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You are here: Home page > Science > Electomagnetic spectrum
by Chris Woodford. Last updated: March 24, 2021.
You might think the world is essentially what you can see in front of you, but think for a moment and you'll realize this isn't true. When you close your eyes, the world doesn't cease to exist just because there's no light to see by. If you were a rattlesnake or an owl, you could see perfectly well by night. Thinking more laterally, what if you were a radar set mounted on an airplane? Then you could help pilots see in darkness or bad weather by detecting reflected radio waves. And if you were a camera sensitive to X rays, you could even see through bodies or buildings! The light we can see is only one part of all the electrical and magnetic energy buzzing around our world. Radio waves, X rays, gamma rays, and microwaves work in a very similar way. All together, this energy is called the electromagnetic spectrum. Let's take a closer look at what that means!
Photo: Water drops bend (or refract) short wavelength blue light more than long-wavelength red light, which is why rainbows arc across the sky when sunlight streams through rain, making a rainbow and revealing the spectrum "hidden" inside white light.
What is electromagnetic radiation?
What kinds of energy make up the electromagnetic spectrum?
The electromagnetic spectrum—a closer look
Who discovered the electromagnetic spectrum?
How can we "see" other parts of the spectrum?
Photo: Even when there's little or no "visible" light around, we're bathing in vast amounts of invisible electromagnetic energy. When it comes to electromagnetic radiation, there's really no such thing as "dark." Photo courtesy of NASA on the Commons.
Light waves and other types of energy that radiate (travel out) from where they're produced are called electromagnetic radiation. Together, they make up what's known as the electromagnetic spectrum. Our eyes can see only a limited part of the electromagnetic spectrum—the colorful rainbow we see on sunny-rainy days, which is an incredibly tiny part of all the electromagnetic radiation that zaps through our world. We call the energy we can see visible light (we discuss it in detail in our main article on light) and, like radio waves, microwaves, and all the rest, it's made up of electromagnetic waves. These are up-and-down, wave-shaped patterns of electricity and magnetism that race along at right angles to one another, at the speed of light (300,000 km per second or 186,000 miles per second, which is fast enough to go 400 times round the world in a minute!). The light we can see stretches in a spectrum from red (the lowest frequency and longest wavelength of light our eyes can register) through orange, yellow, green, blue, and indigo to violet (the highest frequency and shortest wavelength we can see).
Artwork: Above: How an electromagnetic wave travels: If we could peer inside a light ray (or other electromagnetic wave), this is what we'd see: an electrical wave vibrating in one direction (blue in this case, and vibrating up-and-down) and a magnetic wave vibrating at right angles to it (red in this case, and vibrating from side to side). The two waves vibrate in perfect step, at right angles to the direction they're traveling in. This diagram shows us something scientists only really understood in the 19th century: electricity and magnetism are equal partners that work together closely at all times. Below: An animated version of the same artwork.
What are the other kinds of electromagnetic radiation that objects give off? Here are a few of them, ranged in order from the longest wavelength to the shortest. Note that these are not really definite bands with hard edges: they blur into one another with some overlap between them.
Radio waves: If our eyes could see radio waves, we could (in theory) watch TV programs just by staring at the sky! Well not really, but it's a nice idea. Typical size: 30cm–500m. Radio waves cover a huge band of frequencies, and their wavelengths vary from tens of centimeters for high-frequency waves to hundreds of meters (the length of an athletics track) for lower-frequency ones. That's simply because any electromagnetic wave longer than a microwave is called a radio wave.
Microwaves: Obviously used for cooking in microwave ovens, but also for transmitting information in radar equipment. Microwaves are like short-wavelength radio waves. Typical size: 15cm (the length of a pencil).
Infrared: Just beyond the reddest light we can see, with a slightly shorter frequency, there's a kind of invisible "hot light" called infrared. Although we can't see it, we can feel it warming our skin when it hits our face—it's what we think of as radiated heat. If, like rattlesnakes, we could see infrared radiation, it would be a bit like having night-vision lenses built into our heads. Typical size: 0.01mm (the length of a cell).
Visible light: The light we can actually see is just a tiny slice in the middle of the spectrum. Typical size: 550 nanometers (the size of a small amoeba).
Ultraviolet: This is a kind of blue-ish light just beyond the highest-frequency violet light our eyes can detect. The Sun transmits powerful ultraviolet radiation that we can't see: that's why you can get sunburned even when you're swimming in the sea or on cloudy days—and why sunscreen is so important. Typical size: 500 nanometers (the width of a typical bacteria).
X rays: A very useful type of high-energy wave widely used in medicine and security. Find out more in our main article on X rays. Typical size: 0.1 nanometers (the width of an atom).
Gamma rays: These are the most energetic and dangerous form of electromagnetic waves. Gamma rays are a type of harmful radiation. Typical size: 0.000001 nanometers (the width of an atomic nucleus).
Photo: Diagram of electromagnetic spectrum courtesy of NASA.
All the different kinds of electromagnetic radiation are essentially the same "stuff" as light: they're forms of energy that travel in straight lines, at the speed of light (300,000 km or 186,000 miles per second), when electrical and magnetic vibrations wiggle from side to side. Together, we refer to these forms of energy as the electromagnetic spectrum. You can think of it as a kind of super-big spectrum that stretches either side of the smaller spectrum we can actually see (the rainbow of light colors).
There are lots of images of the electromagnetic spectrum available online, so we won't bothering drawing it out for you again. Click the small image on the right to see quite a nice diagram of the spectrum from NASA.
Photo: James Clerk Maxwell: the father of electromagnetism. Photo courtesy of Wikimedia Commons.
Up until the 19th century, scientists thought electricity and magnetism were completely separate things. Then, following a series of amazing experiments, it became clear that they were linked together very closely. Electricity could cause magnetism and vice-versa! Around 1819/1820, a Danish physicist called Hans Christian Oersted (1777–1851) showed that an electric wire would create a pattern of magnetism around it. About a decade later, English chemist Michael Faraday (1791–1867) proved that the opposite could happen too—you could use magnetism to generate electricity—and that led him to develop the electric motors and electricity generators that now power our world.
Thanks to the pioneering work of people like this, another great scientist, James Clerk Maxwell (1831–1879) was able to come up with a single theory that explained both electricity and magnetism. Maxwell summed up everything people had discovered in four simple equations to produce a superb theory of electromagnetism, which he published in 1873. He realized that electromagnetism could travel in the form of waves, at the speed of light, and concluded that light itself had to be a kind of electromagnetic wave. About a decade after Maxwell's death, a brilliant German physicist named Heinrich Hertz (1857–1894) became the first person to produce electromagnetic waves in a laboratory. That piece of work led to the development of radio, television, and—much more recently—things like wireless Internet.
Our eyes pick up light from just one tiny slice of the spectrum, but the Universe is buzzing with other kinds of radiation. If we want to "see" beyond the electromagnetic limits of our own eyes, we can use telescopes "tuned" to higher or lower wavelengths. Astronomers use all kinds of telescopes—some on Earth, some in space—to glean information about distant objects from the electromagnetic radiation they give off.
