisebox{-2pt}{{\includegraphics[height=1em]{images/human.png}}}$\uparrow$). In particular, we see that for politeness and positive sentiment, BERT pays more attention to interjections (e.g., ``hi'', ``wow'') than humans.
For offensiveness and fear in Table \ref{tab:top_ten_words_appendix} in the Appendix, humans perceive hashtags as important cues but BERT does not.
Interestingly, humans perceive a seemingly positive word, ``charming,'' as offensive while BERT does not, perhaps missing sarcasm.
These content words or words irrelevant to the target style are mostly learned due to the biased training dataset, leading to inaccurate prediction by the machine.

Then, we evaluate the impact of important words perceived by human and BERT in the existing test set using a simple occurrence-based classification method. From the ranked word list by their human perception score and BERT's word importance scores, we label a text as having the target style, if at least one word in the test sentence exists in the top-N word list. For this study, we only select words that appear three times or more in the dataset.

In Figure \ref{fig:simple_classification}, human's word list outperforms BERT's for most styles, even with this small size of annotations compared to the large size of original datasets used for training the BERT model.
Interestingly, for some negative styles (e.g., impoliteness, negative sentiment, fear), BERT's word list performs better. We observe that words from offensive dataset (mostly swear words) are more consistently labeled as impolite and negative by human annotators. However, these words are not often seen in the original politeness and sentiment datasets. It explains why features from BERT models which are trained on the original, large datasets get higher F1 score. As for fear, we found that content words, such as "facebook" and "theatre", appear in the test data. Here we see that BERT relies on content words (topic-related words) to help predict the style, which is fragile to out-of-domain samples.

\paragraph{Multi-stylistic Analyses}
As we extend our analyses on multi-style correlation from a lexical viewpoint, we found that humans and machines give similar correlations among the styles. For instance, joy, positive sentiment, and politeness are all positively correlated, as are anger, disgust, and offensiveness (Figure \ref{fig:multi_style_matrix}).
However, the multi-style correlation strength is greater for human perceptions than for machine importance.

\begin{figure}[t!]
\centering
{
\includegraphics[trim=0.1cm 0.3cm 0.3cm 0.1cm,clip, width=\linewidth]{images/heatmap.png}
}
\vspace{-4mm}
\caption{
\label{fig:multi_style_matrix}
Pearson's $r$ word correlation matrix across styles. The upper triangle (blue and red) represents human perception scores, while the lower triangle (green and brown) represents machine word importances.
}
\vspace{-5mm}
\end{figure}

The weaker correlation across styles for machines is confirmed in Figure \ref{fig:tsne_human_and_machine}, which presents  a lower-dimensional visualization for the stylistic representation of each word. Stylistic words are more clustered in human perception, while for BERT, the separation between highly stylistic words and non-stylistic words is less clear. Figure \ref{fig:tsne_human_and_machine} also shows the geometric closeness across the style clusters, giving extra information beyond the pairwise correlations in Figure \ref{fig:multi_style_matrix}.
In human scores, styles cluster into two extremes: politeness, positive sentiment, and joy to the left, and anger, negative sentiment, offensiveness, and impoliteness to the right, with disgust, fear, and sadness, between them.
This leads to more accurate style correlation analysis than machine-based analysis on the text level \cite{kang21acl_xslue}.

\begin{figure}
\centering
{
\includegraphics[trim=0cm 2cm 0cm 3cm,clip,width=\linewidth]{images/human_multi_star.pdf}
}
\includegraphics[trim=0cm 2cm 0cm 2cm,clip,width=0.99\linewidth]{images/machine_multi_new.pdf}
\vspace{-5mm}
\caption{
\label{fig:tsne_human_and_machine}
T-SNE \cite{van2008visualizing} for human (top) and machine (bottom). Each word is represented as a vector of its perception score for the styles in this order: politeness, sentiment, offensiveness, anger, disgust, fear, joy, and sadness.
}
\vspace{-5mm}
\end{figure}

\section{Conclusion}
We showed that BERT's word importances for style prediction, as calculated using integrated gradients, correspond only very loosely with the word importances given by human annotators.
These differences likely result from several factors:
1) Word-importances computed for words which appear rarely in the text tend to be noisy.
2) BERT, as a contextual pretrained model, take more context into account for deciding the style of the text while human intuitively choose the most obvious ``stylistic'' words to judge the style of the text.
3) Styles are subjective matter, so human annotators may have different perception toward the style of a sentence.

\textbf{Future Directions}
This work also provides a public dataset as a first step for researchers to further investigate these issues.
We plan to scale up our data collection in their size and style types including other higher-level of styles such as sarcasm and humor.
We also explore a possibility of informing BERT to pay more attention on human-annotated lexica.

\textbf{Limitations}
We acknowledge that while the inter-annotator agreement for the sentence-level style is quite high, there is a huge variation for the word-level agreement. As a caveat, the annotators could be unreliable. We do find that annotators label different words as being important than those that drive BERT predictions. Note that we do not claim that BERT is "wrong" and humans are "always reliable"; only that they are different. BERT's important words can help the model predict correctly, but they are perceived as stylistic features as humans do. Studying this difference is our major goal of this paper. We believe that if a word is perceived as "stylistic" by the majority of people, this word can be regarded as an important cue for the model. Learning this variability of human perception on styles could be an interesting future work using \textsc{Hummingbird}.

