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All The Rage: Pure Uncut Rage
Leading Questions: President Luthor Makes America Great Again
Exclusive Advance Preview: HARBINGER WARS 2: AFTERMATH #1
Previews, Valiant
Betty & Veronica Digest #207
Todd McFarlane: No More Spaghetti Webbing
The Essential Defenders vol. 3
Convention Report: Aki-Con 2013
Interview: M.K. Reed Explores Facts and Legends About Dinosaurs (and Her Imagination)
The Vertigo Replacements
Black Mask, Boom! Studios, Columns, Dark Horse, IDW, Image, Top Shelf, Vault Comics
We're now living in a post-Vertigo world, as DC Comics quietly shuttered the landmark imprint in October 2019, months earlier than anticipated. But the legacy of Vertigo – a space for new creators to produce experimental works – lives on throughout the comic industry. For those looking for their fix of books that can stand next to the greats like Y: The Last Man, Hellblazer, and Preacher, these are the publishers to look at.
Believe it or not, IDW has in recent years become home to some absolutely fantastic, original titles. While licensed properties may still be their bread and butter, the publisher has also garnered acclaim for works like the horror series Locke & Key, John Lewis' March series, Pandemica, and A Letter to Jo. Through both their main line and their Top Shelf imprint, IDW has developed an eclectic mix of titles that will appeal to non-traditional comic readers. In addition, they've recently become the home of Stan Sakai's long-running, creator-owned Usagi Yojimbo. These titles, along with their partnership with a revived Ominous Press, is indicative of their willingness to experiment and give new voices in the medium a chance to be heard.
Perhaps the number one reason for Vertigo's demise, Image Comics began this century recovering from the 1990s industry crash. However, a new writer named Robert Kirkman launched two titles, The Walking Dead and Invincible, that quickly turned the publisher into the premiere destination for creator-owned comics. Offering creative teams more control and better pay than any other publisher could, soon creators that had been Vertigo mainstays, such as Brian K. Vaughan, migrated over and haven't looked back. As a result, Image has solidified itself as the industry's #3 publisher for the better part of 20 years. Their catalog is more varied and diverse than one could imagine, from space operas, to supernatural horror, to slice-of-life, to sex comedies.
Like IDW, BOOM! Studios is well known for their licensed properties, which has only grown in recent years since the acquisition of the Buffy, Firefly, and Power Rangers licenses. However, they have also developed a reputation as a haven for creator-owned projects, such as Brian Azzarello's Faithless or Kieron Gillen and Dan Mora's Once and Future. The creativity increases exponentially as one ventures into their Archaia imprint, home to many original graphic novels and series, including Eisner-winning The Realist, as well as numerous Jim Henson stories such as Tale of Sand.
Founded in 2012, Black Mask was born out of the need to have a publisher willing to publish Occupy Comics, a series inspired by the then prominent Occupy Movement. The brainchild of Matt Pizzolo, Steve Niles and Brett Gurewitz, Black Mask Studios has since its inception strived to provide a place for progressive and transgressive voices to be heard. Niles is noted as having said that "if V for Vendetta were created today there would be no publisher for it." While that may be a touch hyperbolic, it is undeniable that Alan Moore and David Lloyd's classic has served as an inspiration for their publishing approach. With company mottos like "to create, you must destroy" and "inspire, never meddle," Black Mask is one of the most unique publishers in the industry today.
One of several upstart publishers on this list, Vault Comics formed in 2016 and has developed a sound reputation as a purveyor of sci-fi and fantasy titles. Furthermore, the publisher boasts a diverse group of creators in its stable and a varied group of critically acclaimed titles, allowing it to quickly develop clout with readers looking for something more on the edge. As my colleague Jason Jeffords Jr. said, "Between their great marketing, – which if we're being honest the bigger publishers absolutely need help with – and their hiring of some top notch creators, they are one of the best publishers of 2019 and you need to pay attention to them. All of what was mentioned aside, Vault Comics may be one of the friendlist publishers. Never have I seen a company interact with its audience has much as they have. Someone on Twitter called them the A24 of the comics industry, which I completely agree with."
Founded by former Vertigo editors Tom Peyer and Stuart Moore, Ahoy Comics made a big splash in 2019 by publishing Second Coming, which had been abandoned by DC/Vertigo because of backlash from Christian conservatives. But aside from that, they have produced several other great titles, including Bronze Age Boogie, Edgar Allan Poe's Snifter of Terror, and High Heaven. Each of Ahoy's books brings with it a unique voice and vision, with anthology Snifter of Terror the surprising gem of the bunch. Funny, terrifying, and everything in between, Ahoy's variety is impressive – especially for a fledgling publisher.
DC's Imprints
The death of Vertigo is partially the result of the growing number of pop-up imprints at DC. Looking at the titles found in the Young Animal, Hill House, Black Label, Wonder Comics, and Jinxworld imprints, and it's easy to see how Vertigo could be considered a redundant imprint. Doom Patrol is the cornerstone of Young Animal, and is a worthy successor to Grant Morrison's acclaimed run. Hill House is home to quirky and weird horror titles like Basketful of Heads. But Black Label is where readers can really go for their Vertigo fix. Sure, most of their early titles were a bit Batman-heavy, and the interference from DC's parent company caused the imprint to stumble out of the gate. But it has since found its footing to be a solid and stable home for mature storytelling. Many of the classic Vertigo titles have been relaunched as part of Black Label under the "Sandman Universe" banner, working as both a continuation and a fresh start for those books.
Dark Horse's Berger Books
Karen Berger was the founding editor and driving force behind Vertigo Comics. When she unexpectedly left DC in 2013, there was speculation that Vertigo would be phased out and that she would land elsewhere. That elsewhere ended up being Dark Horse, where she now oversees the Berger Books imprint which fully carries on the Vertigo legacy. Hungry Ghosts by the late Anthony Bourdain is a fascinating experience of culinary horror. Laguardia uses a world where aliens exist to comment on the vitriolic topic that is immigration. Other series from both established and new creators have made Berger Books the place to carry on the fabled imprint's legacy.
Archaia StudiosBerger BooksDC Black LabelHill HouseSandman UniverseVertigoYoung Animal
What Looks Good for the Week of January 29, 2020
Image Goes Berserk in April With LUDOCRATS
Dan was introduced to the 1960s Batman show at a young age, which developed into a lifelong passion for comics. When he's not grinding out his day job, he can be found reading about Scarlet Speedsters, Web-Heads, or Sagas just about anywhere. If it's good he'll read it. If it's bad... there's a chance he still might read it.
LAGUARDIA Wins Another Award With 2020 HUGO Victory
Sandman Going Steady for June 2020


