text:
Military & CIA secrets
New coronavirus may spread as an airborne aerosol, like SARS
By Nicoletta Lanese
Aerosols likely pose the greatest danger in health care settings, but may also spread in some everyday scenarios.
(Image credit: Shutterstock)
Editor's note: This article was updated on April 1 to reflect new evidence that aerosols may drive COVID-19 transmission beyond the context of heath care settings.
The study described in this article was published in The New England Journal of Medicine on March 17. This article was originally published on March 13.
The novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 can survive in the air for several hours in fine particles known as aerosols, according to preliminary research.
The coronavirus, which causes the respiratory infection COVID-19, can be detected up to 3 hours after aerosolization and can infect cells throughout that time period, the study authors found. However, the study, first posted March 10 on the preprint database medRxiv, is still preliminary, because it has not undergone extensive peer-review. The authors did receive comments from one prospective scientific journal, and posted an updated version of the study on March 13 reflecting the revisions.
Assuming these initial results hold up to scrutiny, aerosol transmission of SARS-CoV-2 appears "plausible," the authors wrote — but several key questions remain unanswered.
"We still don't know how high a concentration of viable SARS-CoV-2 is needed in practice to infect a human being, though this is something we are looking to model in the future," co-author Dylan Morris, a graduate student in the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology at Princeton University, told Live Science in an email. Morris and his colleagues tested whether viral particles from aerosols could infect cells grown in the lab, not actual human beings. More important, even if aerosol transmission can occur, it's unlikely to be the primary force driving the current pandemic, Morris added.
At the time the study was published, the scientific consensus was "that most transmission via respiratory secretions happens in the form of large respiratory droplets ... rather than small aerosols," Morris said. "Droplets, fortunately, are heavy enough that they don't travel very far" and instead fall from the air after traveling only a few feet.
Aerosols, by contrast, can potentially travel across far greater distances; the virus that causes chickenpox, for example, can travel tens of yards from an infected person and incite secondary infections elsewhere in the environment, and can remain in an area even after the person who emitted them has left. However, in the current study, the researchers did not examine how far SARS-CoV-2 could conceivably travel through the air.
Based on research on other respiratory viruses, Morris and his co-authors originally stated that aerosolized SARS-CoV-2 likely isn't the primary driver of transmission in "everyday settings," but could pose a danger in health care settings where specialized equipment is used. However, a recent account of members in a large choir group who tested positive for COVID-19 after rehearsal raises the possibility that aerosols may drive transmission beyond the bounds of a hospital.
"It's now clear that aerosol risks are not negligible for everyday people, particularly in poorly-ventilated indoor areas," Morris wrote in a tweet posted March 31. That said, hospital settings still carry a "particularly elevated risk for aerosol transmission" of SARS-CoV-2, he noted.
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Viral survival
To see how long SARS-CoV-2 survives as an aerosol, the researchers fed samples of the virus through a nebulizer and sprayed the aerosolized particles into a drum-like structure. They then took periodic samples from the drum and analyzed each one for viral genetic material, known as RNA.
The team was able to detect viral RNA throughout the course of their 3-hour experiment, but that alone does not guarantee that the remaining virus was viable.
"You find an RNA on a surface, that doesn't mean that the virus … could infect somebody," said Aubree Gordon, an associate professor of epidemiology at the University of Michigan School of Public Health, who was not involved in the study. To determine whether the virus was truly viable, the researchers grew the germ in cultured cells. These critical tests rendered the study "much stronger" than if the researchers had only looked for RNA, Gordon said.
The team also tracked how levels of the virus decayed over time by noting how its concentration declined from sample to sample. Using these measurements, they calculated the "half-life" of a virus in different environments, or how long it takes for the viral concentration to decrease by half.
"A basic principle of [viral] decay is that if you start out with more virus, you'll have detectable virus for longer," Morris said. "The estimated half-lives give us a sense of how long things would last if we started with different initial concentrations." In other words, knowing the half-life of a virus allows scientists to determine how long a particular virus can survive in different environments, regardless of how much virus happens to be present at the time of sampling.
Aerosolized virus showed a median half-life of about 1.1-1.2 hours, similar to the related coronavirus that causes SARS, the authors noted.
The team also examined how long the virus remains viable on copper, stainless steel, plastic and cardboard. Viable virus could not be detected on copper after 4 hours, or after 24 hours on cardboard. The germ survived best on plastic and stainless steel, remaining viable for up to 72 hours, although its overall concentration fell significantly by that time. The half-life of the virus varied on each surface, as well; the virus showed a half-life of about 0.8 hours on copper, 3.46 hours on cardboard, 5.6 hours on steel and 6.8 hours on plastic.
The cardboard measures might raise eyebrows because many packages shipped through the mail are made of cardboard. But, while 24 hours sounds like a long time, Morris said that the authors "advise caution" in interpreting these results. "Our cardboard data were notably noisier than our data from other surfaces," meaning the results differed noticeably when they repeated the experiment, he said.
Additionally, "we do not know how much virus is actually needed to infect a human being with high probability, nor how easily the virus is transferred from the cardboard to one's hand when touching a package," he added.
What would aerosol transmission really mean for spread?
The notion of viral particles hanging in the air, ready to infect passersby, may seem scary, but to become an aerosol, droplets containing viral particles must first be transformed into a light mist, thin enough to be supported by the air. By definition, aerosols are less than 0.0002 inches (5 microns) in diameter, while typical respiratory droplets exceed this size.
During the SARS outbreak in 2002-2003, aerosols drove severe bouts of viral spread in health care settings, Gordon said.
Specifically, the use of intubation — where a tube is inserted into a patient's windpipe — and nebulizers — which transform medicines into an inhalable mist — generated aerosols and increased the risk of viral transmission to health care providers, she said. Additionally, aerosols released in stool likely drove two SARS superspreader events in non-health care settings, one in an apartment complex and the other in a hotel, she said.
If inhaled, fine aerosols often travel deeper into the body than heavy respiratory droplets, and spark severe infection in the lungs, she added.
She and other experts already assumed that aerosol transmission of SARS-CoV-2 "may be a concern, because we had seen that with SARS," Gordon said. While the new study supports their speculations, she said that scientists should be "cautious" about how they interpret the results.
"We want to see if we do see virus in the air in health care settings," she said. In other words, samples of actual hospital air must be taken to determine if SARS-CoV-2 aerosols are present at significant levels, and what that means for health care providers and their patients.
Going viral: 6 new findings about viruses
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Originally published on Live Science.
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Nicoletta Lanese
News Editor, Health
Nicoletta Lanese is a news editor on Live Science's health desk. She first joined the publication in 2019 as a staff writer. She holds degrees in neuroscience and dance from the University of Florida and a graduate certificate in science communication from the University of California, Santa Cruz. Her work has appeared in The Scientist Magazine, Science News, The San Jose Mercury News and Mongabay, among other outlets.
Sarrueche
Bekim BACAJ said:
How interesting...
On Saturday, February 29, 2020 @ 8:13 AM I wrote:
"The novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, which causes the COVID-19 disease, is not a naturally occurring strain of disease. It's spread this far ( has been assisted by the "12 Monkeys" globalist network, and ) is fully unnatural. "
"Because 2019-CoV-2 is artificially enabled to infect humans utilizing molecules of SARS penetration mechanism, its 19th generation infection coefficient is still a lab controlled environment successful, it (SARS-CoV-2) still cannot infect humans on its own successfully ( Or at the desirable rate for which it was created ).
Alas, once it gets hold onto some decadent community; especially a "sanctuary city", and "the defecate cities" run by democrat liberals. SARS-CoV-2 will get a chance to start reproducing in a living host - the reproduced virion that gets to successfully infect another body, it will become fully autonomous and airborne."
:: This is only a reiteration of my previous post from Monday, January 27, 2020 @ 7:04 AM
That was about 3 days before the name of this novel corona virus was decided and since I wrote this :: "The monster on the loose is actually an strand — Bekim BACAJ ©" Yes, with the copy mark, it's final name came out somewhat different "SARS-CoV-2"
So you're saying the coronavirus was created in a lab in China and transmitted to the United States?
However, it's unlikely that the virus would spread in this way beyond health care settings.
New coronavirus may spread as an airborne aerosol, like SARS : Read more
In my opinion corona virus can be sorbed on the dust particles present in the air and therefore can travel with the dust on the long distances, i.e. several hundred metres. The dry air with suspension of the dust is especially dangerous, since the adsorption of virus is very probaable. In wet air the dust will gravitationallly fall down in the form of big particles.
Johann A.G. Baloghy
Marek said:
I aggre with you under "meteorological influences" e.g. Wind.
Please read this:
CORONA-µ-AEROSOLE - PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF THE EXHAUSTED PARTICLES
by Johann A.G. Baloghy
Link: https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/corona-µ-aerosole-physikalische-aspekte-der-johann-a-g-baloghy/
Some physical aspects of Corona-µ-Aerosols, which are set into homogeneous movements by the air flow as an influencing factor.Link: https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/corona-µ-aerosole-physikalische-aspekte-der-johann-a-g-baloghy/
Interesting hypothesis. I think that the sorption of polypeptides by the dust is the new challenge for the physical chemistry!
Good day Sir,
absolutely correct and I agree!
For the transition from the hypothesis to verification and evidence, I would suggest:
A. Wind tunnel simulations in the laboratory, for the behavioral investigation of ultrafine particles, with 0.06 - 0.14 µm micrometer aerodynamic diameter, loaded in "droplets", to determine the changes in the physical properties of these and to gain further knowledge.
The wind air for testing must also contain a mix of dust and particles of components, as they actually in the reality occur!
Different temperatures must also be taken into account.
B. Safe field simulations also in cities, hospitals, production facilities, barracks, settlements and apartments, ..., etc.
Four major factors can contribute to the further spread of viruses in the air under the influence of the wind (meteorological influences):
1. loss of gravity effect,
2. weight loss of the particles due to evaporation of the water content of the "droplets",
3. quote: "Particles with a size of up to about 1 μm float in the air for several days. They are constantly in motion, being pushed back and forth and attached to other particles. In this way, larger particles capture smaller particles (scavenging effect). " . (see my Article)
4. Viral survival of the possible e.g. "Corona-µ-Aerosole" clouds.
My best of regards,
+++ THE DYNAMICS OF CORONA INFECTION BY AEROSOL TRANSMISSION MUST NOT BE IGNORED! - LINKS +++ DIE DYNAMIK VON DER CORONA INFEKTION DURCH AEROSOL-ÜBERTRAGUNG DARF KEINESWEGS IGNORIERT WERDEN! - LINKS +++ LA DYNAMIQUE DE L'INFECTION PAR LA CORONA PAR TRANSMISSION PAR AÉROSOL NE PEUT PAS ÊTRE IGNORÉE! - LINKS +++
1. COVID-19 transmitted via aerosol "in certain conditions"
xWj9OUAfTLQView: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xWj9OUAfTLQ
2. Aerosol and Surface Stability of SARS-CoV-2 as Compared with SARS-CoV-1
https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMc2004973
3. The new coronavirus can likely remain airborne for some time. That doesn't mean we're doomed
https://www.statnews.com/2020/03/16/coronavirus-can-become-aerosol-doesnt-mean-doomed/
4. Study tracks coronavirus aerosol spread – but there's some good news
https://www.slashgear.com/study-tracks-coronavirus-aerosol-spread-but-theres-some-good-news-12612990/
5. Novel Coronavirus Can Survive in Aerosol Form and on Hard Surfaces for Hours to Days, Study Reveals
https://www.biospace.com/article/novel-coronavirus-is-stable-on-surfaces-for-hours-days-nih-study-finds
6. FOR RELATED AND ANALOGOUS READING:
Assessing the Dynamics and Control of Droplet- and Aerosol-Transmitted Influenza Using an Indoor Positioning System
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-38825-y
Mcnurse
Is anyone else not at all comforted by the statement about it not being likely outside of healthcare settings? Especially if you are a Healthcare worker?
I reflected on an environment I studied the other day where a garage was filled with exhaust smoke from a started vehicle. In such an environment it is easy to imagine that there would exist a concrete aerosol that can carry micro sized droplets in the air for longer than one could imagine that "clean air" would do ?
gunnar said:
just one question:
Where is there still "clean air" apart from artificially adjusted clean rooms such as in the quartz glass production rooms, or research laboratories?
Greetings from the metropolis!
P.S. Related article here:
https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/corona-µ-aerosole-physikalische-aspekte-der-johann-a-g-baloghy
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How big is the largest possible earthquake?