\section{Ethical Considerations}

A full analysis of style, such as politeness or expression of anger, depends upon the context of the utterance: who is saying it to whom in what situation. Such analysis is beyond the scope of this work, which looks only at how the style of the utterance is perceived without context by a small number of crowd workers. Methods such as we have used here should be extended to look at the more subtle contextual interpretations of style and, eventually, at the ways in which perceived styles may differ from intended styles.

Many people have (correctly) drawn attention to the role that (mis)perceptions of style can foster gender or racial discrimination \cite{kang21acl_xslue}. Closer attention to the words which drive style perception is an important first step towards addressing such problems.

Commercial platforms such as Crystal, Grammarly, and Textio offer "style checkers". Such software would benefit from analyses that extend the work presented here, in that they could compare the words that human editors suggest indicate a given style to the words that NLP methods select as most important for recognizing different styles. Such comparisons, particularly when contextualized, should allow construction of better software to help writers control the effect their writing has on the people reading it.

\section*{Acknowledgments}
We would like to thank Garrick Sherman for helping with the server setup during data collection and the anonymous reviewers for their thoughtful comments.

\bibliographystyle{acl_natbib}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


Re-purposing - just don't tell my sister in law!
My sister in law gave us an old silk painting a few years back. It's hung on various walls but never really fitted. And it wasn't really 'me' to start with. So today, inspired by the fact it was put on my dining table to move it out of the way, I set to it with a knife and some pliers.
I pulled out the silk painting, which was a whole heap brighter on the back where it wasn't faded (the boat was orange? Wow, I always thought it was peach!) and put it up on my girl's wall as requested. Then I cut a piece of batting as large as the backing board, stretched some fabric over the top and hot glued it down.
Some ribbons (do not look at the unsymmetricalness (is that a word?) of them) completed a little inspiration/notice board for my new studio.
When I slotted a few things behind the ribbons (I'm pretty sure the non-symmetry will disappear once it's got my junk all over it!) I realised I'm going to have to sew some buttons on each ribbon crossing to help hold things in. And I need some little tacks to replace the ones I pulled out of the back, but otherwise it's all done! And so easy! So, if you've got an old unloved picture in an interesting frame anywhere, give it a go.
And guess what's happening at my place today? Floor sanding! Two coats on today, maybe a third one later if they can fit it in, and then the last one on tomorrow. I'm moving in on Friday! Oh - no I'm not. I'm sleeping Friday after night shift. I'm moving in on the weekend!!!
I entered a competition, just 'cos I had a little time on my hands. Over at the Quilting Gallery Blog you can view quilts made for Dads and then vote for your favourite.
So if you want to give me the chance to win a quilting book, head on over and vote for me!
Apologies for the photography - it's such a hard room to photograph in, night or day.
Phew! Today was a mammoth painting day. I painted the third coat on the coving, skirting, window and door trim. And then I got eager and started on the top coat - just to see what it looked like. Then my darling hubby bullied me into doing the edges and he carried on rolling on the top coat. With the end result that I have a top coat on my whole studio!
Now, on Friday when I went to sew with Suz, from 'All the Good Ones Are Taken', she put up with me panicking about how much I hated the colour I had chosen (and bought already) and thinking up all sorts of schemes to try and not hate the colour. So she'll be pleased to know that I just went ahead and used it anyway.....and I love it! Ha!
It makes me think of warm and cosy colonial libraries or sitting rooms. Especially with the white trim and the wooden joinery. It's a bit darker than I thought it would be, but not enough to get me worried that it will effect the way I see colours or anything.
Speaking of warmth. We've had another development here. Hubby was determined to have a wood burner installed by this winter. Well, it's in and it's warm! It's plenty big enough to heat the open plan lounge/dining/kitchen and the bedrooms and studio as well. In fact when we close off the other parts of the house, it gets a wee bit too toasty! It's got a cooking surface on top so we can save a bit of gas and the best thing is that we have enough land here to grow our own firewood. We'll be planting some more trees soon with just that in mind.
Autumn Skies and Hand Dyes.
I think one of the reasons I love Autumn is the amazing skies we get. And not just sunsets, but the cloud formations and day time colours are always stunning too. The kids spotted this sunset last night and suggested I take photos - and I'm so glad I did.
Warm colour - the room has windows only at the back and front and so can be a bit dark and cool feeling, I want to feel warm and cosy when I'm working.
Light colour - again because of the lack of light, I need a light colour that will reflect natural light as much as possible.
Neutral - I've decided to head more towards a neutral so that my wall colour doesn't influence my colour choices when I'm making quilts and using my design wall.
But, my oh my! There are hundreds of neutrals when you go looking at the colour cards at the paint shop!!
A good blogging friend has asked for an update on how our piece of land is evolving. I realise I've blogged much more about my quilting lately than what has been happening on the farmlet, probably because I haven't been doing much outside lately. I guess my focus has been turned inwards on the studio and with the cooling weather gardening etc takes a back seat. The vege garden has truly become a wilderness, but I can forage something out of it most nights.
The orchard trees will be needing their second ever winter pruning soon. Both them and our shelter trees grew well last summer as it was a mild season.
As for the animals, I have four bunnies at the moment, two mamas and two daughters. Our breeding buck went to bunny heaven a while ago and I'm going to hold off on sourcing a new one until spring. We killed our two ram lambs the other day and a friend hung them then butchered them for us. They were nine months old and in good condition, we have polled wiltshires and they are not overly fatty, and we've had one beautiful meal of chops so far. It's not so far till spring and then we'll have more lambs bouncing around.
None of the chickens are laying as it's moulting time - they are all at least two years old now and I'm going to have to do some serious culling soon and then start again either using my incubator or some point of lay pullets. The ducks are still amusing us with their antics, but they aren't laying either. In spring I will hatch a new bunch out.
Yes, I love Autumn, but Spring has it's joys too!