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People, prosperity and planet.
We enable transition of industries, assets and places in response to changes in communities, climate, energy and technology.
We work with investors, businesses and governments, supporting transition through asset development and responsible exits, enabling ongoing environmental, social and governance performance through our place-based investment and transition platform.
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Our platform enables place-based investment for economic transitions.
COVID-19 impact on access to energy.
Shell Foundation has commissioned Inclusive Growth Partners in partnership with Palladium Impact Capital, to develop a report into the impact of the pandemic on the Access to Energy sector, with market insights on India and Kenya. The report identifies seven strategic capabilities that will be important for investors and enterprises in the post-pandemic business environment.
Our strategy and governance capabilities enable public and private sector responses to climate adaptation, technology shifts and energy transition challenges at industry, regional and national scales.
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Advising on economic and social infrastructure deals with a focus on sustainable finance, multi-party structures, responsible exits and ongoing social and environmental performance of assets.
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Building alliances to tackle complex challenges requires a shared understanding of outcomes, alignment of resources and investments in places, with common measurement and benchmarks.
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We develop projects and facilitate investment in sustainable development, climate change adaptation and just transition. We bring solutions to economic development challenges, working through the lens of inclusive economic growth.
Investing for real world outcomes requires instruments tailored for places, considering environmental and social assets, and ensuring benefits realisation and distribution.
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Opportunities for blockchain in Australian agriculture
We are delighted to announce that AgriFutures Australia through its National Rural Issues program has engaged Inclusive Growth Partners in partnership with Monash University to identify opportunities for #blockchain solutions and trends in the technology [...]
How does an inclusive growth approach enable real world outcomes for investors?
If you believe that the social and environmental challenges facing our world are too complex for any single organisation to solve alone, we agree with you. Inclusive growth has emerged over the past [...]
Trends: Financing electricity and water infrastructure in the Pacific
Electrification is a priority for many development finance institutions (DFIs) and the sector has attracted investment through green and blue capital and incentives. However, because renewable projects are 3-4 times smaller in size than traditional [...]
Trends: Financing infrastructure development in East Asia
Currently private investment contributes a very small proportion of total infrastructure investment, with the East Asia and Pacific region receiving AUD$18.2 billion in 2019 (World Bank, 2019). A greater participation of private capital is required to enable Asia to deliver its infrastructure needs.
How governments are catalysing and shaping private infrastructure finance
Governments worldwide are looking at investment in infrastructure as an effective fiscal response to stimulate growth. Infrastructure stock that was established in advanced economies in the post-WWII Marshall Plan environment, is ageing and at end-of-life. Governments are today accelerating "shovel ready" projects and legislation is being driven through to enable easing of red and green tape. In advanced and developing economies alike, as the pressure to act increases on governments, a small window of opportunity exists to stimulate economies in a way that rebuilds the core infrastructure through renewing ageing assets while building for the future.
Can environmental conservation mitigate recession in regional economies?
Governments and philanthropic groups have long been involved in the purchase of private land to achieve conservation outcomes. The challenge in any conservation activity is to balance economic impact and the expectations of diverse [...]
Australia's opportunity in the wake of pandemic
The dramatic changes to how we live and work resulting from the global COVID-19 pandemic has given us pause to consider what is important in our lives and in our communities. It has forced us to examine our values, what we care about and the world we wish to live in. Profoundly and almost universally around the world, we prioritised the health and wellbeing of society over the economy – drawing into sharp relief the interdependency and at the same time the mutual exclusivity of each.
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Business for Inclusive Growth (B4IG) is a partnership between the OECD and a global, CEO-led coalition of companies working to reduce inequalities of income and opportunities. Inclusive Growth Partners supports the pledge and is working with investors and businesses to build stronger and more inclusive business models that deliver investment returns with real world environmental and social outcomes.
Inclusive Growth Partners is working at the leading edge of sustainable investment and project development.
Inclusive Infrastructure: An opportunity for governments and ESG investors.
Read our article on the emergence of a new aspect of the infrastructure asset class.
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Working at landscape scale requires a new approach to environmental finance and an integrated plan that considers social and economic issues in regional communities.
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Tea grading – how and why it is done?
When you go to the grocery store and want to buy some tea, the salesperson might ask you – which grade of tea you would like to have. You may probably take just a fraction of a second before letting the salesperson know your buying decision. This was possible because you have some prior knowledge of tea grading. That is why you were able to give a prompt answer to the question. But think if you do not know much on it. In that case you may have to depend solely on the salesperson. In any case, the terms used for tea grading are generally not too much familiar to people not related to tea industry. This article may be helpful for those who are not much aware of this gradation process of tea.
The system of tea grading was devised for expressing the condition and quality of tea leaves in discrete terms. The Western tea trading industry introduced this standardized grading process to support tea trading. Now most tea producing countries like India, Sri Lanka, Kenya etc. use this protocol to grade different genres of black tea. However mostly green teas producing countries like China, Japan etc. do not follow this grading system much.
This gradation is based on the amount of 'pekoe' or 'orange pekoe' present in the leaves. It is the presence of unopened terminal leaf buds without golden tips in tea flushes. This categorization takes into consideration the amount of terminal buds and one or two adjacent leaves in the teas at first. The leaves plucked during a flush after the slow growth periods, the young buds comes with a golden tip. When there are abundance of flowery tips during a certain season, the harvest can produce flowery grade teas containing a lot of these golden tips. The tea sample containing enough of the golden tips earns a prefix 'Tippy' and 'Golden' before their grading. Teas with maximum buds with golden tips and with whole leaves, is theoretically considered as the topmost grade of the tea of a particular garden.
the percentage of buds with one or two adjacent tender leaves.
Then the grading process considers the degree of wholeness of the leaves. In the orthodox mode of production, tea leaves are supposed to retain their wholeness. Accordingly, tea is categorized into four categorize.
This includes whole leaf, broken, fannings and dust depending on the size of the tea grains in case of orthodox teas. However in CTC processing, the tea leaves are cut and torn into smaller grains and they lose their wholeness. Hence unless blended, CTC tea doesn't contain any whole leaf. Hence it is classified into three categories. The whole leaf category is excluded altogether in case of CTC tea.


