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Members of the public occupy an overflow room during the Joint Finance Committee public hearing to discuss bills that will be voted on during an extraordinary session of the Legislature, to be held on Dec. 4, 2018. Coburn Dukehart/Wisconsin Center for Investigative Journalism
After Raucous Hearing, Bills To Restrict Early Voting, Curtail Evers' Powers Move To Full Legislature
Budget Committee Votes To Approve Lame Duck Session Bills On Party Lines
By Shawn Johnson and Laurel White
Monday, December 3, 2018, 2:35pm
In an early morning vote Tuesday, the state Legislature's budget committee voted to approve several wide-ranging plans that would restrict early voting and limit the power of Democratic Gov.-elect Tony Evers and Attorney General-elect Josh Kaul.
The vote came at 12:08 a.m., after more than 10 hours of testimony and debate at the state Capitol. The measures passed on party line votes, with the state budget committee's 12 Republican members voting in favor and four Democrats voting against.
As the hearing began, Republican lawmakers were met with chants of "shame" and "protect our vote" from crowds gathered in Capitol hallways. Members of the public gathered inside the hearing room periodically booed as lawmakers debated the measures.
Dozens of members of the public testified against the proposals during the public hearing, including Tammy Wood of La Valle.
"This is nothing less than an utter show of disdain for the citizens of Wisconsin," Wood said. "We do not consent to you knee-capping our governor, we do not consent to you stacking our courts, we do not consent to you stacking our elections, we do not consent to be being divided, we do not consent to be conquered."
Bonnie Margulis of Madison said the proposals ignore the views of Wisconsin voters, who voted to elect Evers and Kaul.
"Their policies were clear and known, and voters voted for them because of those policies," Margulis said. "Listen to our voices, listen to our votes."
Republican lawmakers pushed back on the criticisms, saying they are aimed at balancing the power of the Legislature and the executive branch.
"Let's not exaggerate what we're really doing here today," said Rep. John Nygren, R-Marinette, co-chair of the budget committee. "This is a balancing of power in the state of Wisconsin."
Nygren said the changes will allow lawmakers to work more effectively with Evers.
"We realize that we are setting a precedent here and making changes that will effect future Republican governors as well," he said.
The proposals now move to consideration before the full state Legislature. That is scheduled to take place Tuesday afternoon.
The plans were introduced for the first time late Friday afternoon. Most of the focus since that time has been on the election law changes, including a plan to move the date of the 2020 presidential primary from April to March. The bill including that proposal did not pass the budget committee Tuesday morning, so it is likely dead.
When asked last week about the "upside" of moving Wisconsin's presidential primary, Senate Majority Leader Scott Fitzgerald, R-Juneau, acknowledged it could give conservative state Supreme Court Justice Daniel Kelly a better chance of winning.
Senate Leader Scott Fitzgerald speaks during a press conference on Dec. 3, 2018, at the Wisconsin State Capitol ahead of the Joint Finance Committee public hearing to discuss bills that will be voted on during an extraordinary session of the legislature, to be held on Dec. 4, 2018. Coburn Dukehart/Wisconsin Center for Investigative Journalism
On Monday, staff at the Wisconsin Elections Commission estimated moving Wisconsin's presidential primary from April to March would cost up to $6.8 million. Members of the commission, who are appointed by an even split of Democrats and Republicans, also voted 6-0 for a motion warning lawmakers of what they saw as the plan's pitfalls.
"Under (Assembly bill) 1071 as drafted, it would be extraordinarily difficult to accomplish an additional election date given existing statutory framework," read the unanimous motion. "We are aware of multiple conflicts not resolved with this legislation and are concerned that completion of mandatory tasks may not be feasible."
Clerks, who run elections, have warned the plan would create logistical headaches by creating overlapping timelines and voter confusion.
"Obviously, we consider it a waste of money and resources, but more fundamentally, we don't think we can do it," said Dane County Clerk Scott McDonnell. "I think there's a suggestion that we can buy our way out of this. We can't."
Retired public school teacher Gail Milbrath, from Milwaukee, gives a thumbs down sign, in reaction to testimony given during a public hearing of the Joint Committee on Finance, held as part of an extraordinary lame-duck session of the legislature on Dec. 3, 2018, in Madison, Wisconsin. Coburn Dukehart/Wisconsin Center for Investigative Journalism
On Monday, a lawyer for the liberal One Wisconsin Institute warned against the provision of the bill that restricts early voting, saying it would be challenged in court. One Wisconsin Institute successfully sued to overturn earlier restrictions on early voting in a decision handed down in 2016 by U.S. District Judge James Peterson.
"That would directly conflict with the injunction that Judge Peterson put in place for those reasons," said One Wisconsin Institute lawyer Bruce Spiva.
The proposed early voting changes would trim the number of days in-person absentee voting is allowed in Wisconsin by about five days. If the measure passes, early voting would last roughly two weeks before Election Day.
During the public hearing on the measure, Nygren defended the proposed change. Nygren pointed out many rural communities in Wisconsin have fewer opportunities for early voting than urban parts of the state, including Madison and Milwaukee.
"It's a fairness issue," Nygren said.
Joint Committee on Finance chair John Nygren threatens to clear the room when members of the public start shouting during the special legislative hearing on Dec. 3, 2018, in Madison, Wisconsin. Coburn Dukehart/Wisconsin Center for Investigative Journalism
But Democrats on the committee pushed back on that, saying resources should be increased for rural communities so they may offer the same early voting hours as urban areas, if that is a concern. They also argued communities with larger populations should be able to offer more early voting opportunities, for logistical reasons.
Rep. Katrina Shankland, D-Stevens Point, called the proposal to cut early voting in urban areas an abuse of power.
"You guys are just going crazy here," Shankland said. "This is like 'Gremlins' after midnight."
While the election law changes have generated the most attention, other changes proposed by Republicans would significantly scale back the power of the Democrats who won statewide office last month.
Speaking to reporters Monday, Fitzgerald made clear that many of the plans included in the extraordinary session package were aimed at making it harder for Evers to accomplish his goals.
"Listen, I'm concerned. I think that Gov.-elect Evers is going to bring a liberal agenda to Wisconsin," Fitzgerald said at a press conference before the start of the committee meeting. "I don't have any problem highlighting that right now. I want people to understand that. That there's going to be a divide between the legislative and executive branch."
In a written statement submitted to the committee, Evers said Wisconsin voters "expect more from our government than what is happening."
"The legislation before you today and the spirit of this extraordinary session are unfettered attempts to override and ignore what the people of Wisconsin asked for this November," Evers said. "This is rancor and politics as usual."
One provision approved Tuesday by the committee could prevent Evers and Kaul from fulfilling their campaign promise to end Wisconsin's participation in a multi-state lawsuit to overturn the Affordable Care Act. Under current law, Kaul could do so with Evers' approval. Under the proposal slated for the extraordinary session, approval to withdraw from such a multi-state lawsuit would have to come from the state budget committee, rather than the governor. Republicans hold a 12-4 majority on that committee, making it unlikely they would approve such a move.
Another provision that moved forward would give majority Republicans substantially more control over the Wisconsin Economic Development Corp. Right now, gubernatorial appointments make up a majority of the WEDC board, and the governor gets to appoint the agency's CEO. The plans under consideration in the lame duck session would give Republican lawmakers a majority of board appointments and the board would pick the CEO.
The proposals would also dramatically scale back Evers' control of the rulemaking process, and concentrate more power in the hands of the Legislature.
Evers would also lose the ability to make the state Capitol a "gun free zone." Like other issues currently in the hands of the governor, that issue would also require legislative approval.
The Legislature would also gain more power to hire private attorneys instead of relying on the Wisconsin Department of Justice for representation. In addition, lawmakers would gain the power to decide how to parcel out court settlements.
Whether all of the plans will pass the full Legislature later Tuesday is unclear. Fitzgerald was not ready to rule anything out, but he wouldn't say whether he had enough votes to pass the changes to the presidential primary and early voting.
Whatever passes the Legislature will need Gov. Scott Walker's approval. Speaking to reporters after an event at the executive residence in Maple Bluff on Monday afternoon, Walker was not ready to commit to the bills one way or another.
"Members of the Legislature were elected, not on a term that ends on Election Day, but on a term that ends in January," Walker said. "Just like my term ends in January. And so we're going to look at things just like people expect us to serve a full four-year term."
While this week's session is not the first time one party has used a lame duck session to its advantage, the nonpartisan Legislative Reference Bureau said this was the first time in state history that an extraordinary session had been used to restrict the power of an incoming governor and attorney general before they take office.
"This is unprecedented, what is happening here," said Rep. Chris Taylor, D-Madison.
Rep. Chris Taylor, D-Madison, asks questions during a public hearing of the Joint Committee on Finance, held as part of an extraordinary lame-duck session of the legislature on Dec. 3, 2018, in Madison, Wisconsin. Coburn Dukehart/Wisconsin Center for Investigative Journalism
Editor's note: This story was updated with additional reporting at 12:15 a.m. Tuesday Dec. 4, 2018. WPR reporter Shamane Mills contributed to this report.
Wisconsin Supreme Court Sides With Republicans In Dispute Over Walker Appointees
Unions File New Lawsuit Against GOP Lame-Duck Laws
Latest On Lame Duck Lawsuits
Week Of Whiplash
Wisconsin Supreme Court's Conservatives Strike Skeptical Tone During Lame-Duck Case Arguments