text:
Photographs from shooting
After 11 years of living in Stuttgart, a fifteen-year-old Pavle Hromiš returns to his homeland, to his grandmother's house in the village of Kucura, to continue his education in Yugoslavia. During the first week, the boy is confused with the new environment, different curriculum, people he does not know. After a row with his grandmother and a conflict with his classmates, Pavle runs away to Germany. However, his parents do not let him go to a German school again, because they are planning to return to Yugoslavia in a year or two. The old friends are now estranged, when they start teasing him because of the poverty and primitivism in his country, Pavle defends himself and starts seeing his previous experience in an altogether new light. He returns to Yugoslavia, to a boarding school in Novi Sad where he meets other children who share a similar destiny (returnees from Australia, Canada, Austria etc.). Although it seems that this is the end of Pavle's troubles, pretty soon he has problems with his new girlfriend and clashes with the people who run the boarding school. His family is worried that he has lost control of his life. In such a situation, Pavle decides to change his life, not telling anyone he breaks up with his girlfriend and goes to the police academy. He becomes an exemplary student...
Directed by: Želimir Žilnik
Written by: Želimir Žilnik, Miroslav Mandić
Sound: Karoly Stanyo, Martin Jankov, Đorđe Krstić, Vladimir Stanojević
Edited by: Slobodan Jandrić
Music: Disciplina kičme, Azra, Obojeni program, Paraf, Katarina II, Xenia
Cast: Vladimir Sinko, Petar Bosančić, Dragan Sokoljanski, Sanja Zlatković, Danica Janković
Production: Art film 80, Belgrade, TV Novi Sad
Press clipping_Druga generacija_1984.zip

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Interview: Director Eric D. Howell for VOICE FROM THE STONE
May 3, 2017 March 12, 2018
Taylor Krauss
VOICE FROM THE STONE is a hauntingly beautiful story centered on Verena, a nurse who is drawn to aid a young boy who has fallen silent after the death of his mother. For the release of the film, Taylor had the chance to speak with director Eric D. Howell about his latest film and the influence and inspiration for VOICE FROM THE STONE.
Nightmarish Conjurings: Hi Eric, thanks so much for speaking with us today about your film VOICE IN THE STONE. To start things off, cine the film is based on the Italian novel of the same name, how much did the novel influence how and why the story was told in the style that it was?
Eric D. Howell: This was a script, written by Andrew Shaw, that made me want to read under a blanket with a flashlight. For me it was always a gothic romance which is different than the original book. I didn't read the book until much later in the process and can say that our final film interpretation really is its own story. However, at the core this was a very Italian story and the producers and I were very much committed to keeping it that way.
NC: The cast is absolutely brilliant – Emilia Clarke and Marton Csokas are wonderful on screen together. They have an undeniable chemistry and Lisa Gastoni is a calming but chilling presence throughout the film. How did you know that this cast was going to be a perfect fit?
EH: It all starts with Emilia. Once she came on board finding the right Malvina was next for me. I wanted to find the right fit for Emilia's character to 'grow' into. Once we had the amazing Caterina Murino it was about finding who her husband, Klaus, would be, which in turn told us the kind of child Jakob needed to be. We built a family. Remo Girone was simply a dream come true opportunity to work with. Then, once you have a woman like Caterina as Malvina your choices become very limited for a governess elegant and graceful enough – Lisa was a perfect fit.
NC: Who are your biggest influences in your directorial style and how did you channel those inspirations to direct VOICE FROM THE STONE?
EH: Well certainly Hitchcock's REBECCA was a major influence for this film specifically. The list of people who inspire me is quite long – everyone from Sam Mendez to Steven Soderbergh, to Lasse Halstrom and Guillermo del Toro. Actually, as I work I'm trying to keep them out of my head because it's too easy to try and compare – and then never live up to those great filmmakers. I'm just trying to do my best to find my own voice, and with any luck have an opportunity to make more films.
NC: This is one of your only credits as a director of a full-length film. What drew you to this story to create it?
EH: This was for me such an unusual love story, one I'd never seen before. It could have easily slanted toward a more up-the-middle genre film with jump scares and blood, but it never went there. It wasn't trying to change a genre, just living on the edge of one and deliver a unique and thought provoking catharsis. I simply hadn't read a story quite like this. And the opportunity to work in Italy didn't suck either!
NC: Are there any other projects you're currently working on that you'd like to tell us about?
EH: I've got two personal projects going. One is a script of mine that's been picked up as a graphic novel titled "The Revolution of Cassandra." Think of it as a contemporary RAIDER'S OF THE LOST ARK, but instead of a pistol and whip, the protagonist is a woman with dreadlocks and Birkenstocks who fights for her idealism in the middle of a Central American civil war and inadvertently changes the world around her. The future is feminine!
The other is a script I co-wrote titled KILLING ROMA which is going out to cast at the moment. It's the story of a meticulous assassin forced together with a suicidal femme fatal who wants him to kill her after causing him to miss his original target. They spend the night on a journey through a romantic city and fall in love… Sort of LOST IN TRANSLATION meets LEON: THE PROFESSIONAL.
VOICE FROM THE STONE is now in select theaters and is available on VOD and Digital HD
Taylor has been a horror fan for as long as she can remember, begging her parents to let her see The Exorcist at the tender age of just five years old. Since then, she has developed a lifelong obsession with all things strange, paranormal, and creepy. If you find her doing something other than watching a horror film, she's probably raging as a dwarf barbarian playing Dungeons and Dragons (obsessively…it's a problem), quoting Lord of the Rings incessantly, or trying to become Dana Scully.
Latest posts by Taylor Krauss (see all)
[Slamdance Review] MAJNUNI - January 26, 2020
Panic Fest Short Film Review: BROWN FISH (2017) - February 4, 2019
Short Film Review: GOOD GIRL (2018) - December 26, 2018
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Short Film Reviewed: TETHERED (2017)
Interview: Director Carson Mell for ANOTHER EVIL
[Interview] Marika Sila for DITCHED
[Interview] Mamoudou Athie for ARCHIVE 81
[Video Interview] Keri Russell & Scott Cooper for ANTLERS
[Interview] Randall Okita for SEE FOR ME
[Interview] Toby Kebbell & Rupert Grint for SERVANT


