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Job Opportunities in the Armed Forces
Nature of the Work
Training, Other Qualifications, and Advancement
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Significant Points
Some training and duty assignments are hazardous, even in peacetime; hours and working conditions can be arduous and vary substantially, and personnel must strictly conform to military rules at all times.
Enlisted personnel need at least a high school diploma or its equivalent while officers need a bachelor's or graduate degree.
Opportunities should be excellent in all branches of the Armed Forces for applicants who meet designated standards.
Military personnel are eligible for retirement after 20 years of service.
[About this section]
Maintaining a strong national defense requires workers who can do such diverse tasks as run a hospital, command a tank, program a computer system, operate a nuclear reactor, or repair and maintain a helicopter. The military provides training and work experience in these and many other fields for more than 2.6 million people. More than 1.4 million people serve in the active Army, Navy, Marine Corps, and Air Force, and more than 1.2 million serve in their Reserve components and the Air and Army National Guard. The Coast Guard, which is also discussed in this Handbook statement, is part of the Department of Homeland Security.
The military distinguishes between enlisted and officer careers. Enlisted personnel, who make up about 84 percent of the Armed Forces, carry out the fundamental operations of the military in combat, administration, construction, engineering, health care, human services, and other areas. Officers, who make up the remaining 16 percent of the Armed Forces, are the leaders of the military, supervising and managing activities in every occupational specialty.
The sections that follow discuss the major occupational groups for enlisted personnel and officers.
Enlisted occupational groups. Administrative careers include a wide variety of positions. The military must keep accurate information for planning and managing its operations. Both paper and electronic records are kept on personnel and on equipment, funds, supplies, and all other aspects of the military. Administrative personnel record information, prepare reports, maintain files, and review information to assist military officers. Personnel may work in a specialized area such as finance, accounting, legal affairs, maintenance, supply, or transportation.
Combat specialty occupations include enlisted specialties such as infantry, artillery, and Special Forces, whose members operate weapons or execute special missions during combat. People in these occupations normally specialize by type of weapon system or combat operation. These personnel maneuver against enemy forces and position and fire artillery, guns, mortars, and missiles to destroy enemy positions. They also may operate tanks and amphibious assault vehicles in combat or scouting missions. When the military has especially difficult or specialized missions to perform, they call upon Special Forces teams. These elite combat forces maintain a constant state of readiness to strike anywhere in the world on a moment's notice. Team members from the Special Forces conduct offensive raids, demolitions, intelligence, search-and-rescue missions, and other operations from aboard aircraft, helicopters, ships, or submarines.
Construction occupations in the military include personnel who build or repair buildings, airfields, bridges, foundations, dams, bunkers, and the electrical and plumbing components of these structures. Personnel in construction occupations operate bulldozers, cranes, graders, and other heavy equipment. Construction specialists also may work with engineers and other building specialists as part of military construction teams. Some personnel specialize in areas such as plumbing or electrical wiring. Plumbers and pipefitters install and repair the plumbing and pipe systems needed in buildings and on aircraft and ships. Building electricians install and repair electrical-wiring systems in offices, airplane hangars, and other buildings on military bases.
Electronic and electrical equipment repair personnel repair and maintain electronic and electrical equipment used in the military. Repairers normally specialize by type of equipment, such as avionics, computer, optical, communications, or weapons systems. For example, electronic instrument repairers install, test, maintain, and repair a wide variety of electronic systems, including navigational controls and biomedical instruments. Weapons maintenance technicians maintain and repair weapons used by combat forces; most of these weapons have electronic components and systems that assist in locating targets and in aiming and firing the weapon.
Engineering, science, and technical personnel in the military require specific knowledge to operate technical equipment, solve complex problems, or provide and interpret information. Personnel normally specialize in one area, such as space operations, information technology, environmental health and safety, or intelligence. Space operations specialists use and repair ground-control command equipment related to spacecraft, including electronic systems that track the location and operation of a craft. Information technology specialists develop software programs and operate computer systems. Environmental health and safety specialists inspect military facilities and food supplies for the presence of disease, germs, or other conditions hazardous to health and the environment. Intelligence specialists gather and study aerial photographs and various types of radar and surveillance systems to discover information needed by the military.
Health care personnel assist medical professionals in treating and providing services for men and women in the military. They may work as part of a patient-service team in close contact with doctors, dentists, nurses, and physical therapists. Some specialize in emergency medical treatment, the operation of diagnostic tools such as x-ray and ultrasound equipment, laboratory testing of tissue and blood samples, maintaining pharmacy supplies or patients' records, constructing and repairing dental equipment or eyeglasses, or some other health care task.
Human resources development specialists recruit and place qualified personnel and provide training programs. Personnel in this career area normally specialize by activity. For example, recruiting specialists provide information about military careers to young people, parents, schools, and local communities and explain the Armed Service's employment and training opportunities, pay and benefits, and service life. Personnel specialists collect and store information about the people in the military, including information on their previous and current training, job assignments, promotions, and health. Training specialists and instructors teach classes, give demonstrations, and teach military personnel how to perform their jobs.
Machine operator and production personnel operate industrial equipment, machinery, and tools to fabricate and repair parts for a variety of items and structures. They may operate engines, turbines, nuclear reactors, and water pumps. Often, they specialize by type of work performed. Welders and metalworkers, for instance, work with various types of metals to repair or form the structural parts of ships, submarines, buildings, or other equipment. Survival equipment specialists inspect, maintain, and repair survival equipment such as parachutes and aircraft life support equipment.
Media and public affairs personnel assist with the public presentation and interpretation of military information and events. They take and develop photographs; film, record, and edit audio and video programs; present news and music programs; and produce artwork, drawings, and other visual displays. Other public affairs specialists act as interpreters and translators to convert written or spoken foreign languages into English or other languages.
Protective service personnel include those who enforce military laws and regulations and provide emergency response to natural and human-made disasters. For example, military police control traffic, prevent crime, and respond to emergencies. Other law enforcement and security specialists investigate crimes committed on military property and guard inmates in military correctional facilities. Firefighters put out, control, and help prevent fires in buildings, on aircraft, and aboard ships.
Support service personnel provide subsistence services and support the morale and well-being of military personnel and their families. Food service specialists prepare all types of food in dining halls, hospitals, and ships. Counselors help military personnel and their families deal with personal issues. They work as part of a team that may include social workers, psychologists, medical officers, chaplains, personnel specialists, and commanders. Religious program specialists assist chaplains with religious services, religious education programs, and related administrative duties.
Transportation and material handling specialists ensure the safe transport of people and cargo. Most personnel within this occupational group are classified according to mode of transportation, such as aircraft, motor vehicle, or ship. Aircrew members operate equipment on aircraft. Vehicle drivers operate all types of heavy military vehicles, including fuel or water tank trucks, semi-trailers, heavy troop transports, and passenger buses. Quartermasters and boat operators navigate and pilot many types of small watercraft, including tugboats, gunboats, and barges. Cargo specialists load and unload military supplies, using equipment such as forklifts and cranes.
Vehicle and machinery mechanics conduct preventive and corrective maintenance on aircraft, automotive and heavy equipment, heating and cooling systems, marine engines, and powerhouse station equipment. These workers typically specialize by the type of equipment that they maintain. For example, aircraft mechanics inspect, service, and repair helicopters, airplanes, and drones. Automotive and heavy equipment mechanics maintain and repair vehicles such as humvees, trucks, tanks, self-propelled missile launchers, and other combat vehicles. They also repair bulldozers, power shovels, and other construction equipment. Heating and cooling mechanics install and repair air-conditioning, refrigeration, and heating equipment. Marine engine mechanics repair and maintain gasoline and diesel engines on ships, boats, and other watercraft. They also repair shipboard mechanical and electrical equipment. Powerhouse mechanics install, maintain, and repair electrical and mechanical equipment in power-generating stations.
Officer occupational groups. Combat specialty officers plan and direct military operations, oversee combat activities, and serve as combat leaders. This category includes officers in charge of tanks and other armored assault vehicles, artillery systems, Special Forces, and infantry. Combat specialty officers normally specialize by the type of unit that they lead. Within the unit, they may specialize by type of weapon system. Artillery and missile system officers, for example, direct personnel as they target, launch, test, and maintain various types of missiles and artillery. Special operations officers lead their units in offensive raids, demolitions, intelligence gathering, and search-and-rescue missions.
Engineering, science, and technical officers have a wide range of responsibilities based on their area of expertise. They lead or perform activities in areas such as space operations, environmental health and safety, and engineering. These officers may direct the operations of communications centers or the development of complex computer systems. Environmental health and safety officers study the air, ground, and water to identify and analyze sources of pollution and its effects. They also direct programs to control safety and health hazards in the workplace. Other personnel work as aerospace engineers to design and direct the development of military aircraft, missiles, and spacecraft.
Executive, administrative, and managerial officers oversee and direct military activities in key functional areas such as finance, accounting, health administration, international relations, and supply. Health services administrators, for instance, are responsible for the overall quality of care provided at the hospitals and clinics they operate. They must ensure that each department works together. As another example, purchasing and contracting managers negotiate and monitor contracts for the purchase of the billions of dollars worth of equipment, supplies, and services that the military buys from private industry each year.
Health care officers provide health services at military facilities, on the basis of their area of specialization. Officers who examine, diagnose, and treat patients with illness, injury, or disease include physicians, registered nurses, and dentists. Other health care officers provide therapy, rehabilitative treatment, and additional services for patients. Physical and occupational therapists plan and administer therapy to help patients adjust to disabilities, regain independence, and return to work. Speech therapists evaluate and treat patients with hearing and speech problems. Dietitians manage food service facilities and plan meals for hospital patients and for outpatients who need special diets. Pharmacists manage the purchase, storage, and dispensing of drugs and medicines. Physicians and surgeons in this occupational group provide the majority of medical services to the military and their families. dentists treat diseases, disorders, and injuries of the mouth. Optometrists treat vision problems by prescribing eyeglasses or contact lenses. Psychologists provide mental health care and also conduct research on behavior and emotions.
Human resource development officers manage recruitment, placement, and training strategies and programs in the military. Recruiting managers direct recruiting efforts and provide information about military careers to young people, parents, schools, and local communities. Personnel managers direct military personnel functions such as job assignment, staff promotion, and career counseling. Training and education directors identify training needs and develop and manage educational programs designed to keep military personnel current in the skills they need.
Media and public affairs officers oversee the development, production, and presentation of information or events for the public. These officers may produce and direct motion pictures, videos, and television and radio broadcasts that are used for training, news, and entertainment. Some plan, develop, and direct the activities of military bands. Public information officers respond to inquiries about military activities and prepare news releases and reports to keep the public informed.
Protective service officers are responsible for the safety and protection of individuals and property on military bases and vessels. Emergency management officers plan and prepare for all types of natural and human-made disasters. They develop warning, control, and evacuation plans to be used in the event of a disaster. Law enforcement and security officers enforce all applicable laws on military bases and investigate crimes when the law has been broken.
