text:
Our History, Our Heritage
The Maryland Historical Trust Blog
About MHT
April 26, 2021 by matthewmcknightmarylandgov
Revisiting a 19th-century Flea Glass from the Southern Dispensary
by Patricia Samford, Director of the Maryland Archaeological Conservation (MAC) Lab
Since the theme of Maryland Archeology Month 2021 is "The Archeology of Healing and Medicine," I thought it would be a great time to revisit a rudimentary microscope called a "flea glass," which I first studied in a February 2017 Curator's Choice piece. The monthly Curator's Choice series highlights significant or unusual artifacts from the Maryland Archaeological Conservation (MAC) Lab collections, and a 19th-century flea glass from the Southern Dispensary in Baltimore qualifies on both counts.
"The eye of a human being is a microscope,
which makes the world seem bigger than it really is."
– Khalil Gibran (1883-1931)
Nineteenth-century physicians often required more than just the naked eye to assist them in offering quality health care to their patients. Using magnifying devices, like this simple microscope, also called a flea glass, allowed them to gain a better view of wounds or conduct routine visual examinations of ears, eyes, and throats.
An example of a handled Flea Glass Dating to the Second Quarter of the Nineteenth Century.
(Source: https://www.worthpoint.com/worthopedia/simple-microscope-flea-glass-245822098)
Invented in the 1500s, flea glasses were used primarily for studying insects and other small life forms rather than for medical purposes—hence the name. A small, convex lens held nearest to the eye and a larger, flat lens at the opposite end of a short metal tube allowed for magnification ranges of 6x to 10x.
The lenses and iron fittings of a flea glass or similar simple microscope were recovered from a circa 1850-1870 privy excavated at the Federal Reserve site (18BC27) in Baltimore. This magnifying instrument may have been originally mounted on a stand. A medical use for this scientific instrument was assumed because the privy fill also contained a number of other artifacts relating to medical care, including a mortar and pestle, a salve jar, a pill tile, a leech jar, a number of medicine bottles, and a possible stethoscope.
Flea Glass or Simple Microscope from the Federal Reserve Site (Top and Side Views).
Photo by Nicole Doub, MAC Lab.
Documentary records indicate that the privy was located near the Southern Dispensary, a branch of the Baltimore General Dispensary. A dispensary supplied free medicine and health care for citizens who could not otherwise afford medical services. The Southern Dispensary, funded by charitable donations and a small appropriation from the city, was incorporated in 1847 and remained in operation until at least 1889 (Woods 1847; Register 1890). The dispensary offered both clinic and in-home health care (Polk 1888).
Simple Microscope Mounted on a Stand.
Similar instruments were illustrated as early as 1685 in Oculus Artificialis by Johann Zahn
With large populations living in close proximity, it was critical for cities to provide medical services. At various times during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, infectious diseases, including tuberculosis, cholera, yellow fever and smallpox, struck Baltimore (Mdmedicine 2017). Clinics like the Southern Dispensary played key roles in treating infected individuals and preventing widespread epidemics.
Bradbury, S.
1968 The Microscope Past and Present. Pergamon International Popular Science Series. Pergamon Press, Ltd., Oxford.
Mdmedicine
2017 Epidemics in Maryland. Website accessed January 13, 2017. http://mdhistoryonline.net/mdmedicine/index.cfm?action=epidemics
Polk, R. L.
1888 The Medical Directory and Register for Baltimore, Washington, Maryland and District of Columbia. R. L. Polk & Co., Baltimore.
1890 Annual Reports of the Register of the City and the Commissioners of Finance. John Cox, Printer, Baltimore.
Woods, John W.
1847 The Act of Incorporation and By-laws, of the Southern Dispensary of Baltimore: Together with a List of Officers for 1847. Baltimore.
Zahn, Johann
1685 Oculus Artificialis Teledioptricus Sive Telescopium. Würzburg, Germany.
Posted in Archeology, Baltimore City, MAC Lab	| Tagged Archaeology, Archeology, MAC Lab, Medicine | Leave a comment
Erosion Threatens Cultural Resources at the 17th-century Calverton Site: Maryland's Flood Awareness Month and Archeology Month Align
by Zachary Singer, MHT Research Archaeologist, and the Staff of Applied Archaeology and History Associates, Inc.
In addition to celebrating Maryland Archeology Month in April, Governor Larry Hogan proclaimed April 2021 as the first Maryland Flood Awareness Month. Although, April 2021 is the first official concurrent observance, 2017's Archeology Month – At The Water's Edge: Our Past on the Brink addressed the effects of flood hazards on archaeological sites. In the 2017 Archeology Month Booklet, Jason Tyler of Applied Archaeology and History Associates, Inc. (AAHA) contributed an essay entitled "A Return to Calverton, or What's Left of It". In the essay, Jason described the results of a 2015 survey to document archaeological resources along the banks of Battle Creek in Calvert County and highlighted the impacts of shoreline erosion on the late 17th-century Calverton site (18CV22). Calverton was laid out in 1668 and served as the seat of government within Calvert County from 1668-1725. Jason concluded the chapter by advocating to protect the site from erosion and flood hazards and also to document the site through archaeology to learn about the threatened cultural resources at Calverton.
The Calverton Shoreline, 1682 vs. Today
Following Jason's recommendation, the 2017 and 2018 Tyler Bastian Field Sessions with the Archeological Society of Maryland were held at the Calverton site to investigate the site before storm-surge flooding and the wind-driven waters of Battle Creek further eroded what evidence remained of the town. The field sessions focused on ground-truthing anomalies identified during a magnetic susceptibility survey by the MHT Office of Archaeology. The Field Session investigations identified a part of the Colonial town that had not entirely washed into Battle Creek, including intact sub-plowzone cultural horizons and features. In the summer of 2020, AAHA conducted supplemental archaeological investigations at Calverton to continue documenting those portions of the site at heightened risk from shoreline erosion and flooding caused by sea level rise. The 2020 work was supported by the Calvert County Government and a grant from the Maryland Heritage Areas Authority.
Magnetic Susceptibility Data Collected by the MHT Office of Archaeology
Prior to AAHA's 2020 field investigations, the MHT Office of Archaeology conducted a ground penetrating radar (GPR) survey within 10 meters of the eroding bank overhanging Battle Creek to identify anomalies in the area of the site most at risk to further loss from wind and water action. The GPR essentially uses a 350MHz (megahertz) antenna to send radio pulses into the ground which bounce off of subsurface anomalies and return to the antenna. Through the use of special software, the data collected by the GPR operator can be used to create a detailed 3 dimensional model (called a 3D time slice) that reveals both the horizontal and vertical relationships amongst radar anomalies including potential cultural features (trash pits, cellars, privies), potential modern disturbances, and natural tree root systems.
Dr. Zac Singer Collecting GPR Data along Battle Creek
July 2020 MHT Ground Penetrating Radar Results
MHT archaeologists identified seven likely anthropogenic features via examination of the radar time slices. There were two large rectilinear anomalies in the eastern portion of the survey area. A deep, roughly circular anomaly near the center of the survey area was interpreted as a possible well. To the west of the possible well was an irregular anomaly that corresponded with a magnetic aberration identified during a 2019 gradiometer survey. To the east of the possible well was another amorphous anomaly. One trench-like linear anomaly was identified running roughly north-south in the western portion of the survey area. Additionally, one irregularly-shaped anomaly appeared in the southwest corner of the survey area and roughly corresponded to the location of a feature identified in 2017: a cluster of artifacts partly eroding from the bank of Battle Creek. In addition, the rectangular footprint of a test unit from previous excavations was identified, confirming the projection of these anomalies in real space. All seven potential cultural features were recommended for ground-truthing during AAHA's 2020 archaeological fieldwork.
