text:
\section{\label{sec:level1}First-level heading:\protect\\ The line
\section{Introduction}

The evaporation-induced self-assembly of colloidal particles in droplets and films is a flexible and simple method for obtaining structured deposits. In some applications, solutions containing mixtures of particles of different sizes are of interest. As examples of these, we can include: evaporative lithography~\cite{Harris2009,Utgenannt2013,Kolegov2020,AlMuzaiqer2021}, diagnostics in medicine~\cite{Trantum2011}, the development of biosensors~\cite{Rathaur2020}, the formation of supraparticles~\cite{Liu2019,Gartner2020,Kim2021,Raju2021} and nanocomposites~\cite{Wang2009,Dong2020,Kim2021a}, the creation of photonic crystals~\cite{Choi2010,Liu2019,Nunes2020} and superlattice structures~\cite{Nozawa2022}, the production of color filters for displays~\cite{Das2018}, nanosphere lithography~\cite{Li2009969,Li2009,Chen2009,Utgenannt2016} and inkjet printing~\cite{AlMilaji2019Langmuir}. Mixtures of particles are also used in other technologies for the formation of structures that are not associated with evaporation, for example, the Langmuir-Blodgett method~\cite{Detrich2009,Vogel2011}, spin-coating~\cite{Sharma2009}, the transfer of particle monolayers from a liquid-air interface onto an inclined substrate in the process of liquid discharge from a container with a tap~\cite{Lotito2016}. Particle sedimentation from binary mixtures is also associated with some other interesting phenomena, for example, birefringence, which can be useful in functional materials~\cite{Inoue2020}. Another interesting direction is related to the formation of one-dimensional binary superstructures~\cite{Guo2017}.

Often, the physical properties of the resulting coating are
controlled by adding polymers to the colloidal
solution~\cite{Schulz2020}. Such mixtures allow control of adhesion,
wetting, gloss, biocompatibility, and hydrophilicity. The polymer
concentration and the evaporation rate both affect the properties of
the deposited coating. A mixture of polymers and colloids stratifies
at a relatively high evaporative Peclet number~\cite{Schulz2020}. In
Ref.~\cite{Jeong2021}, this process was simulated by the Brownian
dynamics method. While the evaporation rate can be controlled by the
temperature of the liquid in the film~\cite{Schulz2020}, polymer
particles are sintered at a glass transition temperature below room
temperature~\cite{Samanta2020}. As a result, the colloidal particles
are trapped inside a solid polymeric film after evaporation of the
liquid~\cite{Samanta2020}. Refs.~\cite{Atmuri2012,He2021} include
theoretical and numerical studies of the horizontal stratification
of colloids of different sizes in binary mixtures upon evaporation
of the liquid film. The particle redistribution can be described by
dynamic density functional theory. Continuum equations are
discretized and solved by the finite difference
method~\cite{He2021}. As described in Ref.~\cite{Atmuri2012}
together with theoretical research, an experiment was carried out
with a mixture of colloidal particles of two sizes having different
zeta potentials.  Comparison of two models describing stratification
of the suspension film upon drying has been performed by
Ref.~\cite{Tang2019}. In both models, the motion of the small and
large particles is described using the molecular dynamics method.
The difference between these models is in the explicit and implicit
description of the liquid phase. The calculation results obtained
using both models show that, over time, a layer of small particles
is formed near the free surface of the liquid~\cite{Tang2019}.
Previously, this phenomenon has been explained theoretically based
both on the diffusion of the particles and their interactions. The
range of parameter values at which such stratification is expected
has been determined~\cite{Zhou2017PRL}. A detailed description of
the achievements of the studies of the binary mixture stratification
that occurs during the evaporation of a liquid from a film is given
in the reviews~\cite{Zhou2017,Schulz2018}. For example, the study of
protein stratification during the formation of skin at the
``liquid-air'' interface in a drying bi-dispersed droplet is
potentially valuable for the optimization of milk powder production
in the dairy industry~\cite{Yu2021}.

The dependence of the morphology of micro- and nanoparticle binary
mixture sediments on the concentration of the small particles is
studied in Ref.~\cite{Kumnorkaew2009}. It should be noted that
microparticles form a monolayer in the process of evaporative
self-assembly, but the nanoparticles filling the interstitial spaces
between the microparticles form a multilayered sediment. The effect
of substrate wettability on the separation of the micro- and
nanoparticles in a drying, sessile drop is theoretically and
experimentally studied in Ref.~\cite{Chhasatia2011}. It is possible
to separate by size not only solid `particles', but also liquid
ones. For example, in experiments~\cite{Das2012} bi-dispersed
mixtures of oil droplets inside a sessile water droplet have been
used. The separation of particles with sizes of 1 and 3~$\mu$m was
studied experimentally and computationally in
Ref.~\cite{Devlin2015}. In this experiment, a 2~$\mu$L water drop
was used. Separate placement of the differently sized particles on
the substrate was observed after droplet evaporation. Small
particles were located in the outer sediment ring while the larger
particles accumulated in an inner ring. There was a gap of about
10~$\mu$m between the rings. Each ring was a particle monolayer. The
width of each layer varied from one to several particles across. The
deposition process can be described mathematically using continuum
equations~\cite{Devlin2015}. The authors~\cite{Devlin2015} noted
that the results of their calculations disagree with experimental
observations and therefore concluded that it is necessary to develop
new models. The fact is that their model predicts the rapid growth
of a concentration of large particles near the contact line rather
than the concentration of  small particles here. The distance
between the particles separated by size depends on the contact
angle~\cite{Yi2018}. Ref.\cite{Yi2018} experimented with a droplet
placed on a chemically structured substrate with hydrophilic and
hydrophobic regions. This allowed control of the contact angle
$\theta$ to obtain a smooth contact line. In the
experiment~\cite{Yi2018}, large (1~$\mu$m), medium (500~nm) and
small (100~nm) polystyrene particles were used. Concentric rings of
different particle sizes were observed in the resulting deposits. In
Ref.~\cite{Yi2018}, a ring with small particles was located closer
to the contact line. Furthermore, toward the center of the drop,
there was a ring with medium-sized particles and then a ring with
large particles did. According to the results~\cite{Yi2018} , the
distance between the outer rings was about 8.6, 10.5, and
16.6~$\mu$m for $\theta =$ 50$^\circ$, 30$^\circ$ and 14$^\circ$,
respectively. A series of experiments with droplets on hydrophobic
and hydrophilic substrates is described in Ref.~\cite{Singh2011}.
The authors studied the effect of the size ratio of large and small
particles on the resulting  structure. This study showed the
possibility of creating multilayer crystalline structures from mixed
particles~\cite{Singh2011}. In another study, the goal was to obtain
a monolayer of a particle mixture  for use as a lithographic mask in
structuring deposits formed of gold nanoparticles or of
biomolecules~\cite{Singh2011acsNano}. For example, the self-assembly
of a binary particle mixture can be used to structure proteins on a
surface~\cite{Singh2011advMater}. The method enables the structuring
of relatively large areas~--- up to several square centimeters. This
can be useful in some biological and medical
applications~\cite{Singh2011advMater}. Another possible application
is associated with plasma polymerization of the substrate surface
through a deposited particle monolayer, acting as a mask. Such
processing allows coatings to be obtained with periodic chemical
properties~\cite{Singh2011adfm}. The multilayer structures of binary
and ternary particle mixtures of different sizes were created layer
by layer using evaporative self-assembly~\cite{Singh2011adfm21}. The
formation of supraparticles during the process of bi-dispersed
colloidal droplet drying on a superamphiphobic surface has been
studied in Ref.~\cite{Liu2019}. On such substrates, the contact
angle exceeds 150$^\circ$. Therefore, the droplet shape is close to
spherical. The results of such experiments and molecular dynamics
simulations have shown particle separation occurs during
evaporation. Small particles form an outer layer with a close-packed
crystal structure. The number of large particles increases, and the
inner structure becomes amorphous, toward the center of the formed
cluster. The morphology of such supraparticles is similar to a
core-shell arrangement~\cite{Liu2019}.

The type of sediment remaining after a water droplet has dried also depends on the temperature of the substrate~\cite{Parsa2017}. When a mixture of 1~$\mu$m and 3.2~$\mu$m particles was used in the experiment~\cite{Parsa2017} particle size separation could be observed near the contact line. The authors~\cite{Parsa2017} varied the temperature of the silicon substrate in the range from 22 to 99 $^\circ$C, thus obtaining various deposit structures, from uniform spots to concentric rings. In another study, the temperature of the silicon substrate was varied from 27 to 90 $^\circ$C~\cite{Patil2018}. The values of the contact angles of the water droplets were varied in the range from 3.6 to 65.2$^\circ$ depending on the substrate temperature. Particle sizes in a binary mixture were considered in the range from 100~nm to 3~$\mu$m~\cite{Patil2018}. Depending on the substrate temperature, either Marangoni flows or capillary flows prevailed, and this determined the type of final deposit.  The authors~\cite{Patil2018}   demonstrated the possibility of particle self-sorting near the contact line. The possibility of particle separation in a ternary mixture based on the coffee ring effect (Fig.~\ref{fig:WongExperiment}) has been shown in Ref.~\cite{Wong2011}. Furthermore, these authors carried out the experiment in the context of the separation of biological components. This approach is promising for use in medical diagnostics in the future. Another experiment with an evaporating water drop on glass at $\theta\approx$ 10--15$^\circ$ has been described by Ref.~\cite{Monteux2011}. Small (40 and 100~nm) and large (1, 3 and 5~$\mu$m) particles were transferred to the periphery of the droplet by capillary flow, leading to the formation of an annular deposit. There was a depleted zone between the edge of the deposit and the contact line. Geometric considerations indicated that the width of this zone was determined as $\lambda\approx d_p/ \tan \theta$, which is consistent with experimental measurements~\cite{Monteux2011} ($d_p$ is the particle diameter). Three subregions could be distinguished in the sediment: 1) an accumulation of small particles close to the contact line, then 2) a region of a mixture of different sizes of particle is located, outside which was 3) a zone of large particles. The particle separation was influenced by the contact angle $\theta$ and the particle size~\cite{Monteux2011}. The authors~\cite{Iqbal2018} used both hydrophilic ($\theta\approx 27^\circ$) and hydrophobic ($\theta\approx 110^\circ$) substrates in their experiments. In addition, various ratios of large and small particle sizes were considered. In the case of a hydrophobic substrate, the deposition form appears as a central spot. By contrast, two types of sediment were obtained on a hydrophilic substrate, depending on the particle size~\cite{Iqbal2018}. Annular sediments were observed for a mixture of 0.2 and 3~$\mu$m particles. The particles were separated by size near the contact line, the small particles being located in the outer ring, while the larger ones were concentrated in the inner ring. A small separation was noticeable between the rings. In the case of a 1 and 6~$\mu$m particle mixture, the annular deposition of small particles  was observed near the periphery, while larger particles formed clusters in the inner region of the deposit. The authors have made a theoretical assessment of various types of particle interaction  to explain this phenomenon~\cite{Iqbal2018}. Their hypothesis is based on the ratio of the surface tension and friction forces for the large and small particles.

