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VC Data
Tech Growth Coalition
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VC Council
VC Members
LAVCA
Vostok Emerging Finance Leads R$20m Round in Nibo
Swedish investor Vostok Emerging Finance led a R$20m (US$6.27) investment round in Brazilian fintech platform Nibo. Other investors include Redpoint eventures and Valor Capital.
(Press Release) RIO DE JANEIRO, BRAZIL – MAY 12, 2017 – Nibo, a Brazilian fintech innovator that is transforming the way accountants and SMB entrepreneurs interact and thrive, has raised R$20m (US$6.27) in a new Series A investment round led by new investor Vostok Emerging Finance with participation from current partners Redpoint eventures and Valor Capital Group. Having already attained its profitable break-even point since its founding in 2012, Nibo will use the new investment to develop and introduce new functionalities to its small business financial management platform and to promote its rapid commercial expansion in Brazil.
Nibo's online platform is designed to facilitate interactions between accountants and small-to-medium sized businesses (SMBs), automate processes, and increase business productivity in a country that leads the world in financial regulations and government bureaucracy. Per PwC*, companies in Brazil currently spend approximately 2,600 hours per year to comply with tax and accounting regulation, more than anywhere else on Earth, compared to an average of 264 hours per year for countries around the globe.
Accountants in Brazil are also co-responsible for management of customers' financial statements and they face stiff penalties if there are issues with their work not being accurate or compliant.
The Nibo team led by CEO and co-founder Gabriel Gaspar decided to embrace the challenge of supporting an under-valued professional in Brazil, the accountant. The company, which launched the first version of its small business financial management software in 2012, has reaped the fruits of this innovative strategy through rapid growth. It has continually made platform improvements to benefit accountants and customers. One key technology strategy has been platform integration with 60+ accounting software solutions in Brazil, including Dominio Sistemas, now owned by Thomson Reuters, Folhamatic purchased by Sage, and Prosoft purchased by Wolters Kluwer.
"A lot is said about the difficulty of managing a small business in Brazil, but what few people know is that accountants can and should be a great ally in this task. And managing one's own accounting office is a huge challenge, often greater than that of a small business. To help the small business owner, we must also help the accountant, and promote the integration and efficient dialogue between them. It was this in mind that we developed the new tools of Nibo," says Gabriel Gaspar, CEO and co-founder of Nibo.
This strategic bet has proven to be right. The company now has a network of more than 2,000 accounting entrepreneurs who use Nibo, both for their own offices and recommending the platform to their thousands of customers to provide a superior accounting service experience.
"Our partners are true accounting entrepreneurs, grounded in technological advancement. They offer sophisticated financial advice to customers using our software, help clients increase their profits, navigate the crisis with more confidence, and know all aspects of their current financial health."
"The accountant who only delivers tax guidance to his client is dying," says Gaspar. "Our partners are true accounting entrepreneurs, grounded in technological advancement. They offer sophisticated financial advice to customers using our software, help clients increase their profits, navigate the crisis with more confidence, and know all aspects of their current financial health."
Nibo's own team manages its own revenue wisely, taking financial management seriously: the company has rapidly reached its break-even point to profitability prior to this new round, which is something rare among startups. This unusual financial feat was achieved by growing the company's revenue three times year-over-year, while strictly controlling its expenses. Since the company no longer needs to burn cash to operate, it will use the new funding resources raised exclusively in the expansion of its commercial activities and in the development of new technologies.
"Nibo's fast growth is so outstanding because it's successfully addressed a serious, widespread problem that afflicts both Brazilian SMBs and their accounting professionals that have championed Nibo's fintech platform and promoted it to their networks of customers," says Redpoint eventures' Managing Partner Anderson Thees. "The company is led by an experienced and committed team, and its technology is providing more financial control and improved cash flow, which solves the most frequent cause of mortality for these companies. Nibo's own financial results are impressive, and this new investment round will only accelerate the company's rapid pace of expansion."
"We're very excited to make our second investment into Brazil and our maiden investment in the accounting SaaS space," says Vostok Emerging Finance Managing Director Dave Nangle. "After our initial attraction to the scale of Nibo's opportunity to serve Brazil's sizeable accountant and SMB marketplace, we see potential for a broader array of financial services for Brazil's underserved SMBs as a natural extension of Nibo's core offering. Gabriel and his team at Nibo impressed us from the beginning, and we look forward to supporting their continued upward trajectory."
Fintech investment is a particularly hot tech sector in Brazil, and global investments in fintech have continued to rise. There are now 244 fintechs in Brazil, and the number of startups in the sector have tripled during the last two years, according to ABFintechs, the Brazilian fintech association.
For more information on Nibo, visit: https://www.nibo.com.br
Vostok Emerging Finance Leads R$20m Round in Nibo was last modified: May 24th, 2017 by Editor
BrazilFintechFundraisingNiboVenture CapitalVostokVostok Emerging Finance
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Unorthodox-Jew A Critical View of Orthodox Judaism: SAR is committed to our students- past and present. Beyond the reported incident, we encourage anyone who has information regarding any abuse, past or current, to report to either of us or to T&M through the contact channels listed below.
SAR is committed to our students- past and present. Beyond the reported incident, we encourage anyone who has information regarding any abuse, past or current, to report to either of us or to T&M through the contact channels listed below.
SAR is more than a school - we are a community. We pride ourselves on the combination of excellence in education, love of Israel and commitment to mitzvot which have been transmitted to generations of students. We strive to instill in our students the midah of kol yisrael arevim ze laze, and take seriously this commitment to watch out for each other.
It is our commitment to these principles that makes this letter so difficult. There has been significant media attention recently highlighting sexual abuse at private schools. Much of the abuse that has been brought to the forefront by the press took place many years ago and has only been uncovered recently. Sadly, it has come to our attention that SAR students may have been subject to sexual abuse at the hands of a former teacher/administrator in the 1970s.
A recent email from a former student reported abuse that was perpetrated by Stanley Rosenfeld, a former SAR Academy teacher and administrator. Rosenfeld was the Assistant Principal for General Studies at SAR Academy in the 1970s. In 2001, many years after Rosenfeld left SAR Academy, he pleaded no contest to two counts of second-degree child molestation with no known connection to SAR.
As painful as this is for our school community, the pain for any of the victims of abuse is far greater. We are committed to being supportive to any victims of abuse, to understanding the abuse they suffered and the harm it has caused them, and to learning from our past experiences and using them to inform our present practices to protect our community.
In order to ensure that we can properly understand the scope of abuse and support the victims of abuse, SAR has hired T&M Protection Resources to conduct an external investigation of claims of sexual abuse. T&M is an investigative firm, comprised of former prosecutors with extensive experience investigating allegations of sexual misconduct. In order for T&M to conduct this investigation, we are encouraging all members of our community to please report any information regarding abuse that may have been perpetrated by Stanley Rosenfeld. Reports may be made directly to either of us or to T&M. Contact information is listed below.
We expect that the investigation by T&M will take at least several months and we want you to know that while the privacy of survivors is central to this process, we do intend to communicate our findings at the conclusion of the investigation.
We are fully committed to the safety of our students and to continuing to implement best practices in these areas. As our students, parents and staff are aware, in recent years, SAR has implemented policies and training regarding sexual abuse and sexual harassment. Our commitment to our current students and the protections we have implemented does not minimize the commitment to understanding and addressing a painful past.
We thank you for your assistance in this effort and in being responsible for the well-being of all of those in our community.


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FoodHouseholdMedia & Technology
The Audacity of a Mother Who Hates Making Dinner
Mother and writer Virginia Heffernan recently dared to ask the question What If You just Hate Making Dinner? Nostalgic for pizza delivery and frozen dinners, Heffernan finds "mother cookbooks" like 100 Days of Real Food, The Family Cooks, and Dinner: A Love Story (at best) discouraging and (at worst) condescending. She's blunt about what she calls "my bold association of foodism with rank misogyny."
A mother who hates making dinner? Food writer Michael Ruhlman was practically apoplectic — calling Heffernan "shrill," "sad" and "self-unaware." He seemed unable to comprehend the problem. Is this woman – gasp – single? Doesn't she work from home? What's her excuse? According to Ruhlman, children of single mothers and hapless home chefs face a similarly dim future: "If you don't [cook at least one meal a week], will the kids turn to a life of crime? Not any more than they'll be affected by a father who's never around. It happens. Life is hard."
image via flickr user Boudewijn Berends
Much like food advocate Michael Pollan, Ruhlman fails to grasp (or refuses to consider) what it's like to be a working mother. But he will offer you his chicken schnitzel recipe, "photographed by the woman of the household, at my request—I hope not a sexist one." Silly women. Complaining about dinners! What's next — complaints about consensual photography?
Jenny Rosenstrach, author of Dinner: A Love Story (the blog and cookbook of the same name), is filled with Heffernan-fury that's best saved for her private burn book. But she did insist that her blog readers keep her on task: "if my tone here ever makes anyone feel anxious or guilty or less-than, if I ever sound condescending, then I'm failing in what I'm trying to accomplish, and you guys need to let me know about it." I'm sure devoted food blog readers will be lining up to confess their inadequacies in short order.