Support services officers manage food service activities and perform services in support of the morale and well-being of military personnel and their families. Food services managers oversee the preparation and delivery of food services within dining facilities located on military installations and vessels. Social workers focus on improving conditions that cause social problems such as drug and alcohol abuse, racism, and sexism. Chaplains conduct worship services for military personnel and perform other spiritual duties according to the beliefs and practices of all religious faiths.
Transportation officers manage and perform activities related to the safe transport of military personnel and material by air and water. These officers normally specialize by mode of transportation or area of expertise because, in many cases, they must meet licensing and certification requirements. Pilots in the military fly various types of specialized airplanes and helicopters to carry troops and equipment and to execute combat missions. Navigators use radar, radio, and other navigation equipment to determine their position and plan their route of travel. Officers on ships and submarines work as a team to manage the various departments aboard their vessels. Ship engineers direct engineering departments aboard ships and submarines, including engine operations, maintenance, repair, heating, and power generation.
Work environment. Most military personnel live and work on or near military bases and facilities throughout the United States and the world. These bases and facilities usually offer comfortable housing and amenities, such as stores and recreation centers. Service members move regularly to complete their training or to meet the needs of their branch of service. Some are deployed to defend national interests. Military personnel must be physically fit, mentally stable, and ready to participate in or support combat missions that maybe difficult and dangerous and involve time away from family. Some, however, are never deployed near combat areas. Specific work environments and conditions depend on branch of service, occupational specialty, and other factors.
In many circumstances, military personnel work standard hours, but personnel must be prepared to work long hours to fulfill missions, and they must conform to strict military rules at all times. Work hours depend on occupational specialty and mission.
To join the military, people must meet age, educational, aptitude, physical, and character requirements. These requirements vary by branch of service and vary between officers, who usually have a college degree, and enlisted personnel, who often do not. People are assigned an occupational specialty based on their aptitude, former training, and the needs of the military. All service members must sign a contract and commit to a minimum term of service. After joining the military, all receive general and occupation-specific training.
People thinking about enlisting in the military should learn as much as they can about military life before making a decision. Doing so is especially important if you are thinking about making the military a career. Speaking to friends and relatives with military experience is a good idea. Find out what the military can offer you and what it will expect in return. Then, talk to a recruiter, who can determine whether you qualify for enlistment, explain the various enlistment options, and tell you which military occupational specialties currently have openings. Bear in mind that the recruiter's job is to recruit promising applicants into his or her branch of military service, so the information that the recruiter gives you is likely to stress the positive aspects of military life in the branch in which he or she serves.
Ask the recruiter for the branch you have chosen to assess your chances of being accepted for training in the occupation of your choice, or, better still, take the aptitude exam to see how well you score. The military uses this exam as a placement exam, and test scores largely determine an individual's chances of being accepted into a particular training program. Selection for a particular type of training depends on the needs of the service, your general and technical aptitudes, and your personal preference. Because all prospective recruits are required to take the exam, those who do so before committing themselves to enlist have the advantage of knowing in advance whether they stand a good chance of being accepted for training in a particular specialty. The recruiter can schedule you for the Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery without any obligation. Many high schools offer the exam as an easy way for students to explore the possibility of a military career, and the test also affords an insight into career areas in which the student has demonstrated aptitudes and interests. The exam is not part of the process of joining the military as an officer.
If you decide to join the military, the next step is to pass the physical examination and sign an enlistment contract. Negotiating the contract involves choosing, qualifying for, and agreeing on a number of enlistment options, such as the length of active-duty time, which may vary according to the option. Most active-duty programs have first-term enlistments of 4 years, although there are some 2-year, 3-year, and 6-year programs. The contract also will state the date of enlistment and other options—for example, bonuses and the types of training to be received. If the service is unable to fulfill any of its obligations under the contract, such as providing a certain kind of training, the contract may become null and void.
All branches of the Armed Services offer a delayed entry program (DEP) by which an individual can delay entry into active duty for up to 1 year after enlisting. High school students can enlist during their senior year and enter a service after graduation. Others choose this program because the job training they desire is not currently available, but will be within the coming year, or because they need time to arrange their personal affairs.
The process of joining the military as an officer is different. Officers must meet educational, physical, and character requirements, but they do not take an aptitude test, for example. The education and training section that follows includes more information.
Education and training. All branches of the Armed Forces usually require their members to be high school graduates or have equivalent credentials, such as a GED. In 2006, more than 98 percent of recruits were high school graduates. Officers usually need a bachelor's or graduate degree. Training varies for enlisted and officer personnel and varies by occupational specialty.
Enlisted personnel training. Following enlistment, new members of the Armed Forces undergo initial-entry training, better known as "basic training" or "boot camp." Through courses in military skills and protocol recruit training provides a 6- to 13-week introduction to military life. Days and nights are carefully structured and include rigorous physical exercise designed to improve strength and endurance and build each unit's cohesion.
Following basic training, most recruits take additional training at technical schools that prepare them for a particular military occupational specialty. The formal training period generally lasts from 10 to 20 weeks, although training for certain occupations—nuclear power plant operator, for example—may take as long as a year. Recruits not assigned to classroom instruction receive on-the-job training at their first duty assignment.
Many service people get college credit for the technical training they receive on duty, which, combined with off-duty courses, can lead to an associate degree through programs in community colleges such as the Community College of the Air Force. In addition to on-duty training, military personnel may choose from a variety of educational programs. Most military installations have tuition assistance programs for people wishing to take courses during off-duty hours. The courses may be correspondence courses or courses in degree programs offered by local colleges or universities. Tuition assistance pays up to 100 percent of college costs up to a credit-hour and annual limit. Each branch of the service provides opportunities for full-time study to a limited number of exceptional applicants. Military personnel accepted into these highly competitive programs receive full pay, allowances, tuition, and related fees. In return, they must agree to serve an additional amount of time in the service. Other highly selective programs enable enlisted personnel to qualify as commissioned officers through additional military training.
Warrant officer training. Warrant officers are technical and tactical leaders who specialize in a specific technical area; for example, Army aviators make up one group of warrant officers. The Army Warrant Officer Corps constitutes less than 5 percent of the total Army. Although the Corps is small in size, its level of responsibility is high. Its members receive extended career opportunities, worldwide leadership assignments, and increased pay and retirement benefits. Selection to attend the Warrant Officer Candidate School is highly competitive and restricted to those who meet rank and length-of-service requirements. The only exception is the Army aviator warrant officer, which has no prior military service requirements.
Officer training. Officer training in the Armed Forces is provided through the Federal service academies (Military, Naval, Air Force, and Coast Guard); the Reserve Officers Training Corps (ROTC) program offered at many colleges and universities; Officer Candidate School (OCS) or Officer Training School (OTS); the National Guard (State Officer Candidate School programs); the Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences; and other programs. All are highly selective and are good options for those wishing to make the military a career. Some are directly appointed. People interested in obtaining training through the Federal service academies must be unmarried and without dependants to enter and graduate, while those seeking training through OCS, OTS, or ROTC need not be single.
Federal service academies provide a 4-year college program leading to a Bachelor of Science (B.S.) degree. Midshipmen or cadets are provided free room and board, tuition, medical and dental care, and a monthly allowance. Graduates receive regular or reserve commissions and have a 5-year active-duty obligation or more if they are entering flight training.
To become a candidate for appointment as a cadet or midshipman in one of the service academies, applicants are required to obtain a nomination from an authorized source, usually a member of Congress. Candidates do not need to know a member of Congress personally to request a nomination. Nominees must have an academic record of the requisite quality, college aptitude test scores above an established minimum, and recommendations from teachers or school officials; they also must pass a medical examination. Appointments are made from the list of eligible nominees. Appointments to the Coast Guard Academy, however, are based strictly on merit and do not require a nomination.
ROTC programs train students in 273 Army, 130 Navy and Marine Corps, and 144 Air Force units at participating colleges and universities. Trainees take 3 to 5 hours of military instruction a week, in addition to regular college courses. After graduation, they may serve as officers on active duty for a stipulated period. Some may serve their obligation in the Reserves or National Guard. In the last 2 years of an ROTC program, students typically receive a monthly allowance while attending school, as well as additional pay for summer training. ROTC scholarships for 2, 3, and 4 years are available on a competitive basis. All scholarships pay for tuition and have allowances for textbooks, supplies, and other costs.
College graduates can earn a commission in the Armed Forces through OCS or OTS programs in the Army, Navy, Air Force, Marine Corps, Coast Guard, and National Guard. These programs consist of several weeks of intensive academic, physical, and leadership training. These officers generally must serve their obligation on active duty.
Those with training in certain health professions may qualify for direct appointment as officers. In the case of people studying for the health professions, financial assistance and internship opportunities are available from the military in return for specified periods of military service. Prospective medical students can apply to the Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, which offers a salary and free tuition in a program leading to a Doctor of Medicine (M.D.) degree. In return, graduates must serve for 7 years in either the military or the Public Health Service. Direct appointments also are available for those qualified to serve in other specialty areas, such as the judge advocate general (legal) or chaplain corps. Flight training is available to commissioned officers in each branch of the Armed Forces. In addition, the Army has a direct enlistment option to become a warrant officer aviator.
Other qualifications. In order to join the services, enlisted personnel must sign a legal agreement called an enlistment contract, which usually involves a commitment of up to 8 years of service. Depending on the terms of the contract, 2 to 6 years are spent on active duty, and the balance is spent in the National Guard or Reserves. The enlistment contract obligates the service to provide the agreed-upon job, rating, pay, cash bonuses for enlistment in certain occupations, medical and other benefits, occupational training, and continuing education. In return, enlisted personnel must serve satisfactorily for the period specified.
Requirements for each service vary, but certain qualifications for enlistment are common to all branches. In order to enlist, usually one must be at least 17 years old, be a U.S. citizen or an alien holding permanent resident status, not have a felony record, and possess a birth certificate. Applicants who are 17 years old must have the consent of a parent or legal guardian before entering the service. For active service in the Army, the maximum age is 42; for the Navy and Air Force the maximum age is 35. Coast Guard enlisted personnel must enter active duty before their 28th birthday, whereas Marine Corps enlisted personnel must not be over the age of 29 when entering. Applicants must pass a written examination—the Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery—and meet certain minimum physical standards, such as height, weight, vision, and overall health. Officers must meet different age and physical standards depending on their branch of service.
Women are eligible to enter most military specialties; for example, they may become mechanics, missile maintenance technicians, heavy equipment operators, and fighter pilots, or they may enter into medical care, administrative support, and intelligence specialties. Generally, only occupations involving direct exposure to combat are excluded.