Discussion in 'The Lounge' started by DirtMcGirk, May 17, 2012.
I think this means disco is finally and truly dead.
Didn't know she was still working or who she was still working with, but when I looked into it, I came to find this woman had a prolific musical career. Also didn't know she was as religious as she was.
So there are no more Summers in our future? Straight to Autumn after Spring now huh?
It comes in threes: Whitney, Donna, and MCA. Yeesh. That makes me feel even worse for MCA.
This totally overshadowed Chuck Brown's passing away. RIP, godfather of go go!
Donna Summer CAN SIMMAH DAHN-NAH!!
Cry for help noted. Phugs given... None.
Funny of the day so far, besides DirtMG's Yeti betting pool thread.


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Martha Galvin has served as organist and choir director at Luther Memorial since 1991.
She studied music and piano performance at Lawrence University for her undergraduate work. She continued her education at the University of Iowa earning a Masters in Piano Performance. Martha taught organ and piano for 6 years at Concordia University Wisconsin, and while there studied organ with Dr. John Behnke. She also helped lead Organ Workshops: 3 years with Kantor Resch at Concordia Theological Seminary, Fort Wayne; and also at Valparaiso University with Martin Jean.
She is happily married to John, and they have been blessed with 2 children. Martha also continues to maintain a private piano studio in Shorewood.


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MalaCards based summary : X-Linked Opitz G/bbb Syndrome, also known as opitz syndrome, x-linked, is related to opitz-gbbb syndrome and opitz gbbb syndrome, type i. An important gene associated with X-Linked Opitz G/bbb Syndrome is MID1 (Midline 1). Affiliated tissues include heart.
Search GEO for disease gene expression data for X-Linked Opitz G/bbb Syndrome.


text:
\section{Introduction}
Two-dimensional nature of graphene, along with the Dirac nature of
charge carriers~\cite{novoselov} --as contrasted to the Schroedinger nature of the carriers in
ordinary conductors -- makes graphene a spectacular platform for condensed matter realization
of many exciting ideas of low-dimensionality and relativistic physics~\cite{AndoReview, KatsnelsonReview}.
Among the properties of interest in materials is the nature of effective
interaction between external agents mediated by the carriers of the host
materials. An important example of this would be the Ruderman-Kittel-Kasuya-Yosida (RKKY)
interaction which is the exchange interaction between two magnetic impurities mediated
via the propagators of the host. The RKKY interaction in graphene was
studied first by Saremi~\cite{Saremi} who found a generic "atomic-scale"
oscillatory behavior where the sign of the interaction alternates between the
two sub-lattices of the bipartite honeycomb structure. The wave vector
characterizing these oscillations is $\vec Q=\vec K^+-\vec K^-$
where $\vec K^\pm$ denote the momenta associated with two Dirac cones.
The oscillations decay as $R^{-3}$ in long distances, where the
exponent $\alpha=-3$ comes from the linear Dirac cone dispersion in two dimensions.
The investigation of Saremi was extended by Sherafati and Satpathy in
two directions. First for the undoped graphene they extended the results
to a model of full $\pi$-bands~\cite{Sherafati1}. Secondly for the low-energy
Dirac cone model, they considered the effect of non-zero doping~\cite{Sherafati2},
and as in ordinary two-dimensional conductors additional $k_F$-related oscillations
with a $R^{-2}$ decay at large distances appeared. Such long-wave-length
oscillations are due to an underlying sharp Fermi surface and disappear
when the limit of undoped graphene ($k_F\to 0$) is approached in pristine graphene.

The above line of research was also extended to the case of disordered
graphene by Lee and coworkers who considered the effect of
diagonal and hopping disorder on the RKKY interaction.
in undoped~\cite{Lee1} and doped graphene~\cite{Lee2}. They found that
for strong enough on-site disorders where Anderson localization takes place,
the RKKY interaction exponentially decays with distance which is
consistent with the picture based on localized spectrum~\cite{Amini}.
For the doped graphene and weak disorder they found that the Friedel oscillations due
to the Fermi surface co-exists with the atomic-scale oscillations due
to interference between the two Dirac cones.
In this work guided by the experimentally conceivable conditions,
instead of a generic Anderson model, we consider a specific model for vacancies
and investigate the RKKY interaction in presence of randomly distributed vacancies.
Our motivation is that various forms of defects are ubiquitous in the surface of graphene~\cite{Hashimoto}.
The presence of defects modifies electronic, magnetic and mechanical properties of
materials. For example vacancies generated by ion irradiation of graphene give rise to magnetic
moments~\cite{Nair,Yazyev} and the most probable form of defects produced by irradiation
are single vacancies~\cite{Ugeda}. Moreover coherence exchange of spin between
such magnetic moments and the spectrum of fermions of the
host graphene leads to unconventional Kondo effect in graphene~\cite{Chen_PRL,Chen_nature}.

In this work we find that the randomness caused by random vacancies
has a different physics from the Anderson model studied in Ref.~\cite{Lee1}:
We find that propagation of electron waves in defective environment reduces the
exponent $\alpha$ in $R^{\alpha}$ distance dependence of the RKKY interaction
from $\alpha=-3$ to below $-4$ away from half-filling. The exponent
$\alpha$ will not differ from $-3$ as long as the chemical potential
is around energies where the density of states is linear in energy.
We find that $\alpha$ is controlled by the concentration of vacancies and
the chemical potential, but not much dependent on the energy level
of the localized orbitals bound to vacancy location.
At higher concentrations of vacancies, they are
expected to form their own impurity band, which is expected to cause a metallic
type transport in neutral vacancies when the concentration goes beyond
a few percent~\cite{danny,allaei}. In such case we expect a Friedel
oscillations to appear as a signature of metallic state. But
surprisingly we find that in addition to atomic-scale oscillations,
the Friedel oscillations of the Fermi surface also disappear.

