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Close to the Earth: A Journey through agriculture in Minas Gerais
In this article, and through an experience of visiting farms around Minas Gerais, I trace some of the connections, and disconnections, between family farming, environmentalism, wider debates about agriculture. Our relationships with the natural world vary from person to person, and I was privileged to discover some unexpected variety on a trip through the stunning region of southern Minas Gerais, Brazil.
Living in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil, I have become very interested in local agriculture. Farming here is not much like it is in the south of the UK where I grew up. There, many acres are managed by few people with big machines. That happens here of course, but the number of families living on the land on small farms and producing milk, beef, coffee, corn, and sugar, with minimal mechanisation is astonishing. What's more, some of these families ownership and residence on the land stretches back for nearly 400 years, some of the original settlers to this part of the continent. Though they are often quite poor economically, they often have most of the food they eat, and perhaps some medicinal herbs, growing in the yard or 'quintal' - the area normally cared for by the woman of the household. Because of this practice of growing much of the food at home, they are far from risking starvation. This saved income can also be the equivalent to the income of the typically male managed commercial side. Work is hard and relatively low paid. Many children are leaving this lifestyle for university and jobs elsewhere. Yet, there are still many who much prefer this lifestyle to the city. And if you take a look at some of the images, you might understand at least one of the reasons: Minas is one of the most beautiful regions in the world, and there are few tourists around.
Having met a man named Jose Mario who works at EPAMIG, a government research body for agriculture, I was lucky enough to be invited out on a trip to some coffee farms in the region. With us on the journey was Pericles of EMATER, the government body for agricultural outreach and education. It looked like a good chance to find out more, both through Jose Mario and Pericles, and by visiting farms and meeting farmers in person.
The first day, a long car journey during which we were thrown around on the hilly, bendy roads to the point of feeling sick by Pericles, was just to land and meet people in Viçosa, a university town 3 hours south east of Belo Horizonte. I had been excited and little nervous to spend two days with these men I knew very little about. They were clearly good friends. Pericles is impulsive and a little melodramatic, Jose Mario is thoughtful, patient and asked me questions. I sensed he appreciates what it is to learn through reflection. It wasn't long before we realised it was really going to be a three day trip - the buses to Belo Horizonte and the plan didn't quite match. But I didn't mind too much, it was more of a chance to visit farmers and learn more about agriculture in Minas Gerais.
On the drive, amidst deep discussions of 70s and 80s music in Brazil, the US, and UK, I realised these guys worked in different but related organisations, and had different opinions, but found significant common ground in their attitudes to power, bureaucracy and respect for farmers. Jose Mario has been working for several years on sustainability indicators for farms: maps and information that can indicate key risks and opportunities for improved incomes, reduced costs, and environmental sustainability. And Pericles has been working a great deal on the app to make the package accessible in the field, and allow for easier data capture including geolocated photos, altitude measurements, and co-produced maps made from google aerial images. Our trip was a chance to apply the indicators again and use the app in the field.
Their vision has multiple aspects. They see the indicators and app as having immediate use as a research tool to discover regional patterns and local possibilities regarding income, productivity, crop types and quantities, waste management systems and practices. For technicians in the field the information can help provide specific and targeted help for major vulnerabilities on farms such as water management and pests, as well as opportunities such as coffee certification schemes or lower cost crop management. The hope is that one day farmers themselves will be able to operate the app, upload useful research data, and find out for themselves which management practices might be most beneficial with minimal or no help from external professionals. It reminded me of farmlogs.com, a U.S site and app that helps larger scale farms track and manage everything from quantities of heat and rainfall to equipment maintenance. Except that these indicators explicitly focus on sustainability as well as farm management. Another comparison might be that the farmlogs app almost renders agricultural decision making into data management, and these indicators form a starting point for a conversation between technicians and family farmers.
As we drove to Viçosa, the town close to the three farms we would visit, Jose Mario spoke about different land features around us. Inclined areas that were losing soil were the hardest to combat, according to him, as most plants struggled to cling on: once this happens, the soil keeps being washed away. A good solution for almost any agriculture, according to Jose Mario, is controlling how rainwater lands, runs down and accumulates as managing this can repair soil, avoid damage and feed crops. We could see lines of eucalyptus, a good option for inclined and degraded soil, but for the most part used as a commercial crop for charcoal. In some areas, cows grazed in the hot sunshine, in other places the coffee plants reached from valley to hilltop. Colourful, tile-roofed family farm houses and their associated coffee drying areas popped up at regular intervals, and finally, amidst all the rolling hills of Minas Gerais, there was the beautiful forest.