I myself quite like cooking, actually, but if I think about it as one event in the vast Olympics of perfect parenting, I see Heffernan's point. Have you mastered canning? Do you sew your own clothes? Have you learned to shlep your entire family and a week's worth of groceries on a bicycle? You might find some of these pursuits rewarding, but taken as a whole it's all you can do not to suffocate under the weight of so very many perfectly constructed Pinterest boards.
image via flickr user thebittenword.com
Food is different, too, because not much else inspires this level of obsession. Nothing sends a mom into a blind rage quicker than some undocumented high fructose corn syrup. Ruhlman might ponder what kind of future awaits children raised without regular home-cooked meals, but what about the anxiety we instill when we scrutinize our diets to such an extreme degree?
Women may be the driving force in this renaissance of domesticity — huge numbers of women are food bloggers, small food business owners or folks who just plain like to cook — but it's also women who feel the burden. Food writers like Ruhlman or Rosenstrach who counter that men can do their part too are missing Heffernan's point. The father who hates cooking dinner won't be called "shrill" or have his parental fitness questioned if he confesses that sometimes he hates cooking dinner.
Featured image by flick user JFXie
cooking dinner dinner: a love story Fatherhood feminism food hate cooking dinner home chefs home cooked meal jenny rosenstrach michael pollan michael ruhlman motherhood sunday new york times virginia heffernan
Jenny Splitter
Jenny Splitter is a writer, storyteller and over-scheduled mom of two living in Washington, DC. She spends her glamorous days trying to write whatever she can, counting 1-2-3 in a slow yet threatening manner to her children, playing with gluten and working to eradicate dog hair from the planet (or at least her home). Find her on Twitter , Google+ and Facebook
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Excellent article! My mom always cooked a meal every night when I was a kid–even though she worked full time. And I never helped out (I was so rotten). But I see now that she stresses out about dinner and doesn't seem to enjoy cooking that much–and the only reason she did it was because she hates leftovers.
In my house, I would eventually like to reach a point where we can sit down and have dinner together, but my husband doesn't get home until 6:30, and my daughter goes to bed at 7. So, her and I eat dinner together (which means, she eats some healthy toddler food and I take a few nibbles from that, because I'm too tired to make myself a full meal) and I eat a regular dinner after she goes to bed. I used to enjoy cooking–now I just see it as "one more thing" that I need to do and when I think about all the effort, I lose my appetite.
Jenny Splitter says:
My mom was the same way — she worked full-time and we always sat down to dinner. She did enjoy cooking, but it's still stressful to manage all of that when you're working. My dad did cook from time to time too.
It's difficult to coordinate dinner with a toddler and a work schedule. I remember being very stressed out about that but soon she'll be staying up later!
delagar says:
I comment around our house (often and loudly) that if I'd known making meals EVERY DAY was a part of the deal, I would have re-thought this whole wife and mother contract. ("Didn't I feed you yesterday? Come on!")
Though in fact Dr. Skull makes most of the dinners we actually eat.
But I have to pack the school lunches. Every day. Every day another school lunch. It's like Sisyphyus and his fucking rock, I swear.
School lunches are a total pain! My husband just started packing them and I was so grateful.
Have you seen the blogs where people actually make their kid's lunches look pretty? Can you imagine having time/effort enough to be like, "I'm going to make your egg look like a star today!"
I think I may have done this with Elliott's lunches when he was really little. I also think he was not impressed. Poor second child gets none of that! She does like her ladybug lunchbox though.
Thank you!! I put a home cooked meal on the table the vast majority of nights (seriously, one of my kids can't eat most processed foods without some serious health consequences, so I have to do this), and I still empathize and largely agree with Heffernan. Frankly, home cooking is NOT the most important thing you can do for your kid. I'm also a hobby knitter, and I see it as ridiculous as saying that making your kids' clothes is the most important thing you can do for your child.
Ruhlman's response frankly infuriates me. It infuriates me because he assumes you're wasting that time, that everything can be fixed with a little more preparation. I teach people who have kind of sketchy access to electricity, who do not have their own vehicles so are entirely using public transport, etc. That "preparing ahead of time" assumes that you had the time to shop for foods that are not all shelf-stable and a way to keep them on hand safely, that the free time you do have is not time your children are sleeping at night and where you can't legally leave them alone because they're too young, even that you might have the money to have procured a decent set of knives. Maybe it's exposure to these folks and maybe it's the fact that I wake up, make breakfast and lunches for my family, work all day, come home to make dinner for my family while helping the children navigate homework and the like, put the kids to bed, and then often end up working from home well into the night. That's what a typical day is like when my husband is out of town, and I'm someone who has a lot of advantages in life. I like cooking, but if I didn't, well, no recipe is going to help me like that situation. I'd think it might be better to be able to have some time to interact with my children without feeling obligated to do something that is difficult for me and/or that I hate to do, particularly if said children are going to be underfoot the whole time with their other demands.
Take some of the pressure off people, take away the guilt, and they might enjoy cooking more.
I agree with everything you said. I love cooking but found Heffernan's piece funny and refreshingly honest! And Ruhlman's response was really disgusting. I hate the idea of shaming people about food or parenting.
punchdrunk says:
I wanted to highlight this from the Slate article:
The women interviewed faced not just children but grown adults who are whiny, picky, and ungrateful for their efforts. "We rarely observed a meal in which at least one family member didn't complain about the food they were served," the researchers write.
Sounds awesome!
I've noticed people grossly underestimate prep and cleanup, and they assume everyone is a good cook. Most 'simple' scratch dinners* will need at least an hour before you're even cooking, and a sink full of dishes before a single bite is taken.
*I'm using the fish, spinach, and mashed potato model here as an average.
Oof. Picky eaters drive me crazy. That was my objection to the whole sneak-baby-food into meals approach. Like I'm going to spend all of that time planning how to sneak stuff into my meals!
greenstone123 says:
As more of a response to Micheal R.'s article, you never see the comment where the kids are encouraged to cook and take care of themselves. At a pretty young age we were taught to help out with dinners and as we got older made the dinners ourselves and this was well before the teenage years. My mom and dad did provide us with food. We were told to be apart of the family and make up dinner and we took turns. My mom still made dinners the most, but it wasn't the situation that so many other women find themselves in. Putting something in the oven and peeling a potato is something kids, and other family members can and should do too. Just my opinion. Anyways, I liked the article. I like candidness of it.
Ideally, everyone participates and that includes the kids. It's just that in practice that's often yet another task that falls to the mother. Not always though. Maybe the mom who hates cooking will feel free enough to turn things over to her kids and not be afraid to try the results (something I personally struggle with!).
It takes an act of congress to get my kids to help out around the house. I feel like that's pretty normal for children and teens, not because we're incompetent parents or they're bad kids.
There are also six different people coming home between 2p.m. and 10p.m., some hungry, some already ate, some just want pb&j or ramen, regardless of what's available. It all seems pretty par for the course, but maybe we're just a bush-league family?
The differences in schedules can be a killer. My son would actually like to cook more, and I've had a really hard time accepting the messiness of it. My daughter is already asking to cook too. I really need to let them do more. Maybe I can just force them to wear gloves. And a mask. Or wrap them entirely in saran wrap.
Mine wanted to cook up until they were old enough to do it as a regular part of living and not just as a fun activity. My son was so proud when he learned to make brownies – from a box, with a can of Dr. Pepper instead of eggs and oil.
I'm also a micromanager and terrible tutor in the kitchen.
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LexRoll.com > Law Dictionary > Constitutional Law > Federal Courts
Under Article III, section 1 of the United States Constitution, the judicial power of the United States is vested in the Supreme Court and such inferior (lower) courts that Congress may establish. Article III limits the kinds of cases federal courts can hear. Congress has created numerous district courts (trial courts), intermediate appellate courts (Circuit Courts of Appeal) and a variety of other specialized trial courts. There is at least one federal district in each state. State courts, on the other hand, are the products of state constitutions and legislation. They are, however, structured in the same way as federal courts, i.e., various trial and appellate courts. Most legal disputes are handled in the state courts; some kinds of cases can only be heard in the federal courts. When both the state and federal courts have jurisdiction (power granted under law) to hear a case, they are said to have concurrent jurisdiction.
SELECTION OF JUDGES
All federal district court and appellate judges, as well as Supreme Court justices are appointed for life by the president of the United States with the advice and consent of the Senate. There are nine available seats on the United States Supreme Court.
Removal of Federal Judges
Article II, section 4 of the Constitution provides that officers of the United States may be removed from office through an impeachment proceeding. Judges in federal courts can be removed only if impeached for gross misconduct. The House of Representatives is entrusted with the sole power to impeach; the Senate conducts the impeachment trial. A two-thirds vote of the Senate is required for conviction.
FEDERAL JURISDICTION
Federal jurisdiction, that is, the power to hear cases, is limited under Article III, section 2 of the Constitution. The federal courts can only hear cases that
Arise under the Constitution, Laws of the United States and Treaties
Affect ambassadors, public ministers and consuls
Involve admiralty and maritime matters
The United States is a party
Two or more states are a party
Are between a state and citizens of another state
Are between citizens of different states (diversity of citizenship cases)
The U.S. Supreme Court has the ultimate appellate jurisdiction over federal courts and state court cases involving federal law issues.
Case or Controversy
Federal courts can only hear cases involving a case or controversy – a real and substantial dispute between parties who have an adverse interest. Moreover, the controversy must be ripe, that is, is must be fully developed and ready for a decision.
The Supreme Court will not give advisory opinions regarding the constitutionality of some proposed action or legislation.
Declaratory Judgments
If a legal question is not too hypothetical or abstract, the federal courts will, however, render declaratory judgments; a decision where the court is requested to determine the legal effect of proposed actions or conduct, without awarding damages or injunctive relief (order directing a party to do or refrain from doing an act).