In total, AAHA excavated eight Test Units during the 2020 fieldwork to assess the form and function of the GPR anomalies. The excavations resulted in the identification of ten cultural features and the recovery of 3,369 artifacts mostly dating from the late 17th and early 18th century including tobacco pipes, a Charles I sixpence coin (1639-1645), and sherds of tin glazed earthenware. Of the ten features identified and excavated by AAHA in 2020, seven are related to the occupation of Calverton most likely from the late seventeenth century and the first quarter of the eighteenth century. The largest and most artifact-dense features related to the colonial occupation of Calverton were identified in the central portion of the study area and represent a posthole/mold (Feature 15/22), a small cellar (Feature 14 – the anomaly originally thought to be a possible well), and a possible trash pit (Features 16 and 17). Also identified was a small trench or ditch feature for what was probably once a paling fence in the western portion of the study area (Feature 19).
Tobacco Pipe Fragments
Charles I Sixpence Coin (Obverse Side)
Charles I Sixpence Coin (Reverse Side)
Tin-glazed Earthenware Sherds
Feature 14 – The Small Cellar
Feature 19 – Ditch from a Probable Paling Fence
The 2020 archaeological investigation at Calverton provided additional data crucial to understanding the colonial occupation of the town in the portions of the site most vulnerable to flooding and erosion. Most significantly, it identified a previously unknown cellar (Feature 14) and an associated post hole/mold (Feature 15/22) both of which likely reflect the location of a colonial structure. While the small window into this structure excavated to-date has allowed some preliminary conclusions to be drawn, additional excavations could further reveal the size, layout, and function of the former building. Additional excavation and GPR survey in the vicinity of the paling trench identified during the 2020 investigation (Feature 19) could also provide valuable data on lot divisions in Calverton and colonial towns as a whole.
Another important aspect of the 2020 project was to monitor the shoreline at Calverton to continue assessing the risk of the site to the destructive power of wind and water action along Battle Creek, which remains an imminent threat to the archaeological resources at the site. MHT map projections show that the town's important public buildings, including the courthouse and chapel, have already been lost to Battle Creek. AAHA's comparison of the 2020 location of the Battle Creek bank to the location recorded by a 2017 Calvert County LiDAR survey shows shoreline loss ranging from 0.0313 meters to 3.204 meters, with an average of 1.333 meters of loss over two years, or 60- 70 centimeters per year. Most alarmingly, seven of the 28 points taken for the analysis (25% of the total) show shoreline loss in excess of 2 meters and these points occurred over the entire length of the surveyed shoreline. At this rate, the late 17th/early 18th-century cellar feature (Feature 14) will be lost to erosion by 2028 without intervention. With climate change comes increasing numbers of catastrophic storms. Tidal surges during such storm events can wreak havoc on the shoreline, severely undercutting the bank at Calverton.
Map Depicting the Rate of Shoreline Loss at Calverton between 2017 and 2020
This reinforces the urgent need for additional archaeology at Calverton before the resource is entirely lost. Maryland Flood Awareness Month aligning with Maryland Archeology Month provides the perfect opportunity to discuss the impacts of flooding on archaeological resources. To learn more about planning efforts to protect archaeological sites from the impacts of flood hazards, please see the MHT's guide for Planning for Maryland's Flood-Prone Archeological Resources.
Posted in Archeology, Calvert County, Climate Change, Hazard Mitigation, Historic Sites, Research, Uncategorized	| Tagged Archaeology, Archeology, Calvert County, Calverton, Remote sensing, Tyler Bastian Field Session | 1 Comment
Introducing mdFIND: a Collector App for Unanticipated Artifact Discoveries
By Matt McKnight, Chief Archaeologist
A routine part of my job, and part of the job for most of the archaeologists at the Maryland Historical Trust, is fielding the occasional inquiry from an interested member of the public about an artifact (or possible artifact) that they've found on their farm, in their back yard, or while out on a hike. These interactions usually start with an email or phone call to our office from the interested party. That exchange leads invariably to a request from one of us for a photo. The photo often comes back with nothing for scale, making it hard for us to interpret, and requires several follow-up emails. The photos may elicit more curiosity and a request for a map of the find location from MHT (something the caller may or may not be able to provide). The process involves a lot of back-and-forth and we thought, "There has to be an easier way!"
Historic Artifacts Recovered in the Field
Today, I'm pleased to share that we have one! Several months ago, my colleague, Dr. Zac Singer and I began discussing ways to develop a smartphone app that could streamline the process of reporting unanticipated artifact discoveries in the field. To be clear, this app is not meant to replace completion of our standard Maryland Inventory of Historic Properties (MIHP) Archaeological Site Form for reporting newly discovered sites. Rather, we envisioned it as a supplemental tool, not meant for sites, but for individual artifact finds. This tool could be used by professional archaeologists for reporting isolated finds, but what we really wanted was something that could be used by an ASM member, a property owner, a metal detectorist, an arrowhead collector, or even just a hiker who found something interesting on their trek.
While I certainly have my qualms about some of these activities and the damage that can be caused to archaeological sites when they are done in an irresponsible or uncontrolled manner (I'll be speaking in a Maryland Archeology Month webinar on the topic of "relic hunting" later this month), there may be instances where responsible admirers of the material culture record wish to record and report such finds to the state. MHT is the "home" of the MIHP, which includes nearly 14,000 archaeological sites and over 43,000 historic and architectural resources. For us (and by "us" I mean the collective body of Maryland's residents) to learn about our shared history and cultural heritage, we need to have an accurate record of not just the known sites, but also isolated finds. These are often the first clues that lead to the discovery of new sites. And since it's not just professional archaeologists that wander the fields and forests, hobbyists, hikers, beachcombers, and others needed a tool that would allow them to be a part of this discovery and documentation project. We also thought such a tool might be useful for "citizen scientists" to conduct coastal surveys for cultural resources after major storm and flooding events. After all, April is not just Maryland Archeology Month, it's also Maryland Flood Awareness Month!
To that end, today we are releasing mdFIND, a crowdsourcing app that allows any member of the public to record and photograph unanticipated artifact discoveries in the field, and report those findings to the MHT Office of Archaeology. The app is built on ESRI's Survey123 technology. Though the app presents you with a sign-in screen in case you have an ESRI account, no account is necessary, and you can click to simply continue without signing in. You can download the app for free at https://arcg.is/1PnOL10 or by scanning the QR code in the handy mdFIND flyer available at https://mht.maryland.gov/documents/PDF/research/mdFIND.pdf. The app will even work directly from a web browser with no download needed: just follow the simple prompts to report your find to MHT.
The app allows you to upload or capture up to five images of the object(s), report the location using your phone's GPS, specify the broad artifact type or the diagnostic artifact name (if you know it), and report your name and contact info (if you wish) for any follow-up. Easy-to-use drop-down menus and links to external webpages (such as JPPM's Diagnostic Artifacts Page) make filling out the form a breeze. If you use the app (as opposed to the web browser), mdFIND will even allow you to keep a record of your own personal submissions to the database on your phone (within the app). You can edit these previous finds and resubmit them later if new information comes to light.
We hope you find this new tool as useful as we do. Getting out into the warmer weather and recording some exciting new discoveries seems to me like a great way to spend some of Maryland Archeology Month. How about you?
Posted in Archeology	| Tagged Archaeology, Archeology, Collecting, mdFIND, Metal Detecting | 2 Comments