The effect of thermocapillary flow on the dynamics of large and small particles in an almost spherical droplet on a superhydrophobic surface ($\theta \geqslant 150^\circ$) has  been described in Ref.\cite{Marinaro2021}, where the flow velocity field was measured experimentally. The results of numerical calculations have shown  that large particles move toward the central region, while small particles are transferred mainly out to the periphery of the evaporating droplet. The hydrodynamics has been modeled on the basis of simplified Navier--Stokes equations while the particle dynamics have been described using the Langevin equation~\cite{Marinaro2021}. The possibility of particle sorting during the evaporation of liquid from a capillary bridge formed between two parallel plates has been studied in Ref.~\cite{Upadhyay2021}. Here, hydrophilic and hydrophobic plates were used in different combinations. A stick-slip motion of the contact line leads to the formation of concentric rings. The influence of the solution concentration and different particle sizes was also studied in this work~\cite{Upadhyay2021}. Sedimentation of particles under gravity in a drying sessile/ pendant droplet of a bidisperse suspension on a hydrophobic substrate can affect the suppression of the coffee ring effect, which is extremely important for inkjet printing ~\cite{Hu2021}.
\begin{figure}
    \includegraphics[width=0.95\linewidth]{WongExperiment}\\
    \caption{
Optical fluorescence image showing the separation of 40~nm (green), 1 $\mu$m (red), and 2 $\mu$m (blue) particles after evaporation. Reprinted with permission from Ref.~\cite{Wong2011} (\copyright 2011, ACS).
}
    \label{fig:WongExperiment}
\end{figure}

The purpose of our current study is to verify the theoretical explanation of particle separation, as a result of their size, when they are near the contact line in an evaporating droplet on a hydrophilic substrate. An explanation has been suggested in the experimental studies~\cite{Monteux2011,Wong2011,Yi2018} that have shown this phenomenon. The idea is that a particle driven by the capillary flow is not able to reach the contact line. It stops at a short distance in front of the contact line. This distance is determined by the value of the angle $\theta$ and the particle size itself. The boundary that particles cannot cross has been called the fixation radius~\cite{Kolegov2019}. This boundary corresponds to the radial coordinate, where the thickness of the liquid layer is about the same as the particle size. The particle cannot cross the fixation radius, since the surface tension force of the liquid restrains it. We decided that it was necessary to carry out computational experiments to confirm this particle separation mechanism. In this study, numerical calculations are performed using a mathematical model proposed by Refs.~\cite{Kolegov2019,Zolotarev2021}. Here, this model is adapted to a binary particle mixture.

\section{Methods}

\subsection{Physical statement of the problem}

Consider a colloidal droplet with polystyrene microspheres of two sizes placed on a hydrophilic substrate (Fig.~\ref{fig:SketchBi-dispersedProblem}). Let us denote the radius of the large particles as $r_l$ and the radius of small particles as $r_s$ ($r_s < r_l$). In our assumption, the three-phase boundary is pinned throughout the entire evaporation process. Therefore, the contact  radius of the droplet with the substrate, $R$, is constant. This condition is fulfilled in the case of a rough substrate or a sufficient particle concentration. The glass substrate is impermeable and perpendicular to the direction of the gravity vector.
\begin{figure}[!htb]
    \includegraphics[width=0.95\linewidth]{SketchBi-dispersedProblem}
    \caption{\label{fig:SketchBi-dispersedProblem}
        Sketch to the problem statement. Adapted with permission from Ref.~\cite{Kolegov2019} (\copyright 2019, APS).}
\end{figure}

We do not take into account the effect of gravity on the droplet shape, since the Bond number $\mathrm{Bo}\approx g h_0^2 \rho_l / \sigma \approx 1.4 \times 10^{-3} \ll 1$, where $g$ is the acceleration due to gravity, $h_0\approx R\, \theta / 2$ is the initial droplet height, $\rho_l$ is the liquid density, and $\sigma$ is the surface tension. The problem parameters and their values are given in the Table~\ref{tab:ParametersInBiDispersedDroplet}. The values of the physical parameters for the liquid are taken for water. The time of  droplet evaporation is calculated as $t_\mathrm{max}=\rho_l V/ \dot m$, where $V\approx h_0 R^2$ is the liquid volume. The evaporation rate has been calculated as $\dot m\approx \pi R D_v (1-H) \rho_v (0.27 \theta^2 + 1.3)$, where $D_v$ is the vapor diffusion coefficient, $H$ is the relative vapor pressure (or the humidity in the case of water) and $\rho_v$ is the saturated vapor concentration at the surface temperature of the droplet~\cite{Larson2014}.  The particle diffusion coefficient has been calculated using the Einstein formula $D_{s,l}=kT/(6\pi \eta r_{s,l})$ under the assumption of a weak solution (Table~\ref{tab:ParametersInBiDispersedDroplet}), where $k$ is the Boltzmann constant, $T$ is the liquid temperature, and $\eta$ is the viscosity. Let us estimate the Stokes velocity for large particles, $v_\mathrm{sed}=2 r_l^2 \Delta \rho g / (9\eta)\approx 10^{-7}$ m/s, where $\Delta \rho = \rho_p - \rho_l$ ($\rho_p$ is the density of the polystyrene spheres). Then the sedimentation time of the large particles is $t_\mathrm{sed}= h_0 / v_\mathrm{sed} \approx 10^3$ s. We do not take into account the sedimentation of particles in this problem, since $t_\mathrm{sed} \gg t_\mathrm{max}$, where $t_\mathrm{max}$ is the evaporation time. A theoretical estimation shows that capillary flow prevails over Marangoni flow for small values of $\theta$~\cite{Kolegov2019}. This is also evidenced by experimental work~\cite{Monteux2011,Wong2011,Yi2018}. We do not take into account the thermocapillary flow here for this reason. Now let us estimate the time of diffusion ordering of the small particles, $t_d=d_s^2/D_s\approx$ 2~s, where $d_s=2 r_s$ is the diameter of the small particles. This time is $t_d=d_l^2/D_l\approx$ 17~s for large particles with a diameter $d_l=2 r_l$.  Here, we do take into account the diffusion of the particles, since $t_d \ll t_\mathrm{max}$ in both cases. In addition, within the framework of the 2D model, taking diffusion into account will partially compensate for the lack of particle freedom that would exist in a 3D space. Let us also estimate the value of the Stokes number $\mathrm{Stk}=\rho_p d_{s,l}^2 v_c/ (18 \eta L_c)$, where $v_c$ is the characteristic flow velocity and $L_c$ is the characteristic distance. As a rule, the velocity $v_c$ varies in the range of 1--10 $\mu$m/s in the case of a water drop under room conditions.  We will consider $L_c$ as the radius of the droplet, $L_c=R$. Thus, the largest value of the Stokes number is  $\mathrm{Stk}\approx 10^{-9}$. It allows us to conclude that the particle velocity and the velocity of the fluid flow coincide, since $\mathrm{Stk}\ll 1$. Here, we do not take into account the various possible types of ``particle--particle'' and ``particle--substrate'' interactions (capillary, electrostatic, and molecular interactions)~\cite{Li2021}, since the theoretical explanation of particle separation by size near the contact line is not associated with these effects in Refs.~\cite{Monteux2011,Wong2011,Yi2018}. In addition, taking into account these effects would greatly complicate the model. Here, we only pretend to a phenomenological explanation of the particle separation effect. In this paper, we consider the case when the deposit is a monolayer of particles. The parameter values have been chosen from Ref.~\cite{Wong2011} for our simulation since a sufficiently small value of the contact angle ($\theta\approx 9.5^\circ$), at which the monolayer sediment is formed, was observed in that study. In Ref.~\cite{Wong2011}, three sizes of particle were used: 40~nm, 1~$\mu$m, and 2~$\mu$m in diameter (Fig.~\ref{fig:WongExperiment}). However, the principle of particle separation in binary and ternary solutions is identical. Therefore, we can consider a binary particle mixture without loss of general applicability, although, it is necessary to use a 3D model to take into account the case with the ratio $\gamma = r_s / r_l \ll 1$, because small particles can pass through the pores existing between closely spaced large particles. This, further, applies to the case with multilayered particle sediments, in which it is also necessary to take into account the vertical motion of particles.
\begin{table}
\caption{Parameters of the problem.}
\centering
\begin{tabular}{|p{0.13\linewidth}|p{0.45\linewidth}|p{0.36\linewidth}|}
  \hline
  Symbol& Parameter& Value/ Unit of measure\\
  \hline
  $\eta$& Liquid viscosity& $0.9 \times 10^{-3}$ [s~Pa]\\
  $\sigma$& Surface tension& $73 \times 10^{-3}$ [N/m]\\
  $g$& Acceleration due to gravity& 9.8 [m/s$^2$]\\
  $\rho_l$& Liquid density& $1000$ [kg/m$^3$]\\
  $\rho_p$& Particle density& $1050$ [kg/m$^3$]\\
  $T$& Liquid temperature& 295 [K]\\
  $r_s$& Small particle radius& 0.5 [$\mu$m]\\
  $r_l$& Large particle radius& 1 [$\mu$m]\\
  $R$& Droplet radius& 1.375 [mm]\\
  $\theta_0$& Contact angle& $\pi / 18.95$ [rad]\\
  $h_0$& Initial droplet height& 0.1 [mm]\\
  $t_\mathrm{max}$& Evaporation time& 157 [s]\\
  $k$& Boltzmann constant& $1.38\times 10^{-23}$ [J/K]\\
  $D_s$& Diffusion coefficient for small particles& $4.8\times 10^{-13}$ [m$^2$/s]\\
  $D_l$& Diffusion coefficient for large particles& $2.4\times 10^{-13}$ [m$^2$/s]\\
  $H$& Relative humidity& 0.46\\
  $\rho_v$& Saturated vapour concentration& $18.0\times 10^{-3}$ [kg/m$^3$]\\
  $D_v$& Vapor diffusion coefficient& $2.2\times 10^{-5}$ [m$^2$/s]\\
  \hline
\end{tabular}
\label{tab:ParametersInBiDispersedDroplet}
\end{table}

