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The European Central Bank's New 'Stimulus' Probably Isn't Too Stimulating
The European Central Bank's new move doesn't seem like stimulus to us—it likely just extends the status quo, an unnecessary move motivated by false fears, in our view.
By Fisher Investments UK, 20/03/2019
The European Central Bank (ECB) is attempting to boost the economy! Or at least that is how it—and the financial media we reviewed—are portraying ECB President Mario Draghi's decision last week to renew the central bank's "targeted longer-term refinancing operations" (TLTROs). Financial media we surveyed commonly described it as a "major policy reversal" and a "U-turn," bringing back major economic stimulus. We think this gives the ECB too much credit. Thursday's announcement largely extends the status quo—an unnecessary move, in our view. Whilst couched as stimulus, we think it was really designed to defang a false fear: maturing TLTRO loans.
First, understand: TLTROs are not quantitative easing (QE). TLTROs let banks borrow funds for a fixed period directly from the ECB at discounted rates, providing they use them to underpin loans to businesses and consumers. This lowers banks' funding costs, in theory. By contrast, under QE the ECB bought long-term fixed interest securities to reduce longer-term interest rates, which heavily influence banks' loan profits. By doing so whilst fixing short rates just below zero, the ECB reduced the difference between short- and long-term interest rates (it flattened the yield curve, in industry parlance). Because banks borrow short term to fund long-term loans, this reduces profits on future lending. TLTROs do no such thing.
This isn't the first time the ECB extended cheap funding to banks. The original version was 2011's longer-term refinancing operation (LTRO), which didn't require banks to lend the funds. Amid a debt crisis and recession, banks scrambling for liquidity borrowed over €1 trillion in three-year LTRO funds.[i] When LTRO repayment approached in 2014, we saw many in media fearing this would squelch lending. Hence, the ECB introduced the first TLTRO with four-year maturities, allowing banks to roll over their LTRO funds, providing they used them to underpin lending. Banks took €430 billion.[ii] In 2016, the ECB launched TLTRO-II—another four-year facility—which permitted greater borrowing at lower rates for new private sector loans. Banks not only rolled over most of their TLTRO-I funding, they increased it to €739 billion.[iii] Repayments for TLTRO-II are now poised to start coming due in the next 12 – 18 months. The ECB's announcement it will offer two-year funding should allow banks to roll over funding once again, if they choose to.
Since last year, financial publications we review have raised concerns over TLTRO-II's wind down—thinking "financing cliffs for banks" await. Many articles we have read argue banks repaying the ECB will lack sufficient funding to extend loans, sapping eurozone loan growth. But we think this is a stretch. Whilst there are select exceptions, banks are, for the most part, amply funded in Europe, in our view. TLTRO funding may be marginally cheaper than deposits, borrowing from other banks or tapping the ECB's permanent, short-term lending facilities, but it isn't as if banks have no means to fund new loans. Moreover, banks have been voluntarily repaying their TLTRO loans early with total balances declining since 2017[iv]—overall eurozone lending hasn't suffered. Hence, to the extent TLTRO-III is about allowing banks to roll over existing borrowings, we think the ECB's move targets a false fear.
In our view, the ECB's recent TLTRO-III announcement—with quarterly auctions starting in September—shouldn't hurt, but it shouldn't be stimulate much activity, either. If the ECB hadn't re-upped TLTROs, we doubt markets would have rippled much. As it stands, we think it probably just extends the status quo a couple more years, helping some banks with tighter deposit funding roll over previous TLTRO-II loans. But in our analysis, most large eurozone banks have no such issues. Meanwhile, credit looks to be circulating fine in the eurozone, supporting private sector growth.[v]
To us, markets' initial negative reaction to the ECB's move seems inspired, in part, by some worrying the ECB sees weakness ahead. But central bankers have no unique insights into the economy, in our view, which a long global history of monetary errors attests to. Ironically, the same day the ECB announced TLTRO-III, revised eurozone Q4 GDP data showed inventory adjustment drove the slowdown—more evidence weakness is likely a one-off.[vi] GDP's calculations treat rising inventories as a plus and falling a minus to headline GDP. Yet falling inventories can require restocking in future quarters, providing demand remains sufficient. In this way, the drag can be seen as a possible forward-looking positive for economic activity. Nevertheless, the ECB lowered its 2019 eurozone GDP growth forecast to 1.1% from 1.7% a few months ago.[vii] Perhaps that holds up, perhaps not. But we are sceptical.
The economic outlook remains bright to us. The eurozone's yield curve is positively sloped, which we think incentivises private sector loan growth, regardless of TLTROs. Plus, the latest purchasing managers' indexes (PMIs)—surveys of businesses measuring the breadth of growth—and PMI new orders subindexes indicate Q4 weakness was likely temporary. The eurozone's composite PMI—combining manufacturing and services—rose to 51.9 in February, led by the services sector, the largest slice of eurozone GDP by industry.[viii] Levels above 50 signal expansion. Moreover, services new orders also indicated broadening growth—which should help keep the economy chugging along in 2019.[ix] That so many take a dim view despite the evidence suggests weakness is overstated. Forward-looking markets move most on the gap between reality and expectations, in our view, and dour expectations seemingly provide a low hurdle for reality to clear. As reality dawns, revealing people's worst fears unwarranted, we think markets should rally.
[i] Source: ECB, as of 13/3/2019. History of all ECB open market operations, three-year fixed rate longer-term refinancing operations allotted on 21/12/2011 and 29/2/2012.
[ii] "Update on Economic and Monetary Developments," ECB Economic Bulletin, 11/5/2017.
[iv] Source: ECB, as of 14/3/2019. Summary of ad hoc communication related to monetary policy implementation issued by the ECB, targeted longer-term refinancing operation voluntary repayments since 29/3/2017.
[v] Source: ECB, as of 27/2/2019. Statement based on adjusted loans to the private sector, March 2017 – January 2019.
[vi] "GDP Main Aggregates and Employment Estimates for Fourth Quarter 2018," Eurostat, 7/3/2019. GDP is gross domestic product, a government-produced estimate of economic activity.
[vii] "Press Conference," President Mario Draghi, ECB, 7/3/2019.
[viii] Source: IHS Markit, as of 5/3/2019.
[ix] Ibid.
Investing in financial markets involves the risk of loss and there is no guarantee that all or any capital invested will be repaid. Past performance neither guarantees nor reliably indicates future performance. The value of investments and the income from them will fluctuate with world financial markets and international currency exchange rates.
This article reflects the opinions, viewpoints and commentary of Fisher Investments MarketMinder editorial staff, which is subject to change at any time without notice. Market Information is provided for illustrative and informational purposes only. Nothing in this article constitutes investment advice or any recommendation to buy or sell any particular security or that a particular transaction or investment strategy is suitable for any specific person.
Fisher Investments Europe Limited, trading as Fisher Investments UK, is authorised and regulated by the UK Financial Conduct Authority (FCA Number 191609) and is registered in England (Company Number 3850593). Fisher Investments Europe Limited Headquarters: 2nd Floor, 6-10 Whitfield Street, London, W1T 2RE, United Kingdom. Fisher Investments Europe Limited's parent company, Fisher Asset Management, LLC, trading under the name Fisher Investments, is established in the USA and regulated by the US Securities and Exchange Commission. Investment management services are provided by Fisher Investments.
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Ja, mich gibt es auch noch – ich bin weder vom Erdboden verschluckt worden noch von irgendwelchen Monstern entführt worden (meine komische Fantasie ist immer noch vorhanden, also geht es mir gut) – ich hatte in den letzten Wochen mal wieder viel zu viel Stress in der Schule, jeden Tag, wo ich doch die Möglichkeit gehabt hätte, Fotos zu machen, hat es geregnet. Unter der Woche hatten wir warme, sonnige Tage, vor allem, wenn ich bis um halb fünf in der Schule gesessen bin, an den Wochenenden ist das Wetter augenblicklich schlecht geworden.
Jetzt habe ich wieder Ferien, ich hoffe, es wird wieder zu mehr Posts kommen. Ich fahre am nächsten Wochenende ins Zeltlager – ich habe Angst vor sämtlichen Krabbelviechern, alles, was mehr oder weniger als zwei oder vier Beine hat, ist nichts für mich, ich brauche meinen Laptop, eine weiche Matratze, einen Spiegel und noch so viel mehr. Am letzten Samstag habe ich dann Geburtstag, ich werde endlich vierzehn.
Nachdem ich meine geliebte Fotokamerakette verloren habe, musste schnell eine neue her, jetzt werde ich so gut wie jeden Tag einen Traumfänger um den Hals hängen haben. Das Kleid ist etwas lang, ich weiß, auf asos sah es viel kürzer aus – es liegt wohl doch daran, dass ich so klein bin.
Yes, I'm still existing as well – I haven't been kidnapped by monsters or something like that (my weird fantasy is still there, so I'm okay) – I've had lots of stress in school again last weeks, every day I would have had time to take photos, it has rained. While I had to go to school there was sunshine and warm weather, as soon as the weekend has started the weather got bad.
Now I'm on vacations again, I hope there'll be more posts again. Next weekend I'll go camping – I am afraid of insects and all animals which have got more or less than 2 or 4 legs – I need my laptop, a mirror, a mattress and so many other things. On last Saturday it's my birthday, I'll turn 14 at least.
After losing my camera necklace I had to buy a new one right away, now I'll wear a dream catcher as necklace. The dress is too long in some way, it looked shorter on asos – maybe it's because I am so small.
Beautiful! I love your whole outfit, especially the necklace.
Forget-me-not is my favourite flower!
Thanks for comment on my blog! You have a lovely blog and a lovely style too!
i love your pictures! so fairy tale!!
love the shoulder detail on the dress!
lovely photos. you look like a fairy somehow!
ps. please join my shambala bracelets giveaway when u have time!
You have lovely photos :) pretty dress and dreamcatcher necklace! Happy 14th Birthday sweetie!
Thank you for the comment and follow :) Following back!
Love your blue dress! It looks so pretty on you!
ahhh your so pretty, i love your background!