Advancement. Each service has different criteria for promoting personnel. Generally, the first few promotions for both enlisted and officer personnel come easily; subsequent promotions are much more competitive. Criteria for promotion may include time in service and in grade, job performance, a fitness report (supervisor's recommendation), and passing scores on written examinations. Table 1 shows the officer, warrant officer, and enlisted ranks by service.
Table 1. Military rank and employment for active duty personnel, January 2007
Rank and title
Total Employment
Commissioned officers:
General Admiral General General 40
Lieutenant General Vice Admiral Lieutenant General Lieutenant General 136
Major General Rear Admiral (U) Major General Major General 285
Brigadier General Rear Admiral (L) Brigadier General Brigadier General 449
Colonel Captain Colonel Colonel 11,345
Lieutenant Colonel Commander Lieutenant Colonel Lieutenant Colonel 28,566
Major Lieutenant Commander Major Major 44,908
Captain Lieutenant Captain Captain 70,131
1st Lieutenant Lieutenant (JG) 1st Lieutenant 1st Lieutenant 26,894
2nd Lieutenant Ensign 2nd Lieutenant 2nd Lieutenant 23,331
Warrant officers:
Chief Warrant Officer Chief Warrant Officer — Chief Warrant Officer 591
Chief Warrant Officer Chief Warrant Officer — Chief Warrant Officer 2,661
Warrant Officer Warrant Officer — Warrant Officer 3,084
Enlisted personnel:
Sergeant Major Master Chief Petty Officer Chief Master Sergeant Sergeant Major/ Master Gunnery Sergeant 10,596
1st Sergeant/Master Sergeant Senior Chief Petty Officer Senior Master Sergeant 1st Sergeant/Master Sergeant 26,987
Sergeant First Class Chief Petty Officer Master Sergeant Gunnery Sergeant 98,497
Staff Sergeant Petty Officer 1st Class Technical Sergeant Staff Sergeant 169,725
Sergeant Petty Officer 2nd Class Staff Sergeant Sergeant 248,226
Corporal Petty Officer 3rd Class Senior Airman Corporal 257,974
Private First Class Seaman Airman 1st Class Lance Corporal 186,830
Private Seaman Apprentice Airman Private 1st Class 83,987
Private Seaman Recruit Airman Basic Private 57,644
(NOTE) Source: U.S. Department of Defense, Defense Manpower Data Center
People planning to apply the skills gained through military training to a civilian career should first determine how good the prospects are for civilian employment in jobs related to the military specialty that interests them. Second, they should know the prerequisites for the related civilian job. Because many civilian occupations require a license, certification, or minimum level of education, it is important to determine whether military training is sufficient for a person to enter the civilian equivalent occupation or, if not, what additional training will be required. Other Handbook statements discuss the job outlook, training requirements, and other aspects of civilian occupations for which military training and experience are helpful. Additional information often can be obtained from school counselors.
In 2007, more than 2.6 million people served in the Armed Forces. More than 1.4 million were on active duty—about 505,000 in the Army, 339,000 in the Navy, 340,000 in the Air Force, and 179,000 in the Marine Corps. In addition, more than 1.2 million people served in their Reserve components and the Air and Army National Guard, and 40,000 individuals served in the Coast Guard, which is now part of the Department of Homeland Security. Table 2 shows the occupational composition of the active-duty enlisted personnel in January 2007; table 3 presents similar information for active-duty officers, including noncommissioned warrant officers.
Table 2. Military enlisted personnel by broad occupational category and branch of military service, January 2007
Occupational Group - Enlisted
Total, all services
Administrative occupations
8,912 23,366 1,683 9,460 22,512 65,933
Combat specialty occupations
120,297 427 856 47,250 5,508 174,338
Construction occupations
16,848 4,979 — 5,597 5,927 33,351
Electronic and electrical repair occupations
35,932 37,722 4,351 14,656 51,424 144,085
Engineering, science, and technical occupations
29,242 16,805 821 — 24,950 71,818
Human resource development occupations
16,464 12,741 1 6,113 6,756 42,075
Machine operator and precision work occupations
5,727 7,134 1,583 2,301 7,913 24,658
Media and public affairs occupations
6,541 7,574 136 2,340 4,726 21,317
Protective service occupations
25,455 31,483 3,050 5,872 13,122 78,982
Support services occupations
12,014 1,608 1,268 2,289 9,930 27,109
Transportation and material handling occupations
58,237 32,464 11,479 22,344 43,026 167,550
Vehicle machinery mechanic occupations
Total, by service (1)
421,855 271,009 32,477 160,484 287,118 1,172,913
(1) Occupational employment does not sum to totals because occupational information is not available for all personnel.
Table 3. Military officer personnel by broad occupational category and branch of service, January 2007
Occupational Group - Officer
19,421 2,861 81 4,684 1,260 28,307
20,189 19,852 1,057 3,639 7,873 52,610
Executive, administrative, and managerial occupations
11,262 9,013 231 2,572 5,437 28,515
9,953 8,970 5 — 7,737 26,665
2,151 2,275 184 293 643 5,546
237 408 19 170 265 1,099
2,611 1,229 96 327 275 4,538
1,596 768 — 38 884 3,286
Transportation occupations
Military personnel are stationed throughout the United States and in many countries around the world. About half of all military jobs in the U.S. are located in California, Texas, North Carolina, Virginia, Florida, and Georgia. Approximately 250,000 service members were deployed in support of Operations Enduring Freedom and Iraqi Freedom as of April 30, 2007. An additional 363,000 individuals were stationed outside the United States, including 168,000 assigned to ships at sea. About 105,000 were stationed in Europe, mainly in Germany, and another 70,000 were assigned to East Asia and the Pacific area, mostly in Japan and the Republic of Korea.
Opportunities should be excellent for qualified individuals in all branches of the Armed Forces through 2016.
Employment change. The United States spends a significant portion of its overall budget on national defense. Despite reductions in personnel due to the elimination of the threats of the Cold War, the number of active-duty personnel is expected to remain roughly constant through 2016. However, recent conflicts and the resulting strain on the military may lead to an increase in the number of active-duty personnel. The current goal of the Armed Forces is to maintain a force sufficient to fight and win two major regional conflicts at the same time. Political events, however, could lead to a significant restructuring with or without an increase in size.
Job prospects. Opportunities should be excellent for qualified individuals in all branches of the Armed Forces through 2016. Many military personnel retire with a pension after 20 years of service, while they still are young enough to start a new career. About 168,000 personnel must be recruited each year to replace those who complete their commitment or retire. Since the end of the draft in 1973, the military has met its personnel requirements with volunteers. When the economy is good and civilian employment opportunities generally are more favorable, it is more difficult for all the services to meet their recruitment quotas. It is also more difficult to meet these goals during times of war, when recruitment goals typically rise.
Educational requirements will continue to rise as military jobs become more technical and complex. High school graduates and applicants with a college background will be sought to fill the ranks of enlisted personnel, while virtually all officers will need at least a bachelor's degree and, in some cases, a graduate degree as well.
The earnings structure for military personnel is shown in table 4. Most enlisted personnel started as recruits at Grade E-1 in 2007; however, those with special skills or above-average education started as high as Grade E-4. Most warrant officers had started at Grade W-1 or W-2, depending upon their occupational and academic qualifications and the branch of service of which they were a member, but warrant officer typically is not an entry-level occupation and, consequently, most of these individuals had previous military service. Most commissioned officers started at Grade O-1; some with advanced education started at Grade O-2, and some highly trained officers—for example, physicians and dentists—started as high as Grade O-3. Pay varies by total years of service as well as rank. Because it usually takes many years to reach the higher ranks, most personnel in higher ranks receive the higher pay rates awarded to those with many years of service.
Table 4. Military basic monthly pay by grade for active duty personnel, April 2007
Over 4
— — — — — $13,659.00
— — — — — 11,946.60
$8,453.10 $8,964.90 $9,577.20 $10,030.20 $10,447.80 11,319.00
7,023.90 7,621.20 8,052.90 8,548.80 9,577.20 10,236.00
5,206.20 6,094.50 6,380.10 6,414.60 7,423.80 8,180.10
— — — — — 5,845.80
— — — 4,203.90 4,459.50 4.821.60
— — 3,364.80 3,606.00 3,835.80 4,161.30
E-1 4 months+
E-1 Less than 4 months
1,203.90 — — — — —
(NOTE) Source: U.S. Department of Defense, Defense Finance and Accounting Service
In addition to receiving their basic pay, military personnel are provided with free room and board (or a tax-free housing and subsistence allowance), free medical and dental care, a military clothing allowance, military supermarket and department store shopping privileges, 30 days of paid vacation a year (referred to as leave), and travel opportunities. In many duty stations, military personnel may receive a housing allowance that can be used for off-base housing. This allowance can be substantial, but varies greatly by rank and duty station. For example, in fiscal year 2007, the average housing allowance for an E-4 with dependents was $1,151.24 per month; for a comparable individual without dependents, it was $910.66. The allowance for an O-4 with dependents was $1,856.97 per month; for a comparable individual without dependents, it was $1,611.69. Other allowances are paid for foreign duty, hazardous duty, submarine and flight duty, and employment as a medical officer. Athletic and other facilities—such as gymnasiums, tennis courts, golf courses, bowling centers, libraries, and movie theaters—are available on many military installations. Military personnel are eligible for retirement benefits after 20 years of service.
The Veterans Administration (VA) provides numerous benefits to those who have served at least 24 months of continuous active duty in the Armed Forces. Veterans are eligible for free care in VA hospitals for all service-related disabilities, regardless of time served; those with other medical problems are eligible for free VA care if they are unable to pay the cost of hospitalization elsewhere. Admission to a VA medical center depends on the availability of beds, however. Veterans also are eligible for certain loans, including loans to purchase a home. Veterans, regardless of health, can convert a military life insurance policy to an individual policy with any participating company upon separation from the military. In addition, job counseling, testing, and placement services are available.
Veterans who participate in the Montgomery GI Bill Program receive education benefits. Under this program, Armed Forces personnel may elect to deduct up to $100 a month from their pay during the first 12 months of active duty, putting the money toward their future education. In fiscal year 2007, veterans who served on active duty for 3 or more years or who spent 2 years in active duty plus 4 years in the Selected Reserve received $1,075 a month in basic benefits for 36 months of full-time institutional training. Those who enlisted and serve less than 3 years received $873 a month for 36 months for the same. In addition, each service provides its own contributions to the enlistee's future education. The sum of the amounts from all these sources becomes the service member's educational fund. Upon separation from active duty, the fund can be used to finance educational costs at any VA-approved institution. Among those institutions which are approved by the VA are many vocational, correspondence, certification, business, technical, and flight training schools; community and junior colleges; and colleges and universities.
Links to non-BLS Internet sites are provided for your convenience and do not constitute an endorsement.
Each of the military services publishes handbooks, fact sheets, and pamphlets describing entrance requirements, training and advancement opportunities, and other aspects of military careers. These publications are widely available at all recruiting stations, at most State employment service offices, and in high schools, colleges, and public libraries. Information on educational and other veterans' benefits is available from VA offices located throughout the country.
In addition, the Defense Manpower Data Center, an agency of the Department of Defense, publishes Military Career Guide Online, a compendium of military occupational, training, and career information designed for use by students and jobseekers. This information is available on the Internet: http://www.todaysmilitary.com.
The Occupational Outlook Quarterly also provides information about military careers and training in its spring 2007 article "Military training for civilian careers (Or: How to gain practical experience while serving your country)," available online at http://www.bls.gov/opub/ooq/2007/spring/art02.pdf.
OOH ONET Codes
55-1011.00, 55-1012.00, 55-1013.00, 55-1014.00, 55-1015.00, 55-1016.00, 55-1017.00, 55-1019.99, 55-2011.00, 55-2012.00, 55-2013.00, 55-3011.00, 55-3012.00, 55-3013.00, 55-3014.00, 55-3015.00, 55-3016.00, 55-3017.00, 55-3018.00, 55-3019.99
Suggested citation: Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Outlook Handbook , 2008-09 Edition, Job Opportunities in the Armed Forces, on the Internet at http://www.bls.gov/oco/ocos249.htm (visited September 16, 2008).
Last Modified Date: December 18, 2007
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The Academy of Art University School of Fashion, Department of Fashion Journalism and The Academy Library are proud to present a new Fall Fashion Films program.
Showcasing the exciting world of fashion documentaries, the series includes "The Eye Has To Travel,'' about famed fashion editor Diana Vreeland; "Bill Cunningham New York,'' a moving tribute to the late, great New York Times street photographer; "Scatter My Ashes at Bergdorf's,'' a documentary on the Manhattan department store; and "The September Issue,'' the classic account of Anna Wintour's preparations for Vogue's massive fall-fashion issue.
The screenings will take place in The Academy Library, 6th Floor, Screening Room, 180 New Montgomery.
"The Eye Has To Travel'': Thursday, Oct. 20, 7 pm.
"Bill Cunningham New York'': Thursday, Oct. 27, 7 pm.
"Scatter My Ashes at Bergdorf's'': Thursday, Nov. 3, 7 pm.
"The September Issue": Thursday, Nov. 10, 7 p.m.
Free popcorn will be provided at the event. First come first served.