\subsection{Model description}
The model~\cite{Kolegov2019,Zolotarev2021} is semi-discrete since hydrodynamics is modeled within a continuum approach, while the motion of each colloidal particle is explicitly considered. Here, we adapt this model for the case of two sizes of particles. The geometric region under consideration is depicted in a circle with a radius of $R$ (view of the droplet from the top). The real 3D region is close to a spherical segment in shape for the case, where capillary force predominates over gravity. Consider a thin layer of liquid ($h_0 \ll R$), as we pass from the 3D formulation of the problem (spherical segment) to the 2D formulation (circle) where the particles can only  move in the horizontal plane. Therefore, their positions are given as $(x,y)$ in the Cartesian coordinate system, or as $(r,\varphi)$ in a polar coordinate system. Point $(x=0, y=0)$ corresponds to the center of the circle. Small and large particles in the 2D formulation are described as circles with radii of $r_s$ and $r_l$, respectively, inside a large circle with radius of $R$ ($r_s < r_l \ll R$). From the approximation of the droplet shape, $$h(r,t) \approx \theta (t) \frac{R^2 - r^2}{2R},$$ we express the fixation radius $$R_{s,l} (t) \approx \sqrt{R^2 - \frac{4 r_{s,l} R}{\theta (t)}},$$ where $\theta(t) \approx \theta_0 \left( 1 - t/ t_\mathrm{max} \right)$. It should be noted that $R_l(t) < R_s(t) < R$. We assume that a particle cannot cross its fixation radius in the process of motion since this is counteracted by the capillary force. On the other hand, we assume that the boundary $R_{s,l}$ can cross the particle without dragging it along. Otherwise, this would lead to the formation of a central spot deposition, which is not observed in the experiment~\cite{Wong2011}.

Here, particle diffusion is simulated by the Monte Carlo method. A random polar angle $\alpha \in [-\pi; \pi)$ is generated at each time step $\tau$ and for each particle. The new position of the particle is calculated using  the formulas $x_{\tau +1}^{s,l} = x_\tau^{s,l} + \cos (\alpha)\sqrt{2 D_{s,l}\, \delta t}$ and $y_{\tau +1}^{s,l} = y_\tau^{s,l}  + \sin (\alpha)\sqrt{2 D_{s,l}\, \delta t}$. In Refs.~\cite{Kolegov2019,Zolotarev2021}, the time step value, $\delta t =$ 0.1~ms, was selected on the basis of a series of computational experiments so that the Einstein relation for the mean square displacement of particles~\cite{Ortega2010,Deshmukh2015} with a radius of 0.35~$\mu$m was satisfied. In the present study, the particle size is approximately 1.5--3 times larger. Therefore, the time step $\delta t =$ 0.1~ms is sufficiently small to approximate the Brownian motion of the particles.

Now we shall consider the transfer of particles caused by the capillary flow of liquid. Since $\mathrm{Stk}\ll 1$, the particle velocity is equal to the fluid flow velocity calculated using the approximate analytical formula,
$$
\bar v_r (r,t)=
\frac{R}{4 \tilde r (t_\mathrm{max}-t)}\left[  \frac{1}{\sqrt{1-\tilde r^2}} - \left( 1-\tilde r^2 \right) \right],
$$
obtained from the mass conservation law (a detailed derivation of the formula and references to primary sources are given in Ref.~\cite{Kolegov2019}). Here, $\tilde r = r/R$ is used, and $\bar v_r$ is the velocity of the radial fluid flow averaged over the droplet height.  As a result of drift of the particles caused by the fluid flow, the radial coordinate of a particle changes at the next time step,
\begin{equation*}
    r_{\tau+1}^{s,l} =
    \begin{cases}
        r_\tau^{s,l} + \bar v_r \delta t, \; r_\tau^{s,l} + \bar v_r \delta t\leq R_{s,l} \\
        R_{s,l},\; r_\tau^{s,l} + \bar v_r \delta t > R_{s,l}.
    \end{cases}
\end{equation*}
The condition $r_{\tau+1}^{s,l} > R_{s,l}$ prevents the particle from crossing the fixation radius.

\subsection{Problem-solving algorithm}
The algorithm for the computer program is described in
Algorithm~\ref{alg:particleDynamicsBi-dispersedProblem}. The number
of small, $N_s$, and large particles, $N_l$, is specified. The total
number of particles is $N= N_s + N_l$. An example of visualization
of the calculation is shown in
Fig.~\ref{fig:ScreensBi-dispersedProblem} (multimedia view).
\begin{algorithm}[H]
    \caption{Particle dynamics algorithm}
    \label{alg:particleDynamicsBi-dispersedProblem}
    \begin{algorithmic}[1]
        \State Problem parameters definition: $r_{s,l}$, $R$, $N_{s,l}$, $D_{s,l}$, $\theta_0$, $\delta t$, and $t_\mathrm{max}$.
        \State Generation random coordinates of particles, $(x_i, y_i)$, $i \in [1;N]$.
        \State By default, all particles are marked green.
        \For {$\tau \leftarrow 1, t_\mathrm{max}/\delta t$}
        \State Calculate $R_{s,l}$.
        \For {$i \leftarrow 1, N$}
        \State Change particle status if necessary.
        \EndFor
        \For {$i \leftarrow 1, N$}
        \If {(A current particle is green)}
        \State Calculate new particle coordinates due to diffusion.
        \If {(No collision)}
        \State Move the particle.
        \EndIf
        \State Calculate new particle coordinates due to advection.
        \If {(No collision)}
        \State Move the particle.
        \EndIf
        \EndIf
        \EndFor
        \State Write the particle coordinates and status to a file for the current time step.
        \EndFor
    \end{algorithmic}
\end{algorithm}

\begin{figure}[!htb]
    \includegraphics[width=0.49\linewidth]{314000}
    \includegraphics[width=0.49\linewidth]{910600}\\
    \includegraphics[width=0.49\linewidth]{1428700}
    \includegraphics[width=0.49\linewidth]{1507200}\\
    \includegraphics[width=0.49\linewidth]{1554300}
    \includegraphics[width=0.49\linewidth]{1570000}\\
    \caption{
Calculation visualization for several time points at $N_l=$ 7460 and $N_s=$ 59680. Here, the boundary $R_l$ separates the purple and yellow subdomain, and the boundary $R_s$ separates the yellow and blue subdomain. Multimedia view.
    }
    \label{fig:ScreensBi-dispersedProblem}
\end{figure}

Let us mark moving particles in green and stationary particles in red (Fig.~\ref{fig:SketchBi-dispersedProblem}). Green particles are subject to convective and diffusion transfer. By default, all particles are green at the initial moment, $t=0$. The initial distribution of the small and large particles is generated inside circles with radii of $R_s$ or $R_l$, respectively, because a particle cannot be beyond the fixation radius. The coordinates $x$ and $y$ are randomly generated  in a loop for each particle (random sequential adsorption). New values of coordinates  $x$ and $y$ are generated for the current particle if a particle collision occurs (the intersection of circles representing different particles). If a green particle touches the fixation boundary or ends up beyond it ($r^{s,l}\geq R_{s,l}$), the particle becomes fixed and is then marked in red. In other words, the red particles form the deposit. The particle data structure is an array in which information about the coordinates, its radius, status (moving or stationary), and the coordinates of the subdomain containing a particle is stored for each particle. The domain is divided into many square cells (subdomains), the size of which corresponds to the diameter of a large particle. A separate array stores information about all the subdomains and about which particles are in them (particle unique identifiers). This allows us to optimize collision detection, as there is no need to check the potential collision of the current particle with all the others as it can only collide with its neighbors, so it is enough just to scan for potential collisions with these nearby particles. At each time step, an attempt at diffusive and at advective displacement of each green particle is made in turn. All these attempts are accompanied by collision checks. If a collision occurs, the attempt is canceled and is not repeated. In a previous study~\cite{Zolotarev2021}, we compared algorithms involving either single attempts or multiple attempts to displace particles. It was found that, for the used value of $\delta t$, the average number of displacement failures using the different approaches differed by only a couple of percent. Moreover, our estimate showed the distance of diffusion / advective displacement of a particle does not exceed 1\% of its size in any single time step. With such offsets, collisions are unlikely. Thus, with a sufficiently small time step, it is permissible to perform a single attempt at displacement. At predetermined intervals, the program writes information on each particles to a file for the current time. The program was written in C++ language. The calculated data were processed using scripts written in Python.

\section{Results and discussion}
Numerical calculations have been carried out for three particle
concentrations: 1) $ N_l = $ 3730 and $ N_s = $ 29840, 2) $ N_l = $
7460 and $ N_s = $ 59680, 3) $ N_l = $ 14920 and $ N_s = $ 119360.
The ratio of the large and small particles has been chosen so that
the volume fraction of both is the same in the colloidal
solution~\cite{Wong2011}. Each computational experiment was repeated
ten times to establish the statistical error. The simulation results
allow us to observe the dynamics of large and small particles. In
addition, the model predicts the shape and morphology of the deposit
formed after the liquid dries, depending on the specified
parameters.

\begin{figure*}[!htb]
    \includegraphics[width=0.35\linewidth]{sediment_3730x29840} (a) \hspace{15pt}
    \includegraphics[width=0.35\linewidth]{sediment_7460x59680} (b)\\
    \includegraphics[width=0.6\linewidth]{sediment_14920x119360} (c)
    \caption{
Final deposit structure near the contact line for different
concentrations: (a) $N_l=$ 3730 and  $N_s=$ 29840, (b) $N_l=$ 7460
and $N_s=$ 59680, (c) $N_l=$ 14920 and $N_s=$ 119360 with Voronoi
diagram inset. }
    \label{fig:sedimentBi-dispersedProblem}
\end{figure*}

