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NATAN PERSKI (PERSKY)
NATAN PERSKI (PERSKY) (b. 1909)
He was born in the town of Podbrod (Pabrade), near Vilna. He graduated from the Vilna Hebrew teachers' seminary, and thereafter, until 1935, he was a teacher in Vilna, Grodno, and Warsaw. He began writing lyrical poetry in Di tsayt (The times) in Vilna (1928), and later he contributed to: the anthologies Ershter shnit (First cut) (1929-1932), Literarishe bleter (Literary leaves), Haynt (Today), and Dos vort (The word), among others, in Warsaw; Tsukunft (Future) in New York; and elsewhere. From 1935 he was living in the land of Israel. He was a teacher and worker at a series of Hebrew pedagogical institutes in the state of Israel. He authored the textbooks: Mikraot yisrael (Reading about Israel), with S. Z. Ariel and M. Blikh (Jerusalem, 1955/1956-); Toledot yisrael (History of Israel), with B. Avivi (Tel Aviv, 1952-). He was last living in Tel Aviv, administrator of a high school.
Sources: Sh. Zaromb, in Literarishe bleter (Warsaw) (September 24, 1929); N. Mayzil, in Haynt (Warsaw) (July 5, 1935); Shmerke katsherginski-ondenk-bukh (Memorial volume for Shmerke Katsherginski) (Buenos Aires, 1955), p. 333; Y. Yeshurin, in Tsukunft (New York) (December 1962).
Khayim Leyb Fuks
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DANIEL PERSKI (PERSKY)
DANIEL PERSKI (PERSKY) (August 8, 1887-March 15, 1962)
He was born in Minsk. He studied in religious elementary schools until age thirteen, thereafter with private tutors. He was a fervent Zionist from youth, active in Hebrew-speaking youth circles and also giving lectures in Hebrew. For a time he lived in Warsaw. He moved to New York in 1906 and worked there as a teacher. He was a co-founder of "Histadrut Ivrit" (Hebrew organization) and of Hebrew-language journals. He was a close contributor to Hatoran (The duty officer) and Miklat (Refuge). For many years he wrote feature pieces for Hadoar (The mail) and edited its publications for children and youth. He also published articles and features in: Der idisher kemfer (The Jewish fighter), Dos idishe folk (The Jewish people), Farn folk (For the people), and Kundes (Prankster), among others, in New York; and the Philadelphia anthologies Der shtern (The star) (1906-1907). He was the author of Hamedaber ivrit (Spoken Hebrew), a handbook for Hebrew conversation, translated into Yiddish with a short grammar (New York, 1920), 183 pp. (there is as well an English publication by him entitled Spoken Hebrew: A Manual of Conversations [New York, 1921], 201 pp.); and he also collected folklore. In 1950 he was awarded the Louis Lamed Prize for his Ivri anokhi (I am a Jew) (New York, 1947), 313 pp. He also authored a number of other books, including: Leelef yedidim (To a thousand friends) (New York, 1938), 96 pp.; Matamim leḥag (Festivities) (New York, 1938/1939), 256 pp.; Zemanim tovim (Good times) (New York, 1943/1933), 272 pp.; Lekhvod haregel (In honor of the festival) (New York, 1946), 326 pp.; Tseḥok meerets-yisrael (Laughter from the land of Israel) (New York, 1950/1951), 266 pp.; Kol hamoed (Sound of the holiday) (Tel Aviv, 1957), 215 pp.; Began eden shel yeladim ivrim (In the Garden of Eden of Jewish children) (New York, 1957/1958), 68 pp.; Lashon nekiya (Respectful language) (New York, 1962), 228 pp. He also used the pen name "Ben Rivka." He wrote about the Yiddish elements in Ḥaim Nachman Bialik (in Aḥisefer in New York in 1959/1960) and about contemporary influences on writers in both languages. In his weekly feature in Hadoar, "Kedaber ish el reehu" (Speaking one man to another), he wrote memories of Jewish writers and incorporated facts about Jewish cultural activities of bilingual writers, although he was a representative of Hebrew with the motto: "Eved leivrit anokhi ad netsaḥ" (I am a slave to Hebrew forever). He died in New York and was buried in the state of Israel.
Sources: Zalmen Reyzen, Leksikon, vol. 2; Zalmen Shneur, in Hadoar (New York) (August 20, 1948); A. Faynshteyn, in Hadoar (Tevet 10 [= December 30], 1949); Dov Sadan, Kearat egozim o elef bediha ubediha, asufat humor be-yisrael (A bowl of nuts or one thousand and one jokes, an anthology of humor in Israel) (Tel Aviv, 1953), see index; A. B. Shurin, in Forverts (New York) (August 22, 1954); Y. K. Miklishanski, in Algemeyne entsiklopedye (General encyclopedia) "Yidn" 5 (New York, 1957), p. 159; Avraham Shaanan, Milon hasifrut haḥadasha haivrit vehakelalit (Dictionary of modern Hebrew and general literature) (Tel Aviv, 1959), p. 654; Shloyme Bikl, in Tog-morgn-zhurnal (New York) (March 24, 1962); A. Golomb, in Der veg (Mexico City) (June 9, 1962); Biblyografye fun yidishe bikher vegn khurbn un gvure (Bibliography of Yiddish books concerning the Holocaust and heroism) (New York: Yad Vashem and YIVO, 1962), see index; Y. Kabakov, Ḥalutse hasifrut haivrit beamerika (Pioneers of American Hebrew literature) (Tel Aviv, 1966), see index; Hadoar (Iyar 14 [= May 18], 1962), articles dedicated to Perski's memory.
Benyomen Elis
MISHA PERSAL (MISHAEL PERSALL)
MISHA PERSAL (MISHAEL PERSALL) (b. 1900)
He was born in Vilna. He published a book of poems entitled Navenad (Wandering) (New York: Maygold Printing Co., 1931), 143 pp.—in Romanized script. For a time he lived in Woodstock, New York. He also published a poetry collection in English: [About the Hour-Glass and the Scythe (Woodstock, NY: Maverick Press, 1939), 94 pp.].
Source: A. A. Roback, The Story of Yiddish Literature (New York, 1940).
SHMUEL PERSOV
SHMUEL PERSOV (1889-1950)
He was a prose author, born in the town of Pochap, Chernigov (Chernihiv) district, Ukraine. Until age thirteen he studied in yeshiva and went to work at a very early age. He was active in the Bund (1905-1906) after the Revolution of 1905. Around 1907 he emigrated to the United States and worked in a sweatshop. He began writing in America and debuted in print in 1909 with a story in the weekly Fraye arbeter-shtime (Free voice of labor) in New York. In 1910 he returned to Russia and worked at a government post in Ukraine. He came to the realization over the next decade that his true calling was literature, and in the first issue of the journal Kultur un bildung (Culture and education) in 1918, he placed his story "Der shvayger" (The quiet person) which carried the subtitle "A folks-mayse" (A folktale). Aside from articles on economic problems in the Russian press, he published folktales, sketches, and stories in: Der yidisher komunist (The Jewish Communist), Di komunistishe velt (The Communist world), Emes (Truth), and Kharkover tsaytung (Kharkov newspaper), among others; and together with Moyshe Taytsh and Khayim Gildin, he organized the Moscow Yiddish literary group of proletarian writers. He participated at that time in the literary evening begun by the journal Shtrom (Current). In 1922 he published his first booklet of prose work: Sherblekh (Shards). He aimed higher with his second prose book, Takhles (Purpose) of 1927, and then his third book the next year, Kornbroyt (Rye bread). After the poor reception of his 1931 novel Kontraktsye (Counteraction), he sensed the artistic failure of the work and switched over to documentary prose writing, his true métier. In 1935 he published Mentshn fun metro (People of the [Moscow] subway). Just then, Maxim Gorky was launching a project on the history of the factory, and Persov undertook to write for this projected series a volume on a metallurgy factory in the Urals. His book, Di geshikhte fun lisve (The history of Lisve) did not have the good fortune to see the light of day. Mass arrests of "enemies of the people" began, and many of the people involved in his documentary work were purged. His book Yankev moshkovski (Yankev Moshkovski) was dedicated to that heroic aviator and later was qualified as a "nationalistic deviation," because Moshkovski was a Jew. In 1941 his book Yankev smushkevitsh, der doplter held fun ratnfarband (Yankev Smushkevitsh, the twofold hero of the Soviet Union) appeared in print, and that same year the "hero" of the book was executed as an "enemy of the people." Persov was arrested on January 18, 1949. He was tried twice: the first time on February 10, 1950 for spying and anti-Soviet, nationalistic activities and sentenced to twenty-five years in an "improvement colony"; the second time on November 22, 1950, he was sentenced to death. The judgment of the second trial was carried out and he was shot.
His published books include: Sherblekh, stories (Moscow, 1922), 17 pp., (Jerusalem rpt.: Hebrew University, 1983), 27 pp.; Kornbroyt, dertseylungen (Rye bread, stories) (Moscow: Shul un bukh, 1928), 143 pp.; Kontraktatsye, roman (Counteraction, a novel) (Moscow: Shul un bukh, 1931), 267 pp.; Tog un nakht, dertseylungen (Day and night, stories) (Moscow, Emes, 1933), 209 pp.; Mentshn fun metro, portraits (Moscow: Emes, 1935), 82 pp.; Viva stalin! dertseylung (Long live, Stalin!, a story) (Moscow: Emes, 1938), 18 pp.; Alfolkisher yontev (Holiday for all peoples) (Moscow: Emes, 1938), 11 pp.; Oytsres, dertseylungen (Treasures, stories) (Moscow: Emes, 1939), 126 pp.; Yankev moshkovski (Moscow: Emes, 1940), 55 pp.; Yankev smushukevitsh, der doplter held fun ratnfarband (Moscow: Emes, 1941), 99 pp.; Dayn nomen iz folk, fartseykhenungen vegn yidn partizaner (Your name is the people, notes concerning Jewish partisans) (Moscow: Emes, 1944), 122 pp.; Moyshe khokhlov, der held fun sovetnfarband (Moyshe Khokhlov, hero of the Soviet Union) (Moscow: Emes, 1946), 30 pp.; and Izbrannoe (Selected [writings]) (Moscow: Sovetsii pisatel', 1957), 400 pp. His work was also represented in the anthology, A shpigl af a shteyn, antologye, poezye un proze fun tsvelf farshnitene yidishe shraybers in ratn-farband (A mirror on a star, anthology, poetry and prose from twelve murdered Jewish writers in the Soviet Union), including a biography (Tel Aviv: Di goldene keyt, 1964); and he translated: Di letste teg (The last days) (Kharkov, 1932), 176 pp.; and Sedovs marsh (Sedov's march) (Kharkov, 1932), 93 pp., about Georgy Sedov's expedition to Frantz Josef Land in 1929 [original: Boris Gromov, Pochod "Sedova": Ekspeditsiya "Sedova" na zemlyu Frantsa-Iosifa v 1929 godu].
