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Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive
Short-Term Frequency-Dependent Plasticity at Recurrent Mossy Fiber Synapses of the Epileptic Brain
Li Feng, Peter Molnár and J. Victor Nadler
Journal of Neuroscience 15 June 2003, 23 (12) 5381-5390; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.23-12-05381.2003
Departments of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology and Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710
Peter Molnár
J. Victor Nadler
The recurrent mossy fiber pathway of the dentate gyrus expands dramatically in human temporal lobe epilepsy and in animal models of this disorder, creating monosynaptic connections among granule cells. This novel granule cell network can support reverberating excitation but is difficult to activate with low-frequency stimulation. This study used hippocampal slices from pilocarpine-treated rats to explore the dependence of synaptic transmission in this pathway on stimulus frequency. Minimal electrically evoked EPSCs exhibited a high failure rate (∼60%). Stimulus trains delivered at a frequency of <1 Hz depressed synaptic transmission, as evidenced by an increase in response failures. Conversely, stimulus trains delivered at higher frequencies reduced the percentage of response failures and increased the amplitude of compound EPSCs, including pharmacologically isolated NMDA receptor-mediated EPSCs. Short-term frequency-dependent facilitation was of modest size compared with mossy fiber synapses on other neuronal types. Facilitation depended on the activation of kainate receptors by released glutamate and was inhibited by feedback activation of type II metabotropic glutamate receptors. These results suggest that the recurrent mossy fiber pathway may be functionally silent during baseline asynchronous granule cell activity in vivo attributable, in part, to progressive transmission failure. The pathway may synchronize granule cell firing and may promote seizure propagation most effectively during the brief periods of high-frequency granule cell firing that occur during normal behavior, during the periods of hypersynchronous fast activity characteristic of epileptic brain and, most importantly, during the period of increasing granule cell activity that precedes a spontaneous seizure.
frequency-dependent facilitation
kainate receptor
mossy fiber
short-term plasticity
type II metabotropic glutamate receptor
Changes in the dentate gyrus are believed to be important for the pathogenesis of temporal lobe epilepsy. Cell loss in the dentate hilus is the most commonly observed neuropathologic finding in persons with this disorder (Margerison and Corsellis, 1966). Furthermore, dentate granule cells have been shown to resist the propagation of seizures from the entorhinal cortex to the hippocampus (Collins et al., 1983; Stringer et al., 1989; Lothman et al., 1992). Monosynaptic connections among principal neurons serve as the anatomic substrate for synchronized discharge in area CA3 of the hippocampus, an unusually excitable region of the limbic system (Miles et al., 1984). Conversely, the paucity of such connections among dentate granule cells probably explains, in part, their resistance to such discharge. In many persons with temporal lobe epilepsy (Represa et al., 1989b; Sutula et al., 1989; Babb et al., 1991; Franck et al., 1995) and particularly in the pilocarpine model of temporal lobe epilepsy (Mello et al., 1993; Okazaki et al., 1995; Dashtipour et al., 2000, 2002; Ribak et al., 2000; Buckmaster et al., 2002), however, dentate granule cells form an interconnected synaptic network. This recurrent mossy fiber pathway mediates reverberating excitation that can reduce the threshold for granule cell synchronization (Tauck and Nadler, 1985; Cronin et al., 1992; Masukawa et al., 1992; Patrylo and Dudek, 1998; Hardison et al., 2000; Okazaki and Nadler, 2001), presumably facilitating participation of the dentate gyrus in seizures.
Despite formation of this novel recurrent circuitry, it remains difficult to evoke population bursting of dentate granule cells. Low-frequency stimulation of the perforant path in vivo (Buckmaster and Dudek, 1997) or of mossy fibers in the hippocampal slice (Tauck and Nadler, 1985; Cronin et al., 1992; Patrylo and Dudek, 1998; Hardison et al., 2000) usually does not evoke reverberating excitation, even when histological data reveal robust mossy fiber growth. Previous studies documented the roles of GABA inhibition and external [K+] ([K+]o) in regulating epileptiform activity supported by the new granule cell network (Patrylo and Dudek, 1998; Hardison et al., 2000). Indeed, modest elevation of [K+]o (by 1.25 or 2.5 mm) reduces the amount of mossy fiber growth required to synchronize granule cell discharge (Hardison et al., 2000). Even in the presence of elevated [K+]o and bicuculline, however, mossy fiber stimulation at a low frequency (0.033 Hz) failed to evoke a population burst in many slices. This resistance to recurrent activation may be related, in part, to the unreliability of transmission at mossy fiber → granule cell synapses. A previous study found that minimal photostimulation at a frequency of 1 per 15 sec evoked a synaptic response in only ∼30% of the trials (Molnár and Nadler, 1999). Use-dependent forms of synaptic plasticity may then regulate the ability of mossy fiber → granule cell synapses to support reverberating excitation. Mossy fiber synapses on CA3 pyramidal cells exhibit marked short-term frequency-dependent facilitation (Salin et al., 1996; Toth et al., 2000) over a range of presynaptic activity that corresponds to the normal firing frequencies of dentate granule cells in vivo (Jung and McNaughton, 1993). If mossy fiber → granule cell synapses exhibit such plasticity, they would then be expected to support synchronous granule cell discharge most effectively when driven at particular frequencies. Frequency-dependent plasticity at mossy fiber synapses depends on the identity of the postsynaptic cell; mossy fiber synapses on inhibitory interneurons exhibit either less facilitation than mossy fiber → pyramidal cell synapses or frequency-dependent depression (Toth et al., 2000; Doherty and Dingledine, 2001). This study explored short-term frequency-dependent plasticity at mossy fiber → granule cell synapses of the epileptic brain, with special emphasis on the roles of glutamate autoreceptors.
Pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus. Adult male Sprague Dawley rats (175–200 gm; Zivic Laboratories, Pittsburgh, PA) were injected intraperitoneally with pilocarpine hydrochloride (350–380 mg/kg) 30 min after pretreatment with scopolamine methyl bromide and terbutaline hemisulfate (both 2 mg/kg, i.p.). Status epilepticus, defined as a continuous limbic motor seizure of stage 2 or higher (Racine, 1972), was terminated 3.5 hr after onset with sodium phenobarbital (50 mg/kg, i.p.). Although animals in the present study were not monitored systematically after recovery from status epilepticus, previous studies demonstrated that all rats that develop status epilepticus exhibit spontaneous limbic motor seizures after a 1–3 wk latent period (Mello et al., 1993; Lemos and Cavalheiro, 1996). Some pilocarpine-treated rats developed only brief seizures that never progressed to status epilepticus. Histological tests revealed no evidence of neuronal degeneration or supragranular mossy fiber growth in these animals (Okazaki et al., 1999). They were therefore used as controls. All protocols were approved in advance by the Duke University Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee.
Slice preparation and recording. Unless indicated otherwise, experiments used only rats that had developed status epilepticus after the administration of pilocarpine. Transverse 400-μm-thick slices were prepared from the caudal hippocampus with a vibratome 10–20 weeks after pilocarpine administration. Slices were incubated in a beaker of high-Mg2+ artificial CSF, which contained (in mm): 122 NaCl, 25 NaHCO3, 3.1 KCl, 1.8 CaCl2, 12 MgSO4, 0.4 KH2PO4, and 10 d-glucose, pH 7.4. The medium was gassed continuously at room temperature with 95% O2 and 5% CO2. Beginning 45 min later, individual slices were transferred to a small experimental chamber, barely submerged in standard artificial CSF (1.2 mm MgSO4), and superfused (3–4 ml/min) at room temperature.
Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings were obtained from dentate granule cells by the "blind" approach (Blanton et al., 1989). Patch electrodes were pulled from borosilicate glass (1.5 mm outer diameter, 1.1 mm inner diameter; Sutter Instruments, Novato, CA) and had a tip resistance of 6–7.5 MΩ. The tip of the electrode was filled by vacuum with a solution that contained (in mm): 140 cesium gluconate, 15 HEPES, 3.1 MgCl2, 1 CaCl2, and 11 EGTA, pH 7.2, 276 mOsm. The electrode was then backfilled with an internal solution that contained 120 mm cesium gluconate, 10 mm HEPES, 2 mm Mg-ATP, 1 mm EGTA, 5 mm creatine phosphate, 10 mmn-ethyl lidocaine chloride (QX-314), and 20 U/ml creatine phosphokinase, pH 7.4, 276 mOsm. Whole-cell access was achieved in current-clamp mode; only cells with membrane voltage of greater than -70 mV on break-in (after correction for a 10 mV liquid junction potential) were accepted for study.
Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings were made with an Axon Instruments (Foster City, CA) Axopatch 200B amplifier beginning ∼20 min after achieving whole-cell access. Series resistances were between 5 and 9 MΩ and were compensated 75%. Recordings were rejected if the series resistance changed by >20%. Signals were filtered at 2 kHz, digitized at 10 kHz, and stored for analysis offline with PClamp8 (Axon Instruments). At the end of the experiment, each slice was processed for Timm histochemistry to confirm the presence of recurrent mossy fiber growth.
Compound recurrent mossy fiber EPSC. Recordings were made from granule cells at the location in the cell body layer where the antidromic population spike was of greatest amplitude (Okazaki et al., 1999). The holding potential was -80 mV. Mossy fibers were stimulated with a monopolar insulated 25-μm-diameter nichrome wire placed in stratum lucidum of area CA3b 100 μm from the opening of the dentate hilus. A train of 10 near-maximal rectangular pulses (100 μsec duration) was delivered at frequencies of 0.2–10 Hz. Each train was repeated 10 times at 20–25 sec intervals, and corresponding responses were averaged. All measurements were made from these averaged responses. A 20 sec inter-train interval proved sufficient for any short-term synaptic plasticity to decay completely. At least two stimulus frequencies were tested in each recording session. The superfusion medium contained 30 μm bicuculline to block GABAA receptors. GABAB receptor-mediated currents were blocked by the use of a cesium-based internal solution that contained QX-314 but not GTP.
Compound EPSP. Recordings were made in current-clamp mode. The internal solution contained potassium gluconate instead of cesium gluconate, and QX-314 was omitted. Stimulus trains were delivered at frequencies of 0.2, 2, and 10 Hz, and each train was repeated five times. Otherwise, these experiments were performed as described for the compound EPSC.
NMDA receptor-mediated EPSC. Stimulation and recording were performed as described for the compound EPSC with the following differences. To avoid overlap between successive responses, the range of stimulus frequencies was limited to 0.2–2 Hz. The superfusion medium contained 30 μm bicuculline and 10 μm 2,3-dihydroxy-6-nitro-7-sulfamyl-benzo(F) quinoxaline (NBQX), which blocks both AMPA and kainate receptors, 30 μm 1-(4-aminophenyl)-3-methylcarbamyl-4-methyl-7,8-methylenedioxy-3,4-dihydro-5H-2,3-benzodiazepine (GYKI 53655), which blocks AMPA receptors selectively, or 40 μm (±)-4-(4-aminophenyl)-1,2-dihydro-1-methyl-2-propylcarbamoyl-6,7-methylenedioxyphthalazine (SYM 2206), which also blocks AMPA receptors selectively. The holding potential was -20 mV.
