Among many other character traits, the late George Steinbrenner was known for his sense of humor. He was said to have loved the send-up of his character on "Seinfeld"—even though only his "voice" was heard and his image was shot from behind.
Now, in death, the New York Yankees' owner gets the last laugh. Surely his passing was untimely. But from an estate tax point of view, it was lucky. For this year is the only year since the estate tax was created in 1916 that the United States has no estate tax!
That means his billion-dollar-plus fortune will pass to his designated heirs without Uncle Sam's getting a cut. And Congress can only blame itself: Everyone knew that the current estate tax law was set to expire last December 31st, to be followed by a one-year period when there would be no estate tax at all.
That unusual situation was created when the most recent estate tax revision was passed in 2001. That law increased the exemptions from the estate tax to $ 3.5 million in 2009, and over the years had lowered the maximum estate tax rates from 55% in 2001 to 45% in 2009.
For budgetary reasons, the 2001 law was designed to "sunset" in the year 2010, in order to pass the "revenue-neutral" calculations required for legislation at that time. Everyone assumed Congress would "see it coming" and designate a new estate tax formula to start on January 1, 2010.
But, perhaps overwhelmed by the financial crisis in late 2009, Congress went home without dealing with the estate tax. And there was some precedent for passing a law early in 2010 and making it retroactive to the start of the year. But Congress was busy with other things like health care reform this past January, and failed to deal with the estate tax issue on time.
Now, it's too late to institute a tax retroactively. Legal experts say too much time has elapsed for Congress to suddenly reach back and grab money from estates of people who died in the first six months of 2010. And that's how Steinbrenner and his family get the last laugh.
Some estimate that Steinbrenner's timely—though, of course, untimely—death last week will save his heirs $500 million in federal estate taxes! That's based on a Forbes estimate which placed his wealth at $1.1 billion.
If Steinbrenner's legal residence was his home in Florida, he would not have faced state estate taxes there, although New York might have had a tax claim on some of his assets. But since state laws generally coincide with federal law, the Boss's family likely won't owe money to the state, either.
Of course, the government will ultimately collect some tax money. When the heirs eventually sell the assets in the Steinbrenner estate, they will have to pay a capital gains tax on the appreciated value beyond the assets' original cost. The heirs will not get a "step-up" in their cost basis, either.
Even so, the capital gains tax rate is currently far lower than the estate tax would have been. And in the meantime, Steinbrenner's sons, Hank and Hal, will have more money to sign top free agents.
And with no estate tax, the heirs are not under pressure to sell to raise cash to pay estate taxes, which are generally due and payable nine months from the date of death. Now, they won't have to sell his 55% share of the New York Yankees or the family farm in Ocala. Florida.
Was Steinbrenner lucky or not? That depends on whether you value a few extra years or a few hundred million dollars as a higher priority.
One thing is sure: As soon as Congress gets through with the financial reform legislation—and well before it tackles the immigration issue—it will start looking at the estate tax again.
If Congress fails to act this year, the estate tax will revert to its 2001 level—a $1 million exemption and a top tax rate of 55%. Any bets that when they finally get around to doing something, it will be higher than it was originally in 2001?
What's your opinion? Please join the conversation and have your say.
Another Chance for Bears: Are Bulls Running out of Time?


Fires involving faulty electrical equipment have sparked a Service-wide safety campaign that will run throughout November.
There have been 1,688 accidental dwelling fires across Staffordshire and Stoke-on-Trent in the past three years with 341 – 20 per cent – of these caused by faulty electrical equipment.
During the same period of time, two people have lost their lives in this type of incident while six others have been injured.
A total of 145 blazes involving faulty electrical equipment, which equates to 43 per cent of all such fires, were classed as high severity, meaning they caused up to five square metres of damage.
Head of Risk Reduction Jim Bywater said: "We feel that now is a prudent time to issue a county-wide warning to people to check their electrical equipment and make sure that it is in good working order. As the nights are drawing in and the weather is getting colder, people are bringing out their heaters, electric blankets and switching on lamps for the first time this year.
Make sure all electrical appliances have a British or European safety mark when you buy them.
Don't overload your sockets – keep one appliance to one plug where possible.
Unplug appliances when you go to bed or if they are not in use to reduce the risk of fire.
High powered appliances such as washing machines should have a single plug socket.
Meetings are held on the third Monday of every month at Blythe Bridge and Forsbrook Village Hall, Uttoxeter Road, Blythe Bridge and commence at 7.30pm.


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Felix Dimitrie Ciocan
University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine
Calea Mănăştur 3-5
Bucharest, Cluj-Napoca 400372
'Agrarian Economy and Rural Development - Realities and Perspectives for Romania,' 2016
Scientific Papers ''Agrarian Economy and Rural Development - Realities and Perspectives for Romania'', Volume 7, Issue 2016
Number of pages: 437 Posted: 05 Feb 2017
Ana Ursu, Monica Mihaela Tudor, István Takács, Katalin Takacs-Gyorgy, Emilian Merce, Cristian Merce, Cristina Bianca Pocol, Alexandru Sipică, Bogdan Alexandru Furduescu, Olga Shik, Alexandru Strantan, Anatolie Ignat, Eugenia Lucasenco, Camelia Gavrilescu, Cristian Kevorchian, Al Mahammad Jaghayef, Raluca Necula, Diana Necula, Codrin Dinu Vasiliu, Lucian Tanasa, Ioan Sebastian Bruma, Aurel Lup, Miron Liliana, Vio Gavrila, Leah Tamara, Ana Ruxandra Ariciu, Elena Daniela Rebega, Gabriela Gimbasanu, Ana Gabriela Babucea, Aniela Bălăcescu, Steliana Rodino, Marian Butu, Hussein Al Quaesi, Abdulmuttaleb Abbas, Mohamed El-Jubouri, Ionut Laurentiu Petre, Eduard Dumitru, Daniela Elena Surca, Dachin Anca, Ruxandra Pop, Felicia Chetan, Cornel Chetan, Felicia Muresan, Alina Simon, Teodor Rusu, Alecu Ioan-Niculae, Gyorgy Szabo, Nagy Caroly, Anda Irina Angelescu, Mariana Grodea, Lidia Iurchevici, Rodica Chetroiu, Cristina Matache, Alin Iorga, Felix Dimitrie Ciocan, Stefania Lospa, Catalin Voica, Corina Ene, Mirela Matei, Daniela Nicoleta Badan, Cristian Popescu, Violeta Stanciu (Chiriloaie), Florentina Chitea, Mihai Alexandru Chitea, Felix Dimitrie Ciocan, Corina Dinculescu, Sorin Bucur, Carmen Bucur, Elena Sima, Sebastian Dobos, Elisabeta Rosu, Eugenia Dorina Radoi, Manea Draghici, Daniela Ileana Godja, Petruta Turek-Radoveanu, Alina Mirela Marcu, Alexandra Bratulescu, Diana Cretu, Mirela Stoian, Mirela - Adriana Rusali, Ion Andreea, Iuliana Dobre and Ancuta Marin
The Research Institute for Agrarian Economy and Rural Development, Institute of Agricultural Economics, Óbuda University, Óbuda University, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj Napoca, Independent, Valahia University of Targoviste, Independent, Institute of Agricultural Economics, INCE, Romanian Academy, Institute of Agricultural Economics, INCE, Romanian Academy, Institute of Economy, Finance and Statistics (IEFS), Romanian Academy - Institute for Agricultural Economics, Institute of Agricultural Economics, INCE, Romanian Academy, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Students, University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, Institutul de Cercet?ri Juridice "Acad. Andrei R?dulescu" al Academiei Romane, Romanian Academy, Romanian Academy, Ovidius University of Constan?a, Independent, Institute of Agricultural Economics, INCE, Romanian Academy, Institute of Pedology, Agrochemistry and Soil Protection "N. Dimo", University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Students, Bucharest Academy of Economic Studies, Students, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Constantin Brancusi University of Targu Jiu, University Constantin Brancusi of Targu-Jiu, National Institute of Research and Development for Biological Sciences, National Institute of Research and Development for Biological Sciences, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Students, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Students, Independent, Institute of Agricultural Economics, INCE, Romanian Academy, Research Institute for Agricultural Economics and Rural Development, The Research Institute for Agrarian Economy and Rural Development (www.iceadr.ro), Bucharest Academy of Economic Studies, ICEADR Bucuresti, Agricultural Research and Development Station Turda, Agricultural Research and Development Station Turda, Agricultural Research and Development Station Turda, Agricultural Research and Development Station Turda, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Students, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Students, University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Agricultural Economics, INCE, Romanian Academy, Independent, ICEADR Bucuresti, ICEADR Bucuresti, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Students, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Petroleum-Gas University of Ploiesti, Petroleum-Gas University of Ploiesti, Petroleum-Gas University of Ploiesti, ICEADR, University of Bucharest, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Students, Institute of Agricultural Economics, Institute of Agricultural Economics, University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Romanian Academy - Institute for Agricultural Economics, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) - Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering (CIAE), Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) - Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering (CIAE), Institute of Agricultural Economics, Romanian Academy, Institute of Agricultural Economics, INCE, Romanian Academy, University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Independent, Valahia University of Targoviste, The Research Institute for Agricultural Economics and Rural Development, Petre Andrei University of Iasi, ICEADR Bucuresti, ICEADR Bucuresti, Bucharest Academy of Economic Studies, Institute of Agricultural Economics, INCE, Romanian Academy, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Bucharest Academy of Economic Studies and Research Institute for Agricultural Economics and Rural Development
economy, management, agricultural marketing, agricultural policies