Giant satellite-dish antennas pick up long-wavelength, high-frequency radio waves. The biggest radio telescope on Earth is the Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical Telescope (FAST) in China, which is getting on for twice the size of the much better known 305m (1000ft) Arecibo Observatory in Puerto Rico, which was the world's largest for a half century, but is now being decommissioned. The dish pictured here is about seven times smaller than FAST and four times smaller than Arecibo. It's the 70m (230ft) Canberra deep dish satellite in Australia.
Photo by courtesy of NASA on the Commons.
Because cosmic microwaves can't get through the whole of Earth's atmosphere, we have to study them from space. Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE), launched in 1989 and deactivated in 1993, was a space satellite designed to do this. These images of the night sky were taken by COBE using different wavelengths of infrared light.
Photo by courtesy of NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (NASA-GSFC).
Water in Earth's atmosphere absorbs infrared; studying that kind of electromagnetic radiation is another job for a space-based satellite, such as the Infrared Astronomical Satellite (IRAS), which operated for 10 months during 1983. This is an image of the Andromeda Galaxy taken by IRAS.
Photo by courtesy of NASA Ames Research Center (NASA-ARC).
Visible light
Visible light shooting in from space is one thing we can easily study from Earth with any conventional, optical telescope. This one is the historic 66cm (26inch) refractor telescope at the U.S. Naval Observatory in Washington, D.C. However, Earth-bound telescopes like this can pick up only so much—hence the need for telescopes (like the Hubble and its replacement, the James Webb) that travel into space.
Photo by Seth Rossman courtesy of US Navy.
Ultraviolet light
Ultraviolet light can cause skin cancer, so it's a good job much of it is absorbed by Earth's ozone layer. Unfortunately, the downside of this is that we have to study ultraviolet light coming from space using satellites such as the International Ultraviolet Explorer (IUE), which operated for almost two decades between 1978 and 1996.
Photo by courtesy of NASA Glenn Research Center (NASA-GRC).
X rays
Think of X rays and you probably think of broken bones—but they're whizzing round space too. Earth's atmosphere prevents these dangerous, high-energy rays from reaching telescopes on the ground, but space telescopes, such as the Roentgen Satellite (ROSAT) (which operated between 1990 and 1999), have been able to observe them in space. The Sun looks the way it does because our eyes see only a fraction of the electromagnetic radiation it gives off. If we could see X rays, the Sun might look more like it does in this image taken taken in December 2001 by the Soft X ray Telescope (SXT), an instrument onboard the Yohkoh observatory spacecraft. What does the Sun really look like? We can never know: our eyes can't appreciate it completely!
Gamma rays
High-energy gamma rays are also blocked by Earth's atmosphere, so we need space-based telescopes to study those too, such as the Compton Gamma-Ray Observatory, which operated from 1991 to 2000. This photo shows the Compton whizzing over Baja California, Mexico in 1991, and was taken from the Space Shuttle that launched it). The Compton was named for US physicist Arthur Holly Compton (1892–1962), one of the first scientists to study cosmic rays.
Photo by courtesy of NASA Johnson Space Center (NASA-JSC).
On other sites
The James Clerk Maxwell Foundation: Celebrating the extraordinary scientific achievements of electromagnetism pioneer James Clerk Maxwell.
Light: The Visible Spectrum and Beyond by Kimberly Arcand and Megan Watzke. Black Dog, 2015. A photographic look at the wonders of the spectrum.
Invisible Universe: The Electromagnetic Spectrum from Radio Waves to Gamma Rays by Stephen Pompea et al. LHS GEMS, 2002. A guide to teaching children about the spectrum, with background information and age-appropriate activities.
[PDF] NASA: Tour of the Electromagnetic Spectrum by Ginger Butcher. NASA, 2016. A free, colorful 32-page introduction written at a similar level to my own article, but with more detail.
Science Pathways: Electricity by Chris Woodford. Rosen, 2013. One of my books covering the story of electricity, from the ancient Greeks, through James Clerk Maxwell, up to modern-day electronics and computing (suitable for ages 9–12).
Eyewitness: Electricity by Steve Parker. DK, 2005. What is electricity and how does it power our world?
The science world's unsung hero? by Giancarlo Rinaldi. BBC News, 25 November 2008. A short piece about the little-known life of James Clerk Maxwell.
Woodford, Chris. (2009/2018) Electromagnetic spectrum. Retrieved from https://www.explainthatstuff.com/electromagnetic-spectrum.html. [Accessed (Insert date here)]


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McCoy Research Group
Using the Tools of Theoretical Chemistry to Study Anharmonicity and Large Amplitude Vibrational Motions
Ryan DiRisio
Mark Boyer
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About Anne McCoy
Professor McCoy received her B. S. degree in Chemistry from Haverford College in 1987, her Ph.D. degree in Chemistry from the University of Wisconsin-Madison in 1992 and was a Golda Meir post-doctoral fellow with Benny Gerber at the Hebrew University and University of California, Irvine. She joined faculty at the Ohio State University in 1994. She was promoted in 2000 to Associate Professor and again in 2004 to Professor. Professor McCoy has received a CAREER award from the National Science Foundation, the 1998 Ernst D. Bergmann Memorial Award from the US/Israel Binational Science Foundation, was named a Camille Dreyfus Teacher/Scholar in 1999 and was recognized as an Outstanding Woman in Science by AWISCO in 2005. She is also a Senior Editor of the Journal of Physical Chemistry, and the Secretary/Treasurer of the Physical Chemistry Division of the American Chemical Society.
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New York: Springboard to Paris (November-December 2021)
Today was a travel day, on Jetblue from San Diego to NYC, the first day of 3+ weeks of vacation. This time had been consecrated to a total solar eclipse in the Southern Ocean and a 3 week long return with Greg to the Falkland Islands, South Georgia and the Antarctic peninsula, which was indirectly derailed by Covid-related issues.
The best laid plans…may well be derailed by global pandemics. Our plan was to combine a return to South Georgia (pictured here) and Antarctica (below) with a total solar eclipse (below) in the Southern Ocean, but Covid-related restrictions and logistical difficulties led to our trip being cancelled , opening up a yawning, 3-week wide hole in our schedule, with 6 weeks to come up with an alternate plan.
Our eclipse chasing careers have been severely curtailed by Covid (Score is Covid 2, us 2), keeping us from the Lake District in Chile in December 2020 and the Southern Ocean near Antarctica in December 2021. This is from our July 2019 trip to Chile's Elqui Valley for the eclipse, a day after our 30th wedding anniversary.
From our last trip to Antarctica in January 2019. The expedition staff of the Sea Spirit head off ship in a zodiac on a stunning morning at Danko on the Antarctic peninsula. We'd hoped to see more of these icy landscapes.
We had thought, since all passengers and staff would be vaccinated, that our trip would be a go, so this news, coming in late September when we were in NY, was a surprise:
"Amidst continuing uncertainties, we regret that we must cancel this voyage. We understand and certainly share your disappointment about this; no one wants to operate more than we do. Compounding this, quarantine restrictions imposed by the Falkland Islands would have forced us to create an awkward itinerary for this cruise that we feel is less than ideal and does not meet our standards for delivering an exceptional experience."