\section{Model and method}
Kanao and coworkers proposed a simple and conceivable model for
a localized orbital and its hybridization with the adjacent
$p_z$ orbitals needed to understand the physics of local
magnetic moments and their interaction with the Dirac electrons
of graphene~\cite{Kanao}. They considered a Jahn-Teller distorted geometry
of a single atom point defect shown in Fig.~\ref{hybrid} where
the $sp^2$ orbital of one of the atoms, e.g. $1$ is hybridized
with $p_z$ orbitals of the two remaining atoms $2,3$ surrounding
the vacancy.
\begin{figure}
   \includegraphics[width=7cm]{FIG1.eps}
   \caption{(Color online) Schematic picture of the electronic state around the defect in graphene.
   The symbol at site 1 shows the active $sp^{2}$ orbital and the circles at sites 2 and 3 the $\pi$
   orbitals. Two of the three $sp^{2}$ orbitals (i = 2, 3) form a covalent bond. $V$ is the amplitude
   of the hybridization between the active $sp^{2}$ orbital and the two $\pi$ orbitals.}
   \label{hybrid}
\end{figure}
The effective Hamiltonian for the defective graphene becomes~\cite{Kanao} :
\begin{eqnarray}
H=H_{\rm{g}}+H_{\rm{def}}+H_{\rm{hyb}}
\label{eq_hamiltonian},
\end{eqnarray}
where $ H_{\rm{g}}$ is the tight-binding Hamiltonian of graphene with
nearest neighbor hopping and is given by
\begin{eqnarray}
 H_{\rm{g}}=-t\sum_{\langle ij\rangle\sigma}\left(a^\dagger_{i\sigma}b_{j\sigma}+\rm{h.c.}\right)-\mu N,\label{eq_graphene_hamiltonian}
\end{eqnarray}
where $-t<0$ is the hopping integral and $\mu$ is the chemical potential
which can be conveniently controlled by a gate voltage.
$H_{\rm{def}}$ is the effective Hamiltonian for $sp^{2}$
orbitals at sites of type $1$
\begin{eqnarray}
 H_{\rm{def}}=\sum_{\sigma}(E_{sp^2}-\mu)d^\dagger_{\sigma}d_{\sigma},\label{eq_defect_hamiltonian}
\end{eqnarray}
where $E_{sp^2}<0$ is the energy level of the $sp^2$ orbital and the notation $d^\dagger_{1\sigma}$
is adopted for the creation operator at this site to emphasize its localized nature in analogy
with the situation where the localized orbital arises from a transition metal ad-atom.
Since in this paper we are interested
in the physics of RKKY interaction, we assume that the local moments are formed,
and concentrate on their exchange interaction mediated by the electronic states of
the defective host. Therefore we do not include the on-site Coulomb repulsion
between the electrons in this localized orbital.
Finally $H_{\rm{hyb}}$ is the hybridization which is given for each defect by:
\begin{eqnarray}
   H_{\rm{hyb}}=V\sum_{\sigma=\uparrow\downarrow}
   \left[\left(a^\dagger_{2\sigma}+a^\dagger_{3\sigma}\right)d_{1\sigma}+\mathrm{h. c. }\right]
   \label{eq_hybridization},
\end{eqnarray}
Here $a_{i\sigma}$ for $i=2,3$ is an annihilation operator of a $p_z$ electron at site $i$ with
spin $\sigma=\uparrow,\downarrow$ and $V$ is the amplitude of hybridization.
The missing carbon atom can belong to both sub-lattices. The Jahn-Teller distortion
preferring atom $1$ over the other two can take place in any direction. In this paper
we take all three possibilities with equal probability.
\begin{figure}
   \includegraphics[width=8.5 cm]{FIG2.eps}
   \caption{(Color online) Plot of the density of states $\rho(E)$ as a function of $E-\mu$.
   By increasing vacancy concentration, $\mu_{\textrm{half-filled}}$
   be shifted to the left of the Dirac neutrality point as the acceptor band
   to the left of the Dirac point becomes stronger and accommodates more electrons.}
   \label{dos-mu}
\end{figure}
In Eq.~\ref{eq_hybridization},
we set $V=-0.2t$ for the amplitude of hybridization between $p_z$ and $sp^2$
orbitals~\cite{Porezag} and $E_{sp^{2}}=-0.5t$, unless otherwise specified.

To have a feeling for what happens to the density of states (DOS) of
the vacancy alloyed graphene, in Fig.~\ref{dos-mu} the DOS of clean honeycomb
lattice has been compared to highly vacant graphene. By increasing the
concentration of defects, two peaks to the left and right
of the Dirac point develop which can be considered as the
analogue of bonding and anti-bonding states formed due to the
Hybridization term. The chemical potential can be tuned with
a gate voltage. In the absence of a gate voltage and for
neutral vacancies we have the half-filled situation corresponding
to one $2p_z$ electron per existing carbon atom. The chemical
potential corresponding to half-filling deviates to the left of
zero when the defects are introduced to the graphene sample.
Therefore the $\mu=0$ in the vacant graphene corresponds to
electron doping.

The general perturbative expression for the RKKY exchange interaction
is given by~\cite{Solyom,white},
\begin{equation}
   J_{\textrm{RKKY}}  =  \frac{J^2S(S+1)}{4 \pi S^{2}} \int d\omega
   f(\omega) \textrm{Im} \left[ G( {\vec r_j} ,{\vec r_i}, \omega)
   G(\vec{r}_i,\vec{r}_j,\omega)\right] \nonumber
\end{equation}
where $S$ is the magnitude of the impurity spin, $J$ is the interaction between the localized moments and the spin of the itinerant electrons, $i$ and $j$ are the site index of magnetic impurities which are located at position $\vec{r}_{i}$ and $\vec{r}_{j}$, $ f(\omega)$ is the Fermi-Dirac distribution function.
Ignoring the constants appearing before the integral, the integral appearing in this
equation for our purposes can be simplified to,
\begin{equation}
\Im \int\!\! d\omega f(\omega)
\sum_{n,m} \frac{F^{ij}_{nm}}{(E_n - \omega +  i\delta)(E_m - \omega + i\delta)}.
\label{eq:RKKY_original}
\end{equation}
where $F^{ij}_{nm} = \psi^*_n(\vec{r}_i) \psi_n(\vec{r}_j) \psi^*_m(\vec{r}_j) \psi_m(\vec{r}_i)$,
with $\psi_n(\vec{r}_i)$ denoting the eigenvector corresponding to the eigenvalue $E_n$ of the
host Hamiltonian. The lattice constant $a$ and $\hbar$ are set to unity in all calculations.
We assume that temperature is zero ($T=0$) so that the Lehman representation of the above
integral in terms of appropriate spectral functions becomes,
\begin{equation}
    J_{\textrm{RKKY}} = -\int_{\varepsilon<\mu} d\varepsilon \int_{\varepsilon'>\mu} d\varepsilon'
    \frac{F(\varepsilon,\varepsilon')}{\varepsilon-\varepsilon'},
    \label{eq:J-KPM}
\end{equation}
where $F(\varepsilon,\varepsilon') = \textrm{Re}[A_{ji}(\varepsilon)A_{ij}(\varepsilon')]$ and the real-space "spectral function"
is given by $A_{ij}(\varepsilon) = \langle i|\delta(\varepsilon-H)|j\rangle$.
The kernel polynomial method (KPM) can be conveniently used to evaluate various
spectral functions including $A_{ij}(\varepsilon)$ ~\cite{Lee1,Amini,Fehske}.
In this method, $A_{ij}(\varepsilon)$ can be expressed as a series in Chebyshev
(or any other complete set of orthogonal) polynomials and the expansion coefficients
-- the so called moments -- are evaluated by repeated operation with powers of the
appropriate re-scaled Hamiltonian in such a way that a $T_n(H)$ is generated
via their recursive relations. In the appendix B we briefly summarize the KPM method.
The defects considered here are on the scale of few percent and their positions in the
lattice as well as the preferred direction due to Jahn-Teller distortion
is drawn from a uniform random distribution.
Typical averages are obtained by geometric averages of the form
$J_{\rm RKKY}^{\rm geo}=\exp(\langle (1/2) \ln (J_{\rm RKKY})^{2}\rangle_{\rm ave})$.
The geometric averages of the above type are known to better represent the propagating
nature of waves, and when they become zero indicate the transition to insulating
state~\cite{Lee1,Lee2}. To ensure the same holds for our particular form of disorder,
in appendix A we have compared the statistics of geometric and arithmetic averages.

\section{Numerical results for the RKKY exchange}
\subsection{RKKY interaction in clean graphene}
Let us first discuss the performance of KPM in addressing the RKKY interaction.
In Ref.~\onlinecite{Sherafati1}, the authors used a lattice Green's function method
to calculate the RKKY interaction for pristine graphene beyond the low-energy model
of Dirac fermions. Their result agrees with other authors~\cite{Saremi,Black-Schaffer}.
They obtain the following analytical results for the clean honeycomb lattice:
\begin{eqnarray}
   J_{\textrm{AB}}^{0} & = & 3C J^2\frac{1+\cos[\vec Q\cdot {\vec R}+\pi-2\theta_{R}]}{(R/a)^3}
   \label{eq:rkky_dirac_AB} \\
   J_{\textrm{AA}}^{0} & = & - C J^2\frac{1+\cos[\vec Q\cdot\vec{R}]}{(R/a)^3}
   \label{eq:rkky_dirac_AA}
\end{eqnarray}
where $C=9\lambda^2 \hbar^2/(256\pi t)$ is a positive quantity, $a$ is the lattice
constant, ${\vec K}^{\pm}=(\pm 2\pi/(3\sqrt{3} a),2\pi/(3 a))$ are the Dirac points in the
momentum space, ${\vec {R}}={\vec{ r}}_i - {\vec{ r}}_j$, and angle $\theta_R$ is the polar
angles between $\vec{R}$ and $\vec Q=\vec{K^{+}}-\vec{K^{-}}$.
These equations indicating  ferromagnetic (antiferromagnetic) correlation on same (different) sub-lattice
were numerically confirmed with the KPM method~\cite{Lee1,Lee2}. We have also checked that the KPM
results obtained in the clean limit (see Fig.~\ref{J_R_armchair_C}) agree with the
numerically exact method of Green's functions for the pristine graphene~\cite{Sherafati1,Lee1}.
The strength of the KPM method is that it can handle
clean and disordered systems on the same footing. For the disordered case only an averaging over
realizations of disorder will be required which is what we explain in detail in the following subsection.
\begin{figure} [b]
   \includegraphics[width=8 cm]{FIG3.eps}
   \caption{(Color online) Plot of the $J_{\textrm{RKKY}}$ as a function as $R$ in the armchair
   direction. By increasing distance $R$ between two magnetic impurities an atomic-scale sign
   alternation of $J_{\textrm{RKKY}}$ agrees with the analytic formula~\cite{Sherafati1}.
   For a $1\%$ concentration of vacancies the oscillations due to interference between the
   two valleys are washed out. The change in the exponent $\alpha$ depends on the chemical
   potential.}
   \label{J_R_armchair_C}
\end{figure}

\subsection{RKKY interactions in heavily vacant graphene}
We create evenly distributed defects on the graphene in order to
measure their effect on the mediation of RKKY interactions.
The energies are measures in units of the
hopping amplitude, i.e. we have set $t=1$. We used a graphene sheet with periodic boundary condition
and $2.5 \times 10^5$ lattice points are used. We generate $1.5\times10^3$ different
random configurations for the distribution of vacancies.
The number of Chebyshev moments is in the range $3000-4500$.
The hybridization parameter is fixed at $V=-0.2t$, and $E_{sp^2}=-0.5t$.