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Clients & Projects
Pandemic Pivots: 3 Stories of Innovation and Collaboration
by Sheree Goertzen | Jun 19, 2020 | Entrepreneurship, Food Hubs, Food System, Kitchen Incubators, Local Food
Sometimes the perfect storm for innovation is a crisis (or global pandemic) that pushes organizations further into their mission. Or it creates an opportunity to try something that under normal conditions would seem outrageous, but suddenly seems like the only option to meet the real-time needs of the community.
We have been catching up with dozens of our past clients and food system coworkers to learn what is happening on the ground and how they are adapting to the changing landscape. Amid the chaos and heartbreak, we are hearing encouraging stories of how organizations have shifted their models to quickly respond to supply chain disruptions, hunger relief and consumer demand for local products.
We'll give you a taste of what we're hearing as we continue to compile and share out responses. (You can chime in too by answering these 5 questions.) These three examples are by no means exhaustive in representing the innovation we're seeing, but what stands out is the willingness of these trailblazers to look out for those most vulnerable, and then do whatever is necessary to help those around them survive.
LAWRENCE RESTAURANT ASSOCIATION, Lawrence, KS
Three years ago, Chef Rick Martin (not coincidentally, our own Eileen Horn's husband) started the Lawrence Restaurant Association, built on creating a collaborative culture in an industry that is better known for being cut-throat. Already, their accomplishments include a city-wide recycling program and a safety alliance to help keep bar patrons safe. They were in the midst of establishing a crisis fund for industry workers when COVID-19 hit.
Immediately, the Association used the crisis fund framework to create the Hospitality Workers Relief Fund. It has already served hundreds of laid-off workers. And then the City asked, "Hey, can you feed the public school children?"
The Lawrence Public School District had furloughed its food workers because many felt vulnerable to the virus. Yet many families relied on school lunches to mitigate food insecurity. The City called on the Chamber, the Chamber called on Rick, they all met with the school superintendent, and in three days they had a plan. The City and County reallocated National School Lunch Program funds to about 15 restaurants that eagerly agreed to participate.
The restaurants prepared breakfast and lunch to serve 1,300 students each day for the remaining school year. Many students are already asking if they will make lunches again next year. The impact goes beyond providing nutrition. These restaurants found a new way to promote themselves by demonstrating their support and investment in the community. As a result, the Association anticipates that more residents will patronize these restaurants and hopes that more restaurants will join them as they continue to innovate, lead and support the hospitality industry.
THE FOOD MILL, Columbus, GA
When Olivia Amos started Bare Roots Cafe, a farm-to-table restaurant and catering business in Columbus, Georgia, she never imagined the dramatic shift that would occur due to the COVID-19 crisis.
A few weeks into the stay at home order, Olivia realized that catering as she knew it would be changed for the foreseeable future — not a 6-8 week pause with business resuming as usual. It was apparent that a new business model was needed in order to survive.
Bare Roots was already selling prepared meals, so it was possible to expand on this model and implement The Food Mill, an idea that had been on the back burner. The concept grew when a local law firm established a nonprofit, BWP Cares, to feed and support healthcare workers. The program not only supported healthcare heroes but also helped local independent restaurants keep their doors open by purchasing the meals from them. Other businesses, local farms, and food distributors followed BWP's lead by donating food and funds. As a result, Bare Roots provided close to 1,000 free meals.
Seeing what was possible, the vision for The Food Mill was solidified to become a multifunctional food farmacy to help eliminate barriers and solve issues that lead to food insecurity in Columbus, GA. The North Highland Community of Bibb City, which has one of the highest rates of food insecurity in Columbus, is a specific focus area for The Food Mill.
The needs highlighted by COVID have sped up the timeline to complete this transition. The Food Mill will offer Healing Roots Meals, a brand of medically-tailored meals, in partnership with MercyMed clinic and Feeding the Valley food bank, to give patients with diet-related diseases access to proper nutrition for their specific illness. These meals will also be available for the general public to purchase, as will nutritional counseling and dietitian services, to help subsidize meals for those who cannot afford them.
Olivia has other plans for The Food Mill which will only become more necessary as the restaurant landscape continues to change and the needs in the community continue to rise.
WORCESTER REGIONAL FOOD HUB, Worcester, MA
Shon Rainford, director of the Worcester Regional Food Hub, could see what was coming when he visited the Worcester Public Market. It was a brand-new hotspot, open for just six weeks. It went from being packed every day to almost empty as soon as the pandemic hit. Within five days, Shon had pivoted from a wholesale produce food hub to curbside pickup at the church where he operates the other of the food hub's two programs, a shared kitchen.
Within a few weeks, sales for the curbside program scaled to almost ten times the first week's revenue. A new web store had to be built because the existing online ordering platform was quickly overwhelmed. In the month of May alone, the food hub generated as much revenue as it had during the entire first half of the prior year, and it is still going strong.
While Shon is thrilled with the program's success, it's not because he's receiving big checks. It's because he's writing them. He buys from local farmers, fisheries (particularly hard hit by restaurant closures), and from his shared kitchen members that have a wholesale permit. And the food is going where it is needed. In addition to curbside, customers include two environmental and food justice organizations that run mobile and farmers markets that provide access to healthy, affordable, local food. For all these reasons Shon is exploring ways to continue and even expand the program.
The shared kitchen, on the other hand, initially dropped to zero. Slowly, it is picking up again, due in part to products from kitchen members being featured on the web store for curbside pickup. But Shon sees the shared kitchen as a big part of WRFH's future. With the grim predictions that 85% of independent restaurants could close within the next year, the shared kitchen could become increasingly important as a ghost kitchen, for pop-up events, etc. As Shon sees it, people are still going to want to eat away from home, and with all of the displaced culinary talent, there could be a surge in creativity offering new types of dining experiences.
Like many food businesses right now, much is unknown. Yet Shon has lots of ideas, and while they are taking shape he's busy helping community members who really need it and solving the capacity puzzle in the warehouse's overstuffed coolers and freezer. And now it's summer, so, naturally, he added ice cream to the list for curbside.
Photo courtesy of Worcester Regional Food Hub
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Whatcom County Food System Plan
The Whatcom County Food System Committee recently conducted a community food assessment that pointed to key opportunities to build a more robust and resilient regional food system. New Venture Advisors will partner with Whatcom County staff and the Food System Committee to draft a Whatcom County Food System Plan that builds upon these findings. This Plan will focus on six sectors of the food system including fishing, farming, labor, food access, environment, and waste, and will be informed by an inclusive and equitable community engagement process. The Food System Plan will provide the county with a policy roadmap that will strengthen the local food system for years to come. (2022)
Whatcom Local Food Campus
The Whatcom Community Foundation invests in activities and organizations that improve the ability of people to help themselves, increase connections among people, and take cooperative approaches to community issues. WCF is exploring the development of a local food campus on a waterfront property that would become a multi-tenant site, anchored by a school district commissary. The goal is to strengthen Whatcom County's local food system by promoting health equity, forging tangible strategic connections between food production organizations, and helping farmers connect with institutional markets. NVA developed the business case for this ambitious project and continues to support its development. (2022)


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Islam: Biographies
Ibn ḥanbal, Aḥmad
Ibn Ḥanbal, Aḥmad (780–855 (AH 164–241)). The founder of a school of sharīʿa of a highly conservative nature. His most famous work was the Musnad, a vast collection of traditions edited from his lectures by his son. He did not formally establish a school of fiqh, but laid the foundations built on by others. Rigorous against bidʿa (innovation), his conservative theology made even fewer concessions than al-ʿAsharī (see also HANBALITES); yet on many matters of law, he held two opinions, giving to his school a degree of flexibility, albeit within bounds.
The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions JOHN BOWKER
JOHN BOWKER "Ibn ḥanbal, Aḥmad ." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions . . Encyclopedia.com. 20 Jan. 2020 <https://www.encyclopedia.com>.
JOHN BOWKER "Ibn ḥanbal, Aḥmad ." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions . . Encyclopedia.com. (January 20, 2020). https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/ibn-hanbal-ahmad
JOHN BOWKER "Ibn ḥanbal, Aḥmad ." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions . . Retrieved January 20, 2020 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/ibn-hanbal-ahmad
Ahithophel
Ahiram
Ahasuerus
Ahad Ha-am
Agway Inc
Agustin Pedro Justo
Agustin de Iturbide
Agulhas Current
Agrochemical
Agrippina Minor
agricultural subsidies
Agricultural revolution
Ahmad ibn Sirin
Ahmad Shah
Aholah and Aholibah
Ahura Mazda
Ai Ching
Aid and Abet
Aid to Dependent Children
Aijalon
Aimee Semple McPherson


The main application of SAB-bnl's Local Positioning System is the ToolNavigator. Adapted to the specific application of detecting the position of a tool moving freely within a specified area, the ToolNavigator plays a significant part in ensuring production quality. The flexibility offered by the ToolNavigator is not available with any other product.
In the past, the QA solutions available for manual work stations were either insufficient to achieve a 100% error-free output, or they were, at a minimum, less than optimal. The systems were either too inflexible in their application, thus slowing down the natural work flow (and reducing worker motivation), or the systems were overly complex, in which case their setup and use were both unwieldy and unwelcome at the work station.Sarissa's assistance systems offer the perfect solution.