Over time, the particles are carried by the flow toward the contact
line (Fig.~\ref{fig:ScreensBi-dispersedProblem}, multimedia view).
Also, they are mixed due to diffusion, including in the area of
annular deposit formation. In the screenshots
(Fig.~\ref{fig:ScreensBi-dispersedProblem}, multimedia view), the
$R_s$ position is between the yellow and blue subareas, and the
$R_l$ position is between the yellow and purple subareas. Moving
green particles are changed to red when they reach the fixation
radii corresponding to their size and stop. At the beginning of the
process, the fixation radii move very slowly. Their movement
gradually accelerates over time, and they rapidly collapse at the
end of the process. The dependence of the fixation radius position
on time was shown in a previous study (Fig.~8 in
Ref.~\cite{Kolegov2019}). At a small distance from the contact line
marked in black (Fig.~\ref{fig:sedimentBi-dispersedProblem}), there
are small particles, while, a little further out, a mixture of large
and small ones can be observed. At relatively high initial
concentrations of a colloidal solution
(Fig.~\ref{fig:sedimentBi-dispersedProblem}b and
\ref{fig:sedimentBi-dispersedProblem}c), particle clusters or
clusters of particles of mixed sizes having extended area are formed
in the deposit near the contact line. In some places, we can observe
a dense hexagonal packing of small particles (see the Voronoi
diagram in Fig.~\ref{fig:sedimentBi-dispersedProblem}c). The methods
for analyzing the morphology of such structures are described in
detail in the reviews~\cite{Lotito2019,Lotito2020}. Narrow and
relatively free spaces are visible between mixed particle clusters
and clusters of small particles
(Fig.~\ref{fig:sedimentBi-dispersedProblem}b and
\ref{fig:sedimentBi-dispersedProblem}c). In the case of a low
concentration of the colloidal solution, particle clusters are
either small or non-existent
(Fig.~\ref{fig:sedimentBi-dispersedProblem}a). The number of
particles in the deposit per unit area (number density),
$n_{s,l}=\bar N_{s,l}/S_\mathrm{ring}$, has been calculated, where
$S_\mathrm{ring}$ is a ring square and $\bar N_{s,l}$ is the number
of  local particles. The region is divided into concentric rings,
the width of which increases linearly towards the center of the
drop, since there are fewer particles there by the end of the
process. Each ring contains a local number of particles $\bar
N_{s,l}$. The dependence of the number density on the spatial
coordinate $r$ shows that a larger number of particles are located
on the periphery of the dried drop
(Fig.~\ref{fig:distributionDensityBi-dispersedProblem}).

The $n_l$ value in the entire region slightly exceeds $n_s$ except for the region near the contact line. The situation reverses here ($n_s > n_l$) since large particles cannot approach closer to the contact line than the small ones. Fig.~\ref{fig:distributionDensityBi-dispersedProblem} shows a graph for only one case, in which $N_l=$ 14920 and $N_s=$ 119360. However, for the other two cases, the number density does not differ qualitatively (see the Supplement).

In the experiment, the distance between the outermost ring of nanoparticles and the innermost ring of microparticles, $\Delta L$, increased if the particle volume fraction was lower than a critical value~\cite{Wong2011}. The number of nanoparticles is orders of magnitude greater than microparticles at the same volume fraction. Therefore, the surface tension force does not cause the nanoparticle sediment to shift towards the center of the droplet. However, the microparticle layer shifts slightly toward the central region until an equilibrium is reached between the surface tension force and the particle-substrate adhesion force~\cite{Jung2009,Jung2010}. Adhesion prevails over surface tension at a concentration above the critical value so the distance $\Delta L$ can be determined from geometric considerations~\cite{Wong2011}. Although this effect should be taken into account in future detailed modeling, it does not need to be  considered in the proposed simple model. Most likely, a dissipative particle dynamics approach is better suited to this~\cite{LebedevStepanov2013}. In the Langevin equation describing the motion of particles, it would be possible to take into account additional forces, including adhesion~\cite{Jung2009,Jung2010}. In the model used here, the maximum distance between the inner and outer rings can be calculated using a theoretical formula $\Delta L \approx (d_l-d_s) / \theta_0 \approx R_s(0)-R_l(0)$ at $\theta_0 \to 0$. The distance between the outer ring and the three-phase boundary is $\Delta l \approx d_s / \theta_0 \approx R-R_s(0)$. After substituting the values of the parameters, we get  $\Delta L \approx \Delta l \approx$ 6~$\mu$m. Here, we have considered the case with the ratio $\gamma = r_s / r_l = 0.5$. The parameter $\gamma$ affects the distance between the rings. In the future, it will be necessary to develop a 3D model in order to consider the case of $\gamma \ll 1$.

\begin{figure}[H]

    \includegraphics[width=0.95\linewidth]{n_14920x119360}\\%(c)
    \caption{
        Scaled number density of the small and large particles for the case with $N_s=$ 119360 and $N_l=$ 14920 at $t=t_\mathrm{max}$ (the error is defined as the standard deviation).
    }
    \label{fig:distributionDensityBi-dispersedProblem}
\end{figure}

We have determined and analyzed some dimensionless parameters
associated with annular deposits based on our calculated data
(Table~\ref{tab:NondimensionalParameters}). The main problem is to
determine the inner radii of annular precipitation. Let us denote
the inner radius of the inner ring as $\check R$ and the inner
radius of the outer ring as $\hat R$. The area of the outer annular
deposit is $\hat S=\pi (R_s^2(0)-\hat R^2)$. We assume that the
particle packing density corresponds to a random packing,
$p_r\approx 0.64$. On the other hand, we have the area $\hat
S\approx \hat N_s \pi r_s^2/ p_r$, where $\hat N_s$ is the number of
small particles in the outer annular deposit. The value of $\hat
N_s$ can be calculated using the condition of $r>R_l(0)$. Thus, we
have obtained the expression $p_r (R_s^2(0)-\hat R^2)\approx \hat
N_s r_s^2$, from which the unknown parameter $\hat R$ can be found,
$$\hat R\approx \sqrt{R_s^2(0)-\frac{N_s r_s^2}{p_r}}.$$ The width
of the outer annular deposit is $\hat w\approx R_s(0)-\hat R$. In
the dimensionless form, we have obtained $\tilde w_\mathrm{out}=
\hat w/ \Delta L$, where $\Delta L\approx R_s(0)-R_l(0)$ and $0\leq
\tilde w_\mathrm{out}\leq 1$. Assume that the number of particles in
the inner annular deposit is $\check N\approx (N_s-\hat N_s)+N_l$.
This amount is overestimated since some of the particles are
deposited in the central region. The area of the inner annular
deposit is expressed as $\check S= \pi (R_l^2(0)-\check R^2)$, but,
on the other hand, we have $\check S\approx ( (N_s-\hat N_s) r_s^2 +
N_l r_l^2 )\pi/ p_r$. Taking into account these formulas, we have
obtained $\check R$,
$$\check R\approx \sqrt{R_l^2(0)-\frac{(N_s-\hat N_s) r_s^2 + N_l r_l^2}{p_r}}.$$ Hence, the width of the inner ring is $\check w\approx R_l(0)-\check R$. In dimensionless form, we have $\tilde w_\mathrm{in}= \check w/ \Delta L$, where $\tilde w_\mathrm{in} \geq
 0$.
\begin{table}[h]
    \caption{Nondimensional parameters}
    \centering
    \begin{tabular}{|p{0.28\linewidth}|p{0.21\linewidth}|p{0.21\linewidth}|p{0.21\linewidth}|}
        \hline
        Parameters~/ number of particles & $N_l=3730$, $N_s= 29840$ &  $N_l=7460$, $N_s=59680$ & $N_l=14920$, $N_s=119360$ \\
        \hline
        $\hat p$ & 0.295 & 0.486 & 0.608 \\
        $\check p$ & 0.156 & 0.277 & 0.414 \\
        $\hat N_s/N_s$ & 0.229 & 0.35 & 0.313 \\
        $(\check N_s + \check N_l)/N$ & 0.229 & 0.35 & 0.313 \\
        $(\check N_s + \check N_l)/N$ & 0.138 & 0.253 & 0.469 \\
        $\check A_n$ & 1.029 & 1.936 & 3.219 \\
        $\check a_n$ & 0.549 & 1.488 & 2.816 \\
        $\hat a_n$ & 1.16 & 2.418 & 3.282 \\
        $\tilde w_\mathrm{in}$ & 0.714 & 1.47 & 3.325 \\
        $\tilde w_\mathrm{out}$ & 0.342 & 0.644 & 0.922 \\
        \hline
    \end{tabular}
    \label{tab:NondimensionalParameters}
\end{table}

The packing densities of particles are calculated in the inner,
$\check p$, and in the outer ring, $\hat p$, deposits as the ratio
of the area covered by particles in a ring to the area of the ring
itself. According to Table~\ref{tab:NondimensionalParameters},
values of $\check p$ and of $\hat p$ increase with an increase in
the initial concentration of particles in the colloidal solution.
When calculating $\hat p$, the pieces of the large particles
slightly protruding through the boundary of $R_l(0)$ are also taken
into account, but their coordinate is $r\leq R_l(0)$. At first, the
ratio of the number of the small particles in the outer ring to the
total number of the small particles, $\hat N_s/N_s$, also increases
with the increase in concentration but then it decreases. This may
be due to a high concentration, at which the large particles, near
their fixation radius, begin to prevent the small particles from
advancing towards the periphery of the droplet. This effect leads to
the increase in the ratio of the particle number in the inner ring
to the total number of particles, $(\check N_s + \check N_l)/N$,
with the increase in initial concentration. The average number of
neighbors of each particle in the inner and outer rings also
increases with increasing concentration. In our calculations, two
particles were considered adjacent if the condition $d\leq
\varepsilon(r_1+r_2)$ was true. Here, $r_1$ and $r_2$ are the radii
of two relatively close particles located in the same subdomain
(cell) or in adjacent cells, $d$ is the distance between two
particles, and the parameter $\varepsilon= 1.01$ is used to handle
the round-off errors with floating-point. It should be noted that
for all the concentrations considered, the average number of
neighbors for large particles $\check A_n$ is slightly higher than
the value for small particles $\check a_n$ in the inner ring. We
have found that the ratio is of $\check A_n/ \check a_n\approx 1.87$
for a low concentration (case 1), of $\check A_n/ \check a_n\approx
1.3$ for a moderate concentration  (case 2), and of $\check A_n/
\check a_n\approx 1.14$ for a high concentration  (case 3). Also, we
should note that, for all the concentrations considered, the average
number of neighbors of small particles in the outer ring $\hat a_n$
is slightly higher than the corresponding values for small particles
in the inner ring, $\hat a_n > \check a_n$. As the concentration
increases, we observe the ratios $\hat a_n / \check a_n\approx
2.11$, 1.63, and 1.16. Thus, we conclude that, as the concentration
increases, the ratios $\check A_n/ \check a_n\to 1$ and $\hat a_n /
\check a_n\to 1$ are expected. This is due to an increase in the
packing densities $\check p$ and $\hat p$ with an increase in the
concentration of the colloidal solution. In addition, the higher the
concentration, the greater the width of both rings formed are
observed. For the largest particle number considered here, the width
of the outer ring $\tilde w_\mathrm{out}$ is close to the maximum
value corresponding to the distance between the two fixation radii,
$\Delta L$. The width of the inner ring can be less than $\Delta L$
or several times greater than $\Delta L$, depending on the number of
particles in the system. With increasing concentration, the ratio of
the width of the inner ring to the outer one increases, $\tilde
w_\mathrm{in}/ \tilde w_\mathrm{out}\approx 2.1$, 2.3, and 3.6.
Also, this is probably since large particles can interfere with
small ones in their further movement to the edge of the area. The
more large particles, the more such obstacles occur.