I was told how the Embauba (check) trees, with their tall, whiter-green foliage speckling the rich green, can mean that forest is not original. It might be full of native species, but the Embauba is a pioneer; It moves into disturbed areas and makes way for other species to follow. As I heard about the landscape in this way, I could feel my sense of it shifting: It seemed some how more dynamic, and moulded by human choice and activity. It might be obvious that the landscapes are affected by people, yet now with some ideas of the different interactions and effects I could imagine making different choices. I could wonder how I might manage this landscape.
Our first visit the next morning, we were welcomed into the home of Bizete (a nickname) and his family. Jose Mario had visited once before nearly 7 years ago, so he explained that they were continuing research and testing an app version of the indicators. Bizete, like many a typical Minas farmer (so I've heard) took a little while to warm up, remaining quiet and curious before beginning to open up about all the information like financial turn-over, production quantities and crop areas, that is kept almost entirely in his head. After some home-made cheese and sweet bread with coffee, we made our way round the farm and saw the stunning scenery he lives in every day.
Bizete is a pretty mainstream farmer - he is curious and intelligent, sticks with coffee and corn, and uses a standard market insecticide and fungicide to 'medicate' the coffee for the variety of biological problems that can occur. From his perspective he was not motivated by environmental concerns, but the chance to increase yield per hectare and anticipate risks to the crops. After leaving Bizete, and during an always satisfying Minas self-service lunch in Araponga, Jose Mario explained that as someone both supporting farmers and with an environmental perspective, he had to be concerned with the way he framed information - the mention of environmental priorities could be off putting, yet economic concerns also lead to environmentally protective measures through the sheer pragmatism of ensuring interactions with surrounding soils, plants and water remain hospitable to crops and animals.
We continued on another orange dust road to visit our next appointment, João. This time Jose Mario had been twice before, and we were welcomed with some significant enthusiasm (and lots of coffee!). Although warmly received, it still took some time to get information for the indicators. But this time because he wanted to tell us so much. Having started years ago with a normal coffee farm and little money, he learnt about organic and agroecological farming through a local institution called the Centre for Alternative Technology, and began applying it with gusto. Today his farm has a great mix of coffee, corn, fruit trees like orange, avocado, khaki, açaí and papaya. The trees provide partial shade, allowing a more stable and resilient crop cycle and there was no sign of any biological threats. João works hard, but he doesn't use chemical pesticide and his organic certification gets him a high price. Other parts of the farm in transition to agroecological have a Fairtrade certificate, offering a different premium on standard coffee. It was striking how keen he was to discuss so many aspects of his farm, and to gather any extra tips. He was generous in many respects. After a walk round to pick up pictures and altitude references, we were sent on our way with a bag of khaki - they look and feel like apples, but they taste like chocolate!
The incredible Serra do Brigadeiro (brigadier hills) watched over our slightly bumpy ride to a cosy pousada (bed and breakfast) for the night, and another great meal of beans, rice, salad, vegetable and chicken breast. It had been a long day and my Portuguese had struggled to keep up with João's rapid flow. While we ate - and because my wife will soon open a partnership between agroecological and hydroponic producers - I found myself discussing the different reactions to agricultural approaches she had experienced. Some people love agroecology but hate hydroponics, perhaps for philosophical reasons, or because some of them associate it with a consumerist, reductionist and capitalist world they deem as problematic. Pericles, as it turned out, was a big technology fan and marveled at how efficient, productive and environmentally safe methods of controlled farming like plasticulture can be. Jose Mario was a follower of BioDynamic farming, a method in which the movements of solar bodies are taken into account that originates in Anthroposophy. How different could these guys be?! Yet there was no hint of some of the malice I have seen on forums and blogs about farming - they seemed to be living up to their professed values of openness, experimentation and dialogue. For them a major issue was that EMATER, the outreach body, was not structured to encourage learning and experimentation. Because of this, it remained easier for farm technicians to apply simpler mainstream packages of fertilizer and pesticides, rather than explore and apply alternative approaches that could be more tailored to specific places, and have better outcomes.
Our final visit the next morning was to Geraldo's coffee farm. We walked our way up the hot, sunny fields to find him trimming back unwanted weeds. This was the moment when the utility of the app came through as this is where the farmers often are - macbooks and excel spreadsheets start to seem a little clunky. Geraldo's approach was somewhere between Bizete and Joâo: agroecology in transition, and certainly without artificial pesticide, herbicide and fungicide. In Brazil, a country where the government's own studies show unsafe levels of agrotoxics on everyday fruit and vegetables, you can be certified 'sem agrotoxico', agrotoxic free. He was open with his information and very curious to learn whatever he could from Jose Mario and Pericles. A major discussion focused on balancing different minerals and nutrients - too much potassium can mean that calcium and magnesium uptake is disrupted as the same mechanism picks them up from the soil; zinc, magnesium and copper deficiency can be seen in the leaf shape and the coffee itself; and copper helps prevent rust fungus, so called because of the orange spots on leaves. It sounded as if understanding nutrient profiles was both complex and could be approached in a variety of ways, including more or less environmentally friendly methods, and more or less expensive ones. While much of the nutrient content of the soil might be detected through plant behaviour and appearance (I have heard some say all of it), alongside water quality, this is one area that still appears to rely on a professional response through laboratory testing and technical knowledge for the best outcomes - something not always accessible to small family farms.