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Ultraviolet laser-induced sub-micron periodic domain formation in congruent undoped lithium niobate crystals
C. L. Sones, C. E. Valdivia, J. G. Scott, S. Mailis, R. W. Eason, D. A. Scrymgeour, Venkatraman Gopalan, T. Jungk, E. Soergel
We report the formation of ordered sub-micron periodic surface domains on the -z face of congruent undoped lithium niobate single crystals induced by pulsed ultraviolet laser illumination of the sample faces under specific irradiation conditions. We demonstrate the utility of this simple light-induced technique for achieving periodic domain inversion and investigate the nature and spatial structure of these nano-domains by scanning force microscopy. We also demonstrate subsequent re-inversion of a small region of these light-induced nano-domains using scanning force microscopy.
Applied Physics B: Lasers and Optics
Published - Mar 1 2005
lithium niobates
ultraviolet lasers
Sones, C. L., Valdivia, C. E., Scott, J. G., Mailis, S., Eason, R. W., Scrymgeour, D. A., ... Soergel, E. (2005). Ultraviolet laser-induced sub-micron periodic domain formation in congruent undoped lithium niobate crystals. Applied Physics B: Lasers and Optics, 80(3), 341-344. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00340-005-1731-7
Sones, C. L. ; Valdivia, C. E. ; Scott, J. G. ; Mailis, S. ; Eason, R. W. ; Scrymgeour, D. A. ; Gopalan, Venkatraman ; Jungk, T. ; Soergel, E. / Ultraviolet laser-induced sub-micron periodic domain formation in congruent undoped lithium niobate crystals. In: Applied Physics B: Lasers and Optics. 2005 ; Vol. 80, No. 3. pp. 341-344.
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title = "Ultraviolet laser-induced sub-micron periodic domain formation in congruent undoped lithium niobate crystals",
abstract = "We report the formation of ordered sub-micron periodic surface domains on the -z face of congruent undoped lithium niobate single crystals induced by pulsed ultraviolet laser illumination of the sample faces under specific irradiation conditions. We demonstrate the utility of this simple light-induced technique for achieving periodic domain inversion and investigate the nature and spatial structure of these nano-domains by scanning force microscopy. We also demonstrate subsequent re-inversion of a small region of these light-induced nano-domains using scanning force microscopy.",
author = "Sones, {C. L.} and Valdivia, {C. E.} and Scott, {J. G.} and S. Mailis and Eason, {R. W.} and Scrymgeour, {D. A.} and Venkatraman Gopalan and T. Jungk and E. Soergel",
journal = "Applied Physics B: Lasers and Optics",
Sones, CL, Valdivia, CE, Scott, JG, Mailis, S, Eason, RW, Scrymgeour, DA, Gopalan, V, Jungk, T & Soergel, E 2005, 'Ultraviolet laser-induced sub-micron periodic domain formation in congruent undoped lithium niobate crystals', Applied Physics B: Lasers and Optics, vol. 80, no. 3, pp. 341-344. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00340-005-1731-7
Ultraviolet laser-induced sub-micron periodic domain formation in congruent undoped lithium niobate crystals. / Sones, C. L.; Valdivia, C. E.; Scott, J. G.; Mailis, S.; Eason, R. W.; Scrymgeour, D. A.; Gopalan, Venkatraman; Jungk, T.; Soergel, E.
In: Applied Physics B: Lasers and Optics, Vol. 80, No. 3, 01.03.2005, p. 341-344.
T1 - Ultraviolet laser-induced sub-micron periodic domain formation in congruent undoped lithium niobate crystals
AU - Sones, C. L.
AU - Valdivia, C. E.
AU - Scott, J. G.
AU - Mailis, S.
AU - Eason, R. W.
AU - Scrymgeour, D. A.
AU - Gopalan, Venkatraman
AU - Jungk, T.
AU - Soergel, E.
N2 - We report the formation of ordered sub-micron periodic surface domains on the -z face of congruent undoped lithium niobate single crystals induced by pulsed ultraviolet laser illumination of the sample faces under specific irradiation conditions. We demonstrate the utility of this simple light-induced technique for achieving periodic domain inversion and investigate the nature and spatial structure of these nano-domains by scanning force microscopy. We also demonstrate subsequent re-inversion of a small region of these light-induced nano-domains using scanning force microscopy.
AB - We report the formation of ordered sub-micron periodic surface domains on the -z face of congruent undoped lithium niobate single crystals induced by pulsed ultraviolet laser illumination of the sample faces under specific irradiation conditions. We demonstrate the utility of this simple light-induced technique for achieving periodic domain inversion and investigate the nature and spatial structure of these nano-domains by scanning force microscopy. We also demonstrate subsequent re-inversion of a small region of these light-induced nano-domains using scanning force microscopy.
JO - Applied Physics B: Lasers and Optics
JF - Applied Physics B: Lasers and Optics
Sones CL, Valdivia CE, Scott JG, Mailis S, Eason RW, Scrymgeour DA et al. Ultraviolet laser-induced sub-micron periodic domain formation in congruent undoped lithium niobate crystals. Applied Physics B: Lasers and Optics. 2005 Mar 1;80(3):341-344. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00340-005-1731-7

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


This Heavy Duty All Purpose Barber Chair is our number one seller. This barber chair fully reclines and has a 360 degree swivel turn. The Chair is extremely durable and supportive with an Extra Large 28" Chrome base and Steel Frame. This Chair also features an extra wide seat and a fully adjustable headrest. The footrest is also fully adjustable and kicks out when the chair is reclined.


Any avid athlete will tell you that what they do isn't simply a weekend activity – this is a lifestyle in the most real sense of the word.
That is why the items included in Tifosi Sports' wide range of accessories are great additions to any athlete's wardrobe. Check out these three cool pieces.
Great for workouts and for general every-day wearing, the 3D Thermo Seamless SwimBikeRun Hoodie is made from quick-drying hydrophobic composites that use 3D heat control to keep the body temperature consistent, thanks to a 3D thermo that is woven into the fabric.
3D shock-absorbing patches in the raglan sleeves provide localised support to the forearm muscles and the biceps, while a spin-control pressure pad helps to realign the shoulders and aid a good posture – both during activity and in periods of rest.
This hoodie is light and comfortable, and weighing only 180 grams, you probably won't even be aware that you're wearing it. The 3D Thermo Seamless SwimBikeRun Hoodie is available in grey and red, and it's even less weighty sibling, the 3D Thermo Ultralight Hoodie is available in black.
Everybody loves a good flat cap, and the Compressport Flat Cap takes the urban look to the next level to throw shade in more ways than one. It fits any head shape, thanks to a nifty adjustment strap. Get the Compressport Flat Cap in black, red and white.
The recovery benefits of compression socks are hailed by pro-athletes all over the world. Compressport Compression Full Socks V2.1 are light for optimum thermo-regulation, but it's the multi-directional 3D dots that really make the difference here. While preventing slippage, the 3D dots also provide a micro-massage of sorts to the feet as you move, either during activity of afterwards.
Graduated compression means the muscles in your feet and legs are oxygenated and toxins and lactic acid are eliminated.
Compression socks are an important part of post-race recovery, and if you don't have a pair in your sports apparel arsenal yet, what are you waiting for? Get the Compressport Compression Full Socks V2.1 in black, blue, pink and white.