In Fig.~\ref{J_R_armchair_C} we have plotted the distance dependence of the RKKY interaction
for a sample with $1\%$ vacancies. The inset shows DOS and the integrated DOS (electron number)
for clean and $1\%$ vacant sample. The results are reported for the armchair direction
The first important feature in pristine graphene is the presence of atomic
scale oscillations which are due to the interference between two valleys.
The second feature which has become more manifest in the log-log plot is
that the atomic scale oscillations diminish in long distances
for both $\mu_{\rm half-filled}$ and $\mu=0$ cases.
This means that the Brillouin zone scale wave vector connecting the two Dirac cones of the
pristine graphene does not exist in $1\%$ vacant sample anymore.

Another feature seen in the
two plots corresponding to vacant sample is that the slope of the exponent $\alpha$
characterizing the overall power-law decay of RKKY interaction
stays at $\alpha=-3$ for the half-filled situation, while it is below $\alpha=-3$ for the
electron doped ($\mu=0$) case. To further explore this observation, we check that when
the chemical potential falls in the $\rho(E)\propto|E|$ region (which is naturally inherited
from the density of states of graphene parent) the exponent remains at
$\alpha=-3$ in agreement with other KPM study~\cite{Lee2}.
Indeed a linear average DOS in two dimensions corresponds to a linear dispersion
relation, which by dimensional analysis is expected to give rise to $R^{-3}$ dependence in the
particle-hole bubble.
This explains why in low concentration regime, despite introducing
$1\%$ vacancies, the exponent $\alpha=-3$ in Fig.~\ref{J_R_armchair_C}.
With this point in mind, we now proceed to study
the variations in the exponent $\alpha$ in vacant graphene at $\mu=0$.

\subsection{Doping dependence}
Based on the discussion in previous subsection, at $\mu=0$ which corresponds to
electron doping in vacant graphene and the chemical potential falls in
the region of DOS which is strongly nonlinear, we expect significant variations in the
exponent $\alpha$ which can be attributed to hindered motion of electron waves inside
the vacant graphene medium. For this, in Fig.~\ref{J_R_armchair_VC_alpha_concentration_armchair}
we plot the dependence of RKKY interaction to distance in a log-log scale for the
armchair direction. To extract the exponent $\alpha$ in the clean and vacant systems,
first we discard the length scales below $R=10a$, as the power-law is meant for long
distances. Secondly, slight oscillations surviving the presence of disorder are removed
in order to remain focused on the power-law part of the dependence. We will return to
the question of oscillations in the sequel.
\begin{figure}
 \includegraphics[width=8.5 cm]{FIG4.eps}
\caption{(Color online) (a) Plot of the $J_{\textrm{RKKY}}$ as a function as $R$ in the
electron doped situation ($\mu=0$). By increasing distance between two magnetic impurities in
the armchair direction, $J_{\textrm{RKKY}}$ still decreases with by a power-law.
(b) Plot of the $\alpha$ as a function of vacancy concentration in armchair direction.
By increasing vacancy concentration, $\alpha$ will decrease.
For the zigzag direction the trend is similar, with slightly different
exponents at a given concentration.
}
\label{J_R_armchair_VC_alpha_concentration_armchair}
\end{figure}

The clear change in the exponent $\alpha$ indicates that the propagation of
electrons in heavily vacant graphene is harder than the clean sample which
is conceivable as the disorder is expected to make the propagation of
both single-particle and particle-hole excitations more difficult.
Based on dimensional arguments, the change in $\alpha$ could be effectively
ascribed to a change in the average dispersion relation of the electronic
states characterizing the vacant sample.
Along the zigzag direction a similar conclusion holds, with a minor difference
that for a given concentration, the value of the exponent $\alpha$ for
the zigzag direction slightly differs from the armchair direction.
The qualitative distinction between the armchair and zigzag directions of the
pristine graphene does not prevail to the realm of high concentration of
vacancies and the qualitative behavior along the two directions are not expected
to be much different when a few percent vacancies are introduced.

At the $\mu=0$ situation we also examine the dependence of $\alpha$ on the
energy level $E_{sp^2}$ of the vacancy. As can be seen in Fig.~\ref{J_R_armchair_and_zigzag_Esp2}
this exponent is not sensitive to the precise value of the impurity level as long
as it is not deep enough to allow for the formation of localized bound states which
totally changes the nature of propagation of electronic waves.

\begin{figure}[h]
\includegraphics[width=8.5 cm]{FIG5.eps}
\caption{(Color online) Plot of the $J_{\rm RKKY}$ as a function as distance for (a) armchair and (b)
zigzag directions at $\mu=0$ for different values of $E_{sp^2}$.
As can be seen, the exponent $\alpha$ is not much
sensitive to the precise value of $E_{sp^2}$.}
\label{J_R_armchair_and_zigzag_Esp2}
\end{figure}

\subsection{The fate of Fermi-surface oscillations}
\begin{figure}[b]
\includegraphics[width=8.0 cm]{FIG6.eps}

\caption{(Color online) Plot of the $J_{\textrm{RKKY}}$ as a function as $\mu$ for
armchair direction ($R=32a$). Vacancies tend to wash out Friedel oscillations.
More vacancies do a better job.
 }
\label{mu_J_R3_armchair}
\end{figure}
When the pristine graphene is doped, in addition to atomic scale oscillations in the
RKKY interaction which merely arise from the wave vector $\vec Q$ connecting the two
Dirac cone valleys, there appears another longer range oscillations due to the
presence of extended Fermi surface with characteristic wave-vector $k_F$~\cite{Sherafati2}.
When the disorder is introduced within the Anderson model, both atomic scale
oscillations and the Friedel oscillations due to Fermi surface survive~\cite{Lee2}.
Note that the Dirac picture remains quire robust against the weak disorder~\cite{Amini}.
Therefore given the dimensional consistency the overall physics of the RKKY interaction
is expected to survive in weak disorders considered in~\cite{Lee2}.
As we show in the following, for the model of vacant graphene considered here,
even the Fermi surface oscillations are washed out. To begin with, note that
since the functional dependence of the oscillatory part of the RKKY interaction on
distance $R$ always comes through a combination $k_FR$, it could be viewed
as an oscillatory function of $k_F$ instead. With this in mind, in
Fig.~\ref{mu_J_R3_armchair} we have plotted the $\mu$-dependence of the pristine
and vacant graphene with $1\%$ and $6\%$ vacancies at a fixed distance $R=32a$.
For the clean graphene first of all a perfect particle-hole symmetry is seen in
the RKKY interaction which is a symmetry of the Hamiltonian. Secondly an oscillatory
dependence on $\mu$ is seen which implies oscillatory dependence on $k_F$ and hence
on $k_FR$ on dimensional grounds.
By adding vacancies to the system note that the particle-hole symmetry is
lost as the presence of vacancies breaks such symmetry. Now at $0.01$ vacancy
concentration the there are no Friedel oscillations up to $\mu$ values where
the pristine graphene would complete one cycle of oscillations. Some oscillations
with reduced amplitude can be seen below the $\mu\approx-0.3$.
When the vacancy concentration is increased up to $0.06$ no Friedel oscillations
can be found.
\begin{figure}[t]
\includegraphics[width=8.5 cm]{FIG7.eps}
\caption{(Color online) Plot of the $R^3J_{\textrm{RKKY}}$ as a function as $R$ for armchair direction.
The clean limit is compared with $1\%$ vacancy situation at different doping levels.
Adding one percent vacancies kills both type of short-ranged and long-ranged oscillations
for the considered chemical potentials.
}
\label{R_J_R3_armchair}
\end{figure}

To compare the real-space profile of the oscillations more clearly,
in Fig.~\ref{R_J_R3_armchair} we have plotted the $R^3J_{\rm RKKY}$
as a function of $R$ along the armchair direction for various values of
$\mu$ at vacancy concentration $0.01$. The plots are contrasted to the
case of pristine graphene. As can be seen in the pristine graphene,
when the chemical potential is at $\mu=0$ which corresponds to undoped
case, the function $R^3J_{\rm RKKY}$ only shows an atomic scale oscillations at
large $R$ (black, filled-square plot). When the chemical potential is tuned
away from the Dirac point in pristine graphene (the red, filled-circle plot)
it can be clearly seen that in addition to the atomic scale oscillations,
a Friedel type oscillations due to the presence of a Fermi surface with a
definite characteristic scale $k_F$ appear and are superimposed into the
atomic scale oscillations in agreement with analytical results for clean graphene~\cite{Sherafati2}.
However the striking observation is made when one percent vacancies are introduced.
In such case, not only the atomic scale oscillations are diminished, but also
no sign of oscillations due to "Fermi surface" are seen at chemical potentials
corresponding to half-filling and $\mu=0.1$. At $\mu=0.3$ it seems that some tiny
atomic scale oscillations are present, while longer range Fermi-surface oscillations
are still absent. The absence of Friedel-type oscillations in vacant graphene
indicates that in presence of such amount of vacancies the picture of a Fermi
surface with a sharp length scale $k_F^{-1}$ does not hold anymore. It is reminiscent
of disorder driven non-Fermi-liquid behavior in Kondo alloys~\cite{Miranda} where
the creation of vacancies plays a role akin to alloying. Therefore it is likely that
in such case the Fermi surface is characterized with multitude of length scales
arising from local Fermi surfaces, the disorder averaging over which washes out the
part of oscillations corresponding
to presence of a sharp single Fermi wave-vector scale of clean metallic state.
It should also be noted that in Fig.~\ref{R_J_R3_armchair} in the case of pristine
graphene the amplitude of long-range oscillations in the function $R^3J_{\rm RKKY}$
increases which indicates the decay power in these type of terms is weaker than the
$R^{-3}$ behavior~\cite{Sherafati2}. The same argument for the vacant system at
$\mu=0.3$ indicates that the decay power of the $J_{\rm RKKY}$ is not as strong as
$R^{-3}$ behavior.