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With Hearts and Minds and Voices
Article ID: DM806 | By: John MacArthur
This article first appeared in the Volume 23 / Number 2 issue of the Christian Research Journal. For further information or to subscribe to the Christian Research Journal go to: www.equip.org
It's clear that modern church music, as a rule, is vastly inferior to the classic hymns that were being written 200 years ago. This is not, for the most part, a complaint about the style in which the music is written. Rather, the lyrics are what most graphically reveal how low our standards have slipped.
Hymns used to be wonderful didactic tools, filled with Scripture and sound doctrine, a medium for teaching and admonishing one another, as we are commanded to do in Colossians 3:16. More than a hundred years ago, church music took a different direction, and its focus became more subjective. Songs emphasized personal experience and the feelings of the worshiper.
Modern musicians have pushed this trend even further and often see music as little more than a device to stimulate intense emotion. The biblically mandated didactic role of music is all but forgotten.
The effect is predictable. What we have sown for several generations we are now reaping in frightening abundance. The modern church, fed on insipid lyrics, has little appetite for Scripture and sound doctrine.
We are also in danger of losing a rich heritage of hymnody as some of the best hymns of our faith fall into neglect, being replaced with banal lyrics set to catchy tunes. It is a crisis, and the church is suffering spiritually. Both pastors and church musicians need to see the severity of the crisis and work diligently to reform.
Recently, I collaborated on a book about some of the greatest hymns of the Christian faith.1 My task in the project was to write a doctrinal synopsis of each selected hymn. This exercise was fascinating and enlightening, causing me to delve deeply into the rich heritage of Christian hymnology.
In my research, I was reminded that a profound change took place in church music around the end of the nineteenth century. The writing of hymns virtually stopped and was replaced by "gospel songs" — songs generally lighter in doctrinal content, with short stanzas followed by a refrain, a chorus or a common final lyric line repeated after each stanza. Gospel songs as a rule were more evangelistic than hymns. The key difference was that most gospel songs were expressions of personal testimony aimed at an audience of people, whereas most of the classic hymns had been songs of praise addressed directly to God.
The style and form of the gospel song was borrowed directly from the popular music styles of the late nineteenth century. The man commonly regarded as the father of the gospel song is Ira Sankey, a gifted singer and songwriter who rode to fame on D. L. Moody's coattails. Sankey was the soloist and music leader for Moody's evangelistic campaigns in North America and Britain.
Sankey wanted music that would be simpler, more popular, and better suited to evangelism than classic church hymns; so he wrote gospel songs — mostly short, simple ditties with refrains, in the style of the popular music of his day. Sankey would sing each verse as a solo, and the congregation would join each refrain. Although Sankey's music provoked some controversy at first, the form soon caught on worldwide. By the early part of the twentieth century most of the new works were gospel songs in the genre Sankey had invented.
It is noteworthy that in most hymnbooks even today, the only well-known hymn with a copyright date after 1940 is "How Great Thou Art."2 To classify that work as a twentieth-century hymn is stretching things a bit. It includes a refrain, which is more characteristic of gospel songs than of hymns. Moreover, it is not even really a twentieth-century work. The first three stanzas were originally written in 1886 by a well-known Swedish pastor, Carl Boberg, and translated from Swedish into English by British missionary Stuart Hine not long before the outbreak of World War II. Hine added the fourth stanza, which is the only verse in the popular English version that was actually written in the twentieth century.3
In other words, for more than 70 years, virtually no hymns have been added to the popular repertoire of congregational church music. Few true hymns of enduring quality are being written.
My remarks are by no means meant as a blanket criticism of gospel songs. Many familiar gospel songs are wonderfully rich expressions of faith. Although Ira Sankey's most popular song, "The Ninety and Nine" is almost never sung as a congregational song today, it was the hit of Sankey's era. He improvised the music on the spot in one of Moody's mass meetings in Edinburgh, using the words from a poem he had clipped earlier that afternoon from a Glasgow newspaper. Those lyrics, written by Elizabeth Clephane, are a moving adaptation of the Parable of the Lost Sheep from Luke 15:4–7.4
A more enduring favorite from the golden age of gospel songs is "Grace Greater than Our Sin."5 The song celebrates the triumph of grace over sin. Its refrain is familiar:
Grace, grace, God's grace,
Grace that will pardon and cleanse within;
Grace that is greater than all our sin!
Songs like these have enriched the church's expressions of faith.
In general, however, the rise of the gospel song in congregational singing signaled a diminishing emphasis on objective doctrinal truth and a magnification of subjective experience. The changing focus clearly affected the content of the songs. It is worth noting that some of the archetypical gospel songs are as vapid and vacuous as anything that opponents of the current generation of contemporary Christian music could ever legitimately complain about.
As a matter of fact, traditionalist critics who attack contemporary music merely because it is contemporary in style — especially those who imagine that the older music is always better — need to think through the issues again. The concern I am raising has to do with content, not merely style.6 Judging from lyrics alone, some of the most popular old-style music is even more offensive than the modern stuff. I can hardly think of a contemporary song that is more
banal than the beloved old standby, "In the Garden":7
I come to the garden alone,
While the dew is still on the roses,
And the voice I hear,
Falling on my ear,
The Son of God discloses.
And He walks with me, and He talks with me,
And He tells me I am His own;
And the joy we share as we tarry there,
None other has ever known.
He speaks, and the sound of His voice
Is so sweet the birds hush their singing,
And the melody
That He gave to me,
Within my heart is ringing.
I'd stay in the garden with Him,
Tho' night around me be falling,
But He bids me go;
Thro' the voice of woe
His voice to me is calling.
Those lyrics say nothing of any real substance, and what they do say is not particularly Christian. It's a mawkish little rhyme about someone's personal experience and feelings. Whereas the classic hymns sought to glorify God, gospel songs like "In the Garden" were glorifying raw sentimentality.
Numerous gospel songs suffer from such weaknesses. In fact, many of the "old-fashioned" favorites are practically devoid of any truly Christian substance and are thick with sappy sentimentality. "Love Lifted Me," "Take My Hand, Precious Lord," "Whispering Hope," and "It Is No Secret What God Can Do" are familiar examples.
Obviously, neither the antiquity nor the popularity of a gospel song is a good measure of its worthiness. The fact that a gospel song is "old fashioned" is clearly no guarantee that it is suited for edifying the church. When it comes to church music, older is not necessarily better. In fact, these same gospel songs that are so often extolled by critics of modern church music are actually what paved the way for the very tendencies those critics sometimes rightly decry.
I'm not suggesting the music Sankey introduced had no legitimate place. Gospel songs have played an effective evangelistic and testimonial role, and therefore they do deserve a prominent place in church music. But it was unfortunate for the church that by the start of the twentieth century, gospel songs were virtually all that was being written. Church musicians at the end of the nineteenth century (like the theologians of that era) were far too enamored with anything "modern." They embraced the new style of congregational music with unbridled aggressiveness. Sadly, by the twentieth century, the gospel song had muscled in and elbowed out the classic hymn; and so the trend Sankey began all but ended the rich tradition of Christian hymnology that had flourished since the time of Martin Luther (1483–1546) and even long before.
Prior to Sankey, the dominant hymn writers had been pastors and theologians — men skilled in handling Scripture and sound doctrine.8 With the shift to gospel songs, just about everyone with a flair for poetry felt qualified to write church music. After all, the new music was supposed to be personal testimony, not some kind of lofty doctrinal treatise.
Prior to Sankey, hymns were composed with a deliberate didactic purpose. They were written to teach and reenforce biblical and doctrinal concepts in the context of worship directed to God. Those hymns aimed to praise God by proclaiming His truth in a way that enhanced the worshiper's comprehension of the truth. They set a standard of worship that was as cerebral as it was emotional; and that was perfectly biblical. After all, the first and great commandment teaches us to love God with all our heart, soul, and mind (Matt. 22:37). It would never have occurred to our spiritual ancestors that worship was something to be done with a subdued intellect. The worship God seeks is worship in spirit and in truth (John 4:23-24).
These days worship is often characterized as something that happens quite outside the realm of the intellect. This destructive notion has given rise to several dangerous movements in the contemporary church. It may have reached its pinnacle in the phenomenon known as the Toronto Blessing, where mindless laughter and other raw emotions were thought to constitute the purest form of worship and a visible proof of divine blessing.
This modern notion of worship as a mindless exercise has taken a heavy toll in churches, leading to a decreasing emphasis on preaching and teaching and an increasing emphasis on entertaining the congregation and making people feel good. All of this leaves the Christian in the pew untrained and unable to discern, and often blithely ignorant of the dangers all around him or her.
THE ERA OF THE PRAISE CHORUS
In the late twentieth century, another major shift occurred. Gospel songs gave way to a new form — the praise chorus. Praise choruses are pithy verses set to catchy music, generally shorter than gospel songs and with fewer stanzas.
Praise choruses, like hymns, are usually songs of praise addressed directly to God. With this recent shift came a return to pure worship (rather than testimony and evangelism).
Unlike hymns, however, praise choruses generally have no didactic purpose. Praise choruses are meant to be sung as simple personal expressions of worship, whereas hymns are usually corporate expressions of worship with an emphasis on some doctrinal truth.9 A hymn usually has several stanzas, each of which builds on or expands the theme introduced in the first stanza.10 By contrast, a praise chorus is usually much shorter, with one or two verses, and most of these choruses make liberal use of repetition in order to prolong the focus on a single idea or expression of praise. (Obviously, these are not absolute distinctions. Some praise choruses do contain doctrinal instruction, and some hymns are meant to be wonderfully personal expressions of simple praise.11)
There is certainly nothing wrong with the simple, straightforward personal praise that characterizes the best of today's praise choruses. Neither is there anything wrong with the evangelistic and testimonial thrust of yesterday's gospel songs. It is a profound tragedy, however, that in some circles, only contemporary choruses are sung. Other congregations limit their repertoire to hundred-year-old gospel songs. Meanwhile, a large and rich body of classic Christian hymnody is in danger of being utterly lost out of sheer neglect.12
SONGS, HYMNS, AND SPIRITUAL SONGS
The biblical prescription for Christian music is found in Colossians 3:16: "Let the word of Christ dwell in you richly in all wisdom; teaching and admonishing one another in psalms and hymns and spiritual songs, singing with grace in your hearts to the Lord" (KJV). That verse plainly calls for a variety of musical forms — "psalms and hymns and spiritual songs." Regarding the meaning of those expressions, Charles Hodge wrote, "The early usage of the words psalmos, humnos, ode, appears to have been as loose as that of the corresponding English terms, psalm, hymn, song, is with us. A psalm was a hymn and a hymn a song. Still there was a distinction between them."13
A psalm spoke of a sacred song written for accompaniment with musical instrument. (Psalmos is derived from a word that denotes the plucking of strings with the fingers.) The word was used to designate the psalms of the Old Testament (cf. Acts 1:20; 13:33), as well as Christian songs (1 Cor. 14:26).14 A hymn spoke of a song of praise to God, a religious paean. A song, on the other hand, could be either sacred or secular music, so the apostle specifies "spiritual songs."
Distinctions between the terms are somewhat hazy, and as Hodge pointed out, that haziness is reflected even in our modern usage of those words. Nevertheless, determining the actual forms of the early church's "psalms, hymns, and spiritual songs" is not essential. Otherwise, Scripture would have recorded those distinctions for us.
The greater significance of the expression "psalms, hymns, and spiritual songs" seems to be this: Paul was calling for a variety of musical forms and a breadth of spiritual expression that cannot be embodied in any one musical form. The strict psalms-only view (which is gaining popularity in some Reformed circles today) allows for none of that variety. The views of fundamentalist-traditionalists, who seem to want to limit church music to the gospel-song forms of the early twentieth century, would also squelch the variety for which Paul called. More significantly, the prevailing mood in modern evangelical churches — where people seem to want to binge on a steady diet of nothing but simplistic praise choruses — also destroys the principle of variety Paul set forth.
I believe the Protestant evangelical community erred a hundred years ago when the writing of hymns was almost completely abandoned in favor of gospel songs. Christian songwriters today are making a similar mistake by failing to write substantial hymns while purging the old hymns from our congregational music repertoire and replacing them with trite praise choruses and pop song look-alikes.
TEACHING AND ADMONISHING ONE ANOTHER
Writers of praise choruses and other modern church music too often forget the biblically mandated didactic role of church music. Most modern praise choruses are written to stir only the feelings. They are too often sung like a mystical mantra — with the deliberate purpose of putting the intellect into a passive state while the worshiper musters as much emotion as possible. The Vineyard paradigm of worship was virtually built on this principle, and churches worldwide have adopted the model.
Music…is limited exclusively to praise choruses — with lyrics shown on overhead projectors rather than sung out of books, so that the worshiper will have total freedom to respond physically. Each praise chorus is repeated several times, and the only signal that we're moving on to the next chorus is when the overhead changes. There is no announcement or spoken remarks between songs — indeed, no song leader, so the singing has a spontaneous feel to it.
The music starts slow and soft and builds gradually but steadily in a 45-minute crescendo. Each successive chorus has a more powerful emotional tone than the previous one. Over the course of 45 minutes, the emotional power of the music increases by almost imperceptible degrees from soft and gentle to a powerful, driving intensity. At the beginning everyone is seated. As the feeling of fervor increases, people respond almost as if on cue, first by raising hands, then by standing, then by kneeling or falling prostrate on the floor. At the end of the worship time fully half the congregation are on the carpet, many lying face-down and writhing with emotion. The music has been carefully and purposefully brought to this intense emotional peak….
Yet in all this there is no particular emphasis on the content of the songs. We sing about "feeling" God's presence among us, as if our rising emotions are the chief way His presence is confirmed and the force of His visitation is measured. Several of the songs tell the Lord He is great and worthy of praise, but none ever really says why. No matter; the goal clearly is to stir our emotions, not to focus our minds on any particular aspect of God's greatness. In fact, later in the sermon, the preacher cautions us against following our heads rather than our hearts in any of our dealings with God.
In other words, the worship here is intentionally and purposefully anti-intellectual. And the music reflects it. While there is nothing overtly erroneous about any of the praise choruses that were sung, there is nothing of substance in most of them either. They are written to be vehicles of passion, because passion — deliberately divorced from the intellect — is what defines this concept of "worship."15
Not all contemporary church worship goes that far, of course, but the most popular trends are decidedly in that direction. Anything too cerebral is automatically suspect, deemed not "worshipful" enough, because the prevailing notion of worship frankly gives little or no place to the intellect. That's why, in the typical church service, sermons are being shortened and lightened and more time is being given to music. Preaching, which used to be the centerpiece of the worship service, is now viewed as something distinct from worship; something that actually intrudes on the "praise and worship time," in which the focus is music, testimony, and prayer — but mostly music, and music whose main purpose is to stir the emotions.
If music's proper function includes "teaching and admonishing," then music in the church ought to be much more than an emotional stimulant. In fact, this means music and preaching should have the same aim. Both properly pertain to the proclamation of God's Word. The songwriter ought therefore to be as skilled in Scripture and as concerned for theological precision as the preacher; even more so, because the songs he or she writes are likely to be sung again and again (unlike a sermon that is preached only once).
I fear this perspective is utterly lost on the average church musician these days. As Leonard Payton has observed, "So extreme is the case now that anyone who knows half a dozen chords on a guitar and can produce rhymes to Hallmark card specifications is considered qualified to exercise this component of the ministry of the Word regardless of theological training and examination."16 Payton points out that the leading Old Testament musicians, Heman, Asaph, and Ethan (1 Chron. 15:19), were first of all Levitical priests, men who had devoted their lives to the Lord's service (cf. v. 17), men trained in the Scriptures and skilled in handling the Word of God. Their names are listed as authors of some of the inspired psalms (cf. Ps. 73–83; 88:1; 89:1). Payton writes,
It was Asaph who thundered that God owns "the cattle on a thousand hills" (Ps. 50:10). If the modern church musician wrote a worship text like Psalm 50, he would probably not get it published in the contemporary Christian music industry, and he might be on the fast track to getting fired at his church. Heman's Psalm 88 is incontestably the bleakest of all the Psalms. All this to say, Levitical musicians wrote Psalms, and those Psalms were not obligated to the gnostic, emotional demands of twentieth-century evangelical church music.17
First Kings 4:31 says of Solomon, "He was wiser than all men; than Ethan the Ezrahite, and Heman" (KJV). Payton observes the significance of that statement:
If Solomon hadn't been in the land, two musicians would have been the wisest men. In short, musicians were teachers of the highest order. This leads me to suspect that Levitical musicians, being scattered through the land, served as Israel's teachers. Furthermore, the Psalms were their textbook. And because this textbook was a songbook, it may well be that the Levitical musicians catechized the nation of Israel through the singing of psalms.18 (emphasis in original)
Like it or not, songwriters are teachers as well. Many of the lyrics they write will be far more deeply and permanently ingrained in the minds of Christians than anything pastors teach from the pulpit. How many songwriters are skilled enough in theology and Scripture to qualify for such a vital role in the catechesis of our people?
The question is answered by the paucity of expression found in the most popular modern praise choruses — especially when compared to some of the classic hymns. Compare the lyrics to "Shine Jesus, Shine" with "O Worship the King, All Glorious Above"; or compare "Something Beautiful" with "O Sacred Head Now Wounded." I chose those examples not because I see anything erroneous or antibiblical in those particular modern praise choruses, but because they are the best of the genre. If the very best that modern songwriters can do looks insipid by comparison to our spiritual ancestors' music, it might be appropriate to ask if the church of today is collectively guilty of cursing God with our faint praise.
It would be hard to think of any more feeble expression of praise to offer God than "Heavenly Father We Appreciate You"; but "Our God Is an Awesome God" comes close — partly because the adjective awesome has been plundered by the current generation to turn it into the favorite all-purpose compliment, applicable to everything from skateboard maneuvers to body piercings. In the mouth of a modern young person "Our God Is an Awesome God" is tantamount to singing about how "cool" God is.
At least "Our God Is an Awesome God" makes passing reference to God's "wisdom, power, and love," giving actual biblical reasons why He is awesome and worthy of praise. It's better in that regard than the hoard of modern praise choruses that express vague worship toward God but never bother to mention what it is about Him that makes Him deserving of our worship (and it's certainly better than the other popular variety of praise chorus — those which focus almost completely on the feelings of the worshiper).
Now read the final stanza of a classic hymn of worship, "Immortal, Invisible." After reviewing a fairly comprehensive list of the divine attributes, the lyricist wrote:
Great Father of glory, pure Father of light,
Thine angels adore Thee, all veiling their sight;
All praise we would render; O help us to see
'Tis only the splendor of light hideth Thee!19
Both the poetry and the sense are superior to almost anything written today.
Modern songwriters clearly need to take their task more seriously. Churches should also do everything they can to cultivate musicians who are trained in handling the Scriptures and able to discern sound doctrine. Most important, pastors and elders need to exercise closer and more careful oversight of the church music ministry, consciously setting a high standard for the biblical and doctrinal content of what we sing. If those things are done, we'll begin to see a dramatic qualitative difference in the music that is being written for the church.
Meanwhile, let's not throw out the classic hymns. Better yet, let's revive some of the great hymns that have fallen into disuse and add them once again to our repertoire.
John MacArthur is pastor of Grace Community Church, Sun Valley, CA. He is president of The Master's College and Seminary. His popular radio broadcast, "Grace to You," is heard worldwide five days a week.
1 John MacArthur, Joni Eareckson Tada, Robert and Bobbi Wolgemuth, O Worship the King (Wheaton, IL:
Crossway, 2000).
2 Many new hymns have been written and published since 1940, of course, but few of them has become standard
church fare.
3 Robert K. Brown and Mark R. Norton, The One Year Book of Hymns (Wheaton, IL: Tyndale House), 1995.
4 J. C. Pollock, Moody: A Biographical Portrait of the Pacesetter in Modern Mass Evangelism (New York:
MacMillan, 1963), 132–33.
5 Written by Julia H. Johnston (music by Daniel B. Towner).
6 I do think the style must be appropriate for the content, and for that reason I would object to some contemporary
Christian music on stylistic grounds, but my first concern has to do with content, not style.
7 Lyrics by C. Austin Miles (1868–1946).
8 Isaac Watts, John Rippon, Augustus Toplady, and Charles Wesley are a few of the well-known hymn writers,
who were first of all pastors and theologians.
9 The familiar hymn "Holy, Holy, Holy," for example, is a recitation of the divine attributes, with a particular
emphasis on the doctrine of the Trinity. "Jesus Thou Joy of Loving Hearts," an ancient but familiar hymn, is a
hymn of praise to Christ filled with teaching about Christ's sufficiency.
10 In Luther's best-known hymn, "A Mighty Fortress Is Our God," each stanza builds on the previous one, and the
stanzas are therefore so inextricably linked that to skip a verse is to destroy the continuity and the message of the
hymn itself.
11 "How Great Thou Art" would be a prime example.
12 This concern is precisely what provoked Joni Tada, the Wolgemuths, and me to write O Worship the King (see n.
13 Charles Hodge, Ephesians (Edinburgh: Banner of Truth, 1991 reprint), 302–3.
14 Those who argue for exclusive psalmody (the view that no musical forms should be employed in the church
other than metrical versions of the Old Testament psalms) often claim that the expression "psalms, hymns, and
spiritual songs" is a reference to the various categories of Davidic psalms in the Septuagint. But if the apostle
Paul's intention had been to limit music in the church to the Old Testament psalms, there are many less
ambiguous ways he could have made the point. On the contrary, what he is calling for here is a variety of
musical forms — all employed to honor the Lord by admonishing and teaching one another with the truths of the
Christian faith. If we were to allow no lyrics in church music to go beyond the Old Testament psalms, then some
of the most glorious truths at the heart of our faith — such as Christ's incarnation, death on the cross, and
resurrection — could never be fully expounded upon in our music.
15 Taken from the unpublished notes of a friend who was researching church growth and worship styles in a few
representative megachurches.
16 Leonard R. Payton, "Congregational Singing and the Ministry of the Word," The Highway, July 1998
(http://www.gospelcom.net/thehighway/articleJuly98.html).
19 Lyrics by Walter Chalmers Smith (1824–1908). Smith was a pastor and one-time Moderator of the Free Church
of Scotland.