Sources: Zalmen Reyzen, Leksikon, vol. 2; A. Dameshek, in Literarishe bleter (Warsaw) (June 22, 1928); Y. Bronshteyn, in Di royte velt (Kharkov) (October 1928); Bronshteyn, in Atake, almanakh fun roytarmeyishn landshuts-literatur (Attack, almanac of the Red Army's national defense literature) (Moscow-Kharkov-Minsk, 1931); A. Abtshuk, Etyudn un materialn tsu der geshikhte fun der yidisher literatur bavegung in FSRR (Studies and material for the history of the Yiddish literature movement in the Soviet Union) (Kharkov, 1934); V. Vitkin, in Shtern (Minsk) (February 1935); B. Glazman, in Idisher kemfer (New York) (October 4, 1940); N. Mayzil, Dos yidishe shafn un der yidisher arbeter in sovetn-farband (Jewish creation and the Jewish worker in the Soviet Union) (New York, 1959); Chone Shmeruk, comp., Pirsumim yehudiim babrit-hamoatsot, 1917-1961 (Jewish publications in the Soviet Union, 1917-1961) (Jerusalem, 1961), see index; A. Pomerants, Di sovetishe haruge malkhes (The [Jewish writers] murdered by the Soviet government) (Buenos Aires, 1962), pp. 176-81; Stefan Podoinitsin, in Sovetish heymland (Moscow) 6 (1964); D. Krivitski, in Kultur un dertsiung (New York) (March 1966); A shpigl af a shteyn, antologye, poezye un proze fun tsvelf farshnitene yidishe shraybers in ratn-farband (A mirror on a star, anthology, poetry and prose from twelve murdered Jewish writers in the Soviet Union), including a biography (Tel Aviv, 1964), pp. 744-45.
[Additional information from: Berl Kagan, comp., Leksikon fun yidish-shraybers (Biographical dictionary of Yiddish writers) (New York, 1986), col. 434; Chaim Beider, Leksikon fun yidishe shrayber in ratn-farband (Biographical dictionary of Yiddish writers in the Soviet Union), ed. Boris Sandler and Gennady Estraikh (New York: Congress for Jewish Culture, Inc., 2011), pp. 284-86.]
MOYSHE PERNSON
MOYSHE PERNSON (December 24, 1902-January 5, 1969)
He was born in Warsaw. He studied until age thirteen in religious elementary school, later in the craftsmen's school in the Warsaw Jewish community and with private tutors. In 1918 he joined the Bundist youth organization "Tsukunft" (Future) and took part in the performances of one-act plays and also performed poetry recitals and monologues. In 1922 he entered the first Yiddish drama school under the direction of Dr. M. Vaykhert. He published a series of reviews, articles, and essays on theater and actors in: Folkstsaytung (People's newspaper), Yugnt-veker (Youth alarm), and Foroys (Onward). After Hitler's invasion of Poland, he fled to Lithuania. In 1941, after much wandering through Lithuania, Switzerland, Russia, and Japan, he arrived in New York, where he became a drama teacher in the Sholem Aleichem Middle School. He wrote for: Unzer tsayt (Our times) and Veker (Alarm) in New York; and Unzer gedank (Our idea) in Buenos Aires. He was co-editor of the anthology: Yidish teater in eyrope tsvishn beyde velt-milkhomes (Yiddish theater in Europe between the two world wars) (New York: Jewish Culture Congress, 1968), 515 pp. He died in New York.
Source: Zalmen Zilbertsvayg, Leksikon fun yidishn teater (Handbook of the Yiddish theater), vol. 3 (New York, 1959).
Leyb Vaserman
YOYSEF PERLSHTEYN (JOSEPH PEARLSTINE)
YOYSEF PERLSHTEYN (JOSEPH PEARLSTINE) (b. August 16, 1913)
He was born in Dombrovits (Dubrovitsa), Volhynia. He graduated from the Vilna teachers' seminary of Dr. Sh. Y. Tsharno. From 1933 he studied law for several years at Vilna University, and he later studied further in Israel. At age sixteen he published a story in the Rovno weekly Voliner shtime (Voice of Volhynia). He went on also to write poetry. In 1941 he escaped from Nazi occupation to Russia. In 1948 he came to Israel. In addition to Voliner shtime, he wrote for: Voliner nayes (News of Volhynia) in Rovno; Dos vort (The word) in Munich; Unzer vort (Our word) in Paris; Undzer tsil (Our goal) and Oyfgang (Arise) in Austria; Dos vort and Undzer haynt (Our today) in Israel; and Loshn un lebn (Language and life) in London; among others. From 1953 to 1968 he was a member of the editorial board of Letste nayes (Latest news) in Tel Aviv. He was the author of: Nisht oysdertseyln (Not to be revealed), poetry (Jerusalem: Fraynd fun Yidish, 1941), 122 pp.; Matilda-rokhl (dos s. s.-meydl), roman fun nokhn tsveytn velt-krig (Matilda-Rachel, the S. S. girl, a novel from after WWII) (Tel Aviv: Fraynd fun Yidish, 1958-1972), 15 volumes; Haposhaat, roman (The criminal, a novel) (Tel Aviv, 1969), 325 pp. He was last living in the state of Israel.
Sources: Sefer hashana shel haitonaim (Yearbook for journalists) (Tel Aviv, 1958/1959), p. 255; Tsukunft (New York) (December 1951); S. Palme, in Loshn un lebn (London) (September 1951); Meylekh Ravitsh, Mayn leksikon (My lexicon), vol. 3 (Montreal, 1958), p. 483.
[Additional information from: Berl Kagan, comp., Leksikon fun yidish-shraybers (Biographical dictionary of Yiddish writers) (New York, 1986), col. 434.]
SHIYE (JOSHUA) PERLE
SHIYE (JOSHUA) PERLE (1888-early November 1943)
He was born in Radom, Poland, into a family of a village hay merchant. Until age twelve, he studied in religious elementary school and later graduated from a four-level Polish high school. He was employed in a manufacturing company, later coming to work with a locksmith. In 1905 because of a romantic story, he departed for Warsaw and became an employee in a bank and a bookkeeper. He remained in Warsaw until WWII. His literary activities began under the influence of Noyekh Prylucki. Until 1907 he composed poetry in Russian—among other items, an elegy to the death of Dr. Herzl—and translated from Russian and Polish into Yiddish, and thereafter he switched entirely into Yiddish. He debuted in print with a story "Shabes" (Sabbath) in the anthology Der nayer gayst (The new spirit) in Warsaw (1908). He wrote stories, sketches, novels, literary essays and criticism, articles, and polemical works for virtually all of the literary periodicals and publications in Poland. Among other venues, he contributed work to: Yugnt-velt (Youth world), Blumen (Flowers), Unzer lebn (Our life), Ringen (Links), Literarishe bleter (Literary leaves), Varshever shriftn (Warsaw writings), Varshever almanakh (Warsaw almanac), Foroys (Onward), the anthology Naye himlen (New heavens), Dos vort (The word), Kunst un lebn (Art and life), Vokhnshrift far literatur (Weekly writing for literature), and Yugnt-veker (Youth alarm) in Warsaw. For many years he placed work in Moment (Moment), in which, among other items, he published anonymously, under three asterisks, newspaper novels serially. From 1937, when he joined the Bund, he became a regular contributor to Folkstsaytung (People's newspaper) in Warsaw, in which, aside from novellas and novels, he published articles and polemics (under the pen names: Y. Per and Yot-pe). In the first period of his writing, he belonged to the Asch-Weissenberg school in Yiddish literature, with an inclination toward sentimental romanticism, and in more recent years he has been stressed as the creator of an innovative style of storytelling. He artistically gave expression to the Jewish man and especially the Jewish woman, beyond their Jewish relationships and their living conditions. In the shadow plays of love and sentiment, he emphasized the erotic element, both among the well-to-do bourgeoisie as well as in common proletarian environs. He was also the first to give expression in Yiddish prose to the character types from big cities and especially the figures of office workers and clerks. From the immense number of Perle's works which were not produced as books, we should note: "Hintergasn" (Back streets), the third part of his autobiographical epic—with Yidn fun a gants yor (Everyday Jews) and Di gildene pave (The golden peacock)—published in Folkstsaytung in Warsaw (1937-1938); Naye mentshn, roman (New people, a novel), published in the press and reworked into a three-act play entitled Mentshn (People) which was staged by Ida Kaminski in the Nowości Theatre in Warsaw (1936). In book form: Mirl (Mirl), a novel of a Jewish salon girl in Poland (Warsaw, 1921), 136 pp., second edition (1926), translated into Hebrew by M. Mindelman under the title Bat ḥava (Daughter of Eve) (Warsaw: Tsentral); Unter der zun (Under the sun), a novella from the big city (Warsaw, 1920), 208 pp.; In der land fun der vaysl (In the country of the Vistula [River]), poetry in prose from Polish Jewish life (Warsaw, 1921), 112 pp.; Zind (Sin), a novella (Warsaw, 1923), 201 pp.; Nayn a zeyger inderfri, noveln (Nine o'clock in the morning, novellas) (Vilna, 1930), 285 pp.—the longest story therein, "An orntlekhe froy" (An honest woman), for which he received a prize from Tog in New York in 1927, was reprinted in installment in Folksshtime (People's voice) in Warsaw (1960)—Yidn fun a gants yor, an epic of Jewish life in Poland (Warsaw, 1935), 460 pp., second edition (1937), which was awarded a prize from the Bund and from the Yiddish Pen Club in Poland (a new edition of the book appeared with a preface by Leo Finkelshteyn in Buenos Aires in 1951); Di gildene pave, a novel in two parts (Warsaw, 1937-1939), 510 pp. From Polish he translated: Janusz Korczak's Moyshelekh, yoselekh, yisroeliklekh (Moyshes, Yosls, and Yisroels [original: Mośki, Joski i Srule] (Warsaw, 1922), 197 pp., new edition (Buenos Aires, 1950); Wacław Sieroszewski's play Man un vayb (Man and wife) (Warsaw, 1922); and from German, Oleg Svendsen's Barnholmer legendes (Legends from Barnholm) (Warsaw, 1923). In September 1939, as the Nazis were approaching Warsaw, he fled to Soviet-occupied Lemberg, and until 1941 he chaired the writers' association there. He made his way to Kiev and published portions of his work "Shosey" (Highway) about Jewish refugee life. When the Germans subsequently seized Lemberg, he returned illegally to Warsaw, and until 1942 he worked in a shop in the ghetto and was active writing. Later, with the Kirschenbaum exchange group, he was placed in a special camp within Bergen-Belsen, where he ran a literary conversation group, striving to raise their fallen courage. On October 21, 1943 he was dispatched to Birkenau, next to Auschwitz, and several days later murdered.