To summarize we find that when vacancies on the scale of a percent are
introduced to graphene, the nature of RKKY interaction changes as follows:
when the doping level is such that the chemical potential falls in the energy
region where DOS is linear, the exponent $\alpha$ in $R^{\alpha}$ remains
at $\alpha=-3$. Otherwise presence of vacancies pushes $\alpha$ to more
negative values. Regarding the oscillatory nature of the RKKY interaction
in pristine graphene, a few percent vacancies wash out both atomic scale
oscillations and the Friedel oscillations due to Fermi surface for a remarkable
range of chemical potential values.

\section{Acknowledgement}
SAJ thanks the school of physics, Institute for fundamental research (IPM)
for support.

\section{Appendix}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


Important events have a tendency to create important places, both as a consequence of and as a strong experience. Thank you!
Participating in an art exhibition is of course such an event. Especially when I was awarded a prize, which I am very proud of. And that was also very surprising because I had not expected this.
Maybe I ask this question because I received a prize. What did I learn from this exhibition? Are there any particular points before, during and after the exhibition that I should consider next time?
- Can or should I organize it in any particular way? Is there anything I should think about?
- In what way can I promote the forthcoming exhibition; 1, 2, 3...steps?
"The sculpture represents the moment when you decide to open your wings and fly, which is a moment of liberation. My message to the artists is to stay inspired, keep dreaming, and never give up. We are divine creatures, capable of much more than we give ourselves credit for. I hope 'Alzando el Vuelo' can bring that message closer to their hearts. We all have wings to fly—the secret is to dream above our beliefs." The sculpture is gilded with 24 carat gold.
(Viviana Puello creator of the sculpture 2015).


text:
Satire and the politics of corruption in Kenya
Harrington, John ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0957-3334 and Manji, Ambreena ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2536-4137 2013. Satire and the politics of corruption in Kenya. Social and Legal Studies 22 (1) , pp. 3-23. 10.1177/0964663912458113
Official URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0964663912458113
Corruption in Kenya has been a matter of intense concern for foreign donors and the international financial institutions. External efforts to change the 'governance culture' in this regard are not simply instrumental, composed of material restrictions and incentives. They are also inherently rhetorical, seeking to establish the plausibility of a set of values rooted in political economy. This paper examines two widely reported speeches of a former British High Commissioner that can be read together as a highly figurative satire on political standards in Kenya. Having developed a reading of anti-corruption governance as satire, we extend it to the role of the legal profession in the illegal and irregular allocation of public land. We argue that, as well as demonstrating an application of the rhetorical analysis of neo-liberal governance, the case of land grabbing in Kenya also highlights the instability of many of the key binary oppositions underpinning dominant anti-corruption strategies. This instability can be understood in rhetorical terms by drawing on the work of post-colonial writers and critics on the category of excremental satire. Rather than a clear binary opposition, these suggest the interrelation, or more precisely the mutual contamination, of corruption and normal capitalist accumulation.
Governance; rhetoric; excremental satire; primitive accumulation; Constitution of Kenya 2010; legal profession; land grabbing
Cited 15 times in Scopus. View in Scopus. Powered By Scopus® Data

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


only operator). As far as I know, no approach can deal with it.
and enabled on the fly… as you know, the parser is generated by antlr4.
compiler itself, sure we can do something here... but for the parser?
> without affecting everyone else.
> parser and compiler APIs.


Starlit (Chax, forthcoming) is Elizabeth Treadwell's 11th book; her others include Birds & Fancies and Posy.
A selection from her earlier collections of poetry is included in Out of Everywhere 2: Linguistically Innovative Poetry by Women in North America & the UK (Reality Street, 2015).
"JoLynn," Elizabeth Treadwell for Song Poems, curated by Steven Hull, arranged & performed by Molly Symns, 2001.
"Yolanda," Paul Jackson & Elizabeth Treadwell for The Uptones, 1998.


text:
Travel Pictorial
NZ Pictorial
Hobbit Trilogy Location Guidebook
Author(s): Ian Brodie; Peter Jackson (Foreword by); Andy Serkis (Introduction by); John Howe (Preface by)
The definitive and authorised location guidebook for THE HOBBIT trilogy of movies.
Since the incredible global success of The Lord of the Rings films and now The Hobbit Trilogy, New Zealand has become the embodiment of Middle-earth to millions of moviegoers and readers the world over.
This definitive full-colour guidebook showcases the principal movie set locations around New Zealand as seen in The Hobbit trilogy. For everyone enchanted by the beautiful locations in the film trilogy, this book provides stunning original landscape photography, valuable background information and exclusive contributions by Sir Peter Jackson, Andy Serkis and other cast and crew members.
Official behind-the-scenes movie photos are complemented by more than 100 of award-winning photographer Ian Brodie's gorgeous vistas of the New Zealand landscape, making this the perfect book for film fans and armchair travellers, as well as those planning to visit the country for themselves. Includes:
* Exclusive maps and location directions
* Touring information and itineraries
* Useful internet addresses
* GPS references to location sites
* Accommodation, food and entertainment suggestions
'If I ever had any doubts about finding new locations for three more movies, they disappeared as soon as we began looking. New Zealand's infinite capacity for surprise didn't let us down ... As you will see, as you read the accounts of those involved, we faced our own challenges - not exactly fire-breathing dragons, but wild weather can be every bit as challenging.' Peter Jackson
Ian Brodie is a former Air Force pilot who has become a renowned expert on this native New Zealand. His interest in photography and in Tolkien led him to write and compile the bestselling The Lord of the Rings Location Guidebook. He has written several books on travel and photography and now works in the film industry as a consultant on tourism, film locations and as a movie set photographer.
Publisher : HarperCollins Publishers New Zealand
Imprint : HarperCollins Publishers Ltd
Produced in : New Zealand
Availability date : September 2014
Dewey classification : 919.3044
Illustrations : 150 col plates
Author : Ian Brodie; Peter Jackson (Foreword by); Andy Serkis (Introduction by); John Howe (Preface by)


text:
class Cinema
  include Mongoid::Document
  include Mongoid::Timestamps
  include ::Sluggable

  field :name, type: String
  field :url,  type: String

  belongs_to :city
  embeds_many :films
end

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


If you are in the market for your first water heater, or if the time has finally come to schedule a water heater replacement, you may be surprised at the number of models available and the amount of decisions which must be made prior to the actual installation itself. It is extremely beneficial to schedule your installation with a skilled Salt Lake City tankless water heater professional for these reasons. Plus, a professional water heater technician can help you weigh your options to ensure that you get the water heater best suited for your home and water heating needs. One great product to consider is a tankless water heater in Salt Lake City, UT. If you have any questions regarding the benefits of using a tankless water heater or if you'd like to schedule an installation, call Design Comfort today for more details.
The Salt Lake City water heater experts at Design Comfort offer quality repair, installation and maintenance services for tankless water heaters in Salt Lake City, UT and the surrounding areas.
Too hot upstairs, too cold downstairs was frustrating to our family before you installed zoning in our cooling and heating system.
Why Consider a Tankless Water Heater in Salt Lake City?
As you can probably guess, a tankless water heater does not require a storage tank in order to provide you with the hot water you depend upon for so many tasks throughout your home. Instead, it heats water only as you need it, using a powerful heat exchanger in the process. By heating water on–demand in this manner, the standby energy loss that you encounter with a traditional tank water heater is eliminated. This makes tankless water heaters exceptionally efficient. Of course, depending on your usage habits and the number of people in your household, it is possible for a tankless water heater in Salt Lake City, UT to be overwhelmed. Only a trained water heater professional can give you the information you need to determine if this is the right option for you.
The installation of your tankless water heater is very important, and will play a major role in determining the level of success with which it operates. You must schedule your tankless water heater installation in Salt Lake City, UT with a qualified professional. This is the only way to be sure that your system is appropriately sized and that it will give you the performance levels you need. That is why you should give us a call to handle every aspect of your tankless water heater installation.
At some point you will find that your tankless water heater is no longer able to provide you with the quality water heating performance you need. Do not tolerate a subpar performance from an old, ineffective water heater. Call today to discuss a tankless water heater replacement with a member of our team.
One of the great things about tankless water heaters is how resilient and durable they are. Do not let this fool you into believing that they are indestructible, though. The fact is that they are mechanical systems and, like any other mechanical system, they are subject to operational problems at times. As soon as you suspect that there is a problem with your tankless water heater, contact a professional Salt Lake City water heater technician. The sooner any necessary tankless water heater repairs in Salt Lake City, UT are completed, the less risk of serious damage there is to your system.
By scheduling routine tankless water heater maintenance in Salt Lake City, UT, you can give your water heater technician the opportunity to thoroughly inspect and tune up your water heater. This will help to keep it as efficient and reliable as possible. If you have any further questions about tankless water heater installation, repair or maintenance in Salt Lake City, UT, contact Design Comfort today for answers.