Abstention
A federal court may abstain, or refuse to hear state law issues if the court feels that the point of law is undecided. In effect, if the federal court abstains, it is permitting the state courts to decide unsettled issues of state law.
Parties bringing constitutional questions before the federal courts must have standing – they must show a real, direct and personal harm arising from the action complained of.
Political Questions
The federal courts will not hear matters involving purely political questions based on the separation of powers doctrine- the legislative branch controls political issues. Matters involving reapportionment, executive privilege, the ability of a grand jury to subpoena documents from the president and the like, are not political questions.
STRUCTURE OF THE FEDERAL COURTS
The federal court system consists of three levels; trial courts, courts of appeal and the United States Supreme Court. The United States is divided into 12 judicial circuits, each of which has at several districts.
Trial Courts/District Courts
The United States district courts are the trial courts of the federal court system. Most federal cases are filed in the district court. The district court is a court of original jurisdiction – a judicial venue where proceedings are started. Within limits set by Congress and the Constitution, the district courts hear almost all categories of federal cases, including civil and criminal matters. There are 94 federal judicial districts.
Specialty Courts
There are a variety of special trial courts that hear only certain types of cases, such as the Bankruptcy Court and Tax Court. The Court of Federal Claims has nationwide jurisdiction over most claims for money damages against the United States, disputes over federal contracts, unlawful takings of private property by the federal government. The Court of International Trade addresses cases involving international trade and customs issues.
The federal judicial system also includes special courts and rules to deal with military offenses. The Uniform Code of Military Justice governs the military courts; cases are heard in a court-martial proceeding before a jury of military officers. Offenses that are crimes under state law can usually be heard in state courts, as well.
Courts of Appeal
The 94 judicial districts are organized into 12 regional circuits, each of which has a United States court of appeals. The court of appeals hears appeals from the district courts located within its circuit, as well as appeals from decisions of federal administrative agencies. Appeals from cases decided by the Court of International Trade and the Court of Federal Claims are also heard by the Courts of Appeal.
The United States Supreme Court
The United States Supreme Court consists of the Chief Justice and eight associate justices. Supreme Court sessions are held in Washington, DC.
Original Jurisdiction
The Supreme Court has original jurisdiction (hear the original case, without it coming to the court through an appeal) in all cases involving ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls and cases in which a state is a party. Congress may not enlarge or restrict the Supreme Court's original jurisdiction.
Appellate Jurisdiction
The Supreme Court hears appeals on federal questions from circuit courts or the highest state courts. It will, however, only hear such cases as it deems necessary to the public interest and affect Americans or groups of Americans generally.
Writ of Certiorari
The jurisdiction of the Supreme Court may also be invoked by writ of certiorari – a request for discretionary review. Acceptance of the case on certiorari requires an affirmative vote of four or more justices. Practically all decisions from state supreme courts and federal courts are reviewable by a writ of certiorari. The court may be inclined to grant certiorari in cases where there are conflicting decisions from several federal appellate courts or the highest courts of several states and in cases from state courts or United States courts of appeal involving important but unresolved issues.


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The battle between Star Trek and Star Wars fans about the superiority of their favorite franchise may have come to a stalemate. But space geeks—and everyone else—can agree that gazing up at the night sky inspires awe and sparks imagination. Happily, a handful of apps can help everyone from novices to aficionados better understand the final frontier in that galaxy far, far away.
The International Space Station (ISS) is the largest human-made object in space. Weighing in at 462 tons, the space laboratory is about the size of a football field and is visible from earth if stargazers know where to look. The ISS Detector Satellite Tracker app lets users know when the ISS will appear and where to expect it in the sky. Reviewers say the app is among the best satellite trackers available and applaud cool features like a reminder that gives a five-minute warning before the ISS is about to become visible. Reviewers also give the app high marks for its ease of use, especially for first-timers. The app is free, but available only for Android devices. For iPhone devotees, the ISS Detector app has similar functionality and is free on both iOS and Android.
With so many nifty tools to help people appreciate all there is to see in the night sky, stargazers can plan a night to remember. Both Captain Kirk and Luke Skywalker would approve.


Thought to be the oldest of the French Sheepdogs, the Berger Picard was brought to northern France and the Pas de Calais during the second Celtic invasion of Gaul around 400 BC. Sheepdogs resembling Berger Picards have been depicted for centuries in tapestries, engravings and woodcuts. One remarkable illustration is from Livre de chasse (Book of the Hunt) by Gaston Phoebus,1387, entitled Chien de Ferme or farm dogs. Many of the dogs depicted resemble Picards with their prick ears and J-tails.
Of course it is not certain that the Picardy Shepherd originates strictly from the Picardy region of France; it is possible, even probable, that there were widespread as harsh-coated sheep and cattle dogs were typical throughout north western Europe. Some experts insist that this breed is related to the more well-known Briard and Beauceron, while others believe it shares a common origin with Dutch and Belgian Shepherds.
Around the mid 19th century, dogs used in France for herding were initially classified as one of two types: long hair (Berger de Brie or Briard) and short hair (Berger de Beauce or Beaceron). The mid-length coat was ignored for some time, but finally recognized as the Berger de Picardie (or Picard).
Although the Berger Picard made an appearance at the first French dog show in 1863 and was judged in the same class as the Beaucerons and Briards, the breed's rustic appearance did not lead to popularity as a show dog. In 1898 there was proof that the Picard was a recognizable breed: it was tricolor, piebald with red brown markings. Here is an illustration of Tambour, a variety called Berger Bleu de Picardie. This variety disappeared long ago and was more like a long haired Beauceron.
Picards would continue to be shown and participate in herding trials but struggled to get recognized. Descriptions of the Picard and a standard were written but it is not until 1925 that the Berger Picard was officially recognized by the French Shepherd Club.
The breeding stock of the Berger Picard suffered from the ravages of World War I and World War II. With its population concentrated on the farms of northeastern France, trench warfare in the Somme reduced the Picard to near extinction. Wartime food rations made it very difficult to feed large size dogs. Dogs produced by peasants were not registered.
After WWII, breeders of the Bouvier des Flanders wishing to rebuild the breed, began, at the source, searching Picardy for the most typical subjects for breeding. According to early registration records Radjah de la Bohème was bred to Wax de la Bohème in early 1950 to produce a fawn male, Yucca des Hauts-Chesnaux and a brindle female, Yasmina des Hauts-Chesnaux. They became the foundation pair of the Berger Picard breed.
The Club Les Amis du Berger Picard, the French Parent club for the Berger Picard, obtained definitive recognition in 1959 and a new breed standard was approved by the Société Centrale Canine in 1964. Mr. Jacques Sénécat became the main champion for the breed over the next three decades. He was club president for over 30 years and published the book, "Le Berger Picard d'hier et d'aujourd'hui " in 1979.
The present FCI standard was drawn up in 2008 by the current president of the club, Mr. J.C. Larive and his committee, in collaboration with Mr. R. Triquet.
The Les Amis du Berger Picard has continued to grow as a breed club and now has over 250 members with representatives all over the world. Other European countries now have breed clubs including Switzerland, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Germany. Picard breeders are also located in Austria, Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Italy, Great Britain, the Czech Republic, Canada and the United States.


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Investors » Tredegar
A GLOBAL MANUFACTURER OF PLASTIC FILMS AND ALUMINUM EXTRUSIONS
About Tredegar
Tredegar at a Glance
Our Broader Commitments
Flexible Packaging Films
Header IR Menus
Stock Calculator
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Contact Tredegar Board
To Our Employees
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Tredegar (NYSE:TG) has a long history of generating solid financial returns and a reputation for consistently delivering on its performance promise
Tredegar Corporation Announces John D. Gottwald Elected as CEO
August 19, 2015 at 9:00 AM EDT
Mary Jane Hellyar Retiring as Tredegar Film Products President
RICHMOND, Va.--(BUSINESS WIRE)--Aug. 19, 2015-- The board of directors of Tredegar Corporation (NYSE:TG) announced that effective immediately it has elected John D. Gottwald as president and CEO. Mr. Gottwald has been serving as interim president and CEO since June 26 of this year and previously served in this role for seventeen years.
"The key leaders of the company approached John and requested that he consider serving as CEO through the next 18 to 24 months, which the board supports. We are very pleased to announce that he has agreed to accept the role," said William M. Gottwald, chairman of the board, Tredegar Corporation. "John's deep knowledge of our businesses and our customers' needs, as well as his steady leadership and strategic insight, will guide us in our continuous drive to improve the value that we provide to customers and the results on our global investments."
The company also announced that Mary Jane Hellyar, who has served as president of Tredegar Film Products and corporate vice president since September 2012, has decided to retire from Tredegar as of November 13, 2015. Business unit leaders in Film Products will now report directly to Mr. Gottwald. "I want to thank Mary Jane for her important contributions to the Films organization. She has been very flexible and gracious in setting her retirement date to help us with transitional issues," said John Gottwald. "Her thoughtful and energetic leadership has driven many significant improvements. We wish her a long and healthy retirement."
About Tredegar Corporation
Tredegar Corporation is a manufacturer of plastic films and aluminum extrusions. A global company headquartered in Richmond, Virginia, Tredegar had 2014 sales of $952 million. With approximately 2,700 employees, the company operates manufacturing facilities in North America, South America, Europe, and Asia.