Portions of his writings in the Warsaw Ghetto, the novel Undzer orem broyt (Our poor bread), the chronicle of the destruction of Warsaw, and a feature piece about shop life were discovered in the unearthed materials from the Ringelblum archive. The latter two were published in Bleter fun geshikhte (Pages from history) in Warsaw 3 (1951) and in the collection Tsvishn lebn un toyt (Between life and death) (Warsaw, 1955).
As Shloyme Bikl wrote, "Perle does not veil his people. Perle's manner of storytelling is rather an overt naturalistic, a naked one. Perle's naturalism is modest. Modest not by virtue of his intentions, but by virtue of his objectlessness. The spiritual and physical baring of the characters in Perle's Yidn fun gants a yor acts like the pious nakedness of Adam, like children on a warm summer's day. This nakedness not only does not hinder but it wins one's heart with its lyricism and its charm…. However, one thing that Perle's language possesses is its genuine extraordinariness. It is abundantly playful and full of authentic dialogue. Such dialogue…is truly a great artistic achievement."
"One of the Yiddish writers," noted Y. Y. Trunk, "who began to arouse interest in the Jewish person outside of his relationships and living conditions was Joshua Perle…. Perle novellas were the shadow plays of love and sentiment in circles of middle-class Jewish youth in Poland…. Even in the plays of love and eros, Perle remains in the domain of popular Jewish sentimentality…. Perle's greatest success is his book Yidn fun a gants yor…. It is the epic of the shtetl, the epic of a disappearing generation that remained entirely in the darkness of the past, the ranks of the last Mohicans remaining in the mild, fair illumination of the present."
Sources: Zalmen Reyzen, Leksikon, vol. 2, with a bibliography; Y. Y. Zinger, in Literarishe bleter (Warsaw) (February 4, 1927); Perets Markish, in Shtern (Minsk) (1927); M. Natish, in Literarishe bleter (June 8, 1930); Meylekh Ravitsh, in Vokhnshrift far literatur (Warsaw) (January 7, 1932); Ravitsh, Mayn leksikon (My lexicon), vol. 1 (Montreal, 1945), pp. 168-70; Rokhl Oyerbakh, in Literarishe bleter 6 (December 13, 1935); Oyerbakh, in Eynikeyt (New York) (June 1946); Oyerbakh, in Kidesh hashem (Sanctification of the name) (New York, 1946), p. 109; A. L. Tats, in Zibn teg (Vilna) (January 10, 1936); Y. Bashevis, in Literarishe bleter (May 29, 1936); Shmuel Niger, in Tsukunft (New York) (July 1936); Leo Finkelshteyn, in Zamlbikher (New York) 7 (1948), pp. 370-81; Finkelshteyn, Loshn yidish un yidisher kiem (The Yiddish language and Jewish survival) (Mexico City, 1954), pp. 277-90; E. Almi, in Poylisher yid, yearbook (1944); Almi, in Fraye arbeter-shtime (New York) (December 19, 1952; October 15, 1960); Yonas Turkov, Azoy iz es geven (That's how it was) (Buenos Aires, 1948), see index; Ester Boyman, in Dos naye lebn (Warsaw) (February 16, 1948); Y. Y. Trunk, ed., Di yidishe proze in poyln tsvishn beyde velt-milkhomes (Yiddish prose in Poland between the two world wars) (New York, 1949), pp. 77-86; Shloyme Bikl, in Tsukunft (February 1952); B. Mark, Umgekumene shrayber fun di getos un lagern (Murdered writers from the ghettos and camps) (Warsaw, 1954), pp. 58-63, 109, 139ff; Sh. Slutski, Avrom reyzen-biblyografye (Avrom Reyzen's bibliography) (New York, 1956), no. 4846; B. Shefner, Novolipye 7, zikhroynes un eseyen (Nowolipie 7, memoirs and essays) (Buenos Aires, 1955), p. 77; Y. Sh. Herts, Doyres bundistn (Generations of Bundists), vol. 2 (New York, 1956), pp. 256-57; P. Shvarts, in Fun noentn over (New York) 2 (1956), p. 428; Yankev Pat, in Tsukunft (July-August 1957); Dr. E. Ringelblum, in Folksshtime (Warsaw) (April 10, 1959); Avrom Zak, In onheyb fun a friling, kapitlekh zikhroynes (At the start of spring, chapters of memoirs) (Buenos Aires: Farband fun poylishe yidn, 1962), see index; Biblyografye fun yidishe bikher vegn khurbn un gvure (Bibliography of Yiddish books concerning the Holocaust and heroism) (New York, 1962), see index.
SHMUEL PERLMUTER
SHMUEL PERLMUTER (April 25, 1904-September 10, 1982)
He was born Aleksander, Poland. He studied in religious elementary school and yeshiva. From 1934 he was living in the land of Israel. He was active among the left Labor Zionists. From time to time he published poetry in Yidishe tsaytung (Jewish newspaper) and Letste nayes (Latest news) in Tel Aviv. In book form: Af heymisher erd, lider (On familiar land, poetry) (Tel Aviv: Perets Publ., 1979), 131 pp. In his bequest was a historical work about the Perlmuter family. He died in Bat-Yam.
Berl Kagan, comp., Leksikon fun yidish-shraybers (Biographical dictionary of Yiddish writers) (New York, 1986), col. 433.
Ruvn Goldberg
SHOLEM PERLMUTER
SHOLEM PERLMUTER (March 21, 1884-October 1, 1954)
He was born in Podvolotshisk (Pidvolochys'k), eastern Galicia. He studied in religious elementary school, in the Husiatyn synagogue, and with private tutors. In 1900 he was active in the organization "Ivri" (Jewish) and later "Aḥava" (Brotherhood). At that time he debuted on the stage in Moyshe Rikhter's Hertsele miyukhes (Hertsele of good family stock), Goldfaden's production of Rabi yozelman (Rabbi Yozelman), and other plays. He later traveled around with various Yiddish wandering troupes in the provinces of Austria, Bukovina, and Galicia. In 1906 he came to the United States. From 1907 to 1931, he was a prompter for a number of Yiddish theaters in New York and also for Maurice Schwartz's Yiddish Art Theater. In Galicia he debuted in print with sketches in Lemberger togblat (Lemberg daily newspaper) and Tshernovitser vokhnblat (Czernowitz weekly newspaper). He wrote articles, memoirs, and biographies of actors, composers and playwrights. He published in: Der amerikaner (The American), Tog (Day), Almanakh (Almanac), and Tsen yor artef (Ten years of the Artef [Communist-inspired Yiddish theater]) in New York; Idishe velt (Jewish world) in Philadelphia; Arkhiv far der geshikhte fun yidishn teater un drame (Archive for the history of Yiddish theater and drama), edited by Y. Shatski, in Vilna (1930). In addition to sketches, one-act plays, and historical operas, he also wrote numerous plays—among them: Abi gezunt (As long as you're healthy), Basheve (Bathsheba), and Mendl beylis (Mendel Beilis)—which were performed in various theaters in New York and in other cities. He was the founder and secretary of the Jewish Playwrights' League and the founder of the Association of Jewish Composers, Songwriters, and Publishers. He was also a member of the executive of the Yiddish Theater Museum Society and a committee member of the Leksikon fun yidishn teater (Handbook of the Yiddish theater). His rich theater archive is housed at YIVO under the name "Sholem Perlman Archive." He was the author of Idishe dramaturgn un teater kompozitors (Yiddish playwrights and composers) (New York, 1952), 400 pp. He died in New York.
Sources: Zalmen Zilbertsvayg, Leksikon fun yidishn teater (Handbook of the Yiddish theater), vol. 3 (New York, 1959); Y. Mestel, 70 yor teater-repertuar (Seventy years of theater repertoire) (New York, 1954), see index; "Khronik" (Chronicle), in Yidishe kultur (New York) (November 1954); Kh. Gotesfeld, in Forverts (New York) (February 10, 1959); Kh. Erenraykh, in Forverts (April 12, 1961).
MOYSHE PERLMUTER (PERELMUTER)
MOYSHE PERLMUTER (PERELMUTER) (b. 1884)
He was born in Radom, Poland, the son of the first Jewish Sejm deputy, Rabbi Avraham Tsvi Perlmuter. He studied in yeshivas and received ordination into the rabbinate, but he had no desire to become a rabbi. Thus, in 1903 he left Poland and wandered through England, France, and Germany, later settling in Belgium. He was a diamond cutter, a ritual slaughterer, and leader in Agudat Yisrael. He published articles and correspondence pieces from Belgium for Der yud (The Jew) and Idishes togblat (Jewish daily newspaper) in Warsaw, and he contributed to Di idishe prese (The Jewish press) in Antwerp, among other serials. He authored the monograph: Harav reb avrom-tsvi perlmuter, zayn lebn un shafn (Rabbi Avraham-Tsvi Perlmuter, his life and work) (Antwerp, 1933), 142 pp., with a preface containing biographical details. From the time of the Nazi invasion and occupation of Belgium, there has been no further information about him.
MORTKHE PERLMUTER
MORTKHE PERLMUTER (January 25, 1888-January 22, 1962)