text:
Home / Museum / Resuscitation
Electrodyne Defibrillator-Pacemaker
WLMD ID: akwi
Anesthesiologists are responsible for maintaining the patient's vital functions during surgery. This includes monitoring the heart, and performing cardiac resuscitation when necessary. Blood circulates through the body, moving from the heart and back again, because electrical impulses cause the heart to contract and relax. When these impulses are disturbed, the heart may lose its rhythm, or stop. In the 1950s, the American cardiologist, Dr. Paul M. Zoll (1911-1999) pioneered electrical cardiac resuscitation and cardiac monitoring devices. Together with engineer Alan Belgard, Dr. Zoll designed this early dual-function apparatus, made by the Electrodyne Company, of Norwood, Massachusetts. Electrodyne built the first external pacemaker in 1952, and went on to make many other portable machines based on the technologies developed by Dr. Zoll. The model E-11 was made from the late 1950s through the 1960s. It combines a defibrillator, to restore the heart's beat, and a pacemaker, to maintain a regular heart rhythm.
Catalog Record: Electrodyne Defibrillator-Pacemaker
Access Key: akwi
Accession No.: 2008-08-14-2 D
Title: Model E-11 : Electrodyne D-72 external defibrillator [and] Electrodyne cardiac pacemaker.
Corporate Author: Electrodyne.
Title: Defibrillator-pacemaker.
Title: Electrodyne E-11 : combination external defibrillator-pacemaker.
Title: Electrodyne E-11 : combination external cardiac pacemaker and external
defibrillator.
Publisher: Norwood, Mass. : Electrodyne, [between 1956 and 1965].
Physical Descript: 1 defibrillator and pacemaker : metals, plastics ; 29.5 x 45 x 35 cm.
Subject: Defibrillators.
Subject: Pacemaker, Artificial – instrumentation.
Subject: Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation – instrumentation.
Subject: Heart Arrest – therapy.
estimate based on the earliest dated documents in which the Model E 11 is
found to be mentioned (1957). The end date is an estimate based on the
introduction of safer direct current external defibrillation in 1962
(Akselrod, Kroll & Orlov, 2009). Also, the latest dated advertisement found
for the Model E-11 was in a 1962 or 1963 issue of the Medical Bulletin (this
was seen in a Google Books snippet view only). The date range could change if
documentation indicates that it should be corrected.
Notes: Akselrod H, Kroll MW, Orlov MV. History of defibrillation. In: Efimov IR,
Kroll MW, Tchou P, eds. Cardiac Bioelectric Therapy: Mechanisms and Practical
Implications. Boston: Springer; 2009:15-38.
Notes: Cohen SI. Paul M. Zoll, —The father of "modern" electrotharapy and innovator
of pharmacotherapy for life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias. Resuscitation.
Notes: Eisenberg MS. Defibrillation is the spark of life. In: Life in the Balance:
Emergency Medicine and the Quest to Reverse Sudden Death. New York: Oxford
University Press; 1977:192-195.
Notes: The story of cardiac arrest [aflyer with accompanying marketing letter].
Norwood, Massachusetts: Electrodyne Co., Inc.; 1957. [The flyer includes
images and descriptions of five Electrodyne products, including the
"Electrodyne D-72 — for EXTERNALLY APPLIED treatment of ventricular
fibrillation". The letter is dated February 18, 1957, addressed to, "Dear
Doctor," and signed by Normal H. Simon, Sales Manager.]
Notes: Zoll R. 50th anniversary of defibrillation: Paul M. Zoll, MD and the
beginning of Zoll Medical Corporation. EP Lab Digest. July, 2006;6(7).
https://www.eplabdigest.
com/articles/50th-Anniversary-Defibrillation-Paul-M-Zoll-MD-and-Beginning-ZOL
-Medical-Corporation. Accessed September 5, 2014.
Notes: One defibrillator and pacemaker that measures approximately 29.5 x 45 x 35
cm; The sides, top and back are painted dark blue and the face is light blue
with dark blue markings; On the left side of the front of the device are
controls for the defibrillator function and on the right are controls for the
pacemaker function; A fluted knob on the left side, marked, "IMPULSE VOLTAGE
[new line] (EXTERNAL)", can be set to one of eight points that are marked by
small triangles and numbered, 0, 15, 250, 350, 450, 550, 650, 750; Below the
knob is a switch that can be moved to the left or right; To the left of the
switch is a twist plug for the external defibrillator paddles; To the right
of the switch is a plug for internal defibrillation electrodes; The external
defibrillator paddles and cord measure approximately 368 cm in length; The
paddles alone measure approximately 26.5 cm in length with the contacts
having a diameter of approximately 8.5 cm; On the right side of the face of
the device, where the pacemaker functions are, there is an on/off switch for
power, an on/off switch for "IMPULSE", a dial for heart rate, and a dial for
amplitude; The circular scale for heart rate is marked in increments of 3
from 30 to 60, and then in increments of 6 from 60 to 180; Increments at 30,
45, 60,90, 120, 150, and 180 are numbered; The scale for the amplitude dial
is marked in increments of 5 from 0 to 150, and numbered at 0, 25, 50, 75,
100, 125, and 150; Also on the left side are plugs for "INTERNAL ELECTRODES",
"PATIENT LEADS", and "GROUND"; An electrical cord extends from the back of
the device; The cord measures approximately 353 cm in length; There is a
handle on top of the device and a drawer with a handle on the right side; A
metal plate with manufacturer markings is fixed to the back of the device in
the right lower corner; Text on the plate includes, "SPECIALISTS IN [new
line] ELECTRODYNE [new line] MEDICAL ELECTRONICS [new line] NORWOOD, MASS. U.
S.A. [new line] MODEL E 11 SER. NO. 2236 [new line] VOLTS 105-120 AMPS
[BLANK] FREQ. 60".
Notes: Photographed by Mr. Steve Donisch, September 17, 2013.
Notes: Described here is an early, dual function defibrillator-pacemaker designed by
American cardiologist Paul M. Zoll, MD (1911-1999) and engineer Alan Belgard.
It was made by Electrodyne, the company that built the first "external"
pacemaker in 1952.
"External" means that it worked via electrodes placed on the outside of the
chest as opposed to directly on the heart or "internally." Electrodyne also
produced the first external defibrillator confirmed to interrupt a
life-threatening arrhythmia and return the heart beat to normal.
Defibrillators are used in emergencies to administer high-energy electrical
shocks to the heart for acutely life-threatening arrhythmias. Arrhythmias are
problems with the electrical system of the heart. There are many types, and
they can cause the heart to beat irregularly, too slowly, or too quickly.
This interferes with the heart's ability to pump blood to the body. The most
critical arrhythmias prevent the heart from pumping blood at all. Shocks from
a defibrillator can interrupt these deadly arrhythmias and prompt the return
of a normal heart beat.
The heart's electrical system includes a bundle of nerves and muscle that
'pace,' or regulate and control, the heart beat. An artificial pacemaker
delivers repeating electrical impulses when the heart's natural 'pacemaker'
is not working as it should. Pacemakers may also be used in the treatment of
some arrhythmias to override, regulate and coordinate the heart's electrical
When Zoll and Belgard developed their external defibrillator, the larger
medical community believed that external defibrillation was not possible
without great harm to the patient. Their success at demonstrating otherwise
caused a major shift in the development the defibrillators that came after.
From 1953 to the early 1960s many anesthesiologists used Electrodyne
defibrillators and pacemakers while caring for unstable and critically ill
patients. Dr. Zoll's son, Ross Zoll, MD, became an anesthesiologist and
helped his father develop a safer and more comfortable external pacemaker
that was introduced in 1984.
Notes: Selected for the WLM website.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