April 1, 2021 by matthewmcknightmarylandgov
Maryland Archeology Month 2021: The Archeology of Healing and Medicine
By Charlie Hall, State Terrestrial Archaeologist
When the Maryland Archeology Month Committee "met" (and we all know what it means to "meet" these days!) this past Fall our most important piece of business was to select the theme for the 2021 celebration. While this is a bit routine – choosing the theme is always the most important item on the agenda at our kick-off meeting – there was a difference this year. Try as I might to generate some debate (we had many excellent candidates), there really was no question that the Maryland Archeology Month theme for 2021 would echo the principal theme of these times: the worldwide effort to overcome COVID-19. The Committee was clear, however, that the theme should reflect the hopeful and positive aspects of the current stage of the pandemic. We are currently vaccinating over 3,000,000 people every day in the US, and are within weeks of the time when everyone will be eligible to receive a vaccination. This is indeed hopeful and positive. At this rate Maryland Archeology Month 2022 may mark the return to the usual menu of in-person public-engaging events including lectures, workshops, public excavations, open labs, and more.
2021 Maryland Archeology Month Poster
That was no typo. I meant 2022. This year will mark the second COVID-19 affected Maryland Archeology Month (MAM). The virus hit with a vengeance last March just as we were preparing to celebrate. We were all reeling from the changes the response to the state of emergency meant in our day-to-day lives, and for MAM event sponsors this meant cancelations. Yet we
persevered! Governor Hogan declared that April 2020 was Archeology Month in Maryland. The mailing went out as usual. Within the confines of the restrictions that were being put into effect, efforts were made to mark the celebration. Several blogs and video lectures were posted on the internet, and a web-based storymap was launched.
This year we have the added benefit of being able to plan with the pandemic as the controlling factor. We know that most in-person events will not be possible. As a result, we have planned many more virtual events. Below is a sampling of events you can attend without leaving the comfort – and safety – of your home. Note that information regarding these and other events, as well as links to the host organization's website, can be found on the Maryland Archeology Month website at www.marylandarcheologymonth.org. Visit this website often as the list of events will no-doubt grow!
Digging History: Screening with Q&A: Archaeological Discoveries at the Hagerstown Jonathan Street Cabin. This virtual event will stream live from 7:00 PM to 8:00 PM on Tuesday April 6th. Hosted by Preservation Maryland with the Maryland Department of Transportation, Maryland Public Television, and the Western Maryland Community Development Corporation, this free event will feature a 5 minute mini-documentary featuring the archaeological investigation of the Jonathan Street Cabin in the heart of an African American neighborhood in Hagerstown. Archaeologists will answer questions from the audience following the mini-documentary screening. Visit https://www.preservationmaryland.org/ and look for Upcoming Events to register.
How Do I Get a Job in Archaeology These Days? If you are looking to get a job as an archaeologist then this webinar, hosted by the Council for Maryland Archeology and the University of Maryland is for you! Join host Jessica Brannnock and a panel of employed archeologists on Thursday April 8th from 7:00 PM to 8:30 PM to learn how you too can get the job you want! Visit https://cfma-md.com/ and click on Announcements for information and to register.
Maryland Archeology Month: Rockville Students Excavate the Riggs House. Join this free Zoom lecture at 12:00 PM Thursday April 15th . Join the Peerless Rockville Historic Preservation, Ltd., and retired Richard Montgomery High School teacher and avocational archaeologist Bob Hines as they discuss the four seasons of archaeological investigations at the home site of one of Montgomery County's most influential families. Visit the Peerless Rockville website (https://www.peerlessrockville.org/) and click on Events to register.
Finding Common Ground: Can Relic Hunters and Archeologists Work Together? Are metal detectorists and archaeologists the oil and water of the search for the material past? Is there a way the two can coexist and perhaps even benefit each other? Join a diverse panel of experts on Thursday April 15th at 1:00 PM for this free webinar, hosted by Preservation Maryland (https://www.preservationmaryland.org/, look for Upcoming Events).
Unearthing St. Mary's Fort, the Founding Site of the Maryland Colony. Found it! If you follow the news you know about this national headline story. Funded by an MHT Historic Preservation Non-Capital Grant, archaeologists at Historic St. Mary's City found the first fort built by the English colonists who settled Maryland in 1634. Learn about this historic discovery from the Director of Research and Collections Dr. Travis Parno between 7:00 PM and 8:00 PM on Thursday April 15th (visit https://www.hsmcdigshistory.org/events/ and click on Visit Us, then on Events to learn more about this YouTube event).
The Archeology of Healing and Medicine. Three authors of essays published in this year's Archeology Month booklet will discuss their topics in a free webinar hosted by the Council for Maryland Archeology and the Maryland Historical Trust on Thursday April 22nd between 2:00 PM and 3:00 PM. Visit https://cfma-md.com/ and click on Announcements for information and to register. In addition to these live streaming events, the Council for Maryland Archeology and the Maryland Historical Trust will be posting short video interviews with each of the eight authors of the essays published in this year's Archeology Month booklet on the Maryland Historical Trust's YouTube channel. These video interviews will be available on demand this month (and beyond!)
You can expect additional written blogs and other online content as well. You'll want to visit the Maryland Archeology Month website (www.marylandarcheologymonth.org) often as new content will be developed and links will be posted throughout the month. This website is also your source for this year's Maryland Archeology Month poster and booklet, both of which can be downloaded there. Other content, including a listing of year-round volunteer opportunities, is available from this website, and will be updated often throughout the year. Cross listing of events on the hosts' websites, as well as on the website of the Archeological Society of Maryland (www.marylandarcheology.org) will help to spread the word as widely as possible.
You're going to be busy this April!
Posted in Uncategorized	| Tagged Archaeology, Archeology, Health, Medicine, Research, Science | 1 Comment
Follow MHT Blog via Email
What We're Talking About
African American Anne Arundel County Archeology Awards Baltimore City Calvert County Dorchester County Eastern Shore Education Grants Heritage Tourism Historic Sites Maryland Heritage Areas Maryland Historical Trust Staff Museums Prince George's County Research Southern Maryland Uncategorized Women's History
Categories Select Category Advocacy African American Allegany County Annapolis Anne Arundel County Archeology Awards Baltimore City Baltimore County Bridges Calvert County Cambridge Caroline County Carroll County Cecil County Certified Local Government Charles County Chesapeake Bay Civil War Climate Change Coalition for Full Funding Conferences Dorchester County Dutch Ruppersberger Eastern Shore Easton Education Frederick County Garrett County Grants Harford County Havre de Grace Hazard Mitigation Heritage Tourism Historic Preservation Caucus Historic Preservation Commissions Historic Preservation Fund Historic Sites Internship John Sarbanes John Smith Water Trail Kent County LEED Loans MAC Lab Maritime Maryland Association of History Museums Maryland Heritage Areas Maryland Historical Trust Board Maryland Historical Trust Staff Maryland History Day Maryland Humanities Council Maryland Preservation Conference Maryland State Arts Council Maryland Traditions Montgomery County Monuments Museums National Park Service Native American Non-Capital Grants Old Senate Chamber Restoration Planning Preserve America Prince George's County Princess Anne Public Meetings Research Roads Roadside Markers Scenic Byways Small Museum Association Smart Growth Somerset County Southern Maryland St. Mary's County St. Michael's State Highway Administration strategic plan Survey sustainability Sustainable Communities Talbot County Tax Credits tobacco barns Tourism Traditional Arts Trails Transportation Uncategorized Washington County Western Maryland Wicomico County Women's History Workshops