Tamil calendar derived from ancient astronomical data, known as the "Vakya Panchangam". This calendar contains a calculation of something over three hundred millions of years for the age of the present earth since sedimentation occurred, and a period of somewhat more than eighteen million years since the first appearance of our mankind. The months of the Tamil Calendar gains more significance and are deeply rooted to the faith of the Tamil Hindus. Some months are considered very auspicious while some are considered inauspicious. Unlike the Gregorian calendar, the number of days in a given month can vary between years. Morever, Tamil months may even have 32 days.
Month of Chittirai (mid April to mid May) - Those born in this month generally their skills will not give results immediately. They may gain strength from celebate life and learn quickly about the world.
Month of Vaikasi (mid May to mid June) - Those born in this month, their tricks will give result immediately. They may have great personality and grace, enjoy clout and will be foresighted. You will be seekers of truth and enjoy long life.
Month of Aani (mid June to mid July) - These persons will be succeed in every thing. They will be greatly talented and will calculate their benefits before doing anything.
Month of Aadi (mid July to mid August) - Those born in this month generally be poverty. They will find it difficult to eke out a living. They are blessed with good appetite but may suffer from some diseases.
Month of Aavani (mid August to mid Sept) - These person will get angry easily. He will be popular and will be religious minded. They will generally enjoy good family life.
Month of Puratasi (mid Sept to mid Oct) - Those born in this month generally will be a wise person. He will be popular with women and will have more male issues. They will be fair in complexion.
Month of Aippasi (mid Oct to mid Nov) - The person born in this month will become a man with wisdom. He will be kind hearted and enjoy a luxurious life with many servants. They will also enjoy the favours of several women.
Month of Karthigai (mid Nov to mid Dec) - The person born in this month will be wealthy, talkative and will have a crooked mind. Person may remain unmarried.
Month of Marghali (mid Dec to mid Jan) - Persons born in this month will be a ruling authority and visit many places of religious interest. They will master many useful sciences and are suited to priestly or religious life.
Month of Thai (mid Jan to mid Feb) - These persons will be a simple person and secretive. They will suffer in life.
Month of Maasi (mid Feb to mid March) - This person may become a great Siddha, philosopher and will know many worldly things too.
Month of Panguni (mid March to mid April) - Those born in this month will become nyani - scholary. They will be lucky and enjoy good family life.
ASTROLOGY, WORSHIPS, RITUALS & REMEDIES The purpose of Astrology and Temple is to fix problems by focusing attention on rituals, worships and remedies. Unfortunately most people dont have such a fortunate life to learn about rituals, worships and remedies or have the grace and faith to believe in them. Remember rituals, worships and remedies in temples particularly in south Indian temples are nothing more or less then a advance technology to connect with divine beings. Divine help is available and we have ways to help you access the divine intervention in your life.