One of my favorite picture books as a child was "Miss Suzy" by Miriam Young, and illustrated by the awesome Arnold Lobel.
If you're a big fan of children's books, as I am, you'll remember Arnold Lobel from books like Frog and Toad, The Ice Cream Cone Coot and Other Rare Birds, and the Caldecott Award winning Fables. All great stuff. But there is something particularly winning about Miss Suzy. Lobel's little squirrely girl is a fastidious housekeeper. She sweeps with her little twig broom, and has the cutest little acorn coffee cups. I'd go so far as to say that Suzy is the rodent version of Martha Stewart.
Thus, when I saw Your Next Stamp's delightful new SANDY AUTUMN GREETINGS stamp set, I couldn't help but think of sweet Miss Suzy.
In addition to the to-be-released-tomorrow SANDY AUTUMN GREETINGS stamps and coordinating dies, I also used YNS's Stitched Rectangle Dies and Love Me Some Latte Gumdrops. The patterned papers are from Doodlebug Designs' Fall Friends and Friendly Forest 6"x6" paper pads.
Adorable! Cassidy & I just read Owl at Home by Mr Lobel, so now I'll be on the lookout for Miss Suzy as well! Charming stamp set and of course, your cards are as sweet as can be!


text:
MUPD Solves Professor's Murder
DNA evidence is key to solving case.
Capt. Brian Weimer of the MU Police Department announces at a press conference that the killer of Jeong H. Im has been identified Jan. 30, 2013, at MUPD headquarters. Photo by Nicholas Benner.
Story by Mark Barna
Eight years ago, the MU community was shocked by a gruesome killing of a retired research assistant professor in a parking garage in the light of day.
Despite some 300 leads investigated by the MU Police Department, the murder of Jeong H. Im went unsolved until recently. MU Police Chief Jack Watring announced Jan. 30, 2013, that based on DNA evidence gathered at the scene the killer was Timothy Aaron Hoag, a 35‐year‐old male with a history of violence. On Aug. 9, 2012, Hoag committed suicide by jumping off a downtown parking garage.
This photo was published in a testimonial written by the Korean community after Jeong H. Im's death. It shows Im with his wife, Tesuk. Daughters to the marriage are Soo and Jean. On Jan. 30, Chancellor Brady J. Deaton extended his "continued solace and sympathy for the Ihm family."
The family of Im, who use the Korean surname Ihm, thanked MU police and the other law enforcement agencies involved in solving the case. "This brings closure on the tragedy to our family, as well as to the University of Missouri and Columbia communities as a whole," the statement said. At the time of his death, Dr. Im was working in Kim Wise's microbiology lab in the School of Medicine. The majority of his research was with Dr. H.D. Kim, chair of the pharmacology department.
MU Chancellor Brady J. Deaton expressed his "heartfelt compassion" for the victim's family, given the years the case went unsolved. Its resolution "is the most important news we will hear this year," he said.
The breakthrough came Dec. 21, 2012, when MU Police received a tip that Hoag had committed the murder. Investigators obtained his blood sample that was collected after he committed suicide, and they sent it to the Missouri State Highway Patrol Crime Lab for analysis. Hoag's DNA matched that found at the crime scene.
Capt. Brian Weimer credits Detective Sgt. Shawn Spalding for bringing the Im murder case to resolution. Chancellor Brady J. Deaton notes it was a "community effort to solve the case." Photo by Nicholas Benner.
The murder of Im on Jan. 7, 2005, was so unnerving in part because it was so brazen.
At about 10:30 a.m., the 72‐year‐old Im is seen on grainy surveillance video leaving the School of Medicine en route to the Maryland Avenue Parking Structure. Two hours later, police and firefighters arrive on Level 3 of the garage, where Im's 1996 Honda Accord was on fire.
Im's body was found in the trunk. He had been stabbed to death, stuffed in the trunk, and the vehicle was set on fire, investigators determined.
2006 photo of Timothy Aaron Hoag courtesy of MUPD.
The Dec. 21 tip led to another person, the name of whom police have not released, who claims to have been with Hoag on the day of the murder, MU Police Capt. Brian Weimer said. He drove Hoag to the garage the morning of the killing so "Hoag could get a car." Later that day, the driver received a call from Hoag demanding to be picked up at a business north of campus and to bring gasoline, Weimer said.
The driver took Hoag to Level 2 of the Maryland Avenue garage thinking that Hoag needed gasoline to start his car. With gas container in hand, Hoag proceeded upstairs to Level 3. When Hoag returned, the driver told police, he was wearing a particle facemask and a hood over his head. As they drove away, the driver noticed smoke billowing from Level 3.
The driver never came forward "out of fear for his family's safety," Weimer said.
More information available on the MUPD website
Correction: the current version of this story includes Dr. Im's correct title.
Topics: News, Web Exclusives
Tags: Faculty