Minimal EPSC. Recordings were made from granule cells located at the apex of the cell body layer or in the suprapyramidal blade. The stimulating electrode was placed in the granule cell body layer 80–100 μm from the recorded cell. The stimulus current was reduced until single pulses presented at a frequency of 0.2 Hz sometimes failed to evoke a synaptic response in the recorded cell. Responses were accepted as minimal EPSCs if their peak amplitude exceeded twice the baseline noise and they appeared at a constant latency of ≤5 msec. A train of 50 pulses was presented at frequencies of 0.2–10 Hz. At least two stimulus frequencies were tested in each recording session. The change from one frequency to another took 1–2 min, which was enough time for any short-term plasticity to decay completely. The superfusion medium contained 30 μm bicuculline, and the holding potential was -80 mV.
To analyze properties of minimal EPSCs, traces without a minimal EPSC were averaged, and the resultant trace was subtracted electronically from the average of all traces with a minimal EPSC. Latency to onset, peak amplitude, 10–90% rise time, decay time constant, and charge transfer were determined with the use of MiniAnalysis (Synaptosoft, Decatur, GA). Rarely, a spontaneous event overlapped a portion of the evoked response. In those instances, measurements were restricted to the parameters that were uncontaminated.
Chemicals. d-Gluconic acid lactone, cesium hydroxide (99.9%; 50% by weight), HEPES, EGTA, creatine phosphate, creatine phosphokinase, sodium phenobarbital, pilocarpine hydrochloride, (-) scopolamine methyl bromide, and terbutaline hemisulfate were purchased from Sigma (St. Louis, MO); d-AP-5, (2S,2′R,3′R)-2-(2′,3′-dicarboxycyclopropyl)glycine (DCG-IV), (αS)-α-amino-α-[(1S,2S)-2-carboxycyclopropyl]-9H-xanthine-9-propanoic acid (LY 341495), and SYM 2206 were from Tocris Cookson (Bristol, UK); bicuculline methiodide was from Research Biochemicals (Natick, MA); and QX-314 was from Alomone Laboratories (Jerusalem, Israel). NBQX and GYKI 53655 were gifts from Novo Nordisk (Måløv, Denmark) and Eli Lilly (Indianapolis, IN), respectively.
Compound recurrent mossy fiber EPSC and EPSP
Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings were made from dentate granule cells in hippocampal slices prepared from rats that had developed status epilepticus after administration of pilocarpine. Stimulation of the mossy fibers in the presence of bicuculline evoked a short-latency (≤5 msec) inward current (Fig. 1, top) that was sometimes followed by delayed inward currents (Okazaki et al., 1999). These responses were abolished by glutamate receptor antagonists and thus were considered monosynaptic and polysynaptic EPSCs, respectively. Amplitude measurements were obtained only from the short-latency component. Compound EPSC amplitudes ranged from 21 to 283 pA (median, 62 pA).
Frequency-dependent short-term facilitation of the compound recurrent mossy fiber EPSC during a train of 10 near-maximal electrical stimuli. Each train was presented 10 times, and corresponding responses were averaged. Recordings were made in the presence of 30 μm bicuculline at a holding potential of -80 mV. Top, Representative averaged traces illustrating facilitation during stimulation at 2 Hz but not at 0.2 or 10 Hz. Bottom, Mean values ± SEM for 11–17 cells. Only stimulus trains delivered at 1 or 2 Hz facilitated synaptic transmission significantly (p < 0.005 for 1 Hz; p < 0.001 for 2 Hz by one-way repeated measures ANOVA; for the other frequencies, p > 0.4).
EPSC amplitude increased significantly during a 10-pulse train delivered at frequencies of 1 and 2 Hz (Fig. 1, bottom). However, the degree of facilitation was quite modest: an average of 22% at 1 Hz and 27% at 2 Hz for the 10th response in the train. Stimulation at 5 or 10 Hz produced no significant frequency-dependent plasticity under these conditions.
Stimulation at a frequency of 2 Hz also enhanced the amplitude and duration of the recurrent mossy fiber EPSP (Fig. 2). Stimuli that evoked a subthresold response initially could evoke one or two action potentials by the fourth stimulus in the train. The degree of facilitation appeared comparable with facilitation of the EPSC. Stimulation at 0.2 or 10 Hz produced no consistent changes in the response.
Frequency-dependent short-term facilitation of the compound recurrent mossy fiber EPSP during a train of 10 near-maximal electrical stimuli. Recordings were made in the presence of 30 μm bicuculline. Representative single traces illustrate facilitation during stimulation at 2 Hz but not at 0.2 or 10 Hz. In this example, the fourth and each succeeding stimulus in the 2 Hz train drove the firing of an action potential (shown truncated). Resting membrane potentials were -75 mV (0.2 Hz), -75 mV (2 Hz), and -72 mV (10 Hz). Similar results were obtained in recordings from six granule cells. *Stimulus artifacts.
These results should be relevant to synaptic function during strong activation of the recurrent mossy fiber pathway. However, the compound mossy fiber EPSC proved less than ideal as an indicator of frequency-dependent plasticity, because (1) the response usually included polysynaptic components that might have influenced the amplitude measurement; (2) responses sometimes overlapped during trains delivered at a frequency of 10 Hz (7 of 13 recordings) because of the presence of either a single prolonged response or delayed inward currents; and (3) the monosynaptic response was somewhat asynchronous because of the small number of synapses activated. Reducing the stimulus current did not reliably isolate monosynaptic from polysynaptic responses. In fact, stimulus reduction was as likely to eliminate the monosynaptic component. Therefore, subsequent studies used responses that are likely to be purely monosynaptic: the EPSC evoked by minimal electrical stimulation and the NMDA receptor-mediated component of the compound EPSC.
Minimal recurrent mossy fiber EPSC
The intent of minimal electrical stimulation was to activate only one or a few mossy fiber synapses on the recorded cell. With use of our procedures, minimal electrically evoked EPSCs (Fig. 3, top) were recorded in 58 of 77 granule cells (75%) from pilocarpine-treated rats that had developed status epilepticus and showed histochemical evidence of recurrent mossy fiber growth. In contrast, no minimal EPSCs were recorded in 19 granule cells from four control rats. Properties of these responses are summarized in Figure 3, bottom. Blockade of AMPA and kainate receptors with 10 μm NBQX abolished minimal EPSCs.
Electrically evoked minimal recurrent mossy fiber EPSC. Top, Representative trace showing an average of the 15 responses recorded during a train of 50 minimal electrical stimuli delivered at a frequency of 0.2 Hz. In this example, the peak amplitude was 15 pA; the 10–90% rise time was 3.4 msec; the decay time constant was 40.5 msec; and charge transfer was 167 pC. Bottom, Means ± SEM for 40 granule cells.
The minimal electrically evoked EPSCs recorded in granule cells exhibited much slower response kinetics than those reported in most previous studies of mossy fiber synapses (Jonas et al., 1993; Toth et al., 2000; Doherty and Dingledine, 2001). However, the mean 10–90% rise time and decay time constant corresponded closely to values reported by Cossart et al. (2002) for minimal electrically evoked EPSCs at mossy fiber → pyramidal cell synapses. The latter responses were shown to be mediated by both AMPA and kainate receptors, with the participation of kainate receptors accounting for the slow decay. Preliminary data suggest that kainate receptors also contribute significantly to most minimal recurrent mossy fiber EPSCs (L. Feng and J. V. Nadler, unpublished observations). Thus kainate receptor activation may primarily explain the slow mean response kinetics, although the presence of some mossy fiber synapses on the distal portion of the granule cell dendrite (Okazaki et al., 1995) suggests that dendritic filtering may also play a role in some instances.
During a train of 50 minimal electrical stimuli presented at frequencies of 0.2–0.8 Hz, the failure rate was ∼70–75% (Fig. 4). This value compares closely with the percentage of failures observed previously with minimal photostimuli presented at a frequency of 0.067 Hz (Molnár and Nadler, 1999). Failures were observed significantly less often when the stimulus frequency was raised to 1 Hz, the percentage apparently reaching a minimum (46%) at 2 Hz. The percentage of failures was approximately equal for the first 10 stimuli presented regardless of frequency (∼60%; Fig. 5). However, frequency-dependent changes in the failure rates were evident by the 20th stimulus. Repeated stimulation at a low frequency progressively increased the percentage of failures. For example, during a train of 50 pulses delivered at a frequency of 0.2 Hz, the failure rate increased from an average of 61% for the first 10 stimuli in the train to 78% for the last 10 stimuli (Fig. 5B). This short-term depression disappeared when the stimulus frequency was raised to 1 Hz. When stimulus trains were presented at a frequency of 2 or 10 Hz, the failure rate declined significantly during the train. Between the first and last 10 stimuli, the failure rate declined by 36% at a frequency of 2 Hz and by 41% at a frequency of 10 Hz. Thus frequency-dependent depression converted to facilitation over the narrow range of 0.8 to 2 Hz.
Percentage of response failures during a train of 50 minimal electrical stimuli. Recordings were made in the presence of 30 μm bicuculline at a holding potential of -80 mV. Values are means ± SEM for 11 (0.4–0.8 Hz), 20 (1 Hz), 27 (10 Hz), or 39 (0.2 and 2 Hz) cells. Stimulation at 1–10 Hz reduced the percentage of failures compared with each of the lower frequencies (p < 0.01 by Newman–Keuls test after one-way ANOVA yielded p < 0.001). Although the failure rate tended to be lower during 2 and 10 Hz trains, the mean difference from 1 Hz trains was not statistically significant (p > 0.2). *Result obtained with minimal laser photostimulation (Molnár and Nadler, 1999).
Short-term synaptic plasticity developed progressively during a train of 50 minimal electrical stimuli. A, Traces from representative experiments. In these examples, only 4 of the first 10 stimuli presented at a frequency of 0.2 or 2 Hz evoked a minimal EPSC. In contrast, only 1 of the last 10 stimuli presented at a frequency of 0.2 Hz evoked a synaptic response compared with 7 of the last 10 stimuli presented at a frequency of 2 Hz. B, Mean values ± SEM for the number of cells given in Figure 4. From stimuli 21–30 onward, repeated stimulation at a frequency of 0.2 Hz significantly increased the percentage of response failures, and repeated stimulation at a frequency of 2 or 10 Hz significantly reduced the percentage of response failures (p < 0.01 compared with stimuli 1–10 by Dunnett's test after one-way repeated measures ANOVAs yielded p < 0.001). For other details, see Figure 4.
Mossy fibers that contact CA3 pyramidal cells, CA3 interneurons, and dentate gyrus interneurons express type II metabotropic glutamate receptors (Shigemoto et al., 1997), activation of which inhibits glutamate release (Kamiya et al., 1996; Scanziani et al., 1997; Doherty and Dingledine, 1998; Toth et al., 2000). Our initial studies of these receptors at mossy fiber → granule cell synapses tested the ability of the selective agonist DCG-IV to reduce the NMDA receptor-mediated component of the recurrent mossy fiber EPSC. In six cells, 1 μm DCG-IV reduced the peak amplitude of this response (Fig. 6A) by 28 ± 8% (mean ± SEM; p < 0.05, paired t test). Subsequent experiments examined the effect of DCG-IV on the minimal EPSC (which is mediated by AMPA and kainate receptors). In nine cells, 1 μm DCG-IV significantly increased the percentage of failures during stimulation at frequencies of 0.2, 2, and 10 Hz (Fig. 6B). At the same time, DCG-IV prevented the reduction in failures normally produced by a 2 Hz stimulus train and at least delayed the reduction observed with a 10 Hz train (Fig. 6C). These changes in failure rate were not accompanied by any reduction in peak amplitude of the minimal EPSC (control, 11 ± 1 pA; DCG-IV, 14 ± 2 pA; means ± SEM), consistent with a presynaptic site of action.