text:
Home Blog Holding the Highest Political Office Doesn't Give You the Right to Disrespect...
Holding the Highest Political Office Doesn't Give You the Right to Disrespect Black Women
Citizen Douglas
When the President of the United States rudely attacks and attempts to belittle three tenured White House correspondents, who happen to all be Black Women, then we have a problem. He lashed out at two of the women for asking professional and reputable questions. He disrespectfully called a question by Abby Phillip, the CNN White House correspondent, stupid. At the same question and answer session, he brought up a long time and respected White House correspondent April Ryan and called her a loser. If that wasn't bad enough, out of pure immaturity and lack of professionalism, he told PBS NEWS White House correspondent, Yamiche Alcindor that her question about emboldened White Nationalists was 'racist'. His tone, words, and body language were all an act of verbal assault. If we allow any man to talk to any woman in that manner, then I know we obviously have a problem. This is a problem that needs fixing really fast, and an attitude adjustment should be in the works. I owe everything to the Black Woman, and her protection is at the forefront of what I believe I must do in life. Black women are the most important women in my life; they are my wife, my mother, and my daughter. Their well being isn't something I take for granted.
Recently, there has been back and forth about whether the President is outwardly and strategically targeting black women. Does he have a reckless or uncaring attitude towards these women of color? My opinion is it doesn't matter what he feels; we, the people, see his disrespect and quite frankly are done with his foul-mouthed negative existence. Keep Black women out of your mouth, Donald. That's not a road you want to travel and as a citizen of these United States, I command you to tread lightly in these territories for your sake and mine. You work for the people, nothing more and nothing less.
What these acts of outward disrespect conjure up are bold and senseless acts by Donald's base and his political allies. Over in Mississippi, the most disrespectful cases of stand by your man has reared its nasty head. Seating Senator Cindy Hyde-Smith from Mississippi recently uttered these foolish words while addressing supporter Colin Hutchinson, a cattle rancher after he introduced her, "If he invited me to a public hanging, I'd be on the front row." Wow. A statement so becoming of a United States Senator. How does one expect me to be respectful to an office when this appointed politician and seated Republican representative, currently in a runoff election, is comfortable with using language like this?
The fact of the matter is what Donald does and what his cronies follow isn't at all surprising to me. What is reprehensible is that folks who claim to be good people of morals, values, and character are voting for these people. The same individuals who voted for Donald, are in support Cindy Hyde-Smith's true beliefs, and who encourage policies that are detrimental to humanity are in close proximity to you. Look around. They are your neighbors, coworkers, church members, and fellow countrymen.
So yes, in conclusion, no political office deserves respect. Human beings deserve respect. Good people deserve respect. Good people who have earned it. Putting a political office, even the one of United States President above its citizens is inhumane. It is a disrespectful act that ruins our democracy and quite frankly it's unpatriotic.
The Insurrection Started Last January 6, And Our Kids Are Still Under Attack Every Day
It's Not Just Simone Biles. Gen Z's Black Girls Know All About Mental Health Struggles.
Anti-Blackness Is on Full Display at the 2021 Tokyo Olympics


text:
Bluespotted Toadfish, Omegophora cyanopu
Bluespotted Toadfish, Omegophora cyanopunctata Hardy & Hutchins, 1981
Scientific name: Omegophora cyanopunctata
Alternative name/s:
Blue-spotted Puffer, Bluespotted Pufferfish
Mark McGrouther, Sascha Schulz
A Bluespotted Pufferfish at a depth of 4m, Cape Naturaliste, Western Australia, June 2009. Image: Sascha Schulz
© Sascha Schulz
cyanopunctata
Omegophora
Tetraodontidae
Tetraodontiformes
The species grows to 18 cm in length.
The Bluespotted Toadfish is endemic to Australia, occurring in coastal waters of South Australian and southern Western Australia. It has a yellow belly and blue spots. Males have a dark blotch above the pectoral fin.
The species can be recognised by its dark banding, yellow belly and blue spots. Males have a dark blotch above the pectoral fin.
The fish occurs on coastal reefs and is often seen under jetties.
The Bluespotted Toadfish occurs in coastal waters of South Australia and southern Western Australia.
The map below shows the Australian distribution of the species based on public sightings and specimens in Australian Museums. Click on the map for detailed information. Source: Atlas of Living Australia.
Danger to humans
The species contains tetrodotoxin and is thus poisonous. It should not be eaten.
Gomon, M.F., Bray, D. & R.H. Kuiter (Eds). 2008. The Fishes of Australia's Southern Coast. Reed New Holland. Pp. 928.
Hoese, D.F., Bray, D.J., Paxton, J.R. & G.R. Allen. 2006. Fishes. In Beesley, P.L. & A. Wells. (eds) Zoological Catalogue of Australia. Volume 35. ABRS & CSIRO Publishing: Australia. parts 1-3, pages 1-2178.
Hutchins, B. & R. Swainston. 1986. Sea Fishes of Southern Australia. Complete Field Guide for Anglers and Divers. Swainston Publishing. Pp. 180.
Tetraodontidae fish
What is a fish?
Hexanchidae - Sixgill Sharks
Why don't anemonefishes get stung?
Callionymidae-Dragonets
Triglidae - Gurnards
Neosebastidae - Gurnard Perches
Ceratodontidae - Lungfishes
Chlamydoselachidae - Frill Sharks
Chironemidae - Kelpfishes
Do Fishes Feel Pain?
Cosmoid scales
Sphyraenidae - Barracudas
Bluespotted Coral Trout, Plectropomus laevis (Lacépède, 1801)
Ringed Toadfish, Omegophora armilla (Waite & McCulloch, 1915)
Dissection of a Bluespotted Flathead
The dissection consists of three parts: an external examination, the internal organs, and the mouth and gills.
Scalytail Toadfish, Torquigener squamicauda (Ogilby, 1910)
Bluespotted Fantail Ray, Taeniura lymma (Forsskål, 1775)
Common Toadfish, Tetractenos hamiltoni (Gray & Richardson, 1843)
Bluespotted Flathead, Platycephalus caeruleopunctatus McCulloch, 1922
Bluespotted Maskray, Neotrygon kuhlii (Müller & Henle, 1841)
Smooth Golden Toadfish, Lagocephalus inermis (Temminck & Schlegel, 1847)
Bluespotted Puffer, Arothron caeruleopunctatus (Matsuura, 1994)
Bluespotted Goatfish, Upeneichthys vlamingii (Cuvier, 1829)
Immaculate Glidergoby, Valenciennea immaculata (Ni, 1981)


text:
← What's In A Title.
Some Reviews of The Desolate Garden. →
A Random thought is creative. A Chaotic thought can lead to creativity. Danny Kemp.
Posted on June 28, 2014	by Daniel Kemp
Random asked of Chaos, "is there a way you could define the difference between us two? Perhaps you could tell a story, and in that way make it interesting too!"
"There was a time," said Chaos "when I reigned supreme. I held the upper hand in most things. Well, at least in people's minds I mean.
I preached the gospel of nothingness, but order everywhere. A religion of a kind, without thoughts of any care.
Nothing had a value, no security left in wealth. My teachings touched everyone, affecting their mental health.
The financial world was in ruins. Neither the Church nor politicians had a solution to the chaos I presented. The rules were simple: think nothing of others and all of your self!
You see that in chaos there is an order, one small change following another until all follow the rules I invented. There is confusion, a turmoil perhaps but it's controlled, whereas randomness has no order, no method of attack. It springs from nowhere, it's haphazard, it's erratic. There is nothing it presents, on which one can fall back. It is unique, its strength lies in the isolation of its own will!
Random, you saved the world, when I was just underway. I almost had it all. I almost won the day.
Someone had a random thought, one of wisdom and goodwill. The world did have value. There were principles and morals; still.
Credit was abandoned, a worth given to everything in sight. There was advantage in living a slower life, where greed was not the answer, benevolence was freed.
If people believed less in the rules of Chaos and allowed more of Random into their soul, then life maybe better lived and in so doing; achieving a better goal!"
© 2014, Danny Kemp. All rights reserved.
About Daniel Kemp
Daniel Kemp's introduction to the world of espionage and mystery happened at an early age when his father was employed by the War Office in Whitehall, London, at the end of WWII. However, it wasn't until after his father died that he showed any interest in anything other than himself! On leaving academia he took on many roles in his working life: a London police officer, mini-cab business owner, pub tenant and licensed London taxi driver, but never did he plan to become a writer. Nevertheless, after a road traffic accident left him suffering from PTSD and effectively—out of paid work for four years, he wrote and self-published his first novel —The Desolate Garden. Within three months of publication, that book was under a paid option to become a $30 million film. The option lasted for five years until distribution became an insurmountable problem for the production company. All seven of his novels are now published by Creativia with the seventh—The Widow's Son, completing a three book series alongside: What Happened In Vienna, Jack? and Once I Was A Soldier. Under the Creativia publishing banner, The Desolate Garden went on to become a bestselling novel in World and Russian Literature in 2017. The following year, in May 2018, his book What Happened In Vienna, Jack? was a number one bestseller on four separate Amazon sites: America, UK, Canada, and Australia. Although it's true to say that he mainly concentrates on what he knows most about; murders laced by the mystery involving spies, his diverse experience of life shows in the short stories he writes, namely: Why? A Complicated Love, and the intriguing story titled The Story That Had No Beginning. He is the recipient of rave reviews from a prestigious Manhattan publication and described as—the new Graham Green—by a highly placed employee of Waterstones Books, for whom he did a countrywide tour of book signing events. He has also appeared on 'live' television in the UK publicising that first novel of his. He continues to write novels, poetry and the occasional quote; this one is taken from the beginning of Once I Was A Soldier There is no morality to be found in evil. But to recognise that which is truly evil one must forget the rules of morality.
View all posts by Daniel Kemp →
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Long Island Elmiron Class Action Lawsuits Lawyer
Home » Personal Injury Lawyers » Defective Drug » Long Island Elmiron Class Action Lawsuits Lawyer
The Dangers Associated with Elmiron
If you or someone you know took the drug Elmiron or any of its generic counterparts for urinary pain caused by interstitial cystitis and later developed either maculopathy or serious vision problems, you should know that you might qualify for compensation by filing an Elmiron lawsuit. Elmiron is the only drug that the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved to treat the painful bladder condition of interstitial cystitis, but it has been causing serious injury in its users. In the hopes of providing people who have taken this medication with some critical information and assistance, the following are some important details about the dangers of taking the drug Elmiron.
The History of Elmiron
First approved in 1985, Elmiron was long considered an "orphan drug," or one that the pharmaceutical industry had little interest in developing and marketing because only a small number of patients are afflicted with the condition that necessitates its use. In reality, interstitial cystitis is a chronic condition now believed to impact as many as 1 million individuals in the United States, primarily women.
In 2015, physicians at Atlanta's Emory Eye Center encountered an eye impairment that they had not previously seen in six different women. This type of maculopathy did not have a particular cause, although further investigation revealed that each of the six women had been taking Elmiron.
Researchers have since determined that long-term use of Elmiron can result in a degenerative eye disorder, pigmentary maculopathy, which can in turn result in blindness or substantial vision loss. Approximately 25% of long-term Elmiron users are reported to incur ocular damage. Making matters more complicated, many of these patients are first diagnosed with other vision disorders or believed to have incurred ocular difficulty as a result of a factor not related to Elmiron usage.
In 2018, these researchers began documenting vision difficulties that arose in Elmiron users. In 2019, the American Academy of Ophthalmology found that Elmiron use is linked to increased occurrence of macular damage in patients. Researchers who examined this problem found that as much as one quarter of patients taking long-term Elmiron between 2002 and 2016 showed signs of eye damage and ocular toxicity.
Currently, individuals who have taken Elmiron for more than six months and who have experienced eye problems like ocular damage or vision loss are likely eligible for compensation as part of an Elmiron defective drug lawsuit.
Dangerous Side Effects Associated with Elmiron
Researchers have determined that some people who take Elmiron end up experience pigmentary maculopathy, which impacts the central part of the retina known as the macula. The impact of pigmentary maculopathy includes the development of abnormal capillaries as well as small blood vessels around the macula, the formation of lesions beneath the macula, and hyperpigmented spots on the retina. All of these factors contribute to long-term vision difficulty. Some of the side effects associated with pigmentary retinal maculopathy include:
Difficulty reading
Loss of close vision
Night blindness
Visual dimming
Unfortunately, sometimes patients experience progressive vision damage even when they stop taking Elmiron. Some of the side effects associated with long term usage of Elmiron include eye pain, difficulty reading, and trouble seeing in low light.
The costs associated with pigmentary maculopathy are often extensive. Fortunately, personal injury claims for damages created by the Elmiron can cover these various medical expenses. If Elmiron use has caused you vision impairment and disrupted your life, you can pursue additional non-economic damages to compensate for the pain and suffering you have suffered.
Establishing Negligence in Elmiron Cases
New York law allows injured parties to pursue the compensation they deserve from the manufacturers of dangerous and defective products. This applies to pharmaceutical companies who manufacture dangerous drugs or medication that results in undesirable side effects. Negligence in hazardous drug cases exists when the drug company does not warn users about the possible side effects associated with taking a drug.
As evidence has accumulated about the danger of Elmiron, details have emerged that Janssen Pharmaceuticals who manufactures Elmiron has failed to warn the public about the risks associated with the medication. As a result, due to inadequate warnings about the dangers associated with Elmiron, millions of users ended up taking a medication that could seriously disrupt their vision.
Janssen is a division of pharmaceutical giant Johnson & Johnson. Despite the company's longstanding presence in the medical industry and reputation as an industry leader, no warnings about macular damage, visual changes, or other eye conditions have ever been placed on any Elmiron prescription information.
While it can be overwhelming to discover that a drug you have been taking for an extended period is dangerous, medical professionals have recommended that individuals taking Elmiron who begin to notice vision changes should promptly receive an ophthalmic examination that involves retinal imaging. Also, users should understand that despite the substantial evidence suggesting that there is likely a link between vision difficulty and Elmiron usage, the medication remains approved in the United States by the FDA.
Do You Qualify for an Elmiron Lawsuit?
Defective drug attorneys in the United States are currently accepting Elmiron lawsuits. If you were prescribed Elmiron for at least two years and developed maculopathy symptoms or other vision difficulties while taking the drug, you could potentially qualify for an Elmiron lawsuit. Remember, some of the symptoms most commonly associated with Elmiron usage include bilateral or unilateral blindness and reduced nighttime and dark light vision. If you took Elmiron for more than six months and developed any of these injuries, you should not hesitate to speak with an Elmiron lawyer.
Speak With a Defective Drug Attorney Today About Filing an Elmiron Lawsuit
When medical professionals prescribe their patients medications, those patients expect to be made better by taking those medications. In unfortunate cases, however, taking medication results in additional medical problems and unforeseen consequences. If you find yourself in such a situation, remember the assistance of an experienced attorney can help you pursue the compensation that you deserve. Contact the Law Office of Cohen & Jaffe LLP today for assistance. As always, are consultations are free. Call us directly at 516-358-6900.
For a free legal consultation with a elmiron class action lawsuits lawyer serving Long Island, call 516-358-6900
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For years, Zantac made its way onto the Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) list of drugs that were safe for developing fetuses. Recent FDA studies, however, have found increasing evidence that the
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LHandley Page Halifax fu uno dei principali bombardieri pesanti quadrimotori britannici durante la seconda guerra mondiale.
Contemporaneo del più famoso Avro Lancaster, rimase in servizio fino alla fine del conflitto, con numerosi compiti oltre al bombardamento.

