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HR Has Never Been on the Side of Workers. #MeToo Is More Proof
Sarah Lazare,
Truthout doesn't have billionaire underwriters or the endless budget of corporate news studios — we depend on your support. Click here to donate to independent media!
After human resources was informed in 2014 that Emily Nestor, former front desk assistant for the Weinstein Company, was allegedly sexually harassed by Harvey Weinstein, company officials reportedly informed Nestor that any complaints would be directly reported to Weinstein himself.
And when Helen Donahue, a former Vice employee, complained to human resources in 2015 that Jason Mojica, the head of Vice News at the time, had non-consensually groped her, she says she was told by then-human resources director Nancy Ashbrooke to "forget about it and laugh it off."
Engineer Susan Fowler says that when she complained to Uber's human resources department that a manager had propositioned her for sex, she was instructed to either move to a different job at Uber or continue working for her alleged harasser. A manager later threatened to fire Fowler for registering the complaint with human resources, she claims.
Get the latest news and thought-provoking analysis from Truthout.
As #MeToo testimony shines new light on these industries' cultures of rampant sexual violence, the complicity of human resources is a thread running throughout several stories of predation and retaliation. While some have presented HR departments as a solution, the above experiences make clear that HR is at best a distraction from the real solution to workplace abuse: collective organizing led by, and accountable to, workers themselves. As unions and worker organizations have long recognized, workplace abuse will not be corrected by benevolent management — it must be defeated by worker power.
Presented as neutral arbiters, human resources departments in fact report to management and function to shield bosses from repercussions. They emerged from early anti-union efforts and social-control initiatives implemented by notorious industry titans like the Ford Motor Company — and today often house top-down efforts to undermine worker solidarity and protect companies from lawsuits. Some labor historians and organizers tell In These Times that the present climate offers an opportunity to dispense of the falsehood that human resources departments exist to protect workers.
"Human resources departments exist primarily to keep the employer from being sued," author and longtime labor organizer Jane McAlevey tells In These Times. "While they may play functional bureaucratic roles, the chief purpose of HR departments in my experience — after a lifetime in the labor movement — is to protect the company, not workers. Obviously they will be totally ineffective to address the sexual harassment crisis in this country."
As Weinstein and others of his ilk now fall from grace, any effective postmortem must examine human resources among the structural foundations that uphold powerful men as they perpetrate large-scale harm.
"Treating Labor as a Commodity"
According to the anti-harassment policy of the Society for Human Resource Management, human resources departments are in place to help employers "prevent, correct and discipline behavior" that qualifies as "unlawful discrimination or harassment of any kind."
Yet, the history of human resources departments tells a different story.
Elizabeth Anderson is a professor of Philosophy and Women's Studies at the University of Michigan and author of Private Government: How Employers Rule Our Lives (and Why We Don't Talk About It). She tells In These Times that the roots of modern-day human resources can be traced to initiatives like the Ford Motor Company's "Sociological Department," established in 1914. With its introduction of a $5-per-day pay rate, deemed a boost at the time, the company established codes of conduct to ensure that workers were sufficiently orderly and worthy of this sum. The Henry Ford, an organization that oversees a museum in Dearborn, Mich., describes this program:
The Sociological Department monitored employees at home, as well as on the job. Investigators made unannounced visits to employees' homes and evaluated the cleanliness of the home, noted if the family had renters, checked with school attendance offices to determine if children were attending school and monitored bank records to verify that employees made regular deposits. Sociological Department investigators also assisted workers' families by teaching wives about home care, cooking and hygiene.
"They really said they were going to govern workers' lives," says Anderson, explaining that such efforts were often aimed at "Americanizing European immigrants."
In the 1920s and 1930s, the Australian sociologist Elton Mayo oversaw a series of experiments at Hawthorne Works, a Western Electric factory in Cicero, Ill. Researchers examined the impact that changes in conditions — for example, brightening and dimming lights — had on workers' productivity. He concluded that workers perform better when researchers show interest in them — that the perception of attention and interest can itself boost output. The principle that attention is a key workplace motivator became the bedrock of the field of "human relations." This field influenced companies to create human resources departments to give the appearance that workers are cared for and tended to.
But Peter Rachleff, a labor historian and executive director of the East Side Freedom Library in St. Paul, Minn., tells In These Times that there is a significant gap between appearance and reality. "How can you get more of this commodity for less? How can you get more labor produced by that commodity? That's the grounding of human resources," he says.
"Where Union Busters Set Up Camp"
Early human resources departments also had other aims. Peter Cappelli, professor of management at the University of Pennsylvania's Wharton School, tells In These Times that human resources departments emerged as "a more serious development with the rise of unions. Companies started to see them as a way of keeping unions out. They put in place practices that would buy out discontent."
"These departments are not set up by the government, and their job is not to protect employees," emphasizes Cappelli. "These are private organizations."
With a spate of anti-workplace-discrimination laws and orders passed in the 1960s, including the Civil Rights Act, the focus of human resources shifted to protecting companies from lawsuits. "The idea was [companies] could shield themselves, and workers could be obliged to report their complaints to the internal process," explains Anderson. "You get a huge incentive for larger corporations to set up human resources departments to shield themselves from liability."
Today, human resources departments often operate in concert with efforts to undermine unions and other forms of worker organizing. In just one example, the National Labor Relations Board filed a complaint against Tesla in August 2017 charging that the company's security guards and human resources personnel directly intimidated workers at a Fremont, Calif., factory for distributing pro-union materials — and ultimately forced them to leave the premises. The complaint states that a human-resources official "interrogated" an employee about "the employee's Union and/or protected, concerted activities and/or the Union and/or protected, concerted activities of other employees."
As McAlevey puts it, "The human resources department is the traditional place where union busters set up camp — the office out of which union-busting firms will run union-busting campaigns."
Of course, the absence of a human resources department is not a good in itself, and abolishing HR wouldn't fix the problem. As Aída Chávez reported January 5 for The Intercept, The New Republic, AlterNet and The Nation Institute "had no real HR when abuses occurred" (Full disclosure: This author is a prior employee of AlterNet and formerly received reporting funding from The Nation Institute's Investigative Fund.)
While noting that "such departments are no panacea," Chávez argues that "the absence of any HR department at many small news outlets creates a unique vulnerability for employees, whose fates may rest entirely in the hands of their often charismatic leaders or founders."
And indeed, the problem of retaliation and intimidation encompasses the vast majority of industries, with or without HR. A 2003 study referenced by the federal US Equal Employment Opportunity Commission "found that 75 percent of US workers who spoke out against workplace mistreatment faced some form of retaliation."
Organizers have long argued that the solution to workplace harassment lies in building collective solidarity among workers — and tilting the balance of power away from institutions that are under the control of management, including but not limited to human resources.
There is no shortage of organizing efforts lighting the way. The Coalition of Immokalee Workers (CIW) highlights its worker-led Fair Food Program as a bottom-up strategy to protect some of the most vulnerable workers in the United States from a plethora of workplace atrocities, including sexual violence and slavery. The program includes a 24-hour, independent worker-complaint hotline, and worker-led political education and organizing programs. Through broad-based campaigning, CIW has forced 14 food industry giants to join their labor agreement.
From the fields to the factories, union and worker center members engage in day-to-day efforts to protect each other, by staging direct actions, organizing and enforcing contracts, and extending support and solidarity, in the many forms that takes. As McAlevey puts it, "What changes is if you have a union."
Sarah Lazare
Sarah Lazare is web editor at In These Times. She comes from a background in independent journalism for publications including The Intercept, The Nation and TomDispatch. Follow her on Twitter: @sarahlazare.
Why Popular Assemblies Sweeping the Country Are Building Blocks of the Resistance
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Trump's Plan for a "Drug-Free Society" Won't Fix the Opioid Problem, Experts Say
Trump is reviving dangerous drug war rhetoric.
Mike Ludwig,
Economy & Labor Human Rights
#MeToo in the Fields: Farmworkers Show Us How to Organize Against Sexual Violence
The Coalition of Immokalee workers has spent more than 20 years organizing against hyper-exploitation.


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Home Tags Colin powell
Tag: colin powell
Israel's Administrative Torture and Lawless Captivity of Vanunu Mordechai
Eileen Fleming - February 23, 2012
Feb. 22. No Freedom of Speech, No Freedom of Movement here, 26 year waiting for my Freedom Now!!!! Richard Falk wrote, "We should begin by refusing to use the phrase administrative detention, rechristening it as 'administrative torture' or 'lawless captivity'.
GORDON DUFF: AMERICA'S MURDERER-DIPLOMAT IN PAKISTAN, A STRANGE TALE (videos)
Gordon Duff, Senior Editor - February 14, 2011
DAVIS FOR AAFIA SWAP DEMANDED "Enclaves of Americans, CIA, Blackwater, "diplomats," are said to be all over Pakistan. Webster Tarpley (video below) claims they...
Twenty years after, Bush defends Gulf War as 'moral;' Record indicates...
G M - January 21, 2011
Newly released files confirm Saddam Hussein tried to broker a last-minute peace deal in 1991 , blocked by President Bush who feared negotiations might defuse the...
Admiral SIROHEY TO General COLIN POWELL: "SAVE AMERICA'S HONOR"
Gordon Duff, Senior Editor - September 23, 2010
ADMIRAL SIROHEY TO COLIN POWELL: "SAVE AMERICA'S HONOR" By Admiral Iftikhar Ahmed Sirohey (Retd) Former Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff, Chief of Naval Staff, Chairman...
When Will We See the Next Mass Murder?
Jeff Gates - September 1, 2010
The legitimacy of Israel is no longer threatened. It's already lost. Long gone. Kaput. Founded by extremists and terrorists, it's been downhill ever since.
Is Phil Angelides Enabling the Pillaging of Veterans' Pensions?
Jeff Gates - July 22, 2010
Now widely acknowledged as a cover-up, the findings of the 911 Commission have been thoroughly discredited. The Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission, chaired by Californian Phil Angelides, appears determined to follow that tradition. The facts point to trans-generational organized crime as playing a key role in both cover-ups.
GORDON DUFF: CRIMINAL INTENT, DEALING WITH THE FLOTILLA WAR CRIMES
Gordon Duff, Senior Editor - June 13, 2010
DEFINING THE CRIMINALS, OUTLINING THE CRIMES By Gordon Duff STAFF WRITER/Senior Editor Rumors, always repeated in the world press, tell us that Israeli officials are curtailing...
Ex Bush Official Willing to Testify Bush, Cheney Knew Gitmo Prisoners...
G M - April 9, 2010
Now, in a sworn declaration obtained exclusively by Truthout, Col. Lawrence Wilkerson, who was chief of staff to former Secretary of State Colin Powell during George W. Bush's first term in office, claims that Bush, Cheney, Rumsfeld and others knew the "vast majority" of prisoners captured in the so-called War on Terror were innocent and the administration refused to set them free once those facts were established because of the political repercussions that would have ensued.
MAIDHC O'CATHAIL: Who's to blame for the Iraq war?
G M - March 13, 2010
A not-so-trivial quiz By Maidhc O'Cathail for the Islam Times Maidhc Ó Cathail presents a detailed 20 question quiz with answers at the end. This quiz...
ADMIRAL SIROHEY TO COLIN POWELL: "SAVE AMERICA'S HONOR"
Gordon Duff, Senior Editor - March 4, 2010
FORMER CHAIRMAN, JOINT CHIEFS OF STAFF, PAKISTAN, WRITES HIS FRIEND AND COUNTERPART, GENERAL COLIN POWELL By Admiral Iftikhar Ahmed Sirohey (Retd) Former Chairman Joint Chiefs...
JEFF GATES: How Israel Wages War on the U.S.—By Way...
Jeff Gates - January 17, 2010
The Manipulation of U.S. General Colin Powell and Pakistani Cricket Star Imran Khan By Jeff Gates STAFF WRITER/Editor Mass media and popular culture are powerful tools of...