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Чорні дракони — трилер 1942 року.

Сюжет
Перед початком Другої світової війни нацисти на прохання японської організації  «Чорні дракони» посилають до Японії доктора Мелчера, щоб він зробив пластичні операції шістьом японцям, перетворивши їх на шістьох знаменитих американців. Але після операції за наказом глави організації Якамея доктор Мелчер поміщений у в'язницю, щоб секрет помер разом з ним. Але у в'язниці доктор Мелчер міняється місцями з чоловіком Коломбом, якого незабаром випускають на волю. Разом з шістьма новоспеченими американцями-промисловцями, доктор прямує до Америки. Він довідується, що вони повинні зайняти місце справжніх американців, що володіють серйозними промисловими підприємствами, щоб провести на них акти саботажу до початку війни. Одного за іншим доктор Мелчер вбиває японців і кладе їх трупи на сходинки японського посольства. Агенти ФБР Колтон і Мартін складають докупи обставини смерті п'ятеро убитих людей і розуміють, що це справа рук доктора Мелчера. Як наживка для його упіймання вони використовують японця, який останній залишився в живих.

Посилання

 Чорні дракони на порталі Гуртом

Фільми США
Чорно-білі фільми США
Фільми англійською мовою

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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4 Things To Know: Mali Hostages, Spirit Airlines Bomb Threat, BLM Protests & More
Filed Under:4 Things To Know, Black Lives Matter, BLM, Bomb Threat, Fatal Shooting, Fort Lauderdale, Harvard University, Hostages, Jamar Clark, Mali, Michael Norton, Minneapolis 4th Precinct, Minneapolis-St. Paul International Airport, Money, MSP, Officer-Involved Shooting, Shooting, Spirit Airlines, West Africa
MINNEAPOLIS (WCCO) – From a bomb threat that grounded a Florida flight bound for Minneapolis to more unrest among the protesters at the Minneapolis 4th precinct, here is a look at the top four stories from Friday, November 20.
Hostages In Mali
At least three people are dead in an apparent hostage situation at a hotel in Mali, Africa.
An army commander said 10 gunmen stormed the Radisson Blu in Mali's capital city using guns and grenades. The company that runs the hotel said assailants locked 140 guests and 30 employees in the hotel Friday morning.
About 80 of the hostages have since been freed, but three are dead.
The U.S. and French embassies have asked citizens to take shelter.
Flight Bound For MSP Grounded Due To Bomb Threat
A flight traveling from Florida to Minnesota was forced to land early due to a bomb threat.
Spirit Airlines said the plane took off from Fort Lauderdale and was in the air for 15 minutes before the verbal threat was made.
The FAA said the plane was brought back to Fort Lauderdale International Airport. All 92 passengers were taken off; authorities swept the plane and declared it clear.
After an hours long delay, the plane landed safely at MSP Friday morning.
2 More Arrests At Minneapolis 4th Precinct
Two more arrests were made overnight at Minneapolis' 4th precinct as protests continued over the fatal shooting of Jamar Clark.
Minneapolis police said protesters were spray painting profanities on the building.
Two men have been arrested and could face possible charges of felony damage to property.
A candlelight vigil and march are planned for Friday evening. It will begin at 4:30 p.m. at the 4th precinct.
Apparently Money Can Buy Happiness
Apparently, money really can buy you happiness!
At least, that's the claim of a Harvard University business school professor.
Consumer spending researcher Michael Norton said it depends on how you spend your money.
He found people generally get more happiness spending money on experiences, such as vacations, rather than things, like electronics and gadgets.


text:
Andrea Bocelli recalled touching 'promise' Queen made him throughout Windsor go to | Superstar Information | Showbiz & TV
By Letitia Mooney On Oct 29, 2022
Despite living in Italy, Bocelli claimed he had seen the impact the Queen had had on the UK and hailed her as a "courageous and brave" woman.
He shared: "She is a woman who over the decades has also known moments of pain [and] of sorrow or problems in her family, and all these things together have made her a strong woman from whom ye can learn a lot."
Days before his scheduled performance at the jubilee, Bocelli tragically lost his mother at the age of 85, and his description of his mother was remarkably similar to his praise of the Queen.
Although, he noted: "In their lives they were totally different people. My mother belonged to a very middle-class family, she lived in the countryside, whereas the Queen has a very different life."
Tragically this is not the first time Bocelli has performed with a background of grief. Just hours before he sang for Pope John Paul II in 2000, the tenor got word of his father's death.
Kate and Prince William's kids having fun with new Windsor life after 'hectic' begin | Royal | Information
Foggy morning to show into sunny afternoon in Windsor-Essex
Windsor-Essex forecast for Dec. 1, 2022
Winter Works artwork assortment unveiled in downtown Windsor
Gasoline costs have not been this low in Windsor since January, analyst says