WELL WELL WELL. Within a blink of an eye it seems like brand new colourways are dropping left right and centre from BlackBook Toy, who have racked up several incredible releases this year with the heavyweight hitters such as David Flores, Ron English and Frank Kozik.
I'm not sure if these new releases are a god send or a nightmare for you 'completist' collectors out there, but with these two new colourways, 'Dark Hell' and 'Hell Black' of Kozik's 'A Clockwork Carrot', BlackBook Toy have teamed up with Medicom Toy to drop another must-have for Kozik collectors.
This news comes hot on the heels of the Dcon 'Toxic Green' exclusive that dropped just a couple weeks back and will be available only through the Medicom Toy website.
Pre-order is now open and will close at midnight of December 31st.
Don't sleep though as once the planned quota is reached they will be no longer available!
Price: 12600 yen (£76 inc tax) and will ship in the first quarter of 2014 (February). EMS shipping to UK is 2700 yen (£16) for one piece and the double pack will be 3,300yen (£20).


text:
2 Hounds Design make stylish and comfy designer collars, harnesses, and leashes for dogs.
Founder, Alisha Navarro, has a background in theoretical and applied physics and never planned on starting a collar company as an outlet for her creative energy.
After numerous unsuccessful attempts to find a special martingale collar for her two retired racing Greyhounds, she invested $500 in raw materials and decided to make her own.
What started out in 2003 as a one-woman show making collars in Alisha's spare bedroom has now grown into a team of over 50 talented professionals, all working together in a 20,000 square foot manufacturing facility in Indian Trail, NC.
2 Hounds Design practices lean manufacturing principles to drive continuous improvement and ensure that they are always proud to put their name on every collar, leash, and harness shipped.
A great deal of time has been spent researching and establishing relationships with suppliers, with a strong emphasis on materials sourced from the United States.
You'll find no mass-produced, generic collars here – only custom-made, cool, and creative dog collars for medium, large, and extra-large breeds. Careful attention has been paid to the safety, functionality, and comfort for your hound.
2 Hounds Design also works closely with adoption and rescue groups worldwide. They have raised more than $500,000 in their first 10 years alone through fundraising, donations, and auctions.
The Freedom No-Pull Harness is used by many shelters, SPCA organizations, humane societies, and private rescues.
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It is with great sadness that we announce the death of TACH Motorsports Report host Walt Glatthaar. Walt joined The Auto Channel family in May of 1997, and had webcast a weekly radio show during every racing season since then.
When Walt joined us several years ago he worked for KMOX in St. Louis, Missouri. That powerful radio station sent Walt's voice out to thousands of listeners located across the country. Walt was an enthusiastic radio man and continued his work with KMOX, but he also saw the potential of the Internet to bring current racing news to a global audience. Walt used his air time on The Auto Channel to prove himself a pioneer on the Internet. He was keenly devoted to delivering the best information and entertainment possible to his new Internet audience.
Walt viewed U.S. service men and women abroad as an important part of his international audience, and did what he could to recognize them. Walt served as a paratrooper with the Army's 82nd Airborne Division between 1946 and 1948, and took great pride in directly addressing America's troops abroad at the end of each of his shows. Because of this dedication, the National Association of Recruiters and Career Counselors awarded Walt their 1998 Veteran of the Year award, which he accepted at a ceremony in Washington D.C. earlier this spring.
Walt died at 71 years of age on Sunday, June 27, 1999. His death came during a weekend of races at his home town race track, Gateway International Speedway, outside of St. Louis. Walt was covering the Sears Craftsman Nationals Drag Races at the Gateway speedway, and filed his final KMOX radio report just hours before he passed.
Walt's knowledge, enthusiasm, and voice will be sadly missed by all of us.
Login each week for this special 30 min. (Approx.) Realaudio Motorsports Report.


All young people in care north of the border can now stay in their placements until the age of 21, following new legislation.
Under the Children and Young People (Scotland) 2014, youngsters in foster care, those in living in children's homes ('residential care') and those living with relatives ('kinship care') enjoy a new entitlement to remain where they are with full local authority support until their 21st birthdays. Previously they had been required to leave by the age of 18.
Care leavers will be offered the option to remain for an additional five years when they turn 16. They will also be entitled to 'aftercare support' until they turn 26.
The provisions were hailed by Fiona McLeord, Acting MSP for Children and Young People. The "corporate parents" of looked after children must listen to what they want and need, she said.
Similar legislation introduced in England and Wales last year allows children and care to 'stay put' in their placements until the age of 21 but it only applies to foster placements and not residential care.
The Children and Young People (Scotland) Act 2014 can be read here.
The discrepancy appears to be bizarre – especially as Scotland has come to the opposite conclusion – does anybody know why this is so ?
What evidence is used to deny this option ?


text:
Q: C strtok is creating an invalid read of size 1 unable to free(token) Been trying to debug this simple c program:
#include <stdbool.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>

#define MAX_WORD_SIZE 60
int wordCnt = 0;

int main(void){

//open dictionary
FILE *ptr = fopen("large", "r");
if(ptr == NULL){
  printf("unable to open %s","large");
}

//get file size
int fileSize;
fseek(ptr, 0 , SEEK_END);
fileSize=ftell(ptr) ;

//get memory for file buffer (read in whole file at once, faster)
char * buffer = malloc(sizeof(char)*fileSize);

//rewind and read in file
fseek(ptr, 0 , SEEK_SET);
fread(buffer, fileSize, 1, ptr);

//get memory for longest word
char * token = malloc(sizeof(char)*MAX_WORD_SIZE);

//here's the part causing the problem
while (token != NULL)
{
    if(wordCnt == 0)token = strtok(buffer, "\r\n");
    else token = strtok(NULL, "\r\n");

    wordCnt++;
}
wordCnt--;

fclose(ptr);
free(token);
free(buffer);
}

and here are the error messages from valgrind:
valgrind ./test
==16233== Memcheck, a memory error detector
==16233== Copyright (C) 2002-2013, and GNU GPL'd, by Julian Seward et al.
==16233== Using Valgrind-3.10.1 and LibVEX; rerun with -h for copyright info
==16233== Command: ./test
==16233==
==16233== Invalid read of size 1
==16233==    at 0x5E4496C: strtok (strtok.S:137)
==16233==    by 0x42D848: main (test.c:43)
==16233==  Address 0x62dd8bc is 0 bytes after a block of size 1,439,228 alloc'd
==16233==    at 0x4C2AB80: malloc (in /usr/lib/valgrind/vgpreload_memcheck-amd64-linux.so)
==16233==    by 0x42D728: main (test.c:29)
==16233==
==16233== Invalid read of size 1
==16233==    at 0x5E4499C: strtok (strtok.S:163)
==16233==    by 0x42D848: main (test.c:43)
==16233==  Address 0x62dd8bc is 0 bytes after a block of size 1,439,228 alloc'd
==16233==    at 0x4C2AB80: malloc (in /usr/lib/valgrind/vgpreload_memcheck-amd64-linux.so)
==16233==    by 0x42D728: main (test.c:29)
==16233==
==16233==
==16233== HEAP SUMMARY:
==16233==     in use at exit: 60 bytes in 1 blocks
==16233==   total heap usage: 3 allocs, 2 frees, 1,439,856 bytes allocated
==16233==
==16233== 60 bytes in 1 blocks are definitely lost in loss record 1 of 1
==16233==    at 0x4C2AB80: malloc (in /usr/lib/valgrind/vgpreload_memcheck-amd64-linux.so)
==16233==    by 0x42D7B1: main (test.c:36)
==16233==
==16233== LEAK SUMMARY:
==16233==    definitely lost: 60 bytes in 1 blocks
==16233==    indirectly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==16233==      possibly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==16233==    still reachable: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==16233==         suppressed: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==16233==
==16233== For counts of detected and suppressed errors, rerun with: -v
==16233== ERROR SUMMARY: 3 errors from 3 contexts (suppressed: 0 from 0)

A: The strtok function returns a pointer in the middle of the buffer you provide with the initial call, you should not call free with that pointer.
And the memory leak reported is because you allocate memory and make token initially point to that memory. Then in the tokenization loop you make token point to memory inside buffer.
A typical loop using strtok would be something like
char *token = strtok(buffer, "\r\n");
while (token != NULL)
{
    ++wordCnt;
    token = strtok(NULL, "\r\n");
}

Lets say that buffer contains the string "Hello\nWorld".
In memory it looks something like

+--------+     +---+---+---+---+---+----+---+---+---+---+---+----+
| buffer | --> | H | e | l | l | o | \n | W | o | r | l | d | \0 |
+--------+     +---+---+---+---+---+----+---+---+---+---+---+----+

After you do
char *token = strtok(buffer, "\r\n");

Then you have something like

+--------+     +---+---+---+---+---+----+---+---+---+---+---+----+
| buffer | --> | H | e | l | l | o | \n | W | o | r | l | d | \0 |
+--------+     +---+---+---+---+---+----+---+---+---+---+---+----+
                                        ^
+-------+                               |
| token | ------------------------------/
+-------+

That is, token is pointing into to the location after the newline (the beginning of the "word" "World"), but it's inside of the memory allocated for buffer.