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Free-to-list portal now has over 740 UK agents on board
The free-to-list property portal Residential People says it now has over 740 independent agents in the UK on board - and it aims for many more.
Residential People - launched in March and now with an estimated 400,000-plus listings from over 1,600 agents in the UK, United Arab Emirates, South Africa and India - says this international perspective could be a valuable source of leads from overseas investors.
Non-independent agents on board include Belvoir and Countrywide's commercial arm, Lambert Smith Hampton.
"We are really pleased with the support we have had from agents and if this continues, we are confident we will be able to create a lot of value for them in terms of lead generation" says the portal's co-director Christopher May.
"We are now looking to gain support from potential partners in the industry that can see the value in what we are trying to achieve. We are free now and will always be. Come what may, this is our unique selling point."
In addition to free listings the portal also offers an optional, state-of-the-art marketing suite to help agents market properties and drive traffic to their websites; it says this suite enables smaller regional agents to access tools that would otherwise only be accessible to multi-office national players.
It says independents can use the suite to create property brochures and micro-sites for individual listings; there is also an automated online video generator which can then be uploaded to an agent's YouTube channel to help improve SEO.
Residential People has launches planned across Ireland, Canada, Australia, Malaysia, Qatar and China in the coming months.
You can see the site for yourself here.
Independent Estate Agents
Residential People
Free-to-list portals aiming for one million listings by end of 2019 ...
New free-to-list portals Residential People and Commercial People are aiming to...
Free-to-list portals claim 1,200 agents on board in just four weeks ...
Two free-to-list portals launched last month in the UK say they...
New portal is free-to-list for agents and ready to launch in the UK ...
A new free-to-list property portal is launching in the UK, and...
Free-to-list portal claims 800 new enquiries for agents in four weeks ...
A new global free-to-list property portal says it has secured 800...

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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4Tay Records
Inner Astronomy
4Tay Records is proud to present Inner Astronomy, a marvelous new cantata for voice and strings, with music by Molly Pease, based on poems by her father Randall Pease. The composer writes, "When I was a child, Dad would storytell me to sleep. In every one of these...
VIVA ITALIA! The Queen's Chamber Band
"This diverse program has a thread of logic connecting the elements. The composers are Italian, or were influenced by Italian style … The performances are a delight. All of the vocals (Monteverdi, Gorzanis, Handel) are taken by Marshall Coid, who should...
The Deus Ex Machina Cycle
Elodie Lauten (http://www.lesperformingarts.org/) is an original post-minimalist who writes piano, electronic, chamber and orchestral music. Her landmarks are neo-operas evolving or deconstructing the classic form: The Two-Cents Opera premiered in March 2009 at...
Waking in New York
During the Summer of 1996, only a few months before his death, the late Allen Ginsberg put together a set of poems on the theme of New York, as suggested by Elodie Lauten for a musical setting. The poems he selected, from Cosmopolitan Greetings 1986-1992, Collected...
Songs from The Bitterroot
Chamber Music, Vocal Music
This collection of original Americana compositions is performed by its composer Taylor Ackley. He is joined by the Deep Roots Ensemble, a passionate group of some of the most talented and creative performers of their generation, playing an eclectic mix of instruments...
Copyright © 2020 JamesArts Inc.
Site design by Performsites


Back in September 2018 we started some exciting work on our main entrance and admissions building! Over the winter period we have been busy implementing a new website and system infrastructure that is ready to launch on the 20th March.
Whilst we are in the final stages of the new entrance building and transferring our old shop into the new, as of Monday 11th March, all visitors will be directed to enter the park via the exit and ticket purchases will be made from the temporary ticket office in the car park.
Our staff will be on hand to help and guide visitors to the correct entry and ticket purchase points, we thank you for your patience and cooperation during this short period until our admissions office is ready to open to allow entry into the zoo.
Whilst we make adjustments from our old system to the new there may be minimal disruption. Our staff have been busy learning the new system over the last few months but please bear with us in our early days of using the system in the live environment.