We could reschedule to later in the season, with a 20% discount, but for us, having such a large block of time off at such short notice is virtually impossible. We quickly considered a variety of options, including Iceland for ice caves and aurora, as well as diving in Florida, combined with Art Basel, but ultimately decided on a return to Paris, after a long hiatus, 6 years. Reports from summer to fall from Cindy and Gerry , Vivian and Joe, Margie and Mike and Mayde and Jon encouraged us. We ended up deciding on using New York as a springboard to Paris, the better to deal with jet lag and much cheaper as two round trips (a trip within a trip) than as a multi-city itinerary. Our final week would be relaxing in Arizona.
My American in Paris friend Patricia, who was so helpful preparing for this trip, recommended Alexander Lobrano's My Place at the Table. which I continued reading on the flight. He is an American food critic and long-time Paris resident whose prior work, Hungry for Paris, I had hugely enjoyed. My Place at the Table grabbed me immediately with its autobiographical tales and conversational tone. He recalls his upbringing in Connecticut and culinary education as a young free-lance writer finding his way in Paris and life.
I also had a chance to nearly finish watching Mare of Easttown, starring Kate Winslet as a detective in a small Pennsylvania town where everyone knows everyone else, investigating a series of disappearances and murders of young women. I had watched 4+ episodes on the plane back to San Diego from NY in late September and had wanted to know what happened ever since.
Once installed in the apartment, we hit the pavement in search of food. We walked past Kaia but were discouraged by the cold from sitting outside and by the hubbub from inside. I was thrilled to discover Drunken Monkey was still in business. We sat at the bar, shared a green mango and cucumber salad, with chicken biryani (served in a bowl with a naan cover) and short ribs with haricot verts and mashed potatoes. Aviator and Pimm's cup cocktails smoothed our travel day edges.
Having a timed entry for 10 am at the nearby Jewish Museum ensured we were up at a timely hour. What prompted this visit was an exhibit designed around the netsuke collection highlighted in the The Hare with the Amber Eyes by Edmund de Waal, one of my bookclub's selections which we listened to together years back. The author tells the story of an extraordinary Jewish family, the Ephrussis, who rose from being grain merchants in Odessa to banking impresarios in Vienna, only to be scattered and their possessions confiscated when the Nazis rose to power. The tiny, intricate carvings from Japan were acquired by Charles Ephrussi as a collection when he lived in Paris, where he was an influential art collector and critic, on whom Proust modeled the character of Swann in In Search of Lost Time.
The hare himself, the netsuke from which the title of Edmund de Waal's book The Hare with the Amber Eyes derives, now the inspiration for an exhibition at the Jewish Museum in New York.
When his cousin married in Vienna, the collection was sent in a glass vitrine as a wedding present. Housed in the wardrobe of Emmy, her children were allowed to play with the figures as she was being costumed to attend social functions. Emmy's maid, Anna, was able to smuggle out the collection in her coat, a few pieces at a time, as the Nazis were occupied dismantling the family's furniture and art collections.
It's a fascinating story of an extraordinary family, for which scattered paintings formerly in Charles' collection have been united with family mementos in an exhibition designed by Elizabeth Diller of the architecture firm Diller Scofodio.
A tall spectacled familiar silhouette appeared at my elbow as I was listening to the commentary, our San Diego friend Cliff! Once again, we were catching Cliff and John on their last day in New York of this stay, as they were leaving the next day for Washington, D.C. for their annual Thanksgiving family reunion.
We were surprised to find Russ and Daughters downstairs closed-possibly permanently from the look of it-so walked with Cliff and John a few blocks south to Eli's for brunch.
We had plenty of time when we parted to walk to the theater district, but the autumn leaves were so colorful and the crisp cold day so sunny and special that we dawdled and just managed to slip into our seats for the 2 pm matinee of Girl from the North Country with but minutes to spare. This Depression era drama, written and directed by Conor McPherson, makes use of songs from Bob Dylan's catalog to highlight the loneliness of the characters and despair of the era. It takes place in a run-down boarding house, run by Nick Laine (Jay O. Sanders) who tries to keep it together, tending to his family as well as a variety of down-on-their-luck guests. His wife Elizabeth (Mare Winningham) is a little off, prone to lapses and sudden and startling outbursts. Their adopted daughter Marianne (Kimber Elayne Sprawl) is pregnant. The transitory addition of Joe Scott (played by handsome, tall Austin Scott, who formerly played the title role in Hamilton) into the household makes for a volatile mix.
A stop at the midtown Proper Cloth saw Steve being measured for custom fitted pants. Our final touchdown was for dinner at a Persian restaurant, Persepolis, on the UES (subsequently, we obtained recommendations from our friend Yasi, for Sofreh in Brooklyn and Razagh on the UES).
By then, our feet were feeling beat up. Back at the apartment, we cued up a documentary which was touching and funny, despite its name, Dick Johnson is Dead, in which filmmaker Kirsten Johnson chronicles, with her father's cheerful participation, his later life decline and imminent mortality by enacting possible (and sometimes outrageous) scenarios of his future death.
We walked a lot today, starting before 10 am, heading through north Central Park up Malcolm X Blvd (6th Avenue) to just beyond 125th Street to Red Rooster for an 11 am brunch with Sarah and Aaron. We shared starters of collard greens, corn bread and deviled eggs, before tucking into glazed roasted cauliflower and shrimp and grits.
Swing Low, sculpture commemorating the life and remarkable achievements of former slave and conductor on the Underground Railroad, Harriet Tubman, by Alison Saar. Seeing Saar's stained glass work at the 125 Street Metro North station on an earlier trip to NYC and seeing the 2019 film Harriet combined to make me seek out this memorial to Tubman on 122cd Street.
Afterwards, we checked out the Harriet Tubman Memorial a few blocks away, at 122cd Street and Adam Clayton Powell, a work by Alison Saar, whose stained glass pieces had caught my attention back in the summer at the Metro North Station at 125 Street. This commercial thoroughfare had occupied my mind since finishing and discussing in my most recent bookclub Colson Whitehead's Harlem Shuffle. Ray Carney is a seemingly respectable businessman operating a furniture store in the 1960s on 125th Street. He also does some less than legitimate work on the side.
Anchoring the northwest corner of Central Park is this sculpture of Frederick Douglass (1817–1895), another important abolitionist and supporter of women's suffrage.
Having missed autumn (too early) when we were in New York in late September, we were thrilled to find it still hanging on in Central Park in mid-November.
Opera during the pandemic, masked and vaccinated.
Steve and I walked south through Central Park, me heading to the Metropolitan Opera for Porgy and Bess, he heading back to the Jewish Museum for their stolen art exhibition.
The beautiful gilded ceiling of the Metropolitan Opera's home in Lincoln Center.
Our friend and opera lover Les had told me I would love it and he was right. The lead roles were sung by bass-baritone Eric Owens (Porgy) and soprano Angel Blue (Bess).
The large cast of Porgy and Bess take their bows at the Met. In suspenders (center) is Porgy (bass-baritone Eric Owens). Bess (orange dress, center) was sung by well named soprano Angel Blue. Sportin' Life (white hat, necxt to Bess) was sung by tenor Frederick Ballentine. The other scoundrel in Bess' life, Crown, was sung by Alfred Walker.(in jeans, center).
Tenor Frederick Ballentine was irresistible as the scoundrel Sportin' Life . The other scoundrel in Bess' life, Crown, was sung by Alfred Walker. After noticing during the first half that I was missing some of the lyrics, despite it being sung in English and being familiar with the music, I made use of the sub-titles in English available in the back of the seat in front of me.