There's also another problem: The strtok function expects the string you tokenize to be an actual null terminated string. Yours isn't, and this is what is causing the "Invalid read" error as strtok goes out of bounds of the memory allocated for buffer.
You need to allocate one more byte for buffer and initialize the last byte to '\0' to make it terminated:
char * buffer = malloc(fileSize + 1);  // +1 for string terminator

// Read...

buffer[fileSize] = '\0';  // Terminate strings

Note that I don't multiply with sizeof(char) because it's defined in the specification to always be equal to 1.

A: As a follow up to Some programmer dude's explanation, you might ask why you can't free a string by passing free() a pointer to any part of it. Couldn't the free function just iterate to the start or end of the allocated block?
Well, malloc allocates data in blocks. Each block has a header which keeps track of the size of the allocation. To be able to free that block, each free() must be able to access the header, to flag it as free in some way, maybe by setting the length to 0, maybe by zeroing the whole header, it depends on the implementation.
The thing is, free() assumes the position of the header based on the pointer you pass to it. It can't just pick out the header from the rest of the data. It has to know where it is in relation to the pointer.
To demonstrate, let's make a pretend, trivial memory allocator.
typedef struct s_memory_block {
    int Size;
    char Memory[1];
} memory_block;

char *AllocateMemory(size_t Size)
{
    memory_block *Block;
    Block = SomeOperatingSystemMemoryAllocator(sizeof(int) + sizeof(char) * Size);
    Block->Size = Size;
    return &Block->Memory[0];
}

void FreeMemory(char *Memory)
{
    memory_block *Block;
    Block = Memory - sizeof(int); // assume the header is right in front of the pointer
    Block->Length = 0;
}

Obviously this is a stupid and trivial example but it might help you understand. Storing bookkeeping memory before the pointer you return can be very useful in all sorts of ways. Take for example Sean Barret's stb.h stretchy buffers.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Entrepreneurship Research
June 8, 2021 | Anna Zarra Aldrich, College of Agriculture, Health and Natural Resources
UConn Establishes NativeStar® Trademark for Novel Plants
Plant scientists have developed more attractive and manageable cultivars for landscaping in Connecticut
Showy male flowers of Myrica gale "Lowboy" in early spring (Contributed photo)
The University of Connecticut, in collaboration with researchers in the College of Agriculture, Health and Natural Resources (CAHNR), have established a trademark for improved cultivars of novel, native plant species.
Professor of plant breeding and horticulture Mark Brand and associate professor of horticulture Jessica Lubell-Brand have been developing new cultivars for years, making more attractive and manageable plants for landscaping in Connecticut and areas with similar climates. These plants will be marketed under the NativeStar® trademark.
The NativeStar® trademark is inspired by the fact that all of its plants are native to the northeast region of the United States, and because they have demonstrated to be "star" performers in the landscape.
There has been an increasing emphasis on using native plants for landscaping. Native plants support pollinators and are, by definition, non-invasive.
"Native plants have been gaining momentum and the movement continues to strengthen," Brand says. "Native use is here to stay."
Natural Inventors
Plant nurseries want to provide their customers with new plants every year. In order to do this, they need to get new plants from breeders. That's where inventors like Brand and Lubell-Brand come in. They have developed relationships with local and national brand nurseries through their years of inventing and marketing new plants.
Brand and Lubell-Brand are experienced plant inventors. Brand previously invented four sterile Japanese barberries. The Japanese barberry is a popular, but invasive, plant. By making sterile versions, landscapers can enjoy the aesthetic benefits of the plant without the environmental concerns.
To transform their innovative cultivars from idea to reality, Brand and Lubell-Brand work closely with UConn's 's Technology Commercialization Services (TCS), the University's technology transfer unit. TCS worked with the CAHNR researchers to establish a testing agreement for the growth and evaluation of the new plant with the nursery. The trial period can last anywhere between two-to-five-years before a nursery can commit to a long-term license agreement.
"Any new plant needs to be able to fit into standard nursery production methods in a plug-and-play fashion," Brand says.
Nurseries want to see that the plant can grow easily and successfully in their existing production system. Generally, nurseries look for a 70% success rate with cutting propagation, meaning if they stick 100 shoots to root, they will end up with at least 70 viable plants.
When creating innovative crosses, the inventors have breeding goals to produce plants that have dense, full, and compact habits and have exceptional foliage, flowers, fruit, or fall color. They develop specific goals for each species depending on the plant's natural characteristics. The inventors also consider how well the plants withstand regular weather conditions in the area, pests, diseases, and if they can tolerate increasingly warm temperatures brought on by global warming.
Brand holds patents for other plant species, including the black chokeberry and several varieties of butterfly bushes.
Brand recently published an article in HortScience about his novel sandcherry, a native shrub selection with a unique branching pattern, numerous pollinator-supporting white flowers in spring, attractive olive green foliage, and orange-red fall color.
Many of these plants, which have been on the market for years, have been major commercial successes, selling tens of thousands of plants per year. The work has been popular not only with homeowners and landscapers, but also with farmers and growers.
"What's very exciting is the improvements in many native plants and working with the UConn team of Dr. Lubell and Dr. Brand with their NativeStar program we are only increasing the breadth and interest in native plants in Connecticut," says Mark Sellew, president of Prides Corner Farm in Lebanon.
Native Stars
Currently, there are six NativeStar® plants in the American Beauties Native Plants® program, a national effort to promote native plant use. These plants are Myrica gale "Lowboy," a male, low-growing, dense version of the sweetgale plant; Comptonia peregrina Blue Sea," a cultivar of sweetfern with blue-green foliage; two cultivars of Corylus americana, "Braveheart" and "Little Filly" hazelnut plants; Viburnum dentatum or "Plum Pudding," a cultivar of arrowwood viburnum with burgundy fall foliage; and Viburnum cassinoides "Raisinette," a compact cultivar of witherod viburnum. There are five other potential NativeStar® plants currently in grower evaluation trials.
The first NativeStar's® plant on the market, "Lowboy," will be hitting nurseries this fall. Others will likely be ready in fall 2022 and 2023.
By trademarking their new native plants, nurseries, and buyers can feel confident in the products carrying the NativeStar® label.
"People will look for the NativeStar® name," Brand says. "They know if they go with a plant with the NativeStar® name, they'll generally have success."
Follow UConn CAHNR on social media


God Works: Messages from Rev. Johnson V, pastor in-charge of Bethel AG International Worship Center in Bangalore, India.
What did Jesus achieve through resurrection?
Pope okays cremation, but will Indian Catholics take to it?