Some of the statements made in this press release are forward-looking statements that involve a number of risks and uncertainties and are made pursuant to the safe harbor provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. These forward-looking statements are based upon Tredegar's current expectations and projections about future events and generally relate to Tredegar's plans, objectives and expectations for the development of its business. Although management believes that the plans and objectives reflected in or suggested by these forward-looking statements are reasonable, all forward-looking statements involve risks and uncertainties and actual future results may be materially different from the plans, objectives and expectations expressed in this press release. For a discussion of the risks and uncertainties, and other important factors, any of which could cause Tredegar's actual results to differ from those contained in the forward-looking statements, see the section entitled "Risk Factors" in Tredegar's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2014, as well as discussions of potential risks, uncertainties, and other important factors in Tredegar's subsequent filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission. All information in this press release is as of the date of the release, and Tredegar undertakes no duty to update this information unless required by law.
View source version on businesswire.com: http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20150819005154/en/
Source: Tredegar Corporation
Tredegar Corporation
Neill Bellamy, 804-330-1211
neill.bellamy@tredegar.com
© 2021 All Rights Reserved Tredegar Corporation


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New Urban Arts
Whether you're interested in becoming part of New Urban Arts, or would just like to stop by and say hello, our doors are open! Our storefront studio is located at 705 Westminster Street in Providence.
New Urban Arts offers free after-school and summer programs for high school students! Come to our studio at 705 Westminster Street. Take a tour. Complete an enrollment form, and get started right away!
Print it out, and bring it back to us, or stop by and pick one up!
Learn more about summer studio opportunities here!
For Parents/Guardians
In order for students to have access to RIPTIK's, we require a completed parent form. The parent form also has a consent and release section for photos and information.
If you would like to print out a parent form to return to us, you can access it here.
NUA Knights at Central High School
In the Fall of 2017, Central High School and New Urban Arts launched a new partnership to create an exciting and vibrant after school community at Central High School. To get involved with the NUA Knights afterschool program at Central High School, stop by Ms. Jacques's office in room 163. You may also fill out the enrollment form in advance and bring it Ms. Jacques.
Apply to be an Artist Mentor
Each fall, New Urban Arts selects 20 Artist Mentors to participate in our after-school programs. Arts mentoring at New Urban Arts is a wonderful opportunity for artists and educators to work with high school students in a community setting. In the past, Artist Mentors have been college students, graduate students, and/or artists from the community. Emerging artists are preferred. Because New Urban Arts emphasizes peer-to-peer and participatory learning in our studio, artist mentors must be able to connect on a personal and artistic level with teenagers.
Artist Mentors must be caring individuals, willing to learn, open to taking risks, and able to commit four hours per week during an entire school year. Concurrent with their mentoring hours, mentors participate in a professional development program to support their growth as artists and educators.We also offer Artist Mentor positions through work-study programs in eligible universities (which require an additional two hours per week).
Click here to meet some of our prior Artist Mentors
* Applications will be posted soon! *
The most significant way to volunteer at New Urban Arts is as a mentor in our Youth Mentorship in the Arts Program. Consistent with our mission and our approach to youth development, the mentor selection process ensures that youth choose the adults who enter our community as artists and educators.
Occasionally we have other volunteer opportunities. However due to our limited capacity as a small community-based organize, we are rarely able to support sustained volunteer relationships outside of the mentoring program. Please consider these concerns before writing to propose a volunteer project.
In the meantime, please subscribe to our e-mail newsletter in the footer (below). This way, you will hear about events, new programs, and any calls for short-term volunteer projects.
If you are interested in volunteer opportunities at other organizations in Providence, RI, please explore opportunities listed through Serve Rhode Island here.
Accommodations for Students with Disabilities
New Urban Arts commits to reasonable accommodations for students with disabilities, and both floors of our facility are wheelchair-accessible. To inquire about or request accommodations, please email us or call (401) 751-4556.
New Urban Arts welcomes visitors. However, if you would like to visit during program hours, please contact us in advance.
We'll keep you posted on community events and fundraising opportunities; student stories and new ways to get involved! Sign up, here.
Student Enrollment!
Mentor Schedule
705 WESTMINSTER ST
info@newurbanarts.org
//DESIGN AGENCY//


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Most played PC games
Spotify's premium subscribers 2015-2019
Number of World of Warcraft subscribers
Global all time unit sales of Call of Duty franchise games as of February 2019
Advertising spending in the U.S. 2015-2022
Video Game Industry - Statistics & Facts
Film Industry - Statistics & Facts
Media & Advertising›
Radio, TV & Film›
Cinema admissions in the Netherlands 2009-2018
Number of cinema admissions in the Netherlands from 2009 to 2018 (in millions)*
by Brigitte van de Pas, last edited Jul 11, 2019
This statistic displays the number of cinema admissions in the Netherlands from 2009 to 2018. Between 2009 and 2017, the number of cinema admissions in the Netherlands increased significantly. In 2009, just over 27 million cinema admissions were recorded, whereas by 2017, this figure had reached 36 million admissions. In 2018, the number of admissions decreased for the first time since 2009, to just over 35,5 million admissions.
Cinema admissions in millions
*The figures have been taken from several publications.
Average cinema ticket price in the Netherlands 2009-2017
Frequency of cinema visits in the Netherlands in 2018, by household type
Market share of Dutch cinema exhibitors in the Netherlands 2017
Share of cinema and movie theater visitors in the Netherlands 2018, by age
Related Studies: Available to Download in PDF or PPTX Format
Film industry in the Netherlands
in one Presentation
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Everything On "Film industry in the Netherlands" in One Document: Edited and Divided into Handy Chapters. Including Detailed References.
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Cinema in the Netherlands
Statistics on "Cinema in the Netherlands"
Cinemas and movie theaters
Cinema operators and movie distributors
Revenue and expenditure
Total number of movie theaters in the Netherlands from 2007 to 2018Total number of movie theaters in the Netherlands 2007-2018
Number of movie theater seats in the Netherlands from 2007 to 2018 (in 1,000s)Number of movie theater seats in the Netherlands 2007-2018
Number of cinemas in the Netherlands from 2011 to 2017, by cinema typeNumber of cinemas in the Netherlands 2011-2017, by cinema type
Number of cinema seats in the Netherlands from 2007 to 2018 (in 1,000s)Number of cinema seats in the Netherlands 2007-2018
Number of cinema admissions in the Netherlands from 2009 to 2018 (in millions)*Cinema admissions in the Netherlands 2009-2018
Number of cinema admissions per capita in the Netherlands from 2011 to 2017Number of cinema admissions per capita in the Netherlands 2011-2017
Number of cinema sites in the Netherlands from 2009 to 2017Cinema sites in the Netherlands 2009-2017
Number of cinema screens in the Netherlands from 2012 to 2017*Cinema screens in the Netherlands 2012-2017
Leading film distributors in the Netherlands in 2018, by revenue (in 1,000 euros)Leading film distributors in the Netherlands 2018, by revenue
Distribution of film distributors in the Netherlands from 2009 to 2016, by typeDistribution of film distributors in the Netherlands 2009-2016, by type
Revenue of cinema and movie theater operators in the Netherlands in 2018 (in 1,000 euros)Revenue of cinema and movie theater operators in the Netherlands 2018
Market share of Dutch cinema exhibitors in the Netherlands in 2017Market share of Dutch cinema exhibitors in the Netherlands 2017
Number of cinemas and film theaters in the Netherlands in 2018, by operatorNumber of cinemas and movie theaters in the Netherlands 2018, by operator
Number of cinema and movie theater screens in the Netherlands in 2018, by operatorNumber of cinema and movie theater screens in the Netherlands 2018, by operator
Number of cinema and movie theater seats in the Netherlands in 2018, by operatorNumber of cinema and movie theater seats in the Netherlands 2018, by operator
Number of cinema and movie theater visitors in the Netherlands in 2018, by operator (in 1,000s)Number of cinema and movie theater visitors in the Netherlands 2018, by operator
Gross box office revenue in the Netherlands from 2009 to 2017 (in million euros)Gross box office revenue in the Netherlands 2009-2017
Annual expenditure on the cinema market in the Netherlands from 2012 to 2017, with a forecast for 2018 to 2022 (in million euros)Cinema expenditure in the Netherlands 2012-2022
Distribution of average monthly box office films in the Netherlands from 2008 to 2017Distribution of monthly box office films in the Netherlands 2008-2017
Box office revenue of foreign and Dutch films in the Netherlands from 2014 to 2016, by category (in million euros)Box office revenue of foreign and Dutch films in the Netherlands 2014-2016, by type
Distribution of film revenues in the Netherlands in 2017, by type (in million euros)Distribution of film revenues in the Netherlands 2017, by type
Average cinema ticket price in the Netherlands from 2009 to 2017 (in euros)Average cinema ticket price in the Netherlands 2009-2017
Cinema advertising expenditure in the Netherlands from 2007 to 2016 (in million U.S. dollars)Cinema advertising expenditure in the Netherlands 2007-2016