My own interest in agroecological farming, an approach that focusses on ecosystem interactions rather than artificial ingredients for production, is around balancing agricultural issues, including economic, environmental, farmer health and productivity. Jose Mario and Pericles also voiced these concerns. Yet within this mix, it is perhaps environmental concern that is at the bottom of the list for these farmers, at least explicitly. Agrotoxins can cause health concerns and cost money, and there are working alternatives that can keep the families safe and maintain production. Beyond this, certification through market demand for clean and environmentally friendly food means there is another incentive to avoid mainstream farming methods.
Environmentalism, for me as I live at the moment, typically centers around types of consumption. Do I avoid meat? Avoid flying? Buy from this store? Buy organic or certified? This sense of the environment, as I have inherited it from my studies and perhaps my English origins in various ways, is a global and philosophical issue. The environment is a global system. Environmentalism is an ethical stance. It's not to say that I don't have local relationships in walks to my local parks, in the strong memories of particular trees, or when I gaze into the changing sky from my window. But my associated ideas, experience and knowledge of the term are very different to these farmer's notions. And their relationships to the plants, animals, earth weather and water around them are much stronger. Not so long ago, and somewhat to my embarrassment, I asked some residents of Bento Rodrigues, a town of 600 destroyed by mud from a mining disaster, 'do you think your relationship to the environment, to nature, has changed?'. My Portuguese was perfect, as I was informed afterwards, but their response was a blank. I wanted to hear some evaluative answer, such as 'yes, I now intrinsically value nature more than before' (!). They had strong relationships to that place by the river, to their yards of fruits and vegetable, to the forests nearby, and obviously all of this had changed. But none of this is 'nature' or 'the environment'. None of these particular, local, special relationships forms part of a relationship with some other abstract concept in the sense that I was using them.
On this trip to see coffee farms, it was interesting to hear how farmers might embrace something I considered environmentally focussed for a host of different reasons (as well as evidence to me that better solutions can often appear in the face of greater constraints). What's more, without naming themselves as environmentalists, these farmers were naturally working to cultivate a variety of flowers, vegetables, fruits, trees and plants, to ensure that poisons were kept away, and to ensure a good water supply was intact. At this scale, a farmer can know every part of his land, so many of the changes and patterns, and use this to work with nature. Something Jose Mario and Pericles were keen to enhance, and something I have virtually no experience with.
Our visits were over, and after another lovely lunch, we were back on the road for another 3.5 winding hours of journey back to Belo Horizonte. It had been intense, both seeing and learning so much, and trying to concentrate on some rapid Portuguese! Jose was keen for me to review the paper they were producing about the indicators which he would send later, and Pericles was happy to get me back to my flat. I was glad to get back and rest. As soon as I did I began wondering about what else would be learnt on a longer trip. When and how is it that farmers choose their approach? What are the roles of the wives and families in practice and approach? How do the farmer cooperatives in minas form and what are their relationships to farming approaches? What are the representations of family farms for people in the city?
The next day, as I sat in an uber, I spoke to the driver about the value of family farming to people in the city. He said that his grandmother had a 'sitio' or smallholding. He had good memories as a child and still visited. He thought people didn't value this culture enough - that is was being lost. Having spoken about this issue with many people from Belo, this is one of the differences I notice here as in comparison to the UK; so many families in the city have land, or have family with land, or at the least have memories of living or seeing relatives when children. A generation ago, most people still lived on non mechanised farms. Agriculture and living with land, despite the high rises, noise, light and busyness of Belo Horizonte, is still close by. Not just in the geographical sense, but in people's hearts. The family farms of Minas appear incredibly valuable to me, both as a connection to the past, for the families that live them, as a resource for today, and even perhaps as critical to a diverse and resilient future. It is fragile, and it is changing. I wonder if I can do something?
Next steps? Hopefully I will get another invitation to visit some farms, and I have even been told I could stay two days, working alongside a family to really learn about their lifestyle. I would like to begin to dig deeper into how they see themselves, their history and their relationship to land and environment. And after that perhaps to see how public institutions and policies interact with this. One step at a time. For now, it was a great pleasure to gain a small insight into a world I know so little about.
Thomas Rickard is from the UK, and studied Human Sciences at Sussex University after working for several years in social care. He lived and worked at Schumacher College, a centre for sustainability in Devon, for two years, and now lives in Belo Horizonte, Brazil, with his Brazilian wife. There, he teaches English, is developing social entrepreneurship opportunities for young people, and is designing a social project for farmers along the Rio Doce. Get in touch at trickard1000@gmail.com
7 Ahead
Documenting stories of struggle, adaptation and ingenuity in a time of rapid environmental change