Preheat the oven to 350 degrees with a rack in the lower third.
Grease or spray the top surface of the pan with nonstick spray and line the cups with paper liners.
In the top of a double boiler or in a heatproof bowl over barely simmering water, melt 1 1/4 cups of the chocolate chips with the butter, stirring frequently until melted and smooth.
Remove the chocolate from the heat and let it cool to lukewarm. Meanwhile, in a small bowl, whisk the flour and baking powder together thoroughly.
In a large bowl, beat the eggs, sugar, and salt with an electric mixer on high speed for 2 to 3 minutes until the mixture is very pale and thick.
Scrape the warm chocolate over the egg mixture and fold it in with a large rubber spatula.
Sprinkle the flour into the bowl with half of the remaining chocolate chips and half of the walnuts. Fold just until the ingredients are blended.
Divide the batter evenly among the lined cups. Sprinkle the tops with marshmallows followed by the remaining walnuts and the remaining chocolate chips.
Bake 18 to 20 minutes until the marshmallows are golden brown.
Set the pan on a rack to cool for 5 minutes.
Run the tip of a table knife around the top of each cupcake to detach any melted marshmallow or chocolate from the pan. Let the cupcakes cool until firm enough to remove from the pan.


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US & World Economies
Aggregate Supply and How It Works
The Four Factors of Production, Supply Curve, Law of Supply and Demand
By Kimberly Amadeo
Robert C. Kelly
Reviewed by Robert C. Kelly
Robert Kelly is managing director of XTS Energy LLC, and has more than three decades of experience as a business executive. He is a professor of economics and has raised more than $4.5 billion in investment capital.
Short-run and Long-run Supply
Four Factors of Aggregate Supply
Aggregate Supply Curve
Supply and Aggregate Demand
Law of Supply and Demand
What the United States Supplies
Entrepreneurship contributes to aggregate supply. Photo: Photo: Jon Feingersh/Getty Images
Aggregate supply is the total of all goods and services produced by an economy over a given period. When people talk about supply in the U.S. economy, they are referring to aggregate supply.
Aggregate supply is measured by gross domestic product (GDP). The U.S. economy is one of the largest suppliers in the world.
The typical time frame measured is a year. That time frame is important because supply changes more slowly than demand. For example, demand can rise quickly, but companies can't ramp up production as fast. They've got to hire new workers and build new plants and equipment. When demand drops, it can take companies months to reduce supply. They've got to close factories and lay off workers.
There's a big difference between supply in the short-run versus the long-run. Short-run supply depends on price.
As demand rises, customers are willing to pay a higher price. Businesses will increase supply to gain profits from higher prices until they reach their current capacity.
In the long-run, if the price and demand remain high, companies can boost supply. They have the time to add the workers, machinery, and factories required.
The amount supplied is called the natural rate of output. Short-run economic fluctuations can occur without affecting the long-run output rate.
The amount supplied is determined by the four factors of production. U.S. economic success is based on an abundance of these factors of production. The following four factors determine long-run supply.
Labor. The people who work for a living. The value of labor depends on workers' education, skills, and motivation. The reward or income for labor is wages. The United States has a large, skilled, and mobile labor force that responds quickly to changing business needs. But it faces increasing competitive labor from other countries. They provide similarly-skilled workers at a lower price. It's one reason why American jobs are outsourced.
Capital Goods. Man-made objects, such as machinery and equipment, which are used in production. The income derived from capital goods is interest. Silicon Valley is home to 2,000 tech companies, the densest concentration in the world. This proximity to suppliers, customers, and cutting-edge research gives them a competitive advantage.
Natural Resources. The raw goods and materials used by labor to create supply. The United States has a unique combination of easily accessible land and water. It has a moderate climate, miles of coastline, and lots of oil. The income from this is rent.
Entrepreneurship. The drive of business owners to produce and innovate. The income from this is profits. America's reliance on capitalism and a market economy supports a high level of entrepreneurship.
Financial capital, such as money and credit, is not a factor of production.
Financial capital is used to buy the factors of production. In other words, financial capital isn't itself a component of anything produced. The ease of obtaining financial capital, whether through stocks, bonds, or loans, plays a critical role in supply. One of the reasons the U.S. economy is so powerful is the ease of obtaining financial capital.
The supply curve charts out how much will be supplied based on the price. Here's how it works. If someone asks you, "How much will you supply?" you would first ask them, "How much will you pay me?" If that answer were satisfactory, you'd ask, "How long have I got?" In other words, your answer would vary depending on the price and the time frame.
That's what the supply curve describes. The higher the price and the longer the time frame, the more you would produce. A normal supply curve slopes up to the right. An aggregate supply curve simply adds up the supply curves for every producer in the country.
Aggregate Supply and Aggregate Demand
Of course, you and the person would have to agree on both the price and the deadline. In other words, that person's demand curve would have to intersect with your supply curve.
Photo by desparado / Getty Images
Aggregate demand is when all the demand for everything in the country is added together. Everything in an economy depends on how these curves intersect.
The amount supplied is guided by the laws of supply and demand. The law of supply says that supply increases when the price increases. The law of demand says that demand decreases as the price increases. The right price is when the amount supplied equals the amount demanded.
In other words, an economy must follow these five rules:
Prices or production adjust until supply equals demand
Demand creates supply, but supply won't create demand
When prices decline, businesses either a) decrease supply, b) lower the operating costs to maintain profit margins, c) go out of business, thus reducing output
When prices rise, businesses supply more in the short-term until they reach current capacity. In the long-run, they increase the factors of production so they can supply more. They may also create similar or related products to meet the demand.
If supply is constrained, then prices will continue to rise, creating inflation
There are four components of GDP. The first, and most critical, is personal consumption. It's almost 70% of the total supply. It includes goods, such as automobiles and appliances, and services, such as health care and banking.
Business investment is a second component. Most of it is comprised of machinery and equipment. It also includes commercial and residential construction.
The third component is government spending. Most of this goes toward Social Security, defense, and Medicare. As a component of GDP, government spending can boost the economy out of a recession. The theory of Keynesian economics describes how this works.
Net exports, the fourth component, is exports minus imports. Exports add to GDP, while imports subtract. Most of this is capital goods, such as machinery and equipment, and consumer goods, especially pharmaceuticals.
Aggregate supply is the goods and services produced by an economy. It's driven by the four factors of production: labor, capital goods, natural resources, and entrepreneurship. These factors are enhanced by the availability of financial capital.
The aggregate supply or GDP of the United States is one of the largest in the world. The nation's output consists of consumer goods, business investments, government spending, and exports.
The World Bank. "GDP, PPP (constant 2019 international $).
University of Minnesota Libraries. "Principles of Economics: 2.1 Factors of Production."
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. "Factors of Production - The Economic Lowdown Podcast Series, Episode 2."
University of Minnesota. "Supply."
The Library of Economics and Liberty. "Demand."
The Library of Economics and Liberty. "Supply."
History of Economics Review. "'Supply Creates its Own Demand': A Discussion of the Origins of the Phrase and of its Adequacy as an Interpretation of Say's Law of Markets."
Bureau of Economic Analysis. "National Income and Product Accounts Tables," Download "Table 1.1.6. Real Gross Domestic Product, Chained Dollars."
What Are the Factors of Production?
What Are Capital Goods?
What Exactly Is the U.S. Economy?
How Does the U.S. Economy Work?
What Is Economic Growth?
What Is a Market Economy?
US GDP Statistics and How to Use Them
What Is Demand?
Nominal GDP: How To Calculate It and When To Use It
Durable Goods and How They Differ From Nondurable Goods
What Is a Recession?
What Is the Debt-to-GDP Ratio?
What Is Aggregate Demand?
What Is the Business Cycle?
What Is the U.S. GDP Growth Rate?