text:
Gold transactions during the Second World War
The monetary policy background of the gold transactions of the Swiss National Bank during the Second World War
The SNB's gold transactions in the Second World War - monetary policy background
Press release, 25 March 1999
Swiss National Bank will not contribute to bank settlement
The Swiss National Bank's gold transactions during the Second World War
Jean-Pierre Roth, Introductory remarks at the half-yearly press conference of 18 June 1998
The Swiss National Bank's gold transactions during the Second World War - Comments on the interim report of the commission of experts
Press release, 25 May 1998
Swiss National Bank opposes intended class action in the USA
Press release, 3 April 1998
The gold transactions of the Swiss National Bank between 1939 and 1945
Jean-Pierre Roth, Press Conference of 20 March 1997
The Swiss National Bank's gold transactions with the German Reichsbank from 1939 to 1945
Robert Vogler, 1984
The monetary policy background of the gold transactions of the Swiss National Bank in the Second World War
During the War, the Swiss National Bank (SNB) primarily endeavoured to strengthen confidence in the currency, to keep prices under control and to ensure Switzerland's solvency in respect of vital supplies. The first part of the study shows that the SNB's decision to adhere to the principle of the gold standard can be explained by the desire to avoid a repetition of the negative monetary experiences during the First World War. Moreover, the SNB aimed to pursue a strategy oriented to the economic structure of the country which had permitted it to survive the monetary turbulences of the 1930s relatively unscathed. The second part deals with the most important periods with respect to monetary policy during the War. It shows that the SNB tried to achieve its aims by pragmatic means. In general, it adhered to the principle of the gold standard, only deviating from it when it considered its goals threatened. At certain times, foreign policy considerations also played a part that should not be underestimated.
In view of the goal of maintaining confidence in the currency, of price stability and of safeguarding vital supplies, adhering to the convertibility of gold in principle even during the War was an adequate strategy. Purchases of gold – of increasingly dubious origin – from the Deutsche Reichsbank associated with this strategy, however, represented the other side of the coin. The question thus arises whether the SNB could not have pursued a strategy which would have taken account of the political, legal and moral issues while not posing a threat to its monetary goals.
The study draws the conclusion that in the first half of the War a substantial reduction of gold purchases from Germany could have jeopardised one or the other of the goals pursued by the SNB. From 1943 onwards, however, the SNB was provided with the monetary leeway which would have made it possible to limit its operations with the Reichsbank without incurring significant monetary risks. The question why it did not revise its policy sooner despite the warnings of the Allies goes beyond the scope of this investigation. The authors suspect that the decisive factor was to be seen in the false assessment of the political, legal and moral aspects of the gold transactions with the Deutsche Reichsbank.
The monetary policy background of the gold transactions of the SNB in the Second World War
Vincent Crettol, Patrick Halbeisen, April 1999