Annual cinema advertisement revenue in the Netherlands from 2012 to 2017, with a forecast for 2018 to 2022 (in million euros)Cinema ad revenue in the Netherlands 2012-2022
Most popular movies in cinema in the Netherlands in 2018, by number of visitorsMost popular movies in cinema in the Netherlands 2018, by visitors
Most popular Dutch-language movies in the Netherlands in 2018, by cinema revenue (in 1,000 euros)Most popular Dutch-language movies in the Netherlands 2018, by cinema revenue
Ranking of Dutch-spoken cinema movies based on number of cinema visitors in the Netherlands in 2018Leading Dutch movies based on cinema visitors in the Netherlands 2018
Weekly box office revenue of selected cinema movies in the Netherlands in January 2016, by movie ( in euros)Weekly leading cinema movies based on box office in the Netherlands 2016
Number of newly released movies in the Netherlands from 2007 to 2018Number of newly released movies in the Netherlands 2007-2018
Number of newly released 3D movies in the Netherlands from 2007 to 2018Newly released 3D movies in the Netherlands 2007-2018
Number of newly released Dutch-language movies in the Netherlands from 2007 to 2018Newly released Dutch-language movies in the Netherlands 2007-2018
Number of prizes at international festivals for films from the Netherlands from 2011 to 2017, by categoryNumber of prizes won by Dutch films at international film festivals 2017, by category
Share of cinema and movie theater visitors in the Netherlands in 2018, by ageShare of cinema and movie theater visitors in the Netherlands 2018, by age
Frequency of cinema and movie theater visits in the Netherlands from 2014 to 2018, by genderFrequency of cinema visits in the Netherlands 2014-2018, by gender
Frequency of cinema and movie theater visits in the Netherlands in 2018, by education levelFrequency of cinema visits in the Netherlands in 2018, by education level
Frequency of cinema and movie theater visits in the Netherlands in 2018, by daily occupationFrequency of cinema visits in the Netherlands in 2018, by daily occupation
Frequency of cinema and movie theater visits in the Netherlands in 2018, by household typeFrequency of cinema visits in the Netherlands in 2018, by household type
Frequency of cinema and movie theater visits in the Netherlands from 2015 to 2018, by monthly household incomeFrequency of cinema visits in the Netherlands 2015-2018, by household income
Annual audience reach of Dutch films at cinemas in the Netherlands from 2014 to 2018, by ageAudience reach of Dutch films at cinemas in the Netherlands 2014-2018, by age
Annual audience reach of Dutch films at cinemas in the Netherlands from 2014 to 2018, by genderAudience reach of Dutch films at cinemas in the Netherlands 2014-2018, by gender
Inhabitants per cinema screen in European countries 2017
Cinema admissions to foreign films in Spain 2008-2016
Inhabitants per cinema screen in Luxembourg 2011-2017
Cinema screens in Denmark 2008-2018
Cinema screens in Ireland 2009-2017
Inhabitants per cinema screen in Russia 2009-2017
Cinema admissions in Estonia 2009-2017
Cinema admissions in Luxembourg 2009-2017
Cinema admissions in Slovakia 2009-2017
Revenue of domestic theatrical films in India 2014-2023
Inhabitants per cinema screen in Romania 2009-2017
China: audience size of top 5 films during summer vacation in China 2016
Digital cinema screens in Poland 2009-2017
Inhabitants per cinema screen in Ireland 2009-2017
Cinema in Canada
Movie Industry
Film Industry in India
The UK Film Industry
Film industry in Sweden
Cinema in Belgium
Box office in the U.S.
Film industry in the United Kingdom (UK)
Film industry in Europe
Film industry in Finland
Film industry in Italy
Film industry in the U.S.
Film industry in Japan
Film & Kino - Årbok 2018
Film på bio i Norden
Film industry in Norway
CANACINE Resultados Definitivos 2018
Total number of movie theaters in the Netherlands from 2007 to 2018
Number of movie theater seats in the Netherlands from 2007 to 2018 (in 1,000s)
Number of cinemas in the Netherlands from 2011 to 2017, by cinema type
Number of cinema seats in the Netherlands from 2007 to 2018 (in 1,000s)
Number of cinema admissions per capita in the Netherlands from 2011 to 2017
Number of cinema sites in the Netherlands from 2009 to 2017
Number of cinema screens in the Netherlands from 2012 to 2017*
Number of digital cinema screens in the Netherlands from 2009 to 2017
Average number of cinema screens per cinema in the Netherlands from 2007 to 2018
Number of inhabitants per cinema screen in the Netherlands from 2009 to 2017
Largest cinemas and movie theaters in the Netherlands in 2018, by number of seats
Largest cinemas and movie theaters in the Netherlands in 2018, by number of screens
Leading film distributors in the Netherlands in 2018, by revenue (in 1,000 euros)
Distribution of film distributors in the Netherlands from 2009 to 2016, by type
Revenue of cinema and movie theater operators in the Netherlands in 2018 (in 1,000 euros)
Market share of Dutch cinema exhibitors in the Netherlands in 2017
Number of cinemas and film theaters in the Netherlands in 2018, by operator
Number of cinema and movie theater screens in the Netherlands in 2018, by operator
Number of cinema and movie theater seats in the Netherlands in 2018, by operator
Number of cinema and movie theater visitors in the Netherlands in 2018, by operator (in 1,000s)
Gross box office revenue in the Netherlands from 2009 to 2017 (in million euros)
Annual expenditure on the cinema market in the Netherlands from 2012 to 2017, with a forecast for 2018 to 2022 (in million euros)
Distribution of average monthly box office films in the Netherlands from 2008 to 2017
Box office revenue of foreign and Dutch films in the Netherlands from 2014 to 2016, by category (in million euros)
Distribution of film revenues in the Netherlands in 2017, by type (in million euros)
Average cinema ticket price in the Netherlands from 2009 to 2017 (in euros)
Cinema advertising expenditure in the Netherlands from 2007 to 2016 (in million U.S. dollars)
Annual cinema advertisement revenue in the Netherlands from 2012 to 2017, with a forecast for 2018 to 2022 (in million euros)
Year-on-year revenue change of the cinema advertisements in the Netherlands from 2012 to 2017, with a forecast for 2018 to 2022
Most popular movies in cinema in the Netherlands in 2018, by number of visitors
Most popular Dutch-language movies in the Netherlands in 2018, by cinema revenue (in 1,000 euros)
Ranking of Dutch-spoken cinema movies based on number of cinema visitors in the Netherlands in 2018
Weekly box office revenue of selected cinema movies in the Netherlands in January 2016, by movie ( in euros)
Number of newly released movies in the Netherlands from 2007 to 2018
Number of newly released 3D movies in the Netherlands from 2007 to 2018
Number of newly released Dutch-language movies in the Netherlands from 2007 to 2018
Number of prizes at international festivals for films from the Netherlands from 2011 to 2017, by category
Share of cinema and movie theater visitors in the Netherlands in 2018, by age
Frequency of cinema and movie theater visits in the Netherlands from 2014 to 2018, by gender
Frequency of cinema and movie theater visits in the Netherlands in 2018, by education level
Frequency of cinema and movie theater visits in the Netherlands in 2018, by daily occupation
Frequency of cinema and movie theater visits in the Netherlands in 2018, by household type
Frequency of cinema and movie theater visits in the Netherlands from 2015 to 2018, by monthly household income
Annual audience reach of Dutch films at cinemas in the Netherlands from 2014 to 2018, by age
Annual audience reach of Dutch films at cinemas in the Netherlands from 2014 to 2018, by gender
Annual audience reach of cinema and movie theaters in the Netherlands from 2014 to 2018, by gender
Annual audience reach of cinema and movie theaters in the Netherlands from 2014 to 2018, by educational level
Annual audience reach of cinema and movie theaters in the Netherlands from 2014 to 2018, by daily occupation
Annual audience reach of cinema and movie theaters in the Netherlands from 2014 to 2018, by monthly household income
Could you be happy without cinema, movies or television?
Number of inhabitants per cinema screen in European countries in 2017
Number of cinema admissions to foreign films in Spain from 2008 to 2016 (in millions)
Number of inhabitants per cinema screen in Luxembourg from 2011 to 2017
Number of cinema screens in Denmark from 2008 to 2018
Number of cinema screens in Ireland from 2009 to 2017
Number of inhabitants per cinema screen in Russia from 2009 to 2017
Number of cinema admissions in Estonia from 2009 to 2017 (in millions)
Number of cinema admissions in Luxembourg from 2009 to 2017 (in millions)
Number of cinema admissions in Slovakia from 2009 to 2017 (in millions)
Revenue of Indian domestic theatrical films from FY 2014 to FY 2023 (in billion Indian rupees)
Number of inhabitants per cinema screen in Romania from 2009 to 2017
Audience size of five highest grossing movies during the summer vacation season* in China from 2011 to 2016 (in millions)
Number of digital cinema screens in Poland from 2009 to 2017
Number of inhabitants per cinema screen in Ireland from 2009 to 2017


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text:
Carl J. Shirley
Blog: Four Mile Circus
The Garden by the Sea
Virginia State Parks
Most of my non-fiction writing is related to the performance of my day job as Planning Director for the Office of Human Affairs, a Community Action Agency serving the low-income residents of Newport News and Hampton, Virginia. I seek new funding sources for current and new agency programs, prepare grant application packages (writing the proposal narratives that explain both the capacity of the agency and staff, and details on program implementation and evaluation), and prepare reports for funders on the efficacy of our programs.
In addition to the grant application and reporting process I also create content for the agency newsletter, Inside OHA. These newsletter articles are published to inform the staff, clients and the community of the status and success of programs and to provide information on upcoming events.
Eunice Ricks' Long Tenure as an
OHA Board Member Comes to an End
By Carl J. Shirley
Assistant Planner
On July 31, 2004, Mrs. Eunice S. Ricks announced her departure from the Office of Human Affairs (OHA) Board of Directors, ending eight years of committed service to the agency. This article is based on an interview with Mrs. Ricks that allowed her to share her perspective on events associated with her service to the agency.