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: How does AWS NLB preserve the client source IP address I am playing with the NLB. One feature is that it can preserve the client source IP. I tested it and it works. However, has anybody been wondering how it works?
Let's say that my home PC is the client for the HTTP request and it is behind the public IP 1.1.1.1
The NLB has an IP of 2.2.2.2 on the public side. The real webserver in the target group is an instance with private IP 192.168.0.10. The instance is also in the public subnet and it has an elastic IP of 2.2.2.10.
I confirmed with my packet capture (tcpdump) on the server that I see requests coming in from 1.1.1.1. I see the response going back to 1.1.1.1 as well. However, my home PC's Wireshark would show traffic to and from 2.2.2.2, and not 2.2.2.10... How's that possible?
From the routing perspective, the server would receive the request from 1.1.1.1 and will send a response back to it. The response would traverse through the IGW, instead of the NLB, and therefore will have 2.2.2.10 when on the Internet. The connection would be rejected by my PC because the response came back from a different IP (2.2.2.10) rather than the original one (2.2.2.2).
Is the NLB somehow tied to the IGW and in this case, the IGW would know to SNAT the response to 2.2.2.2 instead of 2.2.2.10?
Thanks,
Difan

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Not recorded in dob-cert
Other trades and services in occupation
Other trades and services
Books and writing (1)
Clothes and furnishings (20)
Consumables/fuel (1)
Glass making (1)
Labouring (1)
Leatherworking (3)
Metalworker (10)
Small goods (1)
Forman (1)
Mr Hull (PERSON13041)
Occupation: 'Scrivener', c. 4 April 1599, 11 March 1601 & 3 February 1610
Residences: 'Newport Pagnell (town)', c. 4 April 1599, 14 February 1600, 11 March 1601, 12 August 1603 & 3 February 1610
Goodman Cockin (PERSON46430)
Occupation: 'Carrier', c. 27 December 1620
Residences: 'Newport Pagnell (town)', c. 27 December 1620 & 3 January 1631
Broadbrok (PERSON10056)
Occupation: 'Smith', c. 8 June 1604
Residences: 'Bozeat', c. 30 May 1603 & 8 June 1604
Burton (PERSON10219)
Occupation: 'Collar maker', c. 10 June 1600
Ellis (PERSON11526)
Occupation: 'Day labourer', c. 14 August 1601
Residence: 'Gayhurst', c. 14 August 1601
Foster (PERSON11841)
Occupation: 'Carrier', c. 26 April 1599, 27 February 1605, 5 March 1605, 5 March 1605 & 21 March 1605
Residences: 'Newport Pagnell (town)', c. 26 April 1599, 27 February 1605, 5 March 1605, 5 March 1605, 21 March 1605, 27 March 1605 & 2 April 1605
Hulse (PERSON13068)
Occupation: 'Goldsmith', c. 17 October 1603
Residence: 'Unspecified', c. 17 October 1603
Lea (PERSON13632)
Occupation: 'Glover', c. 22 September 1604
Residence: 'Stony Stratford (village, now part of Milton Keynes)', c. 22 September 1604
Miller (PERSON14165)
Occupation: 'Leap maker', c. 16 September 1598
Residences: 'Newport Pagnell (town)', c. 16 September 1598 & 7 November 1598
Potter (PERSON15003)
Occupation: 'Shoemaker', c. 24 February 1600 & 7 July 1600
Residences: 'Newport Pagnell (town)', c. 24 February 1600 & 7 July 1600
Sparver (PERSON16021)
Occupation: 'Currier', c. 13 July 1602
Residence: 'Newport Pagnell (town)', c. 13 July 1602
Spicer (PERSON16076)
Occupation: 'Chandler', c. 10 January 1600
Residence: 'Stony Stratford (village, now part of Milton Keynes)', c. 10 January 1600
Tutchley (PERSON16603)
Occupation: 'Carrier', c. 6 August 1600
Residence: 'Buckingham (town)', c. 6 August 1600
Warren (PERSON16825)
Occupation: 'Carrier', c. 27 November 1599
Residence: 'Newport Pagnell (town)', c. 27 November 1599
Weanred (PERSON16880)
Occupation: 'Smith', c. 18 May 1602
Occupation: 'Loader', c. 18 July 1600
Residence: 'Willen (village; now part of Milton Keynes)', c. 18 July 1600
Residence: 'Middleton aka Milton Keynes (village)', c. 21 December 1599
Occupation: 'Carrier', c. 18 October 1603
Residence: 'North Crawley (village)', c. 18 October 1603
Occupation: 'Smith', c. 6 April 1604
Residence: 'Hanslope (village)', c. 6 April 1604
Moyses (PERSON20357)
Occupation: 'Carrier', c. 23 April 1605
Residence: 'Hanslope (village)', c. 23 April 1605
Cite this as: Lauren Kassell, Michael Hawkins, Robert Ralley, John Young, Joanne Edge, Janet Yvonne Martin-Portugues, and Natalie Kaoukji (eds.), The casebooks of Simon Forman and Richard Napier, 1596–1634: a digital edition, https://casebooks.lib.cam.ac.uk/search?f2-identified-entity-practice=Napier;f4-dob-cert=Not%20recorded;f9-social-network-recorded=Yes;f11-occupation-mentioned=Yes;f12-person-sex=Male;f13-identified-entity-was-never=Querent;f14-occupation=Other%20trades%20and%20services;f15-residence-mentioned=Yes;f16-event-mentioned=No, accessed 18 January 2022.


The city of Rome in AD 51 is a dangerous place. Treachery lurks on every corner, and a shadowy Republican movement, 'the Liberators', has spread its tentacles wide. It is feared that the heart of the latest plot lies in the ranks of the Praetorian Guard. Uncertain of whom he can trust, the Imperial Secretary Narcissus summons to Rome two courageous men guaranteed to be loyal to the grave: army veterans Prefect Cato and Centurion Macro.


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Indianapolis 500 Qualifying Postponed by Rain
by The Motorsport Channel
Persistent afternoon rain canceled the remainder of scheduled track activity on the first day of qualifications for the 99th Running of the Indianapolis 500 Mile Race, so the process begins anew May 17.
A revised schedule for Old National Armed Forces Pole Day calls for the 34 entries to make one four-lap qualifying attempt each on the 2.5-mile oval (10 a.m.-1 p.m. ET), followed by the "Fast Nine Shootout" (1:45-2:30 p.m.) in which the top nine cars return to determine the Verizon P1 Award for pole position and the first three rows for the May 24 race. Finally, positions 31-33 will be determined in a 45-minute session (3-3:45 p.m.).
Ryan Hunter-Reay (229.845 mph) and Carlos Huertas (228.235) were the only drivers to post four-lap qualifying runs before the rain today, but those will not count since not everyone was able to make an attempt. Two groups of cars will be accorded practice time from 8-8:20 a.m. and 8:20-8:40 a.m. (ET) May 17, prior to qualifying.
In today's morning practice, Helio Castroneves recorded a lap of 233.474 mph that, while unofficial, is the fastest lap at Indianapolis Motor Speedway since the 1996 race when Eddie Cheever Jr., had the fastest race lap at 236.103 mph. That same year, Arie Luyendyk set the one- and four-lap qualifying records (237.498 mph and 236.986 mph, respectively).
"That 233 mph number was pretty cool, but it was with a little bit of help (with a tow from cars in front of him)," said Castroneves, driving the No. 3 Shell V-Power Nitro+ Team Penske Chevrolet. "The guys have really done an amazing job over the last couple of days since the (May 13 crash). To lose a day and still be on top of the practice speeds is a testament to how hard they worked. The weather, there is nothing we can do about the weather. We'll just come back and see what's in store."
Castroneves seeks to join A.J. Foyt, Al Unser and Rick Mears as four-time Indy 500 winners, and he's in contention for pole history, too. Castroneves, with No. 1 qualifying efforts in 2003, 2007, 2009 and 2010, is tied with Foyt and Rex Mays. A fifth would put him second among all-time Indy 500 pole winners, one behind Team Penske consultant Mears. Castroneves also could give team owner Roger Penske a record-extending 18th pole position at the Indy 500.
Added Team Penske teammate Juan Pablo Montoya, the Verizon IndyCar Series championship points leader: "It's a little bit of a disappointment that we didn't get to qualify today because the Team Penske cars were very strong in the practice sessions. I've been happy with the car even though we continue to struggle a bit with the balance. We are confident that we know what direction we need to go with the weather. It's going to be a fast, exciting qualifying session, I know that."
In 2014, Ed Carpenter earned the Verizon P1 Award in the Fast Nine Shootout with a four-lap average speed of 231.076 mph - the second consecutive year that Carpenter started from the pole. He'll seek to become the first to earn the pole in three consecutive years May 17. Twenty drivers have won the race from the pole - most recently Castroneves in 2009.
"Last year we were pretty solid, so I think we can get in (to the Fast Nine Shootout), but we've got to play our cards right and find a little bit (of speed)," said Carpenter, driver of the No. 20 Fuzzy's Vodka CFH Racing Chevrolet. "The thing we've got to figure out is how to make the fourth lap still be good."
INDIANAPOLIS 500 POST-QUALIFYING QUOTES
WILL POWER (No. 1 Verizon Team Penske Chevrolet): "It's raining, and I think INDYCAR has got a pretty good plan to run tomorrow and get everyone through the line and have a Fast Nine. If anything, it'll be even more exciting, having it all really compressed. Looking forward to it. It's really difficult to see where everyone stacks up, but I felt very comfortable and I wasn't so much yesterday. Yeah, we'll see what happens."
JUAN PABLO MONTOYA (No. 2 Verizon Team Penske Chevrolet): "It's a little bit of a disappointment that we didn't get to qualify today because the Team Penske cars were very strong in the practice sessions. Hopefully tomorrow the forecast will break up a bit and we can see if the Verizon Chevy has the speed to win the pole position. I've been happy with the car even though we continue to struggle a bit with the balance. We are confident that we know what direction we need to go with the weather. It's going to be a fast, exciting qualifying session, I know that."
HELIO CASTRONEVES (No. 3 Shell V-Power Nitro+ Team Penske Chevrolet): "That 233 mph number was pretty cool, but it was with a little bit of help (from a tow). The Shell V-Power Nitro+ guys have really done an amazing job over the last couple of days since the flip. To lose a day and still be on top of the practice speeds today is a testament to how hard they worked. The weather, there is nothing we can do about the weather. We'll just come back tomorrow and see what's in store."
JR HILDEBRAND (No. 6 Preferred Freezer CFH Racing Chevrolet): "It was nice to post a big number in the morning even though it doesn't really mean very much. It was with a tow, but it was fun to see it pop up on the dash. I still don't really know where we stack up in terms of our four-lap speed, but we're pretty good. Tomorrow, hopefully we'll get into the top nine. If we don't, I think we'll be close. That should give us a pretty reasonable starting position for the race. It's going to be a scramble, but I feel better about it today than I did a few days ago."
GRAHAM RAHAL (No. 15 Steak 'n Shake Honda): "It's a shame we couldn't get qualifying in today, but it's the same for everybody. Our Steak 'n Shake car was pretty quick this morning and we'll be qualifying early in the day tomorrow at around 10:30 or so and I feel pretty good about our chances. We'll have to see how it plays out. Definitely the guys that will run two hours into the session will be facing a little bit warmer of a track, so hopefully that plays to our advantage. I would have liked to have got in today, but they would have only gotten a handful in today so we would have had to go again anyway and I would rather have to only hold my breath for four laps instead of eight."
ED CARPENTER (No. 20 Fuzzy's Vodka CFH Racing Chevrolet): "Days like today are hard. It stinks for all of the fans. I feel like the series is just in a funk as far as weather. It seems like it rains every important day or it's forecasted to be a bad weather day. I really hope this all moves out and it's a beautiful day tomorrow, where we can put on an awesome show for the fans. One thing about today being delayed is tomorrow's schedule and activities are going to be intense. There's going to be a lot of pressure. Everyone gets one shot to put it in the Fast Nine and that's it. You have to balance going fast and being aggressive to get into the Fast Nine, but knowing you only have that one opportunity. You can't be too aggressive and overshoot it and have a bad run because there's no second attempt. It will be a great day, it will be exciting. Hopefully a lot of people come watch us!"
JOSEF NEWGARDEN (No. 21 Century 21 CFH Racing Chevrolet): "We'll get here tomorrow and try to do the whole program again. We didn't get it in today. The team looks good. We tried a couple of different things this morning in practice and JR (Hildebrand) looked really solid. We're really getting up to speed with our program. If we get all of our details right tomorrow, we should be in the hunt."
TOWNSEND BELL (No. 24 The Robert Graham Special Chevrolet): "We ran two qualifying stints this morning to get our balance squared away and the car felt good. To be honest, I'm not too disappointed we got rained out. Our car really works well when we have hotter conditions and Sunday is expected to be warmer than today. I just feel badly for the fans who came to see the qualifying. Hopefully everyone can make it out to see a run for the Fast Nine and the pole. I believe we are in the position for a spot in the Fast Nine. We were ninth today with the 'no tow' speeds. So we are on the edge. I'd love to have our little one-car Dreyer & Reinbold - Kingdom team slide into the Fast Nine and battle the big teams. So I'm anxious to get going for Sunday with the Robert Graham Special."
RYAN HUNTER-REAY (No. 28 DHL Honda): (On dealing with rain delays): "You get used to them over time. In your earlier years, you have to think about things more. The pressure piles on a little bit, but it's part of it. You just have to wait for it, be patient and keep your thoughts cool and calm and collected and get on with the job. It's not a big deal. You want to just get on with it, though. Unfortunately, that's just the way it goes sometimes."
GABBY CHAVES (No. 98 Bowers & Wilkins / Curb Honda): "It's disappointing for us. With a late draw in the qualifying line, we had an excellent opportunity to do a true qualifying simulation in this morning's practice and watch what speeds everyone else posted on their qualifying runs. This would have given us a great opportunity to make the Bowers & Wilkins Honda even faster and secure us a spot in the Fast Nine Shootout. But we know we have a fast car and are ready to come back and do it again tomorrow."
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US Surgeon General: 'The Next Few Weeks Will Be Tough' As Omicron Surge ContinuesAreas that were among the first to get hit hard by the Omicron variant are starting to see their Covid-19 numbers level off or even improve. But that's not the case for much of the country, US Surgeon General Dr. Vivek Murthy said.
Car Caravan And Parade To Honor MLK In Sacramento RegionThe Sacramento chapter of NAACP and Black Lives Matter are heading up the event, which kicks off at 9 a.m. in the parking lot of Grant High School in North Sacramento.
Children With Special Needs Get Uplifting Experience While Flying Indoors
By Angela Greenwood April 27, 2017 at 12:52 am
Filed Under:Roseville News, skydiving, special needs, special needs children
ROSEVILLE (CBS13) — It was love at first flight for a group of special needs kids Wednesday evening. As part of its one-year anniversary, iFLY Sacramento celebrated people with disabilities by inviting them in for an uplifting experience with no barriers.
Just like that, special needs children had wings. One special needs child said he "loved it."
READ MORE: N. Highlands Homeowner Shot With Own Gun After Struggle With Intruder
Normally, Cannon Aiono relies on a wheelchair. But Wednesday night, he was flying high inside iFLY Sacramento.
"I like how we went up and down," Aiono said.
Aiono was on cloud nine; so were the rest of the kids. It was a first time experience for most of the children, each living with mental or physical disabilities. But at iFLY Sacramento, there are no limits.
"To make the dream a flight a reality for everyone. There are no limitations in the tunnel," said Cameron Cole, iFLY Sacramento's general manager.
That's always been iFLY Sacramento's motto. It's the world's largest indoor skydiving facility and it celebrated it's one year anniversary with an "all-ability" night.
"Most of these kids have been disabled since birth, so for them to be able to do something like this, it's just incredible," said Cindy Elie, a parent of a special needs child.
Proud parents snapped pictures, while siblings cheered each other on.
READ MORE: Stockton Shooting Leaves 1 Person Dead, 1 Injured
"I love it. The smile on his face … I've never seen him have such a wonderful smile," said Marsha Corrigan, the grandmother of a special needs child.
"My brother's autistic and he did a good job," said one sister.
Inger Aiono says seeing her son moving freely takes her breath away.
"It just makes me wanna cry because I just thought they did great with him in there. I didn't think that that was possible."
Bobbie Wood became disabled after a spinal cord injury, and since flying at iFLY, her mobility has improved. She says what's being offered here is more than just fun.
"I think it gives the feeling to concentrate on what you can do and not what you can't do," Wood said.
iFLY Sacramento's anniversary celebration continues all week with themed nights. Friday, it will honor hero's, including first responders, police, firefighters and military members, with a discount.
MORE NEWS: US Surgeon General: 'The Next Few Weeks Will Be Tough' As Omicron Surge Continues


text:
IWD Tutu
Mods and Tools
Unreleased Projects
* Status/Update
By FredSRichardson
January 20, 2006 in IWD Tutu
FredSRichardson
Modders
NOTE: I don't like to read a long-winded expose of something that can be summarized succinctly with only a few words. But ironically I have a hard time writing with same kind of brevity and clarity I know I would appreciate as a reader. What I will try to do is make a summary here of what's going on.
* Resource Mapping:
- ITM that are the same in both games will be "mapped" instead of converted (this uses a "rules" file in IWG2).
- Some items are close enough to be mapped. Like "High Quality" weapons in IWD1 can be mapped to "Masterwork" ones in IWD2. Other mapping decisions can be more of a stretch (e.g. elemental damage resistance potions in IWD1 to "Potion of Minor Elemental Barrier" in IWD2).
- Some CRE's can also be mapped, unless a "death variable" is being used for something. IWD1 CRE structures have room for 3 death variables (see Scripting below).
- A large number of resources can't be mapped, and those will have to be converted automatically or edited by hand.
* Resource Conversion:
- Versions: IWG2 handles versioning between BG2 and IWD2, but IWD1 has some unique versions as well (see table below). I've already dealt with CRE's, but I'll have to be sure to deal with GAM files (and undo the STO conversion).
- From 2E to 3E: The conversion of CRE (and ITM) resources from the 2E rules in BG2 and IWD1 to the 3E rules in IWD2 is a hard problem and IWG2 deals with it valiantly. But the results are not ideal, and I'm considering taking a less algorithmic approach and instead applying 3E rules directly from a D20 source.
- Exceptions: there will be cases where resources can't be converted in any satisfactory way, and in those situations they'll have to be edited by hand (or I'll have to create a way of using auxillary files for specifying them).
* Specific Resource Consideration:
- Variety: IWD2 has a larger variety of weapon, armor and ammo types that can be found as treasure or in stores than IWD1 does. It will be important to make sure the variety is increased as part of this conversion since this can be a limiting factor in player character builds.
- Random Drops: These are determined by the RNDTRES.2DA file. The version of this file in each game has some desireable characteristics. The IWD1 version determines a few important random rewards, whereas the version in IWD2 has a larger variety of small rewards.
* Unknown Resources:
I'm not sure if I have to deal with these resources in any special way. The appear to be game engine specific:
- INI files in IWD1 and IWD2 (not in BG2)
- SRC files in IWD2 (I think these are just the Bioware "World Editor" info files)
* Scripting:
- BCS Triggers/Actions: most of the triggers and actions map over directly from one game to the other. Some code fragments that work well in IWD1 may be a disaster in IWD2. The differences between coding styles in each game give some hint of this.
- Team scripting: Team scripting is very consistent in IWD2, but not so much in IWD1, I've been worried that Team scripting may be neccesary for things to run smoothly. The good news is that it may not be too hard to add this in.
- Death Variables: As mentioned above, CRE's in IWD1 can have up to 2 auxillary death variables, and in some cases both of these get used. I'm almost certain IWD2 only has room for 1 auxillary death variable (I spent some time verifying this).
* Resource type and version for BG2, IWD1 and IWD2:
BG2     IWD1    WD2
ARE     V1.0    V1.0    V9.1
BAM(C)  V1      V1      V1
CHU(I)  V1      V1      V1
CRE     V1.0    V9.0    V2.2
DLG     V1.0    V1.0    V1.0
EFF     V2.0    N/A     N/A
GAM     V2.0    V1.1    V2.0
INI     N/A     UNK     UNK
ITM     V1      V1      V2.0
MOS(C)  V1      V1      V1
PLT     V1      V1      N/A
PRO     V1.0    N/A     N/A
SCC     N/A     UNK     N/A
SPL     V1      V1      V2.0
SRC     N/A     N/A     UNK
STO     V1.0    V9.0    V9.0
VVC     V1.0    N/A     N/A
WED     V1.3    V1.3    V1.3
WFX     V1.0    N/A     N/A
WM(A)P  V1.0    V1.0    V1.0
I think these are not explicitly "versioned" but appear to be in all
3 games (and I think are the same):
2DA
VERBOSE NOTES:
One note I made early on is that the two games (IWD1 and IWD2) are remarkably similar in a few specific ways. Both games use "bit field" type variables for BCS/BAF scripts (presumably so that could support a large number of boolean flags). Looking at the two games, it easy to see that a lot of what is in IWD1 was significantly cleaned up in IWD2. The scripting relies much less on "Death Variables" and uses explicit actor names instead (which is easier to track), and "team work" scripting uses new SetTeamBit/GetTeamBit action/triggers making the whole implementation much easier to follow. If would be wonderful to clean up IWD1 so that it can benefit from some of these new changes, but I don't know if that will be possible.
The games both have many items and monsters in common, many of which use the same icons or animation so that they look uncanily familar in the game. (IMO, there was a bit too much that was familiar in IWD2 which dampened my appreciation of the game a bit). While IWG2 took the philosophy of converting every resource in BG2 over to IWD2, I've decided to only convert things when it's absolutely neccesary, and to consider doing this by hand in some specific cases.
As an example, I've been able to map a large number of items from IWD1 over to IWD2, but this does leave some items left over that require a bit of thought. Some things are pretty easy mappings, like replacing the "high quality" weapons with their "masterwork" counter-parts, then there are slightly more arbitrary things like I was considering replacing the fire/cold resistance potions with potions of minor elemental barrier (there is no exact mapping, and it would be nice to use these new spell-like potions), then there are items like the mage daggers which grant extra spell slots that probably have to be replaced with something completely different (I didn't see any slot granting items in IWD2, so there may be an implementation issue). The items which will actually require work to recreate are the ones that will be missed by people who have played through IWD1 before like the "of the hand" items are the special axe you find near the entrance of Dorn's Deep. Ideally I'd like to preserve the flavor of IWD1 by keeping the items that help give the game it's character, and at the same time represent more fully the new types of items that allow the player to experience some of the new aspects of the IWD2 engine (I noticed that the weapon selection in the original IWD1 is pretty minimal, and spell scrolls need to be made more available at some point).
Another specific area which I struggled with a bit is the topic of random items. The random items in IWD2 represent a larger variety weapon types in the game, but in IWD2 all of the random items (with a few exceptions) are non-unique weapon or ammo or gems and non-magical jewelry. IWD1 on the other hand puts a few important (to the player) items in there random items table to mix things up a bit. I think I decided that it would be best to combine both approaches: allow the broader variety of weapon and ammo types in the IWD2 tables, but also include entries for random items that are special or unique.
The next topic is creatures. IWG2 has a very impressive creature conversion system, but it isn't really useable (the monsters it generates are way to powerful). The code appears to include all the conditions for assigning classes, feats and skill points and adjusting the various bonuses that result from these (as well as checking the prerequisites for them). I thought I'd try to take a different approach and see if it's possible to use the 3E rules explictly and assign stats/feats/skills based on Race and HD. This would be a very good initial cut that could be improved on by adapting some of the IWD creatures to use sub-races and multi-classes where it seems like it would be appropriate.
Script conversion is a bit of a mystery to me. I've only begun to identify the things I know will be a prolblem like death variables. IWD1 actually uses 3 death variables that are stored in each CRE. One is the Actor name from the area where the creature is instantiated, and two other exist in their own fields in the CRE structure. IWD2 appears to have only 2 death/scripting variables (the actor name and one field in the CRE structure). Leaving he Actor name variable aside, the other variables have the property that they're incremented every time a creature dies. IWD1 takes advantage of this to figure out if you've completed a quest (you've cleared all he monsters when the death variale is greater than some number). It appears as though IWD2 tries not to use the death variables but instead will create an if statement for each Actor in question to see if they are dead (I personally think this is easier to follow as you don't have to examine the CRE file to figure out what's going on).
I think the dialogs will convert over without a problem.
Magic user conversions are going to require some thought. Most spells can be mapped to counter parts, and I think I can fudge the rest. The important thing is to make sure the enemy AI will be sufficiently manacing with the resulting spell table.
Edited January 23, 2006 by FredSRichardson
Andyr
Location:Oxford, UK
Regarding magic spells; I guess you're going to have people choose and cast from the IWD2 selections?
Yes, that's exactly right. For PC's, the spell selection (and aquirement) will be just like IWD2. One issue is working out the distribution of available spell scrolls. I'd like to keep this balanced, but not be too meager with the scrolls either.
The tricky part comes in when converting BCS and CRE files. The spell books of the CRE's and spell casting script actions all have to mapped to spell that exist in IWD2. It may be neccesary to re-think the enemy mage AI scripting for the conversion to be really satisfying.
So actually there are a few "add ons" that I've been thinking about for this project. Some of them may be neccesary and other might just be "nice touches":
* Consistent IWD2 style "team" scripting: the IWD2 scripts almost compulsively maintain team association for every actor in an area. I think the mechanism is a nice on in that the PC can't abuse the fog-of-war to pick off on monster at a time. Instead, seeing one member of a team causes the whole team to come over an attack. I think the bioware developers would also place some team members further away so that they would appear at different times giving the effect of monsters joining into the battle at different times. Re-placing actors may be beyond the scope of this project (unless I can automate it some how).
The team scripting is very easy to implement (and you see an early versions of it in the IWD1 scripts). Each monster usually get 2 team scripts (one to assign the team and the other to join the team when the fighting begins). There are scripts for up to 20 teams, each is prefixed with "00T##" (e.g. "00T01" for team 1) and for each team there are 13 scripts with extensions "A", "DET", "E", "ET", "EV", "EVT", "M", "N", "R", "S", "T", "V", "VT". These scripts basically do the following in different ways:
-Make sure the team bit is set for the creature.
-Set the variable "TEAM_#" when a team members sees an enemy.
-Decides when the team member should go hostile (some combination of hit, attacked or pickpocketed). Of cours set "TEAM_#" when this happens.
-Checks variable "TEAM_#", and goes hostile when that's set (if they're not already hostil), and moves to nearest enemy.
I'm not sure about the nuances between the different version of these. Most monsters use 2 of them: "00T##M.BCS" (team movement) and "00T##T.BCS" (team assignment and update).
Team management scripting is also done in the unique NPC script files, and TEAM_0 (which may be the default) is used for the neutral "townie" types.
* IWD2 style enemy AI scripting: team scripting is sort of part of this, but the mage AI may be worked out better than any automatic conversion of the IWD1 AI.
* Consistent 3E conversion rules: The existing iwg2 code has a sophisticated conversion routine that I think could be adapted nicely apply the 3E rule set (Andyr and Grog have both pointed me to a nice set of online 3E reference sites). As I said, I'm going to try to map creatures from IWD1 to existing resources in IWD2, but this won't always be possible, but there will be an overwhelming number of creatures that can't be mapped, and those need to be converted.
Guest Grog
Just a note on the random treasures. IWD1 had un-used random trasure spots (XXXTres.itm), which I highjacked for use in Auril's Bane.
For the conversion you can use the random tresure tables for all non-unique items if you like, and just randomly add the unique via area script where you like. The code would be something like so:
Global("GR_ADD_MORE_TREASURE","AR4005",0)
RESPONSE #100
ActionOverride("War Chest 4",CreateItem("ringgr10",0,0,0))
ActionOverride("War Chest 4",CreateItem("bowgr01",0,0,0))
SetGlobal("GR_ADD_MORE_TREASURE","AR4005",1)
ActionOverride("War Chest 4",CreateItem("sackgr02",11,0,0))
ActionOverride("Bookshelf4",CreateItem("sackgr03",0,0,0))
Grog, is it possible just to add new entries to RNDTRES.2DA? It seems like one could add any number of additional lines and create new items for each entry point like:
Add to RNDTRES.2DA:
MYRND 00mace02 00mstr02 00dagg02 00hamm02 00halb02
Then create an item MYRND.ITM (you could just copy an existing one like RT02_M.ITM).
Oh wait, for my total conversion stuff, mapping thing into the random item table's great.
But I think what you suggest is better in general since you can handle random items from a script without having to do any area editing each time you want to change something.
---- Daily Update
I've hacked out a bunch of things that were needed for the BG2 conversion, but don't seem neccesary for this conversion. I want to start off with as few changes as possible.
I've been looking into creature mapping/conversion a bit more. I'm thinking about how to handle those 2 auxillary "script name" variables in IWD1's CRE structure. I can go about this a few different ways. In many cases, the two auxillary variables contain these two variables:
Townie_Dead
Kill_Innocent
Kill_Innocent is only used in the DLG with vexing thoughts to see if you've "done as he's asked" (i.e. killed an innocent). Townie_Dead is strange, most areas have this script segment:
!Global("TOWNIE_DEAD","GLOBAL",0)
SetGlobal("TOWNIE_HOSTILE","MYAREA",0)
SetGlobal("TOWNIE_DEAD","GLOBAL",0)
Continue()
What's odd is that this is the only place where I see TOWNIE_DEAD, and it appears to be a no-op. Is this a bug? Shouldn't TOWNIE_HOSTILE be set to 1?
Anyway, if this isn't a bug, then I don't have to do anything for these variable
But if it is a bug, then one possible fix is to identify each actor that has a CRE with the TOWNIE_DEAD script name and create a script block using those names:
Global("TOWNIE_HOSTILE","MYAREA",0)
Or(3)
Dead("Townie1")
Continue();
I'm still struggling with the iwg2.ml code. It's pretty hairy in some parts. Fortunately, I believe that there's a lot I can get rid of. That may be the next thing I do (a lot of code is commented out).
Okay, that's not a bug after all. It looks like Actors scripts set the AREA_HOSTILE flag and the area scripts just make sure to reset the "TOWNIE_DEAD" variable to 0.
TOWNIE_DEAD seems to always be stored in the 2nd script name at offset 0x27e so I'll always save the variable from that location in the auxillary script name slot in IWD2's CRE struct. This will reduce the number of special cases that need to be dealt with (the 3rd script name variable is only used in certain places).
The fact that IWD1 has no EFF files is a wonderful thing. The EFF conversion routines are amon the hairest things I've seen.
[EDIT] Oops, I spoke to fast. Plenty of effects to deal with in the SPL files (and probably in ITM files as well).
Just thought I'd break silence with a quick update. Not much to report right now. I'm going through a heavy coding phase at work so it's hard to get excited about more coding when I get home, but that should change pretty soon
-Fred
Yee Haa!
I got the first bit of sunshine working. The syntax is this:
~GOBEHQ1.CRE~               < ~10GOBEC.CRE~ ADD_SOURCE_ITEM (~FISH.ITM~, 0, 0, 0, 0)  >
Which basically means "in place of GOBEHQ1 in IWD1, I want to use 10GOBEC, but also add the item FISH from IWD1 to his inventory".
This works, though it's pretty inefficient for adding many items (basically I keep allocating new buffers since OCaml doesn't seem to offer a "realloc" type of buffer resizing, grrr...). I'll probably fix this by figuring out what's going to be added up front and then creating a single new buffer to do it in, but this works for now.
The real significance though is that it's pretty easy to add new "mod" types of routines to the code. The other ones I'm thinking about are SET_ATTR(12,18,14,3,9,10), SET_HP(42), SET_LVL("Fighter", 8). Adding spells and other things may be neccesary (changing colors, animation?).
The basic idea I have is to find "close matches" in IWD2 for as many creatures as possible in IWD1, and adjust them to get a closer fit.
I'm wondering if the Sahuagin in HOW are going to be a problem. I saw a note from Wes that the animation for these was problematic in IWD2 (haven't tried this out).
Guest Chiv
About the Sahuagin, these are the animations from BG2 we are talking about, which for some unknown reason Bioware decided to use a completely different naming scheme for. This basically boils down to being unable to convert the animations without rearranging the sequences in the bam files and renaming them all. Some, but not all of the BG2 monsters somehow found their way into IWD2, so they convert just fine. At the moment, the pirate is used for Kuo-Ta and the BG2 troll slot is used for Sahuagin.
However IWD2 does have empty slots for most if not all of the IWD1 monsters, and while I haven't specifically tested with the sahuagin, most of the others seem to carry over just fine if you just import the BAM files for them. Even Belhifet, Arundel etc should work no problem.
Okay, thanks! The Sahuagin in IWD1 look very different than the ones in BG2, I wonder if they're somewhat more "compatible" with IWD2 (there are so many things that seem "similar" between the two games).
Vasculio
Okay, thanks! The Sahuagin in IWD1 look very different than the ones in BG2, I wonder if they're somewhat more "compatible" with IWD2 (there are so many things that seem "similar" between the two games).
Thank you for making this conversion! You are you most awsome person, next to the Macready for EasyTutu.
But i'm sadden that nobody is making Icewind Dale for the BG2 Engine. If i had wanted a custom party, i wouldve play mutiplayer part of the game.
But i always enjoyed single player and recruiting NPC's.
Too bad Icewind Dale was bias agaist npc party option. Grrr...
Edited April 24, 2006 by Vasculio
Once this is complete, I hope you do a Icewind Dale 2 Tutu next.
Well, the foundations were already written before Japh disappeared. He was having trouble with some of IWD's funkier commands, but Fred will be the IWD master when he finishes IWD1tutu, so there's always hope...


text:
Interviews (1267)
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Query: In the Presence of Spirits: African Art from the National Museum of Ethnology, Lisbon (Exhibition) (2001: Washington, D.C.)
Groenhoff, Hans
5.27 Cubic feet (41 boxes)
Hans Groenhoff (1906-1985) was a celebrated American aviation photographer from the 1930s through the 1960s, also working as a pilot, journalist, editor, correspondent, and—in his retirement years—as an aviation tourism publicist for the Bahamas. This collection of 25,550 images consists of Groenhoff's collection of negatives and transparencies, spanning his career from 1933 to 1975.
Exhibition Records
Smithsonian Institution. Traveling Exhibition Service
11.69 cu. ft. (11 record storage boxes) (1 16x20 box)
This accession consists of records that document the planning, execution, administration, and promotion of traveling exhibitions. The records are arranged by exhibition title, followed by the exhibition ID number and the dates of the exhibition. Materials include correspondence, memoranda, press releases, press kits, photographs, negatives, ...
Stephen Gambaro photographs of Native American artists and public figures
Gambaro, Stephen
4 Prints (halftone)
41 Prints (silver gelatin)
NAA.PhotoLot.80-37
Portraits of Native American artists, craftspeople, activists, and leaders from Stephen Gambaro's photography exhibits: "The Indian, the Animal, and the Land," 1976; "Indian Artists," 1977; and "Shadows Caught: Images of Native Americans," 1984. Individuals pictured include: Brummett Echohawk, Pawnee; Archie Blackowl, Cheyenne; Bert Seabourn, Cher...
Walcott Family Papers
1720-1929, 1944, 1995
21.95 cu. ft. (17 record storage boxes) (3 12x17 boxes) (4 16x20 boxes) (6 3x5 boxes)
This accessions consists of the personal correspondence of Charles D. Walcott, his family, and his extended family, as well as genealogical materials, family Bibles, photographs, medals, and other materials related to the Walcott family. The correspondence documents the personal relationships between the immediate Walcott family, as well ...
MS 2018 Hand colored photographs of drawings from Fort Reno Scout ledger
Fort Reno (Okla.) Scouts.
Mooney, James, 1861-1921
Evans, Neal W. (Neal Wiltbank), 1844-1894
13 Photographs (hand colored, 12 x 20 cm.-15 x 20 cm.)
NAA.MS2018
Drawings of warfare and courting. Original manuscript captions on drawings include Big Horse, Red Wolf, Bird Chief, Tall Red Bird, and Red Eagle. Photographs have hand-written numbers, apparently referring to pages in the original. One has a note by James Mooney on the reverse; "Cheyenne Pictures from Evans Cheyenne Picture Book 1906."
"Man's Reach for the Sky" Scrapbook Collection
Stephenson, Herbert L.
The "Man's Reach for the Sky" Scrapbook Collection comprises 18 volumes of aeronautical memorabilia collected by Herbert L. Stephenson from 1925 through 1968.
Dexter Cirillo Papers
Cirillo, Dexter
1 cu. ft. (1 record storage box)
Dexter Cirillo received her B.A. and M.A. in English from San Diego State University and a Ph.D. in English from the Graduate Center of the City University of New York. Her early career focused on teaching and researching the literature and culture of minority groups in the United States. In 1981, Cirillo left the world of academia and pursued...
Sharon Christa McAuliffe Letter
McAuliffe, Sharon Christa,, 1948-1986.
0.18 Cubic feet (1 box)
NASM.2018.0033
This collection consists of one letter, on National Aeronautics Administration (NASA) Teacher in Space Program letterhead, from Sharon Christa McAuliffe in reply to Marcia Holland. It is signed by McAuliffe and includes a handwritten postscript. The collection also includes an invitation for the dedication ceremony of the Christa McAuliffe Elementary School in Lenexa, Kansas on September 27, 1987 at which the letter was exhibited.
MS 7438 E.A. Mearns Catalog of Collections
Mearns, Edgar Alexander, 1856-1916
Mindeleff, Cosmos, 1863-
Daniels, Stewart
The bound volume is a catalog of archeological and ethnological collections made on Clear Creek, Beaver Creek, Verde River, Fossil Creek, Oak Creek, and Salt River in Arizona. Included are Mearns's numbers, names, dimensions, and other descriptivive material, locations, and dates of findings (between 1884-1887). There is also a summary list of ston...
Brooke Hindle Papers
Hindle, Brooke
Record Unit 7363
This finding aid was digitized with funds generously provided by the Smithsonian Institution Women's Committee.


text:
Q: merge multiple sql queries In the header of the pages of my site, I have multiple SQL queries. For example:
$sql_result = mysql_query("SELECT blah2 FROM misc WHERE id='1'", $db);
$rs = mysql_fetch_array($sql_result); $blah2 = $rs[blah2];

$sql_result = mysql_query("SELECT * FROM ip_bans WHERE IP='$ip'", $db);
if (mysql_num_rows($sql_result) != 0) { header("Location: banned.php"); }

$sql_result = mysql_query("SELECT * FROM accounts WHERE username='$un' AND pw='$pw'", $db);
$rs = mysql_fetch_array($sql_result);
// do all account login check etc

$sql_result = mysql_query("SELECT * FROM members WHERE id='$id'", $db);
$rs = mysql_fetch_array($sql_result);
// get members data

..and more.
All this info is needed for each page of my site. Is there a way to combine these, or just limit the ammount of queries? I'd imagine this would get quite intensive on the database over time.
I'm not too good with JOINs and things, is that what i need?

A: You want to use UNION.
Here is a good tutorial: http://www.tizag.com/sqlTutorial/sqlunion.php
I would recommend you to only use it where it's "natural" and not merge to many different queries.


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The fan has stopped turning in my oven. I can get it to work by putting a knife in between the back plate and the fan and knocking it when it then begins to work. I am presuming this is something to do with the motor unit?? Can you tell me if this is the correct part I would need to replace, many thanks.
Sorry we cannot help with any fault finding, you would need to speak to a service engineer to help with this.
Hi, can you tell me if the above fan motor will fit an Indesit FID20IX MK2 cooker. When I search there seems to be many sites offering different fans and part numbers so I need to ensure it is the correct type. One other part number quoted is C00230134?


An illustration from "Steampunk Playing Cards" published by "Fabryka Kart Trefl" made with ink & watercolors.
Talent. Kind of reminds me of Sleepy Hollow.
Love this one it got me thinking of a book that you might enjoy, if you dont mind the recommendation, its called Whitechapel Gods by S. M. Peters. Its a steampunk novel and this picture just reminded me of it. Its a really good book.
Very peculiar and interesting to see .
As I became fan of your art the moment I saw it first, I would like to promote it in my art page www.facebook.com/porelamoralarte. I would send you the final link of the published. Do I have your permission?
I'm really happy to read that! Naturally you have my permission. I actually appreciate it a lot!
Here's the direct link to what I published about your art.
Thanks again for sharing your talent.
And there are a lot more in the albums and galleries. Thanks to you for supporting and the likes. I try to make this spanish Page more internacional, but I need more time and people for that.Big hug!
Ciekawi mnie jaka to religia.
Pewnie jakiś odłam chrześcijaństwa dla bohemy, dekadentów i nihilistów (wprawdzie religia i nihilizm kiepsko ze sobą współdziałają, ale to by mógł być wynik tego połączenia).
Ciekawe. Ewentualnie po prostu kaplica chrześcijańska pozbierana z tego, co było dookoła.


A Tripwire survey finds that just 25 percent of IT professionals believe their organizations have the security technology and skills to detect network breaches.
A larger number of companies—32 percent—say they have the required technology to detect breaches, but don't have the means to properly respond to alerts about suspicious behavior on there their networks. Surprisingly, 9 percent of companies say they have no technology that would allow them to detect a possible data breach on their networks.
Detecting a data breach is only one side of the equation; being able to respond to them is the other. And on that front, just 25 percent of companies say they can respond to a data breach. All the others—75 percent—say they cannot respond to a serious data breach in any way.
Enterprise security tools need to be integrated so they can exchange data during a breach. However, just 3 percent of companies say all their security tools are integrated and can exchange information. Another 20 percent of respondents say more than half of their tools have that capability.
A sobering fact from the Tripwire survey: 10 percent of companies say they have no ability whatsoever to integrate security tools and exchange data between those tools to respond to data breaches. Another 19 percent of companies say less than 10 percent of their tools have that capability.
Security teams need to be able to correlate data and security alerts from security tools to respond to possible threats. However, only 60 percent of companies engage in that behavior, with 40 percent of companies having limited to no ability to correlate data and security alerts.
Responding in real time can mean the difference between shutting down a data breach when it happens and allowing hackers to run amok on a network. However, just 21 percent of companies say they can correlate data and security alerts in real time to respond to threats.
Other companies aren't as lucky to get actionable information in real time, according to Tripwire. Instead, the security firm says that 39 percent of companies are able to get the correlated data and security alerts, but it can take them days or weeks to get that information—long after hackers are gone.
According to Tripwire, 3 percent of IT professionals say they outsource their security response efforts to experts whenever they experience a breach. Apparently they believe they don't have the requisite knowledge internally to address possible breaches.
In a statement, Tripwire said that 65 percent of IT professionals believe there's a skills shortage that prevents them from delivering an appropriate incident response. If they had the right people with the right skills, companies say, they might be able to respond more effectively to threats.


text:
El Masters de Cincinnati 2021 fue un torneo de tenis perteneciente a la ATP en la categoría de ATP Tour Masters 1000 y a la WTA en la categoría WTA 1000. Se disputó del 15 al 22 de agosto de 2021 en Cincinnati, Ohio (Estados Unidos), sobre canchas duras, el cual pertenece a un conjunto de torneos que forman el US Open Series 2021.

Puntos y premios

Distribución de puntos

Premios monetarios

Cabezas de serie

Individuales masculino
Los cabezas de serie están establecidos al ranking del 9 de agosto. Los tenistas defenderán el mejor resultado conseguido durante las últimas dos ediciones (2019 y 2020).

Bajas femeninas

Dobles femenino

Campeones

Individual masculino

 Alexander Zverev venció a  Andrey Rublev por 6-2, 6-3

Individual femenino

 Ashleigh Barty venció a  Jil Teichmann por 6-3, 6-1

Dobles masculino

 Marcel Granollers /  Horacio Zeballos vencieron a  Steve Johnson /  Austin Krajicek por 7-6(7-5), 7-6(7-5)

Dobles femenino

 Samantha Stosur /  Shuai Zhang vencieron a  Gabriela Dabrowski /  Luisa Stefani por 7-5, 6-3

Véase también
 Masters de Cincinnati
 Torneos WTA en 2021
 Torneos ATP en 2021

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Sitio Web

Masters de Cincinnati 2021

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Google Maps for iOS now supports Incognito mode
Google today announced that Incognito mode is now rolling out to Google Maps iOS users. Similar to the Incognito mode which is already available on Android, when Incognito mode is enabled in Google Maps iOS app, the places you sea...
New creation tools in Google Earth now allows you to create your own stories
Google today announced new creation tools in Google Earth that will allow you to create a map or story about the places around the world. With these new tools, you will be able to draw your own placemarks, lines and shapes, even a...
Google Maps is becoming a bit like a social network
by Michael Allison
Google is turning Maps into a bit of a Social network. The firm has long since had a Local Guides feature where users were encouraged to post photos and share comments and reviews about places they visited around them. Now Google ...
Google Maps can soon speak out a place's name and address in the local lingo
Google Maps has become an indispensable tool for travelers. Google Maps now helps users in searching for hotels, getting directions, knowing about nearby restaurants the locals recommend, finding transit timings and more. Today, G...
Google's Pigeon navigation app comes to more cities
Google Maps and Waze aren't the only two navigation apps that the firm has in reserve. The firm launched a Google Pigeon app, a crowdsourced navigation app for local transit users, in New York last year. Now, Google has ext...
Google Maps adds Incognito mode for Android users
Google Maps today announced that Incognito mode is now rolling out to Android users. When you enable Incognito mode in Google Maps, all the activities you do in Maps like the places you search, directions you searched for and othe...
Google Maps introduces new ways to report driving incidents
One of the main reasons people prefer Google Maps over other navigation apps is real-time information from the community. Google today announced new ways in Google Maps that will allow you to report driving incidents. First, You c...
Google Maps now offers improved voice guidance to help people with visual impairments
Google Maps today announced a new improvement that will help people with vision impairments to navigate more easily in real world. Google Maps will now offer more detailed voice guidance and new types of verbal announcements for w...
Google Maps can now pair transit directions with biking and ridesharing options
Often, we use multiple modes of transportation to reach a destination. But mapping services like Google Maps only provide directions involving single mode of transport. Either driving, walking, biking or public transit. Today, Goo...
Huawei wants to take on Google Maps with its own service
Huawei is working on a new mapping service known as Map Kit to take on Google Maps. Map Kit is a service which isn't aimed for consumers but is instead a way for Huawei's app developer partners to build mapping experie...
Google Maps expands Live View AR feature to more Android and iOS devices
At Google I/O 2018, we had a first look at Google Maps AR feature. Google demonstrated how animated guides can help us in navigating the real world more easily. Early this year, Google started the roll-out of AR features to select...
Google Maps brings real-time bikeshare information to more cities
In the past few years, bikesharing has gone mainstream. There are about 1,600 bikeshare systems and more than 18 million shared bikes around the world. Google is now rolling out a new feature in Google Maps that will allow bikesha...


GHMC polls: KTR persuading rebels to withdraw nominations..
Telangana Minister K Taraka Rama Rao is persuading rebel candidates to withdraw their nominations in GHMC polls. Party sources said that at least four to eight rebel candidates have filed nominations in each division. KTR is assuring rebels that the TRS government will be giving them nominated posts. He asked them to extend support for the win of party candidates in corporation polls.


text:
Q: retrieve and store other information about a user when they login I have a login script that I am using that is currently working, but I want to add some additional functionality such as displaying name, some prefs etc. I'd like to store the users ID in the session so I can use it as they navigate the site for lookups, but I'm not sure how to go about this. Any help is greatly appreciated... code is below.
<?php
include_once $_SERVER['DOCUMENT_ROOT'] .
'/includes/magicquotes.inc.php';

if (isset($_GET['login'])){
include 'login.html.php';
exit();
}

if (isset($_GET['security'])){
ob_start();
$host="localhost"; // Host name
$username="*****"; // Mysql username
$password="*****"; // Mysql password
$db_name="*****"; // Database name
$tbl_name="users"; // Table name

// Connect to server and select databse.
mysql_connect("$host", "$username", "$password")or die("cannot connect");
mysql_select_db("$db_name")or die("cannot select DB");

// Define $myusername and $mypassword
$myusername=$_POST['myusername'];
$mypassword=$_POST['mypassword'];

// To protect MySQL injection (more detail about MySQL injection)
$myusername = stripslashes($myusername);
$mypassword = stripslashes($mypassword);
$myusername = mysql_real_escape_string($myusername);
$mypassword = mysql_real_escape_string($mypassword);
$sql="SELECT * FROM $tbl_name WHERE username='$myusername' and password='$mypassword'";
$result=mysql_query($sql);

// Mysql_num_row is counting table row
$count=mysql_num_rows($result);

// If result matched $myusername and $mypassword, table row must be 1 row
if($count==1){

// Register $myusername, $mypassword and redirect home"
session_register("myusername");
session_register("mypassword");
header("location:/admin/");
}

else {
echo "Wrong Username or Password";
}
ob_end_flush();
exit();
}

if (isset($_GET['logout'])){
session_start();
session_destroy();
header("location:/admin/");
exit();
}
session_start();
if(!session_is_registered(myusername)){
header("location:?login");
}

// Display Home Page

include $_SERVER['DOCUMENT_ROOT'] . '/includes/db.inc.php';

include 'home.html.php';
exit();

A: // If result matched $myusername and $mypassword, table row must be 1 row
if($count==1){

// Register $myusername, $mypassword and redirect home"
session_register("myusername");
session_register("mypassword");
header("location:/admin/");
}

here, inside the if statement you should query the database again and select the name etc that you want to use in the session.
start the session inside the if statement
// Register $myusername, $mypassword and redirect home"
$query = "SELECT `first_name` FROM `table` WHERE `username`=$username";
$result = $mysqli->query($query);
$row = $result->fetch_assoc();
$firstName = $row['first_name'];

session_start();
$_SESSION['username'] = $username;
$_SESSION['password'] = $password;
$_SESSION['firstName'] = $firstName;
header("location:/admin/");

obviously i don't know what your database structure looks like but i hope you get the idea
you then start a session on the page that users should be logged in on and then you can access the first name by
e.g.
echo $_SESSION['firstName'];


George and Martha is a series of children's books written and illustrated by James Marshall between 1972 and 1988. Each book in the series contained five short stories describing interactions between two hippos, George and Martha. The books inspired an animated children's television show which comprised 26 episodes made in 1999, and a musical in 2011.
The books describe the activities and adventures of best friends George and Martha. These activities include taking dance classes, going to the beach and the amusement park, and playing pranks on each other. In a humorous way, the series teaches about friendship. George and Martha sometimes argue, but always make up.
The series' theme song is "Perfidia", by Mambo All-Stars.
Select episodes of the series were released on VHS by Sony Wonder, under their "Doors of Wonder" banner.
George and Martha was turned into an original musical, George and Martha: Tons of Fun, by Imagination Stage in Bethesda, Maryland in 2011. It featured music, books, and lyrics by Joan Cushing and was directed by Kathryn Chase Bryer.


text:
Little Caesar (1930) **
Pizza-Pizza! Everybody wants a piece of the pie, right? Well, the title character of this 1930 classic, Caesar "Rico" Bandello (Edward G. Robinson), is just like everybody else—except, I hope, the psychopathic tendencies. Mervyn LeRoy directs this "grandfather" of the gangster film genre. The story follows the rise and fall of underworld kingpin Rico Bandello.
In the beginning of the film we see small-time crooks Rico and Joe Massara (Douglas Fairbanks, Jr.) rob and kill a gas station attendant in some western town. The stop off at a diner, turn the clock back 20 minutes, and proceed to eat the prototypical Italian meal: spaghetti. While here they read about the funeral of a big-time mobster. Rico decides he wants to go big-time, too—if Peter Gabriel has just popped in your head, I'm sorry. Anyway, this leads Rico and Joe to Chicago, and Rico convinces kingpin Sam Vettori (Stanley Fields) to bring him into his gang and to nickname him "Little Caesar." Meanwhile, Joe takes a job as a dancer at a gambling club and is partnered with Olga (Glenda Farrell), who he quickly falls in love with and promises that he'll try to stay away from crime.
Time goes by and Rico works his way into Vettori's confidence, but because of his bad attitude he is often left out by the kingpin. When word comes down from "Big Boy" (so many food references to be had!!!), AKA the mayor, that mobsters need to curb the violence because of a police crackdown, Vettori is ordered to rein in Rico. Vettori then begins planning a robbery at the club where Joe works and Rico suggests they bring Joe in on the job. This causes a power struggle between Vettori and Rico. It also places an unwilling Joe in a difficult position, as Rico dem ands his friend's cooperation. What follows is a montage sequence of gangsters robbing the club on New Year's Eve. LeRoy chose to shoot the gangsters from the waist down, perhaps in an effort to stress the facelessness of crime. While the crime is taking place Rico shoots and kills the police commissioner. This leads to Rico dethroning Vettori as kingpin of the gang.
Now at the top of food chain, Rico begins to develop classic paranoid tendencies. When his getaway driver Tony starts to visit the local priest to repent his sins, Rico believes Tony has turned yellow. Predating The Godfather by more than 40 years, LeRoy deftly shoots one of the most memorable whack jobs in gangster film history, as he captures Rico driving up and shooting Tony as he is climbing the snowy steps of the church. Tony rolls down the steps and becomes an instant snow angel.
Later, Rico is honored with a party where he is given diamond, platinum watch and where he also makes the mistake of having his picture taken for the newspapers. Meanwhile, Joe overhears his gangster boss at the nightclub put hit on Rico and Joe tries to warn his old friend. Unfortunately, Rico doesn't get the message and is assailed by machine gun fire from a milk truck. He is only grazed and is pleased to learn that Joe had tried to warn him. Then he takes out Joe's boss, ostensibly making him Joe's new boss. Impressed by Rico, Big Boy calls a meeting and informs Rico that he is now the boss of Diamond Pete Montana's gang, too. This allows Rico the opportunity to offer his loyal friend Joe a partnership. When Joe declines the offer he shouldn't have refused, Rico blames Olga for turning Joe into a "sissy". He tells Joe that if he doesn't take the partnership and goes back to Olga that it will mean suicide for both of them. When Joe tries to get Olga to flee town she tells Joe she won't leave and that they should tell the police what they know about the police commissioner's death. Just as this is happening Rico and one of his thugs bust through the door. A face off occurs between Joe and Rico, and when Rico can't pull the trigger on his friend Rico's thug tried to shoot Joe, but Rico shifts the gun and Joe is only grazed by the bullet. When police sirens are heard the men flee from the scene, leaving Joe and Olga to "rat" on Rico. Rico goes into hiding and has a dramatic fall from grace, as he ends up in a 15 cent a night flophouse. Months later, the police lure Rico out of hiding by placing insulting comments about him in the newspaper. In an unforgettable final scene, the police surround Rico behind a billboard advertising Joe and Olga's dance show. When Rico refuses to surrender the police riddle the billboard and Rico with machinegun fire. Lying on the ground dying, Rico asks: "Mother of Mercy! Is this the end of Rico?" It is.
What makes this film so good is Edward G. Robinson. He adeptly shows the many layers of Rico's character, from menacingly evil to sympathetically disillusioned. It is a shame that he wasn't nominated for an Oscar. He makes you both root for and against Rico. Douglas Fairbanks also does a nice job as conflicted Joe.
The story itself is hard-hitting and trim. There isn't any fat that needs to be cut. All of the scenes are tightly constructed and lead directly to the dramatic finale. The film is gripping and gritty. This was not a film with a large budget, but that fit perfectly with the dark, sleazy underworld that Le Roy created.
Sadly, Little Caesar couldn't be shown in American theatres between 1934 and 1953 due to the Hays Code. Today it is considered the movie that launched the gangster film genre. It is a true classic that any fan of Coppola or Scorsese should see.
Posted by Kimberly J.M. Wilson at 11:15 AM
Labels: **, 1930, LeRoy (Mervyn)


Posted in: Hardware.	Tagged: computer advice, computer tips, things to know, what you need to know about computer.
Every person who owns a computer really should take the time with computer tips once in a while. It seems inevitable that something will happen even if it is not catastrophic. What you can do here is spend your time to gain knowledge or spend your money later to have a problem resolved. You do not have to learn it all in one day, and you cannot really anyway, so just take it a step at a time. Today you can read all about several computer tips that are easy to understand.
The most difficult problems are those that occur over a period of time, but, sometimes things happen almost suddenly such as a decrease in speed. Sites you visit are taking much longer to load and software programs respond much slower. A computer viral infection, or malware of some other type, could be the culprit, and that is one thing you should always think about. If you have anti virus software, then close all running applications and run a full scan. You are flirting with disaster, if you are using home electronics, most notably your computer, without using a surge protector. Voltage spikes can easily be passed on to your computer, when you use AC outlets in your home, because they are not the cleanest source of power. If you get a large enough spike in power, then that can cause your computer power supply or other components to burn-up. Go to an office supply store and get a surge protector, if you don't have one already. You need to have the surge protector plugged into the outside power, so it can protect your computer from power surges. If your computer had life insurance, this would end up being the cheapest policy..
There are millions of people who spend an inordinate amount of time online, and maybe that describes you. Most likely you will use a lot of programs over time with some falling by the wayside. There are compelling reasons for you to maintain an awareness of all that you have available on your computer. If there are programs you no longer use or like, then delete them and any other of the various folders and files that are aged and no longer of any good use. These programs will have left without deleting certain files, and that is what you should do. The computer tips you have just read are very simple and only require a minimum of effort. You can save yourself a lot of hassles by doing these simple things, which could save you a bundle of money, not to mention the waste of time. Saving in the same way can happen to you, if you follow other tips that are just as smart. Of all the smart tips that are not followed, not backing up their computer is probably number one. It is a frustrating experience to have a hard drive crash, where you lose everything that was on it.
Is your computer system getting slower and slower? Is this taking place despite not using any more memory? Are you having frequent freezing or spontaneous closures? You could have tried getting rid of all the programs that you do not make use of with no success. You might also have attempted anti infection software believing that you had been infected by a virus, as well as were dissatisfied to find that this really did not improve things.
Well I have excellent information for you and problem. Fortunately is that your issue prevails and also repairable, and that you got on the ideal track with the help from Buckeye PC computer repair tips. The bad news is that you are most likely struggling with the signs and symptoms of a virus infection which you most likely have to obtain a tool that will clean your windows registry which is yet one more cost sustained.
A computer windows registry is the part of your os that checks and also tape-records the information for all the setups and choices of the users for all software and hardware. Whenever a change is made it is videotaped in the pc registry. Because of this it ends up being chaotic and congested with time. The pc registry could also be adjusted with virus code to give up sensitive info as well as to trigger breakdowns in the operating system. Much like any tool you use your computer needs normal repair and maintenance consisting of a good extensive computer registry repair.
You need to beware though when you choose a computer system registry repair service device as there are numerous available with differing levels of efficiency and associated risk. You see it is feasible making adjustments in the computer system registry that are irreversible and also could permanently impact negatively the proper efficiency of your computer. So exactly how can you make a great notified decision?
Well there are a number of magazines managing computer modern technology that will frequently examine products such as pc registry repair service software application as well as give comments on the pros and cons of each item. You need to pick one that is on the mainstream market for sure as they have had the most extensive screening as well as testimonial as well as normally come from one of the most trusted resources. Also take notice of the small talk on the internet. There are numerous forums that you can visit to ask concerns and also get feedback from real customers like you that have actually used the software program themselves. This could be incredibly handy as long as you take all this suggest with a grain of salt.
Be careful but likewise be delighted since you will be amazed at the difference that a little maintenance registry tidy will certainly transform the operating performance of your pc.


text:
14 Firefighters Taken To Hospital After RI Fire, HAZMAT Situation
CRANSTON, Rhode Island (WBZ-AM) -- Fourteen firefighters were taken to the hospital after responding to a fire at a chemical distribution company Monday night.
Cranston Fire Chief William McKenna told WBZ-TV that what began as a call for a small fire on Elmwood Avenue turned into a potentially dangerous HAZMAT situation.
"It became quite hazardous when we found out there were chemicals that had been disturbed, containers that had been broken or breached," he said.
The chief said some of the chemicals stored in the building reacted to water, while others mixed with each other.
One of the firefighters taken to the hospital had difficulty breathing.
The others were being monitored while air quality was tested and other firefighters sheltered in place.
Some surrounding buildings, including a daycare, were evacuated.
WBZ NewsRadio 1030's Ben Parker reports


Although collisions are often called "accidents," the truth is that there is ususally someone to blame for the crash. In the case of truck crashes, the two drivers involved in the collision are not the only potential parties who could be at fault. The commercial carrier that owns the truck or runs the trucking company can be held liable if the company was negligent in its duties and placed other road users at risk.
Commercial trucking companies are responsible for hiring drivers, adhering to safety standards and practices, and maintaining their fleet of vehicles. Since the company directly profits from its drivers and vehicles, they have a high duty of care when it comes to protecting other drivers on the road. Unfortunately, many trucking companies are more concerned with maximizing their profits than road safety, opting to cut corners to reduce their costs.
Lax hiring practices. Trucking companies need several hundred drivers to cover all shifts. Although there are strict guidelines dictating driver qualifications and certifications, some companies will hire unqualified drivers in order to meet demands. Untrained drivers do not know how to operate and maneuver fully-loaded trailers, placing themselves and the people around them at risk. Other negligence during the hiring process may include failing to conduct adequate background checks, hiring drivers with known traffic violations, or hiring drivers with points on their licenses or expired commercial driving licenses.
Breaking hours of service laws. Due to the large number of accidents caused by drowsy driving, the federal government has set regulations to control how many hours a truck driver may spend behind the wheel. Trucking hours of service laws outline how long a driver may be on the clock, when he or she must take a break, and when and how long he or she must rest before driving another shift. However, these regulations can lengthen delivery times, cutting into a trucking company's profits. Although it is illegal, commercial trucking companies may pressure a driver to continue working through rest and sleep breaks, and even encourage them to change the records in their logbooks to hide the violations.
Lax maintenance. Nearly a quarter of all truck accidents involve some kind of equipment breakdown. All parts of a rig or trailer have the potential to fail, but the most problematic components include brakes, tires, and electrical systems. Trucking companies are required to perform regular maintenance on their vehicles, including submitting to regular safety inspections, repairing any components that are malfunctioning or worn, and retiring vehicles that no longer meet safety standards.
Loading errors. Trucks must be loaded in a certain way so they maintain proper balance throughout the journey. An unbalanced trailer can cause the truck to roll over in a tight turn or drift into another lane. If the cargo is not secured properly, items may fall into the road or strike other cars at highway speeds—while trucks transporting hazardous materials can cause explosions or fires. Even if commercial trucking companies rely on third parties to load and unload their vehicles, they may be held responsible for any injuries caused by improper loading.
When a trucking company engages in negligent behavior, it is the drivers and passengers in smaller cars who often pay the price. If you have been injured in a truck crash, our attorneys can examine the facts of your case and determine if the trucking company could be held liable for your medical bills, lost income, permanent disability, or wrongful death in the family. Contact GriffithLaw today for an evaluation of your case at no cost to you, or order a free copy of our book, The 10 Worst Mistakes You Can Make With Your Tennessee Injury Case.


text:
Neal Elgar Miller (Milwaukee, 3 augustus 1909 - Hamden (Connecticut), 23 maart 2002) was een Amerikaans psycholoog. Hij was actief op het gebied van de leerpsychologie en de neurowetenschap en wordt beschouwd als een van de zeer belangrijke psychologen van de 20e eeuw.

Achtergrond en studies
Miller was enig kind. Zijn vader, Irving E. Miller, had samen gestudeerd met John Dewey en James Rowland Angell en behaalde een doctoraatstitel aan de Universiteit van Washington. Later werd hij professor in de onderwijspsychologie aan het Western Washington State College.

Neal Miller behaalde in 1931 zijn bachelor eveneens aan de Universiteit van Washington, waar hij les kreeg van de belangrijke leerpsycholoog Edwin Guthrie. Zijn master in de psychologie behaalde hij in 1932 aan de Stanford-universiteit, waar hij onder meer werkte onder de intelligentiespecialist Lewis Terman. Miller volgde er ook les in experimentele psychologie onder Walter Miles. Voor zijn doctoraat volgde hij Walter Miles naar de Yale-universiteit.

Aan de Yale-universiteit werkte hij samen met Clark Hull, een zeer belangrijk behavioristisch leerpsycholoog, die zich onder meer richtte op het verbale leren en doelgericht gedrag, vertrekkende vanuit de principes van klassieke conditionering. In 1935 behaalde Neal Miller er zijn doctoraat. Zijn proefschrift droeg als titel The influence of past experience upon the transfer of subsequent training. Hierin toonde hij aan dat de huidgeleiding van proefpersonen verschilde bij het aanbieden van een stimulus (de letter "T") die een elektroshock voorspelde tegenover de huidgeleiding bij een stimulus (het cijfer "4") dat geen shock voorspelde, en dat die verandering in huidgeleiding kon overgedragen worden van de reële stimulus naar het denken aan die stimulus. Hieruit leidde hij af dat mentaal gedrag kan functioneren als een stimulus (response-produced cues - prikkels die door een respons worden geproduceerd) die aanleiding geeft tot andere responsen. Hierin zag hij de basis voor probleemoplossing.

Miller was eveneens geïnteresseerd in de psychoanalyse en trachtte de freudiaanse theorie en praktijk te vertalen in termen van de leertheorieën. Hij verkreeg een postdoctoraal Social Sciences Research Council Fellowship waardoor hij in Wenen kon studeren aan Freuds Psychoanalytisch Instituut onder Heinz Hartmann.

Werk

Yale-universiteit
In 1936 werd Miller psychologiedocent en onderzoeksassistent aan de Yale-universiteit, waar hij mee grondlegger werd van de frustratie-agressiehypothese. Het antisemitisme dat Miller zag in Duitsland, interpreteerde hij in dit kader: de frustratie van slechte economie na de Eerste Wereldoorlog werd gericht op een onschuldige, onmachtige bevolkingsgroep. Vervolgens deed hij experimenteel onderzoek rond approach-avoidance conflicten. Hij werkte intensief samen met de psycholoog Orval Hobart Mowrer, onder meer rond angst als een aanleerbare drive. Miller werkte ook nauw samen met de socioloog John Dollard. In 1941 verscheen van hun hand het boek Social learning and imitation. Hierin beschreven ze hoe uiteenlopend menselijk gedrag te begrijpen is vanuit vier basisfactoren: drive of motivatie, cue of de stimulus, respons en beloning. Imitatie kan daarbij het leerproces sterk versnellen.

Tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog ging Miller in het Army Air Corps. Hij begon er als kapitein en werd later bevorderd tot majoor. Hij hielp bij de ontwikkeling van tests om kandidaten te selecteren voor een training als piloot en startte ook onderzoek naar factoren die bijdragen aan angst en moed in de strijd. Na de oorlog ging hij terug aan de slag in Yale, waar hij in 1950 tot hoogleraar werd benoemd. Beiden waren geboeid door de psychoanalyse, die ze verder analyseerden in leertheoretische termen. Het belangrijkste en bekendste werk uit deze periode is Personality and psychotherapy uit 1950. Hierin analyseerden ze neurosen en persoonlijkheid in leertheoretische termen en zochten ze naar psychotherapeutische veranderingsmogelijkheden.

In de jaren 1950 richtte Miller zich op neurowetenschappelijk onderzoek, waarbij hij onder meer hersengebieden van ratten ging beschadigen of stimuleren om zo een aantal hypothesen te testen. Hij onderzocht het effect van bepaalde stoffen op de hersenen. Later bleek hij als eerste het belang van dopamine bij het ervaren van een beloning te hebben onderzocht. Hij presenteerde zijn onderzoeksresultaten ook aan farmaceutische bedrijven om aan te tonen hoe gedragsonderzoek kon helpen bij de evaluatie van potentiële medicamenten. Dit domein werd later de gedragsfarmacologie. In een belangrijke publicatie uit 1965 beschreef Miller hoe stimulatie van eenzelfde hersengebied met verschillende stoffen (hetzij natuurlijk voorkomende stoffen, hetzij synthetische) verschillend gedrag kan uitlokken.

Rockefeller-universiteit
In 1966 ging Miller aan de slag bij de Rockefeller-universiteit. Hier leverde hij meer neurowetenschappelijk werk en startte hij onderzoek dat later zou leiden tot de therapeutische toepassingen van biofeedback. Lange tijd werd gedacht dat autonome responsen alleen konden geconditioneerd worden via klassieke conditionering. Miller was ervan overtuigd dat dit ook kon via operante conditionering, met andere woorden via bekrachtiging. Het eerste onderzoek in dit verband werd gepubliceerd in 1967. Miller en Carmona toonden hierin aan dat honden konden leren hun speekselproductie (een autonome respons) te verhogen of verlagen om water te bekomen als beloning. In een ander artikel van datzelfde jaar toonden Miller en DiCara aan dat verlamde ratten konden leren hun hartslag te verhogen of verlagen met als beloning elektrische hersenstimulatie. Dit laatste resultaat bleek later niet repliceerbaar te zijn. Dit betekende evenwel niet het einde van deze onderzoekslijn. De biofeedbackmethode werd verder ontwikkeld en ook toegepast op mensen. De eerste onderzoeken richtten zich op mensen met een verlamming ten gevolge van beschadiging van het ruggenmerg door schotwonden. Via biofeedback leerden zij hun bloeddruk te verhogen.

Later werk
Begin jaren 1970 ging Miller ook les geven aan de Cornell-universiteit. In 1980 ging hij op emeritaat aan de Rockefeller-universiteit en in 1985 keerde hij terug naar Yale als onderzoeker. Vanaf half de jaren 1970 richtte hij zijn onderzoek op het toepassen van biofeedback om stress te verminderen. Hiermee stond hij mee aan de wieg van de behavioral medicine en de gezondheidspsychologie.

Privé
In 1948 trouwde Miller met Marion Edwards, een maatschappelijk werkster aan de Yale-universiteit. Ze hadden twee kinderen. Zijn vrouw overleed in 1997. In 1998 trouwde hij met zijn tweede vrouw.

Miller overleed in 2002 op 92-jarige leeftijd in een serviceflat.

Erkenning
 In 1952 werd hij als eerste benoemd als de "James Rowland Angell Chair of Psychology" aan de Yale-universiteit.
 In 1958 werd hij opgenomen bij de National Academy of Sciences.
 In 1959 kreeg hij van de American Psychological Association (APA) de Award for Distinguished Scientific Contributions.
 Van 1960 tot 1961 was Miller voorzitter van de APA.
 In 1961 werd hij gekozen als "fellow" bij de American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
 In 1962 werd hij aangesteld als voorzitter van het President's Science Advisory Committee dat een verslag moest maken over de gedragswetenschappen. Dit verslag verscheen datzelfde jaar in Science.
 Voor zijn wetenschappelijk werk ontving hij in 1964 de National Medal of Science uit de handen van president Lyndon B. Johnson. Deze medaille werd later bij hem thuis gestolen. Daarom kreeg hij er terug een van president Jimmy Carter.
 Van 1971 tot 1972 was hij voorzitter van de Society for Neuroscience.
 In 1984-1985 was hij voorzitter van de Association for Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback (AAPB).
 In 1991 kreeg hij van de APA de Award for Lifetime Contributions to Psychology.
 Vanaf 1993 organiseert de APA een Neal Miller Distinguished Lecture over neurowetenschap en dieronderzoek tijdens de jaarlijkse bijeenkomst van de vereniging.
 In 2000 kreeg hij van de Society for Neuroscience de Award for Education in Neuroscience.
 Ter gelegenheid van zijn 100e verjaardag werd in 2009 door collega's een website over hem opgezet
 In 2010 werd een themanummer van het wetenschappelijk tijdschrift Biofeedback gewijd aan Neal Miller.

Amerikaans psycholoog
Behaviorist
Neurowetenschapper
Amerikaans hoogleraar