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Diacria quadridentata är en snäckart som först beskrevs av de Blainville 1821.  Diacria quadridentata ingår i släktet Diacria och familjen Cavoliniidae. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Snäckor
quadridentata

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Q: Python: How can I add a counter to the replacement argument of re.sub() I'd like to add ids to html tags. For example, I'd like to change:

First paragraph

Second paragraph

Third paragraph

to

First paragraph

Second paragraph

Third paragraph

IIRC, it's possible to use a lambda function to achieve this functionality, but I can't remember the exact syntax.

A: I would use an HTML parser, like BeautifulSoup.
The idea is to iterate over all paragraphs using enumerate() for indexing, starting with 1:
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup

data = """

First paragraph

Second paragraph

Third paragraph

"""

soup = BeautifulSoup(data, 'html.parser')
for index, p in enumerate(soup.find_all('p'), start=1):
    p['id'] = index

print soup

Prints:

First paragraph

Second paragraph

Third paragraph

A: If you want to use regex, the quick and dirty solution would be to use a global variable, like so:
i = 0

def replace(match):
    global i
    i += 1
    return '
'.format(i)

re.sub(pattern, replace, your_string)

Alternatively, you could create a custom class that "pretends" to be a function using __call__ and define the counter to be a field:
class Replace(object):
    def __init__(self):
        self.counter = 0

    def __call__(self, match):
        self.counter += 1
        return '
'.format(self.counter)

replace = Replace()
re.sub(pattern, replace, your_string)

A: Not very generic, but should work
def sub_p(string):
   def inc(m, i=[0]):
      i[0] += 1
      return '
' % i[0]
   return re.sub(r"
", inc, string)