\section{Conclusion}

An important and actively discussed problem is that of studying the structures of colloidal particles that form on a substrate after sessile droplet evaporation. One such example is the effect of deposition near a contact line during evaporation. This results in the so-called coffee-ring effect. While a droplet is drying on the substrate, capillary flows carry the colloid particles toward the three-phase boundary. In this case, if the contact line is pinned throughout the entire process, the formation of an annular deposition is observed. Tak-Sing Wong et al.~\cite{Wong2011} showed in their experiment that it is possible to use the coffee ring effect for separating suspended particles by their size (Fig.~\ref{fig:WongExperiment}). This is useful for a variety of applications. For example, it has direct implications for developing low-cost technologies for disease diagnostics in resource-poor environments. Thus, understanding the mechanism of particle separation near the three-phase boundary plays an important role in the further development of specific applications.

The model~\cite{Devlin2015} did not provide an explanation for the effect of particle separation according to size. The results of those calculations predicted the accumulation of large particles near the contact line, which contradicts experimental observations~\cite{Devlin2015}. Here, we have proposed a new method for modeling this phenomenon. Our simple model, taking into account advective transport, particle diffusion, and the specific geometry of the region near the three-phase boundary, has allowed us to obtain numerical results, that are in qualitative agreement with the experimental ones~\cite{Wong2011}. The simulation results have shown that the particles do not reach the contact line, but accumulate at a small distance from it. The reason for this is the surface tension acting on the particles in areas where the thickness of the liquid layer is comparable to their size. The same mechanism affects the separation of small and large particles. Large particles deposit at a short distance from the clusters of small particles, along with some small particles that are prevented from moving even closer to the contact line because of obstruction by the large ones. An increase in the number of large particles in the system can lead to a decrease in the ratio of small particles, $\hat N_s/ N_s$, reaching the outer annular deposit. Obstacles arising from large particles at a relatively high concentration of colloidal solution also lead to an increase in the ratio of the width of the inner ring to the width of the outer one, $\tilde w_\mathrm{in}/ \tilde w_\mathrm{out}$. This model is phenomenological. To describe the process quantitatively, more complicated and more accurate models need to be developed.

\section{Supplementary Material}
See the supplementary material for showing scaled number density of the small and large particles for the case with $N_s=$ 29840, $N_l=$ 3730 and with $N_s=$ 59680, $N_l=$ 7460 at $t=t_\mathrm{max}$.

\begin{acknowledgments}
The project (GK21-001093) is being implemented by the winner of the Master's program faculty grant competition 2020/2021 of the Vladimir Potanin fellowship program. The authors thank prof. Yuri Tarasevich for his useful comments.
\end{acknowledgments}

\section*{Data Availability Statement}

The data that support the findings of this study are available
from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

\nocite{*}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


Roots of Conflict presents the efforts of a team of social and natural scientists to understand the complex, systemic linkages between land, climate, crops, human populations, and their cultural structures. The research group has focused on what might seem to some an unlikely locale to investigate a set of problems with worldwide significance: the Hawaiian Islands. Though it is perhaps the most isolated archipelago on Earth, Hawai'i is a "model system" for teasing out key connections between land, agriculture, and society.


We are looking for recommendations for attendance tracking software. Can anyone provide feedback on what your company is currently using, the the pros & cons and any feedback on best practice for employees who submit time off requests through the IQMS attendance module.
MAPP was able to put together an IQMS Users Matrix, in which members indicate their level of expertise with various IQMS modules, including Time and Attendance. I have attached a link to the matrix below. I encourage you to reach out to those who are experts in this module for feedback on their experience. If you would like any help in connecting with any members, let me know!


In part 1 of this post I looked at the Jibun Techo by Kokuyo, a simpler and more compact competitor to Hobonichi planner.
Kokuyo also make a pretty ingenious trifold A5 cover, which not only will work for the Jibun Techo but also a Hobonichi Cousin, Moleskine, MD Midori A5, Seven Seas, Taroko journal, or any other A5 or A5 slim notebook. The cover is vegan leather (aka plastic) and polyester canvas (aka a different kind of plastic). It has three riveted ribbon bookmarks and closes with an elasticated band. There are outside pockets in both front and back, big enough to store my A5 shitajiki as you can see. One thing I appreciate is that the elastic band is so firm when it's unfastened it doesn't flop around, it sits nice and tight against the back of the cover (see right pic).
The trifold design allows for easy carrying of the Jibun Techo 3 book system. In the photos I actually have a Hobonichi Cousin A5 notebook, not the Jibun Idea book. You can see how well it fits.
The planner slips into the cover just like a Hobonichi cover. The Life book nestles next to it in the back cover. The Idea book or other notebook attaches via a clever split plastic sleeve, which swings out to give you the trifold. The same plastic sleeve design sits in front, although that one doesn't swing out.
The inside back cover has three horizontal slots for business cards/credit cards/sticky note holders, and there's one more vertical one in the foldout sleeve.
Hobonichi Cousin A5 notebook attached to the foldout sleeve.
Bonus: the cover comes with a free spiral bound notebook, and the paper in it is surprisingly good.
One big advantage of this split sleeve system is you can insert either a spine-bound notebook or a top-bound jotter pad/note pad into the space.
The whole thing makes a slim package convenient to carry or throw in your bag. The pen loop is elastic, and amply big enough for a Lamy Al-Star or even chunkier pen.
Even with the Rhodia jotter pad in it, it's very manageable.
But not only the Jibun Techo set will fit in it. Look! This sucker will hold a large Moleskine plus a notebook, a Hobonichi Cousin with a Hobonichi notebook, or a Taroko Enigma by itself (just), meaning it will also hold a Seven Seas Writer/Crossfield by itself.
One thing I see a lot is people saying they love the design of the Safari, but dislike the khaki color of the A5. The Kokuyo A5 cover comes in four appropriately sober and businesslike color options.
I got my cover, including the notebook, on eBay for about USD$35. Shipping was free. Compare that to USD$118 for the Safari A5, plus another $20 for shipping and handling. My experience with this seller was fantastic. The cover arrived in New Zealand from Japan in a week (and remember, that was with free shipping).
Yes, the Safari is better quality, with more pockets, and arguably will last longer. It's more elegant, although the Khaki color is not to everyone's liking. But you can't argue against that price difference. If you're looking for a sturdy, practical, well-designed and non-precious journal cover you should definitely consider the Kokuyo.


I bought something from Wal-Mart and then started getting all kinds of texts from random numbers. Annoyed!
I was told that I was going to be arrested. Oh really! Please this is harassment.
Had a entry level sales jobs available. You were recommended by a friend, Jessica. Do you know a Jessica.


The project will conduct the following three studies in 2018-19 fiscal year that are critical for export promotion and trade facilitation. These studies aim to develop in-depth understanding about three relevant areas of trade facilitation and are directly linked with the activities of three implementing agencies of the BRCP-1 umbrella project. •	Agenda 1: Review of collaborative border management-institutional mechanisms for coordinating across sectors/ministries and across countries; •	Agenda 2: Analysis of laws and regulations governing border operations; •	Agenda 3: How comparable countries are addressing implementation of TFA.
The interested consulting firm should provide evidence of the following in their applications: ?	The Consulting firm shall have the legal capacity to enter into the contract; ?	The firm should have at least 07 years of general experience in providing consulting services out of which at least 03 years of experience in national and international trade related research or studies for public and private sector; ?	The firm should have successfully completed at least one service contract related to national and international trade including border management operations of Bangladesh within last 5 years; ?	The firm should have experience in working with development partner's funded projects (IDA financed project experience would be desirable); ?	The required average annual turnover of the consulting firm shall be at least Tk. 30 Lac in last three years; ?	A capacity statement on available training facilities, IT equipment, logistics support, transport and office space; ?	Undertaking that the firm has not been blacklisted or debarred by any Government Organization or by IDA; ?	List of key professional staff including proposed core team for the assignment, showing qualification and experience including the projects/assignment on which they have worked, their role in the assignment/project and duration of their engagement with the assignment/project. ?	Required Documents: The Company must submit the following documents: Company Registration, Up to date Tax payment certification and VAT registration certificate; Audited Financial statement (last 03 Years); Company Brochure.
Expected term of contract is 06 months. The expected date of commencement is 1st April, 2019 and completion 30 September, 2019.The consulting firm shall submit 2 (two) copies of Expression of Interest (EOI) (One original and one copy) and one soft copy (in MS word) in sealed envelope; clearly marked "EOI for Consultancy/Research firm for conducting 03 studies suggested by NTTFC in FY 2018-19" to the Project Director (Joint Secretary), Bangladesh Regional Connectivity Project-1, Level-12 (West side), Probashi Kollayn Bhaban, 71-72 Old Elephant Road, Eskaton Garden, Dhaka-1000 on or before 23/01/2019 up to 3.00 pm. Copy of the indicative TOR may be collected from the office of the Project Director or through email: pdbrcp1moc@gmail.com or msrahman06@gmail.com or by visiting www.mincom.gov.bd.


Lovely sash suitable for the bride or her maids.
Beaded trim has a lovely antique/vintage feel with shimmering glass beads and crystal rhinestones.
Long antique gold satin ribbon ties.
Beaded trim length is 26". Total sash length with ties 90".