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Merrill Edge Bank of America
Cash sweep disclosures at center of lawsuit against Merrill Lynch
By Jessica Mathews September 26, 2019, 1:49 p.m. EDT 4 Min Read
Merrill Lynch is facing a lawsuit that criticizes the firm's disclosures of a practice common at many brokerages — cash sweeps.
Sarah Valelly claims that inadequate disclosure and an unsuitable recommendation at Merrill Edge cost her more than $20,000 in cash yields over a 20-month period, according to a complaint which was filed in a federal court in New York in late August.
"[Merrill's] sweep accounts pay investors a paltry 0.05% to 0.14% [APY] notwithstanding the absence of adequate disclosure, contract formation or customers' prior written affirmative consent to be placed into a sweep account," the complaint reads.
Among the claims in Valelly's lawsuit: negligence, breach of suitability standards and breach of contract. She is seeking injunctive relief and damages.
"Merrill Lynch disputes the allegations in the complaint and intends to vigorously defend the case," Merrill Lynch spokesman Bill Halldin said in a statement.
The firm will file a motion to dismiss the allegations by the end of the first week of November, according to a letter to the federal district judge that is dated September 20 and was filed in court by the wirehouse and retail brokerage's attorneys.
Merrill Lynch is one of several firms, including LPL Financial, TD Ameritrade, Wells Fargo Advisors, Raymond James and E-Trade, at which cash in brokerage accounts is automatically swept into low-yielding accounts.
Some low-yield accounts offer benefits including FDIC insurance or perks like ATM access. For firms such as LPL Financial and Charles Schwab, the practice is boosting revenue.
Schwab CFO, Peter Crawford, recently told analysts on a webcast that Schwab anticipates it will earn about $130 million in additional revenue after it sweeps cash belonging to veterans and their families into Schwab's bank following the firm's purchase of 1 million USAA accounts.
Valelly's lawsuit alleges that the cash sweep disclosures she received as a client of Merrill Edge and Bank of America were inadequate and the recommendations she was given unsuitable.
"The specific disclosures on sweep accounts are buried deep within tens of pages of 8-point, two-column PDF 'agreements,'" the complaint reads.
The disclosures themselves were also insufficient, according to Valelly's attorney Robert Finkel.
"You couldn't figure out what the actual interest rate was that you were getting on the account," Finkel says, "and you weren't given any comparison to other market interest rates, so you couldn't make an informed decision."
In addition, Valelly says the sweep program and its low yields were not mentioned in subsequent documentation sent to her via email and in hard copy after she opened her accounts.
In the lawsuit, Valelly compares Merrill's cash program to those in place at other firms, noting that E-Trade provides detailed information about its three uninvested cash options available and provides a comparison tool, while Schwab's "rates are both higher and easier to access than Merrill's rates," according to the complaint.
Fidelity and Vanguard have opted to default client cash into money market funds which had a 7-day yield of 1.81% and SEC yield of 2.13%, respectively, as of August 2019, according to the lawsuit.
Fired Merrill advisor arrested at airport on fraud charge
Valelly had approximately $1 million held in cash across four accounts at Merrill and its parent company, Bank of America, according to the complaint. Three of the accounts were Merrill Edge investment accounts, receiving cash yields of 0.14% APY, while one was a Bank of America savings account she opened upon the recommendation of a Merrill representative in 2018, according to the complaint. The savings account generated an APY of 0.06%.
Valelly allegedly asked the Merrill rep, who is not named in the case, what to do with $675,621 in cash she had recently obtained after selling her parents' home. She told the Merrill rep that "she had no immediate need for that money but wanted to preserve it in a safe investment," as she might purchase an apartment in Boston. The rep, who operated out of a Merrill and Bank of America office in Boston, according to the complaint, allegedly recommended Valelly open a Bank of America savings account with an APY 0.06%.
From May 2018 to March 2019, Valelly says she earned $329 in interest. Had she deposited the money from the sale of her parents' house in a Preferred Deposit account with a yield of 2.07% APY, she could have earned $11,654, according to the complaint.
This recommendation was "neither suitable nor in [her] best interest," she asserts in the complaint. Valelly maintained those accounts until a Merrill assistant vice president in Philadelphia, who was not named in the case, wrote to Valelly in March 2019, questioning why the Boston rep had not recommended the account with the higher yield, according to the lawsuit.
Valelly says she could have earned an additional $22,400 had this money, as well as the money in her three brokerage accounts, been earning the higher interest she was eligible for, according to the complaint.
A pretrial hearing is scheduled for November 1.
Jessica Mathews
Associate Editor, Financial Planning
Merrill Edge Bank of America Merrill Lynch Cash management Lawsuits


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A Estrada dos Bandeirantes é uma das principais vias da região de Jacarepaguá, na Zona Oeste do Rio de Janeiro.