The Foodservice Packaging Association welcomes the launch of the Government's Litter Strategy for England. Dealing with litter has been lacking in Government leadership for far too long and we hope this will help to turn a corner by bringing all stakeholders together including the public to reduce it.
Packaging does not litter itself and the strategy leads on the development of an anti-littering campaign. The Government seeks funding from business but this should be implemented without attributing any blame to business. Bearing in mind that by 2020 councils will retain business rates revenue, there will be many retailers who feel the recent increase in business rates should be used towards the litter innovation fund.
A number of items including foodservice packaging are singled out to be particularly problematical but all littered items are problematical and actions should focus on all litter and not just selected items. We wish to change public behaviour with regard to all littered items, be it packaging or an apple core.
We will encourage businesses to support anti-litter campaigns and agree communicating to school students is key to bringing about a societal change.
We welcome a review into increasing fixed penalty notice fines and believe with regard to rubbish thrown from vehicles, the fining of the registered keeper of the car rather than trying to identify who threw the litter will make a difference. There is still some apprehension regarding fines particularly from District Councils and we hope the Government will provide guidance so that councils of all sizes are encouraged to enforce the laws without fear that enforcement will leave them out of pocket.
In proposing a voluntary code of on-pack litter messaging (subject to space and material) the FPA wishes to ensure this is not just seen as a code for foodservice packaging but for all items that are littered including tobacco, newspapers and ATM receipts. We actively encourage messaging at point of purchase and applaud those in the industry that organise litter pickups which also include their competitors' items.
The Strategy includes the formation of a task force to review the evidence for voluntary and economic incentives of which DRS is one. We strongly urge Defra to ensure the composition of the task force fairly represents business particularly the major retailers and coffee shops. We believe a Deposit Return System will be expensive and will do little to change the behaviour of those who litter in line with the recent survey conducted by the Association of Convenience stores.
All in all, the Litter Strategy is welcomed. Government leadership will help focus attention and resource and will be a catalyst for action.
To view the Litter Strategy, click here – Litter Strategy for England 2017.


As aggressive driving is responsible for more than 1,500 deaths every year, it is of great importance to raise the awareness level on how emotion behind the wheel negatively impacts health and safety. A powerful and moving DVD, Emotional Wreck takes a disturbing look at what constitutes aggressive driving.
This training shows how one driver's actions can cause a "domino effect" of poor decisions that ultimately lead to tragedy. Your employees will watch Emotional Wreck in horror as the narrator rides with drivers and manipulates their emotions to spur them into swerving, speeding, tailgating and ignoring traffic lights.
Watch as the four main characters are egged on by the narrator who is riding shotgun or in the backseat with each of them. They unwittingly play right into his hands by getting impatient, allowing distractions, being aggressive, driving to "win" and ignoring the rules and other cars on the road. Look on with terror as he brings one scenario to a heart wrenching end.
After watching this dramatic presentation of the dangers of impatience, selfishness, obliviousness and competiveness behind the wheel, your employees are sure to take a deep breath and drive as if their lives depend on it. Get into your employees' heads and perhaps save their lives with Emotional Wreck!


The vaaeyc 63rd Annual Conference is the premier professional development event in Virginia for early childhood educators. The conference plans are under construction, but we will unveil details as they are built!
Annual Friday Banquet, with presentation by Dr. Jean!
Over 100 Planned Workshops – Participants can earn 6 CE hours per day!


text:
Array BioPharma inks development deal with…
Array BioPharma inks development deal with Pierre Fabre
By Vince Winkel |
Array BioPharma (NASDAQ: ARRY) of Boulder on Monday announced a deal with Pierre Fabre of France on the continued development and commercialization of two promising cancer treatments.
Binimetinib and encorafenib are currently in phase 3 trials for the treatment of melanoma and ovarian cancer.
Under the terms of the agreement, Array will receive an up-front payment of $30 million and keep the exclusive commercialization rights for binimetinib and encorafenib in the United States, Canada, Japan, Korea and Israel. Pierre Fabre will in turn receive the rights to commercialize both products in all other countries, including Europe, Asia and Latin America.
Array will also get up to $425 million in additional development and commercialization milestones, and royalties on future sales.
In Pierre Fabre we selected a partner with a European and emerging market focus in oncology to develop and commercialize binimetinib and encorafenib in these geographies," said Ron Squarer, CEO of Array BioPharma in a news release.
In March, Array acquired binimetinib and encorafenib from Swiss pharmaceutical giant Novartis. Array had been co-developing binimetinib, which it invented, with Novartis until Novartis agreed to return rights to the drug.
That move was required by the Federal Trade Commission after Novartis bought GlaxoSmithKline's cancer business.
"Pierre Fabre is strongly committed to develop and commercialize oncology products," said Frederic Duchesne, CEO of Pierre Fabre Pharmaceuticals in a news release. "This partnership with Array is aligned with our growth strategy in pharmaceuticals, our geographic footprint, and our corporate mission to bring to the market novel oncology products which address unmet patient needs. Binimetinib and encorafenib will fit perfectly with our broad expertise in oncology and dermatology, and will strengthen our current portfolio and international presence."
Array BioPharma of Boulder focuses on the discovery, development and commercialization of targeted small molecule drugs to treat patients afflicted with cancer.
Pierre Fabre is a privately-owned French company that employs 10,000 people worldwide and owns subsidiaries in 43 countries.
On Wall Street Monday, Array's stocks were down slightly at the close, finishing the day at $4.26 a share.
The agreement is subject to European Commission on Competition review and approval.
Vince Winkel


SOUTHERN UTAH — The weekend is almost here again! If you're looking for adventure — maybe something fun, inspiring, educational or entertaining — take advantage of our snapshot of Southern Utah events and activities to enjoy with family, friends and maybe even make new friends. Keep the adventure going all weekend long!


Applications for Master student positions are solicited for the following research projects: (1) Waste water treatment by AOPs, (2) Recovery/Recycling of Solid Waste, (3) Formation and control of disinfection byproducts during water treatment . Interested candidates should send a curriculum vitae and a brief statement highlighting their research experience to wangyuru@snnu.edu.cn.
Wang, Y. R.*, Tian, D. F., Chu, W., Li, M. R., Lu X. W.*, Nanoscaled magnetic CuFe2O4 as an activator of peroxymonosulfate for the degradation of antibiotics Norfloxacin. Separation and Purification Technology, 2019, 22: 536-544.
田东凡,王玉如*, 宋薇, 李敏睿, 李小平, 卢新卫. UV/PMS降解水中罗丹明B的动力学及反应机理.环境科学学报[J].2018,38(5):1868-1876.
唐琪, 王玉如*, 郭菁豪, 杨朴,周潇,雷贤. CuO活化过硫酸盐降解孔雀石绿的研究. 环境工程学报[J]. 2017,11(4):221-227.
Wang, Yuru; Le Roux, Julien; Zhang, Tao; Croue, Jean-Philippe*. Formation of brominated disinfection byproducts from natural organic matter isolates and model compounds in a sulfate radical-based oxidation process. Environmental Science & Technology, 48 (24), 14534-14542, 2014.
Zhang, Tao; Chen, Yin; Wang, Yuru; Le Roux, Julien; Yang, Yang; Croue, Jean-Philippe*. Efficient peroxydisulfate activation process not relying on sulfate radical generation for water pollutant degradation. Environmental Science & Technology, 48 (10), 5868–5875, 2014.
Wang, Y. R., Chu, W.*, Photo-assisted degradation of 2,4,5-trichlorophenol by Electro-Fe(II)/Oxone? process using a sacrificial iron anode: Performance optimization and reaction mechanism,Chemical Engineering Journal, 215-216, 643-650, 2013.
Rao, Y. F., Chu, W.*, Wang Y. R., Photocatalytic oxidation of carbamazepine in triclinic-WO3 suspension: Role of alcohol and sulfate radicals in the degradation pathway, Applied Catalysis A: General, 468, 240-249, 2013.
Wang Y. R., Daniel, C. W. Tsang.*, Effects of solution chemistry on arsenic(V) removal by low-cost adsorbents, Journal of Environmental Sciences, 25(11), 2291-2298, 2013.
Wang Y. R., Tsang, Daniel C.W.,*Olds, William E., Weber, Paul A., Utilizing acid mine drainage sludge and coal fly ash for phosphate removal from dairy wastewater, Environmental Technology, 34(24), 3177-3182, 2013.
Wang, Y. R., Chu, W.*, Photo-assisted degradation of 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid by Fe(II)-mediated activation of Oxone process: the role of UV irradiation, reaction mechanism and mineralization, Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 123-124, 151-161, 2012.
Wang, Y. R., Chu, W.*, Degradation of a xanthene dye by Fe(II)-mediated activation of Oxone process, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 186(2-3), 1455-1461, 2011.
Wang, Y. R., Chu, W.*, Degradation of 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid by a novel Electro-Fe(II)/Oxone process using iron sheet as the sacrificial anode, Water Research, 45(13), 3883-3889, 2011.
Wang, Y. R., Chu, W.*, Adsorption and removal of a xanthene dye from aqueous solution using two solid wastes as adsorbents, Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 50, 8734-8741, 2011.
Chu, W.*, Wang, Y. R., Leung, H. F., Synergy of sulfate and hydroxyl radicals in UV/S2O82-/H2O2 oxidation of iodinated X-ray contrast medium iopromide, Chemical Engineering Journal, 178, 154-160, 2011.
Shaodong Hou, Li Ling., Dionysios, D.Dionysiou, Yuru Wang, Jiajia Huang, Kaiheng Guo, Xuchun Li, Jingyun Fang*. Chlorate Formation Mechanism in the Presence of Sulfate Radical, Chloride, Bromide and Natural Organic Matter. Environmental Science & Technology 52(11), 6317-6325, 2018.
王玉如, 白广彬, 白庆中, 北京医疗废物典型可燃组分的物化特性研究, 环境工程学报[J]. 2007, 1(4), 115-118.
王玉如, 白广彬, 白庆中. 模拟医疗废物在TG-DTA-FTIR上的热失重特性研究. 环境科学[J]. 2007, 28(7), 1637-1643.
白广彬, 王玉如, 白庆中, 舒新前. 模拟医疗废物在管式电阻炉上的热解特性研究. 环境工程学报[J]. 2007, 1(12), 128-132.