He was born in Ludmir (Volodymyr Volyns'kyi), Volhynia, into an affluent family. He attended religious elementary school and graduated from a municipal school. He took part in the revolutionary movement in Warsaw, 1903-1904, and he was a frequent visitor at the home of Y. L. Perets and a copier for him (they were distant relatives). In 1906 he immigrated to the United States and worked in sweatshops in New York. In 1907 he began writing in Russian. In 1908 he debuted in print with a series "Lider fun gloybn" (Poems from beliefs) in Fraye arbeter-shtime (Free voice of labor). He later published poems, essays, and critical treatments in: Arbeter fraynd (Workers' friend), Fraye gezelshaft (Free society), Bodn (Ground), Gerekhtikeyt (Justice), Fraye arbeter-shtime, Feder (Pen), Pyoner (Pioneer), and Nyu-yorker vokhnblat (New York weekly newspaper). He also contributed humorous works to: Kibetser (The joker), Der idisher gazlen (The Jewish bandit), and Forverts (Forward) in New York. In addition, he translated one-act plays. In book form: Lider fun gloybn (New York, 1922), 96 pp. Among his pen names: Matveyke, Motele, and Faran Kavey. In 1959 he was a member of the editorial collective of Fraye arbeter-shtime. He died in New York.
Sources: Zalmen Reyzen, Leksikon, vol. 2; Zalmen Zilbertsvayg, Leksikon fun yidishn teater (Handbook of the Yiddish theater), vol. 3 (New York, 1959); Sh. Slutski, Avrom reyzen-biblyografye (Avrom Reyzen's bibliography) (New York, 1956), no. 4639; A. Glants, in Tog-morgn-zhurnal (New York) (January 31, 1962); A. Nisenzon, in Fraye arbeter-shtime (New York) (May 1, 1962); Arbeter-ring boyer un tuer (Builders and leaders of the Workmen's Circle), ed. Y. Yeshurin and Y. Sh. Herts (New York, 1962), p. 302.
HERSHL PERLMUTER
HERSHL PERLMUTER (b. March 6, 1909)
He was born in Stertsev (Stercew), Poland. In his youth he moved to Sosnowiec. He survived the ghetto and Auschwitz. After WWII he was in Holocaust survivor camps in Germany. From there he left for Paris. In book form, he published: Mayn stertsev (My Stercew) (Tel Aviv: Hamenorah, 1967), 181 pp.; An aktyor in oyshvits (An actor in Auschwitz) (Tel Aviv: Hamenorah, 1971), 227 pp.; Bine-maskes bay katsetler, yidish teater nokhn khurbn (Stage masks for concentration camp survivors, Yiddish theater after the Holocaust) (Tel Aviv: Hamenorah, 1974), 227 pp.
FROYM-FISHL PERLMUTER
FROYM-FISHL PERLMUTER (May 15, 1894-June 14, 1965)
He was born in Rovno, Volhynia. In his youth he moved to Lodz. He studied in religious elementary school and later became a tailor. Until 1907 he was active in the Lodz Jewish labor movement. He then immigrated to the United States, lived in New York until 1912, and later departed for London; in 1922 he came to Montreal, Canada, and then back to the United States. From 1943 he lived in Pasadena, Santa Barbara, and Los Angeles. He debuted in print with poetry in Lodzer nakhrikhtn (Lodz reports) in 1907, and went on to publish poems, stories, sketches, impressions, and short features in: Lodzer tageblat (Lodz daily newspaper), Nayer folksblat (New people's newspaper), Lodzer folksblat (Lodz people's newspaper), Romantsaytung (Fiction newspaper), and Der shtrahl (The beam [of light]) in Warsaw; Arbeter fraynd (Friend of labor), Dr. Zalkind's Idishe velt (Jewish world), the monthly Yugend-shtrahlen (Youth beams), and Di tsayt (The times), among others, in London; Vilner tog (Vilna day), Kopenhagener vokhenblat (Copenhagen weekly newspaper), Keneder odler (Canadian eagle), Nyuansn (Nuances), and Der idisher zhurnal (The Jewish journal), among others; Fraye arbeter-shtime (Free voice of labor), Di feder (The pen), and Nyu yorker vokhnblat (New York weekly newspaper) in New York. In the summer of 1964 he visited the state of Israel and wrote poems for Letste nayes (Latest news), Folksblat (People newspaper), Yisroel-shtime (Voice of Israel), and Problemen (Problems) in Tel Aviv. He suddenly fell ill and had to leave Israel. He was later hospitalized for a time before dying in Santa Barbara, California.
Source: Information from Y. A. Rontsh in Los Angeles.
AVROM PERLMUTER
AVROM PERLMUTER (1872-1934)
He was born in Lodz, Poland. He studied in religious elementary school, yeshiva, and a German high school. Until 1906 he was a contributor to the German-language Neue Lodzer Zeitung (New Lodz newspaper), and he was later among the first contributors to the Yiddish press. He placed work in: Lodzer nakhrikhtn (Lodz reports) (1907) and Lodzer tageblat (Lodz daily newspaper) (1907-1926). In addition to poetry, stories, sketches, and newspaper articles, he also published daily features under the pen name Avreml. He wrote work for: Y. L. Perets's Yontef bleter (Holiday sheets) in 1895, Romantsaytung (Fiction newspaper), Der shtrahl (The beam [of light]), and Teater velt (Theater world), among others, in Warsaw. In book form: Mishpet fun kapitan dreyfus (The trial of Captain Dreyfus), four poems (Warsaw, 1898), 24 pp. He was the first author and publisher of humorous journals and holiday sheets in Lodz, among others: Dos lodzer vitsenblat (The Lodz newspaper of jokes) (1903); Gutvokh (Good evening) and Kukeriku (Cock-a-doodle-doo) (1904); Der lodzer katsef-yung (The young Lodz butcher) (1905); Di baytsh (The lash) and Peysekh-blat (Passover news) (1909); Yontef gelekhter (Holiday laughter) and Fayerlekh (Little fires) (1910). In 1924 he settled in Germany and became a major dealer in fur coats. He died in Berlin.
Sources: Zalmen Reyzen, Leksikon, vol. 2; A. Kirzhnits, Yidishe prese in der gevezener rusisher imperye, 1823-1916 (The Yiddish press in the former Russian empire, 1823-1916) (Moscow, 1930), see index; Khayim Leyb Fuks, in Fun noentn over (New York) 3 (1957), see index.
EMANUEL(-DOVID) PERLMAN
EMANUEL(-DOVID) PERLMAN (July 14, 1879-June 15, 1953)
He was born in Warsaw, Poland. He received a religious education. In 1904 he came to the United States. He studied at Brooklyn College and later became a dental technician. He was active in the Jewish labor movement and a member of the Workmen's Circle. For a certain time he worked as a reporter for Forverts (Forward) in New York. He died in New York.
N. PERLMAN (PERELMAN)
N. PERLMAN (PERELMAN) (b.ca. 1897)
He came from Russia, studied in religious elementary school, received a higher education, and was knowledgeable of foreign languages. He came to the United States around 1910-1912. There he served for several years as secretary for Sholem Asch. He debuted in print in the 1920s, writing articles and fictional works. For a lengthy period of time, he was a contributor to Forverts (Forward), in which he published stories—both original works and translations. Later, for a short time, he was connected to Morgn-frayhayt (Morning freedom) in New York. He was mainly known as a translator of fiction and scholarly writings. His published translations in book form include: Jack London, Far odemen (Before Adam) (New York: Naye Tsayt, 1920), 194 pp.; Pyotr Kropotkin, Di parizer komune, di natsyonale frage (The Paris Commune, the nationality question) (New York: Kropotkin Literary Society, 1923), 63 pp.; Baruch Spinoza, Der teologish-politisher traktat (Theological-political tractatus [original: Tractatus Theologico-Politicus]) (New York, 1923), 375 pp., with Dr. Farnberg; Anatole France, Der oyfshtand fun di malokhim (The revolt of the angels [original: Revolte des anges]) (New York, 1920s), 303 pp.; Arthur Schopenhauer, Di khokhme fun lebn un andere eseyen (Knowledge of life and other essays [original: Aphorismen zur Lebensweisheit (Aphorisms on the wisdom of life)]) (New York, 1920s), 302 pp.; Romain Rolland, Muter un zun (Mother and son [original: Mère et fils]) (New York, 1920), 400 pp.; Thomas Paine, Di tsayt fun farshtand, di epokhe fun ratsyonalizm, a shtudye vegen dem emes un ligen fun religye (Time for understanding, the age of reason, a study of the truth and falsities of religion [original: The Age of Reason]) (New York, 1920s), 230 pp. He was last living in Israel.
Sources: Dr. A. Ginzburg, in Tsukunft (New York) (February 1924); Y. Rabinovitsh, in Yoyvl-bukh keneder odler (Jubilee volume for Keneder odler) (Montreal, 1932); Shmuel Niger, in Tsukunft (August 1933).
Posted by Joshua Fogel at 11:32 2 comments:
YUDE-LEYB PERLMAN
YUDE-LEYB PERLMAN (b. September 17, 1936)
He was born in the village of Timkovits (Tsimkavichy), near Minsk, Byelorussia. He studied in yeshivas. Until 1890 he was a Talmud teacher in Slutsk, Kalvarye (Kalvarija), and Vilna. He authored ethical religious texts in Yiddish (signed "Yehude Leyb mi-Vilna), and he translated into a popular Yiddish: "Seliḥot" (Penitential prayers), "Kinot" (Dirges), "Hoshanot" (Hosannas), and other prayers (Vilna, 1889). His Yiddish prayer book, Minkhes yude (Yehuda's prayers), with his own commentaries in Yiddish (published in many editions, the first in Vilna in 1892), includes a preface by Rabbi Reynes of Lida.
Sources: Ben-Tsien Ayzenshtadt, Dor rabanav vesofrav (A generations of rabbis and authors), vol. 2 (Vilna, 1900), pp. 40-41; archival materials.
YANKL PERLMAN
YANKL PERLMAN (ca. 1900-1981)
He was born in Warsaw, Poland. By trade he worked as a baker. He was active in the revolutionary workers' movement. Because of political persecution, he fled in 1930 from Poland and settled in Paris. In book form: Dos yingl fun krokhmalnye, a khronik fun a lebn (The lad from Krochmalne [Street], a chronicle of a life), vol. 1 (Paris: Oyfsnay, 1968), 275 pp., vol. 2 (Tel Aviv: Hamenorah, 1971), 207 pp. He died in Paris.
ZEV-VOLF PERLMAN
ZEV-VOLF PERLMAN (b. July 12, 1871)