Activation of type II metabotropic glutamate receptors inhibited transmission at recurrent mossy fiber synapses. Recordings were made in the absence and then in the presence of bath-applied 1 μm DCG-IV. A, The NMDA receptor-mediated EPSC was recorded in the presence of 10 μm NBQX and 30 μm bicuculline at a holding potential of -20 mV. These responses from a representative experiment are averages of six traces. Stimulus artifacts have been removed. DCG-IV reduced the size of the response. B, DCG-IV significantly increased the percentage of response failures during minimal electrical stimulation (50 stimuli) at frequencies of 0.2, 2, and 10 Hz. Values are means ± SEM for nine cells. *p < 0.05; ***p < 0.001; **p < 0.02 by paired t test. C, Analysis of failure rates at different times during the stimulus train demonstrated that DCG-IV abolished the frequency-dependent facilitation normally observed during stimulation at 2 Hz and at least delayed the appearance of facilitation during stimulation at 10 Hz. For other details, see Figure 4.
When used at a concentration of 100 nm, LY 341495 almost completely blocks the activation of type II metabotropic glutamate receptors, whereas it has much less effect, if any, on type I and III receptors (Schoepp et al., 1999). Bath application of 100 nm LY 341495 did not affect the failure rate of minimal recurrent mossy fiber EPSCs evoked at a frequency of 0.2 Hz but significantly reduced the percentage of failures obtained with 2 and 10 Hz stimulus trains (Fig. 7A). Its effect appeared to have developed fully within the first fifth of the train (Fig. 5B). LY 341495 did not change the peak amplitude of the response (control, 13 ± 2 pA; LY 341495, 14 ± 3 pA; means ± SEM; n = 9). Thus the frequency-dependent reduction in transmission failures is limited by feedback of released glutamate onto presynaptic metabotropic glutamate receptors.
Block of type II metabotropic glutamate receptors enhanced the frequency-dependent reduction in response failures during minimal electrical stimulation. Recordings were made in the absence and then in the presence of bath-applied 100 nm LY 341495. A, LY 341495 did not affect the percentage of response failures during stimulation at a frequency of 0.2 Hz but reduced the percentage of failures during 2 and 10 Hz stimulus trains. Values are means ± SEM for nine cells. *p < 0.05 by paired t test. B, Analysis of failure rates at different times during the stimulus train suggested no obvious time or use dependence in the action of LY 341495; its onset of action must have occurred within the first 10 stimuli. For other details, see Figure 4.
NMDA receptor-mediated recurrent mossy fiber EPSC
Frequency-dependent facilitation at mossy fiber → pyramidal cell synapses depends in large part on the activation of presynaptic kainate receptors by released glutamate (Schmitz et al., 2001). Kainate receptors are expressed normally in the supragranular zone of the dentate molecular layer (Monaghan and Cotman, 1982), and their density at that location increases in association with supragranular mossy fiber sprouting (Represa et al., 1989a). Thus it seemed reasonable that activation of presynaptic kainate receptors might account, at least in part, for frequency-dependent facilitation at mossy fiber → granule cell synapses. The probable involvement of kainate receptors in the postsynaptic response complicates the use of minimal EPSCs to analyze the role of presynaptic kainate receptors. We therefore used the NMDA receptor-mediated component of the compound EPSC for this purpose. The NMDA component was isolated pharmacologically in two ways: by blocking both AMPA and kainate receptors with 10 μm NBQX and by blocking AMPA receptors only with either 30 μm GYKI 53655 (Paternain et al., 1995; Wilding and Huettner, 1995) or 40 μm SYM 2206 (Pelletier et al., 1996; Li et al., 1999). Tests performed with the two AMPA receptor-selective antagonists yielded indistinguishable results. NMDA receptor-mediated EPSC amplitudes ranged from 11 to 212 pA (median, 27 pA).
Pilot studies on three cells confirmed the selectivity of the antagonists. In the presence of NBQX and bicuculline, 50 μmd-AP-5 abolished all responses recorded at a holding potential of -20 mV (Fig. 8, top). Thus responses recorded under these conditions in the absence of d-AP-5 were mediated entirely by NMDA receptors. In the presence of SYM 2206 and bicuculline, a small response remained after the addition of d-AP-5 (Fig. 8, middle). Its latency to peak (14–23 msec after the stimulus) was shorter than that of the response recorded before the addition of d-AP-5 (33–36 msec after the stimulus), whereas its kinetics were more rapid (Fig. 8, bottom). These properties suggest that the d-AP-5-resistant component reflected activation of postsynaptic kainate receptors (Li et al., 1999; Cossart et al., 2002). It accounted for only ∼10% of the peak amplitude of the total response.
NMDA receptor-mediated recurrent mossy fiber EPSC isolated pharmacologically with 30 μm bicuculline and either 10 μm NBQX or 40 μm SYM 2206. Recordings shown are from representative experiments in which a train of 10 near-maximal stimuli was presented at a frequency of 2 Hz. The stimulus train was repeated 10 times, and corresponding traces were averaged. Then 50 μm d-AP-5 was added to the superfusion medium, and the stimulation protocol was repeated. Stimulus artifacts have been removed. Top, During superfusion with NBQX, d-AP-5 abolished the response recorded at a holding potential of -20 mV. Note the smaller response to the ninth stimulus in the train. Middle, During superfusion with SYM 2206, a small, presumably kainate receptor-mediated, response (dashed arrow) remained after addition of d-AP-5 to the superfusion medium. Note the larger response to the ninth stimulus in the train. Bottom, The kainate receptor-mediated component of the response to the ninth stimulus in the train (+d-AP-5) is scaled to the peak amplitude of the response recorded before addition of d-AP-5 to the superfusion medium. Note the change in the time course of the evoked response after application of d-AP-5.
When the NMDA component was isolated under conditions that prevented the activation of kainate receptors (NBQX and bicuculline), repetitive stimulation at a frequency of 1 or 2 Hz depressed the response (Fig. 9). By the end of a 10-pulse train delivered at either frequency, the peak amplitude had declined by an average of 27%. Unblocking kainate receptors (GYKI 53655 or SYM 2206 and bicuculline) converted frequency-dependent depression into facilitation. By the end of a 10-pulse train delivered at either 1 or 2 Hz, the peak amplitude had increased by an average of 25%. The NMDA receptor- and kainate receptor-mediated components of the recurrent mossy fiber EPSC were differentiated in three experiments. The NMDA component grew by an average of 89% (range, 59–148%) during a 2 Hz train, and the kainate component grew by an average of 48% (range, 22–72%).
Unblocking kainate receptors converts short-term depression into facilitation. The NMDA receptor-mediated EPSC was isolated pharmacologically with 30 μm bicuculline and 10 μm NBQX, 30 μm GYKI 53655, or 40 μm SYM 2206. Left, Recordings from representative experiments performed as described in Figure 8, except that d-AP-5 was not used. In the presence of NBQX the amplitude of the response declined during the stimulus train, whereas response amplitude increased when SYM 2206 was used. Right, Mean values ± SEM for 10 cells in each group. The synaptic response exhibited statistically significant depression when the mossy fibers were stimulated at a frequency of 1 or 2 Hz in the presence of NBQX (p < 0.001 in each case by one-way repeated measures ANOVA). In contrast, the response facilitated during stimulation at these same frequencies in the presence of GYKI 53655 or SYM 2206 (p < 0.005 for 1 Hz; p < 0.001 for 2 Hz).
Additional experiments explored the interaction between feedback activation of kainate and type II metabotropic glutamate receptors. LY 341495 reversed the frequency-dependent depression observed during 2 Hz stimulation with kainate receptors blocked (Fig. 10, top). Little effect was observed during the early part of the stimulus train, but response depression appeared to reverse completely by the seventh stimulus. Under conditions that allowed for kainate receptor activation, frequency-dependent facilitation was observed in the presence or absence of LY 341495 (Fig. 10, bottom). Facilitation was usually observed with somewhat fewer stimuli when LY 341495 was present, but the ultimate magnitude of facilitation was unchanged. Thus the facilitatory effect of activating kainate receptors primarily occluded the effect of blocking type II metabotropic glutamate receptors. In the same experiments, LY 341495 did not affect responses evoked at a frequency of 0.2 Hz (data not shown).
Figure 10.
Block of type II metabotropic glutamate receptors modified short-term plasticity at recurrent mossy fiber synapses in response to a 2 Hz stimulus train. Values are means ± SEM for 10 cells in each group. Top, LY 341495 (100 nm) reduced and eventually abolished response depression observed when the NMDA receptor-mediated EPSC was isolated with 30 μm bicuculline and 10 μm NBQX [p < 0.001 by Newman–Keuls test after two-way ANOVA (treatment × stimulus number)]. Bottom, When the NMDA receptor-mediated component was isolated with 30 μm bicuculline and 40 μm SYM 2206, facilitation usually appeared earlier in the train during application of LY 341495. However, this effect was not statistically significant [p > 0.1, two-way ANOVA (treatment × stimulus number)].
Our results suggest that mossy fiber synapses on dentate granule cells exhibit short-term plasticity distinctly different from that described for mossy fiber synapses on other neuronal types. Like mossy fiber synapses on dentate gyrus interneurons located at the border of the hilus (Doherty and Dingledine, 2001) and on some inhibitory CA3 interneurons (Toth et al., 2000), repetitive activation of mossy fiber → granule cell synapses can provoke short-term depression. However, this type of plasticity occurs in the recurrent pathway only during activation at frequencies of <1 Hz. In contrast, mossy fiber → interneuron synapses exhibit short-term depression only when activated at higher frequencies. Like mossy fiber synapses on CA3 pyramidal cells (Salin et al., 1996; Toth et al., 2000) and on some inhibitory CA3 interneurons (Toth et al., 2000), repetitive activation of mossy fiber → granule cell synapses can also provoke short-term facilitation. However, its magnitude and dynamic range are far smaller than at mossy fiber → pyramidal cell synapses. Although the dynamic range of recurrent mossy fiber synapses (0.8–2 Hz) approximates that of mossy fiber synapses on those inhibitory CA3 interneurons that exhibit short-term facilitation, the magnitude of facilitation is smaller. Thus short-term synaptic plasticity in the recurrent mossy fiber pathway combines elements of the frequency-dependent depression and facilitation reported for other divisions of the mossy fiber projection, yielding a unique dependence of the postsynaptic response on presynaptic activity. There does not appear to be any clear morphological basis for these differences among mossy fiber synapses. On average, mossy fiber boutons that contact dentate granule cells are intermediate in diameter between those that contact CA3 pyramidal cells, on the one hand, and inhibitory interneurons, on the other (Okazaki et al., 1995; Molnár and Nadler, 1999).
Short-term frequency-dependent depression