A: I would like to complement to the @Michael0x2a 's answer
There is a major bug in his code, in particular: If nothing was replaced, the counter will still return 1. As well as a few minor issues
To work around the main bug, one can utilise the fast hashing algorithms. I'll use Adler32.
import re
import zlib

class Replace(object):
    def __init__(self):
        self.counter = 0

    def __call__(self, match):
        self.counter += 1
        return '
'.format(self.counter)

replace = Replace()
old = zlib.adler32(your_string)
replaced = re.sub(pattern, replace, your_string)
new = zlib.adler32(replaced)

if(old == new):
    replace.counter = 0

A: Using re.sub()
x=['
First paragraph
', '
Second paragraph
', '
Third paragraph
']
for i, p in enumerate(x,start=1):
...     re.sub(r'^
', '
'%i, p)
...
'
First paragraph
'
'
Second paragraph
'
'
Third paragraph
'

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


The Stvdio by Jeff Banks Modern Fit Suit is shorter, sharper and tighter, harking back to the modernist movement of the 1960's. The trouser is slim fitting, narrow through the knee and hem for a slim silhouette.
Product description	Item No. 46497_002..


text:
Last edited by Moogugul
7 edition of Supreme Court drama found in the catalog.
Daniel E. Brannen
cases that changed America
by Daniel E. Brannen
Published 2011 by UXL, Gale Cengage Learning in Farmington Hills, MI .
Constitutional law,
Statement Daniel E. Brannen, Jr., Richard Clay Hanes, and Rebecca Valentine ; Lawrence W. Baker, project editor
Contributions Hanes, Richard Clay, 1946-, Valentine, Rebecca
LC Classifications KF4550.Z9 B73 2011
Pagination <2> :
ISBN 10 9781414486567, 9781414486574, 9781414486581, 9781414486598, 9781414486604, 9781414486680
View Comments What is a boat? As per us, the arguments have concluded. In the second category of capital cases, the justices consider Supreme Court drama book, also raised in habeas corpus petitions, challenging the constitutionality of particular methods of execution. Just as a new generation of Americans, followed sometimes grudgingly by their elders, is coming to terms with norms of gender parity and with the rejection of straight male privilege, we are faced with a nominee to the Supreme Court who is widely expected, at least by those who selected him, to reverse what many have come to accept as the enlightened approach to these morally freighted issues.
The issue was whether both women were Supreme Court drama book guilty of murder. Classical ideals require a beginning, middle and end — that justice be done and the gods punish the guilty appropriately: Oedipus must be blinded, and by his own hand. It is a drama whose results, at this writing, are as unpredictable as are the long-range consequences of this novel convergence. As attacks on the rule of law become more frequent and intense, the public has rekindled its often dormant affection for public-interest lawyers — endearingly unglamorous defenders of principle over politics, of rules over ruffianism. Today, a stay application may still come in at night and close to the time of execution.
Roberts is a devout Catholic whose views have changed little throughout his career as a Supreme Court drama book, first at the U. Now, to mark the A. Brett Kavanaugh set his sights on the court right out of law school. Occasionally this process slips up in the lower courts and the Supreme Court needs to issue a stay of execution. The third category of cases, stay applications, is the stuff of Supreme Court drama. After the Supreme Court halted executions instates revised their death penalty statutes, and inthe court upheld some of the new generation of capital punishment laws.
Customs and costumes in Bible days
Bush ballads and other poems
1929 wholesale price list of plants
The reluctant writer
metamorphosis of Ovid
Lower than the angels
Polytechnic of North Londons policy on multi-ethnic education, race equality and equal opportunity
All I Want for Christmas (Hardcover)
Changing normality
Toxigenic Fungi
Letter-forms and lettering
Beyond Mahan: A Proposal for a U.S. Naval Strategy in the Twenty-First Century
Supreme Court drama by Daniel E. Brannen Download PDF Ebook
In the film, Idiocracyafter years of dumbing down, the United States has replaced the Supreme Court with the "Extreme Court", which sentences the protagonist of the film to a "rehabilitation" death match. Toobin knows this turf. The firm offered her a job as a legal secretary.
Occasional An update on major political events, candidates, and parties twice a week. Every Thursday Latest book reviews, author interviews, and reading trends. What does his confirmation mean for the future of the court? In response to one lawsuit by four Supreme Court drama book the five inmates, a federal district court judge in Washington, D.
But the court will likely be aware it is coming, and law clerks will remain at the court to handle the papers and will have a plan for discussing Supreme Court drama book request with their justices. In the 19th century, the Supreme Court spent much of Supreme Court drama book time on admiralty law.
Murmurs in the courtroom CJI Gogoi agreed, and clarified that he indeed said Dhavan may tear the pages. Justices William Brennan and Thurgood Marshall concluded while they were on the court Supreme Court drama book the death penalty was unconstitutional in every application, and they issued a standard dissent in all capital cases from until they retired, Brennan in and Marshall in Aristotle's Poetics emphasised the importance of physical suffering and peril in plot.
In Homeland Season 7President Elizabeth Keane Elizabeth Marvel 's decision to fire four members of her cabinet to prevent them from invoking the 25th Amendment is challenged in the Supreme Court, who reject her dismissal of the secretaries as an illegal act and thus allow the Supreme Court drama book Amendment to be invoked and her to be temporarily replaced in office by Vice President Ralph Warner Beau Bridges.
The federal petition will be considered by a federal district court and a federal appeals court and then may be appealed to the Supreme Court.
In the Picket Fences episode "May It Please the Court", broadcast on 18 Novemberdefense attorney Douglas Wambaugh played by Fyvush Finkel and District Attorney John Littleton played by Don Cheadle engaged in oral arguments before the Court with actors playing the real justices ; Supreme Court oral argument veteran Alan Dershowitz guest starred as himself, advising Wambaugh on strategy for addressing the Court.
In "The Court Supreme", Shore argues for overturning the death penalty sentence of a mentally handicapped man convicted of raping a young girl, which was based heavily on the case Kennedy v.
The resulting cloud over the nominating authority could pose difficulty for any Supreme Court nominee chosen by this president.
Speaking next, advocate Ranjit Kumar, representing the late Gopal Singh Visharad, the first litigant in the title suit, asserted that as Muslims claimed to have the right to pray at the disputed site, his client, as a Hindu, did too.
By signing up, you agree to our Privacy Policy. Roberts: smart, and combines the best qualities of the former chiefs and skips the stripes. The defence's job is to overturn that presumption; and so, with the summoning of each witness to the stand, in the presentation of each piece of evidence, the opposing counsel has the right to challenge our views.
Gore decision. At the end of the movie, actors who looked like attorney David Boiesattorney Theodore Olsonand the nine justices sitting on the Supreme Court in reenacted key sections from oral argument of Bush v.
This increasing frequency of evidence of erroneous capital convictions has prompted numerous states to adopt death penalty moratoria or even to scrap use of the death penalty.
The court had been hearing the case for 40 days, daily, since a mediation effort failed to bring a consensus solution between Hindus and Muslims on who owns the 2. Film[ edit ] Completely fictional depictions[ edit ] First Monday in Octoberthis story about the first woman on the Supreme Court came out inthe year Sandra Day O'Connor became the first woman on the court.
If that appeal fails, a state inmate may then file a state habeas corpus petition and must exhaust state appeals before filing a habeas corpus petition in federal district court. Visitors may not touch portraits, busts, or other artifacts on exhibition.
For any contemporary novelist or dramatist constructing a courtroom drama, this is the first problem: backstory. Get the Monitor Stories you care about delivered to your inbox.Apr 27, · IAC's Barry Diller on this week's arguments before the Supreme Court involving Aereo, in which Diller is an investor.
TV's real-life courtroom drama in the Supreme Court CNN. Loading. Like many institutions that draw public interest, the Supreme Court of the United States has frequently been depicted in fiction, often in the form of legal tjarrodbonta.com some instances, real decisions rendered by real courts are dramatized, as in Gideon's Trumpet and the seminal trial in The People vs.
Larry tjarrodbonta.com depictions are purely fictional, but center on realistic issues that come.
AN UNPRECEDENTED SERIES and Web Site that explores the history, impact, and drama of America's Highest Court, The Supreme Court.Sep 05, · 'The Most Pdf Branch' Asks Whether The Supreme Court Has Become Supreme Court drama book Powerful In author David Kaplan's view, the top court has taken an increasing role in policymaking, having issued critical.Brett Kavanaugh set his sights on the download pdf right out of law school.
Washington Post journalist and legal expert Ruth Marcus goes behind the scenes to document the inside story of how their supreme ambition triumphed. The Kavanaugh drama unfolded so fast in the summer of it Released on: December 03, This is a show ebook I created called Behind the scenes with the queens Supreme Court to show the fans of the newly formatted show how much work goes into working on this "basement" show and how.
tjarrodbonta.com - Supreme Court drama book © 2020