Law Web: Whether landlord can claim possession of tenanted premises for use of his family members?
Whether landlord can claim possession of tenanted premises for use of his family members?
It was submitted by Mr. Andley, learned Counsel for the Respondents that the words used in Section 11(1)(h) are "that the house should be required by the landlord for his own occupation or for the occupation of any person for whose benefit the house or shop is held". It was argued that the words "own occupation" clearly postulate that the landlord must require it for his personal residence and not for starting any business in the house. We are, however, unable to agree with this argument. The provision is meant for the benefit of the landlord and, therefore, it must be so construed as to advance the object of the Act. The word "occupation" does not exclude the possibility of the landlord starting a business or running a hotel in the shop which also would amount to personal occupation by the landlord. In our opinion, the Section con-templates the actual possession of the landlord, whether for his own residence or for his business. It is manifest that even if the landlord is running a hotel in the house, he is undoubtedly in possession or occupation of the house in the legal sense of the term. Furthermore, the Section is wide enough to include the necessity of not only the landlord but also of the persons who are living with him as members of the same family.


text:
An update on the transformation of the Atlanta Journal-Constitution
On Friday afternoon at "A Symposium on Computation & Journalism" (a sort of geeks and journos mashup at Ga. Tech), Shawn MacIntosh, director of culture and change at the Atlanta Journal-Constitution, gave an update on the upheaval at the AJC as it tries to remake itself for the digital age.
It was just a year ago that a major reorg of the AJC was announced. MacIntosh has been at the center of the whirlwind of change that re-molded the newsroom into four areas: News & Information; Enterprise, Printed Product; and Digital Department.
One of the first changes was the news meeting, which used to focus on Page One for the next day, which was "kind of crazy" for paper that already had a major Web operation, she said. The meeting was refocused on Web first and within two weeks, ajc.com was seeing Web site traffic gains.
To achieve just that obvious change required a task force and eight months of meetings, complaining and planning. That illustrates the culture change newspapers are up against, she said. "The pressmen in the halls are not used to mixing it up with the search engine optimization expert."
MacIntosh said the biggest challenge has been serving two mediums. Some newsrooms say they are content agnostic, but not Atlanta. Print and digital are fundamentally different and newspapers that try to replicate Page One online or replicate the print "newspaper experience" online are making a mistake, she said. "The same content does not delight and thrill the same audiences," she said. "We found honestly we couldn't do both well."
Roughly a third of AJC.com's users, MacIntosh said, haven't looked at a printed edition in some time.
Because of the differences and different audiences, the printed paper and the Digital Department are separate.
The newspaper's reorganization strategy appears to be succeeding: print circulation has stabilized and Web traffic is rocketing.
More blogging about the symposium, which continues Saturday..

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Invasive grasses represent a widespread and costly problem across the state of Texas and other parts of the United States. Such grasses can outcompete and displace native grasses and forbs where they occur, reducing species richness and evenness across large swaths of habitat, often rendering the landscape less suitable for wildlife. The Invasive Species Research Lab at BFL is researching the ecology of these grasses in both native and introduced ranges to better inform approaches for the sustainable management of these species.
Buffelgrass is a perennial African grass that grows in dense stands that can shade out other native plants and require large amounts of water. By outcompeting native plants for space and water resources, this species often disrupts the native plant community, colonizing available space and creating nearly pure stands of buffelgrass in some cases. Buffelgrass is also adapted to frequent, hot fires, rendering burn treatments ineffective or even counterproductive, especially when large dense stands of buffelgrass ignite. While buffelgrass is still considered to be of benefit by many ranchers since it provides large stands of forage, the escape into natural brush communities has an adverse effect on wildlife and native plant populations. A balanced approach is needed, for example by limiting seed production and escape into natural areas, and reduction of excess biomass which presents a fire hazard.
Our lab is interested in understanding the ecological mechanisms underlying the success of buffelgrass and how this may lead to sustainable management strategies by ranchers and potential biological control. For example, in one study we examine the effects that grazing treatments of different intensities can have on buffelgrass dominance and determining which patterns of disturbance encourage native plant diversity to recover. This study is being conducted in South Texas chaparral habitat in areas of frequent disturbance by cattle. We are also collaborating with a Kenyan research group at Mpala Research Center led by Dr Dino Martins to understand buffelgrass's home range ecology and explore prospective biological control approaches.
Guineagrass is another perennial bunch grass native to Africa that grows in thick stands, outcompeting native plants and reducing diversity. Like buffelgrass, it is adapted to frequent fires and can even change fire regimes in areas where it becomes dominant by vastly increasing the available fuel load. It is also known to colonize open, recently disturbed areas, putting large areas of South Texas rangeland at risk of invasion.
In South Texas, guineagrass is commonly observed mostly around shrub clumps, or mottes, rather than in the grassy matrix between the trees. These shrub clumps are usually based around a central mesquite tree, a nitrogen-fixing species that also provides shade cover and higher soil moisture under the canopy, which are important factors in nutrient poor, arid regions. Our lab is interested in determining why guineagrass seems to be largely restricted to the shrub clumps and what its patterns of dispersal are from the mottes into open space. Understanding these patterns can inform management strategies that aim to protect native plant communities from guineagrass invasion.