Dentate granule cells in vivo fire action potentials at a low rate punctuated by brief periods of high-frequency discharge (Henze et al., 2002). For the rat, normal baseline activity during a learning task is in the range of 0.1–1 Hz (Jung and McNaughton, 1993). Our results suggest that repetitive granule cell firing at frequencies within this range leads to progressive transmission failure. During minimal electrical stimulation at a frequency of 0.2 Hz, the already high percentage of failures increased by an average of 28% during a train of 50 stimuli. It is not clear whether the transmission rate had plateaued by the end of the train or whether it would have continued to decline with additional stimulation. Recurrent mossy fiber synapses may not synchronize granule cell discharge effectively under these conditions. In fact, during baseline asynchronous granule cell activity in vivo, the recurrent pathway may be functionally silent.
Electrophysiological studies of the recurrent mossy fiber pathway have typically used stimulus frequencies much lower than 1 Hz. Under these conditions, minimal electrical stimulation usually evokes no postsynaptic response, and the transmission rate is likely to either remain the same during repeated stimulation or to decline. The use of low stimulus frequencies may explain, in part, the finding that mossy fiber stimulation usually evokes no synaptically driven granule cell population response, even when Timm histochemistry demonstrates robust sprouting into the dentate molecular layer (Tauck and Nadler, 1985; Cronin et al., 1992; Patrylo and Dudek, 1998; Hardison et al., 2000).
Short-term depression could still be observed at recurrent mossy fiber synapses during stimulation at frequencies of 1 or 2 Hz, provided that kainate receptors were blocked. This process was mediated, after some delay, by feedback activation of type II metabotropic glutamate receptors. Because these receptors are localized mainly on the preterminal axon and on regions of the bouton outside the synaptic cleft (Shigemoto et al., 1997), the delay presumably reflected the time required for glutamate to overflow the synapse and to reach a concentration at the receptor sufficient for activation.
Short-term frequency-dependent facilitation
Facilitation was manifested as a reduction in response failures during minimal electrical stimulation (∼40%), an increase in the amplitude of the compound EPSC (∼25%), an increase in the amplitude and duration of the compound EPSP, and an increase in the amplitude of the NMDA receptor-mediated EPSC (∼25%). Although the magnitude of facilitation is rather small compared with that observed at mossy fiber synapses on other neuronal populations, it appears comparable with that reported for Schaffer collateral → commissural synapses in area CA3 (Salin et al., 1996). Furthermore, the transmission rate of minimal EPSCs at the end of a 50-pulse train delivered at a frequency of 2 or 10 Hz was approximately twice that at the end of a train delivered at a frequency of 0.2 Hz. These effects are likely to be physiologically significant, because even a small enhancement of excitatory transmission could substantially increase synchronized granule cell activity supported by the recurrent mossy fiber pathway (Traub and Dingledine, 1990).
Short-term facilitation depends on the activation of kainate receptors by released glutamate, as previously described for mossy fiber → pyramidal cell synapses (Schmitz et al., 2001). In fact, kainate receptor activation appears to be an absolute requirement for stimulus trains to facilitate transmission at mossy fiber synapses on granule cells. Although kainate receptors are expressed on both the presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes at mossy fiber synapses, previous reports suggest that feedback onto presynaptic receptors is critical (Schmitz et al., 2001; Kamiya et al., 2002). Our finding that stimulus trains enhanced all three components of the recurrent mossy fiber EPSC is consistent with this idea; certainly facilitation of the small kainate component of the postsynaptic response was insufficient to account for our results. Kainate receptors act in opposition to type II metabotropic glutamate receptors. Activation of metabotropic receptors limited the reduction in transmission failures produced by 2 and 10 Hz stimulus trains and tended to reduce the rate at which facilitation of the NMDA receptor-mediated EPSC developed. Kainate receptors, like type II metabotropic receptors, have been localized to the mossy fiber axon (Petralia et al., 1994). Under our experimental conditions, metabotropic receptors appeared to be activated earlier during a stimulus train than kainate receptors. However, kainate receptor activation had the greater effect on recurrent mossy fiber transmission. Activation of kainate receptors during near-maximal mossy fiber stimulation at a frequency of 2 Hz occluded any effect of blocking metabotropic receptors on the ultimate magnitude of short-term facilitation. The mechanism(s) underlying this interaction requires investigation. Kainate receptor activation produces mossy fiber after depolarization that enhances action potential-driven Ca2+ influx (Kamiya et al., 2002), whereas activation of type II metabotropic glutamate receptors both reduces presynaptic Ca2+ influx and downregulates the exocytotic machinery (Kamiya and Ozawa, 1999). Kainate receptor-driven Ca2+ entry may counteract one or both effects of metabotropic receptor activation.
Transmission at recurrent mossy fiber synapses also undergoes a process that might be called "reversal of facilitation," that is, the loss of short-term facilitation when the magnitude of the postsynaptic response is substantially increased. This process was most clearly evident with 10 Hz stimulus trains. During minimal electrical stimulation at 10 Hz, the transmission rate increased substantially. However, the compound EPSC and EPSP failed to potentiate during stimulation of the pathway at 10 Hz with near-maximal electrical pulses. Although this result may have been influenced in some experiments by overlap of successive responses, strong activation of the recurrent mossy fiber pathway in vivo probably evokes long-lasting polysynaptically driven EPSCs. Thus short-term facilitation might occur in vivo over just the same narrow range of frequencies (1–2 Hz) as in the hippocampal slice. Finally, stimulation of the pathway at a frequency of 10 Hz markedly reduces and can even abolish the synaptic response if the first stimulus in the train evokes granule cell epileptiform activity (Hardison et al., 2000). Thus 10 Hz activity potentiates weak recurrent mossy fiber responses and attenuates strong responses. The mechanism(s) that underlies reversal of facilitation remains to be determined.
Implications for seizure propagation
Frequency-dependent short-term plasticity joins GABA inhibition and [K+]o as a key factor that regulates participation of the recurrent mossy fiber pathway in granule cell epileptiform activity. Frequency-dependent depression contributes to the failure of this pathway to synchronize granule cell discharge effectively during normal activity. Frequency-dependent facilitation may promote synchronized discharge when granule cell activity reaches ≥1 Hz. Occasions when this might occur include the brief periods of high-frequency activity during normal behavior (Henze et al., 2002), the periods of hypersynchronous fast activity characteristic of epileptic brain (Bragin et al., 1999, 2002), and the period of increasing granule cell activity that precedes a spontaneous seizure (Bragin et al., 1999; Finnerty and Jefferys, 2000).
Each dentate granule cell innervates ∼14 CA3 pyramidal cells and 40–50 inhibitory CA3 interneurons (Acsady et al., 1998). The ability of the dentate gyrus to filter epileptiform activity derives, in part, from mossy fiber-evoked feedforward inhibition that prevents the spread of excitation from the few targeted CA3 pyramidal cells to the rest of the synaptically interconnected pyramidal cell population. This inhibitory drive can be overcome either through intense activation of granule cells (Lothman et al., 1992) or through frequency-dependent facilitation in the mossy fiber pathway (Henze et al., 2002). Frequency-dependent facilitation is of greater magnitude and operates over a much broader dynamic range at mossy fiber synapses on pyramidal cells than on interneurons (Toth et al., 2000). Moreover, some mossy fiber synapses on CA3 interneurons undergo frequency-dependent depression. The overall effect is to enhance the driving of pyramidal cells relative to interneurons (Henze et al., 2002). Thus frequency-dependent facilitation in the recurrent mossy fiber pathway is expected to enhance synchronous population discharge of dentate granule cells directly and CA3 pyramidal cells indirectly. Other changes in the dentate gyrus of epileptic brain, such as depressed synaptic inhibition (Sloviter, 1991; Rice et al., 1996; Williamson et al., 1999; Doherty and Dingledine, 2001), would increase the impact of synaptic facilitation, leading to a potentially explosive gain of excitability. We propose that the recurrent mossy fiber pathway promotes seizure propagation from the entorhinal cortex to the hippocampus mainly when granule cells are driven at a frequency appropriate to promote synaptic facilitation.
This work was supported by National Institutes of Health Grant NS 38108. We thank Y. Jiao for technical assistance.
Correspondence should be addressed to J. Victor Nadler, Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Box 3813, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710. E-mail: nadle002{at}acpub.duke.edu.
P. Molnár's present address: Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634-0905.
Copyright © 2003 Society for Neuroscience 0270-6474/03/235381-10$15.00/0
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You are going to email the following Short-Term Frequency-Dependent Plasticity at Recurrent Mossy Fiber Synapses of the Epileptic Brain
Li Feng, Peter Molnár, J. Victor Nadler
Journal of Neuroscience 15 June 2003, 23 (12) 5381-5390; DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.23-12-05381.2003
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Yet eating croissant every day or some unhealthy breakfast is both detrimental to our health and to our pocket! So why not make some effort the evening before so that we can spare all that drama the next morning.
In this post, I am going to share with you my grab-and-go breakfast which will even help you stay on track with your fitness goals and keep you from waiting in lines to get your breakfast! Overnight oatmeal is one of my favorite breakfast and ever since I tried these I never turned to warm oatmeal. The reason why they are so delicious is that they taste like a desert, so creamy, sweet and full of flavors and a plus point- they are healthy so you don't have to feel guilty at all!
The basic recipe is the same, you can go all wild and creative with this one. Adapt it according to the seasonal fruits, the season of the year like having a festive oatmeal with apples, banana, and cinnamon during winters. Whereas a tropical one with exotic fruits during the summer. I am sharing with you my 5 best overnight oatmeal recipes that I enjoy eating.
In a bowl add chopped berries and mush them with a help of a fork, this will add a creamy texture to the oats.
Transfer it into a jar and top with rest of the berries.
Keep it in fridge overnight.
Mix all the ingredients except fruits and toppings in a jar.
Top it with your banana, grapes, and nuts. Keep it overnight in the fridge.
Top it with your favorite chocolate toppig. Keep it overnight in the fridge.
Top it with apples and cinnamon. Keep overnight in the fridge.
Top it with berries, banana, and nuts. Keep overnight in the fridge.
Tip: You do not necessarily have to keep your oatmeal overnight. A maximum of four hours is also fine to allow your oats to soften and ready to be eaten.