Justin Timberlake recently bruised his vocal chords and he is on 'vocal rest,' meaning he can't talk at all for the next 10 days. But that didn't stop him from appearing on The Tonight Show Thursday!
The singer conducted a completely silent interview with Jimmy Fallon, with the help of a pen and paper and some expressive hand gestures.
Fallon even had an app in the shape of a mouth that "spoke" for Timberlake.
"I took the liberty of recording what I think your answers would be to my questions," Fallon said.
Timberlake later had some help from his wife, Jessica Biel. She stopped by to play the Best Friends Challenge, which revealed how well the couple really knows one another.
Unsurprisingly, Biel knows her husband extremely well, down to his go-to cocktail and his two favorite rappers.


Classic design, modern performance. The Classic™ Centerpin is fully CNC machined from aircraft grade aluminum, and features 2 Abec 5 Japanese bearings. Larger 4.75'' spool imporves line pick up, and low inertia start up.


Controversies have always characterized philosophy as expression of its typical critical attitude that depends on the complexity of the fundamental philosophical issues. Traditionally these discrepancies regarded the answers given to certain questions and, therefore, the content of the opposite doctrines, as all legitimately belonging to philosophy. With modernity the determination of the correct method of thinking becomes the necessary precondition for philosophizing and represents the core of the philosophical activity itself. As a consequence people adopting a certain method of thinking often qualify as non-philosophical the discourse of those who do not belong to their methodological school, independently of the content of the doctrine they defend. This dominance of the methodological concern, on the contrary, has produced the discovery and deepening of several "thinking methods," whose plurality must be considered a wealth and not a reason for skepticism, since it can offer to philosophy the tools for better coping with the increasing complexity of its fundamental issues.
According to Maurice Merleau-Ponty, in the pluralistic world in which we now live, there cannot be an overarching and vertical universal (universel de surplomb) anymore: we have now to find paths, methods, towards what he called, by contrast, a "lateral universality" (universalité latérale). When we consider the human tongues in their de facto plurality, none of them being by essence the language of the universal, that of philosophy and logos, we can see that one meaning of what is called "lateral universal" is translation. It could be said then, somehow, that, "translation is the language of languages" as the Kenyan writer Ngugi Wa Thiong'o wrote. The significance of translation as a method or path towards the "lateral universal" is the notion to be explored in this contribution.
Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle have been studied, commented upon and praised for more than 2000 years. What made their work so excellent? And what has made the philosophy produced by so many great philosophers after them insightful, inspiring and well worth studying? Their arguments. Arguments give insights, they help us see how "all weaves into one whole" to speak with Goethe, they "give unity to what was previously dispersed." It is this "weaving together of what was dispersed" which is the core of arguments.This leads to a very inclusive notion of philosophy, where some of the finest works of art are philosophical. However, this openness to a wide variety of approaches to philosophy does not make all philosophy good philosophy. There are numerous kinds of weaknesses. Three examples are given, that illustrate the following three rules for good scholarship: (1) give proper credit, (2) familiarize yourself with fields outside philosophy that are pertinent to the problems you work on, (3) pay attention to work that has been done by others, especially when this work points to difficulties that you have not considered. These are trivial weaknesses, which should be spotted by editors and referees. Once they have been eliminated, we can concentrate on the arguments. It is the quality of arguments that distinguishes good philosophy from bad, and arguments come in many forms. We philosophers have a special responsibility for developing in ourselves and in others an ability to construct good arguments and to distinguish good arguments from bad ones. This is what Plato and Aristotle did, and it is a special challenge in our time when opinions more and more are shaped by mass media and not by arguments. We must teach good argumentation, and we must practice what we teach in our own philosophical work.
I do not believe that it is in general a good thing for philosophers to concern themselves with philosophical method. But in these remarks I discuss an exception, which arises in the interpretation of Wittgenstein. What Wittgenstein does in his Philosophical Investigations cannot be properly understood except in the context of appreciating his explicitly methodological remarks, in which he in effect disclaims any intention to say anything that might be open to dispute. I try to explain how that can be consistent with helpfulness in dealing with philosophical puzzlements.
This paper looks at the current realism/antirealism debate in philosophy of science as a dispute between two objectivist interpretations of modern empirical success: Scientific realism and scientific antirealism. The paper traces the debate to a split in responses to the historicist relativism that gained force in the 1960s; it concentrates on the discussions that led to selectivism, a promising realist strategy that focuses on theory-parts rather than whole theories. The paper examines the merits and difficulties of selectivism and argues for a naturalist approach to its present deficiencies, particularly regarding the need for a more precise identification of theory—parts worthy of realist interpretation.
The philosophy of science took shape as an autonomous discipline in the first decades of the Twentieth Century in connection with the movement known as logical positivism or logical empiricism. According to logical empiricists philosophy of science ought to perform a "rational reconstruction" aimed at exhibiting the logical structure of scientific theories and inferential processes involved in the acquisition of scientific knowledge. While focusing on the syntactical and semantical aspects of scientific language, logical empiricists left out of the realm of the philosophy of science the sociological and psychological aspects of theory formation, as well as all methodological aspects belonging to experimentation. Starting from the early Sixties this conception gradually changed, and philosophy of science underwent a radical transformation, leading to a significant broadening of its scope. New issues and problems were addressed, belonging to fields neglected by the traditional approach. This paper sketches the main features of the discipline as it is understood today as opposed to its traditional outlook, and suggests that the term "philosophy of the sciences" is better suited than "philosophy of science" to describe its present state.
The severe accident at the Fukushima-Daiichi nuclear power plant caused by the March 11 Great East Japan Earthquake in 2011 was a typical disaster in the age of "trans-science," which means the situation that science and politics are closely connected and inseparable. The stage of trans-science requires a philosophy of trans-science instead of a philosophy of science such as logical positivism. I would like to characterize norms for techno-scientists in the risk society as RISK, which includes Regulatory deliberation, Intergenerational ethics, Social accountability and Knowledge-product liability.
One can say that the historical Socrates cannot be interpreted as an "intellectualist" and an "enemy of life." On the contrary: Socrates's actuality lies precisely in the fact that wisdom implies knowledge of one's own ignorance, the self-birthing and the daily improvement of myself using all the rational and irrational potentialities of life.This conception of the ethical soul in Socrates can be compared today with the moral brain of neuroscience, which is understood in its integral unity as the locus of the body-soul in its complex unity: reason-emotion-instinct. However, in spite of the analogies, there is a clear opposition between the Socratic encephalon and the moral brain of neurobiology. The Socratic one is free, internal, personal. The neuronal can be induced and manipulated through technology. The Socratic lesson is that virtue cannot be taught—and even less artificially provoked—from the outside. Nevertheless, in today's world, we cannot think about ethics without both: Socrates as well as the advances in neuroethics.