We print posters at everyday low prices. With quality colour printing, your message will be sharp on a2 poster prints. At Kanga Print we provide cheap A2 poster printing services to customers all over Australia including metros Melbourne, Sydney, Brisbane, Perth, Gold Coast and Adelaide.
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I VIDEO is in the record books, and already plans are being made by the connections of the Derby starters to determine where their horses will run next. To help dissect the performances of each horse, and help determine what impact their performances might have on future races, here is a horse-by-horse recap of what transpired in the Derby! American Pharoah 1st The Derby favorite did almost everything right, tracking a modest pace while racing wide, bidding for command on the final turn, and drawing clear of Firing Line to win by a bit more than a length. In any case, the final time of 2: I in two weeks. Dortmund 3rd Martin Garcia made a bold tactical decision to seize the early lead and it almost paid off, as Dortmund was able to get away with setting a modest pace before tiring slightly in the final quarter-mile to finish three lengths behind American Pharoah. Trainer Bob Baffert indicated that Dortmund will likely run back in the Preakness, where I believe the shorter distance and less tiring track could enable him to turn the tables on American Pharoah.
In papers of Edgar G. In addition, an affidavit by Fritz Feld testifies to this statement; however, Jacques Feyder is listed as director in the onscreen credits. In German with English subtitles. The place is the Federal Republic of Germany, , under the blue skies of the German economic miracle. Hans Schnier for years has earned his living as a clown, though he is in fact a very covert sort of social critic.
From easy single trails to more difficult single trails for more advanced riders. So here are some of the most popular biking areas on Tenerife where you can start your unforgettable mountain biking tour. Anaga Mountains The Anaga mountains are in the north eastern part of Tenerife. This is a very green area and you will have a good mixture of height meters and down meters on your tour for sure.
For legal single-trails this is the best part of the island. Here you will find many challenging rocky trails and some nice views on the island or the ocean. But most of the time you can also choose whether you want to go on a difficult single trail or take the easy trail. It has many wide tracks and offers mostly easy single-trails. Riding in this large pine tree area is a really stunning experience.
Starkwhite will present a group show at Sydney Contemporary, from September, featuring the work of pioneer experimental filmmaker and kinetic artist Len Lye, along with works by contemporary practitioners Rebecca Baumann, Seung Yul Oh and Michael Zavros.
So we came back. When you talk to A. Contrary to the spooky stories that Musk seems intent on telling, A. Andrew Ng builds artificial intelligence systems for a living. He taught AI at Stanford, built AI at Google, and then moved to the Chinese search engine giant, Baidu, to continue his work at the forefront of applying artificial intelligence to real-world problems. What do actual AI researchers think of the risks of AI? It quotes the same couple of cherry-picked AI researchers as all the other stories — Andrew Ng, Yann LeCun, etc — then stops without mentioning whether there are alternate opinions.
When trenchant for a more right be. For kids in judgement, as you can fix your keys until you are picture by picture. Try divers applications and your creditors. Do not text what they are much than probably suffered buy prescription drugs canada 20 Mar a las 3: Canada is one area that uses medicines that is precisely the like those being actually marketed in the United States.
Wednesday, January 29th, By Sara Ver-Bruggen, contributing editor In launching the iPod music player, Apple bumped consumption of NAND flash — a type of non-volatile storage device — driving down cost and paving the way for the growth of the memory technology into what is now a multibillion dollar market, supplying cost-effective storage for smart phones, tablets and other consumer electronic gadgets that do not have high density requirements. In , memory chipmakers Micron and also SK Hynix will follow suit, heralding the arrival of a much-anticipated and debated technology during various industry conferences in recent years.
Like floors in a tower block, in 3D NAND devices memory cells are stacked on top of each other, as opposed to being spread out on a two-dimensional 2D , horizontal grid like bungalows. But scaling, as process nodes dip below 20nm and on the path towards 10nm, is proving challenging as physical constraints begin to impinge on the performance of the basic memory cell design. Transition to mass production But despite the potential of 3D NAND and announcements by the leading players in the industry, transferring 3D NAND technology into mass production is very challenging to do.
As Jim Handy, from Objective Analysis, points out: With 3D NAND there is the potential for vertical scaling, going from bit-tall strings to string heights of more than bits. But while 3D NAND does not require leading-edge lithography, eventually resulting in manufacturing costs that are lower than they would be for the extension of planar NAND, new deposition and etch technologies are required for high-aspect-ratio etch processes.
Staircase etching requires very precise contact landing. With vertical scaling the challenges include etching high aspect ratio holes, with the aspect ratio doubling with each doubling of layers. These holes must have absolutely parallel walls or scaling and device operation may be compromised. Indeed, while the best combination of cost, power and performance will be found in 3D NAND architectures, there still remain issues concerning cost, especially.
These issues, in the context of their respective memory technology roadmaps, were discussed by memory chipmakers, including Sandisk, SK Hynix and Micron, at a forum organized and sponsored by semiconductor industry equipment manufacturer Applied Materials in December , while the equipment supplier provided some in-depth discussion on 3D NAND manufacturing considerations and challenges.
U of A anthropologist Willoughby believes that the items found prove continuous occupation of the areas over the last , years, through what is known as the "genetic bottleneck" period of the last ice age.
The Ultimate Resource for Militaria Here you will find over , items of militaria for sale on-line You have most likely reached this page from a search engine. The item you are searching for can be found on the Why not click on the Enter button below to see the other Dealers on MilitariaMart The following items can be found on the Aberdeen Medals website , with full descriptions, photographs and prices.
Cross of War Croix De Guerre. Reverse dated The original stitched silk riband fitted with 3 x emblems denoting; – Bronze Star: The ISBN reference is ISBN Numbering just under pages of text, this is the definitive reference source for biographical and medal related information on the men of the various Malaya and Singapore Volunteer units that served in the 20th Century, and in particular theMalaya Campaign of The book contains a useful summary of the origins and services of the various Volunteer units which is not otherwise available – in as much detail – in any other single source.
Aberdeen Medals does not stock new publications, but we do actively promote new publications on behalf of deserving authors. The book can be ordered directly from Mr Jonnathan Moffatt who can be contacted at; – JonathanMoffatt aol. Recipient was a Viceroy's Commissioned Officer holding the rank of Jemadar, while serving with the 35th Scinde Horse, a cavalry regiment of the Indian Army Sold together with photocopied Player's cigarette with short summary on the Scinde Horse – a crack cavalry regiment of the Indian Army Condition: Alexander Sinclair was born in Biggar, Lanarkshire, Scotland and was the eldest of three brothers, all of whom were pre-war regulars serving in the samke battalion of the family regiment 2nd Battalion 'Cameron Highlanders'.
Their father, Alexander, had served in the Cameron Highlanders as No. All three of his sons followed him into the regiment, with Alexander joining first, on 2 August The middle son, Hugh, enlisted on 20 June whilst the youngest, Frank, joined as No. The eldest son, Sergeant Alexander Sinclair, was killed in action on the 5th February.
A Twa hunter-gatherer in Uganda climbing a tree to gather honey. Nathaniel Dominy Early Human Ancestors May Have Walked AND Climbed for a Living Africa 31 December The results of recently conducted field studies on modern human groups in the Philippines and Africa are suggesting that humans, among the primates, are not so unique to walking upright as previously thought. The findings have implications for some of our earliest possible ancestors, including the 3. Associate professor of anthropology Nathaniel Dominy of Dartmouth College, along with colleagues Vivek Venkataraman and Thomas Kraft, compared African Twa hunter-gatherers to agriculturalists living nearby, the Bakiga, in Uganda.
In the Philippines, they compared the Agta hunter-gatherers to the Manobo agriculturalists. They found that the Twa and the Agta hunter-gatherers regularly climbed trees to gather honey, an important element in their diets.
This non-heated unit is designed for use with emulsified asphalts and some cold-pour crack fillers. Fast material filling through a 4 diameter opening. Maximum operating temperature is F. Fully adjustable, heavy duty, external pressure relief valve. Generous 10 gallon flushing tank for easy clean out. Pavement Equipment Rollers The Eliminator Zero Clearance Roller With this rollers innovative, and patented, front drum design, the operator has the capability of operating very close to vertical obstacles on either side of the machine.
Practically eliminates the need for further hand compaction of material against walls or other obstructions that other rollers would normally steer clear from.