My feet were glad for me to be seated for 3.5 hours for the performance, before heading back north again on Columbus to meet Steve, Ted, Yasi and their sons Liam and Theo for dinner at Flame, a hibachi joint near them on the UWS. Seated in our area was an attractive black couple and a family of 4, including a birthday boy named Daniel Joseph, which as it turned out, was also the name of the African-American man as well. We enjoyed our freshly chopped and flamed vegetables, fried rice and lobster (for me) and lobster and filet (for Steve). The show was amusing too, with fire emanating from the Chef's toque, as he displayed his knife skills and tossed chopped zucchini morsels into willing mouths (Ted and Yazi showed their prior experience here) as well as squirts of sake.
Our chef at FLAME on the UWS tames the flame used to cook our hibachi-style dinner.
We didn't even realize until the end of the meal that they had their small and quiet dog (an Italian miniature greyhound) named Scout with them.
We were off to Paris the following evening, for 9 glorious days, before returning for another long weekend in New York. There was just enough time to meet up with our apartment designer, Benjamin. Paris will be the subject of its own post, bien sûr. For now, I'll resume with our 2-stage New York trip.
Today was a smooth travel day, starting with walking in the dark to the St-Michel station. The final approach was blocked by an early morning trash truck, causing me to turn off one street earlier to avoid it. There, to my amazement, I made a lucky discovery: an elevator leading from the street level right to the platform of the RER, no difficult wrestling with the luggage over multiple flights of stairs. We had bought round-trip tickets on arrival, so we were set there. There was a surprise at the CDG end, when the train stop at the first CDG station, not our terminal. Although we encountered no difficulties, there were so many steps (Detaxe, immigration) that we didn't end up having much extra time before boarding our flight.
A French literary thriller, Les Traducteurs (The Translators), written and directed by Régis Roinsard, was highly entertaining. The flight also gave me the distraction-free space to read the screenplay for A Strange Loop, a musical by Michael R. Jackson, in which a character named Usher tries to write a "big, black and queer-ass American Broadway show".
Most of the day was spent at the UES Apple store, ordering a new laptop ahead of a "use it or lose it" deadline looming for spending my education funds.
This was the perfect opportunity to pick up dinner at Xi'an Fine Foods (noodles and dumplings), just down street from Orwashers on 78th Street.
Jetlag had me up earlier than usual. I had made an appointment for a 10:30 am manicure, but I managed to find a neighborhood salon open earlier. I listened to music from A Strange Loop while Esther at Carnegie Nails tamed my neglected nails and exfoliated my calves. The complementary 2 minute shoulder massage was a good advertisement for more but there was no time.
Nothing like walking through Central Park with autumn color still going!
We walked across Central Park to the Upper West Side Apple store for the new Iphone 13 Pro Max I had ordered. This phone, with its much improved camera, had not been available the day before on the UES but the advice to check online after closing (when they restock) located this phone. This put us in good position to catch a 4 pm showing of Ryusuke Hamaguchi's Drive My Car at Lincoln Center. This film, based on the short story of the same name by Haruki Murakami, would subsequently appear on both New York Times film critics Top 10 films of the year lists, as well as many others. That a 3 hour film can fly by is a feat, even as it unfolds at an almost leisurely pace.
We subwayed down to Hudson Yards to pick up the Highline to walk to David Zwirner gallery in Chelsea for a show of Ruth Asawa, including her wonderful sinuous hanging wire sculptures.
The mosaic tile ceiling of the Hudson Yards subway stop is a beauty!
Lots of strange (and marvelous) creatures lurk on the Highline (Raúl de Nieves, Celebration, 2021. Part of The Musical Brain, a High Line Commission).
A shiny faceted sculpture to complement the buildings along the Highline (Antonio Vega Macotela, One Second, 2021. Part of The Musical Brain, a High Line Commission).
Overdue attention: these postal stamps featuring the wire sculptural work of Japanese-American artist Ruth Asawa were issued in 2020.
Every piece was pre-sold, not that we could afford ant of her work, which has been (re)discovered in recent years (her larger hanging wire sculptures have sold at auction in the millions).
Wonderful array of Ruth Asawa wire sculptures at David Zwirner gallery; every single piece in the show was pre-sold.
Sublime shapes of Ruth Asawa's sinuous sculptures, crocheted of woven wire. (David Zwirner gallery, December 2021)
Her work was featured in postage stamps issued in August 2020. Steve made fun of me when I made special trips to the post office to procure some for us and enough to give my work girlfriends (Ugne, Amy, Rosa and Vivian) a sheet. "You're giving people stamps?!" Now, they are sold out and being resold on Etsy! Little did I know how much this exhibition would cost us. Steve was obsessed and quickly found online the work of D'Lisa Creager, who learned the wire crocheting technique from Ruth's daughter and whose work takes up where Ruth's left off. We had a quick lunch at Chelsea Market, which was thronged with shoppers and tourists, at the new pandemic picnic benches outside.
We continued our walk to IFC to see Benedetta in the afternoon, a film by Paul Verhoeven, whose last film Elle was unforgettable. To say his films feature interesting female characters, at least based on this limited sampling, is an understatement. Benedetta is based on a real-life 16th century nun whose life is explored in the 1986 non-fiction book Immodest Acts: The Life of a Lesbian Nun in Renaissance Italy by Judith C. Brown. Virginie Efira is the passionate, willful and possibly divinely inspired (or manipulative) nun Benedetta whose involvement with another nun occurs during a time when Italy was terrorized by the spreading black plague. The parallels between life and art keep mounting.
After the film, we walked through Soho, but found it too crowded with shoppers for enjoyment, with a line to get into Prada. We had a little time to hang out at the cafe at Angelica before an early dinner with Sarah and Aaron at Arturo's on Houston, a long-time favorite which still gets my vote for the best pizza in New York.
Caroline or Change at Studio 54 (book and lyrics by Tony Kushner of Angels in America fame) and music by Jeanine Tesori, who we know best for Fun Home, for which she won a Tony award for Best Score.
The cast of Caroline or Change receives a rapturous reception. Front and center are Sharon D. Clarke as Caroline, a downtrodden housekeeper in Louisiana 1963 (white uniform dress) and Adam Makké as Noah Gellman, the son of the family for whom Caroline works.
The star of the show is Sharon D. Clarke, embodying an embittered black housemaid in Louisiana who labors in the basement of a Jewish family, the Gellmans. Her major daytime company is the Gellman's young son, Noah, with the washing machine (Rheaume Crenshaw), the sultry dryer (Kevin S. McAllister) and a radio trio (Nasia Thomas, Nya, Harper Miles) chiming in from time to time. The moon floats by overhead on occasion to lend a soothing presence (Arica Jackson). The story takes place in 1963, just before and after JFK is assassinated. The conflict revolves around change, both physical, as in the coins Noah regularly leaves in his pants pocket, and societal, as in the burgeoning civil rights movement. The $30 Caroline receives as weekly wages are hard pressed to cover her rent and the needs of her 3 children. Her oldest, Emmie (Samantha Williams) dreams of a better future with more opportunities, a television and other wants the family can't afford. The small sums Noah leaves in his clothing become the fulcrum around which the narrative revolves, when Noah's stepmother (Cassie Levy) rules that anything Caroline finds in the wash she can keep. In another intersection of life and art, we saw this during Hannukah, which is celebrated by the Gellmans during the play. We were in the second row, close enough to receive a shower of Hannukah gelt, as well as bubbles from the washing machine.