He was born in Tukum (Tukums), Courland, Latvia. He attended religious elementary school, a Mitau (Jelgava) high school, University of Berlin, and the Berlin-based school of "Wissenschaft des Judentums" (Science of Judaism). In 1896 he graduated with a medical degree. Together with Chaim Weitzman and Nachman Sirkin, he belonged to a student group in Berlin. At that time he was a correspondent for Algemeine Zeitung des Judentums (General newspaper of Judaism) and for Ost und west (East and West). He published in German in them stories with translations from Sh. Frug's poetry. During WWI he served as a military doctor in the Russian rehabilitation center in Samara Province. He published articles and poetry in Yiddish newspapers and contributed to Folks gezund (People's health), in which he placed a series of essays entitled "Obergloybn in meditsin" (Superstition in medicine), "Iber taneysim" (On fasts), and the like. In book form: Heylkraft fun medikamentn, a historish meditsinishe ophandlung (The healing power of medicine, a historical medical treatment) (Vilna: Tomor, 1933), 44 pp. He also penned a play Miriam (Mariamne the Hasmonean) and Konnina (images of Jewish life), and he also left in manuscript a translation into Yiddish of Goethe's Faust. He died in Vilna on the eve of WWII.
Sources: Information from D. Abramovitsh in New York; A. Y. Goldshmid, in Vilne (Vilna), anthology (New York, 1935), pp. 398-411; A. Mukdoni, in Morgn-zhurnal (New York) (April 3, 1935).
OSHER PERLMAN
OSHER PERLMAN (b. 1895)
He was a journalist, born in Warsaw, Poland. Until the 1920s he was a member of the central leadership of the Folks-partey (People's party). He was later active in the Communist movement, principally in Gezerd (All-Union Association for the Agricultural Settlement of Jewish Workers in the USSR) in Poland, and a fervent proponent of the Soviet Union. For nearly fifteen years, he was among the main contributors to Moment (Moment) in Warsaw (1920-1934), and he was a member of the editorial board of Dos folk (The people) in Warsaw. In 1934 he organized and directed an illegal trip to Birobidzhan. From this trip he produced that same year: Birobidzhan, shilderung fun a rayze (Birobidzhan, description of a voyage) (Warsaw, 1934), 256 pp.—it also appeared in a separate edition in 1934 in Buenos Aires with a forward by the author (143 pp.). In it he described his impressions, full of inspiration drawn from what he saw and heard there. Because of a court sentence, he departed from Poland illegally for Russia in late 1935. There he was, over the years 1935-1937, an internal contributor to Emes (Truth) in Moscow, and he wrote for Birobidzhaner shtern (Birobidzhan star) and Oktyabr (October) in Minsk, among other serials. During the show trials of 1937, he was arrested and sent for many years to a Soviet camp in the distant North. He miraculously survived, and was freed in 1955, ailing and broken, as one deceived by Soviet realities. He became a devout, religious Jew. He contributed as well to: Der nayer gedank (The new idea) in Vilna; Iberboy (Reconstruction) in Warsaw (1933-1935); Velt iberblik (World survey) in Warsaw (1935); and a number of illegal Communist publications in Warsaw, Lodz, and Lemberg.
Sources: Biblyografishe yorbikher fun yivo (Bibliographic yearbooks from YIVO) (Warsaw, 1928), see index; Yidisher gezelshaftlekher leksikon (Jewish community handbook) (Warsaw, 1939), p. 265; Z. Segalovitsh, Tlomatske 13, fun farbrente nekhtn (13 Tłomackie St., of zealous nights) (Buenos Aires: Central Association of Polish Jews in Argentina, 1946), p. 107; Khayim Shoshkes, in Tog-morgn-zhurnal (New York) (July 7, 1956); August 31, 1958).
[Additional information from: Chaim Beider, Leksikon fun yidishe shrayber in ratn-farband (Biographical dictionary of Yiddish writers in the Soviet Union), ed. Boris Sandler and Gennady Estraikh (New York: Congress for Jewish Culture, Inc., 2011), p. 284.]
NOSN PERLBERG
NOSN PERLBERG (1884-August 17, 1937)
He was born in Zhirardov (Żyrardów), Poland, to a father who worked as a ritual slaughterer. Orphaned in childhood on his mother's side, he moved with his father to Khodetsh (Chodecz), near Vlotslavek (Włocławek), and he studied with the local rabbi there. In 1905 he immigrated to the United States, and there he began to work actively in the establishment of the Labor Zionist movement. He published with several other young leaders a weekly newspaper. Two years later, he returned to Warsaw. When WWI erupted, he traveled to Włocławek. He was very active in the Yiddish press there. In 1924 he founded Vlotslavker lebn (Włocławek life) and served as its editor (together with H. Kino); he also published articles in Vlotslavker rayon-tsaytung (Włocławek district newspaper), edited by Y. B. Tsipur, and was founder and editor of Vlotslavker shtime (Voice of Włocławek), from 1930 until the end of 1935, a courageous tribune of the local Zionist movement. In January 1936 he made aliya to the land of Israel and until his death was socially active and involved with the "Association of Immigrants from Włocławek and Environs."
Sources: Vlotslavker shtime (Włocławek) (January 23, 1936), articles by Dr. L. Fuks, Dr. Y. M. Biderman, Dovid Ersler, Tsvi Levi, and F, Koyfman; Vlotslavker shtime (August 27, 1937), articles by Dr. Biderman, Dr. Fuks, Yitskhok Goldman, V. Zilber, and G. Ruth; Dr. Biderman, in Seyfer vlotslavek (Volume for Włocławek) (1967), pp. 411-60.
Y. M. Biderman
SHLOYME PERL (ALMAZOV)
SHLOYME PERL (ALMAZOV) (March 24, 1889-April 20, 1979)
He was born in Rovno, Volhynia. He contributed to the Russian newspaper Yugo-zapadnaia volin (Southwestern Volhynia). In 1913 he made his way to Canada. In 1921 he graduated from university in Manitoba, Canada. He was a teacher of English and for a long time also worked in Jewish radical schools in Canada. For some time he edited the monthly Hilf (Aid), and he was a correspondent for Forverts (Forward). He later placed work in Frayhayt (Freedom) and Morgn-frayhayt (Morning freedom) in New York. He served as secretary of YIKO (Jewish Cultural Organization) and editor of the YIKO journal Naylebn (new life) over the years 1931-1939. In additional to journalistic work, he also published stories, sketches, impressions, and poetry. He wrote under a variety of pen names. Using the name Sh. Almazov, he published in book form: Iber amerike, kontrastn, bagegenishn, mein strit, natur vunder (Across America, contrasts, encounters, main street, natural wonders) (New York: Morgn-frayhayt, 1930), 320 pp.; Vi der sovetn-farband leyzt di problem fun zayne natsyonale minderheytn (How the Soviet Union is solving the problem of its national minorities) (New York, 1932), 15 pp.; Sotsyale farzikherung in amerike, in di andere kapitalistishe lender un in sovetn-farband (Social security in America, in the other capitalist countries, and in the Soviet Union) (New York: International Labor Order, 1932), 96 pp.; Tsen yor birobidzshan, 1928-1938, dokumentn, opshatsung, faktn, tsifern un a landkarte fun der idisher oytonomer gegnt (Ten years of Birobidzhan, 1928-1938, documents, evaluation, facts, figures, and a map of the Jewish Autonomous Region) (New York, 1938), 32 pp.; Der Sovetish-daytsher opmakh, vos meynt er? (The Soviet-German pact: What does it mean?) (New York, 1939), 16 pp.; Der sovetn-farband un der veltkrizis (The Soviet Union and the world crisis) (New York: Ikor, 1939), 15 pp.; Di untererdishe milkhome in eyrope (The underground war in Europe) (New York, 1943), 320 pp.; Mit dem vort zum folk, derfarungen fun a lector (With a word for the people, the experiences of a lecturer) (New York, 1947), 336 pp. He translated: William Z. Foster, Der bankrot fun der amerikaner arbeter bavegung (The bankruptcy of the American labor movement [original: The Bankruptcy of the American Labor Movement]) (New York, 1924), 108 pp.; and Hewlett Johnson, Sovetnland, a zekstl fun der erd (Soviet terrain, a sixth of the Earth [original: The Socialist Sixth of the World]), preface by N. Buchwald (New York, 1941), 394 pp. He died in Petaluma, California.
Sources: Zalmen Reyzen, Leksikon, vol. 2; R. Kahir, in Morgn-frayhayt (New York) (May 2, 1932); R. Yuklson, in Morgn-frayhayt (July 4, 1932); P. Novik, in Morgn-frayhayt (December 16, 1934).
MAKS PERLOV
YITSKHOK PERLOV (ITZJOK PERLOW)
SHAPSE PERL (S. PEREL)
SALOMEA PERL
MENAKHEM PERL
YOYSEF (YOSEF, JOSEPH) PERL
YOYEL PERL (JOEL PEREL)
KHAYIM-YISROEL PERL
LEYZER-LIPMAN PERL
A. PERTSHIK
SHLOYME PERGAMENTER
MOYSHE PEKER
MEYER PEKER
YUDL PEKER
AVROM PEKLER
SHMUEL PESKIN
YANKEV (JACOB) PESKIN
YANKEV (JACOB) PENKIN
MOYSHE PENS
YANKEV PENTEL
OSHER PEN (OSCAR USHER PINIS, ASCHER PENNEYS)
SH. PELITSH (PELICH)
SHIYE PELOVITS (JOSHUA PELOWITZ)
AHARON HALEVI PETSHENIK (AARON PECHENICK)
BER-LEYB PETSHENI
YOYSEF (HERSH) PETRIKOVSKI
MOYSHE PETRUSHKA
YANKEV PETERZEYL
MEYER PETER
KHAYIM PET (CHAIM PETT)
KHAYE PEDLER
YANKEV (IACOB, JACOB) PSANTER
YITSKHOK-MORTKHE PEYSEKHZON
PEYSEKH ELI BADKHN
SHMUEL PLISKIN
DOVID PLISKIN
YANKEV PLIKH
YITSKHOK PLIVATSKI
ITSHE-MEYER PLIAT
MORTKHE PLUNGIAN (PLUNGYANSKI)
LYUBA PLUDERMAKHER
GERSHON PLUDERMAKHER
PINCHAS PELI
PINYE PLOTKIN
KHAYIM (CHAIM) PLOTNIK
AYZIK PLATNER
BER PLAVNIK
KHANE PISHTSHATSHER-MAN
YITSKHOK PIROZHNIKOV
SHLOYME PIKER
BORIS PIK
SHMUEL ZAYNVL PIPE
OYZER PIPE
PEYSEKH PYEKARZH
MENDL PYEKAZH
GERSHON PYESTUN
SIMKHE-BUNIM PYETRUSHKA (SYMCHA BUNIM PETRUSHKA)
OSHER PYETRUSHKA
MEYER PISIUK
YANKEV PISTINER
AVROM RUVN PINKUSEVITSH
LOUIS PINKUSOF
MEYER (MEIR) PINES
DAN PINES
LEYZER (ELIEZER) PINES
SHMUEL-YESHAYAHU PINELES
SHAME PINSKI
HERSHL PINSKI
DOVID (DAVID) PINSKI
A. N. PINSKI
KOPL SH. (KOPPEL) PINSON
MOYSHE (MIKHAIL) PINTSHEVSKI
MEYLEKH PINTSHEVSKI (PINCZEWSKI)
MIMI PINZON (PINZÓN)
LEYZER-YIRMIYAHU PINUS
M. PIMSENSHTEYN
YANKEV PILOVSKI
ARYE-LEYB PILOVSKI