The First District covers the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 8th and 14th circuits. There are fourteen office locations. For more information about each office, click on the office name below.
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Charles Sturt University and the NSW Police Force have formed a unique partnership to design, develop and deliver police recruit education. The partnership is an important strategy in the development of ethical and professional police officers in a rapidly changing police and community environment. The resources of both the NSW Police Force and a responsive and progressive university have been brought together to provide a balanced and innovative service in policing education.
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The Best Performing Marketing Channel That No One Ever Talks About (From The Seeking Wisdom Vault)
This is a podcast episode titled, The Best Performing Marketing Channel That No One Ever Talks About (From The Seeking Wisdom Vault). The summary for this episode is: Real talk. If you don't care about internal marketing, you might be missing out on a golden opportunity. Tune into this throwback episode of the Swipe File for a timeless marketing lesson on the importance of internal marketing. You'll learn what it is, how it helps you amplify your message (inside of the company and out), and one thing you can do to take action with internal marketing today.
DG: Hey, what's up everybody. It's DG back for another episode of the Swipe File. This one we're digging in the crates a little bit. There's so much content out there that we've had. We've got to do better republishing it. So Molly, who does all the behind the scenes on the podcast hit me up and she's like," Hey, let's do a throwback episode of some really good stuff." So this episode that we're bringing to you now is all about the power of internal marketing. Internal marketing, I think it's the most important marketing channel that nobody ever spends time thinking about or talking about. And it can have a huge impact on your business. For us, we've turned hundreds of people that work at Drift into advocates for our brand, and it's made a big difference in our growth and our visibility and awareness in the market. And they've become, honestly, the most important member of our marketing team is all about people who don't do marketing at Drift, but are advocates of our company. So I'm going to talk about some of our internal marketing secrets. I think you're going to like this episode, it's super practical and tactical. Pull over, take some notes. Here we go. The most important marketing channel no one talks about, internal marketing. This one actually inspired by a tweet from my guy, everyone's favorite Drift customer, Tom Wentworth, who is the CMO at RapidMiner. He was a CMO at Acquia. He's just done a bunch of awesome stuff in his career in marketing. I look up to Tom a lot and have learned a lot from him. So, when he tweets stuff, I read it. And so you should check him out with his Twitter @ twentworth12. I think it's 12. I'll double check that. But anyway, he tweeted, I saw this tweet from him. He said," The best performing marketing channel that no one talks about is marketing internally to others at your company." And I wanted to jump up and down because I'm not kidding, this is something that I talk about so much with our team here at Drift. This is a really important topic to me. It's helped me a lot in my career early on so far. And I think it's something that people don't appreciate or think about enough. So I want to spend a couple minutes and talk about that today on Marketing Monday. So, I feel like one out of every four articles in marketing is about marketing and sales alignment, or people not understanding marketing or not getting the value of marketing. And so I think like, you're just crazy if you're in marketing today and you don't go in knowing that. I think so many people have a blind spot, which is like," Oh yeah, I do marketing. Everybody gets marketing." No, you have to retrain yourself. So listen to this episode today, starting today, retrain yourself that no one, just take this approach. Nobody gets marketing and nobody cares about what you're doing. Okay? If you have that mindset, then that's going to completely change the way you do marketing, right. Internally and externally. So I could do a whole podcast on an externally, Steven Pressfield says," Nobody..." What does he say? What the hell is? I'm having a blank... What is it? What the hell is the name of his book? This is why I need... I need, like, I need a producer or somebody who could tell me right now. It's like, nobody gives a shit. This is ridiculous. I'm recording this on a Monday. I got to find this book. Hold on. Can you bear with me for a second? Oh," Nobody wants to read your shit." Right? Okay. So I love that mindset because that mindset changes everything you do. So he, Steven Pressfield, I'm just going to talk about now. So Steven Pressfield, famous author wrote a million books and he used to work at an ad agency. And while he was at the ad agency, he changed his mindset to, you have all these clients. If you're at an agency, you have all these clients who think that their thing is the best thing since sliced bread, right? And your job at an agency though, is you have to create great campaigns for this company, but you also have to push back on them and say," Hold on, nobody gives a shit about this." And so I love that mindset. We'll talk more about that. But for today, I want to talk about what it means internally. So this is something that I learned early on in my career. I learned this at... I started off at a PR agency. And when you're in a PR agency, you basically have to always be merchandising your work. That's the term that I always used, merchandising your work. And you have to do it because you have a client who is busy. They're busy as hell. You maybe have one call with them a week, one 30 minute call where somebody is probably looking at their email while they're talking to you. They're not fully engaged. But they're paying you a lot of money. And so your job is to always be showing value. And if you only showed value on that 30 minute call every single week, that contract wouldn't get renewed the next month or the next year, whenever it was up, because you need to always be showing... The last thing you want to do is have somebody be like," Huh, I wonder what that PR agency is doing for us." Right, like you need to always be preempting that. You need to always be top of mind and letting people know the value. And so I was able to learn from a bunch of awesome people there. And I learned that like, you always need to be proactively sharing what you're doing and what you're working on." Hey, I just saw this article. Here's how we're responding."" Hey, we're working on this blog post based on this thing that we saw you guys tweet."" Hey, this other article came out. So we're going to write our version." So you always have to be doing that stuff proactively and explaining why you're doing it. And then, so I took that and then I went to a bigger company, Constant Contact, at the time they probably had 1500 people. And I started to learn that internal marketing was such an important piece of the job. I started to look around the company and look at the people who were really well known within the company, well- respected within the company, had a lot of power within individual teams in the company. And it was because they were able to go and talk to other people around the company. And they were always presenting in front of other people and showing," Hey, here's what we're doing. And here's why it matters." So I took that with me. And when I started at Drift, I was really the first full- time marketer at the company in a team of, I don't know, there's probably like seven or eight other people. Majority of them were a couple of designers and... It was basically a couple of designers and all engineers, that was the team, and one product manager. That was the team. And so I went in there as the only marketing person at a company, who had for about a year, only had engineers and designers. And so from day one, we do this thing every Friday at Drift called Show and Tell, where every department goes around and shows kind of what they did that week. And this was back in the day at Drift two years ago, there was only one person in marketing and there was only one person in sales or there's only one person here. So it'd literally be us around a table. It's much less formal than it is today, sharing what we did that week. And that's when I started to make it like," Okay, brand new at this company," thinking about my first week," I'm brand new at this company. And the big thing I did in the first week was I wrote a blog post," right? That's how I could have positioned that at Show and Tell. That first Friday, getting up in front of a team of people who have no idea what marketing does, that are skeptical about marketing people. Why are you hiring a business person? There's a team full of engineers and designers, right? So I could have gotten up in front of a company and said," Hey, today this week, so I want to tell you guys about what I did this week. The big thing I did this week was I wrote a blog post and I tweeted four times." Right like, think about how that would have gone if I just said what I did, right. But what I did was tell a story. This is so important. So instead of saying," Hey, here's what I did." I told a story for us. I said," Look, how do you all," like I'm making this up, but I'm guessing this is probably what it was, right. Which is like, I'll tell you what I think I said or what I would say now, which is like," Hey, how do you all buy from businesses today, right? You probably have some type of relationship with them first. You start listening to their podcasts. You start reading their blog, right? Well, today at Drift, we had no blog. Or prior to this week, we had no blog. So we launched our blog and we published our first article. Here's why this matters." One, boom." We're trying to go after marketers. So we want to talk about X, Y, and Z," two. And so you're able to build up this story as opposed to getting up in front of the company and saying what I said earlier. And so ever since then, like we have used the marketing team as we've grown, we've used Show and Tell on Fridays as an opportunity to show what we're doing. And it's even more important now. Now there's 130 plus people at Drift. And I love that because I actually think that, I really do fundamentally believe that every single person's job at Drift is marketing, right? The more the company grows. I get so excited, not just because we're growing, but because every new person that comes to the company, that's another LinkedIn profile. That's another Twitter page, that's another Instagram account, right? That's all more channels from one person that can help amplify our message. And so it's not just to get people to care about what you're doing as a marketer, but it's to get them to care so then they can go and help amplify your message, right? If you can't get the people inside of your company bought into what you're doing, there's no way you're going to be able to get the world to do it. So that's what I think about a lot is, I really care a lot about internal marketing. And I think about," How can I get people here fired up?" And also it helps you tell your story instead of pressure testing your story for the first time out to the world, to customers, obviously that is what matters the most. It's going to be a different reaction. I treat the internal presentations that we have here as a big deal. As like, I am going to tell the world about this and could somebody just take this right now and share it externally and would customers care and would they understand? That's the level of thinking that I try to put in, and it doesn't mean that I'm spending hours on something. But it just means that like, if I'm going to get up in front of the company, I want to talk about why we're doing something and why it matters because it's going to be a better a much better response if I can get 130 people here at Drift bought in, because they're going to help amplify it, they're going to sell it better. They're going to get our customers more excited about it if they're on the customer success team, right? The product team is going to get more excited about building more stuff. It really does matter. And I think it goes far beyond like just getting a message out to the world. So that's what I want to leave you with today, which is like, think about what you're doing in marketing and how can you do a better job of explaining why that matters to the rest of the team? And even in Drift today, our marketing team, we try to be very transparent. We have a kind of a guideline for marketing, which is like, we call it, show your work, which is basically you can't just show your work at Show and Tell on Friday, you're expected to show your work every single day. And that can just be sharing a screenshot or a quick video in Slack, but everyone's always expected to be sharing their work. I think that goes a long way to sharing what the marketing team is working on, so it should never be a mystery. So A, we share our work all day in Slack, so anybody can see it as we're working on stuff. But then B, we also spend a bunch of time before launches, whether it's at Show and Tell or a dedicated meeting, to get the rest of the company fired up. We say, we even go to the level of like," Here's the headline we're going to use," right?" Here's how we're distributing this. Here's what we expect. Here's what we think is going to happen. Here's the big story that we're trying to tell." So then everybody leaves that meeting being like," Yes, I'm fired up for the launch tomorrow. I know what everybody's doing." And this is actually, if you go back to the very first episode of Marketing Monday, I talked about how we took over LinkedIn and generated 300,000 views without spending a dollar. And it led to our biggest traffic day in Drift history. And the reason why that worked was because the Friday before, if you listen to that podcast, I talked about the Friday before at Show and Tell, we got the whole company bought into why we're going to do it. And so then when on Tuesday morning, we actually launched this thing, everybody was excited to go and share our message and to go and share their own videos on LinkedIn. So it all started with internal communication. So going back to Tom's tweet from the beginning, Tom, love you. I can't stress it enough. I think you hit the nail on the head like, if you don't care about internal marketing, then you're doing it wrong. And I think that's going to be a limiting factor in how much you can grow your career. How much you can grow your marketing team, just you as an individual marketer. You have to be able to show back to the rest of the company, why you're doing what you're doing. Because it matters. And people want to know, or like Elias, our founder and CTO, always trolls me, which is like," I know your tweeting."" He just tweets all day," right. And he's trolling me because he can do that. But he knows the value of marketing. That's a joke because that's what it is at so many companies. It's like," Oh, the marketing team just tweets," right? Yeah. Or," They just write blog posts." And so you always have to think about the why, the same way you'd go back and explain the why to the rest of the people that are interested in your business. So look, think about internal marketing. I want you to get one thing out of every one of these Marketing Mondays, you don't have to agree. You don't have to necessarily do it, but I want you to take one thing away. One new thing to think about, one new thing to go out and try. So this week, your mission is to go out there and just try to do a better job communicating with the rest of the team, why you're doing what you're doing. Maybe if you've never done this before, do this. Buy the team lunch, do a Lunch and Learn and say," I'm going to talk about what marketing does at our company," right? Not about a specific campaign, not about something that you just did. Overall, here's what marketing does." Hey, this is Janet. She does events. This is Amy. She does video. This is Dan. He does demand gen. Here's what they all do. Here's what we're working on right now." Give them a sense, right? Open up the door to your marketing team. I promise you, you're going to start to get more people bought in. And the next thing that your biggest challenge after that is going to be, you can't give the rest of the team content fast enough. They're always coming up to us now," What can I promote? DG, how can I help promote this," right? That's the culture that you have to build in order to win today. So thanks for listening. I'm looking at my notes because I want to make sure that I give Tom Wentworth some love. So go shout out twentworth12 on Twitter and say," Dave Gerhardt is trying to make you famous because you have great advice about internal marketing." Hey, what's up everybody, it's DG. And I hope that I'll see you at Hypergrowth in San Francisco. It's November 18th. The venue is amazing. We were there last year and it's going to be even better this year, but I want to hook you up as a loyal listener of this podcast. So if you use my code, swipefile99, you'll get a huge discount on a ticket. It's something like 300%, 400%. I don't know, not a math guy. But you'll get a huge discount and we'll see you there. I'm going to be there. I'm flying out to San Francisco. I think I'm going to MC that day. So I'll be there. It's going to be an amazing day. Lots of learning. If you're in marketing, if you're listening to this podcast, you got to go. Okay? Hypergrowth, San Francisco, November 18th. Use my promo code, swipefile99. And you can go and get your ticket at hypergrowth. com. That's pretty simple. See ya.
Real talk. If you don't care about internal marketing, you might be missing out on a golden opportunity. Tune into this throwback episode of the Swipe File for a timeless marketing lesson on the importance of internal marketing. You'll learn what it is, how it helps you amplify your message (inside of the company and out), and one thing you can do to take action with internal marketing today.