The Moët British Independent Film Awards (BIFAs) had announced that Chiwetel Ejiofor is to be honoured with The Richard Harris Award at this year's ceremony on Dec 6 at London's Old Billingsgate.
The award, introduced in 2002 in honour of actor Richard Harris, recognises outstanding contribution to British film by an actor. Previous winners have included John Hurt, David Thewlis, Bob Hoskins, Jim Broadbent, Daniel Day-Lewis, Helena Bonham Carter, Ralph Fiennes, Michael Gambon, Julie Walters and Emma Thompson in 2014.
A statement from the festival said Ejiofor had been selected to receive the honour "in recognition of his exceptional service to the film industry, not just here in the UK but internationally as an ambassador for British film".
Jared Harris, son of Richard Harris, said: "I am so happy this award is going to Chiwetel. Although the recipients of this award have all been embraced by the establishment, they all came from outside it, fought their way in on the strength of their talent, claimed their place and changed the status quo. A journey which describes Chiwetel's career perfectly.
"His talent is immense, it has brought him deserved worldwide recognition, and he is in his prime. I hope this award inspires British filmmakers to take advantage of him and build films around his talent."
Ejiofor's breakthrough role came in 1997 with the release of Steven Spielberg's Amistad, in which he was cast opposite Morgan Freeman and Anthony Hopkins.
In 2002, he was nominated for the BIFA for Most Promising Newcomer and for Best Actor, which he won, for his performance in Stephen Frears' thriller Dirty Pretty Things.
Publication information: Article title: Chiwetel Ejiofor to Receive Honorary BIFA. Contributors: Rosser, Michael - Author. Magazine title: Screen International. Publication date: November 24, 2015. Page number: Not available. © Media Business Insight. Provided by ProQuest LLC. All Rights Reserved.