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text:
Contemporary Italian Diversity in Critical and Fictional Narratives
Author: Marie Orton , Graziella Parati , Ron Kubati , Ashna Ali
Publisher: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press
Contemporary Italian Diversity in Critical and Fictional Narratives is about identity-individual and national-and belonging. Also, it is an affirmation of diversity. Its editors have brought together articles by scholars analyzing the literature of migration and creative pieces by recognized authors who have lived experience of migration. English-speaking readers will find their own societies' struggles with diversity mirrored in Italy's colonial inheritance, its renewed nationalism, populism, xenophobia, shifting national identity, and other phenomena which are the contexts for the writings in this volume. The artists and scholars presented and discussed in this volume often challenge national discourses and dehumanizations, issues of race and of gender. But many also seek to move beyond the negative and critical to claim belonging-especially national belonging-in the name of difference as part of human experience. The selections emphasize how individuals both reflect and enact societal change, and foreground the inescapable fact that diversity and migration drive and shape societal identity in our current world.
Imprint: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press
Marie Orton is professor of Italian at Brigham Young University. Graziella Parati is the Paul D. Paganucci Professor of Italian Literature and Language at Dartmouth College. Ron Kubati, PhD., is an independent scholar and author.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


2015, you were kind to us.
New Years Eve at The Carillion Beach Resort in Florida.
Truman house in Seaside, Florida.
Friends trip in Sarasota, Florida.
2nd annual Easter a Biltmore.
Celebrated my 10th year in the United States.
29th Birthday in Charleston, South Carolina.
4th of July in Old Salem.
Shania Twain Rock This Country Concert.
2nd Anniversary at Pinehurst, North Carolina.
Adopted Kelsie a five month old puppy from a high kill shelter.
Celebrated five years together in Asheville, North Carolina on Labor Day weekend.
Southern Living House tour in Charlottesville, Virginia.
Country Living Fair in Atlanta, Georgia.
Family reunion and 2nd annual Thanksgiving at Biltmore.
2nd annual Christmas at Biltmore.
Dolly Parton's rendition gets me in the Christmas spirit.
I enjoy reading all of your Christmas stories. Our Christmases are simple, as we have family that lives far away. On hubby's side his parents celebrated in the Pacific Northwest with his brother and on my side my mum celebrated in England with my sister.
Growing up, before I was eight I lived on a twenty-two acre farm in rural Pretoria, South Africa. My mother and father's families were from Europe and moved to the African continent in the late 1950's/early 1960's. So even though Christmastime was summertime, we celebrated with European traditions.
My first Christmas was at my Granny's house in Zimbabwe. I was the oldest grandchild, on both sides, so I was doted on and given too many presents, I'm sure.
I remember we decorated our tree with fruit ornaments, and since my dad's passing I inherited the strawberry ornaments - one of which I'd taken a bite out, thinking it was real. To other's looking at that ornament displayed on our tree there was a look of confusion, but to me, and my family it holds a special memory.
That's what makes celebrations, and traditions so important - the memories. When I was eight we moved to a rural village in the heart of Warwickshire, and much of my mother's family lived nearby. We would have the traditional carol services at the village church, many cards were shared (the Brits are very good at sending and receiving cards) and we wore silly crowns on our heads during Christmas dinner - yes, the ones pulled from a cracker.
A few years later my dad's aviation businesses expanded to Australia and the United States. So when it was time for me to go to college, I went to SFCC and later, Marylhurst University in the Pacific Northwest. I was nineteen, studying interior design and had a roommate from Japan. That was hers and a Chinese friend's first Christmas.
Every Christmas after that I would save my summer job money -yes, I worked for my dad's aviation company, and would fly to Europe for Christmas. Firstly, I'd go to my Granny's home in Germany and help her decorate her tree. She lived in a multi-generational home with my aunt, uncle, and cousins. Then, I'd go to England and celebrate with my mum's side and see all my old high school friend.
Sadly, in 2009 my maternal Granddad passed away, five months later my maternal Nana passed away. In 2010, my Granny passed away just a few weeks before Christmas - eleven years after my Grandpa. If that wasn't enough loss only eight weeks after my Granny passed, my dad was diagnosed with pancreatic cancer - he passed away in 2013.
Christmases since then have been with my hubby. We now live in the Carolinas, and have started a new tradition of visiting the Biltmore during the holidays. This year, my mum and sister came to visit over Thanksgiving break and so we took our Christmas card picture with them there.
On Christmas Eve we attended two candlelight services, it's my favorite sermon of the year. We sang Silent Night as all the candles glowed.
After the service, I prepared Chicken Gloria and we watched our favorite Christmas movies, relaxed ready for the next day.
On Christmas, we had our 2nd annual Christmas at Biltmore - the largest private home in the United States.
We had our luncheon at The Deerpark, on the estate. The restaurant has windows on both sides - which look into a courtyard. There was a tree all trimmed with red bows.
We're usually seated, make our drinks order then go into the large hall, where a buffet of holiday foods are on display. They also had an ice sculpture. Which was d-r-i-p-p-i-n-g on this unusually warm seventy-five degree day.
All the buffet tables had fantastic floral arrangements. I especially liked this one by the dinner plates.
After lunch, and dessert we did the washing up, went on a walk to the house. Where they took our picture in the music room.
The more we visit, the more we notice the architectural details.
Thank you for having us Vanderbilt's. Afterwards we hiked down to one of the rustic gazebos by the lake and I pulled so many funny faces for a picture - it made us laugh.
Lastly, for British Boxing Day we went to the Six Pence Pub in Fort Mill, South Carolina. Hubby had the cottage pie, and I had the bangers and mash.
We also watched our dear Queen's speech with a helping of English Christmas pudding. She's turning ninety next year, God Save Our Queen.
Welcome to the Reid House, located in Matthews, North Carolina.
Built by Edward Solomon Reid in 1890 by a local businessman and later sold to his dear sister Ellen in 1893. That year, Ellen married Dr. Thomas Neely Reid (they had the same last name - but weren't related).
Dr. Reid graduated from City University of New York and settled in Matthews to practice medicine in 1889. He served until his death in 1946 aged seventy-eight.
He was a colorful figure in town, beloved by his patients. Dr. Reid was one of the first people in Matthews to trade his horses for the "new fangled" automobile.
The house was named for Miss Nancy Reid, the youngest of Dr. and Mrs. Reid's daughters. She was born in the house on January 9, 1898 and lived there until her death on January 25, 1986.
She was well educated and taught in the Charlotte Mecklenburg School System for thirty-five years. Mrs. Sarah Redd of Columbia, South Carolina, a niece of Miss Nancy's, inherited the house upon her death.
Mrs. Redd generously gifted the house and property to The Matthews Historical Foundation on December 31, 1987.
The Reid House is considered unique because it was one of the few Victorian Queen Anne style homes built in Mecklenburg County. With its design of gingerbread cupola, Chinese Chippendale porch railing and rounded turret it has remained a wonderful example characteristic of Victorian style.
The large windows, still with the original glass, the height of the interior walls, nearly 12 feet, and the woodwork and cross molding above the windows all are evident in homes of this era. Unfortunately, the furniture is not original to the house but is period correct.
The gazebo was constructed in 1996, using the Chippendale woodwork pattern found on the front porch as a guide. It makes a wonderful addition to the large backyard.
Hope you enjoyed the Holiday open tour.
Before I share about our weekend, I wanted to share that this week we had not one, but three different doctors appointments. Two at my fertility specialist where I had an ultrasound, a follicle size of 23mm, and my 3rd IUI procedure. The third was an emergency doctors appointment to ensure I would be fine after quite a bit of blood loss. Luckily, I have been doing okay - and feeling back to myself.
We've finally sent all our Christmas cards and packages in the mail. It's almost like we need a trumpet. Here's a drawing hubby did of his older brother, and his niece - aged eight, and nephew - aged seven.
You don't have to spend a lot of money to send sentimental gifts. Its the ones you make that get kept for years to come, or passed down from generation-to-generation.
Our weekend was good. We spent Friday night out at The Gallery Restaurant at The Ballantyne Hotel and Resort. We really enjoy dressing up and dining there - here's a photo courtesy of Trip Advisor.
and I had the duck.
Afterwards, we went to see the gingerbread house competition in the lobby, and sat by the fire for a little while - until we realized it was past midnight.