História
Passa pelos bairros da Taquara, Jacarepaguá, Curicica, Camorim, Vargem Pequena e Vargem Grande, e possui aproximadamente 25 km.

Inicia-se no largo da Taquara, no bairro homônimo e termina no encontro com a Avenida das Américas, próximo ao cemitério de Piabas e as Estradas do Pontal e da Grota Funda. É uma importante ligação entre a Taquara e o Recreio dos Bandeirantes.

Segundo a Secretaria municipal de Obras (SMO), os 16 quilômetros da via entre o entroncamento com a Avenida das Américas, no Recreio dos Bandeirantes, e a Avenida Olof Palm, na Barra da Tijuca, nas imediações do Riocentro, um dos locais de provas das Olimpíadas, foram duplicados em 2010. Por R$ 68,2 milhões, a ampliação foi concluída em dois anos.

Conhecida por abrigar importantes indústrias do ramo farmacêutico, como Merck, Roche, Mantecorp, entre outras.

É onde ficam os estúdios das redes Globo, RecordTV, Boas Novas e RIT.

Bandeirantes
Bandeirantes

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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> Are government budgets keeping pace with the growth of smart cities?
Are government budgets keeping pace with the growth of smart cities?
As a leading exponent of smart cities and the expansion of smart city technologies, here at Clearview Traffic we've been reviewing some of the recent news items on the subject of government budgets and their use.
And we are wondering how far it's possible to be forward thinking in using budgets for introducing smart city technologies when they are under such pressure? And it's complex to work out.
There seems to be a level of disparate thinking around the smart cities concept that our leading experts in this area are looking to re-educate around. Our blog has touched on smart cities many times, and with compelling evidence and statistics on the whole subject.
Whilst the Government continues to push through austerity reforms in 2016, every department appears to be under pressure to cut budgets.
This then has an impact on local authority budgets, and in return there's mounting pressure from the public to retain local services and keep budget levels consistent.
This reduction in available budget also creates the need to find innovative ways to effectively spend the money available at local authority level.
We believe that smart cities offer the potential to join up road networks, parking, public transport and interlinked systems, to support faster, safer journey times across the UK.
If, however, this is not supported by the prevailing political direction in the country, it won't gain momentum and popularity. That's the crux of smart cities. It needs leverage.
Some local councils in the UK are seeing benefits from utilising such systems, however, and there are superb examples currently in places such as Cambridge and in Northampton to name but two.
But is this enough? As a leading exponent of smart city technology, we think not. How many plans are currently on hold across the country, due to lack of money from austerity budgeting in central Government?
There are pros and cons, of course, to any element of the Government's spending plans, but if real innovation continues to be stifled and new ideas are dampened by a lack of progress, then progress in smart city developments will suffer as a result. We all suffer.
We'd even suggest that there's a risk of never realising the true potential of the Internet of Things, and putting in place a truly smart city approach to transportation and journeys across the entire country. And we all deserve a better future than that.
Specification versus solutions -- can the ITS industry find a middle ground?