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text:
Grace Chisholm Young
Born: 15 March 1868 in Haslemere (near London), England
Died: 29 March 1944 in Croydon, Surrey, England
Grace Chisholm's parents were Anna Louisa Bell and Henry Williams Chisholm. Grace was the youngest of her parents' four children with her mother being 44 and her father 59 years old when she was born. Henry Chisholm had an important position in the government of the country being chief clerk to the exchequer. Grace had an older brother Hugh Chisholm, born two years earlier, who was also highly talented and went on to achieve fame as the editor of both the eleventh and twelfth editions of the Encyclopaedia Britannica. Hugh was also highly influential as the city editor of The Times.
Grace was only six years old when her father retired at the age of 65 and at this time the family moved to Haslemere in Surrey. There she was educated by a governess at home, then at the age of 17 she passed the Cambridge Senior Examination. Following her family's wishes, Grace become involved in social work among poor people in London. She was stopped by her family from studying medicine, the topic of her choice, then decided to enter Girton College, Cambridge in 1889 to study mathematics. At Girton her tutor was William Young. She obtained a first class degree in mathematics in 1892.
She also took (unofficially, on a challenge, with Isabel Maddison) the exam for the Final Honours School in mathematics at the University of Oxford on which she out-performed all the Oxford students. Mary Cartwright writes [2]
... they were the first women to sit for the Final Honours School of Mathematics, and that they did it to refute a suggestion from one of their coaches that it was more difficult for a woman to obtain a first at Oxford than at Cambridge.
Chisholm then remained at Cambridge for an additional year to compete Part II of the Mathematical Tripos, "a most unusual thing for a woman to do in those days" according to Cartwright.
The place to go to undertake research in mathematics at that time was Göttingen, which had just set up a course for women, and that is where Grace Chisholm decided to continue her studies. In the reference [2] a letter she wrote from Göttingen is quoted. In this letter she described Klein's attitude towards women:-
Professor Klein's attitude is this, he will not countenance the admission of any woman who has not already done good work, and can bring proof of the same in the form of degrees or their equivalent ... and further he will not take any further steps till he has assured himself by a personal interview of the solidity of her claims. Professor Klein's view is moderate. There are members of the Faculty here who are more eagerly in favour of the admission of women and others who disapprove altogether.
Under Klein's supervision she completed a doctorate in 1895. Her thesis was on The algebraic groups of spherical trigonometry and Klein discusses the results in one of his books.
By this time Chisholm's parents were elderly, her father being 86 years old, so she returned from Germany to England to help look after them. In the following year, on 11 June, she married William Young whom she had met again on her return to England. In fact she turned down his first proposal of marriage and only when he proposed for a second time did she accept. William Young was not a mathematical researcher, but Grace of course was trained in research at Göttingen, so she encouraged her husband to begin his research career. Their first child Frank, who they nicknamed Bimbo, was born in 1897. They lived for a year in Italy where they undertook research in geometry but did not find it particularly exciting. In 1899 they moved to Göttingen where they were encouraged by Klein to work on set theory.
They lived in Göttingen until 1908, and during these years two sons and three daughters were born. Their eldest daughter, Rosalind (whose married name was Rosalind Tanner), achieved fame as a historian of mathematics. In fact William and Grace put considerable effort into teaching their children and several children's books resulted from this. Their joint work A First Book of Geometry, which was on paper folding for children, was published in 1905. Two further children's books authored by Grace, written to introduce children to science, were Bimbo (1906), and Bimbo and the Frogs (1907). We noted above that Bimbo was the nickname the Youngs gave their eldest child Frank. After leaving Göttingen in 1908 they settled in Geneva, Switzerland, where they continued a true mathematical partnership in which both contributed. This is described in detail in [4]. To quote from one letter of William Young to his wife (see [4] for more details):-
The fact is that our papers ought to be published under our joint names, but if this were done neither of us get the benefit of it. No. Mine the laurels now and the knowledge. Yours the knowledge only. Everything under my name now, and later when the loaves and fishes are no more procurable in that way, everything or much under your name. At present you cannot undertake a public career. You have your children. I can and do.
Together William Young and Grace wrote 220 mathematical articles and several books. One of the books The Theory of Sets of Points (1906) was published under their joint names and when Grace Young sent the book to Cantor he replied:-
It is a pleasure for me to see with what diligence, skill and success you have worked and I wish you, in your further researches in this field as well, the finest results, which, with such depth and acuteness of mind on both your parts, you cannot fail to attain.
It is almost impossible to tell exactly how much of the work in these papers was due to Grace Young. As William Young wrote himself, in the same letter part of which has already been quoted above:-
I am very happy that you are getting on with the ideas. I feel partly as if I were teaching you, and setting you problems which I could not quite do myself but could enable you to.
We mentioned above that Grace had wanted to study medicine when she was young but her parents had been against this. However Grace did study medicine, both in Göttingen and in Geneva but she never took any formal examinations to qualify in the subject. She continued to work on mathematical research and, between 1914 and 1916, she published work on the foundations of calculus under her own name. She wrote an essay on 'infinite derivatives' which won the Gamble Prize from Girton College in 1915. In the same year, although remaining in Switzerland, the Youngs moved from to live near Lausanne. World War I was, however, tragic for them since Frank, who was an airman, was killed in action. The family were devastated by this tragedy and Grace's health began slowly to decline. By the mid 1920s she had stopped her mathematical research.
When World War II began to affect their lives in Switzerland, Grace Young brought two of her grandchildren (children of her daughter Janet) to England early in 1940. Although she had intended to return at once, it became impossible on the fall of France and she had to remain in England. Depressed at being separated, William died in 1942. Grace Young outlived her husband by two years, dying at the home of her daughter Janet in Park Road, Croydon.
List of References (6 books/articles)
A Poster of Grace Chisholm
Additional Material in MacTutor
Multiple entries in The Mathematical Gazetteer of the British Isles
Cross-references in MacTutor
Entry in Davis Archive of women mathematicians
Dictionary of National Biography
Agnes Scott College
Mathematical Genealogy Project
MathSciNet Author profile
zbMATH entry
ERAM Jahrbuch entry
JOC/EFR © February 2005