Clarke won an Olivier award for this role (England's equivalent of a Tony award). This Broadway transfer was supposed to open on March 13, 2020, but the pandemic shutdown of March 12, 2020 delayed its opening until October 8 of this fall.
My day started at the UES Apple store at 10 am, where eager shoppers queued up to stream through the doors as soon as they opened. My new laptop was ready to pick up. I had left my old one there to have the data transferred. While paused to see if they had an Apple watch I liked in stock (my 6 year old one stopped working), I noticed my old computer was in the bag. I wanted to have it dealt with, the data scrubbed, so I was there a while and finally managed to connect with a new watch as well.
We met Lenny and Arleene for lunch at Island. We have a number of San Diego-New York friends who we see more regularly in New York, probably because we are on vacation when we are in New York. We dined outside, where a repugnant street smell wafted up periodically. The service was prolonged and the cuisine uninspiring. Lenny and I both had the miniature crab cake sliders.
The classical guitar concert at the 92cd Street Y in the afternoon was far more satisfying. I thought of our guitarist friend Dave as we listened to Croatian Ana Vidovic, playing works by Bach (Cello Suite No. 1 in G Major) and standards by Isaac Albéniz (Granada and Asturias) and Francisco Tárrega (Recuerdos de la Alhambra). Lenny found her poise and reserve lacking in passion, but we did not agree. Catching up with Dave a few weeks later on a virtual dinner date, he in Seattle and us in San Diego, as suspected, he was well acquainted with her oeuvre. Surprisingly, other than get acquainted visits to consider joining the gym, this was our first time attending an event at this venerable venue so close to the apartment.
That street smell cropped up again in the evening, as we dined outside with Ralph and Gail at Piccola Cucina Uptown, near the southwest corner of Central Park. We had never dined at this location, although we knew their sister location in Soho from a prior meal with Lenny and Arleene. I fondly remembered the insalata finocchi e arance (fennel and orange salad), which Steve and I shared. Having their starter parmigiana di melanzane (eggplant) as my main course worked perfectly for me.
I met Clarissa at 11 am for an early lunch to exchange Christmas presents at via Carota in her neighborhood. She and Jason were on deadline with a project, but she could get away for a meeting near her place. I left early so I could jump off the subway early and walk, as later, I'd be cooped up in a plane on the way back to California. I have enjoyed every meal I've ever had here, as they do vegetables with exception élan and this meal was no exception. We shared broccoletti (broccoli rabe, garlic and chiles), a sardine special , an orange, olive and onion vinaigrette salad and porri alla cenere (charred leeks in vinaigrette with sheep's curd). My walks to and from the subway to the restaurant took me past Christopher Park in the West Village. I didn't know this triangular park was actually now a National Monument, established in 2016, just across from the Stonewall Inn, site of protests in 1969 against the criminalization of being gay. The Stonewall Inn itself is considered a National Historical Site for its role as the locus of the struggle for full civil rights of the LGBT community.
Gay Liberation sculpture by George Segal in Stonewall National Monument in Christopher Park in the West Village was installed in 1992. The Stonewall Inn is just out of the frame to the right.
Anchoring the pointy end of this triangular park since 1935 is a statue of General Phillip H. Sheridan by Joseph P. Polli, commemorating Sheridan's Civil War victories.
As I write this (January 2022), I can only marvel at how lucky we were in our timing. Within days, the numbers of Omicron-driven Covid numbers began galloping up, closing multiple Broadway shows as cast and staff began to test positive, making it seem like New York was again not the place to be. For a strange change, I was happy not to have any travel scheduled for the latter half of December, as weather and staffing issues led to wholesale cancellations and delays of flights. We encountered no delays, bad behavior, lines for testing or any of the other miseries which began to mount as the month progressed, making it seem like our nearly normal, almost completely carefree stays in New York and Paris had been a delightful dream. For now, we'll live on the happy memories and look forward to truly carefree times ahead.
Categories: Art, Cities, Culture, garden, Travel
Locations: New York, New York City, North America, United States
← 5 Contemporary Art World Films I Love (and 1 book); January 2022
Paris pendant la pandémie: November 2021 →


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How to Train Your Dragon 2: visually striking animation, with a beautifully realized world and varied, well-designed characters (both humans and dragons) and dynamic set pieces and action scenes. However, the main strength of Dean DeBlois' film is its story; it focuses on a heartfelt, touching narrative in lieu of low-brow, easy humor. It helps that the voice acting is low-key, with character-building being its main priority.


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PETERSEN, BYRONHERMAN thru PETERSEN, CARL
PETERSEN, BYRON HERMAN was born 4 January 1907 to JAMES PETERSEN (father) and LOUISA HANSEN in Cache County, Utah, United States of America. The source file link points to a page on a State of Utah website, where you can view a scanned image of his official birth record, for free. How cool is that? And you might never have found that gem had it not been for SortedByName.com. Please bookmark us before you go.
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PETERSEN, BYRON J. was born 2 October 1923, received Social Security number 505-26-1655 (indicating Nebraska) and, Death Master File says, died 17 September 2004
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PETERSEN, BYRON N. was born 25 December 1910, received Social Security number 545-09-6115 (indicating California) and, Death Master File says, died 27 April 1991
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PETERSEN, BYRON N. was born 31 May 1922, received Social Security number 323-16-7899 (indicating Illinois) and, Death Master File says, died 4 March 1994
Petersen, Byron Noel, Rank: COL, Branch: US ARMY, War: WORLD WAR II, KOREA, VIETNAM, was born 25 December 1910, died 27 April 1991, and was buried in Section NAWS, Site 1434-B in San Francisco National Cemetery in San Francisco, California, United States of America.
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PETERSEN, BYRON W. was born 24 November 1927, received Social Security number 475-20-6289 (indicating Minnesota) and, Death Master File says, died 20 March 1994
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PETERSEN, BYRON WOSGAARD was born 24 Nov 1927 in MINNESOTA (child of WOSGAARD (mother)) died 20 Mar 1994 in PINE COUNTY, MINNESOTA, U.S.A.