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NCT 127 Made History as the First K-pop Group to Perform at RodeoHouston
by Eryn Murphy twitter instagram | More Articles: Music
NCT 127 just made history. On March 10, the group became the first K-pop act to ever perform at RodeoHouston. This historic achievement comes just days after NCT 127 released their new album, Neo Zone.
NCT 127 | Photo by Steve Jennings/WireImage
The group released 'Neo Zone' on March 6
NCT 127 first debuted in 2016 with SM Entertainment, and since their debut they have released multiple EPs and two studio albums. In May 2019, NCT 127 released their fourth EP, We Are Superhuman. The EP debuted at No. 11 on the Billboard 200 chart, making it NCT 127's highest-charting album on the chart to date. It also became the second NCT 127 album to reach No. 1 on the World Albums chart.
On March 6, 2020, NCT 127 released their second studio album, Neo Zone. Before the album even released, it achieved a record of 530,000 pre-order album sales, the highest of any NCT 127 album. "Kick It" is the album's lead single, and so far the music video for "Kick It" has over 18 million views on YouTube.
Houston NCTzens! We're so excited to perform for you tonight at @rodeohouston ? Who all will we be seeing tonight?! #NCT #NCT127 #NCT127_KickIt#RODEOHOUSTON pic.twitter.com/cNK3w6YaEz
— NCT 127 (@NCTsmtown_127) March 11, 2020
While NCT 127 is still a fairly young group, they have already developed a trademark sound. The K-pop band's most well-known songs incorporate heavy bass instrumentals, and thanks to the talent of their vocalists and rappers they musically push the boundaries with every new era. Neo Zone shows NCT 127 at their best, and demonstrates their transition from a rookie group to seasoned professionals.
NCT 127 made history by performing at RodeoHouston
Perhaps nothing proves NCT 127's ascent in the music industry better than their performance at RodeoHouston. The annual event is known for its 20 consecutive nights of a rodeo and concert, and every year big-name artists are drawn to perform. Tickets are typically inexpensive, making the concerts more accessible for the general public.
You hear all those screams & see all that green????? NCT really got a bunch of ppl going to a rodeo & theyve completely turned it into an NCT concert, they have so much support this makes me so happy. NCT world domination here we come #NCT127atRodeoHoustonhttps://t.co/11OBDVanFP
— baby duckie (@heyhaechan) March 11, 2020
At RodeoHouston 2020, NCT 127 joined a lineup consisting of Lizzo, Kane Brown, Keith Urban, Khalid, Gwen Stefani, Becky G, Chance the Rapper, Maren Morris, Marshmello, Chris Young, Ramón Ayala, Willie Nelson, Midland, Luke Bryan, Brad Paisley, Chris Stapleton, Dierks Bentley, Jon Pardi, and Cody Johnson.
On March 10, Taeil, Johnny, Taeyong, Yuta, Doyoung, Jaehyun, Jungwoo, Mark, and Haechan stepped out onto the massive stage to the opening of their hit single "Cherry Bomb." They performed the song along with their singles "Simon Says," "Regular," "TOUCH," "Replay," "Fire Truck," "Superhuman," "Highway to Heaven," and "Kick It."
The setlist took audience members through NCT 127's discography, and the group performed to a sea of green NCT lightsticks. With the performance, NCT 127 became the first K-pop group to perform at RodeoHouston.
This is not the first time NCT 127 made history
What makes this accomplishment even more impressive is the fact that this is not the first time NCT 127 made history in a country outside of South Korea. On Nov. 3, 2019, the group became the first K-pop group to perform at the MTV Europe Music Awards. Then on Nov. 28, 2019, they became the first K-pop group to perform in the Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade.
https://twitter.com/rosesofjaehyun/status/1237573524086128646?s=21
In the span of a little less than six months, NCT 127 made history internationally on three different occasions. It's clear from their upward trajectory that NCT 127 are forging their own path in the music industry.
Following their appearance at RodeoHouston, the band will embark on a six-show North American tour in June 2020. For the NEO CITY – The Awards tour, NCT 127 will visit New York City, Atlanta, Chicago, San Jose, Los Angeles, and Seattle.
Tags:K-pop groups music