Highlight features on 2012 Chevy Equinox LS show from 17″ aluminum wheels, 4-wheel antilock braking system with Electronic Brake Force Distribution, power-adjustable outside rearview mirrors with integrated Blind Spot mirrors, 6-speed automatic transmission, AM/FM stereo (with CD player, MP3 playback & auxiliary audio input jack), Driver Information Center, MultiFlexâ"¢ Sliding Rear Seat, compass display, OnStar® with Directions & Connections® (standard for first six months), Bluetooth® wireless technology for select phones includes steering wheel mounted audio controls, outside temperature display, carpeted floor mats (front & rear).
Then for 2012 Chevy Equinox 1LT set the highlight features: roof rack side rails, body-color heated outside mirrors with Integrated Blind Spot mirrors, deep tinted glass, recessed overhead LED light to illuminate center console, Color Touch Radio with 7″ diagonal screen, Rear Vision Camera, and premium cloth seats.
While 2012 Chevy Equinox 2LT gives the highlight features are projector beam foglamps, auto-dimming inside rearview mirror, 8-way power driver seat, premium cloth seats with heated front seats, Pioneer Premium 250-watt 8-speaker sound system, automatic climate control, and Advanced Remote Vehicle Start.
The 2012 Chevy Equinox LTZ bring the highlight features: chrome door handles, outside power-adjustable mirrors and roof rack side rails with bright chrome inserts and bright fascia lowers, projector beam headlamps, power-programmable liftgate, memory settings for driver seat & exterior mirrors, perforated leather-appointed seating with heated front seats, premium interior lighting package including illuminated front door handles & footwells, and Ultrasonic Rear Parking Assist.
Chevy Equinox 2012 begin the starting price (MSRP) at $23,530 for FWD LS, $25,280 for AWD LS, $25,050 for FWD 1LT, $26,800 for AWD 1LT, $26,870 for FWD 2LT, $28,620 for AWD 2LT, $29,220 for FWD LTZ, and $30,970 for AWD LTZ. Several competitors in affordable compact SUV, such as: GMC Terrain, Jeep Compass, Nissan Rogue, Ford Escape, Kia Sportage, and more.