Feasibility study on behalf of Crown Estate Scotland examined how coastal and island communities across Scotland could benefit from local offshore renewable energy solutions.
Carried out by renewable consulancy Everoze, the study looked at six scenarios linked to a number of renewable technologies such as floating wind, wave, and tidal energy, aiming to provide a potential way forward to a more localized approach.
According to Crown Estate Scotland, the study also analysed how the technologies could support the development of key industries, including whisky and salmon farming.
Crown Estate Scotland is the public corporation of the Scottish Government responsible for the management of land and property in Scotland owned by the monarch in right of the Crown.
For salmon farming, Crown Estate Scotland looked at a scenario where a site uses wave devices instead of diesel.
Currently, wave energy cannot fully displace diesel due to the variable generation and large fluctuation between peak and minimum demand. Though, it is economically viable under high diesel cost scenarios to reduce the amount of diesel consumed through wave energy generation.
Under the central diesel cost scenario, £1/litre, the modelled WaveCapEx would need to be £4.9m/MW before a 0.1 MW wave device is competitive with diesel generation.
There is significant interest from salmon farmers for wave devices but the technology is still considered immature and aquaculture farms are often located in sheltered areas, away from significant wave resource.
Have an option to connect the wave device to the fish farm and grid connections to the local island could potentially improve cohesion of demand and generation profiles, the study hypothised.
The range of companies are actively developing this concept include both wave device developers and aquaculture companies, including InnovaSea, Wave Dragon, Resen Wave, Fusion Marine and Akva Group.