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Q: BuddyPress/BuddyVerified/JS/PHP - Make verified icon appear I am using BuddyVerified on my BuddyPress-enabled WordPress site.
The verification icons do not appear in the header of verified user profiles as they are intended to, however (probably due to some inconsistency with the theme). I attempt to append the verification icons to user profile headers by entering the below code into the site's custom Javascript box:
// Prepend to objects of class "user-nicename"...
$(".user-nicename").before(

  // this PHP code
  <?php
        $ver_slug = basename(get_permalink());
        $ver_user = get_user_by('slug', $slug);
        $ver_user_id = $user->ID;
        $ver_user_is_verified = bp_is_verified($user_id);
        $ver_user_verified_icon = bp_verified_image($user_id);
    ?>

);

// Pass PHP boolean variable indicating user verification over to JS
var user_is_verified = <?php echo json_encode($ver_user_is_verified); ?>;

// If user is verified...
if (user_is_verified) {

    // Prepend user verification icon to "user-nicename"
    $(".user-nicename").before(
        <?php echo $ver_user_verified_icon ?>
    )

}

Here are the BuddyVerified functions.
Seems logical. No result though. PHP is not my strong suit.
Can anyone tell me what I did wrong?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Full DNS Management
Find out more about your domain's DNS settings and why they're crucial.
Having total control of your domain names is something rather important and to be able to access and edit the DNS records for any of them is among the things you should look for when you search for a registration or a shared hosting provider. You may have heard of the so-called "name servers" that show where a domain is hosted, but below them there is also a whole list of records, like the A record, which is the IP address of the server hosting the website, and the MX records, which show the server that deals with the e-mails for a specific domain address. These records are employed if you would like have your web site with one service provider and the emails with another, for example. You may also use a domain address for a non-website service or forward the traffic to it by using special records. Some companies ask for an extra payment to give access to edit particular DNS records besides the name servers.
Full DNS Management in Shared Hosting
The user-friendly Hepsia hosting Control Panel, which comes with every single Linux shared hosting package that we offer, provides you with 100 % access to all domain names which are hosted in the account. With only a few mouse clicks you're going to be able to see the DNS records for every domain that you host or subdomain that you create. You could also set up or modify any sort of record you want, depending on what you would like to do - A, AAAA, MX, TXT, SRV, CNAME, and so on. This will enable you to define an email server, point a domain to a VOIP or online game server provided by another company, set up forwarding, and so forth. You can also register private name servers for each Internet domain that you've bought through us and use them instead of our default ones not just for this domain, but also for any other domain that will be hosted in the same account. The complete DNS management service is provided free of charge.
Full DNS Management in Semi-dedicated Hosting
The Linux semi-dedicated packages are managed through our in-house designed Hepsia hosting CP and one of its features is an easy-to-use DNS records tool where you're able see all existing records for each domain name or subdomain you host within the account. With just a couple of clicks you will be able to change any existing record as well as to create a new one if you need it for any purpose. This will permit you to pick the provider for each individual service - for example, for a given domain address you can have the site here, the emails through a second provider and a VOIP service that employs the same domain address as a host through a third one. Our system allows you to modify or create any type of records that you need - NS, A, MX, CNAME, TXT, SRV, AAAA, and so on., and we'll never ask for any fee to be able to access and manage these records as other companies may do.