The Twitterverse has just informed me that today is the International Day of Happiness. You can be sad the rest of the days but NOT TODAY PEOPLE!
I'm the sort of person who needs to know things and I need to know them RIGHT NOW. The ability to Google any time and anywhere is one of my life's greatest pleasures.
I am a baby person. I get babies. Babies like me. Babies don't sass and they are generally on board with snuggling. Bring me ALL the babies!!
I've been singing the theme song nonstop for 2 weeks now.
My brother-in-law said "totes magotes" once and now I send him memes like this from time to time and I probably think it's WAY funnier than he does.
I have seen the words "boughten" and "pressidure" (procedure), and "firstable" (first of all) used on FB in the past week. I'm not a huge jerk so I didn't actually post this meme but its existence makes me happy.
I've been dipping chocolate chips in it because fitting back into my clothing is overrated.
When Stinky was a baby we had some friends over for dinner and the wife said, "Whoa you look amazing!" I had been back to my pre-pregnancy weight for AGES at that point and I was like, "Well...he was was born five months ago." Like, hello, who WOULDN'T be all skinny again at 5 months post partum?
I want to punch that Kayla in the face.
I LOVE vocabulary words (Aaron and I introduce a few new vocabulary words to our kids each week over dinner and now our kids love vocab too. It's awesome). This post from Buzzfeed about the most beautiful words in the English language gave me all the warm fuzzies. Plus a good list of new words to introduce to my kids!
A couple months ago Aaron and I had a conversation about whether or not we believe in a literal Adam and Even. I don't, but I honestly don't think it had ever occurred to Aaron to wonder. It led to a conversation about how I need evidence and Aaron needs faith and how that goes to the very root of our religious differences. I saw this article, How Critical Thinkers Lose Their Faith in God and thought, "Bingo!" I like how the article doesn't really make any value judgments; they're both valid ways of thinking.
*Language warning like whoa* I debated even sharing this due to the excessive number of f-bombs. But for those who don't particularly mind language, I thought this post on The Subtle Art of Not Giving a **** was fantastic. It's about giving our time and energy to the things that really matter and ignoring the things that don't and he has some great (expletive-filled) points.
If you happen to have a few spare million bucks laying around (like...40ish) the house that inspired Pride and Prejudice is for sale. I desperately want someone to buy this and turn it into some kind of B&B so I can come visit.
You guys. Janssen pushed out a 10+ pound baby with no epidural. As someone who rolls up to the hospital dilated to a one and whining about the pain, I am sort of boggled by that.
I've watched this little girl playing on an ice puddle like 18 times. I snort laughed my nursing baby awake about 17 of those times.
I've been thinking for AGES that I need to have seasonal pre-planned meal ideas complete with shopping lists all typed out so I can just grab one on my way out the door rather than spending an hour or two each week poring over my cookbooks and Pinterest boards.
Lately I've really been trying to streamline and simplify my life (I'm so very tired, people. I need my energy for showering) so I finally sat down and got started on several weeks worth of meal plans. Because I'm all about making your life easier too I'm going to periodically share my meal plans and shopping lists here on ye olde neglected blog.
You can find my first week available right here. It's nothing fancy but having it ready made my life SO easy last week! I only planned out 4 meals because I like being able to add in something new I've found (or just do a spaghetti night and make my life easy). We almost always have a leftover night each week and we tend to go out or eat with friends one night so having 4 meals planned out is just about perfect for us.
I print out the shopping list, cross out the stuff I've already got, add anything else I need (like milk and cereal) and that's it! So. much. faster.