In her lifetime Eunice Ricks has seen the worst side of society. She has personally experienced the historic injustices that have shaped and still influence our culture and society, and will not hesitate to express her opinions about the impact those inequities have had on her and others. And faced with this reality of social injustice, Eunice Ricks responded to the needs of her community. She went out to make the world a better place. Part of that journey was made as a member of the Board of Directors for the Office of Human Affairs.
As a community leader, Eunice Ricks had been familiar with the good work done by the OHA long before she became officially involved with the organization. So in the mid 90's, when recruited by Hampton City Councilman Turner Spencer to serve on the board as his representative, she accepted the opportunity to participate, learn and give more to her community.
At that time the board was chaired by Mrs. Effie Ashe. Mrs. Ricks recalls a congenial group of active and participating board members who worked in step with OHA to provide better service to the many people helped by the organization.
As a member of the board, Mrs. Ricks saw the differences OHA made in the community, and she credits the strong and focused vision of its Executive Director Robert D. Ayers, Jr., in guiding the board and organization to new levels of growth and development. She witnessed the expansion of the critical Head Start Program as well as the growth of the agency's Housing Program.
In 2000, Mrs. Ricks was asked to serve as Chairperson of the OHA Board, and under her leadership the organization continued to expand and flourish. As Chairperson she had the opportunity to travel to national meetings, allowing her to gain a better insight into what was happening in other parts of the country, lessons she could apply to the social circumstances faced daily by OHA.
Mrs. Ricks' association with OHA has made her more aware of the needs of the community, an even greater personal awareness of the inequities of society. "We usually think in terms of us and them and those that don't and those that do," she says. "But it's not always those that do who succeed and those who don't that need. Sometimes those that do will need as much as those who don't will."
And it is OHA's ability to meet people's needs, in a time when so many seem to be turning away from that ideal, which Mrs. Ricks sees as vital to the future. The "seeds are planted when you are children," she says, and the best way for children to grow up as productive and responsible members of society is for them to be loved. OHA cannot provide the love, but it can create the atmosphere where love can be shared, with more caring young people coming up as a result.
Even though she has retired from an active leadership role in OHA, Mrs. Ricks intends to remain a staunch supporter of the agency. She will continue to attend OHA functions, speaking out in support of its various programs and do whatever she can to help her community.


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A timeline of Iran's Nuclear Program.
1905: Constitutional Revolution begins amid struggle for independence from Russian and British control; the first parliament is formed in 1906 under the new constitution, which limits power of the Qajar monarchy.
1907: Anglo-Russian Entente divides Persia into three spheres: British, Russian and neutral.
1908: British geologists discover oil in the neutral sphere of Persia; Anglo-Persian Oil Company (later the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company) is formed.
1926: Cossack Brigade officer Reza Khan (1878–1944) overthrows the Qajar Dynasty and is crowned Shah of Persia.
1935: Reza Shah asks foreign delegations to refer to the country as Iran, a name dating from ancient times, rather than Persia.
1941: Concerned about Iran's pro-German leanings in World War II, Britain and the Soviet Union occupy Iran and replace Reza Shah with his son, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi (1919–1980).
1951: Mohammad Mossadegh (1882–1967) is elected prime minister; he nationalizes the British-controlled Iranian oil industry and curbs powers of shah.
1953: Mossadegh is overthrown in a coup d'état backed by the Central Intelligence Agency and the British intelligence agency MI6.
1957: Shah and President Dwight Eisenhower sign a civil nuclear cooperation agreement under the U.S. Atoms for Peace program; the Central Treaty Organization's Institute of Nuclear Science moves headquarters from Baghdad to Tehran.
1959: Tehran Nuclear Research Center (TNRC) is established at Tehran University.
1963: Shah initiates the White Revolution, a modernization program for economic, social, and political reform; riots follow arrest of Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini (1902–1989) for anti-shah speech.
1964: Khomeini begins fourteen years in exile in Najaf and Paris.
1967: Tehran Research Reactor (TRR) begins operation at TNRC.
1968: Iran signs the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) on the opening day for signatures; it is ratified by parliament in 1970.
1972: Iran signs the Biological Weapons Convention; it is ratified by parliament in 1973.
1974: Atomic Energy Organization of Iran (AEOI) is established, and Esfahan Nuclear Technology Center is set up to develop nuclear technology; Iran signs a $1.2 billion deal with the France-based Eurodif consortium to enrich uranium on French soil and supply fuel to the TRR and future nuclear power facilities; Iran signs agreements with West German and French companies to build reactors in Bushehr and Bandar Abbas; Iran concludes NPT Safeguards Agreement, enabling the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) to independently verify the accuracy of Iran's declarations about its nuclear material and activities.
1975: Shah states that Iran has "no intention of acquiring nuclear weapons but if small states began building them, Iran might have to reconsider its policy"; Secretary of State Henry Kissinger signs U.S.-Iran Nuclear Cooperation memorandum endorsing $6.4 billion deal for six to eight nuclear reactors.
1978: At a New Year's Eve state dinner in Tehran, President Jimmy Carter toasts shah as "island of stability in a turbulent corner of the world"; in January, seminary students in holy city of Qom demonstrate after an article in leading state newspaper Ettelaat ridicules Khomeini; police kill several protestors; ranking cleric declares shah's regime "un-Islamic"; incident triggers year-long cycle of religious demonstrations; in September, police kill hundreds of demonstrators in Jaleh Square massacre in Tehran; in October, public sector strikes paralyze economy.
January 16, 1979: Shah flees Iran; mass demonstrations demand resignation of government of Prime Minister Shapour Bakhtiar (1914–1991).
February 1, 1979: Khomeini returns to Iran as leader of Iran's revolution.
February 11, 1979: Khomeini names Mehdi Bazargan (1907–1995) of Iran Freedom Movement as prime minister; Bakhtiar government collapses.
March 30, 1979: Iranians abolish monarchy and approve Islamic republic in referendum.
November 4, 1979 Iranian protestors seize the U.S. Embassy in Tehran and hold fifty-two Americans as hostages for 444 days.
November 12, 1979: U.S. Proclamation 4702 imposes an Iranian oil import ban.
November 14, 1979: U.S. Executive Order 12170 freezes $12 billion in Iranian assets held in the United States.
1980: U.S. Executive Order 12205 prohibits U.S. commercial trade with Iran, with the exception of clothing donations, food, and medical supplies; U.S. Executive Order 12211 prohibits the import of Iranian goods or services and financial transactions with Iran; Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein, with support from Western nations, launches an invasion of Iran, marking the beginning of the Iran-Iraq War.
1981: U.S. and Iran sign the Algiers Accords, under which U.S. unfreezes Iranian assets, revokes previous executive orders, and commits not to intervene in Iran's internal affairs, upon the release of U.S. hostages; AEOI announces discovery of four uranium deposits in Iran.
1982: Iran establishes Hizbollah organization in Lebanon amid Israel's invasion of Lebanon; group leads resistance to the ensuing eighteen-year Israeli occupation.
1983: Iran asks IAEA to provide technical assistance with the production of uranium hexafluoride (UF6), a gas compound used for uranium enrichment.
1984: Iraqi forces bomb the Bushehr site; China assists Iran in establishing a nuclear research center in Esfahan; State Department designates Iran as a state sponsor of terrorism; U.S. enforces sanctions on Iran including: restrictions on U.S. foreign assistance, a ban on defense exports and sales, limits on exports of dual-use items, and miscellaneous financial restrictions.
1986: Revelations emerge in Iran-Contra Affair that the President Ronald Reagan administration secretly provided weapons to Iran in exchange for the release of Americans held hostage by pro-Iranian factions in Lebanon.
1987: U.S. Executive Order 12613 prohibits the import of Iranian products and oil into the United States; Iran signs a $5.5 million deal with Argentina to supply a new TRR core.
1988: Guided missile cruiser USS Vincennes shoots down Iran Air Flight 655 in the Strait of Hormuz, killing 290 passengers and crew; U.S. says that American forces mistakenly identified the civilian Airbus A300 as a hostile military aircraft, and provides restitution to the families of the victims; Iran accepts UN Resolution 598, calling for a cease-fire with Iraq, effectively ending the war; estimates of Iranians killed, including victims of Iraqi chemical weapon attacks, range from 180,000 to 300,000.
1989: Khomeini dies; former President Ali Khamenei (1939–) becomes supreme leader; Ali Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani (1934–) is elected president.
1990: Iran signs a nuclear cooperation agreement with China.
1992: Iran and Russia sign an agreement on the sale of heavy-water reactors to Iran; U.S. Iran-Iraq Arms Nonproliferation Act imposes sanctions on foreign entities that provide Iran technology that could be used in the development of WMDs.
1993: Iran signs the Chemical Weapons Convention; it is ratified by parliament in 1997.
1995: Iran signs $800 million deal with Russia to complete the Bushehr nuclear power plant; U.S. Executive Order 12957 prohibits transactions related to the development of Iran's oil industry; U.S. Executive Order 12959 prohibits re-exportation of goods or technology to, and investments in, Iran.
1996: U.S. Iran and Libya Sanctions Act (ILSA)—later known as Iran Sanctions Act (ISA)— imposes sanctions on foreign entities that invest in Iran's energy sector.