Lo sviluppo

L'8 maggio 1935, l'Air Ministry emise la specifica B.1/35 per un bombardiere pesante notturno, bimotore, che avrebbe dovuto affiancare e in seguito sostituire gli allora nuovissimi Armstrong-Witworth AW.38 Whitley e Vickers Wellington. Il nuovo bombardiere avrebbe dovuto avere carico bellico di 1 800 kg, velocità di crociera di 314 km/h a 4 575 m e autonomia di 3 220 km con 900 kg di bombe; inoltre la Royal Air Force imponeva alcune limitazioni pratiche: per poter rientrare negli hangar disponibili ed essere manovrato con i mezzi in servizio, il nuovo bombardiere avrebbe dovuto avere un'apertura alare massima di 30,50 m; inoltre, la sezione centrale di fusoliera non sarebbe dovuta essere più lunga di 10,70 m e più larga di 2,44 m, mentre la corda alare massima non avrebbe potuto superare i 6,70m.

Un progetto Airspeed fu subito scartato, mentre fu portato avanti lo sviluppo dell'Armstrong-Witworth AW.39, dell'Handley-Page HP.55 e del Vickers Type 284 Warwick che, pur risultato vincitore, incorse in una serie di problemi e non riuscì nel suo scopo. Il progetto HP.55 ottenne dall'Air Ministry il contratto per un prototipo che, tuttavia, non fu realizzato.

Nella metà degli anni '30 il progresso nelle costruzioni aeronautiche fu travolgente e l'Air Ministry rivide tutti i suoi requisiti nel campo dei bombardieri: nel luglio 1936 ai principali costruttori di cellule furono inviate le bozze di due ulteriori specifiche, la B.12/36 per un bombardiere pesante quadrimotore e la P.13/36 per un bombardiere medio bimotore; alla prima la Handley-Page non rispose e il relativo concorso fu vinto dalla Short con il suo S.29 Stirling. Il costruttore ritenne invece di poter presentare un progetto-base in grado di soddisfare tanto la B.1/35 che la P.13/36; la seconda prevedeva due motori Rolls-Royce Vulture, le stesse limitazioni dimensionali, un carico bellico di 2.045kg e la possibilità di trasportare due siluri da 457mm. Le risposte alla P.13/36 furono il Type 679 della Avro, lo Handley-Page HP.56 e un "outsider" della de Havilland, in pratica un DH.91 Albatross rimotorizzato con due Rolls-Royce PV.12 Merlin; quest'ultimo non fu realizzato, ma il suo studio continuò e fu alla base del DH.98 Mosquito.

La RAF e le case costruttrici non tardarono molto a rendersi conto che il motore Vulture si sarebbe rivelato un vicolo cieco e, nel luglio 1937, fu deciso di ricorrere ad un impianto propulsivo più frazionato, con quattro Bristol Pegasus o Taurus, Napier Dagger, Wright G-200 Cyclone o Pratt & Whitney Twin Wasp. In agosto si optò definitivamente per quattro Merlin X, dando vita all'HP.57 che fu ordinato sotto forma di due prototipi il 3 settembre 1937, con un emendamento al contratto del 30 aprile 1937 relativo allHP.56 e il nuovo capitolato Specification 32/37.Ne fu prevista fin dall'inizio la produzione in serie di 250 esemplari, con il nome di Halifax.

Il primo prototipo fu costruito a Cricklewood e uscì di fabbrica nell'agosto 1939; dato che il vicino aeroporto di Radlett fu giudicato troppo piccolo, l'Halifax fu trasferito mediante autocarri sulla pista di Bicester, dove volò il 25 ottobre 1939. Il primo Halifax Mk.I Series I, sostanzialmente simile ai prototipi con i quattro Merlin X, dopo che era stata scartata la possibilità di ricorrere ai Napier Sabre o ai Rolls-Royce Griffon, con torrette Boulton Paul e ruotino fisso, volò l'11 ottobre 1940. La guerra era in corso da più di un anno e la produzione andò avanti con il massimo sforzo e, già il 13 novembre, ci fu la consegna del primo esemplare operativo, assegnato al 35° Squadron del 4° Group di Leeming.