text:
Latasinha's Weblog
Social and political Values and Systems in India.
Ailments of present bureaucracy in India
Ambedkar, "Father of the Constitution of India?
Animal instincts in Human nature and mob mentality
Caste system, Discrimination and Reservation Policy/Affirmative Action
Catch them young
Concept of Purity and Pollution in India
Education in India – Ancient and modern
Harmonious relationship
Hindu Philosophy and Hinduism
Income-generating-skills and job-opportunities in Ancient and modern India
Origin of caste system in India
Secondary school education system and Teenagers in India
Secondary school education system and Fate of Teenagers
System of Employment in ancient and modern India
Westernization of society in India
What ails Indian society?
"Caste-system", "Casteism" and "Casteless society" in India?
Diversities in India
Development of a society or a nation depends on variables like the characteristic of the nation, the social structure, the nature of people, their behavior and their value system.
India is a land of contrasts, and every day one can find thousands of stories of both hope and despair/good and bad. It has assimilated multi-ethnic migrants into its fold during its long period of evolution, which has given rise to different kinds of diversities. Seeing it, Mr. V.N. Narayan had said way back on December 9, 1946, "At best of times, India is ungovernable country of diversities, conflicts and problems".i Mr. Nani Palkiwala expressed the same feeling after 50 years of self-rule, which gave to India empty coffers, unfulfilled promises, political instability, fractured society and perpetual divide among different groups along caste and community lines. He said, "Our legal systems have made life too easy for criminals and too difficult for law abiding citizens".ii A touch here, a push there may make India ungovernable.
Governance of a pluralistic society, like India, is a sensitive and challenging exercise. India comprises people of different ethnic, religious, castes, linguistic and regional identities. While, these identities lived together for centuries and presented a mosaic culture, there have been periods of discord. The diversity makes the divide easy.
The diversities, that exist, are many like: –
Geographical diversity – India is the Sixth largest nation in the world in terms of area, covering a territory of about 3.27 million sq. kms., about 24% of the total world area, all divided into:-
Himalayas – forming the northern boundary of India, extending from J&K in the west to Assam, Manipur and Mizoram in the East. These regions are not very well connected with the mainland. Therefore, development processes are slow.
Indo-Gangetic lowland – includes Gangetic, Brahmputra and coastal plains. It is densely populated. Indian civilization spread all over India mainly from this region.
Peninsular Plateau – A mass of mountain hill ranges of Aravalli, Vindhyas, Satpura, Mekala, Nilgiri and Cardamon hills separates it from Indo-Gangetic lowland. This peninsula is flanked on one side by the Eastern Ghats and on the other by the Western Ghats.
The above three areas have different climate, different quantity of rainfall, different quality of soil, different kinds of vegetation, crops and minerals. Therefore, the people living in these parts differ from each other in their needs, way of living, eating habits and approach to a problem.
Demographic Diversity – Just as the landmass of India has been divided into different provinces and regions, so also the Indian people could be divided into distinct units, politically and socially.
Social division – Caste system is an integral part of Indian society. Each caste forms a different group with diverse belief and way of living. There are 843.9 million people, belonging to 60 socio-cultural region and sub regions, having 12 major religions and 18 major languages.
Political division – According to 1991 census, have been divided by the government as forward class, backward class, scheduled caste, scheduled tribe and minorities for the purposes of admission in educational institutions, employment in the government and welfare planning. The breakup of Indian population is as following iii: –
Socio-economic Indian Population
Sl. Category %
A. Scheduled castes and tribes
A1 Scheduled Caste 15.05
A2 Scheduled Tribe 7.51
Total A 22.56
B. Non-Hindus Communities
B1 B1 Muslims (Other than STs) 11.90
B2 Christians (Other than STs) 2.16
B3 Sikhs (Other than SCs/STs) 1.67
B4 Buddhists (Other than STs) 0.67
B5 Jains O.47
Total B 16.16
C. Forward Hindu Communities
C1 Brahmins 5.52
C2 Rajputs 3.90
C3 Marathas 2.21
C4 Jats 1.00
C5 Vaishyas 1.88
C6 Kayasthas 1.07
C7 Other Hindu caste groups 2.00
Total C 17.58
Total A + B + C 56.03
D Backward communities 43.70
E 52% of the religious groups under B may be treated as OBCs 8.40
F Approximate derived population of OBCs 52.00
Ethnic diversity – The assimilation of multi-ethnic migrants into Indian society makes its ethnic diversity a striking feature. The groups, that comprise this diversity, are
Negritos – coming probably from Africa, now represented by tribal population in some interior jungles of South India and Andamans;
Proto-Australoids – the original builders of the Indus valley civilization and settled in the hilly and forest tracts of Central and Southern India and in the lower strata of North India;
Mongoloids – coming from China, they settled mostly in Ladakh, Sikkim, Arunachal, Assam and the North Eastern States;
Mediterranean – people coming from Southwest Asia around 2000 BC. They are believed to be the bearers of the earliest form of Hinduism and were the architects of later Indus Valley Civilization. Today they constitute the bulk of population in South India and bulk of scheduled castes in the North, including Punjab.
Alphinoids, Dinarics and Armenoids– coming from South Europe, now they are found in the Coorgis and the Parsis and
Nordics – came to India around 2000 BC. Their concentration is now in Northwest India and among the upper castes of North India.
These multi-ethnic migrants came to India in waves. In due course of time, they assimilated into Indian Society as its integral parts. They were allowed to preserve their distinct dialects, beliefs, and values, customs and traditions, which are intact even today. However, their assimilation resulted in: –
Ø Linguistic Diversity.
Ø Occupational Diversity.
Ø Cultural Diversity.
Linguistic Diversity – At present India has 18 major languages included in Eighth Schedule of the Constitution, more than 250 dialects and about 200 to 300 castes in each linguistic region.iv Indian people could be divided into the following four groups according to their language and physical appearance: –
High Class Hindus – or Indo-Aryans (about 73% of the Hindu population)- Their language is derived from Sanskrit.
Dravidians – (about 20% of the population) Mostly living in South Indian Peninsula. They speak Tamil, Telugu, Kanarese and Malayalam.
Primitive Tribes – (about 1.5%) like Kol, Bhil and Mundas. They speak languages quite different from the above two.
People with strong Mongolian features – (0.85% of the total population) They live mostly on the slopes of Himalayas and mountains of Assam. Gorkhas, Bhutiyas, Khasis are some of them, having their own languages.
The last two classes of people may be regarded as descendents of the Neolithic people and do not appear to have made much progress till today. They yielded to the forces of Dravidians in the South and Aryans in the North.
Occupational Diversity – The Indian scene presents a unique diversity in occupational structure greatly affecting terms in income, standard of living, the way of life, status, economic activities, purchasing power and thinking of people. Pattern of occupation divided Indian people into the following three groups: –
People, for whom work was essential for survival,
People, who were educated, loved to work for self-advancement and prosperity (Middle class people).
People, who lived on other's labor, got benefited in improving their position in society.
There are following categories of occupations –
Traditional occupations – In the past, all the functions needed for the maintenance and growth of the society were divided amongst different groups. Each group was assigned a distinct function to perform.
Maintaining differentiation between various occupations was one of main features of traditional system. Different occupations were community based and not individual based. There was not much choice in the matter of occupation in the traditional system. The manner, in which these hereditary occupational skills were transferred, was through practice and experience; not through formal classroom lectures, which often kills the originality and verve of the people.
The positive side of traditional occupations has been that there is no confusion or frustration on matter of work, because every body had his traditional occupation. Each and every caste served the community. They could live with dignity and honour with the feeling that they, too, were contributing something to the society. Clear-cut definition of rights and duties for each caste, based on its traditional occupation developed in masses aclear vision of one's responsibilities. The separation of rights and duties combined with the principle of inter dependence provided its own system of checks and balances over arbitrary use of one's authority. There was an automatic decentralization of authority.
The practice to opt for traditional occupations led society to have more production, economic efficiency and specialization in various areas of activities in the past. The system had created an atmosphere of high quality of occupational skills in different areas like spinning, weaving, pottery making, bead making, seal making, terracotta, handicrafts, brick-laying, metal work etc.
Negative side of traditional systemit was that many occupations were considered as less paying, more hazardous and more time consuming. Menial work started to be considered as derogatory. White collared jobs gained importance. The more, a person withdrew from physical labour, the more civilized, honored and qualified he was regarded by the modern society.it did not encouraged creative minds. Also rigidity in matter of choice of occupation, as far as an individual was concerned, led to heartburn in certain individuals.
Modern occupations – In 19th century, the scene was changed. Industrialization and modernisation brought in some changes during British-rule. Many new occupations have emerged giving choice of occupation, accessibility to which is through formal modern education. Industrialization has discredited many traditional occupations and made them obselete. Many occupational groups lost their creativity, sense of achievement and pride. Modernity destroyed Indian handicrafts and cottage industry and ultimately adversrly affected the work culture.
Outcome of such a development has been casualty of workers first, afterwards their work style, commitment, motivation and culture. It scattered efforts, sense of direction and manufacturing skills of millions of artisans, craftsman, weavers etc. A few of them joined modern occupations. Majority belonging to different groups could neither enter modern sector, nor could stick to their traditional occupations. They had no option, but to either join the band of agricultural laborers, industrial workers, marginal labour or increase the number of unemployed.
Some entrepreneurs with money, education and awareness did market surveys and hijacked many traditional occupations. Occupations like mechanization of fishing or leather industry were modernized by them and made profit oriented. Even less capital-intensive occupation, such as barber, washerman etc., have been taken up by educated middle class. Since these occupations were viewed with disdain and contempt by modern society, these jobs have been re-christened as saloon, laundry etc. It employed workers, largely from poor traditional workers, earlier practicing such occupations independently.
At present, there are many outlets, careers and professions for individuals to make choices. Success in life depends on making a right choice. A person needs to be clear about one's own choice, attitude, aptitude, and potential.
The darker side of modern system of occupations is that industrialization has led to the decay of village industries as the competition was directly with the cheap machine goods. It also led to urbanization.
It has given rise to confusion or unhealthy competition. Competition is so tough everywhere that for entry and success in any profession, it is necessary first of all to make a right choice and then to upgrade ones qualifications continuously through formal education, training and experience.
Industrialisation has shifted the attention of the people to generate more wealth. The people become desparately dependent on money for survival.
It has made rich richer and poor poorer. The benefits of industrialisation have been reaped by rulers, industrialists, investors and educated persons, who control natural resources & political power.
Despite of all the efforts to lessen the strains of human being and making life more comfortable, industrialisation has made the life a man more complex.
The last three centuries of industrialisation have seen the degradation of social, moral & political power.
Recently, industrialization started disintegrating under its own weight. Everywhere people got sick of too much consumerism and materialism. Some of them even desired to return to pre-industrial culture. Recently, again a change is being witnessed. Youth of the day again started prefering to follow the foot-steps of parents in matter of the jobs.
Main Workers and Marginal Workers – According to 1991 census, the total number of workers in rural and urban areas was as following: –
Total number of workers – (In Percentage)
Area Persons Males Females
Rural 40.24 52.50 27.20
Urban 30.44 48.95 9.20
Total 37.68 51.56 22.73
Amongst these, a large number is that of marginal workers, who do not get work for the major part of a year. The Census operations indicate that the numbers of marginal laborer has been continuously growing. Their number is higher in the rural areas than in the urban areas. About 85% marginal workers are female.
Main and Marginal Workers
(In Percentage)
Category Workers Main Workers Marginal workers
Persons 37.64 34.12 3.52
Males 51.52 50.54 0.98
Females 22.69 16.43 6.26
Persons 4013 3567 446
Males 5243 5129 114
Females 2706 1907 799
Females 9.73 8.64 1.11
Source: 1991 Census, p 323
Organised and Unorganized sectors – Organised sector is the backbone of modern economy. It gives its employees adequate means of livelihood and a specified position in social, economic and political world. The reasons for its importance are –
Ø The State authority itself and
Ø Role of organized sector in the development of the nation.
Employees of organised sector, having adequate knowledge about its systems and functioning can protect themselves against arbitrariness and malfunctioning of state authority, as-
Ø They are organised to challenge any misuse of authority.
Ø Whenever the system fails, they can make special arrangements.
Ø Their future is secured under various schemes.
In contrast, people in unorganized sector find themselves helpless and vulnerable, as their awareness and knowledge about the system is very limited. Very often, they are the people living below poverty line, deprived and exploited. Moreover, their agony is multiplied due to growing underhandedness, insufficient and ineffective monitoring of projects undertaken for their welfare, corruption, undue pressures of influential groups and unholy alliances. The poor, who possess only labour and skill, do not get due wages for their labour.The wage-determination policy of the government does not recognize the value of their knowledge/skill. For example, an agricultural worker, whose work is most skilled, most arduous and working conditions most difficult, has been recognized as an unskilled worker getting lowest wages.
Cultural Diversity – In the modern world, no society or nation can exist as a homogeneous cultural monolity. India specially presents a unique picture of composite culture, which grew out of intermixing of people of different cultures, belonging to different identities. Its cultural diversity is based on religion and caste. Such flexibility is not seen in the West. When Christianity broke away from Judaism, it departed totally from the common cultural traditions.
Source: Census of India, 2001
Group % of population % increase since 1981
Hindu 82.41 22.78
Muslims 11.76 32.76
Christians 2.32 16.89
Sikhs 1.99 25.48
Buddhist 0.77 35.98
Other religions 0.38 13.19
Religion not stated 0.05 73.46
Administrative Diversity – After integration and merger of princely states under Indian Independence Act, 1947, India reorganized the land for administrative purposes into provinces, union territories and districts on the basis of their geographical position, linguistic status, historical developments and other considerations.
According to 1991 census, there are about 452 administrative districts (excluding J&K) 19 major cities, 3949 towns and 5,80,000 villages, in 25 provinces and seven Union territories. The provinces are – Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Goa, Gujarat, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Manipur, Maharashtra, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Orissa, Punjab, Rajasthan, Sikkim, TamilNadu, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal.v The union territories are – Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Chandigarh, Dadara and Nagar Haveli, Delhi, Daman and Diu, Lakshwadweep and Pondicherry.
To maintain proper balance and harmony between different sections with so many diversities and numerous identities is a delicate and a difficult task. Too much stress on identities creates confusion and chaos. The problem becomes more complex, because identities cannot be pigeonholed. In modern times, one can bear more than one identity at a time. The more a person enriches one's personality; wider becomes his/her identity. Modernization, technological developments in the field of communication and transportation give added dimensions to the issue of identities.
Till now the forces of unity have always been stronger than the divisive forces. It is for this reason that India occupies a special place in the global society. It is one of the oldest alive civilizations of the world. It presents a fascinating picture of unity amidst diversity, cultural richness, largeness of area and huge population.
Different identities – The social, political and economicl divisions, as discussed above, have given birth to a set of different identities as following –
Equal Identities – Although drawn from different cultures or regions, they find themselves at the same level of acceptance in society like Tamils and Bengalis.
Marginal or Inferior Identities– Almost in all the traditional societies, lower strata of society (Scheduled castes and Other backward castes), tribals, women, old, children or immigrants are given a lower status in the society. It may be said that they are treated as inferior/lesser human beings. These sections of society are perceived as inferior in spite of constitutionally guaranteed equalities like untouchables in India.
Deviant Identities – The people, who reject general norms, evaluation and standards, come in this group, such as anti social elements, drug addicts etc. They are looked down with contempt, though they are insiders to the system.
Hated Identities – People, seen as outsiders to the society, are sometimes hated, sometimes feared such as illegal immigrants or in the past – British rulers in India. They face many problems of interaction, because of their externality.
Religious Identities– Believers of different faiths constitute religious identities. The different religious communities present in India could be divided into people -:
Ø Belonging to faiths originated in India like Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism and Sikhism.
Ø Migration to India like Jews, Bahai, Zoroastrians, or Tibetans, due to the fear of persecution or oppression in their homeland,.
Ø Conversion to other religions like Christianity and Islam.
In spite of having so many diversities, divide the nation simultaneously, the dominant pattern that emerges in Indian history is one of accommodating different groups through assimilation and synthesis. India has developed an atmosphere, where different identities have co-existed, generally in harmony and sometimes in rift. In its long process of evolution, each identity has been carefully nurtured and preserved. It never tried to liquidate or absorb them, artificially, into one main culture of the land. Instead, it absorbed the good points of other cultures and allowed them to flourish and contribute in enriching the composite culture of India. The multicentricity has given the Indian society its predominantly syncratic character, its pluralistic tradition and its absorptive nature of internalizing alien influences. Many times, there had been strife, contradictions and discords amongst different identities, so much so that, at times, India appears to be a land of contrasts.
i1 Quoted from The Tribune, dated 21.6.92, p21.
ii Palikawala, We the People – The Lost Decade, p3.
iii Report of Mandal Com like Jews, Bahai, Zoroastrians, or Tibetans mission, Chapter XII.
iv Khan, Democracy in India, p8.
v Four new states – Delhi, Uttrakhand, Vanachal and Jharkhand – are likely to be created in near future.
October 27, 2010 - Posted by	latasinha | Social and political values and systems	| Social values and systems
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Caste as a system
Sardar's views on the issue of All India Services
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Animal instinct, mob-mentality and Humans' march towards refinement
Hinduism and Caste as a system
Bureaucracy/Civil Services
Education and training of civil services
Justice delayed is justice denied
Reservation/Affirmative action program
Social and political values and systems