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Linda Vega
LPPF
US-Mexico Relations
Rodriguez: Demographics isn't destiny
January 7, 2013 admin Analysis and Opinions, Culture, History 0
By Gregory Rodriguez
Electing a Latino mayor was a milestone for Los Angeles but not the end of the journey.
Eight years ago, after former California Assembly Speaker Bob Hertzberg was knocked out of the L.A. mayor's race in the primary, urban critic Joel Kotkin and political consultant Arnie Steinberg bravely predicted that the chances of a Jew ever being elected to the mayoralty had been greatly diminished.
They agreed that the demographic writing was on the wall. The "growing dominance of Los Angeles by Latino politicians and public employee unions" and the diminishing Jewish percentage of the Los Angeles electorate were "limiting the options for Jewish politicians."
Even the briefest glance at the major 2013 mayoral candidates should convince you of how deeply wrong those gentlemen were. Right now, I'd put the chances that the next mayor of Los Angeles will be intimately tied to Jewishness or Judaism by blood, conversion or marriage at about, um, 100%. Eric Garcetti is Mexican Italian Jewish. Jan Perry is an African American who converted to Judaism 30 years ago. Wendy Gruel is married to a Jewish man and is raising her son in her husband's faith.
Kotkin and Steinberg weren't the only ones to misread the long-term ethnic significance of Antonio Villaraigosa's election in 2005. Four years earlier, labor leader Miguel Contreras had suggested out loud what so many other civic observers just assumed: that James Hahn, who was elected in 2001, would be the last white mayor of Los Angeles.
There's no doubt that Villaraigosa's victory in 2005 was a historic milestone. His election signaled that Latinos at last had a seat at the table politically and were becoming more socially integrated. It marked a new era, as L.A.'s Mexican Americans got to experience the political coming-of-age that so many other ethnic groups achieved in a variety of U.S. cities before them.
But somewhere in the all the hoopla we mistook the milestone for the end of the road. We wrongly thought that the political emergence of Latinos was a juggernaut that would eclipse all other comers in a zero-sum game.
We should have known better than to think that demography was destiny. After all, blacks never made up a large percentage of Angelenos, and we had an African American mayor, Tom Bradley, for 20 years (and two black police chiefs). Likewise, since the 1970s Jewish politicians have played a role in the city's civic life that has belied their numbers in the population. In the 1990s, L.A. had half a dozen Jewish state Assembly members. In 2010, Southern California elected seven Jewish politicians to Congress.
The election of a Mexican American mayor in L.A. didn't so much signal the end of the process of fully including Latinos in the city's establishment as its beginning.
And the more important issue may be what happens outside City Hall. Constant demographic change requires ongoing efforts to integrate the new with the long established. A healthy society is an inclusive one, a place where a broad cross-section of stakeholders feels represented at the highest levels. Politics is certainly one means of inclusion. But it's not the only one.
Look around, and except in the Catholic Archdiocese, there are too few local Latinos at the helm and even the mid-level of the city's major institutions. One head of a philanthropic foundation. No heads of museums or universities. No Latino surnames on the current masthead of this paper. And never a Mexican American police chief.
L.A.'s civic elites bemoan the city's embarrassingly low rates of engagement and political participation. But other than fretting about what the region's ongoing demographic change will mean for their hold on power, it's not clear what they are doing to make the broadest cross-section of Los Angeles feel like part of the city's civic life.
Villaraigosa's mayoralty has been a significant moment in the history of modern Los Angeles. But it can't be a substitute for a concerted effort to integrate the city's social and cultural life. Remember that word "integration"?
So, no matter what the next mayor's background turns out to be, the need to bring the many disparate parts of the city together remains the same. Making Los Angeles' institutions look like L.A. is not just about symbolism, politics or the mayoralty. We'll never be a great city if native-born members of the emerging majority can't imagine themselves growing up to one day become — not just a breakthrough mayor — but its everyday, year-in-year-out movers and shakers.
This op-ed originally on Los Angles Times on 1/7/13
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By Michael Barone
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As an ethical and responsible retailer, we understand that many consumers are becoming increasingly concerned about single-use plastic and the effect it could have on our islands and the wider environment.
It remains an industry-wide issue that needs an united approach from consumers, manufacturers and retailers, amongst others.
We are committed to reducing the environmental impact of our products and are working with the Co-operative Group in the UK to reduce the amount of plastic usage and increase recycling opportunities.
What we've already done in the Channel Islands
In 2008 we led the way in the Channel Islands by levying a 5p charge on one trip carrier bags, seven years before the UK law came into force.
We phased out single-use carrier bags at the end of 2018.
Signed up to Plastic Free Jersey's Business Toolkit, committing to three main action points.
Launched a plastic free produce trial in our Grand Marché Stores.
Launched Jersey Dairy refill stations at our Jersey Grand Marchés and loose produce refill station at Grand Marché St Helier.
What we're doing now
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We are working with local suppliers to encourage best practice with the materials they use for produce packaging. Black or brown plastic has moved to PET containers which can be widely recycled.
We're looking at alternatives to single-use produce bags.
We are replacing single use take away coffee cups with a biodegradable and compostable alternative, as well as replacing our single use stirrers with wooden ones.
Our longer-term aims
Alongside the Co-op Group in the UK, our long term ambition remains for all of our own brand product packaging to be recyclable or reusable – which includes looking at opportunities to reduce hard-to-recycle plastic packaging and include more recycled content.
We set an initial target of 80% of packaging being recyclable or reusable by 2020, and for all own brand packaging to be easily recyclable or reusable by 2023.
We expect to see a number of product-specific changes in the near future that will further demonstrate the Co-op's commitment to reducing plastic and increasing recyclability in our packaging.
Keep up to date with our work to tackle this issue, by reading our plastics blog posts here.
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text:
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pp::WheelInputEvent Class Reference