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PETERSEN, C was born 000, received Social Security number 140-07-2336 (indicating New Jersey) and, Death Master File says, died September 1957
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PETERSEN, C was born 1 December 1905, received Social Security number 516-18-4884 (indicating Montana) and, Death Master File says, died 24 November 2000
PETERSEN, C was born 3 August 1949, received Social Security number 580-07-1055 (indicating Virgin Islands or Puerto Rico) and, Death Master File says, died June 1994
PETERSEN, C was born 6 June 1915, received Social Security number 508-01-2195 (indicating Nebraska) and, Death Master File says, died December 1968
PETERSEN, C was born 7 August 1896, received Social Security number 372-10-1717 (indicating Michigan) and, Death Master File says, died 11 September 1988
PETERSEN, C was born 8 April 1939, received Social Security number 571-48-9850 (indicating California) and, Death Master File says, died 15 September 1987
PETERSEN, C was born 11 June 1893, received Social Security number 563-03-7141 (indicating California) and, Death Master File says, died May 1972
PETERSEN, C was born 20 January 1906, received Social Security number 483-38-0510 (indicating Iowa) and, Death Master File says, died 29 November 2000
PETERSEN, C was born 28 June 1894, received Social Security number 480-09-0846 (indicating Iowa) and, Death Master File says, died September 1982
PETERSEN, C was born 31 March 1907, received Social Security number 707-09-2892 (indicating Railroad Board) and, Death Master File says, died March 1990
PETERSEN, C A. was born 8 May 1941, received Social Security number 505-54-0618 (indicating Nebraska) and, Death Master File says, died 15 September 1989
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PETERSEN, C A. was born 18 August 1957, received Social Security number 482-76-2903 (indicating Iowa) and, Death Master File says, died April 1990
PETERSEN, C A., and was buried in Block 2 Section F of St Marys in Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
PETERSEN, Cacelia F. was born 20 Oct 1877; died 18 Sep 1959; and was buried in Sedgwick County, Kansas.
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PETERSEN, CADE C. was born 13 October 1942, received Social Security number 580-03-4777 (indicating Virgin Islands or Puerto Rico) and, Death Master File says, died 10 August 2006
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PETERSEN, CAILEY ROSE was born 10 August 2007 in Missouri, United States of America. Special thanks to Reclaim the Records. Please consider donating to them.
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PETERSEN, CAITLIN M. was born 26 July 1989, received Social Security number 472-19-7716 (indicating Minnesota) and, Death Master File says, died 31 May 1999
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PETERSEN, CAITLIN MARIE was born 26 Jul 1989 in MINNESOTA (child of ARNDT (mother)) died 31 May 1999 in STEELE COUNTY, MINNESOTA, U.S.A.
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PETERSEN, CALEB married somebody named ERICA L. RUSSO on 12 November 2016 on a license issued in Manhattan, New York City, New York, United States of America.
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PETERSEN, CALEB ADAM was born 25 September 2008 in Missouri, United States of America. Special thanks to Reclaim the Records. Please consider donating to them.
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PETERSEN, CALISA EILEEN and ERNEST FRANK MOSER completed their Douglas County (Nevada, United States of America) marriage license application number 80312 and, on 20 October 1979 had their wedding ceremony.
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PETERSEN, CALLA M. was born 30 November 1900, received Social Security number 508-30-8866 (indicating Nebraska) and, Death Master File says, died 16 May 1988
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PETERSEN, C ALLEN was born 24 June 1924, received Social Security number 127-14-6372 (indicating New York) and, Death Master File says, died 17 September 2001
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PETERSEN, CALLIE was born 7 June 1899, received Social Security number 558-06-1537 (indicating California) and, Death Master File says, died March 1985
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PETERSEN, CALLIE JANE was born 21 May 2010 in Missouri, United States of America. Special thanks to Reclaim the Records. Please consider donating to them.
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PETERSEN, CALLISTA was born 7 July 1910, received Social Security number 042-16-0743 (indicating Connecticut) and, Death Master File says, died April 1985
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PETERSEN, CALVIN was born 20 February 1924, received Social Security number 480-32-1941 (indicating Iowa) and, Death Master File says, died July 1984
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PETERSEN, CALVIN was born 23 October 1914, received Social Security number 528-03-8225 (indicating Utah) and, Death Master File says, died 15 March 1999
PETERSEN, CALVIN was born 25 July 1908 to JONATHAN F PETERSEN (father) and HARRIET A BATEMAN in Box Elder County, Utah, United States of America. The source file link points to a page on a State of Utah website, where you can view a scanned image of his official birth record, for free. How cool is that? And you might never have found that gem had it not been for SortedByName.com. Please bookmark us before you go.
PETERSEN, CALVIN was born 25 July 1908, received Social Security number 573-18-4211 (indicating California) and, Death Master File says, died May 1951
PETERSEN, CALVIN C. was born 2 February 1949, received Social Security number 505-62-1115 (indicating Nebraska) and, Death Master File says, died 5 September 2006
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PETERSEN, CALVIN D. was born 8 September 1924, received Social Security number 508-18-9320 (indicating Nebraska) and, Death Master File says, died 8 May 1989
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PETERSEN, CALVIN D. was born 27 August 1923, received Social Security number 520-16-3837 (indicating Wyoming) and, Death Master File says, died 22 December 2013
PETERSEN, CALVIN EDWARD was born 3 January 2014 in Missouri, United States of America. Special thanks to Reclaim the Records. Please consider donating to them.
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PETERSEN, CALVIN J. was born 8 August 1931, received Social Security number 398-24-9072 (indicating Wisconsin) and, Death Master File says, died 11 November 2011
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PETERSEN, CALVIN JUDE married PAYAL PATEL 2 September 2012 in Roselle Park Boro, Union County, New Jersey, United States of America. Special thanks to Reclaim The Records. Please consider donating to them.
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PETERSEN, CALVIN K. was born 18 January 1931, received Social Security number 479-36-7836 (indicating Iowa) and, Death Master File says, died 2 February 2002
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PETERSEN, CALVIN K. was born 24 May 1915, received Social Security number 528-14-8899 (indicating Utah) and, Death Master File says, died 30 June 1999
PETERSEN, CALVIN L. was born 5 July 1927, received Social Security number 391-22-7147 (indicating Wisconsin) and, Death Master File says, died 13 April 1997
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PETERSEN, CALVIN P. was born 7 June 1912, received Social Security number 472-16-8261 (indicating Minnesota) and, Death Master File says, died 9 January 1993
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PETERSEN, CALVIN PETER was born 07 Jun 1912 (child of NIELSEN (mother)) died 09 Jan 1993 in BROWN COUNTY, MINNESOTA, U.S.A.
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PETERSEN, CALVIN W. was born 9 October 1927, received Social Security number 531-30-3392 (indicating Washington) and, Death Master File says, died 19 January 1988
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PETERSEN, CAMBRON R. was born 10 March 1922, received Social Security number 528-16-7607 (indicating Utah) and, Death Master File says, died 31 July 2012
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PETERSEN, CAMELIA was born 12 March 1911, received Social Security number 540-22-6418 (indicating Oregon) and, Death Master File says, died June 1982
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PETERSEN, CAMERON MARSH was born 11 December 1975 in Missouri, United States of America. Special thanks to Reclaim the Records. Please consider donating to them.
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PETERSEN, CAMILLA was born 7 August 1887, received Social Security number 472-20-9245 (indicating Minnesota) and, Death Master File says, died December 1969
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PETERSEN, CAMILLA was born 29 July 1906, received Social Security number 577-34-2368 (indicating District of Columbia) and, Death Master File says, died January 1974
PETERSEN, CAMILLA was born 31 July 1889, received Social Security number 142-54-5221 (indicating New Jersey) and, Death Master File says, died January 1982
Petersen, Camilla, Rank: TEC 5, Branch: US ARMY, War: WORLD WAR II, was born 29 July 1906, died 15 January 1974, and was buried in Section L, Site 5275 in Willamette National Cemetery in Portland, Oregon, United States of America.