1997: Reformist cleric Mohammed Khatami (1943–) is elected president; U.S. Executive Order 13059 clarifies Executive Orders 12957 and 12959 confirming that virtually all trade and investment activities with Iran by U.S. persons, wherever located, are prohibited.
1998: Khatami proposes a "dialogue among civilizations" in hopes of easing U.S.-Iranian tensions.
1999: Iran and Saudi Arabia support a Weapons of Mass Destruction-Free Zone in the Middle East.
2000: Secretary of State Madeline Albright says Washington bears some responsibility for turbulent U.S.-Iranian relations, citing support for shah's repressive regime, backing for Saddam Hussein in the Iran-Iraq War, and role in the 1953 coup; U.S. lifts sanctions on non-oil products including carpets, pistachios, and caviar; U.S. Iran Nonproliferation Act sanctions foreign entities assisting Iran's development of WMDs; reformists win a majority of seats in parliamentary elections.
2001: Al-Qaeda attacks World Trade Center in New York and Pentagon in Washington, DC, killing 3,000; United States leads invasion of Afghanistan; President George W. Bush says aim is "to disrupt the use of Afghanistan as a terrorist base of operations, and to attack the military capability of the Taliban regime"; U.S. Executive Order 13224 blocks assets of entities or individuals supporting terrorism.
2002: Bush accuses Iran, Iraq, and North Korea of pursuing weapons of mass destruction and labels the regimes an "axis of evil"; Mujahedeen Khalq opposition group reveals that Iran is secretly building two nuclear sites: a uranium enrichment facility in Natanz, and a heavy-water nuclear plant in Arak.
February 2003: Iran acknowledges Natanz and other facilities, and announces that it has extracted uranium from a newly discovered mine in Savand; Iran accepts modifications in NPT Subsidiary Arrangements, requiring Iran to notify IAEA of intentions to set up nuclear facilities; it is not ratified by parliament.
March 2003: United States leads invasion of Iraq; Bush says aims are "to disarm Iraq of weapons of mass destruction, to end Saddam Hussein's support for terrorism, and to free the Iraqi people."
May 2003: Swiss Ambassador to Iran Tim Guldimann delivers an Iranian offer to the United States, said to be backed by Khamenei and Khatami, proposing negotiations on a broad range of issues including nuclear safeguards, economic cooperation, coordination in Iraq, support for an Arab plan for peace with Israel, and halting weapons supplies to Palestinian groups; Bush administration ignores the proposal.
September 2003: Khatami says in a speech: "We don't need atomic bombs, and based on our religious teaching, we will not pursue them. But at the same time, we want to be strong, and being strong means having knowledge and technology."
October 2003: Iranian lawyer Shirin Ebadi (1947–) is awarded the Nobel Peace Prize "for her efforts for democracy and human rights"; Iran begins negotiations over its nuclear program with Britain, France, and Germany (EU3); in the Sa'dabad Declaration, Khatami agrees to suspend all enrichment activities, allow snap inspections by the IAEA, and sign the Additional Protocol of the Safeguards Agreement.
November 2003: Iran announces temporary suspension of its uranium enrichment program.
December 2003: Iran signs the Additional Protocol; it is not ratified by parliament.
2004: Iran acknowledges covert program to acquire nuclear technology; announces plan to build a heavy-water nuclear reactor; Iran reveals production of hexafluoride gas used to enrich uranium, ignoring the IAEA's demand for suspension of all enrichment activities; Iran and EU3 sign Paris Agreement, under which EU3 and Iran will negotiate on guarantees that Iran's nuclear program is for peaceful purposes and on commitments on nuclear, technology, and economic cooperation.
February 2005: Iranian Minister of Defense Ali Shamkhani says in an interview with Iranian newspaper Sharq that acquiring a nuclear weapon is not in Iran's national interest; Iran and Russia sign an agreement for Russia to supply the Bushehr nuclear facility with fuel and Iran to return the fuel rods to ensure enriched uranium is not used for production of nuclear weapons.
June 2005: U.S. Executive Order 13382 freezes assets of entities that support proliferators of WMDs; hardliner and former Tehran Mayor Mahmoud Ahmadinejad (1956–) is elected president.
August 2005: Khamenei issues a religious ruling (fatwa) forbidding the "production, stockpiling and use of nuclear weapons"; at United Nations, Ahmadinejad calls denial of Iran's nuclear rights "nuclear apartheid"; Bush threatens Iran with military force over its nuclear program, saying "all options are on the table."
October 2005: International controversy erupts over Ahmadinejad's reported comment at a "World Without Zionism" conference in Tehran that Israel should be "wiped off the map."
January 2006: Iran announces that it has achieved the capacity to extract uranium from ore; Iran breaks IAEA seals at the Natanz facility.
February 2006: IAEA refers Iran to the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) for noncompliance of the Safeguards Agreement after reporting inconclusive findings about Iran's nuclear program.
April 2006: IAEA report says that Iran produced 3.6 percent enriched uranium but found no sign that Iran enriched uranium for military purposes.
May 2006: United States, Britain, and France draft a UN resolution that would force Iran to halt uranium enrichment activities, or face penalties and potential military action; China and Russia reject the resolution.
June 2006: P5+1 negotiating group is formed, consisting of the five permanent members of the UN Security Council (United States, Britain, France, Russia and China) and Germany; it offers Iran economic, political, and technological incentives if it addresses all IAEA concerns regarding its nuclear program.
July 2006: UNSC Resolution 1696 demands that Iran halt uranium enrichment activities within a month.
August 2006: Ahmadinejad inaugurates heavy-water nuclear plant in Arak; Iran rejects P5+1 proposals, citing condition that it suspend uranium enrichment.
September 2006: U.S. Iran Freedom Support Act appropriates $10 million to aid groups opposed to the Iranian government.
December 2006: UNSC Resolution 1737 is adopted after Iran fails to comply with Resolution 1696; It freezes assets of entities supporting Iran's nuclear program, and bans export of nuclear-related materials and technology to Iran.
January 2007: Iranian state media reports that nuclear scientist Ardeshir Hosseinpour died of asphyxiation due to a gas leak in his apartment.
March 2007: UNSC Resolution 1747 expands the freeze on Iranian assets, bans arms sales to Iran, and asks global financial institutions not to enter commitments with the Iranian government.
April 2007: Ahmadinejad announces that Iran has achieved the capacity to produce nuclear fuel on an industrial scale; Iranian nuclear negotiator Ali Larijani says Iran has injected gas into 3,000 centrifuges.
August 2007: Iran and IAEA reach agreement for a work plan that specifies processes and a timeline to resolve outstanding issues regarding Iran's Safeguards Agreement
November 2007: IAEA report states that Iran has "provided sufficient access to individuals and responded in a timely manner to questions" regarding its nuclear program; IAEA Director General Mohamed ElBaradei calls on Iran to suspend uranium enrichment activities and fully implement the Additional Protocol; Iran acknowledges that it acquired nuclear technology, including P-2 centrifuge blueprints, from A.Q. Khan network over the past two decades; U.S. National Intelligence Estimate states "We judge with high confidence that in Fall 2003, Tehran halted its nuclear weapons program."
February 2008: IAEA report says Iran failed to disclose efforts to link uranium processing and explosives and to design missile warheads.
March 2008: UNSC Resolution 1803 demands that Iran halt uranium enrichment and heavy water-related activities, and urges states to limit financial transactions with Iran and cut ties with two Iranian banks.
June 2008: P5+1 announces a repackaged proposal based on the June 2006 offer.
July 2008: Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs William J. Burns participates in talks with Iranian negotiators in Geneva.
September 2008: UNSC Resolution 1835 reaffirms four previous UNSC resolutions on Iran.
March 2009: President Barack Obama, in a Nowruz message to Iran's "people and leaders," calls for an end to "old divisions"; Obama says: "The United States wants the Islamic Republic of Iran to take its rightful place in the community of nations."
June 2009: Ahmadinejad is declared the winner in presidential election; reformist opponent Mir-Hossein Moussavi alleges election fraud; hundreds of thousands of "Green Movement" supporters hold demonstrations; months of disturbances result in an estimated seventy months deaths.
September 2009: Iran acknowledges to the IAEA the existence of the Fordo uranium enrichment facility near Qom.
October 2009: P5+1 announces the TRR fuel swap proposal, for low-enriched uranium to be shipped from Iran to Russia and then to France for further enrichment; fuel rods would be then sent to Iran for production of isotopes for medical use; Iran rejects fuel swap proposal.
November 2009: IAEA condemns Iran for developing the secret uraniaum enrichment site near Qom; Iran announces plans to establish ten additional enrichment sites.
January 2010: Iranian state media reports that a remote-controlled bomb explosion killed Masoud Ali-Mohammadi, a physics professor at Tehran University reportedly tied to Iran's nuclear program.
February 2010: Ahmadinejad announces that Iran has produced 20 percent enriched uranium.
May 2010: Iran signs Tehran Declaration agreement with Turkey and Brazil calling for a TRR fuel swap; United States, Russia, and France reject agreement; U.S. Comprehensive Iran Sanctions, Accountability, and Divestment Act (CISADA) expands previous American punitive measures against foreign entities that invest in Iran's oil industry, and sanctions human rights violators in Iran.
June 2010: UNSC Resolution 1929 demands that Iran comply with previous UNSC resolutions, and expands financial, military, and travel sanctions on Iran; security researchers identify Stuxnet 0.5 computer virus attacking Iranian targets.