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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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Little Ladies — Bold Women in Black History, An Inspiring, Informative and Very Important Book for All of Us
You really need to get this book, for the children you know and for yourself. You will learn something, and you will be inspired!
Biographies are my favorite kind of history — always more fun and memorable than lists of battles and elections. As a child, I read probably hundreds of biographies published in the Childhood of Famous Americans series. Those highly entertaining books gave me my first understanding of American history from all sorts of perspectives. I particularly focused on the books about women who were famous for what they themselves had done, as opposed to those whose fame derived from their husbands, inspired me to think about what was possible. Their stories were really important to me.
Vashti Harrison's wonderful Little Leaders — Bold Women in Black History is similarly important and inspiring. Little Leaders is written for children, but everyone should read it. Really. I guarantee you will learn something and you will be impressed. I wish this book had been around when my daughters were young because it is designed to spawn countless conversations about the struggles these women faced, the difficulties they surmounted, the sources of their inspirations and then their amazing contributions. Harrison offers up capsule biographies and appealing illustrations of 40 remarkable black women. The title Little Leaders, together with the simple illustrations of these women as girls, make the point that all the featured women started out as girls, and that their childhood interests often led directly to their later achievements. These stories also provide lots of good background information about what life what like for these women and others of their time. The happy result is that the reader ends up knowing a lot more than just what happened to a particular individual. This is such a good way to inform children about their history and to provide context for their own times and their own opportunities and responsibilities.
Harrison includes famous women, as well as women who may not be so famous but clearly deserve to be. It is no criticism of the book that I kept thinking of other black women who might have been included. In fact the books just made me think of a whole host of people that deserve to be better known and celebrated.
This book belongs in every child's library.
The Song and the Silence — A Strong Account of Looking for Roots and Belonging — by Yvette Johnson
Yvette Johnson has written a brave and vivid account of her own personal struggles growing up as the African-American daughter of a professional football player and a fierce mother. In The Song and the Silence — A Story about Family, Race, and What Was Revealed in a Small Town in the Mississippi Delta While Searching for Booker Writght, Johnson analyzes her own substantial problems and conflicts. She didn't get what she wanted or thought she needed from her parents and found herself adrift. She also struggles with mental illness. But fortunately, curiosity and a great deal of personal strength prevail. Johnson starts to dig into the remarkable story of her maternal grandfather, Booker Wright, who was the subject of a short but epic television documentary filmed in Greenwood, Mississippi, in the 1960's. Understanding what her grandfather's world was like in the Jim Crow South leads Johnson to keep investigating. Booker Wright may have been an icon, but he also led a very complicated personal life. He did some fine things for the community and he spoke out bravely on television, but he also inspired alot of resentment within his community.
Johnson has written a great story in and of itself. The writing is clear and compelling. What makes this a great book is the author's determination to keep working at unraveling the past and acquiring a better understanding of what happened and how the tragic effects have never completely gone away. She forces herself to dig into the past, even when it tells her things she would rather not know. She develops and shares a profound appreciation for just how horribly, horribly hard it was to grow up in the Jim Crow South and how those scars shaped people such as her emotionally remote mother. This information is not obtained in one fell swoop. Johnson's patience in visiting repeatedly and lingering in Greenwood during some hot summer months yields a far greater understanding than a more sharply focused investigation might have done.
Determined not to settle for the hand she has been dealt, Johnson ends her book with some sound and encouraging recommendations for people struggling with mental illness. I'm inevitably inspired by people who are candidly struggling with their own problems and still reaching back to help and inspire others.
I strongly recommend this book. It goes beyond what I'd expected.
I Am Not Your Negro — An Immensely Powerful Film that Everyone Needs to See
Posted on March 20, 2017 by mkaustin221
Please go see this powerful docoumentary! I Am Not Your Negro was written by James Baldwin, who died in 1987 at the age of 63, and directed by Raoul Peck with narration by Samuel Jackson. If you are too young to remember the civil rights movement of the 60's, you will learn a lot. Even if you are familiar with the era, the film will teach you new things and remind you that the struggle is far from over. There is nothing preachy about this film — the passion of the movement and its heroes make the movie fly by. The film is extremely well done — so well done that I was swept up by the drama of it all and didn't take note of the undoubtedly brilliant editing.
James Baldwin was inspired to write this film by the 1960's assassinations of Medgar Evers, Malcom X and Martin Luther King. He knew all three men, all of whom died before the age of 40, and shows them as young men facing unimaginable challenges. The film shows moving footage of all three, plus film of many other players of the time. Baldwin's recounting of Lorraine Hansberry's meeting with Bobby Kennedy is only one of the remarkable stories in this amazing film, but I was also struck by excerpts from Malcolm X's speeches, because I was less familiar with them. We lost so much when we lost these three men.
Baldwin himself appears frequently, and his every appearance drives the film and our understanding of the struggle. Baldwin's interviews by Dick Cavett and his speech at Cambridge University's debate forum are brilliant. He combines anger, fear and shock with articulate analysis about what is happening and why. He's not yelling; he is explaining. His blunt and bleak assessments are utterly compelling, yet he claims a small measure of hope, for why else would he be doing what he is doing.
Footage of more recent police shootings add urgency and remind us that this struggle is far from over, and that no one with a conscience can claim otherwise. In these difficult times when so many would erase history, we need to know what happened and why, as well as to better understand the anger and fear our brutal history of prejudice has engendered.
Invisible Man, Got the Whole World Watching — A Young Black Man's Education
Posted on February 24, 2017 by mkaustin221
Mychal Denzel Smith, a contributing writer for The Nation, among other things, has written an important book. Invisible Man, Got the Whole World Watching — A Young Black Man's Education held my attention and driving home its central point. We live in a racist society, and no amount of rationalization or picking apart the facts of a particular incident can deny that black people are getting killed by the police at an alarming rate, and that this fact is symptomatic of our racist society.
Smith was in his late 20's when he wrote his short, intense book. He covers a lot of ground, ranging from the central fact of systemic racism to more unusual themes. He discusses the difficulties black women have endured in a movement that has frequently focused only on the plight and challenges faced by black men. This is something Smith comes to see, just as he begins to appreciate the plight of gay black people. Smith is candid about his experience and points to times when he may have rushed to conclusions or when he faltered in his own life. Smith struggled with depression, and he is candid about his reluctance to seek help and about the value of the help he finally received. Ultimately, Smith projects a remarkable and well-placed confidence in himself and his options.
This book is also a remarkable account of an undergraduate education. Fortunately, his family didn't give him much choice about attending college. It was assumed he would go and do well. Like a lot of teenage boys I know, Smith doesn't seem to have given a whole lot of thought to where he would go to school, and he wasn't a driven student, for the most part. Fortunately, his time at Hampton opened his eyes to a lot of things. The fact that he wasn't studying for a particular career gave him freedom and the opportunity to experience a number of things. He gratefully notes how at least one teacher had an enormous impact on him, and his adventures and misadventures in running the school paper gave him a practical political education. It is always a good thing to stop and reflect upon the advantages of a liberal arts education and of not having a fixed game plan at an early age.
Nothing undercuts Smith's anger and bleak assessment of racism. That is the crucial underpinning of this book. He doesn't try to provide a fix. His willingness to look back and assess himself and others and to adjust his thinking about certain "norms" make this a very illuminating book. Mychal Denzel Smith advances the conversation on race in America. His own willingness to assess and reassess his own assumptions and positions over time set a fine example for the rest of us. I am so glad I read this book. It was often an uncomfortable read, but it kept offering new ways of looking at issues and events. Throughout there was the constant drum beat that until the police killings of black people stop, we have little hope of moving ahead. Given that underlying premise, Smith opens a dynamic conversation.
Dwight Eisenhower's Surprising Civil Rights Record
Posted on December 8, 2016 by mkaustin221
I've always been a fan of Dwight Eisenhower, primarily because of his deft and resilient military leadership during World War II and his careful Cold War leadership during his presidency. The major flaw in Eisenhower's career has generally been seen as his lackluster support of civil rights. In A Matter of Justice: Eisenhower and the Beginning of the Civil Rights Movement, David Nichols challenges this traditional view and presents Eisenhower as both a reluctant and determined champion of civil rights. (Please note that Nichols' book was published in 2007, and I don't pretend to have followed all the scholarship since.) The Eisenhower who emerges in this book about his civil rights record is the same leader who ordered that the horror of the German concentration camps and their victims be photographed when they were liberated because he knew that some day people would try to deny their existence.
By temperament Eisenhower was not the cheerleader type, and he opted do do much of his civil rights work under the radar when he could. He wasn't particularly happy with the glare of publicly that characterized civil rights in the 1950's. Still, even before he became president he was on record as supporting an integrated military and took steps in that direction at a time when the rest of the military leadership was not so inclined. Once he became president, Eisenhower steadily directed the integration of the military. True, he didn't do it overnight, but he steadily pressed until it was accomplished over a period of about two years.
Another Eisenhower success was to get rid of the Jim Crow practices in Washington, DC. This wasn't a particularly popular move with a lot of southern politicians, but here again Eisenhower didn't let up until it was accomplished. It is too bad he isn't around today to put the kabosh on newly energized racist behavior in our nation's capital and elsewhere.
Much has been written about Eisenhower's at best ambivalent feelings about the Supreme Court's landmark school desegregation case, Brown v. Board of Education. At the end of the day Eisenhower sent in federal troops to enforce that ruling in Little Rock, Arkansas. He was always undeniably unhappy about the prospect of sending troops into American communities and he greatly feared that the southern reaction to integration would be to close schoools. Sadly his fears were justified. Here as in other civil rights areas, Eisenhower preferred to work behind the scenes, but he did the right thing when it came to the show down in Little Rock.
Perhaps one of the least appreciated aspects of Eisenhower's presidential legacy was his refusal to appoint segregationist federal judges. Earl Warren and many distinguished lower court judges ensured that Brown and its progeny were upheld and enforced. This judicial legacy was crucial, and it proved to be very unfortunate that John F. Kennedy failed to continue Eisenhower's stringent policy. One of the book's more interesting themes is the complicated and not particularly friendly Warren/Eisenhower relationship after Warren't appointment. I was also fascinated to learn that Eisenhower, a non-lawyer, actively reviewed and commented on his Civil Rights briefs filed by his administration and that he was keenly aware of linguistic nuances. He understood the strategic importance of legal briefs and opinions.
The author does not give Eisenhower an unvarnished civil rights report card. Eisenhower reportedly said some things that indicated ambivalence about full integration and, most famously, advised the Black community to be "patient" at some point. For the oppressed, "patience" is unacceptable. These comments and Eisenhower's failure to be a public cheerleader for civil rights aren't good. Context is nonetheless relevant. Eisenhower, who managed to get two watered-down Civil Rights Acts passed, battled the intensely political Lyndon Johnson and other, overtly racist, southern senators throughout his presidency. Engaging in open battle over civil rights, while morally and ethically the right thing to do, wasn't going to be an effective strategy in the 1950's.
Finally, the context of Eisenhower's civil rights performance has to be considered in the context of all the issues facing his presidency. This was the era of the Bomb, when school children were being taught to hide under their desks to protect themselves. Eisenhower necessarily spent a great deal of his presidency trying to control the arms race and deal with foreign aggression. That would have been a full plate for many presidents, and presidential history is replete with presidents who good at foreign policy and failures at domestic policy and vice versa. While one can always argue that Eisenhower could have done more, his civil rights achievements need to be understood, and this well-written book cautions that Eisenhower's relative public reticence on the subject is belied by some very impressive accomplishments.
This book is well worth reading. In addition to the author's interesting take on Eisenhower's civil rights record, it provides a fascinating look at the United States in the 1950's.
To Tell the Truth Freely – The Life of Ida B. Wells — A Life Long Crusader Against Lynching
Ida B. Wells's life is well-told in To Tell the Truth Freely – The Life of Ida B. Wells by Mia Bay. Ida B. Wells is one of those African American leaders whose name is familiar, but I didn't know enough about her. Mia Bay's excellent biography solves the that problem. Much of it is based on Wells' own unfinished autobiography. This is a clear, focused book that fills a gap in civil rights history.
Wells was born a slave during the Civil War. Her parents were sort of middle class by reconstruction standards, and they made sure Wells received an education. Although she never received a college degree, Wells taught school for much of her early life. Her relatively secure life was shattered when her parents both died and left her an orphan at 14 with a bunch of younger siblings. Wells succeeded in keeping her family together and supported them by teaching school. All that is remarkable enough, but then her life gets amazing.
From he beginning, Wells had a firm sense of who she was and her own personal liberties, so she didn't hesitate to sue a railroad that refused to allow her to seat in the ladies section despite the first class ticket she had purchased. The litigation was protracted and, although Wells prevailed at the trial court level, ultimately she lost on appeal. It is really hard to imagine an African American woman having the nerve to sue a railroad for not treating her as she deserved in the late 1870's. Wells was tough and she was determined.
Wells was a writer and ultimately ran an African American newspaper in Memphis. At the same time she found her lifelong cause – anti-lynching. She called out lynching for what it was and never let go of the subject. It wasn't a particularly popular topic, but she pushed it relentlessly and actually helped save some potential victims. Thanks to her anti-lynching activities she was run out of Memphis and her newspaper was burned out. Along the way she became friends with Frederick Douglass and knew many of the other civil rights leaders of her day. She and Booker T. Washington never got along — he was a sell-out in her view. As the NAACP and other civil rights organizations were formed, Wells was frequently left behind. She was female and she was not of the college educated African American elite of her day. When others saw promise in enlisting white allies, Wells blazed on with her pamphlets and her lectures. She never got the memo that she was supposed to sit down and shut up and let the men take the lead. In that light, she was a precursor of Diane Nash, the amazing civil rights activist of the 1960's who never got her due as the likes of Martin Luther King, Julian Bond and Jesse Jackson took center stage. Unlike Nash, Wells refused to fade into the background.
Wells lectured all over the country and in Britain. She ultimately settled in Chicago where she married in her 30's and had four children. Supported by her family, she kept up her political activities in Chicago and nationally, even as she had to take time out to make a living. As a last point, she also engaged in direct social services activity for her community in Chicago and stymied lynching in Illinois — she was no "mere" journalist and lecturer.
There is obviously much more to her story. I recommend this book about a strong, focused woman who was insufficiently appreciated in her day or in the years since.
Anne Moody's Coming of Age in Mississippi – An Urgent Reminder of this Country's Violent, Racist Past and a Call to Consider Its Continuing Impact
Anne Moody's 1968 memoir, Coming of Age in Mississippi, is a tremendously important book, particularly now when some people deny that police violence against African Americans is a pervasive problem and when the Black Lives Matter movement has become a favorite target of the angry right. This book is searing reminder that the tradition of state-sanctioned violence against people of color was a real thing that hasn't just faded away. To the contrary, it rears its ugly head again and again, sometimes in the context of unduly violent and selective policing and sometimes in the context of racial barriers to voting, aka gerrymandering and voter ID requirements. Of course this is an incomplete list, but whether these events are viewed as isolated or systemic, their effect is profound.
In the context of Coming of Age in Mississippi, incidents of racial violence against people of color aren't individual, unrelated events. They are more properly viewed as a continuum that cost people their lives. In Anne Moody's Mississippi any African American who spoke up risked his or her life.
Coming of Age in Mississippi brilliantly captures the fear, the rage and the inexplicable courage of a young African American woman in Mississippi in the very early 1960's. Anne Moody didn't come from an activist family. Her family was extremely poor, her parents were separated, her mother kept having children and there was no thought of getting ahead or fighting injustice. Moody bitterly resented her circumstances from the very beginning and she refused to accept them.
As a young child, she experienced the dangers young children faced when both parents were forced to work and there was no safe child care. As a young girl, Moody took on whatever work she could find. Her most painful job was working for an incredibly racist and threatening white woman, who denigrated Moody in every way possible and yet hired her to tutor her dim-witted son and his friends.
There were lynchings in Moody's town, and people were driven away if they didn't kowtow to the status quo. It was an ugly, dangerous environment. To really think about what Anne Moody experienced every day as a child frames the discussion of why the Civil Rights Movement came to be and why there seems little reason to forget and move on when racism remains so pervasive and when racism seems to be attracting new defenders on a regular basis.
Anne Moody is so interesting, because she didn't just accept her lot. She refused. She got out of town and ultimately was introduced to the Civil Rights Movement where she found her calling. Moody was an heroic activist, but she was no saint. She was really angry and her book tells us why. It also provides an intense reminder of why racism was and is such a big deal, and why expecting people to "get over it" makes no sense. When people and their forebears have lived through the horrors of the Jim Crow South, why would anyone expect them to just be grateful that things are a bit better now? Why should anyone be content with things being a bit better? As someone recently noted, why should anyone be expected to forgive and forget slavery when the South keeps celebrating its Civil Ware generals and their victories and while the Confederate Flag still hangs too many places?
Finally, the strength of Anne Moody's account is that it is unfiltered. She wrote her book in her twenties and only a few years after her lunch counter protests, her jailings and her voting registration drives. She isn't particularly reflective. She just writes about what she is feeling and what she experienced. She doesn't spend a lot of time trying to understand why others were less bold. She bitterly resents her family's efforts to stop her, even as she acknowledges that reports of her activism got back to her home town and threatened her family's security. She is even angrier at the ministers who gave lots of noble speeches and sermons, even as they personally tried to avoid going to jail. Moody, on the other hand, felt that going to jail was a necessary sacrifice and was quick to contrast brave school children who went to jail with the ministers who seemed happy to send them there, but didn't want to go there themselves.
Anne Moody might have been a tough person to know, but she was heroic. This is a great book. The subject is fascinating, and it really advances our understanding of what it meant to be an activist in the early days of the Civil Rights Movement.
The Butler's Child – An Autobiography of a Civil Rights Lawyer
Lewis Steel is a veteran civil rights lawyer, who has written a very thoughtful memoir, The Butler's Childs – An Autobiography. Steel's background as a trust fund kid, educated at Culver Military Academy and Harvard, is oddly juxtaposed with his career as a civil rights attorney, who has spent a lot of time losing cases. The premise for the book is Steel's acute awareness that as a child and a young man he was served by an African American butler and his wife. Steel felt close to this couple, but realizes that he spent most of his time telling them about his life while learning precious little about theirs. Now he's aware of his previous lack of awareness.
Clearly Steel likes to feel like a renegade, and yet he knows that his family's wealth (largely thanks to a grandmother who married on of the Warner Brothers) has made it possible for him to live in some very nice real estate, educate his children at private schools and not really need to earn a living. Steel acknowledges this and occasionally blames some decisions like private schools and an even fancier apartment on his wife, but all in all his choices are made with a reasonable amount of awareness, and there seems to be a certain amount of guilt behind it.
Steel has had a long legal career, mostly as a civil rights attorney with significant criminal defense experience, and he has been kicked in the teeth by judges and prosecutors across the country. Famously, he was one of Rubin "Hurricane Carter's" attorneys and stuck with Carter and his co-defendant through an unbelievable saga of prosecutorial malfeasance and willful judicial blindness. As an attorney, I enjoyed Steel's legal war stories, even as the numbing sameness of courts and communities' willingness to overlook and perpetuate discrimination continued with few checks for decades. Another whole book would be required to assess how much progress has actually been made, and Steel doesn't really go there. This isn't a criticism – his legal career has evolved and he is looking back. Referencing the recent police homicides that led to the Black Lives Matter movement, Steel is far from sanguine about any progress that may have been made.
Steel's heart and advocacy were in the right place, but to hear him tell it he didn't rein in his emotions and openly challenged judges. Steel was a character, and his war stories are highly entertaining. Nonetheless, it will always be debatable whether clients are best served in particular cases by aggressive, confrontational attorneys. The fact remains that Steel was in the trenches and he had to make on-the-spot decisions about how to try his cases and create the record he would surely need for an appeal. Of course it is also true that calling out judges for their biases must have been emotionally satisfying and cathartic for Steel. As an NAACP attorney, he was involved in many generally unsuccessful, school desegregation cases, often in the North. One has to admire his stubborn determination to see these cases through, even as he is initially terrified by the neighborhoods he frequents and his met by judicial indifference at best.
This book is well worth reading for many reasons, including the history of civil rights litigation and the circumstances that led to a privileged young man to join the civil rights movement and work for little or nothing as a civil rights attorney. Why he chose that path doesn't seem entirely clear even to Steel, but he obviously likes his life. One theme that does come through is that Steel, who is Jewish, has faced discrimination in his own life and is one of those fortunate people who doesn't feel the need to conform. He is remarkably confident in his beliefs and comfortable doing what he feels he needs to do. For the most part, he doesn't seem to be looking for approval from anyone other than perhaps his wife and his colleagues in the trenches. Steel's willingness to own up to certain occasions when his behavior was lacking gives this book some badly needed balance. It is so reassuring to have someone say, "I failed to act; I hurt someone I love; there is no excuse for it; I should have behaved differently."
Steel doesn't shy away from issues of privilege and race and his own failures. He is very aware that he is an economically secure white man who will cannot understand what it means to be African American. He acknowledges that it is absurd for him to live such a comfortable and secure existence, just because he was born wealthy and white. He knows that he isn't always living the courage of his convictions — he works to integrate public schools across the country even as his children attend the best private schools and he lives in a large apartment in a predominately white neighborhood. While Steel chooses to live and raise his family as he does, his efforts to understand and examine the irony of his circumstances is intriguing. Fortunately his self-examination and arguably hypocritical lifestyle do not result in inertia. It's almost like yoga: Steel observes his circumstances and how he is feeling at the moment, and then moves on to do what he needs to do. In Lewis Steel's case, that means a lifetime in the legal trenches as he tries to protect and enforce the rights of clients who have borne the brunt of all manner of discrimination and injustice. In truth, someone probably had to lose all those early cases to pave the way for future progress, and Steel took on that task. His was an historic crusade.
African American Women Suffragettes
Posted on January 9, 2016 by mkaustin221
The subject covered by Rosalyn Terborg-Penn's African American Women in the Struggle for the Vote, 1850-1920, is painful. Simply put, during the struggle for women's suffrage, white women frequently ignored or even hijacked African American women's equally compelling efforts to secure the vote. To make matters worse, the history of women's suffrage in this country has pretty erased the contributions of African American women, beginning with Harriet Tubman and continuing on through succeeding generations. In addition to blatant racism, white suffragettes repeatedly "forgot" their African American sisters or made strategic decisions to back-burner their cause so as not to downplay the possibility that women's suffrage would enfranchise African American women, as well as white women. The South was a particular problem, but many white suffragettes north of the Mason-Dixon Line were little better. Racists need not have worried too much about an onslaught of African American women voters, because even when these women won the constitutional right to vote through the 19th Amendment, numerous obstacles were thrown in their path and often precluded them from voting.
It should be noted that a number of African American men of the time were quite dismissive of their sisters' rights. As repeatedly emphasized throughout this book, African American women repeatedly faced dual discrimination — on the basis of sex and race. The chronicles of the Civil Rights movement during the latter half of the 20th Century reveal that the problem stubbornly persisted. Strong and brilliant African American women who risked all in support of Civil Rights were frequently ignored and relegated to supporting roles. As just two examples, African American women generally didn't get to speak at rallies such as the March on Washington, and Diane Nash, one of the major heroes of the Civil Rights movement, is largely forgotten despite her courageous and savvy strategic contributions to Martin Luther King and others. (This may be straying a bit from the point, but Diane Nash deserves to be remembered and honored.)
The Struggle for the Vote isn't particularly easy to read. It is fairly short,but the narrative doesn't flow. The author is careful to cite original sources and to pore through lists of meeting attendees and committee members in order to record the names and contributions of those who would otherwise be forgotten. This is important information, and the author is right to be specific. The contribution of these women needs to be recorded and celebrated. Terborg-Penn also writes from a strong point of view: African American women were important contributors to the women's suffrage movement and yet received little or no recognition for their efforts.
I do recommend this book. As racial and sexual inequality continue to plague this country, it is a good reminder that neither issue can be meaningfully addressed in isolation from the other.