PETERSEN, CAMILLA R. was born 25 September 1949, received Social Security number 007-48-4676 (indicating Maine) and, Death Master File says, died 3 November 2011
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PETERSEN, CAMILLE was born 7 February 1915, received Social Security number 020-10-0862 (indicating Massachusetts) and, Death Master File says, died 18 August 2012
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PETERSEN, CAMILLE was born 23 February 1907, received Social Security number 328-20-8098 (indicating Illinois) and, Death Master File says, died 15 August 1993
PETERSEN, CAMILLE C and BRUCE M WALLACE completed their Douglas County (Nevada, United States of America) marriage license application number 28418 and, on 7 July 1962 had their wedding ceremony.
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PETERSEN, CAMILLE R. was born 23 June 1910, received Social Security number 396-10-3223 (indicating Wisconsin) and, Death Master File says, died October 1991
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PETERSEN, CANDACE JANE married KENNETH SCHIPSKE 9 August 2003 in Hamilton Township, Mercer County, New Jersey, United States of America. Special thanks to Reclaim The Records. Please consider donating to them.
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PETERSEN, CANDICE JOAN was born 12 June 1992 in Missouri, United States of America. Special thanks to Reclaim the Records. Please consider donating to them.
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PETERSEN, CANDI L who was 20 (born ABT 1962) married 23 FEB 1982 in BELL COUNTY, TEXAS, U.S.A. a groom named ROY F CABANISS who was 29 (born ABT 1953).
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PETERSEN, CANDY CARLA married a groom named DAVID G BERGQUIST in the year 1970 on license number 1793 issued in Manhattan, New York City, New York, U.S.A.
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PETERSEN, CANNON ALEXANDER was born 5 September 1997 in Missouri, United States of America. Special thanks to Reclaim the Records. Please consider donating to them.
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PETERSEN, Carey (wife of Christ Petersen) was born ABT 1864 in Denmark and she was in the 1900 census in Racine County, Wisconsin, U.S.A.
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PETERSEN, CARIN M. was born 21 July 1926, received Social Security number 001-48-4075 (indicating New Hampshire) and, Death Master File says, died 22 March 2005
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PETERSEN, JR., CARL married a bride named LORRAINE LEE in the year 1950 on license number 15768 issued in Brooklyn, New York City, New York, U.S.A.
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PETERSEN, CARL married a bride named ENID ATKINSON in the year 1994 on license number 20334 issued in Manhattan, New York City, New York, U.S.A.
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PETERSEN, CARL married a bride named FLORENCE PETERSEN in the year 1950 on license number 619 issued in Staten Island, New York City, New York, U.S.A.
PETERSEN, CARL married a bride named LUCELL KOPF in the year 1958 on license number 9111 issued in Queens, New York City, New York, U.S.A.
PETERSEN, CARL married a bride named MARY GERATY in the year 1956 on license number 9376 issued in Brooklyn, New York City, New York, U.S.A.
PETERSEN, CARL was born 02 May 1895 (child of NELSON (mother)) died 13 Mar 1966 in OTTER TAIL COUNTY, MINNESOTA, U.S.A.
PETERSEN, CARL was born 11 Apr 1883 (child of HANSEN (mother)) died 25 Oct 1966 in RAMSEY COUNTY, MINNESOTA, U.S.A.
PETERSEN, CARL was born 20 Jan 1895 (child of HARKSON (mother)) died 16 Sep 1965 in POLK COUNTY, MINNESOTA, U.S.A.
PETERSEN, CARL (groom) of Fayette County, Kentucky, who was 46 years old, White, status 3 (Last marriage ended by divorce) with one previous marriage, and SUSAN S. BEARD of Fayette County, Kentucky, who was 52 years old, White, with one previous marriage, had a wedding ceremony 6 June 1992 on a license issued in Fayette County, Kentucky, United States of America (Certificate number 15769) with the intention of residing in Fayette County, Kentucky.
PETERSEN, CARL married 15 Jul 1892 in COOK COUNTY, ILLINOIS, U.S.A. a bride named ANNA HAMMERLUND.
PETERSEN, CARL married 19 Mar 1889 in COOK COUNTY, ILLINOIS, U.S.A. a bride named BERTHA REIS.
PETERSEN, CARL married 22 Jan 1894 in COOK COUNTY, ILLINOIS, U.S.A. a bride named HELEN HALL.
PETERSEN, CARL married 24 Oct 1872 in COOK COUNTY, ILLINOIS, U.S.A. a bride named MARY HANSEN.
PETERSEN, CARL married 4 Apr 1896 in COOK COUNTY, ILLINOIS, U.S.A. a bride named LAURA EVENSON.
PETERSEN, CARL married 9 Feb 1895 in COOK COUNTY, ILLINOIS, U.S.A. a bride named PETRINE HANSAN.
PETERSEN, CARL was born 000, received Social Security number 083-20-3297 (indicating New York) and, Death Master File says, died January 1964
PETERSEN, CARL was born 1 August 1904, received Social Security number 327-01-2626 (indicating Illinois) and, Death Master File says, died February 1979
PETERSEN, CARL was born 1 February 1908, received Social Security number 508-07-3036 (indicating Nebraska) and, Death Master File says, died December 1977
PETERSEN, CARL was born 1 July 1887, received Social Security number 508-38-4945 (indicating Nebraska) and, Death Master File says, died May 1978
PETERSEN, CARL was born 1 October 1898, received Social Security number 478-10-6250 (indicating Iowa) and, Death Master File says, died August 1972
PETERSEN, CARL was born 1 October 1904, received Social Security number 190-26-7432 (indicating Pennsylvania) and, Death Master File says, died November 1974
PETERSEN, CARL was born 2 April 1899, received Social Security number 567-10-4166 (indicating California) and, Death Master File says, died August 1972
PETERSEN, CARL was born 2 April 1916, received Social Security number 360-01-7476 (indicating Illinois) and, Death Master File says, died 31 August 1984
PETERSEN, CARL was born 2 April 1924, received Social Security number 476-28-0330 (indicating Minnesota) and, Death Master File says, died March 1985
PETERSEN, CARL was born 2 August 1905, received Social Security number 484-44-7176 (indicating Iowa) and, Death Master File says, died December 1987
PETERSEN, CARL was born 2 January 1884, received Social Security number 042-20-4391 (indicating Connecticut) and, Death Master File says, died September 1965
PETERSEN, CARL was born 2 May 1895, received Social Security number 472-40-8131 (indicating Minnesota) and, Death Master File says, died March 1966
PETERSEN, CARL was born 2 November 1915, received Social Security number 338-01-0155 (indicating Illinois) and, Death Master File says, died October 1972
PETERSEN, CARL was born 2 September 1891, received Social Security number 326-07-1960 (indicating Illinois) and, Death Master File says, died March 1967
PETERSEN, CARL was born 2 September 1895, received Social Security number 476-16-8100 (indicating Minnesota) and, Death Master File says, died January 1977
PETERSEN, CARL was born 2 September 1897, received Social Security number 351-28-0867 (indicating Illinois) and, Death Master File says, died September 1974
PETERSEN, CARL was born 3 August 1876, received Social Security number 533-26-5383 (indicating Washington) and, Death Master File says, died October 1964


This company specializes in freshly prepared, tasty submarine sandwiches. The fast-casual chain has dominated the market for specialty subs since the late 1960's. Capriotti's initial niche was their turkey selection. The turkey was roasted for 12 hours over night and then hand pulled fresh the next day to fill their customers' stomachs and hearts.