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
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NFL playoffs: Giants at Eagles NFC divisional round analysis, prediction
Ryan Honey
Chris Pedota-USA TODAY Sports
The Giants are on to the NFC divisional round.
After entering the 2022 season with zero expectations, New York has not only reached the playoffs for the first time in six years — the team is also coming off a huge Wild Card victory over the Vikings.
But this magical run is not over just yet. The Giants travel to Philly to face the division-rival Eagles Saturday night. It's a postseason matchup that comes after the Eagles swept the Giants in the regular season for the fourth time in six years.
Philly sports a more talented roster, especially on the offensive side of the ball. But the Eagles are hampered by injuries (quarterback Jalen Hurts has dealt with a shoulder injury).
If the Giants can take advantage of the Eagles' current limitations, we could see another upset for Big Blue, this time in the City of Brotherly Love.
Giants at Eagles
When: Saturday, Jan. 21, 2023.
Where: Lincoln Financial Field in Philadelphia.
Time: 8:15 p.m. ET.
TV: FOX.
Radio: WFAN.
3 Giants keys to victory
Pressure Hurts. The Giants need a huge game in the pass-rushing department. Jalen Hurts, who was an MVP-candidate quarterback before his shoulder injury, will dial it up if he has time in the pocket. Big Blue needs production out of outside linebackers Kayvon Thibodeaux and Azeez Ojulari (questionable with a quad injury) along with defensive linemen Dexter Lawrence and Leonard Williams. This team does not want a repeat of the first regular-season matchup between these teams on Dec. 11, when Hurts threw for two touchdowns and rushed for another in a 48-22 Eagles win
Strong secondary play. Despite the Giants' Wild Card victory over the Vikings, Minnesota quarterback Kirk Cousins still threw for 273 yards and a pair of scores on 31-of-39 passing. Tight end T.J. Hockenson additionally caught 10 balls for 129 yards.
Against the likes of wide receivers Devonta Smith, A.J. Brown, and tight end Dallas Goedert, the Adoree' Jackson- and Xavier McKinney-led secondary must step up. Smith and Brown combined for nine catches, 134 yards, and two touchdowns in the first regular-season meeting.
Stop the run game. Eagles running back Miles Sanders rushed for a whopping 144 yards and two touchdowns in the 48-22 victory. Boston Scott also scored a touchdown in each of the two regular-season games, because of course he did (Scott has 16 rushing touchdowns in his career, 10 of which have come against the Giants). The Giants must take away the run in order to unleash the pass rushers on heavy passing downs.
Daniel Jones. We keep saying it: every game from here on out (this season at least) will be the biggest game of the young quarterback's life. And after Jones was lights out against the Vikings (301 passing yards, two touchdown passes, 78 rushing yards), he has a great opportunity to trump a rival he has experience facing.
Jones has played the Eagles five times in his career and has amassed an impressive 65.4% completion rate and 90.1 passer rating against them, with 1,103 passing yards and five touchdowns. By adding to that resume with another big performance, Jones could propel his team to the NFC Championship and add a few more precious dollars to his potential new contract.
Dexter Lawrence. The Pro Bowl defensive lineman, who's been one of the team's MVPs this season, will have a huge task on his hands. He must contribute to a pass rush that needs to limit Hurts, and also play a role in defending the Sanders- and Scott-led rushing attack.
The fourth-year player has a lot on his plate, but it's nothing he can't handle.
Isaiah Hodgins. The young wide receiver is on an incredible run for a midseason waiver pickup (or for anyone, really). He scored a touchdown in four of the last five regular-season games in which he was active and topped it off with a 105-yard performance against the Vikings last Sunday.
Against former Giant and talented veteran cornerback James Bradberry, Hodgins needs to maintain the great rhythm he's developed with Jones. Because if he doesn't, the Giants could be in for a long night. The offense certainly trusts Hodgins to be more consistent and active in the passing game than fellow receivers Richie James and Darius Slayton at this point.
The Giants are winning this game.
It's tough to overlook the Eagles' talent and how they were able to finish the regular at 14-3, win the NFC East, and earn a first-round bye as the conference's top seed.
But it's also tough to overlook Hurts' injury and how great the Giants are playing right now. You also can't forget that the Giants lost to the Eagles in Week 18 by only six points with various backups on the field, including practice squad quarterback Davis Webb under center.
It's incredibly difficult to beat a team three times in one season. And it won't happen. Giants 24, Eagles 23.
Follow ESNY on Twitter @elitesportsny
-Follow ESNY - Elite Sports NY on Google News to keep up with the latest New York sports news.
Ryan Honey is a staff writer and host of the Wide Right Podcast.
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text:
// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.