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Food to feel good about: Functional food prospects post-pandemic
Kimberly J. Decker
Nutritional Outlook, Volume 24, Issue 10
Consumers' growing search for brain health, immune health, mood support, and more will continue driving functional foods long after COVID-19.
When did it fully dawn upon you that functional foods had made it to the mainstream?
For Lior Lewensztain, founder and CEO of That's It Nutrition (Los Angeles), one proverbial "Aha!" moment arrived when he learned that his company's probiotic-boosted fruit bars were becoming hot commodities in—of all places—Walmart.
"It's relevant to note," Lewensztain emphasizes, "that we're talking about Walmart here, and not, say, Whole Foods. Because that represents what's going on with the average American consumer: These consumers are making the direct connection between what they put in their bodies and how they feel, and they're showing more care and intention in choosing which foods they eat."
The upshot for consumers and for the brands that feed them, he concludes, is simple: "We're really starting to see people pay attention, and respond, to functional, whole foods."
COVID Effect
And who can blame them? Almost two years after reality took an unexpected turn for everyone, consumers at Walmart, Whole Foods, and beyond continue to rethink their relationship with food.
Citing data from Nutrition Business Journal, Max Maxwell, manager, market intelligence, Glanbia Nutritionals (Chicago), notes that domestic functional food and beverage sales grew 8.2% in 2020, reaching a value of $77 billion—with projections growing the sector a further 6.8% in 2021 to a value of more than $82 billion.
"This COVID bounce," Maxwell contends, "motivated many people to try functional foods, and that trial will result in incremental sales. People have never been more concerned about their health."
John Quilter, vice president of global portfolio, ProActive Health, Kerry (Beloit, WI), agrees—although he considers the pandemic's effects "more of a rapid acceleration than a bounce." Even before COVID-19, he notes, "Consumers had been proactive with their health and were actively interested in functional foods and beverages. So, it's no surprise that the pandemic gave that trend new energy."
What's more, he says, signs suggest the energy will persist. "Though the world may be returning to 'normal' in some respects," Quilter wagers, "interest in functional nutrition will endure into the foreseeable future."
Mindful Munching
All of which delights Lewensztain. "One of the most exciting shifts we've seen is the increasingly mainstream understanding that food can be medicine," he says, "and that what you put in your body can dramatically impact your overall health, boost your natural strength and immunity, and help protect you from disease. That's going to stay even as we transition back to normal."
Mayuresh Bedekar, director of product strategy for bioactives at Glanbia Nutritionals, chalks it up to a mindful approach to eating—and he, too, doesn't expect it soon to recede.
"'What's good for me?' and 'Is this right for me?' have become important decision-making points with shoppers post-COVID," Bedekar observes. "So, we can count on concepts such as brain health, staying fit, and eating for immunity to stay around for the long term."
It's All Related
Those concepts reflect what Quilter describes as "a broadening of the areas where consumers seek functional benefits."
Their functional wish list is expanding in part thanks to unprecedented access to information around diet and health. But just as important, Quilter says, is science's continual evolution, "which deepens our understanding of the relationship between the microbiome, the immune system, the brain, and more. That's driving research, product development, and consumer interest in functional ingredients."
Consider the obvious interest in immune health. According to FMCG Gurus' March 2021 "How Has COVID-19 Changed Consumer Behavior?" report, 65% of global consumers claimed to be more conscious of immunity because of COVID-19.
Kerry's 2021 global consumer survey reinforces their awareness. "We presented consumers with a list of health areas and asked them which were among their reasons for buying healthy-lifestyle products," Quilter explains. The kicker: 58% percent of respondents identified immune support as a compelling purchasing factor, putting it ahead of healthy bones and joints, digestive health, heart health, and improved energy. "Four in 10 consumers had even used an immune-health product over the past six months," Quilter notes.
Check Your Head
Beyond immunity, "Consumers have grown more in tune with their mental and emotional wellness needs as they cope with the pandemic's significant lifestyle shifts," observes June Lin, vice president, global marketing, health and wellness, ADM (Chicago). Per FMCG Gurus' 2021 survey, 48% of global consumers claimed to be more conscious of their mental wellbeing courtesy of COVID-19.
And while cognitive health—mental health's brainier cousin—took a backseat to matters of mood during the pandemic, "Indications are that interest in cognitive health is bouncing back, and not just with seniors," reports Ranjana Sundaresan, lead research analyst, Spoonshot AI (St. Paul, MN).
Spoonshot analysis shows that media references to cognitive health jumped 22% from January to September of 2021, compared to mental health's jump of 16%. "In addition," Sundaresan continues, "the concept of improving cognitive health is becoming important among new consumers, particularly those looking for focus and faster decision-making—students, gamers, athletes, and even office workers."
One functional ingredient she suspects will catch on in this space is green-oat (Avena sativa) extract, made from the immature aerial parts of the plant. Used for centuries in traditional medicine, it enjoys the backing of recently published clinical trials showing "significant positive effects on cognitive functions such as improved performance speed, executive function, working and episodic memory, attention, and quantitative function," Sundaresan claims. Of interest to formulators, the extract is also water-soluble and "could potentially offer consumers alternatives to coffee or caffeine for helping them focus," she adds.
Bedekar has also watched brain health, cognition, and even eye health ascend the priority ladder now that "working from home and long screen times have become the norm," he says. As far as associated ingredients go, he notes that L-theanine, L-glutamine, choline, ashwagandha, Ginkgo biloba, and Panax ginseng all contribute to mental performance, while vitamins C and E, zinc, lutein, zeaxanthin, and omega-3 fatty acids show potential in formulations addressing eye health, he says.
Probiotic Popularity
Quilter notes that research is mounting vis-à-vis probiotics' role in promoting cognitive health, mental wellbeing, and mood, adding that Kerry's recent global survey showed that 25% of consumers had used a probiotic product over the past six months—up from 21% in 2019.
But cognition and mood are hardly probiotics' only functional bailiwicks. "With holistic health top of mind," Lin says, "consumers are increasingly aware that the gut microbiome is central to wellness. Our research finds that 58% of global consumers are aware that bacteria in the digestive system have potential benefits on overall health."
Indeed, adds Sundaresan, "There's a growing body of research showing just how important gut health may be for overall health, since it appears to impact so many parts of our body. We're expecting to hear more about topics like the gut-brain axis, gut-lung axis, and oral-gut axis. Even immunity has a strong relationship to gut health."
But with consumers focusing on their microbiomes—and seeking out probiotics to support them—Quilter stresses the importance of formulating with strains "backed by high-quality science." Kerry's spore-forming Bacillus coagulans GBI-30, 6086, strain, for instance rests on a research record of 25-plus published papers demonstrating its support for immune and digestive health, as well as better protein utilization1, Quilter says.
"And the development of resilient, spore-forming strains has allowed for the introduction of probiotic benefits into a much wider range of products than were previously available," Quilter adds, "including everything from teas and coffees to muffins, nutrition bars, and peanut butter."
But because not all probiotics are spore formers, many can still be finicky ingredients to handle. As such, "There will be greater focus in the coming years on the emerging class of postbiotic ingredients," Sundaresan predicts, "to address some of probiotics' challenges, such as heat sensitivity and safety."
Case in point: HT-BPL1, the heat-treated postbiotic counterpart to ADM's BPL1 Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis CECT 8145 probiotic, can withstand processing conditions as harsh as the high heat of baking, Lin says.
"Ingredient solutions like these are becoming more important as people look for products with functional ingredients in convenient formats that meet their day-to-day needs and work with their lifestyles," Lin notes. "More than ever, consumers want convenience, flexibility, choice, and variety."
And brands are taking note. As Bedekar says, "Functional is everywhere these days. It's not only in bars but has also expanded into a broader 'healthy-snacking' category. This includes cereals, bites, extruded snacks, and more."
That said, the Ingredient Transparency Center's 2021 Consumer Functional Food Survey of 1,000 U.S. consumers found that when asked about the specific use occasions where they're most likely to be looking for a food with functional benefits, consumers surprisingly ranked snacks and beverages "well below the major meal occasions," notes Traci Kantowski, communications director, Trust Transparency Center (Spring, TX), "indicating that consumers expect functional benefits at major meals, and that snacking is not strongly associated with products with functional benefits."
Even so, Lewensztain remains unfazed. "I think bars will continue as one of the most popular functional-food formats," he declares. "Especially as we begin transitioning back to on-the-go living, you can't beat their convenient portability. However, I believe that supplements and whole foods in general will also continue gaining popularity and momentum."
Healthy Indulgences
So, too, will foods that deliver a touch of fantasy to leaven their functionality.
"As the pandemic's prolonged effects continue," Lin says, "people are beginning to shift from impulsive to purposeful indulgences, seeking offerings that deliver rich, decadent flavors and textures as well as positive nutrition."
Brands can check those boxes by "leveraging botanical, spice, and nostalgic flavors to elevate fortified snacks, bars, and confections," she suggests. "The winter months, for example, provide opportunities for spices like cardamom and ginger, and classic flavors like vanilla and salted caramel. And botanicals like carob—which is sweet, and a great ingredient for adding fiber—can enhance products with flavor and function."
It's proof that good-for-you needn't come at the expense of just-plain good. "Our dark-chocolate truffles are a perfect example," Lewensztain says. "They're decadent and delicious but also vegan and made with only four ingredients. They don't need all the dyes, added sugars, and unnecessary ingredients. It's possible to make delicious comfort foods from natural, minimal inputs—and there's huge opportunity for brands that recognize this."
In fact, Lewensztain continues, "There's so much opportunity for brands to innovate in this space. Consumers are looking for functional foods, and the brands leading the movement will feel that impact. But where there's opportunity for brands to position themselves positively, that also comes with the responsibility not to mislead. If brands are doing their jobs and using clean ingredients, this won't be difficult. It might even make their lives easier."
Stecker et al. "Bacillus coagulans GBI-30, 6086 improves amino acid absorption from milk protein." Nutrition & Metabolism. Published online October 23, 2020.
Download Issue: Nutritional Outlook Vol. 24 No. 10
Food & BeverageTrends & BusinessImmune SupportBrain HealthHerbs & BotanicalsDigestive HealthNutritional Outlook Vol. 24 No. 10