text:
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Taylor Momsen Gets Pretty Reckless With Connor Sobolik: The GuySpy Interview
Connor Sobolik
If you wake up in the middle of the afternoon in the clothes from the night before and somebody else's underwear on your bedroom floor, then you were probably partying to The Pretty Reckless.
Taylor Momsen, the racoon-eyed chick with enough attitude in her twelve-inch heels to overwhelm the world in a single song, is not someone to be taken lightly. She is the lead singer for the punk rock band known for its awesome combination of classic rock wrapped in hard-hitting vocals. And her music is edgier then Satan's sidekick. Her first ever music video featured her walking through a cemetery while she tripped out of her baggy boyfriend flannel shirt and down to next to nothing. It only takes one glance at her portrait for you to completely forget her days as Cindy Loo Hoo from Jim Carrey's Grinch or Jenny from Gossip Girl. I recently had a great chat with the 20-year-old rockstar about drugs, picking fights with the Catholic church, and her writing process.
On her lyrical jabs at the Catholic church in her songs "Going to Hell" and "Goin' Down."
I grew up Catholic and I went to Catholic school. I am using religion as a metaphor because I grew up Catholic. It is very embedded in my vernacular. It's not meant to be taken literally and I think people tend to over dramatize things. It's just a song, Man! I mean, the fans all get it but they are also fans so… You are always going to have haters.
On the message behind her music.
There are a lot of common themes that come up but I wouldn't say that there is an exact message that I am trying to convey. Rock and roll means the ultimate freedom of expression. Whatever comes up! You are allowed to be free and say what you want. You aren't doing it for the radio or for the fans, you are doing it for yourself. There isn't a message other than freedom.
On her process.
As a writer you are constantly writing and reading and looking for something to spark an idea. You are constantly looking for something to inspire you; it could be anything. All of the songs are very personal and I don't like to get too in-depth with what I am actually writing about because I like the listener to hear it with an open mind. I like them to interpret it for themselves and pretend that that is what the song is about and that is what it means.
You can't censor yourself when you write. If people have a problem with what I am writing about then I will deal with that once it's done.
On performing.
I get dressed, get my makeup, smoke a cigarette, have a drink, go on stage, and rock!
On her drug references.
Drugs are a big part of culture in general. I don't like to get too specific because I am not here to influence anyone on bad behaviour. Whatever you take you take from it. You gotta be your own artist. As soon as you start imitating something it's Broadway.
On dedicating her next album to "All the Lost Souls."
It's dedicated to all the lonely people, and aren't we all lonely people? Aren't we all lost and lonely at some point in our lives? I think I kind of always feel that way.
On the new album.
It's a lot heavier than Light Me Up, but there's a lot of different things. Hopefully, there is something for everyone. It's very much a band record. It's very raw, very stripped down. It's two guitars, bass drum, vocals. I think we really captured what we sound like live on tape for the first time. That's really exciting. It's also a record that is meant to be listened to like you would listen to an old school record. It's a piece of work, it's not a pop song that you will understand right away. It's meant to be listened to from front to back over and over with a pair of headphones in your own room with the lights out. Every time you listen to the songs on the record you will discover something new inside of them. They are definitely layered. It has been about a year.
I don't write in the studio; I write everything before we go in to record. So I come into the studio with hearing the entire song already done in my head. Then you just have to get it on tape. That is always fun because you get to see it come to life rather than hearing it playing again and again over and over months and months. You get to press play and crank it to 10 for real. I go in with a pretty clear vision of what it should sound like.
On inspiring her fans.
I hope I am connecting to the fans. I hope it helps fill them up in some way. I think that is what music does for people. It makes you feel whole as a person. So I hope that I can do that and that's accomplished when I make music. I hope that they feel connected to something; connected to the song, connected to the world, connected to anything, connected to an idea. So if we are doing that then I am very pleased.
goingtohell.me
twitter.com/tprofficial
facebook.com/theprettyreckless
Cindy Loo Hoo, EP, Going To Hell, Gossip Girl, Grinch, Hit Me Like A Man, Interview, Jenny Humphrey, Light Me Up, Pretty Reckless, Pretty Reckless Interview, Taylor Momsen, Taylor Momsen Interview, The Pretty Reckless
Beatriz (Guest)
I love you Taylor.
Jack Falahee: The Steamy New Hunk From How To Get Away With Murder!
John Travolta Grants Rare Interview On Gay Sex Allegations
Chris Evans: Talks About Sticking A Banana In His Ass!
Alexis Arquette Had Sex With Jared Leto While "Presenting As A Male"
Neil Patrick Harris Talks Having Sex With Women And Being Gay Married
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Known as the Gensou Gakudan (幻想楽団 – The Fantasy Band), Sound Horizon has but one official member: Revo. All other members are there by invitation, whether singers, seiyuu or musician; the cast-list varies from album to album.
During the first era of Sound Horizon, the only collaborating members were Jimang and Aramary, but since 2006, other singers have collaborated.
Revo is the composer, arranger, writer and producer of Sound Horizon, and its only constant member.
He started composing in the 90's and uploaded his works on a website where he signed as "G.Revo". The first album under the name of Sound Horizon was released at the Comiket 2001, and he was the only credited member.
He usually plays the guitar, and occasionally piano, bagpipe and other instruments. Since Roman (2006) he also participates as a singer.
Since the stablishment of the Sound Horizon Kingdom, Revo has played the role of king. Therefore, people refer to him as His majesty.
Aramary was the first singer in Sound Horizon. She started in 2002 with the 2nd Story "Thanatos" and left after the 4th Story "Elysion". She took the leading role of the band during that period, and her voice became an icon of the first era of Sound Horizon.
She is well known for her narration (seiyuu) skills; she is able to imitate a wide range of different voices, such as children and elderly women, altering her vocals to suit each role.
After leaving Sound Horizon, Aramary joined the band Rain Note and released an album and a single. She also works as a seiyuu for several doujin circles and TV spots.
Shimotsuki collaborated with Sound Horizon during the doujin stage, singing in Lost and Chronicle 2nd. She always had a close relationship with the band, participating once again in Moira. She is a well-known singer and composer, working as solo artist in both doujin and major releases.
Lost, Pico Magic, Pico Magic Reloaded, Chronicle 2nd, Elysion~Prelude to Paradise, Schwarzweiss, Moira.
YUUKI (Yoshida Yuuki) is one of the main singers from the second "era" of Sound Horizon. She was a Japanese Idol in 2003, when she was part of a Unit called SpringS. She also took part in several TV Doramas that aired NHK and Fuji TV, as well as some commercials.
KAORI (Kaori Oda) is one of the main singers from the second "era" of Sound Horizon. Before joining Sound Horizon, she was part of the vocal group CHIX CHICKS (formerly BJ GIRLS), which she left in 2008.
She is also part of Yuki Kajiura's FictionJunction project, and she has sung theme songs for several animes such as Baccano!, Tsubasa Chronicles and Pandora Hearts.
REMI is one of the main singers from the second "era" of Sound Horizon. She has taken part in a lot of "free collaborations" for animes like Naruto, GANTZ or Jigoku Shoujo.
She has a very special operatic voice, although very light and similar to a mezzo-soprano. Some roles she has played in SH are Reine Michèle (Roman), Trin (Seisen no Iberia), and Myu (Moira).
RIKKI joined the band along with the other second era vocalists, but her first collaboration with Sound Horizon was the Image Album LEVIATHAN, while Aramary was still in the band. She is a famous shimauta (traditional Okinawan music) singer, and is mainly know for having sung "Suteki da ne?" in FINAL FANTASY X. She gave birth to twins in 2008 and left the band during that year, but she returned in 2009.
Her voice is very high-pitched and influenced by traditional Japanese singing. Some roles she has played in SH are "Mother" (Roman) and Saranda (Seisen no Iberia).
Azumi Inoue collaborated as a guest vocalist in Roman, where she sang the role of Étoile's mother (Hoshikuzu no Kawahimo) with YUUKI. She also replaced Yoshimi Iwasaki during some of the Moira Story Concerts (2009), and took the role of Mother Holle and Aprikose in the 7th Story Märchen. She has a sweet melodic voice.
Miki joined SH as a support vocal in Moira (2008). She was initially meant to replace RIKKI, who had temporarily left the group, and also participated in the 3rd Territorial Expansion. Her voice is similar to Geila Zilkha's, one of the singers of the image album Leviathan. She plays Therese von Ludowig in Ido e itaru Mori e itaru Ido and many villain roles in Märchen.
Minami Kuribayashi joined the band as a "guest singer" in Moira in the role of Artemisia. She has been renowned for her voice acting skills, and also for her songs in several animes aside from her role in Sound Horizon. In the latest Sound Horizon release, Märchen, she took the role as the Bluebeard's dead wife, making her as one of the Seven Dead Princesses.
Joelle was born in USA before moving to Akita, Japan. As a daughter of American father and Japanese mother, she is fluent in speaking both English and Japanese. Her influence for music came from her father, who is also a musician. Joelle is a part of duo singer, Joelle and Clinton before invited to join Sound Horizon in their latest releases, Ido and Märchen. She plays the role of Elisabeth von Wettin in both releases.


Continuing from last month's blast . . .
Bellevue Square, LLC leased 34,000 square feet to Whole Foods in July 2015. Other tenants in Bellevue Square include Macy's and Nordstrom. The Whole Foods Lease obligated the Tenant – Whole Foods – to continuously operate its business for the first 10 years, keeping it open to the public during the days and hours designated by Landlord.
Whole Foods opened its 365 by Whole Foods store in September 2016. Sales did not meet projections.
Whole Foods informed its customers by email that it would be vacating Bellevue Square on October 14, 2017. This is how Bellevue Square learned of the pending closure.
The Lease between Bellevue Square and Whole Foods allowed the Landlord the right to specifically enforce the Tenant's obligations through injunctive relief. So Bellevue sued Whole Foods, requesting an injunction requiring Whole Foods to continue business operations.
To support its request for an injunction, Bellevue Square cited an adverse impact on the leased premises and negotiations with other tenants, lenders and similar. Whole Foods established only that financial harm would result to Whole Foods if it was forced to continually operate an unprofitable store.
For those of my readers living under a tree stump in Mogadishu – here's a news flash: Amazon purchased Whole Foods last June for $13.7 billion. This fact was probably not lost on the Court, as the Court concluded that Whole Foods could easily withstand losses that would send other retailers into bankruptcy, or at least insolvency.
Injunction granted; Whole Foods must reopen for business within two weeks and "work in good faith with Bellevue Square to fulfill the purposes of the Lease." The injunction is conditioned upon Bellevue Square's deposit with the Court of a $2 million bond.
It remains unclear how Whole Foods is supposed to staff the store, what type of products must be offered, whether or not Whole Foods may increase or decrease pricing or add or subtract an inventory line, change its operating hours and its suppliers and manners of restocking shelves, and a myriad of other questions and issues.
So, first Starbucks (Teavana). Now Whole Foods. I don't know who is next, but I sense a trend where Courts may not be so reluctant to require tenants to continue business operations, even though they may incur substantial losses.
See Bellevue Square v. Whole Foods Market Pacific Northwest, Inc.; No. 17-2-27617-1-SEA; Superior Court of Washington for King County; December 7, 2017: https://www.seattletimes.com/business/amazon/judge-orders-whole-foods-to-reopen-shuttered-bellevue-square-365-store/.


text:
Q: non-standard url with Feign and Spring I am using Feign with Spring and I want to call a rest client that does not respect any standard.
https://uglyservices.com/api/service1/{param1}?token={param2}&&data={jsonData}
I tried with the spring GetMapping but I could not.
I've also tried using Feign annotations, for that, create this main class
@SpringBootApplication
@EnableAutoConfiguration
@EnableScheduling
@EnableFeignClients
public class MyApplication {

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        SpringApplication.run(MyApplication.class, args);
    }

    @Bean
    public Contract useFeignAnnotations() {
        return new Contract.Default();
    }

}

and I have declared the service as follows
@FeignClient(name = "uglyservices-service",
        url = "${propiedades.uglyservicesURL}")
public interface SimpleServices {

    @RequestLine("GET /service1/{param1}?token={param2}&data={jsonData}")
    public String crearCaso(@Param("param1") String param1, @Param(value = "param2", expander = PrefixExpander.class) String param2, @Param("jsonData") String jsonData);

    static final class PrefixExpander implements Param.Expander {

        @Override
        public String expand(Object value) {
            return value + "&";
        }
    }

}

But I can not get the url to be formed correctly.
I appreciate any advice. Sorry for my English.