text:
Sul freddo primario (Περὶ τοῦ πρώτως ψυχροῦ - De primo frigido) è un'opera scientifica di Plutarco, inclusa nei suoi Moralia.

Struttura
Questo saggio, o meglio, lettera aperta a Favorino, non è scritto in modo polemico, anche se di tanto in tanto vengono fatti alcuni commenti taglienti. Avendo stabilito che un elemento naturale legato al freddo esiste davvero, Plutarco procede a considerare quale possa essere quell'elemento. Poiché il fuoco è ovviamente escluso, può essere aria, come credono gli stoici, o acqua, come sostengono Empedocle e uno dei primi Peripatetici, Stratone? O, in effetti, potrebbe essere la terra stessa?

Quest'ultima opinione è apparentemente avanzata da Plutarco come un contributo originale alla fisica teorica e non c'è motivo di credere che non sia la sua. Il saggio si chiude, tuttavia, con una raccomandazione allo scetticismo, cosicché il nostro autore potrebbe non aver considerato convincente il suo tentativo di dimostrazione.

Analisi critica
L'opera fu probabilmente scritta a Delfi dopo il 107 d.C. e indirizzata al giovane filosofo Favorino, grande amante di Aristotele, che è anche un relatore nelle Questioni conviviali. Sebbene Favorino fosse probabilmente una ventina d'anni più giovane di Plutarco, i due uomini si dedicarono a vicenda diverse opere.

Nel presente saggio è, forse, strano che delle tre citazioni di Aristotele una sia un rimprovero, una è apparentemente una traduzione errata parziale, mentre la terza risulta accessoria. Senza dubbio è in virtù della giovinezza di Favorino che il suo idolo è trattato con tanta leggerezza e che la nota scettica è così ferma alla fine dell'opuscolo.

Note

Bibliografia
 Plutarco, L'origine del freddo - Se sia più utile l'acqua o il fuoco, a cura di Gennaro D'Ippolito e Gianfranco Nuzzo, Napoli, D'Auria, 2012, ISBN 88-7092-338-X.

Voci correlate
 Moralia
 Plutarco

Filosofia greca
Opere di Plutarco

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Elmwood, also known as the Hugh Caperton House, is a historic home located near Union, Monroe County, West Virginia.  It was built in the 1830s, and is a two-story, nearly square brick dwelling with Greek Revival details. The front facade features wide limestone steps and a veranda, with second-story balcony, Chinese Chippendale railings at both levels, and four plain but huge plaster covered brick columns. The house was built by Congressman Hugh Caperton (1781–1847).  It was home to Allen T. Caperton (1810–1876), the first ex-Confederate elected to the United States Senate after the American Civil War.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976. It is located in the Union Historic District, listed in 1990.