text:
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The National Science Foundation, by mandate of the U.S. Congress in the America Competes Act, Section 7009, requires all undergraduate students, graduate students, and postdoctoral researchers supported by NSF research funding to receive training in responsible conduct of research (RCR).
All undergraduate students, graduate students, and postdoctoral researchers supported by NSF research funding at UW–Madison must take the Responsible Conduct of Research course in Canvas. This training is also recommended for those not currently required to complete this course.
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Wishmaster Collection – Collector's Series (Blu-ray Review)
March 13th, 2017 by Brandon Peters
Twenty years ago this September launched a little horror series called Wishmaster. Back when a horror movie could do over fifteen million at the box office and be considered a success, that's what this was. While coming post-Scream, it was before the effects and wave had taken over (That would come a month later with I Know What You Did Last Summer). In a way, it made the monster one the last one of an era before the Scream-like slashers would take over in iconography before the remakes and Jigsaw carried on from there. Wishmaster did spawn three sequels in a 5 years run from 1997-2002, but none of them ever found major theatrical release (Straight to video in the US). The series and character of the Wishmaster has lied dormant ever since, yet to make a return, but who knows, maybe this set will spark an interest or drum up nostalgia or a new fanbase for the little underground cult series.
Magically powerful. Supernaturally evil. The ancient entity known in human legend as the Djinn can grant a person's wildest dreams. And in the process, it unleashes your darkest nightmares. The moral of this explosively terrifying, special-effects-powered, horror-fantasy spectacular; Be careful what you wish for!
Wow, I never realized at the time, but man oh man was Wishmaster the ultimate Fangoria fan movie of the entire decade (The 90s). Heck it would've been for the 1980s as well. If you look at the list of people involved with this movie, you'd almost feel like you were at a Weekend of Horrors convention. Everyone who was anybody for those in the know in horror showed up. Hell, the opening narration is done by Angus Scrimm and a random drunk construction worker is none other than Rhodes from Day of the Dead. It starts with this being the 2nd film (1st horror) directed by Make-up effects wizard Robert Kurtzman who also brings his KNB brethren on board from a script by Peter Atkins (Hellraiser 2-4). Now just look at this roster of a supporting cast from supporting roles to cameos; Robert Englund, Kane Hodder, Tony Todd (Yes, that just read Freddy, Jason, Candyman), Reggie Bannister, Ted Raimi, Joseph Pilato. Now have it scored by Harry Manfredini and then slap Wes Craven presents on it. Seriously…is there a bigger fan dream (On paper) than this?
Did it wind up being an all time classic? Nope, not really even close. Wishmaster very much falls in the realm of typical 90s horror, but its on the better side of it. The film isn't scary, but I do think its a pretty good bit of fun and has a the right sense of camp. It features a load of special effects that will gross out and impress along the way. The make-up and design of the Djinn is also pretty cool, too. And, the film pulls from a unique background and manages to deliver a bit of settings and vibes not really found in a lot of its colleagues of the time or from the years prior to it.
Making Wishmaster all wort the while is Andrew Divoff as the Djinn. A man with a ton of credits and character acting gigs to his name, this is his pinnacle role. And he chews it up. He's both devious, fun and vile. Its all played with such devotion and commitment. You can tell Divoff is having a load of fun playing the role. In a film featuring lots of horror legends and vets with staple and iconic characters to their own name, Divoff is carving his own niche and memory right in front of all of them. Its a definite welcome to the table by the end of it. The Djinn may not be the greatest ever even for his decade, but Divoff makes him a worthy monster in the vein of Freddy Krueger to have been given more than one movie.
Wishmaster isn't high art, nor is it high horrors, but very fun at times the movie can be. What carries this movie well is a mixture of effects, action, Andrew Divoff, the Expendables-level horror cast and a campy monster. Its not a long movie and it doesn't really find time to drag too much. With years removed and looking back, its a much more pleasant watch with no stakes and finding appreciation in other areas.
Encoding: MPEG-4
Layers: BD-50
Clarity/Detail: Wishmaster makes its Blu-ray debut with a really crisp and clean looking picture. Sometimes 1990s movies don't come over too, but this one brings plenty of detail, especially on the make-up and effects as well as surfaces and clothing in a pretty sharp looking image. Sometimes things will look soft, but that is moreso in the source than anything else. No, this isn't a groundbreaking transfer, but its pretty damn good for a movie like Wishmaster.
Depth: There are some good front to back feelings and spacing with the film. Its not "woah 3D-like", but it stands to be very solid and works for the film. Movements are cinematic and smooth without any noticeable blur or jitter to distract.
Black Levels: Blacks are deep and can carry a little bit heavier of grain in darker spots and shadows. Details to uphold decently and minimal is hidden on clothing and surfaces that may have been visible otherwise. Hair, clothes and surfaces do hold up quite well when colored in black or a darker color. Dark alley scenes actually do impress quite a bit. No crushing witnessed on this viewing of the film.
Color Reproduction: Red is a standout color as it is used quite frequently and some scenes are filtered in the color. Whites are pretty impressive when they have a big presence. Many of the colors come on in their natural appearance and hold strong but don't pop. A blue suit worn by the Djinn in human form does deliver a good buzz in the movie.
Flesh Tones: Skin tones come on a bit warm at times, but maintain consistency throughout the film. Facial features like stubble, wrinkles, make-up, moles, scars, wrinkles and the texture of the Wishmaster's face all come through very well in close-ups and medium shots.
Noise/Artifacts: Some light grain and maybe a spec here or there, but its a rather clean print.
Audio Format(s): English 2.0 DTS-HD MA
Dynamics: This was listed in the press releases as well as the box as a 5.1, but its 2.0. And its a pretty loud and effective 2.0 mix. A lot of the deep sounds are very heavy and impacting. The intricacies and layers could find themselves to be a little more crisp and whatnot, but they are fine and more than get the job done. Its not 5.1, but I'm sure after that initial bit you're not going to care.
Height: N/A
Low Frequency Extension: N/A
Surround Sound Presentation: N/A
Dialogue Reproduction: Vocals are a little boomy when it comes lower vocals, but Divoff's come across sounding extra devious.
Wishmaster 2: Evil Never Dies
When the legendary monster, the Djinn, is re-released, he begins his reign of terror plunging the earth into horror and chaos. As the Djinn reaches is goal of one thousand captured souls, it us up to Morgana to stand between the world as we know it and a terrifying future beyond our darkest fears.
Coming two years after the original was a nice hit at the box office, the smart decision was made at Wishmaster headquarters to cash in their chips and opt for a straight to video offering for the follow up sequel. The market had turned to Scream-based slashers and some notable horror figures were heading their for continued offerings to some buzz and success. Leprechaun, Candyman within the next year (But probably in production or pre-production when this was shot) Pinhead would all skip the theater. Straight to video wasn't what we think of it as today with some quality stuff hitting streaming services, but not all of it was garbage back then and for fans, they were at least getting more chances to at seeing certain monsters and getting sequels.
As far as straight to video sequels go, Wishmaster 2 isn't that bad. Yes, I've given a subpar rating, but its not completely awful. In all honesty, the difference in technical quality and visuals between this and the original isn't very much at all. This one just hangs out inside and on sets a little more is most of it. Jack Sholder, a veteran horror director, is on board to helm it and he really does elevate this thing above what one would think of in terms of direct to video and makes this feel up there with lower grade theatrical offerings.
The special effects in this film are definitely up to snuff with what has been brought on before. There are some really gross moments in this film that you won't believe look so good. One instance, a criminals gets squished slowly through jail bars is pretty gnarly. The film isn't afraid to hold back and shows as much where it has the money to and it can. In one sequence, multiple people are slaughtered and it has some limbs flying. Also of note is that the Wishmaster costume/suit looking pretty seamless and impressive in the film. And it comes across as a much more comfortable piece to wear as well.
Speaking of the Wishmaster, Divoff reprises the role here. And honestly, he's the reason this movie is totally watchable and gives it the most bit of fun. The man just chews scenery and camps to a degree of expertise that really rocks the house. His eyes and grin light up and scene with such evil. This would be his last film in the role, and this leaves and ridiculously large whole in the next two films if I'm not mistaken. While Wishmaster may be nobody's favorite series or monster, you can't deny Divoff gave a pretty outstanding and iconic performance, and we may not be talking about it today if he didn't pull it off.
Wishmaster 2 gives us a bit more direct version of things we liked in the first movie while giving the mythology a little more meat to chew on. It definitely feels more akin to a Leprechaun movie this time around, where you just take a script and swap a monster, but its from one of the better(?) Leprechauns that it gets its feels from. Its not that great of a movie, but its better than expected, and if you like the first movie, you can easily just this one out harm free.
Encoding: MPEG-4 AVC
Clarity/Detail: This second film looks pretty good, but about a hair lesser than the first film. This new transfer features some stronger detail, but also comes across a little too smooth on some of details that may just be a sorta "late 90s film" thing. Gore effects show every little splatter of blood, dried or wet and piece of flesh. Its the best the film has looked and the fact that it gets to be here is a victory in itself.
Depth: Very average depth work. There are some spacing moments that wind up very good, but overall its just sort "okay". Movements come on smooth and clean though.
Black Levels: Blacks are deep and rich, grain is a little heavier on really dark or shadowy spots. No crushing witnessed on this viewing. Details and textures comes through pretty solid on darker hair, clothing and surfaces in most instances.
Color Reproduction: This is a late 90s plain jane straight to video movie, so things sort of look basic. Reds punch through and blues feature a lot of variety and saturate but bump out a little more than most other colors in the mix.
Flesh Tones: Skin tones are natural and maintain a consistent look throughout the film, except in the strongly red filtered sequences. Facial details tend to look very good in medium and close up shots with scars, dried blood, wrinkles, stubble and more.
Noise/Artifacts: Grain accompanied by minimal dirt/specs.
Dynamics: The box lists this as "5.0" but it read 5.1 for me on multiple players/receivers. Kinda odd, but this track makes use of everything but your subwoofer. Still there are some good uses and performances on the deep sounds. You will feel a little rumble when necessary. Effects are pretty well done and rounded to a nice degree of depth. While sometimes they bump into one another, its minimal, but it includes some pretty good balance on vocals, score and dialogue.
Surround Sound Presentation: Not gonna change the world, but a solid 5 channel mix here. Whenever we'd get the Djinn's world, speakers were active and pretty fun. Echos and other sound traveling mechanisms placed at good volumes and make for some fun voyages along world.
Dialogue Reproduction: Dialogue is good clear and audible and located in the correct position or movement on the screen.
Wishmaster 3: Beyond The Gates Of Hell
When Diana, a beautiful coed, discovers an ancient gem inside of a mystical Persian case, she unwittingly unleashes the mercilessly evil Djinn. The gut-slinging demon uses fiendish trickery to take the form of a professor in order to slice, dice and burn his way through the university staff and students. If he can overpower Diana, his "waker", and grant her three sick and twisted wishes, the very gates of hell will open up and engulf the world into eternal damnation. With help from the man she loves, she must impale the bloodthirsty demon with a sword from heaven to save herself and the entire world.
And here's a film that's more like it in terms of a straight to video affair (or what was typically thought of during this era). Gone is Andrew Divoff and gone is the sorta "adult" horror film the first two in the series were. No, I'm not talking an adult targeted movie, but one that featured adults over teens. This one skews young, all the way to college and takes place with a buncha rambunctious, annoying guys and gals. Like the previous film it takes place within a lot of interiors. This is the template and haven within which to both save the money, keep the franchise going and be able to do again and again if need be.
Andrew Divoff's absence takes a gigantic chunk out of this and we are just left with some whatever to waddle in. They decide to go a different route in terms of how the Wishmaster is presented. There is an actor who plays the monster (In costume), but now the character will transform into the likeness of different characters we meet instead of this one human form. Now, the guy in the costume is fine, though the costume's head looks a little cartoonish and dopey. The humans he transforms into, mainly the professor, just all kinda such. And mainly its on the actors that this happens. Their evil scenes just suck the film dry. Why this is kept is to keep the scenes of using the full on Wishmaster to a minimum (In terms of days of shooting, I know he appears quite a bit throughout, but he's on the same or similar set.).
Unlike the last time, the special effects take a dip here. There aren't too many cool gore sequences I really could recall after I saw the film and nothing too innovative in terms of the eerie and evil wishes. The sex factor is ramped up a little bit, but mainly in the sense the people get some love on, not that there are any real gratuitous or racy scenes. I mentioned before that Wishmaster came before the whole scream vibe too hold of the horror genre, and its sequel avoided it too. But, here, it full on tries to find itself a seat at that table. The movie wants to be an "also ran" in the world of teen horror, but winds up wishing it could be that and is very forgettable.
Wishmaster 3 is probably moreso what you were expecting out the second film, or hell, for many people, maybe even the first film. Its a complete boring, uninteresting slog that comes from people that are out of ideas after two films. Now, oddly, I feel like there are other places and a few plenty ideas that you could do with the Wishmaster. But, it probably would involve taking some chances and risks, and that's not the game here. The game here is to just sit in place and go through motions. And that comes across just as boring as that little sentence description I typed sounds.
Clarity/Detail: Wishmaster 3's Blu-ray debut comes with an image that's pretty comparable to the one for the second film. Maybe just a hair of a step down but not enough to drop the scoring or anything (WHERE ARE MY DECIMALS, BRIAN!?!?). Details are decent, but it does look a bit more smooth on things. It carries that very 90s and straight to video look to it, if that makes sense. Its a little soft but carries a crisp enough picture to be a much clearer and better image than its DVD predecessor.