Need more information? Below you will find links to PDFs about product displays, guarantees, schedule of events, venue info, registration forms, and much more. You may download and fill out any form electronically, or print, fill out, and fax to us at (719) 488-8168.


Summer… It's a great time to enjoy the outdoors but be careful with overheating pets (and yourself). Here are some cool ideas and tips for enjoying July with your fur friends.
Spend time together at a local venue.
Bring your pet with you to a pet-friendly park or restaurant that has an outdoor patio. You would be surprised at how many local shops will also let you bring in your pet, if your pet is well-behaved. We love for pets to visit our Natural Pawz stores, where we're sure to spoil your fur baby. Other venues include Barnaby's Cafes in Houston, World of Beer at LaCenterra at Cinco Ranch in Katy, Texas and Zack's Bistro in Austin's Steiner Ranch Shopping Center.
If your pet isn't used to going places, it may take several outings to develop their social skills. In a public setting, you want to limit any barking and jumping up on people. Good places to start are dog parks and many state parks that allow pets.
Make sure you have proper pet gear.
A must is a sturdy leash, a comfortable harness, a clean collar and a current pet tag. A bad fitting harness can rub under your pet's chest to cause discomfort and skin irritation, not to mention the pet may be able to get out of the harness. For pets that like to pull, use a no-pull harness. We like the ones that tighten the shoulder blades together when the pet pulls. Try a Bun-Gee Pup-EE leash, which not only will stop the constant yanking on your shoulder when your dog pulls, but also dogs often pull less because of the resistance from the bungee.
Water bowls are key year-round. We prefer the collapsible waterbowls by Dexas that attach to a water bottle and the pour-able water bottle with the attached piece for water.
Stay hydrated by giving your pets more canned or re-hydrated foods like Grandma Lucy's. This is an easy way to sneak more water into pets' diets, especially helpful for cats who don't typically like to drink water.
PAWks are another alternative to protect pets' paws. So often, when pets walk on hot pavement in the Texas summers, their paw pads get burned. Use PAWks to stylishly protect their pads from the sizzling pavement.
For sun protection, you can use Callie's Naturals Nose Balm with carrot oil as a natural SPF. It can also be used on the pet's coat and is an alternative to sun screen with chemicals. Callie's Naturals Paw Balm can be applied to pets' paw pads, if they've already been burned by the hot pavement on summer walks.
Cooling mats: Give your pets a place to lay down and cool off with this mat that can be refrigerated for extra cooling.
Like humans, pets need protection from mosquitos and the Zika virus as well as from fleas and ticks. Natural Pawz now carries a natural flea/tick/mosquito solution that has been used in France for years, called ALZOO. It's a great natural alternative to FRONTLINE.
Always have water for your pet to keep hydrated.
Consider walking your pet in the morning before the sidewalk has been heated by the sun. While the weather may still be warm, the pavement often has had time to cool overnight.
Summer fun with your pets isn't limited to the outdoors. Try out a new toy inside during the hotter parts of the day.
Life is short. Enjoy spending time with your pet. We would love for you to share your favorite pet hangout and activities by posting your photos to www.Facebook.com/NaturalPawz. We will be posting pet-friendly locations to our blog as well so check it out for more ideas.