Quality dog day-care can be in the form of the supervised play date for the favourite pet. This is the best [the place that can help the dog socialize with the other friendly dogs as well as are trained well under the guidance of the pet caretakers, enjoying exercise as well as having a lot of having fun. They are enough to provide a lot of mental stimulation. This can be done with the help of active engagement with a variety of activities. This is also a better option than only making it go with the competitive sessions f running in the dog run. They are in the form of the Truly beneficial day-care.
This is something which can take them through the new settings, a number of novel activities as well as plenty of situations. This is the place that can give the dog a huge lot of healthy meals as well as plenty of snacks. All of such things can be the best in the form of the best dog day-care facility.
One can be sure of the fact that the dog day-care assures that the canine companion is totally safe as well as well taken care of.
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Since the dogs are under the supervision of experts, the owners can be worriless regarding the health & the training of their beloved pet.
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The dog day-cares can be the favourite places on the earth for the dogs. This can keep them away from the tiresome and lonely spins while they are kept all alone at home. You can also work as the happiest moment of the Bathroom breaks. There is never a problem to look after the dog and think about when it is going to pee.
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doggie day-care can be also the best place to let the dog undergo some of the training sessions for also about once or twice a week. There are also other offers in the manner of the drop-in day-care which can also give the owners the access to the day-cares at the emergency minutes.
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When there is a pet in a house one needs to ensure that it is kept in the best condition so that it can get enough accommodation. This is something which is reliable with the dogs. One can take the dogs to the Dog Day-care which can be the right place to give it some sort of happiness and perfectly healthy life. At times it happens that they are left home alone while the masters are at work. This can usually create problems related to the Lack of interaction which can make them prone to the problems of excessive barking, features like disobedience, as well as create stress in one's favourite dogs. the greatest alternative to it can be in the manner to take into the Dog Day-care. This can be something which can be in the form of the opportunity which can take enough care of the key skills.
1. Interaction- this is something which cannot make them feel all alone anymore. In the care centre, one can get the advantage of the trained dog personnel, they are made to continue interacting with people. the perfect opportunity to help develop the constant contact can be in the form of the great benefit.
The places are the best that can give the dogs the right opportunity to meet and play, interact with the other dogs. This is something which is very necessary for the growing periods of the young dogs. This is something which can help with the development of social skills. This can help them inculcate within themselves the feeling that they are the social animals by nature. It can be the perfect time for them to play with the other dogs and have some awesome time.
3. Exercise sessions can be a great idea- the other advantage is in the manner that Most Doggy Daycare centres can get a number of activities scheduled that will help the dog to stay stimulated. Some of the top exercises that are taught to them are in the manner of the ball-fetching, a series of the chasing games, wrestling as well as the tunnel running. There are also at times some opportunities in a manner that the dogs can go with the indoor and outdoor activities. This can also give them the right opportunity to warm up as well as take rest at the scheduled intervals.
This is something which is which can give the pup a lot of training. They are the right Doggy Daycares that can act as the supplement for the training to be done with the availability of the additional lessons. at times there are also other sessions of the behaviour training which can help with the development of the dog new tricks!
The day-cares are the places that can give one the complete Peace of Mind. Doggy Day-cares are the ones which can give one the complete peace of mind when the dog well cares throughout the working hours. This can be set up with the interaction with people which can help with the socialization with the other dogs. This is something which can never create the chances of the dull moment for the lovable pup.
Why is there a need to go with such centres?
Doggy day-care isn't simply always limited in the form of the trendy fad. Doggy Day-care is the best ones which can take care of the lovable doggies throughout the day during one's working hours. In order to take the utmost care of the dog, there is a need to go with the visit at the Doggy Day-care. The environment that is available for the dogs are the best ones to keep them better in any season. Let us look at some of the awesome benefits.
Dogs need to be always trained in a manner that they know to act properly. The centres can actually teach the dogs the right behaviour that is appropriate to do helps them learn about introducing themselves to new peoples. This can be really advantageous in the manner of the socialization training that can actually make one feel a lot confident. This can actually make it different from a lot of other strange dogs.
This is also a great advantage of keeping the dogs in the day-cares. There is a regular training session in which they are made to go through the regular energy gaining skills. There are always the proper sessions for the exercise which can be the basis for the healthy and happy dog. All of this is actually given at the day-care. The activities can be also accompanied by the schedules of running around as well as playing in a wonderful way. This is something that can help it gain a lot of energy.
This is also a great advantageous part on behalf of the day-cares. the dogs can no more feel lonely when they are at such awesome places. This can never make them feel destructive and chewing at wrong places out of loneliness. the centres can actually make it trained in the best possible manner. shouldn't this never make it feel alone rather can benefit with the company of friendly dogs. The greates5 advantage is in the manner that the dog can get plenty of attention and playtime. the best part of such a day-care is also in the manner that everything here is affordable at the Reasonable prices. They are not as expensive as most think. One can actually get some facilities with the discounted rates.


If you are in the market for an affordable VPS, there is a good chance you are considering Amazon Web Services's Lightsail and a Digital Ocean droplet. Or perhaps you are already a custom of one and want to learn about other options. Either way, this is a full comparison of the two hosting services that might help you choose between them.


As you already know, SCENAR (SKENAR) is an acronym for Self-Controlled Energy Neuro-Adaptive Regulator (or Regulation), and it is the name given to both the technology as well as the family of devices.
SCENAR (SKENAR) is holistic in nature and an energy-healing technology that aligns and strengthens the natural healing system of the human body. In doing this, it promotes a fast recovery from a wide variety of maladies – from simple colds and bruises to autoimmune diseases and degenerative disorders.
SCENAR (SKENAR) devices are low-frequency adaptive electrical stimulators and, in a sense, represent the "ideal electrotherapy".
The first distinctive feature is the shape of the SCENAR (SKENAR) impulse that resembles the shape of natural neuro-impulses, the signals that our nerves use to communicate with each other and with the rest of the human body. Our body, therefore, recognizes SCENAR impulses as something familiar and enters into a dialog with the device.
Initial SCENAR impulses at first glance look different from the nervous impulses. The tissue resistance, however, dampens the initial signal, which results in the modified waveform of the device impulse.
The second distinctive feature of SCENAR (SKENAR) is its ability to 'read' the body based on the body's FEEDBACK and adjust its own activity to serve it in the best possible way. After receiving an initial signal from the device, the body responds in a protective manner by increasing the electrical resistance of the skin. This response (the body's feedback) is then read by the device, which adjusts the signal and in turn, elicits another different response from the body, and so on. This way the body never gets used to ever-changing signals of the device.
In this dialog, the body always leads – and the device follows. SCENAR (SKENAR) is an 'adaptive' stimulator because it adapts to the body's needs, and not the other way round.
SCENAR (SKENAR) is a good listener, and it listens to the language of biochemical reactions – the body's true language. The outcome of this process is that the SCENAR (SKENAR) device gains an intimate knowledge of where and when the body needs help and for how long. The SCENAR (SKENAR) then provides the needed help by facilitating the release of massive amounts of healing chemical substances called neuropeptides or regulatory peptides from the body's own internal pharmacy. After the body has what it needs, the healing happens fast in totality.
SCENAR (SKENAR) technology was released in the Russian market in the late-80s, but wasn't available in other countries until 1997. It has now been implemented in dozens of machines sold all over the world. We call these early devices 'first-generation SCENARs'. Although they are very effective healing tools, they remain at the same level of technological development as the basic SCENAR of 1987, or 'troika'.
There is only one exception to this – The DOVE scenar. DOVE is also an acronym, which stands for the Device Organizing Vital Energy. The DOVE was designed by Dr. Alexander Karasev in 2005 as a "true SCENAR", or as a "SCENAR as it should be". It is also the last embodiment of the SCENAR (SKENAR) technology that "the father of all SCENARs" designed.
In The DOVE SCENAR he finally actualized the idea of a SCENAR (SKENAR) impulse being truly neuro-like at the moment of its contact with the nervous structures. This idea did not find its full implementation in the first-generation SCENARs due to the level of technological development in the end of the last century.
Learn more about that simple home SCENAR model that often outperforms expensive professional SCENARs of the first generation HERE.
The evolution of SCENAR (SKENAR) in the last few years has brought us a new development – COSMODIC ® technology, also a brainchild of Dr. Alexander Karasev and his main focus now days. We call COSMODIC ® devices 'second-generation SCENARs'.
COSMODIC ® devices are very different from the old SCENARs (SKENARs) in the look, in the healing effects, and in the treatment methodology. Learn more about COSMODIC ® HERE.
Any results from injuries related to the spinal cord? Paralysis?
Results with spinal cord injuries vary greatly. Everything depends on the particularities of the situation. Paralysis is not always an indication that nothing can be done, but if the spinal cord is completely severed even our wonderful healing technologies won't help. If, however, there are still some residual functions, the injury is relatively fresh, and there is some positive dynamics in healing, SCENAR and COSMODIC can certainly substantially increase chances for further improvement.
quedo en espera de noticias, gracias.