Depth: Dimensions here are pretty average. There is solid spacing between characters and objects with the background and the hold on through camera movements. Nothing is too impressive (Its not bad by any means) and its enough to get by.
Black Levels: Blacks are deep and provide a bit more of grain in dark areas of the image and shadowy/dark scenes. No crushing witnessed during this viewing of the film.
Color Reproduction: Colors are solid and pretty bold. Nothing really sits and pops, but the colors are strong and saturated pretty well. The overall coloring on the Wishmaster himself looks very good. Of course reds come on strong and are notably used as a filter at points in the film because…of course.
Flesh Tones: Skin tones are natural in appearance and maintain that look consistently throughout the feature's runtime. Facial details like make-up, lip texture, wrinkles, stubble and dried blood all give a more distinct and better appearance in close ups than other distances (Medium shots are all-right).
Noise/Artifacts: Grain with some dirt/specs.
Subtitles: English SDH, Spanish
Dynamics: As weak and easy as I described the film's plot, the audio goes that route as well with a 2.0 track. Its a decent enough track to get the job done, but its also nothing special. The sound is spaced out good enough that there is a nice clarity in between the score, vocals and sound effects. The low end sounds do get some solid depth in there and bump a little to combine with some decent right to left movement and sound saturation based on distance and character/action placement.
Height: H/A
Dialogue Reproduction: Dialogue is easy, clear and clean.
Wishmaster: The Prophecy Fulfilled
The evil Djinn returns in the fourth installment of this popular shocker. Released via an ancient antique box opened by Lisa Burnley, the spirit assumes the identity of Lisa's lawyer and aims to fool her into making three evil wishes. Although suspicious of her suddenly very different lawyer, Lisa nevertheless makes the three wishes, causing all hell to break loose as members of the Brotherhood of Djinn are spectacularly awoken.
Here we are at the fourth and final film in the original Wishmaster quadrilogy. Its another go at it from the director of the third film, Chris Angel. He also keeps his Wishmaster, with John Novak returning to don the Djinn outfit for this one. Once again, its a Wishmaster possessing the identity of someone, so its a dual role. This time its carried on by 90210 and Battlestar Galactica alum Michael Trucco. I'll give him that he was much better than the professor in the last one, but still the furthest cry from Andrew Divoff.
The Prophecy Fulfilled feels like someone took a script from one of those 90s late night Cinemax erotic thrillers (Shut up, you know you've seen more than one Shannon Tweed movie in your life) and then decided to add the Djinn to it. This one looks and plays like one. Its got itself plenty of sex, cheap locations, lighting and film stock. Hell, its even got that fake looking sense of wealth or what the director and producers think is wealth with as little of money as they can to show it. Oh, its got that "dangerous love triangle" thing going on as well. Sorry, but I've seen my fair share of these.
While it ups the sex, there also is a bit more "showing" of gore this time around. Some of it is admittedly kind of cool and something that felt more enjoyable than the last outing. Granted, this stuff only shows up at certain little intervals, but it is something. They also give us more Djinn (Do I add an 's'? How do I make it plural) this time around and seemingly try and add to the mythology or end it. I'm sure had there been some success there would be more of these by now. But, at the fourth film it was nice to see them try and bring something new to the table, while doing some of the same old thing.
I can't tell you whether I enjoyed this one more than the the last film or not. Both are snoozers and pretty full bags of garbage. But, in terms of what they bring to the table in the scope of the overall series arc and character, this one at least seems to try even if it might be a worse movie. The film is cheap, sleazy and just rather dull at most corners, but there are some little bright spots at times. If you've made it through three films this far, its kind of silly not to just go on and push yourself through one more.
Clarity/Detail: Well, Wishmaster 4 comes to Blu-ray with a nice, clear and clean look to it. It has some very good details in close-up shots. While the effects in this movie aren't very good, this transfer doesn't wrong them by making them look worse. I mentioned in my review that this was a Cinemax movie and that's pretty much what this looks like in its aesthetic too.
Depth: This is some dimension work that really just gets the job done and not much more. Characters look and act free with smooth movements.
Black Levels: Blacks are deep and will carry some more grain. Aside from close ups and some well lit medium shots, details can be hidden on dark clothing and surfaces as well as nighttime or dark and shadowy scenes. No crushing witnessed.
Color Reproduction: Colors are more realistic in look and don't carry a lot of pop. The Wishmaster himself and his special effects are are a bit more vibrant. The opening credits feature some flames which might the most overall impressive bit of color in the film. Reds come through best in terms of standouts.
Flesh Tones: Skin tones are natural and have a more lifelike look from scene to scene for the film's duration. Freckles, wrinkles, make-up moles and the like all show through better in close ups than they do further shots in the film.
Noise/Artifacts: Clean, some light grain, but that's really it.
Dynamics: The fourth Wishmaster brings about a pretty much just okay track. Its effective enough, but if this was a 2.0 track you probably wouldn't even notice. The overall sound is a little on the lower end and rumbly, but it does have solid intricacies and overall works pretty well for what it is. I mean, c'mon folks, this is the fourth film in the Wishmaster series.
Low Frequency Extension: Club music, punches and mystical sounds all bring some bump to the subwoofer, as well as roaring fired, engines and some other action sounds.
Surround Sound Presentation: There is some presence from the rear channels in this mix, but this is a more front heavy track. Sound travels accurately across and back and volume placement is pretty accurate to what it is going on onscreen.
Dialogue Reproduction: Dialogue is clean and clear.
Wishmaster Collection is a 3-Disc Blu-ray set. The 3rd and 4th movies share a disc.
Disc 1 (Wishmaster)
With Director Robert Kurtzman and Screenwriter Peter Atkins – Ported over from the DVD release of the film.
With Director Robert Kurtzman and Stars Andrew Divoff and Tammy Lauren
Isolated Score Selections and Audio Interview with Composer Harry Manfredini
Out Of The Bottle (HD, 21:55) – Interviews with director Robert Kurtzman and co-producer David Tripet. A fascinating back and forth that goes from the genesis of the production through casting, Wes Craven's involvment, Andrew Divoff and making this a horror-allstars film. Its accompanied by some on-set/behind-the-scenes footage. This piece is extremely informative and features plenty of anecdotes on shooting the film as well as the effect used in it that went right and ones that went wrong. Kurtzman mentions that at one point he was offered the sequel but studio hands changed and he never heard back. But it was straight to video and he would have passed on it at the time (He does praise the realm in today's environment as very successful and full of quality).
The Magic Words (HD, ) – An interview with Screenwriter Peter Atkins. Atkins is very enthusiastic to discuss the job he took that he thought sounded stupid. He says he's the guy who changed the movie from using the term genie to Djinn ("How the hell do you pronounce that anyway?"). Atkins talks about focusing on certain areas in characters with horror movies where he feels some things will writer or play out themselves. He also wows about the cast they were able to assemble for the film. And then, he also takes a moment to share his brief interaction with Wes Craven.
The Djinn and Alexandra (HD, 25:57) – Interviews with stars Andrew Divoff and Tammy Lauren. Divoff opens by sharing his love for horror and Lugosi and Karloff. Tammy Lauren is the first to mention that Kurtzman was aiming to make a "throwback to the 80s" horror film, of which the film does feel. The actors celebrate working with one another, never having met til the table read for the film and finding they both studied under the same teacher. They discuss the awe of working with their co-stars and Lauren cracks up and talks about the humor of herself and having to do the sports related scenes in the film. Divoff briefly touches on his role in the second, but doesn't seem as happy with that film and quickly reverts back to praising the first film. Tammy Lauren talks her first Horror Hound convention and interaction with the fans and Divoff shows off his Djinn ring that he had made to wear to commemorate the film.
Captured Visions (HD, 12:43) – An interview with director of photography Jacques Haitkin. A quick observation, he sits in a chair at his home and has like 4-5 remotes in front of him opting for that instead of a master remote just like myself. Jacque talks more in a scope of horror, filming and art to go into his experience of doing the film and already having tons of experience with KNB which made Wishmaster to be an easy fit. He's a bit of a jokey, giggly guy but I enjoyed his enthusiasm as he goes through the film describing the lighting and filming technique throughout of their stylized and heightened reality.
Wish List (HD, 12:04) – Interviews with actors Robert Englund, Kane Hodder and Ted Raimi. They all comment on how they didn't have to wear any make-up and could just be a human. Hodder thanks Kurtzman for giving him his first real non-monster role and gushes over working with Andrew Divoff and how great he found him to be. Englund talks how impressed he was with the suit for the Djinn and how he was excited to play a fussy character that he hadn't tackled before. Raimi said he was getting away from horror at the time, but when Bob Kurtzman is doing a horror movie, you just show up. He's surprised at the longevity of this film on people's minds and he's very proud of the film, one of his favorites. Englund and Hodder discuss how they are constantly signing the picture of them with Tony Todd from the set.
Teaser Trailer (HD, :45)
Theatrical Trailer (HD, 1:37)
TV Spots (SD, 3:00)
Radio Spots (HD, 1:09)
Vintage Making Of Featurette (SD, 24:45) – Carried over from the DVD release. This features press junket interviews from the production of the film with Andrew Divoff, Robert Kurtzman, Peter Atkins and Tammy Lauren.
Vintage EPK (SD, 5:39) – A brief little generic sell of the movie, but it does feature some words from Wes Craven about the film (As well as Tammy Lauren and Peter Atkins).
Behind-The-Scenes Footage Compilation (SD, 11:58) – Ported over from the DVD release. Features raw video footage of actors hanging out between takes, the shooting of scenes, effects tests, blocking them out, Kurtzman directing and some screwball fun.
Storyboard Gallery (HD, 7:37) – Pulled from the prologue and the big party murder sequence.
Still Gallery (HD, 6:42) – Publicity photos, promo shots and a couple effects publicity stills.
Disc 2 (Wishmaster 2)
With Writer/Director Jack Sholder
Trailer (HD, 1:07)
Still Gallery (HD, 5:22) – All production/promotional stills.
Disc 3 (Wishmaster 3/ Wishmaster 4)
Wishmaster 3
Audio Commentary – With Director Chris Angel and Cast Members John Novak, Jason Connery and Louisette Geiss.
Behind-The-Scenes (SD, 5:51) – From the DVD edition. Very much an EPK piece in different segments, one, goes over story, stunts, etc. There is also some on set and behind the scenes footage mixed in for good measure.
Audio Commentary – With Director Chris Angel and Cast Members Michael Trucco and Jason Thompson
Audio Commentary – With Director Chris Angel and Actor Jason Novak
Wishmaster Theater Featurette (SD, 7:13) – A behind-the-scenes/making of from the previous DVD, done as a farcical masterpiece theater type thing (Mainly just the musical choices and narrator voice).
Trailer (SD, 1:21)
The first Wishmaster film can be found to be a passionate horror film made "for the fans". It features an all-star cast of genre icons and builds a new one in Andrew Divoff. The second film finds some goodwill leftover and more Divoff fun, but the remaining two films are kind of complete dumpster fires. This set, unsurprisingly focusing the majority of its newly crafted bonus mater and all on camera interviews to the first movie with a little here and there about the second in those questionings. The films all look and sound up to spec with how some of the above average presentations have been in recent years. Its got a high pricepoint for people that are probably moreso looking to pick up just the original and maybe the second movie. You could honestly look at the final two films as a bonus if you want. Until the price comes down this is for the hardest of hardcore Wishmaster fans only.
Brandon Peters
Brandon is the host, producer, writer and editor of The Brandon Peters Show (thebrandonpetersshow.com) on the Creative Zombie Studios Network. At Why So Blu he is a Writer/Reviewer. Brandon is a lifelong obsessive film nerd. As eager to educate in the world of film as I am to learn. An avid lover of horror, schlock and trash. You can also find older essays on his blog Naptown Nerd (naptownnerd.blogspot.com).
Tags: A. J. Cook, Andrew Divoff, Angus Scrimm, Bokeem Woodbine, Chris Angel, Corey Haim, Emmanuelle Vaugier, George "Buck" Flower, Greg Nicotero, Harry Manfredini, Holly Fields, Howard Berger, Jack Sholder, John Novak, Joseph Pilato, Kane Hodder, Michael Trucco, Peter Atkins, Reggie Bannister, Robert England, Robert Kurtzman, Robert LaSardo, Sarah Carter, Tammy Lauren, Ted Raimi, Tommy "Tiny" Lister, Tony Todd, Verne Troyer, Wes Craven.
1 Response to "Wishmaster Collection – Collector's Series (Blu-ray Review)"
Jason Coleman
A fully detailed and deeply dissected review – thanks for the great info! (Another purchase for me!)
Comment on Mar 14th, 2017	at 3:13 am
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Presidential candidates Hillary Clinton and Bernie Sanders have already made voting rights and election reform major areas of focus of their presidential campaigns. However, neither candidate has addressed that 42% of Americans, who identify as politically independent, are being disenfranchised by our current election system.
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Open Primaries believes that no American should be required to join a political party to exercise their right to vote.
We knew attending the National Conference of State Legislators was the right decision the moment Washington State Senator Joe Fain announced his support for Top Two to a room full of legislators. He encouraged them all to learn more about the issue from us, he did it completely unsolicited, and he did it simply because he saw us in the room with our promotional materials. As he spoke, I looked at my watch: we were only three hours into the first day and we had already made a huge impact. And, it only got better.
Last week, Open Primaries leaders Al Benninghoff, Adriana Espinoza (NY), Patrick McWhortor (AZ) and Jason Olson (CA) spent four days at the National Conference of State Legislators talking with elected officials and their staff about the impact of "Top Two" in California.
On August 4th Open Primaries released a comprehensive report on the impact Top Two primaries have had on California and its politics.
The report found this reform led to substantial positive changes to Californian government; California's legislature has become significantly more productive, all voters are more fairly represented, and more elected officials face competitive elections.
This rise in competitive elections has been particularly important in improving how California politics and government functions.