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Inheritance diagram for pp::WheelInputEvent:

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[legend]

List of all members.

Public Member Functions

 	WheelInputEvent ()

 	WheelInputEvent (const InputEvent &event)

 	WheelInputEvent (const InstanceHandle &instance, PP_TimeTicks time_stamp, uint32_t modifiers, const FloatPoint &wheel_delta, const FloatPoint &wheel_ticks, bool scroll_by_page)

FloatPoint 	GetDelta () const

FloatPoint 	GetTicks () const

bool 	GetScrollByPage () const

Constructor & Destructor Documentation

pp::WheelInputEvent::WheelInputEvent
(
	)

Constructs an is_null() wheel input event object.

pp::WheelInputEvent::WheelInputEvent
(
const InputEvent &
event	)
 [explicit]

This constructor constructs a wheel input event object from the provided generic input event.

If the given event is itself is_null() or is not a wheel input event, the wheel object will be is_null().

Parameters:

[in]	event	A generic input event.

pp::WheelInputEvent::WheelInputEvent
(
const InstanceHandle &
instance,

PP_TimeTicks
time_stamp,

uint32_t
modifiers,

const FloatPoint &
wheel_delta,

const FloatPoint &
wheel_ticks,

bool
scroll_by_page

)

Constructs a wheel input even from the given parameters.