text:
Watch The Harder They Come
"With a Piece in His Hand He Takes on the Man!"
This musical crime story stars reggae musician Jimmy Cliff as Ivanhoe Martin, a singer who travels from the United States to Jamaica to pursue his musical career. Once in Kingston, Martin resorts to crimes, some petty and some not so petty, to makes ends meet as he struggles to get his musical career off the ground. The film is notable not so much for its plot or performances, which the consensus holds to acceptable at best, but for its soundtrack, which is often credited with bringing reggae to a broader North American audience in the early 1970s. The film was directed by Perry Henzell.
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The Harder They Come is a 1972 crime movie with a runtime of 2 hours. It has received mostly positive reviews from critics and viewers, who have given it an IMDb score of 6.9.
Where to Watch The Harder They Come
The Harder They Come is available to watch free on Tubi TV. It's also available to stream, download and buy on demand at Apple TV+, Amazon Prime, Fandor, Apple TV, Google Play, YouTube VOD and Vudu. Some platforms allow you to rent The Harder They Come for a limited time or purchase the movie and download it to your device.
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NXP Semiconductors has developed NTAG203 – NFC Forum Type 2 Tag compliant IC – to be used with NFC enabled devices according to NFC Forum technical specifications , according to NFC Forum recommendations or Proximity Coupling Devices (PCD), according to ISO/IEC 14443A (see Ref. 2). The communication layer (RF Interface) complies to parts 2 and 3 of the ISO/IEC 14443A standard. The NTAG203 is primarily designed for NFC Forum Type 2 Tag applications (i.e. Smart Advertisement, connection handover, Bluetooth simple pairing, WiFi Protected set-up, call request, SMS, goods and device authentication and others).


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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


I am pleased to present the Compendium of the Social Doctrine of the Church, which, according to the request received from the Holy Father, has been drawn up in order to give a concise but complete overview of the Church's social teaching.... the compendium of contemporary weapons Download the compendium of contemporary weapons or read online books in PDF, EPUB, Tuebl, and Mobi Format.
The Bomb Project is a comprehensive on-line compendium of nuclear-related links, imagery and documentation. It is intended specifically as a resource for artists , and encourages those working in all media, from net.art, film and video, eco-intervention and site-specific installation to more traditional forms of agitprop, to use this site to search for raw material.... Proceedings of the second International Workshop on Contemporary Problems in Mathematical Physics, Cotonou, Republic of Benin, 28 October-2 November 2001 Govaerts Jan , Hounkonnou M. Norbert , Msezane Alfred Z.
The Bomb Project is a comprehensive on-line compendium of nuclear-related links, imagery and documentation. It is intended specifically as a resource for artists , and encourages those working in all media, from net.art, film and video, eco-intervention and site-specific installation to more traditional forms of agitprop, to use this site to search for raw material.