text:
Download these apps before your next winter ski…
Whether you're looking to track lift line times, your top ski speed or road conditions, these apps are essential tools
A snowboarder gets a face-full of snow from a snow machine while heading down to the Montezuma Express lift on opening day at Keystone October 28, 2022. Keystone is offering two open trails accessed from the River Run Gondola at the base to the top of Dercum Mountain where skiers and snowboarders then ski and ride down to mid-mountain and catch the Montezuma Express lift back up the mountain. Skiers and snowboarders can catch a ride down to the base anytime via the River Run Gondola. Riders can also enjoy a hike-to terrain park just off of both the gondola and Montezuma Express. (Photo by Andy Cross/The Denver Post)
By Christine Ricciardi | cricciardi@denverpost.com | The Denver Post
PUBLISHED: January 5, 2023 at 6:00 a.m. | UPDATED: January 12, 2023 at 2:45 p.m.
Gone are the days of $5 lift tickets and paper trail maps. Practically everything you need to enjoy the slopes now fits on your cell phone.
Whether you're preparing to pull out your pass or track your top speed, there's an app for that. Here are the best digital companions for your next ski adventure, plus a couple to help you get there safely.
Best for mountain monitoring: EpicMix, Ikon Pass, or wherever you hold a season pass
Price: FreeAvailable on iOS and Google Play
Whether you're Team Epic, Team Ikon, or have a season pass to an independently-owned mountain, do yourself a favor and download the corresponding app to wherever you're skiing. The perks are plenty. For example, EpicMix, which caters to Epic Pass holders, lets users curate their preferred resorts into a dashboard where they can see how many lifts and trails are open, the weather forecast, ski patrol contact information and even chairlift wait times.
Similarly, the Ikon Pass app includes trail maps and information about the number of lifts and runs open, plus webcam feeds so skiers can see mountain conditions in real time. Mountains like Telluride Ski Resort and Powderhorn have their own apps with trail maps, weather details, and food and beverage guides.
Skiers and snowboarders cheer as they are among the first to get on the chairlift for opening day on October 17, 2021 at Arapahoe Basin. (Photo by Helen H. Richardson/The Denver Post)
Best for stats tracking: Slopes
Price: Free to $29.99/yearAvailable on iOS and Google Play.
When you're looking for details about how fast and how far you've traveled by ski or snowboard, Slopes is there taking notes. Just hit "record" before you jump on the mountain and the app will track the time you spend on runs versus chairlifts, your speed and mileage. That data powers a map so you can retrace your day. Most of the functionality is available for free, but those looking to compete with friends can upgrade to a premium subscription ($29.99 annually) to compare stats.
Snonav, which offers users step-by-step directions down the mountain similar to Google or Apple Maps, is another option for those who are directionally challenged or trying out a new resort. And for those suffering from app fatigue, it's worth noting Strava also records alpine skiing activity data.
Open Snow founder Joel Gratz works at his home in Boulder on Wednesday, Oct. 12, 2022. (Photo by AAron Ontiveroz/The Denver Post)
Best for winter weather tracking: OpenSnow
Price: Free to $39.99/yearAvailable on iOS and Google Play
Whether you're chasing powder or just trying to figure out how many layers to wear, OpenSnow is an essential tool to understanding mountain conditions. Meteorologists provide weather forecasts and analyses so users can decide which days they should try catching the first chair. Skiers can also customize their dashboard to feature stats from their preferred resorts and keep up with daily snow totals, as well as add easy-to-access trail maps to their account. While the app is available for free, most of the in-depth functionality comes at a cost: $29.99 per individual annually or $39.99 for up to four users annually.
To dive deeper into wind, weather and air quality conditions at the top of peaks nationwide, consider OpenSnow's sister app, OpenSummit, which is an excellent resource for exploring mountaintops in the not-so-snowy months.
Colorado Department of Transportation highway maintenance crew leader Joe Duarte drives the "Darth Blader" snow plow on a side road in Silver Plume on Dec. 1, 2022. (Photo by Andy Cross/The Denver Post)
Best for keeping an eye on the road: CDOT Colorado Road Conditions
Price: $2.99/yearAvailable on iOS
Maybe you don't need to worry as much about the road conditions when you're in a four-wheel drive vehicle, but in the spirit of preparedness, it helps to know what's causing traffic congestion, where the plows are out, and how slick or snowpacked the highway may be. The app CDOT leverages all that data and more from the Colorado Department of Transportation and presents it in a user-friendly fashion. Though the app is not created or managed by CDOT, it stays current with information about traffic accidents, construction and road conditions so you feel empowered setting off on your next adventure. Users can even customize CDOT camera images and live video streams for their favorite routes to get real-time looks at the highways.
In late 2021, the agency CDOT debuted its own app called COtrip Planner, which includes similar functionality with a different user interface, plus the ability to map directions to a destination. That app is free and available on both iOS and Google Play, though it has a lower rating than the unaffiliated CDOT app.
A screenshot shows trail maps within the COTREX system on June 1, 2017.
Best for local adventures of all kinds: COTrex
Price: FreeAvailable on iOS, Google Play and online browser
So downhill skiing isn't your thing? No sweat. Let Colorado Trail Explorer (COTrex) be your guide to the local hotspots for nordic skiing, snowshoeing and snowmobiling. Created by the Department of Parks and Wildlife, COTrex consolidates mapping data from 230 land managers to create the most comprehensive guide to trails in the state. The interactive interface lets users search for trails by the specific sport, see trail length and copy trailhead coordinates into other mapping apps. It's a great companion year-round, too, since it includes routes for hiking, mountain biking, OHV riding and more. It's like AllTrails, but better because it includes trails yet to be discovered by AllTrails users and the GPS functionality works even when you don't have cell service — for free.
Christine Ricciardi | Cannabis Reporter
Tiney Ricciardi is a reporter covering the cannabis industry. A native of Dallas, Texas, she served as beer editor for The Dallas Morning News before joining The Denver Post in 2020.
cricciardi@denverpost.com
Follow Christine Ricciardi @tineywristwatch