Nowadays they offer a huge selection of subs, salads and sandwiches, as well as providing a great kids range. Their products have frequently been described as some of the best in America. With a reputation for welcoming, family friendly establishments, tasty, affordable, wholesome food; check out Capriotti's, whatever you choose you'll leave feeling fully satisfied.
Capriotti's began back in 1967, in Wilmington, Delaware and was the creation of brother and sister duo Lois and Alan Margolet. The name was inspired by their grandfather Philip Capriotti who used to cook delicious meals for the pair throughout their childhood. After striving for years to create a reputable, reliable business, in 1988 they opened their second location in New Castle, Delaware.
It was in 1991 that franchising of the company began, first solely to family members which was then expanded to include the general population. It was in 1993 that the first Las Vegas location was opened and the brand caught the attention of franchisees Ashley Morris and Jason Smylie. Through these first few decades the company grew rather slowly, however, in 2007 it was purchased by Morris and Smylie and the branch exploded. By the end of 2008 it had grown to an impressive 44 locations.
The company is highly recommended and has been consistently recognized as one of Entrepreneur magazines 'Top 500 Franchises' from 2010 onwards. In 2014 they were ranked as one of Forbe's 'America's Best Franchises', they were also ranked within the 'Top 10 Best Food Franchises for your Buck' that same year.
This Las Vegas based brand has conquered the market for specialty sandwiches, by providing freshly prepared meals only made from tasty, high quality ingredients. From their modest beginnings they now have over 100 company owned and franchised locations across 14 states. They have shown their superiority in the sandwich industry and have plans to expand even further across the East Coast.
Each restaurant is designed with slight differences however they all share the same classic come modern theme and welcoming atmosphere. In some locations you'll find walls of exposed brick, while some have a more clean-cut appearance. The staff at every store are polite, professional and efficient and ensure your order is created and delivered to you as quickly as possible.
Although they made their name from their freshly roasted turkey subs, the brand has grown to include a variety of subs, sandwiches and salads. Within each of these choices you also have a variety of flavors to choose from. If you're having a cold sub you can choose from: turkey, roast beef, Italian, tuna and cheese. Or, if you fancy one of their hot subs, the selection is even more delectable: cheese steak, chicken cheese steak and their homemade meatball sub to name a few.
The chain also offers a range of Cap special's which regularly feature new flavors. Their most popular item is "The Bobbie", this sandwich actually won an award for 'The Greatest Sandwich in America' and it definitely lives up to its reputation. Their prices are about average for this industry and depending on your sub size, they offer a 9inch, 12inch and 20inch, the price varies from around $7, up to $15 for one of their whoppers.
Overall, Capriotti's use only high quality ingredients so they're able to consistently serve quality, freshly prepared food for a reasonable price. The chain has provided fantastic products for over 30 years; so try any of their subs or sandwiches, you'll be guaranteed to leave satisfied and you'll definitely be back for more.


A few years ago when my agoraphobia was at it's very demonic worst I remember sitting in my house all alone and thinking that this was it, I didn't know anyone and no one knew me, I really thought that I would never have another friend (other than Paul) Then circumstance brought me a computer, the internet and from that day my life changed beyond belief, finally I could speak to people in the outside world without panic.
The internet in all it's glory lead me to discover card-making, scrapbooking and then forums and really that was the beginning of my life as it is now. I have met some wonderful people and just today 2 of my online friends spent an actual afternoon at my house enjoying lots of cake and even more laughter.
I'm so thankful for the internet and even with all the bad stuff which exists on the WWW I'm truly thankful for it, it's changed every facet of my life, I have great friends, I have a wonderous online job, who knew that you could even have a job where you don't have to leave the house!!
I've had such a great afternoon with my friends and I know that I'll never ever be in the position again that I was a few years ago.
Today think about the reasons you love your online life so much and be thankful for all that is WWW!
I voted for you too. :) Love the design.
Mandy just read this post.
I am pleased that things are good for you, I hoped that the same would happen for me but no.
It just proves that it's the person you are that makes the friends, which you have done via the internet. I'm unable to even do that.
Oh gosh Anonymous, I feel you must know me and I wish that you had left your name, I really feel for you, if you know me, please email me so we can talk, I can't pop my finger on who you are. If I don't know you then I'm so sorry that you are in pain emotionally and if you need a friend this is a pretty good place to start!


text:
Горб-ам-Неккар () — місто в Німеччині, знаходиться в землі Баден-Вюртемберг. Підпорядковується адміністративному округу Карлсруе. Входить до складу району Фройденштадт.

Площа — 119,84 км2. Населення становить  ос. (станом на ).

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The view from Heavenly Mountain Resort Friday morning.
You can put the shovel down — this weekend will bring a break from the intense storms that have dominated February and helped Sierra Nevada ski resorts shatter February snowfall records.
Mostly sunny conditions are expected Friday afternoon through Saturday at Lake Tahoe, according to the National Weather Service in Reno. A slight chance of snow showers is possible before 11 a.m. Friday and after 11 p.m. Saturday.
Less than half an inch of snow may accumulate at lake level Saturday night.
Sunday will bring a slight chance of snow to the lake, with accumulation of less than an inch possible at lake level.
Temperatures will gradually climb higher through the weekend with a high temperature of 32 degrees Friday, 37 Saturday and Sunday, and 39 degrees on Monday in South Lake Tahoe.
Low temperatures will increase from 16 Friday to 25 Saturday and 30 degrees on Sunday.
Monday will bring a chance of snow and rain later in the day.
Cloudy conditions and warmer temperatures are in the forecast next week.


The Historic Hotel Shattuck Plaza is the only significant hotel in the City of Berkeley. Years of neglect has turned this gem into a rough and tumble building that has not been prosperous for several decades. Under our guidance the hotel underwent a complete renovation including updated all of the 199 guest rooms, replacing every window, repairing and painting the exterior, and bringing back some of the original grandeur to the lobby, ground floor restaurant and ballrooms.


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WINNER OF INDEPENDENCE THEME COMPETITION TO BE ANNOUNCED SHORTLY
Basseterre, St. Kitts, August 17, 2021 (SKNIS): Permanent Secretary in the Ministry of Education, Mr. William Vincent Hodge, said that a winner had been chosen by the Cabinet in the Independence Theme Competition that was launched by the Ministry of Education a few weeks ago.
However, he said that until the winner is notified only then will the winning theme be released to the general public.
"The schools' independence sub-committee that was charged with the responsibility of verifying submissions met and we reviewed and shortlisted six (6) possible themes that were then submitted to Cabinet. Cabinet has deliberated and has informed of the winning entry. At this point it is my pleasure to reach out to the winner by telephone and have a conversation with him informing him that he has won," said Permanent Secretary Hodge.
Mr. Hodge indicated that one hundred and fifty (150) submissions from seventy-five (75) to eighty (80) individuals were made at the time of the deadline for submissions.
The Federation of St. Kitts and Nevis will be celebrating its 38th Independence Anniversary on September 19.
BOOST IN FISHING EFFORTS CONTRIBUTES TO SIGNIFICANT INCREASE IN FISH LANDINGS IN FIRST HALF OF 2021, SAYS MARINE RESOURCES DIRECTOR