text:
<?php

namespace Frontend\Modules\Blog\Actions;

use Backend\Modules\Blog\DataFixtures\LoadBlogCategories;
use Backend\Modules\Blog\DataFixtures\LoadBlogPosts;
use Frontend\Core\Language\Language;
use Frontend\Core\Tests\FrontendWebTestCase;
use Symfony\Bundle\FrameworkBundle\Client;

class DetailTest extends FrontendWebTestCase
{
    public function testBlogPostHasDetailPage(Client $client): void
    {
        $this->loadFixtures(
            $client,
            [
                LoadBlogCategories::class,
                LoadBlogPosts::class,
            ]
        );

        self::assertPageLoadedCorrectly($client, '/en/blog', [LoadBlogPosts::BLOG_POST_TITLE]);
        self::assertClickOnLink($client, Language::lbl('ReadMore'), [LoadBlogPosts::BLOG_POST_TITLE]);
        self::assertCurrentUrlEndsWith($client, '/en/blog/detail/' . LoadBlogPosts::BLOG_POST_SLUG);
    }

    public function testNonExistingBlogPostGives404(Client $client): void
    {
        self::assertHttpStatusCode404($client, '/en/blog/detail/non-existing');
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Home » Headlines » Listeria outbreak linked to Deli ham sickens four in two states, kills one in Virginia
Listeria outbreak linked to Deli ham sickens four in two states, kills one in Virginia
Headlines, US News
The Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is advising consumers and retailers not to eat, serve, or sell recalled ready-to-eat deli ham produced by Johnston County Hams, Inc. The ham is linked to a multistate outbreak of Listeria monocytogenes infections.
Image/Renee Comet, National Cancer Institute
According to the investigation to date, four people infected with the outbreak strain of Listeria monocytogenes have been reported from North Carolina and Virginia. All four were hospitalized, one death has been reported from Virginia.
Recalled ham products were sold under several brand names. The full recall list is available HERE
CDC says retailers should clean and sanitize deli slicers and other areas where recalled deli ham was prepared, stored, or served.
Return any recalled deli ham to the store for a refund or throw it away. Even if some ham was eaten and no one got sick, do not eat it. If you do not know if the ham you purchased was recalled, ask the place where you purchased it or throw it away. Wash and sanitize drawers or shelves in refrigerators and freezers where recalled ham was stored.
Listeriosis can cause a variety of symptoms, depending on the person and the part of the body affected.
Pregnant women: Pregnant women typically experience only fever and other flu-like symptoms, such as fatigue and muscle aches. However, infections during pregnancy can lead to miscarriage, stillbirth, premature delivery, or life-threatening infection of the newborn.
People other than pregnant women: Symptoms can include headache, stiff neck, confusion, loss of balance, and convulsions in addition to fever and muscle aches.
LISTEN: Listeria monocytogenes: Who's most at risk, pathology and common sources
People with invasive listeriosis usually report symptoms starting 1 to 4 weeks after eating food contaminated with Listeria; some people have reported symptoms starting as late as 70 days after exposure or as early as the same day of exposure. Listeriosis is treated with antibiotics.
Pregnant women and their newborns, adults age 65 and older, and people with weakened immune systems are more likely to get sick with listeriosis.
'Wolf in sheep's clothing' in the immune system may make us vulnerable to bacterial infections
CDC Identifies 16 States Affected By Ground Beef Salmonella Outbreak
Los Angeles reports outbreak of endemic flea-borne typhus
Universal flu vaccine: University of Montana awarded $10 million contract to develop


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Cameron Borthwick-Jackson has the longest name in Manchester United's history
Will GilesThursday 17 Dec 2015 12:26 pm
So niche…(Picture: Getty)
Cameron Borthwick-Jackson might have endured a tough start to his Manchester United career, but he's still set a new club record regardless.
While he probably won't be featuring on the back of many fans' shirts just yet, United's accountants will be seriously hoping he goes onto become an Old Trafford superstar.
And that's because the 18-year-old has the longest name of any player to ever play in the famous red shirt.
With 23 letters in his full name, Borthwick-Jackson eclipses Bastian Schweinsteiger, whose measly 21 letters had set the record when he moved to Old Trafford in the summer.
Longest United names
23 – Cameron Borthwick-Jackson
21 – Bastian Schweinsteiger
18 – Herbert Birchenough, Charlie McGillivray, Thomas O'Shaughnessy, Ole Gunnar Solskjaer, Juan Sebastian Veron, Walter Winterbottom, Billy Wrigglesworth
17 – Russell Beardsmore, Danny Higginbotham, Andrei Kanchelskis, David McFetteridge, Raimond van der Gouw, Ruud van Nistelrooy.
He's also got the joint-longest name in Premier League history, alongside Kevin Theophile-Catherine and Jan Vennegoor of Hesselink.
Longest Premier League names
23 – Cameron Borthwick-Jackson, Kevin Theophile-Catherine, Jan Vennegoor of Hesselink
22 – Giovanni van Bronckhorst
21 – Jamie Barnwell-Edinboro, Jean-Claude Darcheville, Jimmy Floyd Hasselbaink, Konstantinos Mitroglou, Alex Oxlade-Chamberlain, Nikodimos Papavasiliou, Bradley Wright-Phillips
20 – Diniyar Bilyaletdinov, Stelios Giannakopoulos, Rushian Hepburn-Murphy, Ainsley Maitland-Niles, Christian Wilhelmsson.
Would certainly be a bit harsh to charge by the letter for his shirt…
MORE : Man United have offered LVG's job to top manger


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Sheldon Whitehouse: Sue Fossil Fuel Companies For Climate Fraud
Written by	Daniel Marans | The Huffington Post
Sen. Sheldon Whitehouse (D-R.I.) has a new plan to combat climate change: sue fossil fuel companies for fraud.
In a May 29 op-ed in The Washington Post, Whitehouse argued that the fossil fuel industry's efforts to discredit climate science and attack environmentalists may constitute deliberate deception of the kind the tobacco industry perpetrated in previous decades. In 2006, a federal judge found the tobacco industry guilty of fraud in a civil lawsuit brought under the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (RICO). Cigarette companies' efforts to hide the health effects of tobacco consumption included lying about the findings of their own studies on smoking.
Fossil fuel companies may be a ripe target for a civil lawsuit under RICO as well, Whitehouse wrote. The industry coordinates with conservative think tanks to disseminate industry-funded research contradicting the scientific consensus on man-made climate change. The use of think tanks may be "designed to obscure" the industry's own role and to lend intellectual credibility to otherwise unfounded scientific claims, Whitehouse wrote. And the industry's direct funding of climate-denying scientists like Harvard's Willie Soon could be evidence that it may be trying to buy favorable climate science.
Although Whitehouse conceded that the information currently available does not definitively prove that the fossil fuel industry is "engaged in the same kind of racketeering activity as the tobacco industry," litigation would shed more light on the matter -- as it did in the case against tobacco. "Civil discovery would reveal whether and to what extent the fossil fuel industry has crossed [the] same line" as the tobacco industry, he wrote.
But a RICO case against the fossil fuel industries would face an uphill climb, Jeffrey Grell, an expert in RICO law and former assistant attorney general of Minnesota, told The Huffington Post.
First, the case would have to prove "intent to defraud" by showing that climate-denying scientists were lying about what they actually believed.
"It is hard to prosecute people for having an erroneous or stupid opinion," Grell said. "You could say that X percentage of the scientists disagree with them and there is empirical data they are lying about."
Demonstrating a financial conflict of interest among climate-change researchers who take industry funding could contribute to a case showing fraud was committed, but is not in itself evidence of fraud, he said.
Grell also raised the question of whether the government would have standing to sue the fossil fuel industry. In the case of tobacco, the government was able to argue that the tobacco companies' deception had harmed its administration of Medicare and Medicaid. Such standing might be harder to claim against energy companies, Grell said.
Mark Hemingway, a writer for the conservative Weekly Standard, criticized Whitehouse's analogy between the fossil fuels and tobacco industries, claiming that the scientific community is not as unanimous about the effects of climate change as it is about tobacco.
"Even among those who do agree that global warming is a problem, there's a tremendously wide variety of opinions about the practical effects," Hemingway wrote.
Link to original article The Huffington Post
Sen Sheldon Whitehouse
climate denying scientists
More in this category: « Release of encyclical reveals pope's deep dive into climate science As 'This Changes Everything' Debuts in US, Leave Your Climate Despair at the Door »


"Maman a tort" is the debut single released in 1984 from the french singer Mylène Farmer's first album Cendres de Lune. The song was composed together with her long-time collaborator Laurent Boutonnat and written by Jérôme Dahan. The lyrics were considered provocative for its sexual ambiguity. The video was consequently censored on some french television channels.