Parameters:

[in]	instance	The instance for which this event occurred.

[in]	time_stamp	A PP_TimeTicks indicating the time when the event occurred.

[in]	modifiers	A bit field combination of the PP_InputEvent_Modifier flags.

[in]	wheel_delta	The scroll wheel's horizontal and vertical scroll amounts.

[in]	wheel_ticks	The number of "clicks" of the scroll wheel that have produced the event.

[in]	scroll_by_page	When true, the user is requesting to scroll by pages. When false, the user is requesting to scroll by lines.

Member Function Documentation

FloatPoint pp::WheelInputEvent::GetDelta
(
	)
 const

GetDelta() returns the amount vertically and horizontally the user has requested to scroll by with their mouse wheel.

A scroll down or to the right (where the content moves up or left) is represented as positive values, and a scroll up or to the left (where the content moves down or right) is represented as negative values.

This amount is system dependent and will take into account the user's preferred scroll sensitivity and potentially also nonlinear acceleration based on the speed of the scrolling.

Devices will be of varying resolution. Some mice with large detents will only generate integer scroll amounts. But fractional values are also possible, for example, on some trackpads and newer mice that don't have "clicks".

Returns:

The vertical and horizontal scroll values. The units are either in pixels (when scroll_by_page is false) or pages (when scroll_by_page is true). For example, y = -3 means scroll up 3 pixels when scroll_by_page is false, and scroll up 3 pages when scroll_by_page is true.

bool pp::WheelInputEvent::GetScrollByPage
(
	)
 const

GetScrollByPage() indicates if the scroll delta x/y indicates pages or lines to scroll by.

Returns:

true if the event is a wheel event and the user is scrolling by pages, false if not or if the resource is not a wheel event.

FloatPoint pp::WheelInputEvent::GetTicks
(
	)
 const

GetTicks() returns the number of "clicks" of the scroll wheel that have produced the event.

The value may have system-specific acceleration applied to it, depending on the device. The positive and negative meanings are the same as for GetDelta().

If you are scrolling, you probably want to use the delta values. These tick events can be useful if you aren't doing actual scrolling and don't want or pixel values. An example may be cycling between different items in a game.

Returns:

The number of "clicks" of the scroll wheel. You may receive fractional values for the wheel ticks if the mouse wheel is high resolution or doesn't have "clicks". If your program wants discrete events (as in the "picking items" example) you should accumulate fractional click values from multiple messages until the total value reaches positive or negative one. This should represent a similar amount of scrolling as for a mouse that has a discrete mouse wheel.

The documentation for this class was generated from the following file:

input_event.h

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Le Thésaurus de la désignation des œuvres architecturales et mobilières est un thésaurus documentaire et une base de données en rapport avec le patrimoine monumental français. Il a été créé et mis en ligne en 2000 par le ministère français de la Culture et de Communication, direction de l'Architecture et du Patrimoine.

Contenu
« Le thésaurus de la désignation développe sous une forme méthodique les 1135 termes utiles à la désignation des œuvres architecturales et les 2529 utiles à la désignation des œuvres mobilières. »

Ces termes de la désignation des œuvres architecturales et mobilières permettent respectivement l'indexation :
 des ensembles, édifices et édicules, analysés dans la base de données sur le patrimoine français, la base nationale Mérimée.
 des éléments d'architecture, vitraux, meubles, objets, instruments de musique, instruments scientifiques, machines industrielles et bateaux analysés dans la base de données sur la patrimoine français, la base nationale Palissy.

« L'organisation propre au thésaurus permet ainsi de situer chaque terme dans une hiérarchie dont les entrées principales sont  classées selon des catégories fonctionnelles liées à l'usage religieux, funéraire, industriel, etc. Il comporte en outre tous les renvois nécessaires, des définitions sommaires, des notes d'utilisation. »

En , le Thésaurus de la désignation comptait quelque .

Références

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