Many of our pets become stressed around fireworks night, just the thought of it brings panic to their owners! The perceived threat and accompanying fear is very real to your dog and cat. As with many things prevention via desensitisation as a puppy or kitten is better than cure but what can we do if the fear has set in?
Walk your dog during the day before it gets dark and way before fireworks are due to start. Ideally give them a longer walk than usual so that they are physically and mentally tired and therefore more likely to be relaxed once fireworks start.
Keep curtains and blinds closed to block out the flashing lights and also to muffle the sound of the fireworks.
Put the TV or radio on in the background to block out the noise as much as possible. However do not have the TV or radio turned up too loud as this could also stress your dog.
Put the TV or radio on in the background to block out the noise as much as possible. However do not have the TV or radio turned up too loud as this could also stress your cat.
Provide your cat with a cardboard box or similar and ideally place this up high as cats like a high vantage point as it helps them to feel safe.
My dog keeps trying to hide behind the sofa, should I coax him out?
If your dog wants to hide, let him! It has been proven that dogs that have a hiding place recover from a fearful experience much more quickly than those dogs that had nowhere to hide. Create a den by using a dog crate covered with a blanket or towel and put some tasty treats or new toy in there to allow him to explore.
Are there any calming supplements you could recommend?
Yes we recommend various products depending on the nature of your pet's reactions. These include Adaptil, Feliway, Pet Remedy, Calming diets, Zylkene and Calmex. Always speak to us first to find out which is most appropriate for your pet.
Can I sedate my dog during fireworks night as he is wrecking the house?
No. It has been shown that sedating a dog can make them worse in future. Often they are aware of the fear but are less able to react. Outwardly they can appear calm but inwardly they can be still be terrified leading to further problems in the future. We can however provide a prescription medication that can reduce noise anxiety so please contact us if you would like more information.


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Tom Cruise Allowed to Skip 14-Day Quarantine in the UK So He Can Resume Filming Mission: Impossible 7
UK culture secretary Oliver Dowden says Cruise will be among a small group of cast and crew members exempt from quarantine
Even in the middle of a pandemic, being a celebrity has its privileges. According to Variety, Tom Cruise is being allowed to bypass a 14-day travel quarantine in the UK so that he can resume production on Mission: Impossible 7.
UK culture secretary Oliver Dowden said Cruise would be among a small group of cast and crew members exempt from quarantine "as part of of our continued commitment to getting cameras rolling safely again."
"The world's biggest blockbusters and high-end TV shows are made in Britain. Our creativity, expertise and highly successful tax reliefs for our screen industries means that we are an in demand location that in turn delivers a great return for our economy," Dowden explained. "We want the industry to bounce back and exempting small numbers of essential cast and crew from quarantine is part of our continued commitment to getting cameras rolling safely again."
The exemption applies only to cast and crew members coming to England who are employed on film and television productions that qualify as British, Variety reports. Each production's studio will be responsible for creating their own protected "bubble" environments and following COVID-19 guidance outlined by the the British Film Commission. Cast and crew members are expected to remain in the "bubble" for two weeks and will be required to carry documentation from both the studio and the UK's Department for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport proving they are working on an active project.
Production on Mission: Impossible 7 was put on hold in February due to the coronavirus pandemic. Paramount subsequently pushed back to the film's release date to November 19th, 2021.
Editor's Note: Stay safe by picking up one of our custom face masks. A portion of the proceeds will benefit MusiCares' COVID-19 Artist Relief fund supporting independent musicians.
Bassnectar "Stepping Back" From Music Following Allegations of Sexual Misconduct
R.I.P. Nick Cordero, Celebrated Broadway Actor Dies at 41 From Coronavirus


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Jim and Valerie Tilton
"We will so miss Mr. Charlie. What a great man! Love and prayers for your family "
Charles Edward
"Charlie"
Alford	Sr.
Obituary for Charles Edward "Charlie" Alford Sr.
Charlie was born July 12, 1930 in Orange Mills, Florida to Henry Marvin and Dora Craft Alford.
He was preceded in death by Jessie Banks Alford, to whom he was married for 49 years, a son, Bryan Alford; brothers, Marvin, James, Bruce and George Alford and sister Margie Riley.
He is survived by brothers Gene Alford of Hollister and Jacob Alford of Satsuma, sisters Marion Strickland of Jacksonville, Martha Stevenson (Walter) of Jacksonville, his children, Charles E. (Skeet) and wife Dawn of Hollister, Kathryn A. (Kay) Clapp of Palatka; grandchildren, Chelsea (Sean) Matthews of Interlachen, Natalie Coulter (Marten) of Gibsonia, Pennsylvania, Cody (Tommy) DeSaulniers of Ponte Vedra , Kimberly "Cricket" (Derek) Cribbs of St. Augustine, D.R. Clapp, Devon (Keith) Pierce, Beau Alford, Dawson Alford, all of Palatka, 9 Great Grandchildren with 3 more on the way.
Charlie graduated from the Class of 49 from Mellon High School where he played football and baseball. He was voted Best Looking in the Class of 49. He was an active member of FFA, for which he was a State Officer. He held titles for steer wrestling and calf roping with the Florida Rodeo Association. He was a Director for the Florida Forestry Association, was a founding member and director of Putnam State Bank, and served as a member of the Putnam County Greenbelt Advisory Board. He started Alford Timber, Inc. in 1964.
For Charlie, leisure and work were one in the same. A productive day made him happy and was a day well spent. Until just a couple of years ago, he could be found on a tractor mowing a field or working with cows.
He had an appreciation for the simplest joys in life and valued above all else, his family. He considered his children, grandchildren and great-grandchildren his greatest blessing.
In keeping with Charlie's wishes, no services are scheduled.
Memories and condolences may be expressed to the family at Charlie's Book of Memories page at www.johnsonoverturffunerals.com.
To send flowers to the family of Charles Edward "Charlie" Alford Sr., please visit our Heartfelt Sympathies Store.
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