References

Gallery

Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in West Virginia
Greek Revival houses in West Virginia
Houses completed in 1835
Houses in Monroe County, West Virginia
National Register of Historic Places in Monroe County, West Virginia
Individually listed contributing properties to historic districts on the National Register in West Virginia
Caperton family of Virginia and West Virginia
Plantations in West Virginia


text:
Social Issues | Hunger/Food/Nutrition News
L.A. County, Nonprofits Team Up to Tackle Food Insecurity
Locally Caught Salmon Provide Step Toward Food Independence for WA Tribe
$100K Grant Will Fund CA Food-Box Program to Fight Child Hunger
NC Housing Authority Launches 'Pay What You Can' Mobile Food Bus
A new report says more than one million residents of the Los Angeles area experienced food insecurity at least once in 2021. (Liliya Trott/Adobe Stock)
A three-pound sockeye salmon filet is now one of the options in the Food Distribution Program on Indian Reservations for the Lummi Nation. (O'Kelly Photography/Adobe Stock)
The Jacobs and Cushman San Diego Food Bank distributes fresh produce in the rural area in the mountains near San Diego. (Jacobs & Cushman San Diego Food Bank)
According to data from UNC-Chapel Hill, more then 30% of kids living in Robeson County live in food-insecure homes.
Suzanne Potter, Producer
Before the pandemic, one in five people in Los Angeles County lacked consistent access to food - and in 2021, one in four low-income families experienced food insecurity, according to a new report from a coalition of county and nonprofit leaders.
The Los Angeles County Food Equity Roundtable just released its strategic plan, designed to end food insecurity by 2030.
Charity Faye, program manager for the group Sisters in Motion, Black Women for Wellness, said families of color in Los Angeles have suffered disproportionately for many years.
"Black and Brown families are three times as likely to face hunger than our White individuals within communities,' she said. "And so, food insecurity for us, we think of it as a public health crisis, because food access is actually a human right."
The plan lays out policies to make healthy food more affordable and more widely available, to build demand for healthy food by addressing lifestyle issues, and to support sustainable, local farming.
Frank Tamborello, executive director of Hunger Action Los Angeles, said authorities could help many families afford more food by expanding the Market Match program, which offers vouchers to be used at local farmers' markets.
"So, it's not just that we need to get the county to implement new policies," he said. "We need the county to use its considerable voice, as a huge population center in the United States, to win changes on the state and federal levels."
He also praised the expansion of CalFresh to undocumented seniors and said he hopes to see the program include more age groups.
Jamie Fanous senior policy advocate and organizer with the Community Alliance with Family Farmers, said programs to make sure small farmers can survive tough times will support long-lasting, structural change.
"We have the solutions," she said. "We just need to resource our farmers; we just need to resource the folks that are managing cooperatives or managing food hubs."
The Food Equity Roundtable is funded by the Annenberg Foundation, the Weingart Foundation, and the California Community Foundation, and is co-chaired with Los Angeles County.
Disclosure: Hunger Action Los Angeles contributes to our fund for reporting on Budget Policy & Priorities, Consumer Issues, Hunger/Food/Nutrition, Livable Wages/Working Families. If you would like to help support news in the public interest, click here.
Report Los Angeles County Food Equity Roundtable 2022
Under a new project, locally sourced food is part of a food assistance program for members of the Lummi Tribe in northwest Washington.
The Food Distribution Program on Indian Reservations is a federal program providing meals in the form of commodity boxes for low income residents. But food boxes have neglected to include culturally relevant food for the diversity of reservations across the country, instead providing options like catfish and buffalo.
Lummi Nation is part of a pilot providing a locally caught option: sockeye salmon.
Billy Metteba, food sovereignty project manager for the Lummi Nation, said salmon is food his ancestors ate and members of the tribe know how to prepare, unlike buffalo.
"Shifting the mind frame, the mindset to food sovereignty, we should be in charge of saying what is appropriate for our people," Metteba asserted.
The U.S. Department of Agriculture awarded eight tribes, including the Lummi Nation, $3.5 million for a demonstration project to provide local food options to the Food Distribution Program on Indian Reservations. This fall, sockeye salmon became available for the northwest Washington tribe.
The Food Distribution Program on Indian Reservations is meant to supplement meals for participating households. However, a 2016 study found the program was the sole or primary source of food for 40% of those households.
Jake Garcia, public policy manager for Northwest Harvest, said many folks from the Lummi Nation have spoken to his organization about the program's inadequacies.
"The economic insecurity that they experience, the food insecurity certainly; all these different pieces are indicators for economic success," Garcia explained. "They're directly tied to your food and so when that program is insufficient and not meeting the needs of the folks on the reservation, that's a real problem."
But Metteba acknowledged the allowance for more locally sourced foods in the program is a good sign.
"When they funded this program it's like giving us access to go out and harvest our own food that we've always harvested for as long as I can remember, for as long as my grandparents can remember," Metteba emphasized. "It's important that we pass this down to our kids because without this, without fighting for something, it eventually will be lost."
The original demonstration project was funded through the 2018 Farm Bill. Tribal leaders across the country hope lawmakers in Congress will broaden the project in the 2023 Farm Bill.
Disclosure: Northwest Harvest contributes to our fund for reporting on Budget Policy and Priorities, Hunger/Food/Nutrition, Poverty Issues, and Sustainable Agriculture. If you would like to help support news in the public interest, click here.
Demonstration project U.S. Dept. of Agriculture 11/01/2021
Study U.S. Dept. of Agriculture 06/01/2016
San Diego may seem like a wealthy area, but the mountain communities in the eastern part of the county still struggle with hunger and poverty.
Now, a new $100,000 grant from Save the Children's Innovation Lab will fund the development of a program to mailboxes of shelf-stable food to low-income rural families, starting next year.
Anahid Brakke, president and CEO of the San Diego Hunger Coalition, said the program has been a big hit in other communities.
"The parents said, 'It's like Christmas.' The kids feel like it's Christmas, you know, they get this food box; you know, it's for them," Brakke explained. "It really helps supplement the whole household."
A team from the San Diego Hunger Coalition is at Baylor University in Waco, Texas, this week to learn best practices from other communities. The funds will also be used to train community health navigators who can help people sign up for programs like CalFresh and WIC.
Esther Liew with Save the Children says food boxes that arrive by mail provide rural communities greater access to nutritious food.
"There's little public transportation in rural communities, meaning that they then have limited access to grocery stores and places where they can get fresh and nutritious foods," Liew pointed out. "That makes it really difficult to provide the food that they need for their children and their family members."
Hunger Coalition data showed about 35% of children in the Mountain Empire region live in poverty, which is nearly triple the rate for the rest of San Diego County.
In a recent community food survey of local residents, almost three-quarters said they would run out of food at some point in the last 30 days and did not have the resources to buy more.
Disclosure: Save the Children contributes to our fund for reporting on Children's Issues, Early Childhood Education, Education, and Poverty Issues. If you would like to help support news in the public interest, click here.
Grant Save the Children 01/18/2023
Research San Diego Hunger Coalition March 2022
One North Carolina Housing Authority in Robeson County has plans to launch a mobile "pay-what-you-can" food bus loaded with fresh fruits, vegetables and other foods that will serve families lacking transportation. The pilot program is one of a handful across the country to receive a $100,000 dollar grant from Save the Children's Rural Child Hunger Research and Innovation Lab to tackle rural hunger.
Colton Allen Oxendine, resident services director with the City of Lumberton's Housing Authority, said many residents have to walk miles to the nearest grocery store because they have no transportation.
"So this bus is going to reach well over 3,000 to 5,000 people," he said. "The goal is to make this a success."
He said residents will be able to use debit, credit, food stamps and whatever cash they have on hand at the mobile bus, and added he expects the program to be up and running by August. According to data from UNC-Chapel Hill, more then 30% of kids living in Robeson County live in food-insecure homes.
Allen Oxendine said many housing authority residents persist largely on processed, unhealthy foods.
"A lot of them resort to the smaller stores like gas stations, Family Dollar, Dollar General. We all know they do not carry fresh fruit and vegetables," he said.
Esther Liew, Lead Associate for Food Security Projects with Save the Children, said solutions to stop child hunger must come from within rural communities.
"What we're hoping is that they will be able to develop ways of working that maybe look a little bit different from how these similar types of programs would work in urban settings, so that we can help them to develop solutions that are specifically for rural contexts," Liew said.
A recent survey by Save the Children and the Child Action Network found 77% of rural parents report being worried they might not be able to afford enough food to feed their family.
Disclosure: Save the Children contributes to our fund for reporting on Children's Issues, Early Childhood Education, Education, Poverty Issues. If you would like to help support news in the public interest, click here.
Food Insecurity Statistics in NC SE University Consortium 2023
Save the Children Innovation Lab Readies to Launch Food Access Solutions for Rural Kids in Need Save the Children 2023
Rural Voters Support Investments to Address Hunger & Provide Quality, Affordable Child Care Save the Children Action Network 2023
Volunteers pack boxes at Mountaineer Food Bank in Gassaway, West Virginia. (Mountaineer Food Bank/Facebook)
DoorDash Partnership Brings Food to WV Families in Need
In 2021, the total cost of the U.S. Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) was around $113 billion. The significant increase from the previous year's total of $79 billion was in large part the result of extra pandemic-related benefits. (Adobe Stock)
IA Lawmakers Propose Severe Restrictions for Food Assistance
SNAP helps hundreds of thousands of Oregonians but excludes people with undocumented immigration statuses. (jetcityimage/Adobe Stock)
Bill Extends Food Aid to All Oregonians Regardless of Immigration Status
The California Food Assistance Program currently works alongside CalFresh to benefit many income-eligible people who hold green cards. (JetCityImage/Adobe Stock)
CA Anti-Hunger Groups Slam Governor's Proposed Budget