Question: Does everyone feel The Book of Zohar in the same way?
Answer: Basically, yes. When we speak about our feelings in this world, there are differences of opinion and misunderstandings. And when we speak about spiritual attainments, there aren't any problems because the references are absolutely accurate and there is a common terminology.
Question: How can I develop my sensitivity by using The Book of Zohar?
Answer: Sensitivity to The Book of Zohar emerges only to the extent that one reads it. You should begin to read it. The main part is in the first volume. You should go over it several times and you will see how the book suddenly begins to operate in you; this happens quite quickly.
Good luck to us all that we can properly put ourselves under the upper illumination called The Zohar.
Question: I can understand some of the grievances that religious people have against you, but why are you also criticised by scholars who study Kabbalah in universities?
Answer: Scholars who study Kabbalah sit in universities and nobody has any issue with them, whereas with us Bnei Baruch, everybody attacks us and everyone is unhappy with us. So the issue is not that we are studying Kabbalah, but precisely how much this type of study of Kabbalah is not tolerated by religion and religious and secular people.
University scholars write about each other, of what each one thinks about Kabbalah. This came from ancient Greeks who studied Kabbalah from the prophets, but they understood it on a purely superficial level and this is how they began to write about it. Then, following generations wrote about the previous generations of philosophers and what they believed.
In other words, academic Kabbalah does not pursue the goal of attaining the Creator and the upper world and of making Kabbalists of their students, it merely aims to study previous university researchers.
Perhaps such people also come to us with a desire to study Kabbalah on the surface like in universities, and so they leave dissatisfied with us, for allegedly, we are studying the "wrong thing." Likewise, scientists who study us in universities do not understand us and internally resent us for being different, not like them.
They cannot comprehend that our Kabbalah is DIFFERENT from theirs: We have attainment of the upper world from Kabbalists who perceive it in practice, while what they have is studying the opinions of their predecessors who have not attained the higher world.
Question: In the past, it was unacceptable and even forbidden to write down the explanations of teachers who taught Torah; why don't we behave that way today?
Answer: They didn't record the words of the teacher in the past but learned orally, not because it was difficult to record on wooden tablets, for example, but because the students heard and attained the upper world while processing the profundity of the words of the teacher.
Now the situation is different; we hear and record to know mechanically, not through living attainment. When a student follows his teacher like a lower Partzuf following an upper Partzuf through adhesion with it, a living picture of the upper world is revealed to the student. Therefore, the student receives his attainment "mouth to mouth" from the higher level, meaning through sharing a Masach (Screen) with the teacher.
This is called "writing on the tablet of your heart" on the corrected desires. And today people learn dead letters and words because there is no Light in them; there is no characteristic of bestowal, only external knowledge. This is called exile from the upper world.
So, after the fall from the level of spiritual attainment happened two thousand years ago, they began to record the words of the sages of the Torah so that when we would leave the exile in the future, we would ascend to love and bestowal and could revitalize their texts through the upper Light.
Question: The prophet Isaiah writes (11:6), "And a wolf shall live with a lamb, and a leopard shall lie with a kid; and a calf and a lion cub and a fatling [shall lie] together, and a small child shall lead them". Could you please describe how this will look before the moment when the world will rise to the next level of development?
Answer: In order to create such a society, we must do all possible actions understanding that we won't succeed by ourselves if we don't constantly take the reforming upper Light, the Creator, as a partner.
This is how we must interact with each other and with the Creator, thinking only about the welfare of society and constantly being in increasing connection with each other and with the Creator. This is the process in which the last generation will exist.
Question: How do I approach the state when I lack the Creator, and I must attract Him?
Answer: I understand where I can start from, from my uncorrected qualities that I must convert into the opposite ones. However, I can't do it myself. I can only want this.
Therefore, all my work is in the request, in the prayer that I really want the upper Light to perform such an operation on me so it constantly works on me and changes my thoughts, desires, and attitude toward others. I agree to change. For this I need to relax completely internally and wish that He will do this to me.
Question: What is the difference between our current state and the state the last generation will be in?
Answer: The difference is in the greatness of the goal, the greatness of the Creator, and the greatness of the process that we can enter.
The change in the connection between people changes everything in a person qualitatively and quantitatively.
The most important thing is the relationships between us. Changing, they are projected onto the rest of nature, and we suddenly see that wolves don't attack lambs anymore and everything starts to take a completely different meaning.
We begin to feel that we have seen our life in our previous qualities and now we see it in the new altruistic qualities that absolutely change the entire reality.
Therefore, all our objects and feelings change. They undergo such a serious process of correction that I stop perceiving this world in the form that I see it now and begin to see the interaction of its objects with each other.
Matter, as such, is presented to me in the egoistic form. However, when it appears before me in the altruistic form, it begins to disappear and only its forces and intentions remain.
Therefore, instead of inanimate, vegetative, and animate nature, I see forces of interaction; I see myself and all others as thought and desire. And all these thoughts and desires are not just gradually connecting more and more, but they merge into one single whole desire that is called Adam that is filled with the upper Light, the upper force, the Creator.
Torah, Deuteronomy 28:27:The Lord will strike you with the boils of Egypt, with hemorrhoids, with oozing sores, and with dry lesions, from which you will be unable to be cured.
This means that at all levels the desire will be turned inside out and all your intentions that you could direct to bestowal, love, and connection with the Creator will turn into egoistic qualities that will humiliate and subdue you.
On the material level, all of this appears on the skin because skin is Malchut, the outermost layer.
Torah, Deuteronomy 28:28: The Lord will strike you with insanity, with blindness, and with bewilderment.
Insanity is damage on the level of the head (Mocha).
Blindness means that you see and feel nothing; that is, you cannot choose correctly and make decisions.
Bewilderment is an inability to analyze what is happening to you. You lose yourself completely, like a person who has gone mad and doesn't know where he is and who he is. However, even this state is often absent in a madman.
In other words, a person who wanted to ascend to a higher degree was unable to take this height and shattered into pieces. However, he had to master it because it was up to him.
What does idolatry symbolize in a person's internality? How did Abraham reveal the upper force and what is the method of correction that requires the connection with others?


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