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Q: Yapsy instantiates the wrong class when IPlugin is extended I have the following file structure, which implements a very simple plugin architecture using Yapsy.
Plugins/BasePlugin.py
from yapsy.IPlugin import IPlugin

class BasePlugin(IPlugin):
    def process(self):
        # Do some stuff common to all plugins
        pass

Plugins/TestPlugin.py
from Plugins.BasePlugin import BasePlugin

class TestPlugin(BasePlugin):
    def process(self, info):
        super(TestPlugin, self).process()
        # Do stuff
        return "done"

test.py
from yapsy.PluginManager import PluginManager
from Plugins.BasePlugin import BasePlugin
import logging

logging.basicConfig(level=logging.DEBUG)
# See note 1
manager = PluginManager()   # Does not work
manager = PluginManager(categories_filter={'BasePlugin': BasePlugin}) # Works

def init_plugins():
    # Load the plugins from the plugin directory.
    manager.setPluginPlaces(["Plugins"])
    manager.collectPlugins()

    # Loop round the plugins and print their names.
    for plugin in manager.getAllPlugins():
        manager.activatePluginByName(plugin.name, "BasePlugin")
        print "Plugin path: {}".format(plugin.path)
        print "Plugin obj:  {}".format(plugin.plugin_object)

        result = plugin.plugin_object.process(info)

There is also the correct .yapsy-plugin information file for TestPlugin.
Without the filter (at note 1) Yapsy tries to instantiate a BasePlugin instead of my TestPlugin, despite the plugin's name being "TestPlugin".  For example:
Plugin path: /home/user/python/Plugins/TestPlugin
Plugin obj:  <Plugins.BasePlugin.BasePlugin object at 0x7f159af22050>

If I include the filter then plugins are loaded correctly and my TestPlugin class is instantiated and used instead.
DEBUG:yapsy:Activating plugin: BasePlugin.test
Plugin path: /home/david/python/Plugins/TestPlugin
Plugin obj:  <yapsy_loaded_plugin_test_0.TestPlugin object at 0x7f4dad7d4050>

Am I doing something wrong with inheritance, or is this just how Yapsy works?  I can't see why it would try to use BasePlugin instead of TestPlugin despite finding the correct file.
Do I need to implement categories to extend IPlugin and provide my own base class?

A: You've come across a known problem of yapsy which is related to the way it detects plugins in files and categorizes them.
This is explained in the troubleshooting section of yapsy's doc at https://yapsy.readthedocs.org/en/latest/Advices.html#plugin-class-detection-caveat.
Since these are already my own words, I'll just copy-paste them here, but if something's unclear, feel free to ask for precisions.

There must be only one plugin defined per module. This means that you can't have two plugin description files pointing at the same module for instance.
Because of the "categorization by inheritance" system, you mustn't directly import the subclass of IPlugin in the main plugin file, instead import its containing module and make your plugin class inherit from ContainingModule.SpecificPluginClass as in the following example.
The following code won't work (the class MyBasePluginClass will be detected as the plugin's implementation instead of MyPlugin):
from myapp.plugintypes import MyBasePluginClass

class MyPlugin(MyBasePluginClass):
    pass

Instead you should do the following:
import myapp.plugintypes as plugintypes

class MyPlugin(plugintypes.MyBasePluginClass):
    pass

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Jwaneng é uma cidade localizada no Distrito do Sul em Botswana que possuía uma população estimada de  habitantes em 2011. A cidade é um dos distritos urbanos do país e é governada por seu Conselho Municipal. É onde se encontra a mina de diamantes Jwaneng, considerada a mais rica do mundo em relação ao seu valor.

Veja também
Distritos do Botswana

Distritos do Botswana

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


The list below includes the cities that the US Post Office accepts for ZIP code 38461. The preferred city may not be the city in which the ZIP is located. The city for 38461 is usually the name of the main post office. When mailing your package or letter, always include the preferred or acceptable cities. Using any city in the list of unacceptable cities may result in delays.
ZIP code 38461 is located in central Tennessee and covers a slightly less than average land area compared to other ZIP codes in the United States. It also has a slightly less than average population density.
The people living in ZIP code 38461 are primarily white. The number of middle aged adults is extremely large while the number of people in their late 20s to early 40s is large. There are also a large number of families and a small number of single adults. The percentage of children under 18 living in the 38461 ZIP code is slightly higher than average compared to other areas of the country.
ZIP code 38461 has a slightly less than average percentage of vacancies.
The majority of household are owned or have a mortgage. Homes in ZIP code 38461 were primarily built in the 1990s or 1939 or earlier. Looking at 38461 real estate data, the median home value of $152,400 is slightly less than average compared to the rest of the country. It is also extremely high compared to nearby ZIP codes. So you are less likely to find inexpensive homes in 38461. Rentals in 38461 are most commonly 3+ bedrooms. The rent for 3+ bedrooms is normally $1,000+/month including utilities. Prices for rental property include ZIP code 38461 apartments, townhouses, and homes that are primary residences.
The median household income of $38,683 is compared to the rest of the country. It is also compared to nearby ZIP codes. While money isn't everything, ZIP code 38461 may not be as nice as other parts of town.
As with most parts of the country, vehicles are the most common form of transportation to places of employment. Instead of a commute, a higher percentage of people in 38461 are able to work from home than most places in the nation. In most parts of the country, the majority of commuters get to work in under half an hour. However, that is not the case in 38461. It has a much lower than average number of people that make it to work in under half an hour. The area has an extremely high percentage of people that most travel over 45 minutes to their place of employment. People that commute should be aware of the potentially long commute times.
ZIP Code 38461 is in the Maury County School District. There are 1 different elementary schools and high schools with mailing addresses in ZIP code 38461.


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Home / HEADLINES / INDIA / Steady decline in number of deaths; Daily Fatalities below 300 continuously since the last 12 days
Steady decline in number of deaths; Daily Fatalities below 300 continuously since the last 12 days
There is a steady decline in the number of daily deaths recorded in the country. Less than 300 new deaths are being recorded in the country from the last 12 days.
The effective strategy of containment including prompt tracing & tracking, aggressive and widespread testing, combined with standardized clinical management protocols have ensured the low mortality levels.
The effective implementation by the State/UT governments has resulted in early identification, prompt isolation and timely clinical management of the hospitalized cases.
Only one new death per million population is reported in India in the last 7 days. This new achievement is a testament of effective COVID management and response policy of the Central Government.
In another achievement, the trajectory of contraction in India's total active cases continues unabated. The active caseload of the country stands at 2,27,546. The share of Active Cases in the total Positive Cases has further shrunk below 2.2% (2.19%).
The daily recoveries exceeding the daily new cases have ensured a total net reduction of the Active Caseload. 21,314 new recoveries were registered during the last 24 hours. A net decline of 3,490 cases has been recorded in the total active cases in last 24 hours.
The daily cases in India have been below 20,000 in the recent days. 18,088 new cases were registered in the last 24 hours.
96 new cases per million population have been recorded in the last 7 days in India.The number of cases is much higher in countries such as Brazil, Russia, France, Italy, USA and UK.
The cumulative recoveries in India has moved further close to 1 cr and stand at 99,97,272 today. New Recoveries outnumbering the daily New Cases has also improved the Recovery Rate to 96.36%.
76.48% of the new recovered cases are contributed by ten States/UTs.
With 4,922 persons recovering from COVID, Kerala has recorded the maximum number of recoveries. Maharashtra has registered another 2,828 daily recoveries while Chhattisgarh has reported 1,651 new recoveries in the past 24 hours.
Ten States/UTs have contributed 79.05% of the new cases.
Kerala has reported 5,615 cases in the last 24 hours. Maharashtra recorded 3,160 new cases while Chhattisgarh has registered 1,021 new cases yesterday.
73.48% of the 264 case fatalities that reported in the past 24 hours are from Ten States/UTs.
24.24% of new fatalities reported are from Maharashtra which reported 64 deaths. Chhattisgarh also saw a fatality count of 25 while Kerala reported 24 new deaths.