text:
Lenny es el nombre de la mascota oficial de Lubuntu. Creado por Larry Ewing en 2006, es un pequeño pingüino de aspecto risueño y cómico. La idea de que la mascota de Lubuntu fuera un pingüino provino del mismo TUX Según se cuenta, fue creado como una versión del pingüino Tux. No tiene un significado en específico.

Origen

Existen dos versiones sobre el origen de su nombre. La primera sugiere que el nombre surge del hecho de que un código similar aparece en  Debian0.3.5.

Uso

El logotipo se puede usar y modificar sin restricciones, siempre que se reconozca la autoría de Larry Ewing, tal y como se indica en su página.

Lenny se ha vuelto un icono para las comunidades de Linux y de software libre;dado que aparece en anucios publicitarios logos y sitios web.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 La historia de Tux (en inglés)
 TUX en ASCII + Código Fuente
 TUX explica la nanotecnología
 Patrones para el peluche de Tux

Núcleo Linux
Mascotas informáticas
Pingüinos de ficción


text:
Birmingham YMCA
The YMCA movement, is a worldwide Christian, ecumenical, voluntary movement for both men and women with special emphasis on genuine involvement of young people, which seeks to share the Christian ideal of building a humane community of justice, peace and reconciliation for the fullness of life for all creation. The first YMCA was started in London in 1844 and today there are more than 15,000 local associations with 45 million members in above 125 countries, making the movement the largest international ecumenical youth organization in the world. YMCA aims at the overall welfare and development of spiritual, mental and physical faculties of the people without any distinction of caste, colour, sex or race. The movement has rendered pioneering service in the spheres of Education, Sports, Relief and Rehabilitation of Refugees, Physical Education, Youth Work and Camping, Hostels, Co-operative endeavours and Rural Reconstruction work. Its members from different countries form the World Alliance of YMCAs, an organization that has consultative status with the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations.
The YMCA Indian Student Hostel, London is a prestigious project of the National Council of YMCAs of India and it is one of its kind outside India. It was started in the year 1920 and had been rendering pioneering service to the Indian students who have been coming to London year after year for furthering their studies, providing them a safe haven, a home away from home. It also became a cultural centre for the Indian students and crucial place for meetings and interactions between senior leaders in the Indian political scenario and civil servants.
For more detailed information on our history, view our brochure Triumph of Faith.
Justice J B Koshy– Chief Justice (Retd.)
Chairman of the YMCA Indian Student Hostel, London
Mr Eldo N V
CEO / General Secretary
BOARD OF TRUSTEES 2020-2021
Justice Jacob Benjamin Koshy – Chairman & Trustee
Mr Bertram Devadas – National General Secretary & Trustee
Mr Pradeep Mathew Johns – Trustee & Treasurer
Mr Richard Lees – Trustee & Personnel Committee Chairman
Mr Paulson Kandanaden Paulose – Trustee & Internal Auditor
Mr Jacob Koshy – Trustee
Mr Vincent George - Trustee
Mr Ben Prasadam Halls – Trustee
YMCA Indian
Student Hostel,
Principal Contacts
YMCA Indian Student Hostel, 41 Fitzroy Square, London, W1T 6AQ, United Kingdom
E-mail: enquiries@indianymca.org