text:
Q: Is "Fn key" not defined in X Window in "X11/keysymdef.h"? I tried to simulate keypress by Xlib, but I can't find out where Fn key was defined in " keysymdef.h ".
If it really wasn't defined in Xlib, are there any workarounds for it ?

A: Fn works differently from modifiers such as Shift: it's typically caught inside the keyboard controller or in the BIOS, and the combined (Fn + other) keypress is sent over the bus as a single signal. That means that X11, or the OS for that matter, doesn't even get to see that Fn was pressed.


SOLITUDE Who do you become when you're alone?
INHERITANCE What of you is inherent, and what is inherited?
ANOTHER'S MIND Where do you end and where do others begin?
LUCID AMBIGUITY What do you see in the moments between sleep and consciousness?
IN FLIGHT What can you truly control? Do you want control?


The Madison River is Bozeman, Montana's favorite local spring time fishery. Fishing is steady and good from March through April when weather cooperates. Streamer fishing can be great, nymphing is solid, and the dry fly angler can expect success on days the BWOs hatch. Easy living for anglers and our Madison River fly fishing guides. Come May river flows increase, but not to the extent of the Yellowstone River and other nearby freestone rivers. The Madison River turns a milky color but remains fishable through May with streamers and larger nymphs. We are not sure if the fish get hungry, can't see our hooks as well, or the higher flows just turn the big fish bite on but many of the larger fish are caught this time of year on our Madison River guided fly fishing trips. And the Madison is quiet. The crowds of summer have yet to show and it's common to not see another boat on your favorite float. If you have read some of our other write-ups on Spring fly fishing in Montana, you know we love it. Great fly fishing and solitude.