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Being a part of the majority of every child's childhood
Being a part of the majority of every child's childhood, the entertainment that animated films bring to younger lives imprint and leave marks on a child's memory. With the adult humour, sarcasm, and mockery that the majority of these so called 'children movies' contain make them suitable and loved towards that of the elder generations of today's society. Yet, the two comparable and compatible films of 1998 which seemed to be popular towards young children and young adults, both consist of and show the lives of insects and arthropods. However, throughout both films it can be seen that they are equally similar in several forms to which are near to be identical to the context and perspectives of both animated films. Yet, it was to some coincidence that the two highly alike films were to be released to the world just a matter of weeks apart from one another, with Antz releasing before A Bug's Life on the 2nd of October in the year of 1998, and A Bug's Life releasing not long afterwards on the 25th of November 1998. Causing controversy years down the track, Antz and A Bug's Life, likewise to any other film made, there are themes which are based around the story lines of the movies to structure and shape the entirety of the film. So, within both Antz and A Bug's Life there are many themes which can be seen that form the movies, these may include freedom, socialism, conflict, conformism and authority, communism, and individualism.
Over the course of viewing the equally similar context films it can be considered that one of the many themes which sculpture the films and are distributed throughout both movies is that of individualism. Individualism can be found through the sources of the main characters through both Antz and A Bug's Life. Furthermore, the movie of Antz tends to be about the life of an ant by the name of Z, or can also be known by the name of Z-4195, who seems to be just another ant within a colony of millions. At the beginning Z talks to a psychologist about feeling insignificant and was within a need for attention as a youngster but being within a totalitarian community of millions which strictly follows rules and regulations it made it hard for Z to capture the attention he needed in his younger years. It can be concluded that because Z was not getting enough attention and consideration as a young ant could be a possible factor to why Z talks too much and thinks about what could be, rather than what is.
However, it can clearly be seen throughout the film of Antz that all of the workers and soldiers that are within Z's colony abide by the rules of the totalitarian community and follow the orders which they are given from their leaders. Unlike the rest of the colony who only believe in the stringent and stern lifestyle of the colony and nothing else, Z believes within the individual lifestyle and what it has to offer. But being given a lifetime role as a larva, determining whether or not the larvae will become a worker or soldier, does not give anyone within the colony freedom or a choice in what career they would like to pursue. As all of the ants which live within the colony follow what their order which they are given and to do as what they are coerced to do, and not what they would like to do as an individual. Z, the main character of the young adult based film, tends to show an immense amount of individualism throughout the entirety of the seemingly realistic film. The lifestyle of Z-4195 is filled with the aroma of individualism, with the preferences of being free, self-sufficient, and independent, Z would rather be a free individual other than relying on society to determine his likings and what should and should not happen within his life and the colony of millions.
Because of Z being the type of somebody who favours the autonomous lifestyle, who thinks outside of the box when it comes to personal desires, who thinks that everyone can be more than just a little ant in a community of millions who moves earth all day. Z believes that there is more to the ant life than moving rubble and marching to the beat of the army drum all day, Z refuses to let society shape him or his lifestyle as an individual, however, when the animated film of Antz came to an ending it could be established that Z realised that he needed to find a balance between his individualistic lifestyle and his conformist society. All in all, Z accepts the fact that he needs to still work to earn his place within the colony, even if it does involve moving earth, yet other ants have also come to the acceptance that everyone needs their own life, their own individual life to live freely, but to yet still accomplish the working lifestyle.
Similarly, within A Bug's Life, the main character by the name of Flick, holds a strong intelligence unlike any other ant within his colony. Inventing, creating and producing advanced complex objects in the attempt to make light and easy work for his colony to gather more food faster, but for not only themselves but their nemeses, the grasshoppers. Flick uses his individuality and intelligence to strive when making the effort to generate a better society, with the immense use of persuasion in the challenge to get the rest of the colony to simply consider his longing inventions Flick still tends to be the annoying time waster. With the yearly challenge to collect both enough food for themselves and the vicious grasshopper gang who manipulate by making the ants of Ant Island think that the circle of life works as if 'The sun grows the food, the ants pick the food, the grasshoppers eat the food' (jonsutz.com) is what Hopper programs into the ant colony's heads. The savagely sadistic grasshopper gang tend to control the ant community to accumulate enough food to last the grasshoppers for the rainy season and more. Yet, the grasshopper groupies which are led by an angry, manipulative, greedy grasshopper by the name of 'Hopper', and when Hopper does not get what he's after he becomes resentful. Such as when the troublesome but kind hearted Flick tries to add his gatherings to the food supply for the grasshoppers but destroys the supply just seconds before the grasshoppers arrive.
Looked down upon for using his individualism to an extent of confronting the hierarchy of the ant society, the Queen and Princess Atta, Flick sets out to the city in the search of 'warrior bugs' in order to try and save his ant colony and his much loved home from the long lived enemies, Hopper and his puppets. Setting out into the big wide world, Flick leaves Ant Island on his lonesome to show that he can work hard, use his independency, and individualism, unlike the rest of the colony. Shaping and sculpting the child targeted film, A Bug's Life shows their major theme of individualism through the source of their much loved main character Flick. By proving that he can make a change Flick arrives back to Ant Island with a group of 'circus bugs' which everyone else believes them for being the 'warrior bugs' that will help with defeating the grasshoppers once and for all, to stop this un-natural repetitive food gathering for grasshoppers.
Neo-Noir a genre, is most commonly said to begin
Color enhances the imaginary world, it can provide depth,
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