text:
In Search of the Vernacular 2, installation view detail, Thames-Side Studios Gallery, Grant Aston, Jane Cairns, David Gates, Gail Mahon, Kim Norton, Henry Pim, 2019
In Search of the Vernacular 2, Artist Talk, Thames-Side Studios Gallery, Grant Aston, Jane Cairns, David Gates, Gail Mahon, Kim Norton, Henry Pim, 2019
In Search of the Vernacular 2, installation view, Thames-Side Studios Gallery, Grant Aston, Jane Cairns, David Gates, Gail Mahon, Kim Norton, Henry Pim, 2019
In Search of the Vernacular 2
Grant Aston, Jane Cairns, David Gates, Gail Mahon, Kim Norton, Henry Pim
Exhibition Dates: 3-10 August 2019
Preview: Friday 2 August 2019, 6.30-8.30pm
The vernacular, in architecture as in language, is rooted in the everyday and the prosaic. It is formed of use and habit; it is local and specific. It is concerned with the functional or the domestic rather than the public or monumental. In Search of the Vernacular uses the human scale of contemporary craft to provide a fresh perspective on aspects of vernacular architecture.
By exploring architectural ideas through craft practice, In Search of the Vernacular provides insight into particular characteristics of the vernacular. Applying construction methods to a different set of materials highlights the way process informs the substance of buildings and the city as a system; using the vocabulary of functional structures and objects for other forms reveals their inherent aesthetic properties; working on a smaller scale creates a new viewpoint on structures that shelter and the delineation of space through architecture.
The work in the exhibition is gallery based contemporary craft including sculptural ceramics, installation and bespoke furniture. Exhibiting makers are paired, working either in collaboration or thematically linked. Writing and discourse are an integral part of the exhibition and it will be accompanied by a new publication or catalogue and a considered programme of events designed to stimulate debate and engagement.
haptic/tacit is a collective of artists, makers, and writers that creates opportunities to make, show, and explore ambitious modern craft through a series of thematically-driven exhibitions, events, and publications. For each iteration each participating member invites someone new to be involved, either working collaboratively, in response to one another, or due to their specific take on the subject. This approach creates an evolving network of makers, encourages dialogue, and maintains a fresh outlook, creating a new dynamic through each distinct endeavour.
Grant Aston
Grant Aston's work is informed by biology and architecture. The material we are made from and the societies we build around us. Methods of construction hold a powerful intrigue for him, slip oozing from the clay elements to emphasise the joints, repurposed furniture clamped and pegged into place. His energetic pieces have a paradoxical sense of intransigence and malleability, an assemblage of industrial shapes combined with those from the body. www.grantaston.com
Henry Pim
Henry Pim's small sculptures suggest maps, plans, or graphs, (all ways to sort and present information), and they also show an idea of a structural framework, like a building or an engineered structure. They are made from panels of extruded paper clay, using a technique, which continually mutates, revealing ever more possibilities. An important 'driver' for evolution of the work is this technical unfolding. This work aims to engage with the 'making-sense-of-it' mindset, which is a default mechanism for humans, and is at the heart of intelligence. The way we see the world depends on how we process the information that we are able to understand. The way that we contribute new things in the world depends on how we select the information that we employ. The way we feel about the world depends upon what we think it is and, most importantly, what we expect it might become. www.henrypim.com
Kim Norton
In an age with few opportunities to slow down, seclusion, retreat and quiet are at the core of Kim Norton's work. Trained in ceramics a large part of her interdisciplinary practice involves working site-specifically, exploring scale and making work that focuses on how we interact with spaces and the impact these works have on the human senses. Materiality, physicality and presence of material are always evident. It isn't necessary to always reach an outcome or to achieve a final object. The journey through exploration, research and experimentation can be just as rewarding. Pushing material, and breaking conventional rules and expectations through process-led making can reveal a new visual language. www.kimnorton.co.uk
Gail Mahon
Working predominantly in installation, ceramic sculptures and collaborative projects Gail Mahon often draws focus from body theory; of bodies becoming and in constant state change - unmaking and remaking, unfolding permutations of the physiochemical, organic and anthropomorphisms wrapped up material culture to make speculations of emerging changes to environments and ourselves. Her practice utilises knowledge of the ceramic process with found object interjections and material experiments to result in kinetic interplays and physical actions to unfold the process of transformation within her installation, photography and experimental studio films as unsettled arrangements, hovering and shifting. Mapping those disparate fragments of new and ancient landscapes - clay and ceramics reform to become carriers of the collapsed social and political spaces caught between the natural environment, post-industrial landscapes and our domestic situations of our own construction. www.gailmahon.com
Jane Cairns
Jane Cairns' work is about finding beauty in the ordinary. It's about the small things and recognising the accidental poetry in the unnoticed and overlooked. The starting point for the work is an observation of her immediate surroundings, exploring apparently insignificant details of the built environment: the way a material has corroded or weathered, a formal relationship between objects or a juxtaposition of colours and textures, a wall where something has been removed, the point way a fence connects to a post. www.janecairns.co.uk
David Gates designs and makes furniture from his studio in South London. His workbench looks across to the wharves, jetties, and silos of the river Thames; part of a landscape of industrial and agricultural architectural forms that inform his work. The rightness, balance, and expediency seen in these structures comprise a vernacular, one reflected in David's use and adaptation of traditional, deliberate hand-making processes. David was awarded a doctorate in Language Discourse and Communication from King's College London for his phd thesis examining the relationship between craft and language. His research focussed on normally unnoticed and unremarkable narrative fragments in spoken discourse. His findings shows the work that locally-relevant talk does in craft practices, questioning the normative view of craft as tacit and silent. www.davidgatesstudioworkshop.co.uk


text:
Q: Nginx Auth Proxy I have multiple services which have their own web-server, listening on different ports, for e.g. :

*

*http://127.0.0.1:5000  (service A)

*https://127.0.0.1:3000 (service B)

I need a way to restrict access to them without tweaking each of them individually. So, I have an OAuth server hosted as well (port 2333). I have configured the OAuth server to be able to redirect you to a certain URL, if you successfully authenticated through it. So, for e.g. if I access this URL:
https://127.0.0.1:2333/oauth/authorise?service=A&redirect_uri=http://127.0.0.1:5000
It will ask for authentication (or search for cookie) and redirect me to the desired URL. This works OK if I manually access that URL, but I need it automated (every time you try accessing the initial URL, get redirected to the OAuth).
I need the following scenario:

*

*Insert URL http://127.0.0.1:5000 in browser

*Get redirected to https://127.0.0.1:2333/oauth/authorise?service=A&redirect_uri=http://127.0.0.1:5000

*The OAuth server takes care of the rest

For this, I was thinking of using nginx to redirect, but I don't know how to configure it. Any ideas?

A: How are those services hosted? You have a couple of options:

*

*Doing a redirect to (https://127.0.0.1:2333) on the / path for A service (on the source code).

*Doing a redirect on the server configuration (which is more low level and should be faster)
The first option gives you more control, and you can do other things easily (like checking if the user is logged in). The second option is faster, but some things are harder to implement, as you will modify the server configuration)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
is a railway station in  the city of Ōmachi, Nagano, Japan, operated by East Japan Railway Company (JR East).

Lines
Minami-Ōmachi Station is served by the Ōito Line and is 34.0 kilometers from the terminus of the line at Matsumoto Station.

Station layout
The station consists of one ground-level side platform serving a single bi-directional track. The station is unattended.

History
Minami-Ōmachi Station opened on 1 February 1935 as . The station was renamed to its present name on 1 June 1937. With the privatization of Japanese National Railways (JNR) on 1 April 1987, the station came under the control of JR East.

Surrounding area
Takase River

See also
 List of railway stations in Japan

References

External links

 JR East station information

Railway stations in Nagano Prefecture
Ōito Line
Railway stations in Japan opened in 1935
Stations of East Japan Railway Company
Ōmachi, Nagano