August 2010: Iran holds ceremony marking the completion of the Bushehr nuclear plant; in 2011, officials announce that the plant has been connected to Iran's national energy grid; EU bans trade related to Iranian natural gas production.
November 2010: Ahmadinejad announces that a cyber attack damaged centrifuges at an Iranian nuclear facility; experts believe that a Stuxnet attack struck Natanz; Iranian state media reports that separate bomb blasts in Tehran killed nuclear engineer Majid Shahriyari and injured nuclear scientist Fereydoun Abbasi-Dabani.
July 2011: Ahmadinejad welcomes a "road map" proposed by Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov that calls for eventual suspension of UN sanctions and limited enrichment activity in Iran; Iranian media report that gunmen assassinated nuclear scientist Dariush Rezaeinejad; Der Speigel reports that Mossad, Israel's national intelligence agency, is behind the killing.
November 2011: Fars News Agency reports that a bomb explosion at an arms depot near Tehran killed seventeen members of the Iranian Revolutionary Guard Corps, including Major General Hassan Moqqadam, a key figure in Iran's ballistic missile program; U.S. Executive Order 13590 imposes sanctions on entities supporting the development of Iran's energy industry.
January 2012: EU imposes an embargo on Iranian oil imports and freezes Iran's central bank assets; Iranian media reports that an explosion in Tehran killed nuclear scientist Mostafa Ahmadi Roshan.
February 2012: Iran announces installation of Iranian-made nuclear fuel rods at TRR; NBC News, citing two anonymous senior U.S. officials, reports that Mossad is working with the Iranian opposition group Mujahedeen Khalq to assassinate Iranian nuclear scientists; U.S. Executive Order 13599 imposes sanctions on Iran's financial institutions and certain individuals, as well as on property and interests held by the Iranian government.
March 2012: SWIFT international banking network bars electronic transactions by Iranian banks.
April 2012: U.S. Executive Order 13606 blocks property and entry into the United States of Iranians involved in human rights abuses by means of information and communications technology.
May 2012: U.S. Executive Order 13608 bans certain transactions with—and bars entry into the U.S. to—those who evade or violate U.S. sanctions on Iran or Syria; IAEA reports traces of 27 percent enriched uranium at the Fordo facility.
June 2012: New York Times reports that the Bush administration developed a covert program, Operation Olympic Games, aimed at sabotaging Iran's nuclear program through cyber attacks; the paper says the Obama administration continued the program.
July 2012: U.S. Executive Order 13622 imposes new sanctions on Iranian energy and petrochemical sectors.
August 2012: U.S. Iran Threat Reduction & Syria Human Rights Act (ITRSHRA) broadens sanctions on foreign entities doing business with Iran's energy, financial, and transportation sectors.
September 2012: Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu warns that Iran's stockpile of enriched uranium could put it within reach of a nuclear weapon by mid-2013; hints at military attack if Iran fails to heed "red line."
October 2012: U.S. Executive Order 13628 authorizes implementation of ITRSHRA, including sanctions on foreign subsidiaries of U.S. firms.
January 2013: Israeli Defense Minister Ehud Barak says "if worse comes to worst, there should be a readiness and an ability to launch a surgical operation that will delay [Iran's nuclear weapons program] by a significant time frame."
February 2013: Vice President Joe Biden offers direct talks on Iran's nuclear program; Khamenei rejects the offer saying sanctions on Iran are a "gun held to its head."
March 2013: Asked on Israeli television if the U.S. would attack Iran if diplomacy failed, Obama said "All options are on the table. The United States obviously has significant capabilities."
April 2013: Iran announces it has activated a uranium processing plant and two uranium mines to expand Iran's capacity to produce nuclear material.
May 2013: IAEA report finds that Iran has produced 324 kg of 20 percent enriched uranium;U.S. ends ban on sale of communications equipment and software to Iranians.
June 2013: Cleric Hassan Rowhani (1948–), former secretary of Iran's Supreme National Security Council and lead nuclear negotiator, is elected president; U.S. Executive Order 13645 imposes sanctions on Iran's automobile industry and on transactions in Iranian currency.
Afghanistan Since 1700 Timeline of Afghanistan since 1700.
China Since 1898 A timeline of China Since 1898.
Ending the Iranian-Saudi Cold War A diplomacy deficit between Iran and Saudi Arabia has exacerbated volatility across the […]
Syrian Civil War A Timeline of Syrian Civil War.


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It was a good week for Dutch robotics. During the RoboCup in Leipzig, teams from TU Eindhoven and Delft University of Technology showed the world that the Netherlands are at the forefront of creating the next generation robotics.
Team Delft, a team with members from Delft University of Technology and company Delft Robotics, won the Amazon Picking Challenge. It was the first time Team Delft participated, and they won convincingly: they won both the stowing and picking finals.
TU Eindhoven proved that they are still the best in letting robots play football: Team Tech United won the World Championships after participating in the 9th finals in a row! Both the finals of Team Delft and Team Tech United proved to be thrilling: whereas the picking challenge was decided by a 'photo finish', Team Tech United only beat the team from Beijing University after a penalty shootout.
"The team is a playground for people who want to try out things"
The Eindhoven area was present with three football teams. Besides the university, the company Team Falcons from ASML participated as well, as was the team from VDL (the former Philips team). The ASML team was founded by employees who wanted to do something fun next to their work, tells team captain Jaap Vos. "Some colleagues bicycle or go running together, we built a robotic soccer team." It makes sense: the machines that are built at ASML use some of the same technologies as the robots.
VDL Robotsports is the only team that is not centred around a research programme. "We're a bunch of unorganised techies", tells Henk van Gijn, a retired former Philips employee. The youngest team member is 14, the oldest 68. Although his team did not perform very well, they can rely on a golden heritage: their team was the first to produce robots that could shoot really hard. So hard, Van Gijn told us, that it was first forbidden because the cameras could not follow the ball.
Besides football, TU Eindhoven competed in the @Home League as well. They secured the second place in the competition for care robots.
Besides Eindhoven, there were two more Dutch teams: Smallsize Holland from Saxion Hogeschool and the Dutch Nao Team. Which of course was a Walhalla for people who like those funny Naos. There were lots of them! They told us all the teams had difficulties with ball recognition this year. But otherwise, they were really optimistic. And just as in real life, the Nao robot players needed half time to recharge. Literally.


Very luxurious hotel, amazing suites. Due to its sheer size, figuring out the different towers can be frustrating but you'll get the hang of it if you're staying for more than a day. The staff are everywhere and are happy to help lost stragglers. Highly recommend, great restaurants withing the hotel in every tower is a great place. If you're visiting Vegas, staying at The Venetian is probably your best decision of the whole trip coz you'll make a lot of dumb ones soon after. Viva Las Vegas!


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Canadian Pacific Railway Toolshed
This very simple little building served as a tool storage shed for the section crew which maintained the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR) mainline around Austin. The shed was located in Austin.
This building has a number of features which point to an early construction date. This building features board and batten siding. Board and batten siding consists of boards nailed on vertically and flat against the buildings framework. The joints between the boards are then covered with a narrower board, the batten, which is nailed over the joint. Board and batten construction was very common in Pioneer Canada before 1900. One advantage of board and batten was that it could make use of varying widths of boards and the edges did not have to be perfect as the battens were 2-4 inches wide. Board and batten construction on the railways seemed to have fallen out of use by the 1890s.
As well, the tool shed features rough sawn 2 x 4 framing, that is the 2 x 4s were not planed and so are the full 2 x 4 dimension. Rough sawn materials were also commonly encountered in Pioneer Canada construction and began to become uncommon after 1920 as the technology of lumber planers improved and the advantages of planed lumber became apparent.
Given the construction which points to a construction date before 1900, it is quite likely this tool shed was the only tool shed ever constructed at Austin. While the CPR track was completed coast to coast in Canada by 1885, it took at least another 10 years to bring the CPR up to full operational standard with the provision of railway buildings and facilities plus ballasting of track and filling in of trestles with earth where practical.
By 1995, track maintenance had changed significantly with maintenance forces being provided with trucks to move around with. The tool shed at Austin was no longer needed and so was offered to the Museum.
It is interesting to note that a CPR diagram exists inside the tool shed that lists the tools that should be in the shed and stipulates where they are to be stored. This indicates standardization of tool sheds and their contents. Probably this was done so that almost any CPR employee could enter the tool shed and quickly locate the tool needed or just as quickly determine it was not in the shed. Of course, this assumes the section gang followed the diagram.
Section gangs were a fixture on rail lines up to the 1970s. Lines were divided up into sections and assigned to specific gangs. Each gang maintained the track, replacing ties and damaged rails, maintaining road crossings, signage along the track and other tasks in their section. Often the section crew lived in a bunk house located alongside the track. The foreman usually lived in a house owned by the railway which was also located along side the track, the so called section house. Steam locomotives, for various reasons, were hard on track which resulted in a need for ongoing maintenance. Diesel locomotives were easier on track resulting in less maintenance. As well, track maintenance became increasingly mechanized through the 1960s. Section gangs began to disappear in the 1970s and were replaced by crews that cover much greater sections of track. As well travelling crews with specialized machinery travel the country doing such jobs as replacing the rail or ties in sections of track.
Section gangs offered local employment opportunities to farmers and their sons. As well remaining on good terms with the local section gang was advisable as the gang was equipped with heavy jacks, chains, cables, timbers and other items which farmers of the time had the occasional use for. If the farmer could borrow the item from the gang, he could avoid purchasing the thing or going further afield to borrow one.
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