Le versioni

 HP.55: progetto iniziale in risposta alla specifica B.1/35, con due motori Bristol Hercules He.1SM; un prototipo ordinato ma non costruito.
 HP.56: progetto modificato per rispondere alla specifica B.1/35 e alla P.13/36. Due prototipi ordinati ma costruiti come HP.57.
 HP.57 Halifax: due prototipi con motori Rolls-Royce Merlin X da 1.145HP, il primo disarmato e il secondo con armamento. Primo volo il 25 ottobre 1939.
 B Mk.I Series I: prima sottoversione di serie ordinata il 7 gennaio 1938 con motori Merlin X da 1.280HP, torretta anteriore Boulton-Paul C Mk.II con due armi e posteriore Boulton-Paul E Mk.I con quattro armi. Nella Series II il peso massimo al decollo passava da 24.950 a 27.200kg. Nella Series III la capacità di combustibile standard aumentava da 6.328 a 7.437 litri; nel corso della produzione della serie finale i motori Merlin X furono sostituiti dai XX da 1.480HP a 2.075m. In tutto furono prodotti 84 esemplari.
 HP.58 Halifax II: costruito soltanto sotto forma di simulacro, prevedeva delle torrette Boulton-Paul O e H con quattro cannoni da 20mm, con abolizione della postazione poppiera. Fu ordinata la trasformazione del primo prototipo, ma poi il programma fu abbandonato. La stessa designazione fu usata per altri progetti con differenti soluzioni d'armamento o motorizzazioni, tutti soltanto abbozzati.
 B Mk.II: seconda versione di serie con motori Merlin XX e torretta dorsale Boulton-Paul C Mk.II con due armi da 7,7mm, indicata come Series I. Nella Series IA aveva muso ridisegnato con migliore aerodinamica, motori Merlin XX o 65 con eliche quadripala ed erano possibili diverse variazioni dell'armamento; le derive avevano bordo d'entrata dritto e non più a freccia. I Series I Special erano privi della torretta dorsale e avevano modifiche minori, come il muso Tempsford senza armamento e con trasparenti ridotti. Sulla base dell'HP.59 Halifax B Mk.II fu realizzato anche un unico Series II con motori Merlin 22, radiatori Morris ed eliche Rotol XHF53W derivate da quelle del Beaufighter. Inoltre, alcuni esemplari di B Mk.II Series I Special furono convertiti in B Mk.II Series I Freighter da carico.
 B Mk.III: cronologicamente successivo al B Mk.V, era, in pratica, un Mk.II con motori Bristol Hercules VI o XVI da 1.615HP con eliche metalliche. Il peso aumentava a 29.485 kg e la capacità di carburante massima a 12.220 litri. Nel corso della produzione l'apertura alare passò da 30,22m a 31,75m, per migliorare le prestazioni ad alta quota. Almeno 7 B Mk.III furono convertiti in ricognitori meteorologici Met Mk.III, sia con apertura alare normale sia con quella per alta quota. La B Mk.III fu la più numerosa di tutte le versioni, con 2.091 esemplari costruiti.
 B Mk.IV: versione rimasta allo stadio di progetto, in risposta alla specifica B.1/39; prevedeva motori Hercules o Griffon.
 B Mk.V: denominazione degli Halifax B Mk.II Series I Special e IA con carrello Dowty al posto del British Messier, un diverso impianto idraulico e, in qualche caso, eliche Rotol quadripala. Nel corso dell'impiego il peso massimo all'atterraggio fu limitato a 18.150kg. Almeno 51 esemplari furono modificati come B Mk.V Series I (Special) o B Mk.V (Special Duties) per missioni notturne di rifornimento ai movimenti di resistenza. Praticamente uguali ai Mk.II Series IA ma con carrello Dowty furono costruiti i B Mk.V Series IA. Almeno 36 B Mk.V furono modificati in Met Mk.V da ricognizione meteorologica.
 B Mk.VI: versione tropicalizzata del Mk.III, con peso massimo aumentato a 30.845kg e motori Hercules 100 da 1.675HP con filtri antisabbia. L'esemplare NP715 fu soprannominato Supersonic Halifax in quanto fu modificato con alettoni ridotti, alette di correzione ridisegnate, ipersostentatori supplementari e diruttori per un programma di sperimentazione delle superfici mobili destinate ai futuri aerei veloci; la macchina tuttavia, restò praticamente inutilizzata per il suo comportamento in volo pericoloso.
 B Mk.VII: data l'insufficiente produzione degli Hercules 100, 161 cellule di B Mk.VI furono completate con gli Hercules XVI.
 HP.64: progetto, poi abbandonato, di una versione da trasporto truppe e di un aereo di linea.
 HP.70 Halton: sulla base di una versione da trasporto C Mk.VIII, la BOAC richiese un allestimento specifico di 12 C Mk.VIII ex-RAF, modificati dalla Short per trasportare 10 passeggeri, da impiegare nei collegamenti con l'Africa Occidentale.

Versioni per altri impieghi
Tra le altre versioni dell'Halifax ci furono quelle antisommergibili ed antinave per il Royal Air Force Coastal Command e quelle per il traino alianti; tra queste ci fu un A Mk.IX, derivato dal Mk.VII, e un A Mk.X con motori Hercules 100, che però fu abbandonato.Vi fu anche una serie di Halifax da trasporto, i C Mk.III, Mk.VI, Mk.VII e Mk.VIII e diverse conversioni per guerra elettronica, i B Mk.III(BS), B Mk.III(BS) Mandrel e B MK.III(BS) Airborne Cigar.

Impiego operativo
La carriera dell'Halifax cominciò nel novembre 1940 e proseguì fino alla fine della guerra. Questi quadrimotori, comunque, continuarono a operare, sia pure in ruoli secondari, fino al 1954-56. Nella pratica, però, il Lancaster dimostrò migliori prestazioni e non appena fu disponibile in numero sufficiente, rimpiazzò gli Halifax. Essi furono destinati ad altre missioni, in particolare la guerra elettronica, il traino alianti e le "special missions" con lancio di agenti dei servizi segreti e di rifornimenti per i movimenti di guerriglia. La prima missione degli Halifax fu il bombardamento su Le Havre nella notte tra il 10 e l'11 marzo 1941 e il primo attacco di Amburgo due giorni dopo. Missioni importanti furono compiute dai B Mk.I contro Kiel, Brest e La Pallice, contro Berlino e Torino e contro l'incrociatore da battaglia Scharnhorst. Questi bombardieri presero parte anche a diverse operazioni con aviotruppe, come lo sbarco in Sicilia, quello in Normandia, il colpo di mano contro gli stabilimenti per la produzione di acqua pesante nel Telemark, le operazioni di Arnhem e il passaggio del Reno per l'invasione della Germania. Oltre che nei reparti stranieri che militavano nella RAF durante la Seconda guerra mondiale, l'Armée de l'Air francese nel dopoguerra ebbe alcuni Mk.VI e Mk.VII; la Royal Egyptian Air Force ottenne 9 A Mk.IX, mentre 6 B Mk.VI andarono alla neo-costituita Pakistani Fida'iyye, l'aeronautica militare del Pakistan.

Utilizzatori

Militari

 Royal Australian Air Force

 Royal Canadian Air Force

 Royal Egyptian Air Force

 Armée de l'air

 Royal New Zealand Air Force

 Pakistani Fida'iyye

 Polish Air Forces on exile in Great Britain

 Royal Air Force

Civili

 Aircarrier (In precedenza Wikner aircraft)
 Geoffrey Wikner (B Mk.II convertiti in aerei di linea per 15 passeggeri)

 Aero Cargo
 CTAI
 Société Auxiliaire de Navigation Aérienne (SANA)

 Peteair
 Vingtor Airways

 Pakistan Airways

 Alpha Airways
 LAMS (South Africa)

 Air Globe

 Air Freight
 Airtech
 Bond Air Services
 British American Air Services
 British Overseas Airways Corporation
 Chartair
 C.L. Air Surveys
 Eagle Aviation
 Lancashire Aircraft Corporation
 London Aero and Motor Services (LAMS)
 Payloads
 Skyflight
 Union Air Services
 World Air Freight

Operatori della versione Halton

 Maharajah Gaekwar of Baroda

 Louis Breguet

 Alpha Airways

 Bond Air Services
 British American Air Services
 British Overseas Airways Corporation
 Westminster Airways
 Worldair Carrier

Note

Bibliografia

In italiano
 Batchelor,J. e Lowe, M.V. "Enciclopedia del volo dal 1939 al 1945". Vercelli: White Star, 2007. ISBN 88-540-0692-0
 Niccoli, R. "Aerei". Novara: De Agistini, 2005. ISBN 88-418-2359-3

In inglese
 Barnes, C.H. Handley Page Aircraft since 1907. London: Putnam, 1987. ISBN 0-85177-803-8.
 Bingham, Victor F. Halifax, Second to None: The Handley Page Halifax. Shrewsbury, UK: Airlife, 1986. ISBN 0-906393-66-3.
 Clarke, R.M., ed. Handley Page Halifax Portfolio. Cobham, Surrey, UK: Brooklands Books, No year cited. ISBN 0-948207-89-2.
 Clayton, Donald C. Handley Page: An Aircraft Album. Shepperton, Surrey, UK: Ian Allan Ltd., 1970. ISBN 0-7110-0094-8.
 Jones, Geoffrey Patrick. Night Flight : Halifax squadrons at War. London: William Kimber, 1981. ISBN 0-71830-338-5.
 Lake, Jon. Halifax Squadrons of World War 2. Botley, Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing, 1999. ISBN 1-85532-892-5.
 . Halifax Variants. "Wings of Fame, vol. 8". London: Aerospace Publishing, 1997. ISBN 1-86184-009-8.

 Merrick, Keith A. Halifax, an Illustrated History of a Classic World War II Bomber. Shepperton, Surrey, UK: Ian Allan Ltd., 1980. ISBN 0-7110-0767-5.
 . The Handley Page Halifax. Bourne Ends, Buckinhamshire, UK: Aston Publications Ltd., 1990. ISBN 0-946627-60-6.
 Moyes, Philip J.R. Handley Page Halifax: Merlin-Engined Variants (Aerodata International No 7). Kidlington. Oxford, UK: Vintage Aviation Publications Ltd., 1979.

ISBN 0-905469-50-X.
 _. The Handley Page Halifax B.III, VI, VII. Leatherhead, Surrey, UK: Profile Publications Ltd., 1966.
 Rapier, Brian J. Halifax at War. Shepperton, Surrey, UK: Ian Allan Ltd., 1987. ISBN 0-7110-1554-6
 Roberts, R.N. The Halifax File. Tonbridge, UK: Air Britain (Historians) Ltd., 1982. ISBN 0-85130-098-7.
 Robertson, Bruce. Halifax Special. Shepperton, Surrey, UK: Ian Allan Ltd., 1990. ISBN 0-7110-1920-7.
 Scutts, Jerry. Halifax in Action (Aircraft in Action series, No. 66. Carrollton, TX: Squadron/Signal Publications, Inc., 1984. ISBN 0-89747-158-X.
 Stachiw, Anthony L. and Andrew Tattersall. Handley Page Halifax: In Canadian Service St. Catharine's, Ontario, Canada: Vanwell Publishing Limited, 2005. ISBN 1-55125-085-3.

Altri progetti

Collegamenti esterni

Aerei militari della seconda guerra mondiale
Aerei militari dal 1931 al 1945
Aerei militari britannici

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia