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Chrome est un navigateur web propriétaire développé par Google depuis 2008, basé sur le projet libre Chromium fonctionnant sous Windows, Mac, Linux, Android et iOS. Chromium est similaire à Chrome.

Il est annoncé le , la veille de la sortie de la première version bêta. La première version stable est quant à elle dévoilée le . Selon l'institut StatCounter, Google Chrome devient en  le navigateur le plus utilisé dans le monde, avec environ un tiers des utilisateurs. En mars 2021, sa part de marché est de plus de 65 % toutes plateformes confondues.

Développement

Contexte
Partant du constat que le temps passé sur internet est en constante augmentation, Google a décidé de créer un navigateur qui soit rapide, dynamique et innovant, afin d'économiser du temps d'une part, mais également d'être adapté au contenu des pages web qui évoluent et se complexifient année après année. En effet, Chrome ne se veut pas être un simple navigateur, mais un logiciel destiné à optimiser le fonctionnement des services en ligne et, à terme, à promouvoir le cloud computing.

Depuis début 2007 (voire bien avant), des rumeurs concernant la conception d'un navigateur Web par Google circulaient sur Internet. Google avait acheté le nom de domaine « Gbrowser.com », ce qui signifie « navigateur internet G », la lettre G renvoyant à Google comme pour Gmail.

Néanmoins, on apprendra lors d'une conférence en  qu'Eric Schmidt, le PDG de Google, a déclaré que depuis six ans, il était contre la volonté des cofondateurs Sergey Brin et Larry Page de construire un navigateur Web indépendant et un système d'exploitation. Il a expliqué que la société était faible à l'époque et qu'il ne voulait pas subir les dégâts d'une guerre concurrentielle avec les grands navigateurs alors présents. Par la suite, les fondateurs ont embauché plusieurs développeurs de Firefox et ont construit une version de démonstration de Chrome. Depuis, Eric Schmidt, s'est ravisé puis est devenu un grand partisan de Chrome et de Chrome OS.

Le projet a dès lors été imaginé et conceptualisé dans une ferme danoise dès le début 2007, par Lars Bak qui ne voulait pas s'expatrier du Danemark pour travailler au Googleplex en Californie. Il affirma : .

Après plus d'un an et demi de travail, l'annonce de sortie était programmée le , et une bande dessinée par Scott McCloud devait être envoyée aux journalistes et blogueurs en expliquant les caractéristiques et les motivations du nouveau navigateur, mais à la suite d'un incident, l'annonce et la publication de la BD se firent deux jours plus tôt, le .

Émergence d'un nouveau navigateur

Le  a été publiée une bande dessinée créée par le dessinateur Scott McCloud expliquant les différentes fonctionnalités du navigateur et les évolutions en performance que celui-ci apporte par rapport à ceux existants à l'heure actuelle sur le marché. Elle met en scène les développeurs du logiciel. La sortie du navigateur a été une surprise générale, puisque Google est resté silencieux jusqu'à la publication de la BD, et n'a pas « préparé le terrain ».

La première version bêta est disponible depuis le  pour les systèmes Microsoft Windows version XP SP2 et ultérieurs. Sa compilation nécessite Microsoft Visual Studio. Lors de sa sortie, le jeune navigateur était en concurrence avec Internet Explorer 7 qui allait prendre sa retraite en mars 2009, et Safari 3, bientôt remplacé par la version 4 fin , ainsi que Mozilla Firefox 3 principalement. Des versions Linux et Mac ont été lancées début décembre 2009.

La version 1.0, c'est-à-dire celle définitive et stable, a été lancée le , sans apporter d'innovation.

Montée d'un concurrent, fruit d'une politique novatrice
En moins d'un mois, les statistiques ont montré que Chrome avait acquis 1 % des utilisateurs. Cet afflux s'explique par le buzz généré par un tel événement, et se confirme lorsqu'une fois la frénésie passée, Chrome a affiché une légère baisse. Dès ses premiers jours Chrome bénéficie d'un accord avec Sony qui l'installe dorénavant sur ses PC en tant que navigateur par défaut au détriment d'Internet Explorer.

Lors de chaque nouvelle version, les performances du navigateur s'accroissent, principalement en termes de vitesse. Ainsi, depuis sa première version, on a constaté sur la bêta de la version 5 un gain de cette vitesse compris entre 213 % et 305 %. L'essoufflement d'Internet Explorer couplé au succès du navigateur le font passer devant Safari aux États-Unis, ce qui lui offre la troisième position en part de marché.

La politique de Google semble être grandement responsable du succès de Chrome. En effet, face à une évolution rapide d'internet et de son contenu, ainsi qu'au matériel informatique, Google a opté pour un rythme de développement très rapide ; chaque version étant espacée d'un mois. Contrairement à la concurrence qui préfère intégrer des grosses évolutions dans des versions de leurs navigateurs, dont les versions sont publiées moins d'une fois par an. À titre d'exemple, entre les versions 6 et 7 d'Internet Explorer, il s'est écoulé 5 ans. Du point de vue de Google, une lenteur du cycle de développement entraîne un fossé technologique qui n'est pas compatible avec une évolution du web incessante. Pour s'assurer de la mise à jour rapide de son navigateur, les développeurs ont écarté l'opération humaine de ce processus en incluant un mécanisme de mise à jour automatique silencieuse. Chrome est en permanence à jour, sans intervention de l'utilisateur, qui n'est même pas informé du processus. Cette mise à jour permanente renforce la sécurité du navigateur. Parallèlement, Google promeut un Store qui permet d'ajouter de nombreuses possibilités et services via des extensions, applications et jeux. Enfin, pour s'adapter à la croissance du marché de l'internet mobile soutenu par la diffusion massive de smartphones et de tablettes, Google a décliné Chrome pour Android et iOS.

Ainsi, le navigateur a vu ses parts de marché augmenter de plus de 0,5 % par mois, mettant progressivement les plus grands concurrents en situation difficile. Fin 2011, selon certains sites d'analyse, Chrome a une part de marché supérieure à celle de Mozilla Firefox. Ce choc médiatique est d'autant plus grand lorsqu'en , il talonne Internet Explorer et le dépasse périodiquement, jusqu'à avoir raison de lui pendant l'été, devenant ainsi le navigateur le plus utilisé au monde. En avril 2016, Chrome distance Explorer d'une courte tête avec 41,66 % de part de marché contre 41,35 % pour le logiciel de Microsoft devenant ainsi le navigateur le plus utilisé au monde.

Google Chrome Canary, la version Alpha du logiciel
Depuis 2010 pour Windows, 2011 pour Mac OS et enfin 2013 pour Android, la version Alpha de Google Chrome est disponible en téléchargement sur le site officiel de Google sous le nom de Google Chrome Canary. Tout utilisateur averti de l'instabilité particulière de cette version du logiciel peut désormais utiliser les dernières fonctionnalités en cours de développement. Google Chrome et Google Chrome Canary peuvent être exécutés simultanément. Cette version alpha de ce logiciel est partiellement en français.

Aspects du navigateur

Aspect graphique

L'aspect du logiciel de Google se conforme aux logiques d'esthétisme des fenêtres des systèmes d'exploitation dans lequel il est installé. Quel que soit l'environnement, le design se veut simple et épuré, selon l'habitude de son concepteur. Sous Microsoft Windows, Chrome applique l'interface Luna de Windows XP et Windows Aero de Vista et 7. Sous Mac OS X, Chrome se fond également dans l'interface.

Structurellement, les fenêtres de Chrome conservent une structure similaire aux principaux navigateurs concurrents. L'interface utilisateur est composée d'une zone d'affichage gérée sous forme d'onglets. Les pages de format spécial sont manipulées à l'aide de barre de défilement. Les fonctions page précédente, page suivante, actualiser, page d'accueil, et ajouter aux favoris restent aux emplacements traditionnels.

Google apporte cependant plusieurs innovations dès la première version : premièrement, les barres d'outils et de menu sont réduites à deux icônes dans le coin supérieur droit ; deuxièmement, la barre de titre reste toujours vierge ; et enfin, les barres d'adresse et le champ de recherche fusionnent au profit d'une barre intelligente, dite omnibox. Pour les langues dont l'écriture s'aligne à gauche, l'interface graphique du navigateur est horizontalement inversée.

Le comportement du logiciel est par ailleurs très plastique. Il est possible de « sortir » un onglet pour en faire une fenêtre, et inversement, de fusionner des fenêtres en glissant les onglets dans une même fenêtre. Ceux-ci se repositionnent si l'utilisateur les place de manière inadéquate, et peuvent se rétrécir en les écrasant sur la gauche avec la souris. Le navigateur tout entier peut être comprimé en une moitié d'écran si on laisse le pointeur cliqué sur le front, qu'on déplace la fenêtre entière sur le milieu des côtés de l'écran. Cette innovation sera reprise dans l'interface graphique de Windows 7.

Depuis la version 3.0, le navigateur offre une possibilité de personnalisation visuelle inédite, par le biais de thèmes téléchargeables et parfois conçus par des particuliers. Lors du lancement de cette nouvelle version, 29 thèmes étaient utilisables. Pour la version suivante, Google a sollicité plusieurs artistes pour étoffer sa galerie de thèmes, et 95 nouveaux skins ont été ajoutés.

Fonctionnalités et caractéristiques techniques

Chrome a été conçu à partir de 25 bibliothèques de code différentes. Ces dernières proviennent de Google ou de tiers, telles les bibliothèques «  », «  », «  » de Mozilla, ainsi que la base de données SQLite et de nombreux autres projets open source. La machine virtuelle JavaScript a été considérée comme un projet suffisamment important pour que son développement et sa gestion soient assurés par une équipe distincte coordonnée par Lars Bak à Aarhus au Danemark.

Selon Google, les implémentations de JavaScript existantes ont été conçues  , alors que les applications web telles que Gmail  . De ce fait, le navigateur bénéficierait grandement d'un moteur JavaScript qui lui permettrait de fonctionner plus vite.

Comme la plupart des navigateurs, Chrome a été testé en interne avant sa mise à disposition des testeurs. Les tests automatisés ont affiché 99 % de réussite. Le fonctionnement des nouvelles versions du navigateur est automatiquement mis à l'épreuve sur des dizaines de milliers de sites web fréquemment consultés à l'intérieur de l'index Google pendant 20 à 30 minutes.

Chrome intègre par défaut Gears, une API permettant d'accéder tout en étant hors connexion à ses données (par exemple la suite bureautique en ligne Google Documents), et permet l'accès à des applications web hors du navigateur. Google Chrome emprunte également des fonctionnalités à ses concurrents tels un système d'accès aux favoris proche du  d'Opera et une barre d'adresse intelligente appelée omnibox, innovation majeure d'Opera déjà reprise par Mozilla Firefox à partir de sa version 3.0 et Internet Explorer 8. Depuis Google Chrome 4 bêta, le navigateur propose un gestionnaire d'extensions. Les extensions permettent d'ajouter des fonctionnalités en tout genre au navigateur.

Fin , Google annonce son intention d'intégrer Adobe Flash Player dans son navigateur, ce qui a provoqué la déception de la communauté des logiciels libres, dénonçant une consommation de ressources importantes ainsi qu'une politique visant à maintenir Adobe Flash comme indispensable pour une partie du web.

Chrome utilise :
 le moteur de rendu HTML utilisé par Chrome était WebKit (le moteur de rendu qu'utilise Safari) jusqu'en avril 2013 mais Google annonce alors que le navigateur utilisera Blink, qui est une version modifiée (dans le jargon un fork) de WebKit ;
 un nouveau moteur JavaScript baptisé V8, annoncé comme très performant grâce à :
 une compilation à la volée du code JavaScript en langage machine ;
 un accès immédiat aux attributs, obtenu grâce à une représentation interne sophistiquée (orientée objet et typée dynamiquement) des éléments JavaScript ;
 un ramasse-miettes efficace, par des pointeurs et des objets clairement identifiés ;
 un espace mémoire et un processus exclusif pour chaque composant ou onglet afin de gagner en vitesse et en sécurité ;
 une barre d'adresse qui propose des sites ou des suggestions grâce au complètement automatique ;
 une page d'accueil dynamique avec un visuel des huit sites les plus visités, des derniers favoris, des derniers onglets fermés et des dernières recherches ;
 un mode de navigation privée, où rien ne sera conservé une fois l'application arrêtée ;
 une ségrégation des droits entre différents onglets.

Extensions
Google Chrome dispose d'un système de gestion d'extensions (actif depuis la version 4 Beta) permettant d'ajouter de nombreuses fonctionnalités au navigateur. Cette fonction répond au manque critiqué depuis sa sortie. Les extensions permettent par exemple de bloquer la publicité des sites Web, d'afficher la météo, de fournir des outils d'aide au développement Web, etc. Les extensions se mettent à jour automatiquement et de façon transparente. Il n'y a pas besoin de redémarrer le navigateur lors de l'installation ou la mise à jour d'une extension.

Il est relativement facile de créer une extension pour Google Chrome, car elles sont écrites avec les mêmes langages utilisés pour créer une page Web : le HTML et le JavaScript. Les extensions de Google Chrome sont lancées dans un processus indépendant. Ainsi, une extension boguée ne pourra pas faire planter le navigateur.

Google a mis à disposition une galerie d'extensions (= add-ons) dans plusieurs langues. Le , la galerie en proposait plus de . En plus des extensions, cette galerie permet de télécharger des nouveaux thèmes graphiques.

Le mardi  a été détecté un cheval de Troie par l'équipe de Bitdefender qui se faisait passer pour une extension de Google Chrome (Trojan.Agent.20577).

En août 2020, Google propose aux utilisateurs une nouvelle extension nommée Ads Transparency Spotlight. Cette fonctionnalité permet aux internautes de connaître la provenance des publicités et les informations utilisées (emplacement, centre d'intérêt, remarketing, etc.).

Applications
Google ne veut pas simplement améliorer son navigateur avec l'apparition des extensions, il veut aller beaucoup plus loin en proposant une galerie d'applications, qui seront en réalité des sites internet qui répondent à des besoins et des services précis. Ces applications web sont logées dans un onglet sur la gauche du navigateur, avec un logo plus gros. Elles feront leur apparition avec la version 7 ou 8 de Chrome ainsi que la première version de Chrome OS, et certaines seront accessibles hors ligne. Certaines seront gratuites, et d'autres payantes. Google prend une commission de 5 % sur chaque vente.

Licence
Google Chrome n'est pas , les binaires officiels sont soumis à un contrat de licence utilisateur final (CLUF).

Vie privée

Mode « Vie privée »
Le mode de navigation privée appelé incognito empêche le navigateur de garder des informations venant des sites web comme l'historique ou les cookies.

Comme pour Internet Explorer de Microsoft, la popularité de Google Chrome a conduit à l'apparition de logiciels malveillants abusant de son nom. Fin 2015, une réplique de logiciel publicitaire de Chrome nommée « eFast » apparaît, qui usurperait l'installation de Google Chrome et détournerait les associations de types de fichiers pour créer des raccourcis pour les types de fichiers courants et les protocoles de communication liés à lui-même, et injecter des publicités dans les pages Web. Son icône d'aspect similaire était destinée à tromper les utilisateurs

Espionnage des utilisateurs
Google Chrome contient des mouchards, qui envoient des informations personnelles, ou pisteurs, y compris dans la version mobile du navigateur.

Google Chrome envoie des détails à propos de ses utilisateurs à Google à travers des mécanismes optionnels ou non.

Certains de ces mécanismes peuvent être optionnellement activés et désactivés à travers l'interface d'installation.

En , Google commence à utiliser une nouvelle méthode pour collecter les statistiques d'installation : le seul jeton ID inclus avec chrome est désormais seulement utilisé pour la première connexion que Google Update fait à son serveur.

La recherche de suggestion incluse dans Google Chrome a été critiquée parce qu'elle envoie la suggestion à l'utilisateur avant qu'il appuie sur Entrer, ce qui permet au moteur de recherche de collecter des informations sur l'utilisation que fait l'utilisateur du web.

La possibilité d'utiliser un service web pour aider à résoudre les fautes de frappes a des implications concernant la vie privée.

En avril 2021, Google a lancé des tests du système de suivi publicitaire FLoC, qui permet de faire du profilage publicitaire sans cookie, sur certains utilisateurs de Google Chrome.

Ne pas suivre
En , Google a annoncé que Chrome supporterait le Ne pas suivre (DNT) fin 2012. Le protocole a été implémenté dans version 23 de Chrome. En accord avec le standard, l' n'est pas envoyé par défaut.

Identité visuelle et logo
Comme les quatre autres premiers navigateurs, Google Chrome a un logo circulaire. Le logo de Chrome est le même que celui du projet Chromium qui est à sa base, mais les couleurs ont été mises à la norme du logo de l'entreprise Google. En effet, le bleu du centre est sensiblement similaire aux deux lettres « g », le jaune est celui du deuxième « o », le vert renvoie au « l », tandis que le rouge se retrouve dans le premier « o » et dans le « e » final du mot « Google ». Depuis la première version, et jusqu'à la V.10, ces couleurs formaient une coque divisée en trois parties luisantes, semblant recouvrir une sphère grise. Par ailleurs, des ouvertures étaient visibles sur la partie jaune.

À partir de la version 11, le logo a été modifié avec un style graphique aplati et épuré pour gagner en simplicité. Il a été légèrement retouché à partir de la version 46, avec des teintes moins vives et la quasi-disparition des effets de relief.

L'originalité de l'identité visuelle du navigateur a fait l'objet de plusieurs controverses. Certains soupçonnent Google d'avoir remanié le drapeau de Windows afin peut-être de bénéficier de l'aspect mondialement connu de celui-ci. Ce logo serait aussi basé sur d'autres objets ou logos très célèbres, comme celui de ThinkFree Office, logo avec lequel certains trouvent des ressemblances troublantes ou de Simon, le premier jeu électronique grand public. L'architecture circulaire en trois parties isométriques ressemble également au logo du recyclage.

Depuis la première version sortie fin 2008, le logo n'a pas évolué. Au début de l'été 2009, Google a lancé un concours vidéo pour la réalisation du logo de son navigateur, invitant les participants à faire preuve d'originalité.

Médiatisation et communication

Performance aux tests

La première version de Chrome a passé les tests Acid1 et Acid2 à 100 %, mais pas Acid3, la dernière version. Il a en effet obtenu un score de 79 points sur les 100 sous-tests. Ces résultats restent honorables pour une première version. Les concurrents principaux à l'époque de sa sortie atteignaient les scores suivants : Internet Explorer 7, 14/100 ; Firefox 3, 71/100 ; Safari 3, 75/100 ; et Opera 9, 83/100. Cependant, la version 2.0 de Chrome passe les 100 sous-tests. Idem lors de sa maturation en 3.0, toutefois, un « X » est apparu dans le coin supérieur droit, pour des raisons des polices téléchargeables, désactivées par mesure de sécurité. Google a communiqué que son navigateur en version 4.0 était à nouveau supérieur en performance, et de ce fait, qu'il avait passé avec succès Acid 3, sans rencontrer le problème mineur précédent.

Les mêmes résultats sont affichés pour la version 5 sous Windows 7 en 64 bits, et en termes de rapidité, il était respectivement 14,2 fois plus rapide que les versions à jour d'Internet Explorer 8, 2,29 fois plus que Firefox 3.6.3, 1,48 fois plus que Safari 4.05, mais néanmoins 4 % plus lent qu'Opera 10.53. Outre la plateforme traditionnelle, le navigateur surpasse tous les autres sur MacOSX et Ubuntu 10.04.

Passé les versions « jeunes » du navigateur « nouveau », les tests des nouvelles versions ont été de moins en moins publiées, probablement en raison de résultats très similaires d'une version à l'autre. Google s'exprime en  au sujet des benchmarks pour les navigateurs en déplorant l'inefficacité de ceux-ci, vieillissants et plus adaptés face à la vitesse des évolutions (JavaScript, HTML5, CSS3, accélération matérielle…). Cet état de fait aurait pour conséquence une pénalisation des navigateurs rapides, et des résultats peu réalistes. Partant de ce constat, Google annonce avoir optimisé les tests Sunspider et Kraken.

Publicité

Si la publicité de Chrome lors du lancement est restée relativement faible ou plutôt ciblée, limitée à la page d'accueil du moteur de recherche et de YouTube ou à un spot publicitaire aux États-Unis, une grande campagne publicitaire à grande échelle a commencé le  dans huit pays européens. La publicité est présente sur de très nombreux sites web, mais aussi matériellement sous forme d'affiches dans certaines stations de métro, ou dans certaines publications, à l'exemple de 20 minutes. Cette politique intervient avant le ballot screen, une proposition à l'utilisateur de choisir son navigateur, Internet Explorer étant jusqu'alors proposé par défaut, sans laisser le choix à l'utilisateur basique. Celui-ci fait suite à une condamnation de la Commission européenne, jugeant la situation comme une entrave à la concurrence.

Ainsi, Google, comme il fournit la page d'accueil de son moteur de recherche, y appose un encadré fermable en haut à droite lors de l'affichage de cette page sous IE 6 et 7. Les utilisateurs sous Firefox reçoivent lors de l'anniversaire pour les 2 ans de Chrome début septembre une publicité juste en bas de la barre de saisie de recherche où il est marqué : Téléchargez la toute dernière version de Chrome, la plus rapide à ce jour. Enfin, détenant la plate-forme de partage de vidéos YouTube, un encadré bleu fermable apparaît sur les navigateurs autres que Chrome, montrant le logo ainsi que trois traits horizontaux faisant paraître le logo en train de se déplacer rapidement vers la droite muni du slogan : Essayez YouTube dans un nouveau navigateur Web. Télécharger Google Chrome .

Distinctions

Lors du Pwn2Own de 2010 à Vancouver, un concours légal de hacking destiné à sécuriser les systèmes informatiques, seul Google Chrome n'a pu être exploité ou manipulé d'une quelconque façon. Les hackers ont affirmé qu'il avait bien quelques failles, mais qu'elles n'étaient qu'extrêmement difficiles à exploiter, et de ce fait, ne s'y sont pas attaqués.

En revanche, en , le navigateur est nommé l'application la plus vulnérable de 2010 par le cabinet Bit9 puisqu'elle aurait comporté 76 failles critiques sur une période de dix mois. Cette annonce n'a pas empêché Google de proposer  à qui hackera avec succès le navigateur, lors du Pwn2Own 2011. Pour l'édition 2012, Google a élevé le budget à un million de dollars.

Popularité

Nombre de téléchargements
En 2011, lors de la conférence I/O de Google, on apprenait que le navigateur cumulait 160 millions d'utilisateurs actifs, contre 70 millions à la mi-2010.

Une erreur de stratégie de la part de Microsoft va permettre à Google Chrome de s'imposer. En 2011, Microsoft lance Internet Explorer 9 ; cette édition du navigateur ne sera pas compatible avec Windows XP, alors que ce dernier était encore l'un des systèmes d'exploitation les plus utilisés en 2011. L'enjeu de Microsoft était que les utilisateurs abandonnent Windows XP au profit d'une version plus récente de Windows, mais les utilisateurs ont généralement choisi de changer de navigateur internet et la plupart ont opté pour Google Chrome.

En fin d'année 2011, à la mi-octobre, le nombre était passé au-dessus de 200 millions.

En 2016, il devient le navigateur web le plus diffusé en atteignant les 2 milliards de téléchargements et surpasse ainsi ses concurrents Mozilla Firefox et Internet Explorer.

Part de marché

Suivant les régions étudiées, les statistiques évoquées varient considérablement. Ainsi, en , en Tunisie, le navigateur affichait 20,56 % de part de marché, ce qui le hissait à égalité avec Firefox. Cette ascension le conduisit à frôler les 50 %, ce qui en 2011 fit de lui le premier navigateur du pays.

Ces chiffres sont à relativiser puisque la moyenne européenne affichée en  était de 10,13 % selon StatCounter, contre 9,88 % au niveau mondial. Ces hausses des parts en saison estivale peuvent s'expliquer par la non-utilisation des ordinateurs d'entreprises utilisant encore majoritairement le navigateur par défaut de Windows, ajoutée à l'augmentation de l'utilisation des ordinateurs personnels, avec lesquels les utilisateurs surfent plus souvent avec des navigateurs alternatifs.

Selon l'institut StatCounter, Google Chrome devient en  le navigateur le plus utilisé dans le monde, avec environ un tiers des utilisateurs.

<center>'Évolution mensuelle de la part du navigateur à l'échelle mondiale selon StatCounter
</center>

 Réception et critiques

L'annonce par Google de la sortie de ce nouveau navigateur a été accompagnée d'un buzz sur Internet. De nombreuses réactions ont suivi cette annonce.

La présidente de la Fondation Mozilla, Mitchell Baker, a écrit qu'elle était également contente de voir naître un nouveau rival de Firefox. « Cela nous force à sortir un produit qui soit encore meilleur, a-t-elle affirmé. Firefox 3 est un navigateur remarquable, mais nous avons à peine commencé à exploiter tout son potentiel. ».

Également, ce pas de plus effectué par le géant d'Internet a soulevé des inquiétudes chez de nombreuses personnes. L'informaticien français Daniel Glazman, par exemple, s'inquiète du monopole grandissant de Google.

Les clauses du contrat de licence utilisateur ont également fait couler beaucoup d'encre sur la blogosphère et dans la presse électronique. Des inquiétudes ont ainsi été évoquées parmi lesquelles on peut noter la possibilité pour Google de « cibler le contenu des informations stockées sur les Services, les requêtes formulées à l'aide des Services ou d'autres informations » afin de diffuser des publicités, ou encore le « droit de prévisualiser, réviser, marquer, filtrer, modifier, refuser ou retirer tout ou partie du Contenu issu de tout Service ». Une autre clause semble aller plus loin, en indiquant que l'utilisateur du navigateur Google Chrome concède à Google « une licence permanente, irrévocable, mondiale, gratuite et non exclusive permettant de reproduire, adapter, modifier, traduire, publier, présenter en public et distribuer tout Contenu » qu'il aura « fourni, publié ou affiché sur les Services ou par le biais de ces derniers ». Bien entendu, les clauses légales d'un tel contrat d'utilisation sont sujettes à interprétation et Google a immédiatement réagi en indiquant que ce contrat d'utilisation serait révisé pour prendre en compte les remarques formulées sur Internet.

À la suite des multiples réactions, Google a décidé de modifier la licence utilisateur de son navigateur.

L'autorité allemande de sûreté des techniques d'information (BSI) a mis en garde les consommateurs à propos de ce navigateur, en recommandant son usage dans des cas limités : « Google Chrome ne doit pas être employé pour un usage d'ordre général », a affirmé un porte-parole de l'autorité fédérale, Matthias Gärtner, dans le quotidien . M. Gärtner a également déclaré : « Pour des raisons de sécurité technique, l'accumulation de données par un fournisseur pose problème ».

Lors de l'installation, Google Chrome donne à l'exécutable  un droit d'exécution silencieuse avec élévation de privilèges dans Internet Explorer. Googleupdate.exe a ainsi le droit de passer outre les niveaux de protection définis dans Internet Explorer et de mettre le mode protégé à  lorsqu'il le décide. Ces modifications peuvent permettre l'envoi à Google d'informations sur les utilisateurs.

En raison des nombreuses informations personnelles qui sont recueillies par Chrome, la société SRWare propose SRWare Iron sur la base du code source de Chromium, qui ne contient plus les fonctions problématiques.

Dès la mise en téléchargement de la version bêta, les testeurs puis les utilisateurs mêleront louanges et critiques. Alors que l'euphorie d'une révolution de la navigation était supposée par , les premiers contacts du monde avec le navigateur concluent à un logiciel basique, limité aux fonctions traditionnelles présentes chez les concurrents, sans innovation notable. On lui reprochera notamment cette limite, puis le manque d'innovation. Les partisans de Firefox le critiqueront par exemple pour l'absence d'extensions (add-ons) (voir Extension (Mozilla)). Toutefois, petit à petit, les tests et l'utilisation révélèrent la vélocité du moteur de Chrome, et sa rapidité d'affichage des pages web. Cet atout fut apprécié, et contribua aux premiers pas de la renommée du navigateur de Google.

Le navigateur a déjà été surnommé , jeu de mots avec  (« '' » désigne un navigateur web en anglais).

Le navigateur Chrome est critiqué pour son côté énergivore qui réduit l'autonomie des téléphones et appareils.

Chrome OS, le concept poussé plus loin

Le , Google a annoncé la préparation de son système d'exploitation Chrome OS, basé sur l'interface graphique du navigateur Chrome et sur le noyau Linux. Ce système fonctionnera en ligne de la même façon que ses applications (Google Documents, Gmail, etc.), ce qui lui permet de n'exiger de l'ordinateur sur lequel il fonctionne qu'une faible puissance. Un petit espace de stockage est aussi suffisant. Ce système d'exploitation démarre en moins de 10 secondes, ce qui permet d'accéder rapidement au bureau. Cette vitesse et ses faibles exigences techniques sont un atout important qui lui permet d'être bien adapté aux miniportables (netbooks).

Notes et références

Annexes

Articles connexes
 Chromium
 Évolution de l'usage des navigateurs web
 Liste de navigateurs web

Liens externes
  Site officiel de Chrome
  Blog officiel de Chrome
  Chrome Web Store

Navigateur web utilisant WebKit
Logiciel pour Mac OS
Logiciel pour Windows
Logiciel pour Android
chrome
Produit lancé en 2008
Navigateur web mobile


Just wondering if anyone is making the jump to the new S-line up???
I want to see what Apple is going to offer in Sept, but it's mighty tempting. That 10 looks nice! Even if I did jump, I would wait for the Note 10.
phlamethrowre, ladyc0524, aximtreo and 2 others like this.
Nope, but I'm curious about what the new Samsung Note will bring to the table.
Snoweagle, Not Quite Right and dazzlingirl like this.
Nope. I'm on my Xr for several years. I usually only upgrade once every 3-4 years. Definitely like what Samsung is doing though and may not just blindly upgrade next time.
Nope. I joined Team Apple several years ago and don't plan on switching. The S10+ looks awesome though.
rellyrellz and Lee_Bo like this.
Exactly. That's how radical I am in my opinion regarding Samsung and Android. Hence the bold and italic font.
ivanwi11iams, Jude526, joemd60 and 3 others like this.
ladyc0524 and mumfoau like this.
That's normal. Forgetting stuff comes with age.
Spencerdl, Annie_8plus, nikkisharif and 3 others like this.
I jumped off Samsung 3 yrs ago. There new devices do look impressive BUT I have made the expensive investment into the Apple ecosystem and I am quite content. I just got the XS Max and upgraded from Series 3 watch to the 4. Both Android and iOS are great. But I prefer Apple. Apple is ahead on what the watch can do and I like how it fits and all its functions . I have no intentions of switching.
Tartarus, grover5 and aximtreo like this.
Spencerdl, Tartarus, grover5 and 1 others like this.
Nope. I tried going back to Samsung for the Note 7 and as we know that phone was da bomb, then back to Iphone and then tried the S8 and then back to Iphone. I have went from the X to the XS max and a series 3 watch to a 4. I am heavily invested in the apple eco system from a macbook to the phone to watch to a home pod and TV. I just dont see myself going to the dark side again.
grover5 and joemd60 like this.
I thought Chevy stopped making the S10??
Spencerdl, Just_Me_D, jayk82 and 5 others like this.
joemd60 and Not Quite Right like this.
aximtreo, F_Benitez and preston66002425 like this.
Not me, until a company comes up with a ecosystem like Apple that I'm comfortable with, I'm staying with Apple and keep an Android device as a second phone so I can stay up to date with Android.
The S 10's look like solid devices. And the only thing that would push me to Android is the call quality on my iPhone.
Again, it's either the network it's on, the area, or the phone.
But I doubt I would jump ship, I am very much invested in Apple.
I do use several Google apps, and products so I wouldn't say never.
I tried android in 2014, after 6 years of iPhone. I wanted the bigger screen but when they released the plus and no split screen I said it's time to try the other side and I bought the note 3. And note 4 after that (God, that fingerprint sensor shouldn't have seen the daylight), I wanted the edge note but wasn't available. I drooled on note 5 release conference but some smart head at Samsung decided that the Europeans don't want the note so they didn't launched it in Europe. And finally note 7 launched and they did us the courtesy to let us, Europeans, give them our money. And after two months of extremely poorly managed situation I came back. And let's just say that even if their phones are foldable or rollable, they have 0 interest from me even looking at them. Though I'm sure they are better than they were 2-3 years ago, I'm done with experiences.
w00cash1020, Jude526 and Rev17 like this.
They look good, but not for me, happy with what i have.
Just_Me_D, duckduckgoose, joemd60 and 1 others like this.
They look nice, but no. I'm an Apple girl, and am too invested in the Apple ecosystem.
joemd60, Jude526 and aximtreo like this.


Connecting people with our collections is at the heart of what we do. The Online Collection showcases a growing selection of our objects for you to explore and discover.
Use the objects inventory to search listings of all the artefacts we hold in our collections.
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The assumption behind the "I want to find the truth that works for me" idea is that I am the judge of God. God is not my judge. C. S. Lewis commented on this mindset in his book God in the Dock where the dock is the place the accused person sits when brought to trial: "In talking to modern unbelievers, the greatest barrier I have met is the almost total absence from the minds of my audience of any sense of sin. The ancient person approached God (or even the gods) as the accused person approaches his judge. For the modern person, the roles are reversed. The person is the judge: God is in the dock. The modern person is quite a kindly judge: if God should have a reasonable defense for being the god who permits war, poverty, and disease, the person is ready to listen to the defense. The trial may even end in God's acquittal. But the important thing is that Humans are on the Bench and God is in the dock" (244-45).


text:
Gaming eSports What is the ELEAGUE? – The Best Teams, Schedule, Tournament
Home Gaming eSports What is the ELEAGUE? – The Best Teams, Schedule, Tournament
What is the ELEAGUE? – The Best Teams, Schedule, Tournament
The ELEAGUE brings together the best Counter Strike Global Offensive teams in the world. Read about the players, prizes and the structure of the tournament.
ELEAGUE Road to Vegas. © 2016 Turner Broadcasting System
Starcraft was the first true eSport and Blizzard Entertainment's real-time strategy game developed a cult following in South Korea. Well before the arrival of the ELEAGUE, the best players went head to head in action-packed games for hundreds of thousands of dollars, the world took notice. Counter Strike soon followed and the first-person shooter took eSports to the next level by bringing in millions of other players. The sequels were embraced by both amateurs and professionals, with the latter now playing in the most prominent competitions.
The ELEAGUE is a professional eSports league established in 2016 by Turner and WME | IMG, two global media giants. By combining their resources and experience, they brought together the best Counter Strike Global Offensive players. These will lock horns in high-profile tournaments that will run throughout the year and are expected to catch the eye of millions of fans worldwide.
Which video games does the ELEAGUE cover?
For the time being, the ELEAGUE has a limited scope and will focus exclusively on Counter Strike Global Offensive. There are plenty of highly skilled teams that have already signed up, with many expected to join over the next couple of years. The Counter Strike franchise has been right from the start one of the most competitive first-person shooters and its successful streak spans over more than a decade.
The latest installment is kept up to date by the developers and is widely regarded as one of the most balanced games. The top teams will participate in a season that lasts for a combined 20 weeks and is divided into two equal parts. There will be two Grand Champions crowned in 2016 and all those who are up for the challenge can put their skill to the test by logging in to the Steam Platform.
What is the ELEAGUE schedule?
This is the first edition of the ELEAGUE, but the competition already has a precise schedule and it will make its debut on Tuesday, May 24 2016. The event will be broadcasted live via Twitch over the course of three days, and then on TBS on Friday at 10 PM ET. This is just the opening phase of the tournament and it will mark the beginning of the group stage, with each group containing four teams.
The matches will be played following a round-robin system, with the semifinals scheduled for Thursday and the final taking place on Friday. This competitive format is very likely to be used throughout the entire season as it is also frequently relied upon in other eSports competitions. The opening season of the ELEAGUE is expected to draw even more attention on the video games played at the highest level.
ELEAGUE Regular Season Group Stages. © 2016 Turner Broadcasting System
The complete schedule for the first three weeks of the group stage has been revealed. Cloud9, Liquid, Luminosity Gaming and Renegades play in the first group during the opening week that concludes on May 30. G2 eSports, Ninjas in Pyjamas, Optic and TyLoo will join them shortly after as they comprise the second group, while the latter is made of Astralis, Counter Logic Gaming, NRG and SK Gaming.
Many of these games speak for themselves and those who are even remotely familiar with Counter Strike Global Offensive matches know that they are in for a treat. ELEAGUE enjoys the backing of two massive media brands, so this is very likely to be just the beginning of an impressive string of tournaments.
Which are the top 8 ELEAGUE teams?
Millions of players from all over the world enjoy Counter Strike Global Offensive, but only a handful of them were invited to the ELEAGUE. The open system allows challengers to prove their skills through qualifiers, so future editions are very likely to feature different players.
For the time being, these are some of the best participating teams:
Cloud9 is among the best-known and most appreciated US teams, with an impressive track record against the very best European counterparts. They have a young roaster and a lot of talent, with most of their members being already tested at the highest level in European tournaments.
ELEAGUE Inaugural Season Teams. © 2016 Turner Broadcasting System
Renegades come from Australia and what makes them truly special is that their members only recently became professional gamers. They took the local gaming community by storm and are now rising fast as some of the best international Counter Strike Global Offensive teams.
Counter Logic Gaming is another North American team with an impressive track record and high placements in major tournaments. It has one of the best rosters, with talented players that can single-handedly win a match for their team.
Astralis is the best Danish team in the world right now, frequently finishing as runners-up in major tournaments. They are still chasing those elusive prizes, but they've got what it takes to win the ELEAGUE, or at least make a deep run.
Ninjas in Pyjamas are probably the best-known team in the world and the proud owners of some mind-boggling records in LAN events. The team underwent several changes, but the current rotation is stronger than ever before and will give any team a run for its money.
Mousesports is an all-European Counter Strike Global Offensive team that seeks glory on the other side of the Atlantic as well. They have one of the youngest leaders of all the participating squads, but one that has loads of experience at the highest competitive level.
Luminosity is the only top Brazilian Counter Strike team, enjoying a meteoric rise and trying to confirm its quality on the big stage. Famous for their aggressive play and ability to swarm opponents in a matter of minutes, they are a force to be reckoned with.
SK Gaming are a Counter Strike legend, but they have an equally impressive performance in other games. Their World of Warcraft team won the Arena World at BlizzCon 2015 at the expense of Skill Capped EU and claimed a prize of $120,000. Back in the day, the team used to be comprised almost exclusively from Swedish players, but today they attract the best in the world regardless of nationality.
Injustice 2 Review & [Test] – Superhero Fighting Game
eSports Are Back in the Crosshairs of Media Giants
Top 10 Most Successful Gaming YouTubers of all Time
Dota 2 Review [Test] – Amazing Gameplay, Heroes & Tournaments
Gears of War 4 Review – Atmosphere, Authentic Plot, Gameplay

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Growers know that maximising light is key to getting the best possible results from your indoor garden. That's why we only stock the best in quality lighting kits from all the best names like Maxigrow and Gavita and have something for you no matter what your budget. We stock and supply everything from a lamp or shade through to complete lighting kits with everything included in one box ready to plug in and go.


text:
Siemens to install ETCS Level 2 on Hungarian railway network
Siemens has secured three contracts from Hungary's state infrastructure development company Nemezeti Infrastruktúra Fejlesztő Zrt to supply signalling and control technology for railway in the country.
Siemens has secured three contracts from Hungary's infrastructure development company Nemezeti Infrastruktúra Fejleszto Zrt to supply signalling and control technology for the country's rail network.
The combined value of all three contracts is approximately €60m.
As per the agreed terms, the company will install European train control system (ETCS) Level 2 on two sections of the railway line, between the Budapest suburb of Ferencváros and the small eastern town of Gyoma.
In order to be equipped with ETCS Level 2, the third section runs west from Ferencváros to Székesfehérvár. All the three sections are expected to enter services by the end of 2015.
Siemens' rail automation division will supply the Trainguard 200 automatic train protection system for ETCS Level 2 for roughly 200km of track.
Information can be transmitted to the vehicle from the radio block centre through Euroradio using ETCS Level 2, even when the train is stationary.
Drivers using ETCS Level 2 will also receive instructions directly on a display in the driver's cab, which increases line capacity as the train can accelerate immediately when the display changes from stop to go. This enables speeds of up to 300km/h to be reached.
The installation of ETCS train protection system is in line with European Union's directive that was issued in 1996, which aims to resolve the compatibility issues caused by using different train protection systems.
Image: ETCS 'Eurobalise' transceiver, installed between rails, provides information to ETCS trains. Photo: courtesy of Halász István.
The Austrian Defense Industry - Competitive Landscape and Strategic Insights to 2019: Market Profile
The Military Radar Market in Germany to 2025: Market Brief
The Austrian Defense Industry - Industry Dynamics to 2019: Market Profile
The German Defense Industry - Industry Dynamics to 2021: Market Profile


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NATIONAL MUSEUM OF THE ROYAL NAVY
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A History Of The Royal Navy - World War II
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The Royal Navy's operations in World War II started on 3 September 1939 and continued until the surrender of Japan in August 1945 - there was no 'phoney war' at sea. The navy played a central role in the evacuation of the retreating British army at Dunkirk, and later orchestrated the sinking of Germany's mighty battleship and Hitler's pride, the Bismarck. Without the Royal Navy's attention to the defence of Britain's seaborne trade - especially in the struggle against German U-boats in the Battle of the Atlantic - there would not have been food for the country, fuel for the RAF's operations or supplies to keep the army fighting in Europe, North Africa and the Far East. Yet the outstanding naval contribution to Britain's survival and eventual victory came at a heavy cost in terms of ships and to the men who had to face not just the violence of the enemy, but also the violence of the sea. This book argues that World War II was, effectively, a maritime war; it was the Royal Navy's war.
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This position is located within a National Forest. The primary purpose of this position is responsible for performing a variety of moderately complex and recurring technical duties in support of the unit noxious weed control program.
Performs a variety of routine and moderately complex technical tasks to prevent and control noxious weeds in the Forest involving a full range of integrated weed management techniques, e.g., biological, cultural, mechanical, chemical, and prevention.
Conducts field surveys to identify, document, and map noxious weed infestations. Collects data and enters data into databases; generates reports from databases; prepares written and graphical reports of findings in a variety of formats; and assembles information for development of noxious weeds control project plans. Compiles, analyzes, and interprets data collected by the incumbent and others; provides noxious weed information for project analysis which may include written reports and/or summaries; links tabular data to locational parameters using Geographical Information Systems (GIS) database technologies and Geographical Positioning Systems (GPS) location technology; makes recommendations based upon analysis of data and research on the best methods for control and eradication of noxious weeds. Produces accurate maps of noxious weed infestations using GIS database technology and GPS location technology. Participates in weed control activities including the physical removal of invasive weeds. Provides work direction and guidance to seasonal employees and volunteers in the accomplishment of similar projects including safe handling of tools and operation of motorized vehicles.
Operates a variety of field equipment commonly used in treating, preventing, and eradicating noxious weeds such as all-terrain vehicles (ATV's), utility terrain vehicles (UTV's), herbicide application equipment, GPS equipment, and cameras.
Serves as the Contracting Officer Representative (COR) on a variety of noxious weed control projects. These projects may include, but are not limited to; monitoring sites of weed infestations to ensure control plans are being implemented and assisting with evaluation of the plan's effectiveness; taking photographs of areas in violation, and collecting, tagging, and securing samples of weeds; and documenting visits and maintaining files and records on site control programs. Performs routine established inspection duties under close supervision of the Contracting Officer (CO). Insures that noxious weed control plans are accomplished in accordance with established operations criteria, rules, methods, and contracts. Notifies COR of non-compliance with written noxious weed control agreements.
Assists in preparing and presenting noxious weed informational and/or educational materials to employees, partners, volunteers, contractors, and permittees to improve early detection of new weed infestations.
NOTE: The duties of this position require the incumbent to obtain and maintain a State Herbicide Applicator's License. The incumbent must obtain the license within 120 days of the initial appointment to the position.
Most obtain and show proof a valid state herbicide applicator's license.
The duties of this position require the incumbent to obtain and maintain a State Herbicide Applicator's License. The incumbent must obtain the license within 120 days of the initial appointment to the position.
GS-06: (1) One year of specialized experience equivalent to at least a GS-05 grade level.
Specialized experience is defined as: Performs the full range of standardized technical assignments consisting of a variety of routine and frequently complex tasks involving invasive non-native plant treatment, management, inventory, and monitoring. Uses global positioning systems, aerial photographs, topographic maps, GIS and/or compass in navigation. Applies herbicides using backpack sprayers or other equipment on a regular basis according to specific guidelines. Performs basic mathematical calculations related to herbicide mixing and applications.
For the GS-06 there is no substitution of education for experience for this position.
This job originated on www.usajobs.gov. For the full announcement and to apply, visit www.usajobs.gov/GetJob/ViewDetails/511139700. Only resumes submitted according to the instructions on the job announcement listed at www.usajobs.gov will be considered.


text:
CBA's new IO lending over 30%
By Annie Kane
Interest-only mortgages accounted for 38 per cent of CBA's new business lending in the second half of 2017, but the bank says that it will be 'comfortably' below APRA's 30 per cent benchmark by September.
According to the results for the six months ending June 2017, there was $41 billion of new business written through CBA's retail banking services (RBS).
Owner-occupiers accounted for 65 per cent of RBS new business in the second half of the financial year, while investor loans held firm at 34 per cent — despite increasing pressure from the regulators to curb investor lending.
In March of this year, the Australian Prudential Regulation Authority (APRA) said that it expected banks to limit new interest-only loans to 30 per cent of its lending and "place strict internal limits on the volume of interest-only lending at loan-to-value ratios (LVRs) above 80 per cent".
However, the proportion of new RBS interest-only (IO) loans being written for the half year ending June 2017 held at 38 per cent, the same level as it was in the prior comparative period.
Looking at the Australian home loan portfolio, IO loans (excluding lines of credit) accounted for 39 per cent of new business, 1 per cent down on the prior comparative period.
However, the bank emphasised that the figures are for the average for the half, adding that the level of IO lending has "reduced substantially over the last quarter".
According to the bank, the drop is a result of "pricing as well as other tightening", which have resulted in the bank seeing new IO lending "below the 30 per cent [threshold] this month and will be comfortably below the 30 per cent at the end of September, as APRA has requested".
The annual results also show that new Lender's Mortgage Insurance was up by 1 per cent to 14 per cent in the RBS portfolio (or by 2 per cent to 16 per cent in the Australian portfolio) for the six months ending June 2017.
Low deposit premiums and low doc loans were also up on the prior comparative period for both portfolios.
Over the year, CBA provided $197 billion in new lending to customers, including providing 330,000 home loans.
Customer deposits made up 67 per cent of the group's total funding.
Banking income grew by 4.3 per cent due to volume growth in home lending, business lending and deposits.
CBA posted a cash net profit after tax (NPAT) of $9.881 billion for the 2017 financial year, up by 4.6 per cent on the previous financial year.
This is up 9 cents on the 2016 financial year and means a dividend payout ratio of 75 per cent of cash NPAT.
However, the group's net interest margin fell 3 basis points to 2.11 per cent due to higher wholesale funding costs and increased competition in home and business lending.
On a cash earnings basis, its return on equity stood at 16 per cent, down from 16.5 per cent a year earlier.
Cash earnings were up to $5.75 per share from $5.55 in the 2016 financial year.
[Related: 'Mistakes can be made': CBA on laundering scandal]
Annie Kane
Annie Kane is the editor of Mortgage Business.
As well as writing news and features on the Australian mortgage market, financial regulation, fintechs and the wider lending market – Annie is also a regular contributor to the Mortgage Business Uncut podcast.
Before joining Momentum Media in 2016, Annie wrote for a range of business and consumer titles, including The Guardian (Australia), BBC Music Magazine, Elle (Australia), BBC Countryfile, BBC Homes & Antiques, and Resource magazine.
Contact Annie at: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.
Mortgage commitments rising despite slip in home ownership
An increasing number of Australians are tied to a mortgage, despite a fall in the home ownership rate, new ABS data has revealed. ...
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The Commonwealth Bank of Australia has agreed to provide $150 million of debt funding to Queensland Airports Ltd, with $75 million committed...
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> memory condition and messages like "Memory fail", "deflateInit failed"
> stability and maturity of the embedded device either.
full write bandwidth of the raw flash chips cannot be achieved.
> Is the lack of performance at higher block sizes normal?
1. The file system is getting progressively dirtier as your tests continue.
system is 'dirty', and reinstall that precise image before each run.
rather than twice, comparing with the value from the previous loop.
it's just going to write out unchanged. It's a stupid waste of CPU time.
of dirty space and hence will give faster GC progress.
flushing logic, but it's probably worth it anyway.


text:
Q: Expressing $x_{1} ^ n + x_{2}^ n$, where $x_{1}$ and $x_{2}$ are the roots of $ax^2 +bx+c=0$ The roots $x_{1}$ and $x_{2}$ of
$$ax^{2}+bx+c=0 $$
satisfy
$$ x_{1}+x_{2}=\frac{-b}{a} $$  and  $$x_{1}x_{2}=\frac{c}{a}$$
I need Mathematica to give me $x_{1} ^ n + x_{2}^ n$ for any $n$; that is:
$${x_{1}}^{2}+{x_{2}}^{2}=(x_{1}+x_{2})^{2} -2x_{1}x_{2} = \frac{b^2-2ac}{a^2}$$
$${x_{1}}^{3}+{x_{2}}^{3}=(x_{1}+x_{2})\left ( (x_{1}+x_{2})^{2}-3x_{1}x_{2} \right )=\frac{3abc-b^3}{a^3}$$
$$\dots$$
edit:
   $$ {x_{1}}^{2}+{x_{2}}^{2}=\underset{\text{I also need this in all cases}}{{(x_{1}+x_{2})^{2} -2x_{1}x_{2}}} = \frac{b^2-2ac}{a^2} $$
I need  $x_{1} ^ n + x_{2}^ n$ for any $n$ In terms of (Or as a function of)
$$ x_{1}+x_{2} $$  and  $$x_{1}x_{2}$$

A: SymmetricReduction is a good tool for this:
First @ SymmetricReduction[x1^2+x2^2,{x1,x2}, {-b/a, c/a}]
First @ SymmetricReduction[x1^3+x2^3,{x1,x2}, {-b/a, c/a}]
First @ SymmetricReduction[x1^4+x2^4,{x1,x2}, {-b/a, c/a}]

b^2/a^2-(2 c)/a
-(b^3/a^3)+(3 b c)/a^2
b^4/a^4-(4 b^2 c)/a^3+(2 c^2)/a^2

A: Recalling the relationship between sums of powers and linear recurrence relations, here is how one can use LinearRecurrence[] to generate the required expressions:
LinearRecurrence[{-b/a, -c/a}, {2, -b/a}, 5] // Simplify
   {2, -b/a, (b^2 - 2 a c)/a^2, -(b^3 - 3 a b c)/a^3, (b^4 - 4 a b^2 c + 2 a^2 c^2)/a^4}

Using Inactivate[] on the symmetric polynomials involved yields the expressions for the power sums in terms of symmetric polynomials of the roots:
LinearRecurrence[{Inactivate[x1 + x2], -Inactivate[x1 x2]},
                 {2, Inactivate[x1 + x2]}, 5] // Simplify // Activate

   {2, x1 + x2, -2 x1 x2 + (x1 + x2)^2, -3 x1 x2 (x1 + x2) + (x1 + x2)^3,
    2 x1^2 x2^2 - 4 x1 x2 (x1 + x2)^2 + (x1 + x2)^4}

Carl has already mentioned SymmetricReduction[] and its convenient third argument, if you're looking to explicitly display the Newton-Girard formulae. If you'll look at that last link, you'll see that a nice linear equation is satisfied between power sums and symmetric polynomials; you might want to try formulating this in terms of LinearSolve[].

A: One can obtan this as the solution to a certain recurrence equation. Call the nth term f[n], and the roots x1 and x2. Then
f[n] = (x1+x2)^n =
(x1+x2)*(x1^(n-1)+x2^(n-1)) - (x1*x2^(n-1)+x2*x1^(n-1)) =
(x1+x2)*(x1^(n-1)+x2^(n-1)) - x1*x2*(x1^(n-2)+x2^(n-2)) =
f[1]*f[n-1] - x1*x2*f[n-2]

Now suppose we make the quadratic monic, so it is x^2-b*x+c (the negative for the linear term coefficient is from expanding (x-x1)*(x-x2) and getting x^2-(x+x2)*x+x1*x2). With this convention, we have f[1]==b and we also require that f[0]==2 (which is the sum of the roots to the zeroth power).
rtpowersums =
 RSolveValue[{f[n] == b*f[n - 1] - c*f[n - 2], f[1] == b, f[0] == 2},
  f[n], n]

(* Out[213]= 2^-n ((b - Sqrt[b^2 - 4 c])^n + (b + Sqrt[b^2 - 4 c])^n) *)

Quick test for case where roots are 2 and 3:
tt = Table[Expand[rtpowersums], {n, 1, 5}]
tt /. {b -> 5, c -> 6}

(* Out[214]= {b, b^2 - 2 c, b^3 - 3 b c, b^4 - 4 b^2 c + 2 c^2,
 b^5 - 5 b^3 c + 5 b c^2}

Out[215]= {5, 13, 35, 97, 275} *)

Table[2^n + 3^n, {n, 5}]

(* Out[216]= {5, 13, 35, 97, 275} *)

A: It's seem the RootSum is your after,of course,it just show the result.
RootSum[a #^2 + b # + c &, #^1 &] // FullSimplify
RootSum[a #^2 + b # + c &, #^2 &] // FullSimplify
RootSum[a #^2 + b # + c &, #^3 &] // FullSimplify
RootSum[a #^2 + b # + c &, #^4 &] // FullSimplify

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Easter hymns around the world
By Fr. Rif'at Bader
Pope Francis in Iraq… next year
1.	Jerusalem is the major center of Easter, the Feast of the Resurrection. Who needs not "a resurrection" these days? Perhaps 'the noble city" is badly in need of the resurrection that took place some 2,000 years ago. Let us dedicate our prayers and our hearts towards noble Jerusalem whose residents cling to every grain and span of its soil. O Lord Jesus, let us be witnesses to your glorious resurrection and the resurrection of Jerusalem.
2.	In Amman, Latin Patriarchal Vicar for Jordan Bishop William Shomali said on Holy Thursday: "There are still people who sacrifice their lives for others. He set the example of French officer Arnaud Beltrame who swapped places with a woman held hostage in the latest terrorist attack in southern France. Providing a lesson in duty and sacrifice, he was butchered by the terrorists and later shot. He was honored by France for his bravery and sacrifice, and consequently became a model for sacrificing one's life to save others. Bishop Shomali said, when his wife was questioned about her husband's motivation, she said, "It is a national motivation that stems from faith. My husband is committed to his national duties, and he recently was committed to his faith. He loved people more than ever before."
3.	To Rome and the world is 'Urbi et Orbi. It is the message which the Pope addresses on Christmas and Easter. On this feast, he called for the entrenchment of peace in the entire world starting with suffering "dear" Syria, for the attainment of reconciliation in the Holy Land, and for concluding peace in Yemen and the entire Middle East as well as for those who aspire for a life with dignity particularly in parts of Africa which suffer from starvation, internal chronic strives and terrorism. He also called for initiating dialogue and mutual understanding in South Sudan as well as launching dialogue in Korea, Ukraine and Venezuela. He summed up his message by calling on politicians to respect human dignity by focusing on children's education and health as well as on the dignity of the elderly. The Resurrection, according to the Pope said: "defeats evil by the power of God's love, eliminates sins, restores innocence to the sinful and joy to the oppressed, dispels hatred, eliminates the cruelty of the oppressors, as well as promotes reconciliation and peace."
4.	From Lebanon, and specifically from dear friend Mohammad Al-Sammak, secretary general of the Islamic-Christian National Dialogue Committee, who addressed a an Easter message saying, "As the light shines out of darkness, and as life emerges from nothingness, so is the Easter of faith. It is a renewed start that transcends suffering, pain... and disseminates the omens of goodness, hope and loves for humanity.
5. Security and gendarmerie officers stayed outside the Jordanian churches to express to the world the application of the Constitution which calls for respect for freedom of worship in addition to freedom for holding religious rites. Many thanks to them as well as to the united Jordanian family that expresses solidarity for the common good and strengthens the bonds of dear national unity. Happy Easter!


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Spanning almost four decades, I've taught multiple Early Childhood and Elementary levels in 2 states. My classes included a wide range of abilities and disabilities, as well as racial, cultural, and economic diversity.
In the early 1990's, I designed and taught our district's first 4K program for At-Risk preschoolers and their parents. I created personalized lessons, embedded with parent education and involvement. Throughout each session, I modeled developmental practices, and guided parents to practice those strategies with their child. Parents continued my teaching strategies with similar activities at home. The school-home partnership had a significant positive influence and impact on each child's development and learning.
When I returned to classroom teaching, I continued my commitment to parent education by engaging my students' parents. For almost 20 years, I taught evening district-wide parent classes that were tremendously valued and well-attended. Topics included Behavior Management Strategies, Understanding ADHD, and Promoting Strategies for Success.
Through all of my roles, I have consistently recognized that PARENTS ARE THE MOST INFLUENTIAL AND LASTING FORCE IN THEIR CHILDREN'S LIVES.
Through PREPARE PARENTS LLC, I continue my passion to guide parents to make the most of their parenting efforts: Creating their most effective behavior management, their most goal-oriented children, and their most peaceful home.
I also encourage communities and school districts to provide parents access to my practical and effective strategies. By working together, we will have best practices aligned at home, in school, and throughout our communities.


Gaza-October/2015- Women's Affairs Center conducted a study recommended to agree on a unified national vision for the work of vocational training centers which belong to the ministry of social affairs in Gaza and West Bank to protect youth male and female.
It was though workshops to show the study results implemented by WAC about determining the vocational training center's needs, the participants were representatives from ministry of social affairs in Ramallah via video conference, representative from ministry of social affairs in west bank ,and representative of UNFPA.
The study is related to the project of "improving gender equality and empowering women and youth with reproductive rights" which implemented by WAC with participation of the ministry of social affairs and UNFPA funded by the Danish Foreign Ministry.
The main topics which were discussed during the workshop were about the project and the displayed report, current situation of women and youth centers that belong to ministry of social affairs in Gaza Strip, assessing the current circumstances for these centers, evaluating work environment, recommendation for developing the centers and staff capabilities, recommendation for increasing products and outcomes.
Wisam Joudeh pointed that this meeting was the first since 2007 with joining the ministry of social affairs staff from Gaza and west bank, so it's a great chance to discuss the solutions for the vocational centers crisis. She also added that the displayed study serve the center's needs.
It's one of the activities that is executed by WAC with partnering with ministry of social affairs in Gaza Strip, were a research study is prepared to determine the main needs for the vocational trainings centers "7 women's and youth centers", aiming to listing the main technical and logistics priorities for these centers and the results were near to last year results.
The study were recommended on the necessity of rising the administrational and vocational effectiveness for the center's staff, providing awareness trainings and activities for male and female trainers , and inviting international consultants with high skills in vocational trainings, It also recommended the preparation of studies and marketing plans to promote the work in youth training centers, women's empowerment, and to increase working capital and productivity for these units, sending a group of selected trainees to advanced industrial countries to gain professional and technical skills, and raise the level of cooperation and coordination between the training and the private sector centers.
The study were indicated to the importance of reviewing the vision and goal of the Social and vocational rehabilitation centers by ministry of social affairs and determining its roles in protecting all age categories of boys and girls to suit with other centers to be (14-20 years).


Do you want to become a Police Officer with the City of Miami? These are the steps you need to take to apply.
Applicants must meet all the below requirements in order to receive employment consideration.
Applicants must have a passing score on the FBAT, CJBAT or FDLE police examination in the area of law enforcement prior to attending orientation and bring proof of a passing score at the time of orientation. Proof is not required to be uploaded at the time of application.The FBAT can be taken at Miami-Dade College or any other authorized provider at the applicants' expense. For information on the FBAT, visit http://www.mdc.edu/north/f-bat/.
Age: Applicants must be at least 19 years of age.
Citizenship: Applicants must be U.S. citizens per Florida Statute 943.13.
Education: High school diploma or its equivalent. Foreign degrees or diplomas require transcript evaluations by a NACES approved transcript evaluation service, which determines reciprocity to education in the United States. Translations are not accepted in lieu of evaluations.
Driver's License: Applicants must submit a copy of a valid driver's license from any state provided that prior to appointment a valid State of Florida Class E Driver's License is submitted to the Miami Police Department's Recruitment and Selection Unit. Please note that driving records and validity may be checked and may be grounds for disqualification at any time subsequent to application.
Visual Acuity: 20/30 vision in each eye with correction and must be binocular and monocular of 20/100 vision in each eye without correction (glasses or contacts). Depth and color perception must be within normal limits.
Convictions: Per Florida Statute 943.13, applicants must not have been convicted of any felony nor misdemeanor involving perjury or a false statement, or have received a dishonorable discharge from any of the Armed Forces of the United States. Criminal history may disqualify applicants.
NOTE: Before becoming a permanent Police Officer, the employee must successfully complete the basic recruit program of the Police Academy, the Florida State Officer Certification Exam (SOCE), and the Field Training Officer Program.
Create an online profile if you have not done so already, on our government jobs page.
Search "police" for police openings, or view all City of Miami job openings, if desired.
Read Job Announcement information, specifically the Documentation Requirements section before you apply.
Please be sure to attach all required documents to your employment application each time you apply. Uploaded documents remain in your online profile but they will not attach automatically and you will be deemed ineligible without the proper documentation.
NOTE: Police job listings will only appear on our job page during a recruitment period, which will be announced on our news page. We encourage you to apply immediately, as positions close after a sufficient amount applications are received, or within five business days - whichever comes first.
A. Personal History Questionnaire, or PHQ.
Applicants must demonstrate their ability to effectively communicate in a one-on-one interview process, which requires the applicant to respond to common police scenarios.
All applicants are required to take a psychological examination. The psychological exam is administered by the department's psychological consultant at no charge to the applicant. This is part A of a two step Psychological examination process.
All applicants are required to take a polygraph examination. The polygraph is administered at no charge to the applicant.
F. Criminal Records Check and Driving Record Check.
The background investigator will conduct a thorough background for all applicants.
All applicants must submit to a toxicology examination by a company selected by the City of Miami. Toxicology screens are at the expense of the applicant. However, those who successfully pass the toxic screen will be reimbursed by the City of Miami.
Complete Medical Examination:Complete Medical Examination: All applicants must submit to a toxicology examination and medical examination, which includes a stress test and echocardiogram, by a City of Miami contracted physician. There is no charge for this physical.
Vision Requirements: All applicants must have at least 20/30 vision in each eye with correction and must be binocular and monocular of 20/100 vision in each eye without correction (glasses or contacts). Depth and color perception must be within normal limits.
NOTE: Examinations and appointments are done on different dates which will be provided to the candidate by the assigned background investigator. Failure to keep appointments at any phase of the selection process may result in disqualification. Contingent on passing all hiring steps and exams, a conditional offer of employment will be given and candidates will complete necessary documents to attend the Police Academy Orientation.
If all of the above tests are passed, you will then attend the Police Academy.
The Miami Police Training Center offers a full-time Police Academy Class recruit training program. The recruit class operates Tuesday through Friday from 7 a.m. to 5 p.m. for approximately six months. Each class has an assigned Training Advisor on staff to provide training and guidance to recruits during their program. Police Academy Class (PAC) training is a six-month program. The training consists of State of Florida mandated courses (770 hours) that include Law, Crime Scene Investigation, Patrol Procedures, Criminal Investigations, DUI/Traffic Stops, Traffic Crash Investigations, Physical Fitness, Firearms, Law Enforcement Vehicle Operations, Patrol Procedures, Report Writing, First Aid, Communications, Defensive Tactics, Dart-Firing Stun Gun, and Human Issues.


Your characters, especially your main character, are the most important elements in your story. You can get away with sloppy writing and a boring plot if your readers love your characters and will keep reading to see what happens to them.
Additionally, the direction the plot takes is a result of your character. How they react in a given situation will depend on their personality and virtues, fears and dreams. Do they run and hide? Investigate and fight? Their personality and background will determine this.
And yet, there are certainly circumstances (and it's a great idea to throw one of these into your book) when your character won't act how we expect, e. g. a mom protecting her children, or a normally calm person blowing up because they've hit their last straw. And at the end of the book you want your character to have grown and changed as a result of everything she's been through. So we would expect them to meet the same set of challenges in a different way at the end of the book than at the beginning.
This is two-fold. One, what does your hero think he wants? This is the obvious, surface goal. He wants a job, he wants to solve a mystery, etc. This is often referred to as the external goal. But deep down, what do they really want? This is often referred to as the internal goal. To be loved, accepted, have a family, repair a wound from childhood, be brave, etc.
Now, the fun part is their external goal should force them to deal with an obstacle or conflict that makes them confront their internal fear. You really want to put the screws on them. What would they consider to be the worst thing to possibly happen to them? What would they hate to sacrifice? These are all things they need to do to grow and find happiness (achieve their internal goal) but at the time, it looks like just the opposite to the heroine. It looks like they are going to lose everything.
This becomes more clear with an actual example. I'll use my historical novel, The Road Home (Tandem Services Press, April 2016), as an example. At the beginning of the story, Elizabeth is returning to town to marry Thomas who proposed to her before she left to care for her ailing grandfather. When she arrives, she discovers is that Thomas is dead from a logging accident. Through the grieving process, she realizes she wanted to marry Thomas because he would confer respectability on her through their marriage. So at the beginning of the story her external goal is to marry Thomas. Then, as her past crops up, her goal is to keep anyone from finding out about it. External goals do, and probably should, change.
Internally, her goal is to be loved and accepted by the town. This comes directly from a wound she suffered growing up. This wound is resurfacing along with her past, and she is trying to hide all of it from everyone.
Her conflict: Externally, her first conflict is that Thomas is dead, so she can't marry him. Pretty good obstacle there. But as her goal changes to keeping people from finding out her past, she starts dealing with a bunch of obstacles. Internally, she's conflicted with telling those closest to her the truth about her past. It would bring her closer to them, keep her from having to lie to them, and help her solve the issue from her past. But she is deathly afraid they will reject her, which happened in the past the last time she confessed something.
Her motivation: Originally, her external motivation in marrying Thomas is because they have a good friendship and would make a good match. We know now that her internal motivation was to gain acceptance. But when her goals change to keeping her past hidden, the external and internal motivations come close together. Externally, she's keeping something a secret so no one will know about it, ostensibly to protect someone else. But really, her internal motivation, is to protect herself from rejection.
You see this a lot in books and movies. Someone appears to be motivated by money or fame or whatever, but we really know it's revenge or to prove something. A good example: The movie Pretty Woman. Richard Gere plays a corporate guy who takes over companies and then sells them off piece by piece. At first it just looks like this is how he makes his money. Until he confesses to Julia Roberts that the first company he did this to was his father's. Now, we know he's doing it to get back at his father.
One way to help tie the external and internal motivations into one big knot is to ask, what is the error in their thinking? Elizabeth thinks no one will accept her if they know about her past. That's her error in thinking. The only way she can get her ultimate goal of acceptance is for someone to know about her past and accept her anyway.
Also, remember the internal conflict is something within the heroine regardless of the storyline. This is her own issue to deal with. Now the story line (mystery, suspense, or romance) creates a situation where the heroine has to choose to change. In the example, Elizabeth decides at the end she loves Josh enough that she has to be completely honest with him. She risks his rejection, but only after he has proved his loyalty and trustworthiness to her. She comes to the point where she has to choose to keep her past a secret or to let go of it and risk loving Josh.
If you can nail down these three aspects for each of your main characters (do it for your villain too to make him multidimensional) you will have emotionally powerful characters your readers can identify with and won't want to stop reading about.


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Cities like Austin and San Francisco are typically top of mind when it comes to startup hubs, but thanks to the impact of programs like Venture for America, Cleveland may soon have an indelible spot on that list.
Brake says the 12 participating local companies range from biotech startups (such as GenomOncology and BioMotiv) to tech companies (like BoxCast and Votem) to manufacturing (MAGNET). "Our fellows are [placed] in industries that are really on the forefront of what Cleveland already does well," says Brake.
Along with providing promising startups with access to talent, Venture for America also runs a four-month accelerator available to VFA alumni. Examples of Cleveland businesses born via the accelerator are HomeCity (which creates a social network via a curated series of events), and PathSpot (a scanner that can detect pathogens that cause foodborne illness on one's hands).
One of the new developments this year is that Brake—the program's former Cleveland director—has taken on the role of Senior Director of Company Partnerships, so Carrie Murphy has stepped in as the new Director of Northeast Ohio—a title meant to reflect the program's broader geographic focus on both Cleveland and Akron.
Since 2013, the Cleveland VFA program has welcomed 63 fellows, and Brake predicts that they'll bring 20 fellows to the Northeast Ohio region next year—growth that she attributes largely to the enthusiasm of local VFA alumni and current Cleveland fellows.


Thank you for attending the City of Atlanta's first Human Trafficking Policy Roundtable (HTPRT) Meeting.
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