text:
est un film d'horreur américain réalisé par  et sorti en 1945.

Synopsis
Après un accident d'autobus, une femme est convaincue d'être une sorcière de plus de 300 ans.

Fiche technique
 Réalisation :
 Scénario : Dennis J. Cooper, Lee Willis et John H. Kafka
 Photographie : Henry Sharp
 Montage :
 Musique : Edward H. Plumb
 Genre : Drame
 Durée : 68 minutes
 Date de sortie :  :

Distribution
 John Loder :  Matt Adams
 Nancy Kelly : Lorna Webster
 Otto Kruger : Révérend Jim Stevens
 Ruth Ford : Ruth Gibson
 Harry Tyler : Noah
 Jeanne Gail : Peggy Gibson
 Almira Sessions : Bessie
 J. Farrell MacDonald : Shérif
 Emmett Vogan :  Peters

Liens externes
 The Woman Who Came Back sur TCM

Film américain sorti en 1945
Film américain en noir et blanc
Film d'horreur américain


text:
Q: how to check the format of a filesystem I would like to check, in a bash script, on what filesystem type a directory is.
The idea is something like
if [path] is on a [filesystem] filesystem then
   filesystem specific command
end if

A: With findmnt (part of util-linux):
findmnt -no fstype -T /path/to/file

When using the option-T, --target pathif the path is not a mountpoint file or directory, findmnt checks  path  elements in reverse order to get the mountpoint. The other two options suppress the header line: -n, --noheading and select the column(s) to be listed: -o, --output

df from coreutils has a similar option --output= to print only certain fields, like fstype e.g.:
df --output=fstype /path/to/file

there's no option to remove the header though, so you'll have to pipe the output to e.g. | sed 1d

A: On a system with the GNU stat command installed (as with pretty well any standard Linux distro), you can get the fs type for a given file without requiring any parsing using the stat command:
stat -f -c %T filename

-f tells stat to provide information about the file-system instead of the file, and -c %T sets the output format to include only the human-readable filesystem type (%T).
So you could use that (in bash) as:
if [[ $(stat -f -c %T filename) == ext4 ]]; then
  # ext4 specific command
fi

man stat will provide more information.

A: Use df. You can pass it a path, and it will give you the filesystem information for that path. If you need the filesystem type, use the -T switch, like so:
$ df -T test
Filesystem     Type 1K-blocks     Used Available Use% Mounted on
/dev/sda2      ext4 182634676 32337180 141020160  19% /home

To extract the filesystem type, you can parse it (use the -P switch to avoid df breaking lines if the device part is too long):
$ df -PT test | awk 'NR==2 {print $2}'
ext4

So you can use that value in an if construct like so:
if [ "$(df -PT "$path" | awk 'NR==2 {print $2}')" = "ext4" ] ; then
  it is an ext4 filesystem
fi

Beware that the device column can contain spaces (but it's rare), in which case the parsing will fail.

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