WEST NYACK, NY -- A trip to the mall usually isn't an out of this world experience but at the Palisades Center in West Nyack, New York, one venue aims to provide just that.
The company known as 5-Wits, known for creating immersive and interactive adventures, has created "Deep Space." It's designed to take the escape room experience to another dimension.
"It's an outer-space themed adventure where you have to figure out what happened to the captain and the crew of an abandoned space ship," said Asia Seibert, Operations Manager at 5- Wits.
Full of mind benders and challenges around every turn, Deep Space adds plenty of special effects that require groups to work together to foil the plot of the evil artificial intelligence that works to doom the mission.
After blowing away an asteroid in a challenge aboard the space ship, David Wintman, from New City, New York said, "It's dynamic, the room plays back. it's not just you in a static environment."
Each adventure plays out differently depending on how well the group can sleuth out the clues provided.
"It's all about following a storyline," Siebert added. "And interacting with your environment."
Deep Space is open every day at the Palisades Center in West Nyack, New York. The location also includes two other adventures: Tomb and Drago's Castle. Tickets are $23 and group rates are available. Click here for more information.


The EAS Soft label is the smallest size sticker on the market. Great for products that are too small for hard tags. 3*3 RF anti-shoplifting labels should be placed flat on item. Label size is directly related to detection; larger stickers are easier to detect. So we recommends using the largest label possible for any application. RF label is one time use and requires a deactivator to detune labels.
Compatible with Checkpoint and other 8.2 MHz Radio Frequency anti-theft Systems.


text:
Metropolitan News-Enterprise
Supreme Court Rules for Union in Dispute Over Supermarket Leafletting
State Laws Limiting Authority to Enjoin Picketing in Labor Disputes Held Constitutional in 6-1 Decision
By a MetNews Staff Writer
Laws that largely prohibit courts from enjoining union picketing during a labor dispute do not unconstitutionally interfere with the rights of property owners, the state Supreme Court ruled yesterday.
In a 6-1 decision, the high court reversed the Third District Court of Appeal, which had ordered that an injunction be issued to block the United Food and Commercial Workers Union Local 8 from picketing a Sacramento warehouse-type Foods Co grocery store.
Foods Co is a subsidiary of the Ralphs chain, but is, unlike Ralphs, non-union. Local 8 has been trying to organize workers at Foods Co stores in Sacramento and Fresno, but is at an impasse with the grocer, and has organized an informational picketing campaign urging customers to shop elsewhere.
The Sacramento store, more than five years ago, is located in the College Square retail development. In its complaint against the union, filed in April 2008, the company contended that the picketing in front of the 31-foot-wide store entrance amounted to trespass.
The union responded that the proposed injunction would violate Code of Civil Procedure Sec. 527.3, also known as the Moscone Act, and Labor Code Sec. 1138.1. The Moscone Act says that peaceful picketing and similar activities, in connection with a labor dispute, "shall be legal, and no court nor any judge nor judges thereof, shall have jurisdiction to issue any restraining order or preliminary or permanent injunction which, in specific or general terms, prohibits any person or persons, whether singly or in concert, from" engaging in such conduct.
Sec. 1138.1 provides that no injunction shall be granted in connection with a labor dispute unless the court finds, after an evidentiary hearing with live witnesses, that an injunction is necessary to prevent "unlawful acts" that "have been threatened and will be committed" or that "have been committed and will be continued" absent an injunction; that irreparable injury will occur; that the harm to the plaintiffs if an injunction is not issued outweighs the harm to the defendants if it is; that the plaintiff lacks an adequate remedy at law; and that public officers are unwilling or unable to "furnish adequate protection" to the plaintiffs.
Sacramento Superior Court Judge Loren McMaster ruled that the Moscone Act was unconstitutional because it constitutes "content-based discrimination." The judge found Sec. 1138.1 to be similarly flawed, but said he was bound by Waremart Foods v. United Food & Commercial Workers Union (2001) 87 Cal.App.4th 145, which upheld the statute.
The judge then held an evidentiary hearing and ruled that the company could not meet the standards for an injunction under Sec. 1138.1.
In reversing, the Third District said both statutes are unconstitutional because they grant greater rights to those expressing pro-union views that those speaking on other subjects.
The panel also said that because the store is not a public forum, cases like Robins v. Pruneyard Shopping Center (1979) 23 Cal.3d 899, applying the state constitutional "liberty of speech" to some private property, do not apply.
Justice Joyce L. Kennard, writing yesterday for the high court, agreed that the liberty-of-speech clause did not apply. But the labor-picketing statutes are constitutional, she said.
"We do not agree with the Court of Appeal that the Moscone Act and section 1138.1, which are components of a state statutory system for regulating labor relations, and which are modeled on federal law, run afoul of the federal constitutional prohibition on content discrimination in speech regulations," Kennard said.
The Court of Appeal, she said, erred in relying on U.S. Supreme Court rulings that invalidated an ordinance barring picketing near schools, and a statute barring picketing at a residence, both of which included exceptions for labor picketing.
Those cases are distinguishable, Kennard said, because the stricken enactments barred otherwise protected speech unconnected with a labor dispute.
"By contrast, invalidating here the Moscone Act and section 1138.1 would not remove any restrictions on speech or enhance any opportunities for peaceful picketing or protest anywhere, including the privately owned walkway in front of the customer entrance to the College Square Foods Co store," the justice wrote. "This is because neither the Moscone Act nor section 1138.1 abridges speech."
Chief Justice Tani Cantil-Sakauye and Justices Marvin Baxter, Carol Corrigan, Goodwin Liu and Kathryn M. Werdegar joined Kennard's opinion.
The justices were divided, however, regarding the scope of the ruling, as two separate concurrences were filed.
Cantil-Sakauye, joined by Baxter and Corrigan, emphasized that the decision "concerns only the rights codified in the Moscone Act," so that if "conduct on private property exceeds the activities that are protected by the Moscone Act [it] will constitute an unlawful trespass, and may be excluded by the employer."
Liu, joined by Werdegar, criticized the limiting language of the chief justice's opinion, and cited the history of federal legislation, such as the Norris-LaGuardia Act, designed to protect the rights of labor picketers.
Chin, dissenting, agreed with the majority that the statutes are facially constitutional, but said they may have been applied in an unconstitutional manner, and that the trial court might have decided the issue differently if it had anticipated the high court's holding that the area in front of the store is not a public forum.
The case is Ralphs Grocery Company v. United Food and Commercial Workers Union Local 8, 12 S.O.S. 6697.
Copyright 2012, Metropolitan News Company


On the morning of Tuesday, February 21, Chicago Ideas teamed up with Cara and I.C. Stars to host a roundtable discussion on hiring formerly incarcerated individuals. Moderated by WBEZ editor Rob Wildeboer, the conversation brought together Safer Foundation vice president of external relations Sodiqua Williams, Cara admissions specialist Raahsaan Brown, Midway Moving president and CEO Jerry Siegel and Cook County Department of Corrections executive director Nneka Jones Tapia.
Sanctions in many states prevent ex-offenders from being eligible for public housing, food stamps and student loans. But perhaps the most constrictive barrier for formerly incarcerated individuals reentering society is finding employment, despite studies that show the group tends to possess skills that are desirable and in demand. The discussion aimed to look into those barriers, and act as a place to make connections that help foster solutions to curb them.
The event accomplished just that, and so we've compiled a list of takeaways below. If you're looking to keep this conversation going and learn how to take action when it comes to prison reform, be sure to attend Chicago Ideas' Reimagining Prison event on Thursday, February 23.
In her role at Safer Foundation, Williams works with formerly incarcerated individuals, government bodies and employers to help break down obstacles that keep people with arrest and conviction records from obtaining employment. A big part of her work is to reduce the stigma placed on job seekers who have been previously incarcerated, and she posited one statistic that is pretty harrowing: more than 4 million adults in Illinois have arrest and/or conviction records. That accounts for more than 40 percent of the entire state's adult population, which makes one wonder how employers and government agencies can discriminate against such a large portion of the population.
Tapia laid out a lot of the good work that she and Cook County Sheriff Tom Dart are doing on California Avenue, but also explained some of the challenges that come with running the largest single site jail in the country. She said that as of the roundtable, Cook County Jail was housing roughly 7,540 detainees—nearly half of whom are behind bars for nonviolent offenses. That comment led attendees to a simple conclusion: a key way to solve the issue of widespread unemployment among formerly incarcerated individual is to reform the justice system and put less resources against locking up nonviolent offenders in the first place.
Siegel has been hiring people with arrest and conviction records at Midway Moving for more than two decades—the practice has been a key part of his business. By giving many of these people a chance at employment, he's found that they excel at an equal or higher rate than employees with clean background checks. Deno Andrews, owner of Felony Franks in Oak Park, was in attendance and agreed. His hot dog stand exclusively employs individuals who have previously been incarcerated, and has become a local gem in the process.