text:
Passive microwave components, Part 1: isolators and circulators
July 17, 2019 By Bill Schweber
Basic passive microwave components have a vital role in RF/microwave system design. Despite the apparent simplicity of their functions, their performance is based on electromagnetic theory and Maxwell's equations for insight into their operating principles and performance.
Design for the demands of microwave signals is a very different situation than working at lower frequencies. Although there is no single formal definition of which frequencies constitute microwaves, one widely used definition is that it concerns wavelengths ranging from about one meter to one millimeter with corresponding frequencies between 300 MHz and 300 GHz respectively. Others feel that the real world of microwaves begins at around 1 GHz.
Regardless of the definition you use, the microwave world is defined and characterized by parameters which differ significantly from those of lower frequencies. Instead of voltage, current, and resistance linked by Ohm's Law, it's a world of RF power and energy and defined by Maxwell's equations and the interaction of electric fields with magnetic fields in many cases. The objective of a typical microwave design is to guide, route, amplify and attenuate power, and translate frequencies (if needed) to meet project objectives.
The world of microwaves is bounded on one side by lower frequencies with which more engineers are familiar, and on the other side by the very different world of terahertz waves and even optics. While all parts of the electromagnetic spectrum are ultimately governed by the same basic equations, the reality is that the appearance and disposition of those equations differ widely between regions.
Despite the well-deserved attention that active devices such as PAs, LNAs, and ICs receive, passive devices are a large part of the microwave story. This article will look at some passive devices which are used in the microwave world and are as commonplace as resistors, inductors, and capacitors are at lower, non-microwave frequencies. Unlike R, L, and C devices and their relatively simple equations which define their basic voltage and current relationships, these microwave devices can only be formally analyzed using advanced mathematics and electromagnetic (EM) theory.
These operating principles, design, and construction are perhaps "alien" to engineers whose design experience is primarily at lower frequencies. But these "strange" devices must be understood in order to develop systems for the ever-growing needs of microwave design. Part 1 of this discussion looks at isolators and circulators, which are closely related devices. Part 2 will look at couplers and splitters.
Q: What is an RF isolator?
A: An RF isolator is a two-port device which prevents RF energy from coming back to its source. It is analogous to a diode which only allows electrical current to flow in one direction, or a check valve in a fluid-flow system. Note that the RF isolator has absolutely no relationship to galvanic (ohmic) isolation used in non-RF signal and power-supply designs, and it is not galvanically isolated.
Q: Where and why is an isolator needed?
A: It is primarily used to protect other RF components from excessive signal reflection. For example, isolators are used in test applications to provide electrical separation between a device under test (DUT) and a sensitive signal source. This is done in the event that some of the energy at the DUT reflects back to the source (Figure 1).
Fig 1: One major use of the isolator is to prevent "backflow" of RF energy from a load back to the sensitive source, which may be due to impedance mismatch. (Image source: MECA Electronics, Inc.)
Q: What is a circulator?
A: As the larger "sibling" of the isolator, the circulator is a three-port device used to control the direction of signal flow (RF energy) in a circuit. Note that an isolator is a circulator with its third port terminated (Figure 2).
Fig 2: The isolator and circulator are very similar in structure, except that the isolator has its third port terminated in the characteristic impedance. (Image: MECA Electronics, Inc.)
Q: Where is a circulator used?
A: The most common application is where a transmitter and receiver share an antenna, and the higher-power transit signal must not reach the sensitive receiver input as it would overload and possibly damage it (Figure 3). (The general term for this function is a duplexer.) Ideally, the transmit signal energy output would go only to the antenna port and not be "seen" by the receiver. (Note that there are other ways to implement the duplexer function, including using a more-expensive cavity duplexer.)
Fig 3: A circulator is used to separate transmitter and receiver signal-energy paths and flow. (Image: MECA Electronics, Inc.)
Q: How are isolators and circulators fabricated?
A: Though it may seem strange, they use ferromagnetic materials. While it is necessary to use scattering parameters (S-parameters) to characterize the isolator or circulator fully, their underlying principle is that their material and construction is non-reciprocal, with a non-symmetric scattering matrix. The non-reciprocal material used is a ferrite substance is biased by a static magnetic field. The positioning of the ferrite is such that the microwave signal presents it with a rotating magnetic field, with the rotation axis aligned with the direction of the static bias field.
Depending on the rotation with respect to this biasing field, the behavior of the ferrite changes and is different for microwave signals traveling in opposite directions. Therefore, energy leaving one port exits at the next port, but energy reflecting from that second port cannot propagate back to the first port.
Q: How are these isolators and circulators packaged?
A: They are generally offered as discrete devices in shielded metal cans, with appropriate connectors for the input and output ports (Figure 4). They are also available in waveguide, coaxial, and even "drop-in" microstrip varieties (Figure 5) which are often used in transmit/receive modules to "duplex" an antenna between the transmitter power amplifier (PA) and receiver low noise amplifier (LNA).
Fig 4: This "connectorized" unit functions as either isolator or circulator, depending on how the third port is terminated. (Image: Microwave Communications Laboratories, Inc.)
Fig 5: This "drop-in" isolator/ circulator is PC-board compatible. (Image: Microwave Communications Laboratories, Inc.)
Q: What are the key performance parameters and their typical values?
A: These are the ones most commonly associated with RF deices and functions (as passive devices, they provide no gain, of course):
Isolation: typically 10 dB to 25 dB, depending on the VSWR match between isolator/circulator and load.
Insertion loss: anytime there is a device between a source and a load, there will be some loss. Insertion loss for these devices is typically under 1 dB.
Power handling: unavoidable losses in the ferrites lead to heat which must be dissipated as excess temperature which can reduce or damage the effectiveness of the ferrite material. Power-handling is a function of size, and standard devices are available which can handle tens and hundreds of watts.
Bandwidth/frequency range: this is a function of the ferrite material, and the unique, proprietary "mixes" that various vendors use. Standard isolators and circulators are available into the tens of GHz.
Q: What are some of the limitations of these devices?
A: There are several. First, their size and bulk make then incompatible with today's miniature products which must, therefore, use alternative approaches which are only viable at lower-power levels. MEMS-based approaches are another technology which is also being investigated. Second, it is difficult to achieve acceptable performance beyond tens and hundreds of GHz, although new technologies are being developed to do this (see Reference 7).
This FAQ has looked at two basic and essential passive RF devices. The next part will look at two others: couplers and splitters.
EE World Online References
Coax power splitters/dividers, directional couplers, attenuators cover dc to 110 GHz
Single-input, dual-output power splitter designed for mid- and high-end smartphones, tablets
Coaxial components cover frequencies from dc to 110 GHz
Cross guide couplers with 4, 3 or 2 waveguide ports work across C to K bands
Cross-guide waveguide couplers carry up to 4-port interface
Waveguide directional couplers work up to 33 GHz
Surface-Mount Bi-Directional coupler provides 200W power handling from 225 to 450 MHz
Wikipedia, "Isolator (microwave)"
Wikipedia, "Circulator"
Nova Microwave, "Understanding Circulators & Isolators"
MECA Electronics, "Isolator/Circulator Basics"
Microwaves & RF, "A Primer on Circulators and Isolators"
Microwaves101, "Circulators"
Microwave Journal, "Recent Advancements in mmWave Isolator Technology"
Microwaves101, "Directional Couplers"
TutorialsPoint, "Microwave Engineering – Directional Couplers"
SlideShare/LinkedIn, "Microwave Couplers"
Marki Microwave, "Microwave Power Dividers and Couplers Tutorial"
Wikipedia, "Power dividers and directional couplers"
Ultra-high frequency waveguide antennas handle frequencies to 220 GHz
Millimeter-wave waveguide antennas cover up to 220 GHz
Waveguide directional couplers operate to 110 GHz
Filed Under: Amplifiers, Analog ICs, antennas, FAQ, Featured, Interface & Isolation, passive components, Products Tagged With: FAQ, mecaelectronicsinc, microwavecommunicationslaboratories


text:
Best Scandal (stylized as BEST★SCANDAL) is the debut studio album of Japanese pop rock band Scandal. It was released in three versions with different covers: the regular CD only version, a limited version that consists of CD with DVD, and a collector's edition consist of a CD and a coffee table book (photobook). SCANDAL BY SCANDAL is a 284-page coffee table book that features photos of the band members taken by the band members themselves. The album reached no. 5 on the Oricon weekly charts and charted for 21 weeks.

Track listing

Personnel
HARUNA (Haruna Ono) - lead vocals, rhythm guitar
MAMI (Mami Sasazaki) - lead guitar, vocals
TOMOMI (Tomomi Ogawa) - bass, vocals
RINA (Rina Suzuki) - drums, vocals

Sales

Total Reported Sales: 52,956
Total Sales in 2009: 44,995 (#197 album of the year)
Total Sales in 2010: 7,961

References

2009 debut albums
Scandal (Japanese band) albums
Epic Records albums
Japanese-language albums