#nullable enable

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Diagnostics.CodeAnalysis;
using System.IO;
using Microsoft.CodeAnalysis;
using Microsoft.CodeAnalysis.CSharp;
using Microsoft.CodeAnalysis.Host;
using Microsoft.VisualStudio.LanguageServices.CSharp.ProjectSystemShim.Interop;
using Microsoft.VisualStudio.LanguageServices.Implementation.ProjectSystem;
using Roslyn.Utilities;

namespace Microsoft.VisualStudio.LanguageServices.CSharp.ProjectSystemShim
{
    internal partial class CSharpProjectShim
    {
        private class OptionsProcessor : VisualStudioProjectOptionsProcessor
        {
            private readonly VisualStudioProject _visualStudioProject;

            private readonly object[] _options = new object[(int)CompilerOptions.LARGEST_OPTION_ID];
            private string? _mainTypeName;
            private OutputKind _outputKind;

            public OptionsProcessor(VisualStudioProject visualStudioProject, HostWorkspaceServices workspaceServices)
                : base(visualStudioProject, workspaceServices)
            {
                _visualStudioProject = visualStudioProject;
            }

            public object this[CompilerOptions compilerOption]
            {
                get
                {
                    return _options[(int)compilerOption];
                }

                set
                {
                    if (object.Equals(_options[(int)compilerOption], value))
                    {
                        return;
                    }

                    _options[(int)compilerOption] = value;
                    UpdateProjectForNewHostValues();
                }
            }

            protected override CompilationOptions ComputeCompilationOptionsWithHostValues(CompilationOptions compilationOptions, IRuleSetFile? ruleSetFile)
            {
                IDictionary<string, ReportDiagnostic>? ruleSetSpecificDiagnosticOptions;

                // Get options from the ruleset file, if any, first. That way project-specific
                // options can override them.
                ReportDiagnostic? ruleSetGeneralDiagnosticOption = null;

                // TODO: merge this core logic back down to the base of OptionsProcessor, since this should be the same for all languages. The CompilationOptions
                // would then already contain the right information, and could be updated accordingly by the language-specific logic.
                if (ruleSetFile != null)
                {
                    ruleSetGeneralDiagnosticOption = ruleSetFile.GetGeneralDiagnosticOption();
                    ruleSetSpecificDiagnosticOptions = new Dictionary<string, ReportDiagnostic>(ruleSetFile.GetSpecificDiagnosticOptions());
                }
                else
                {
                    ruleSetSpecificDiagnosticOptions = new Dictionary<string, ReportDiagnostic>();
                }

                ReportDiagnostic generalDiagnosticOption;
                var warningsAreErrors = GetNullableBooleanOption(CompilerOptions.OPTID_WARNINGSAREERRORS);
                if (warningsAreErrors.HasValue)
                {
                    generalDiagnosticOption = warningsAreErrors.Value ? ReportDiagnostic.Error : ReportDiagnostic.Default;
                }
                else if (ruleSetGeneralDiagnosticOption.HasValue)
                {
                    generalDiagnosticOption = ruleSetGeneralDiagnosticOption.Value;
                }
                else
                {
                    generalDiagnosticOption = ReportDiagnostic.Default;
                }

                // Start with the rule set options
                var diagnosticOptions = new Dictionary<string, ReportDiagnostic>(ruleSetSpecificDiagnosticOptions);

                // Update the specific options based on the general settings
                if (warningsAreErrors.HasValue && warningsAreErrors.Value == true)
                {
                    foreach (var pair in ruleSetSpecificDiagnosticOptions)
                    {
                        if (pair.Value == ReportDiagnostic.Warn)
                        {
                            diagnosticOptions[pair.Key] = ReportDiagnostic.Error;
                        }
                    }
                }

                // Update the specific options based on the specific settings
                foreach (var diagnosticID in ParseWarningCodes(CompilerOptions.OPTID_WARNASERRORLIST))
                {
                    diagnosticOptions[diagnosticID] = ReportDiagnostic.Error;
                }

                foreach (var diagnosticID in ParseWarningCodes(CompilerOptions.OPTID_WARNNOTASERRORLIST))
                {
                    if (ruleSetSpecificDiagnosticOptions.TryGetValue(diagnosticID, out var ruleSetOption))
                    {
                        diagnosticOptions[diagnosticID] = ruleSetOption;
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        diagnosticOptions[diagnosticID] = ReportDiagnostic.Default;
                    }
                }

                foreach (var diagnosticID in ParseWarningCodes(CompilerOptions.OPTID_NOWARNLIST))
                {
                    diagnosticOptions[diagnosticID] = ReportDiagnostic.Suppress;
                }

                if (!Enum.TryParse(GetStringOption(CompilerOptions.OPTID_PLATFORM, ""), ignoreCase: true, result: out Platform platform))
                {
                    platform = Platform.AnyCpu;
                }

                if (!int.TryParse(GetStringOption(CompilerOptions.OPTID_WARNINGLEVEL, defaultValue: ""), out var warningLevel))
                {
                    warningLevel = 4;
                }

                // TODO: appConfigPath: GetFilePathOption(CompilerOptions.OPTID_FUSIONCONFIG), bug #869604

                return ((CSharpCompilationOptions)compilationOptions).WithAllowUnsafe(GetBooleanOption(CompilerOptions.OPTID_UNSAFE))
                    .WithOverflowChecks(GetBooleanOption(CompilerOptions.OPTID_CHECKED))
                    .WithCryptoKeyContainer(GetStringOption(CompilerOptions.OPTID_KEYNAME, defaultValue: null))
                    .WithCryptoKeyFile(GetFilePathRelativeOption(CompilerOptions.OPTID_KEYFILE))
                    .WithDelaySign(GetNullableBooleanOption(CompilerOptions.OPTID_DELAYSIGN))
                    .WithGeneralDiagnosticOption(generalDiagnosticOption)
                    .WithMainTypeName(_mainTypeName)
                    .WithModuleName(GetStringOption(CompilerOptions.OPTID_MODULEASSEMBLY, defaultValue: null))
                    .WithOptimizationLevel(GetBooleanOption(CompilerOptions.OPTID_OPTIMIZATIONS) ? OptimizationLevel.Release : OptimizationLevel.Debug)
                    .WithOutputKind(_outputKind)
                    .WithPlatform(platform)
                    .WithSpecificDiagnosticOptions(diagnosticOptions)
                    .WithWarningLevel(warningLevel);
            }

            private static string GetIdForErrorCode(int errorCode)
                => "CS" + errorCode.ToString("0000");

            private IEnumerable<string> ParseWarningCodes(CompilerOptions compilerOptions)
            {
                Contract.ThrowIfFalse(
                    compilerOptions == CompilerOptions.OPTID_NOWARNLIST ||
                    compilerOptions == CompilerOptions.OPTID_WARNASERRORLIST ||
                    compilerOptions == CompilerOptions.OPTID_WARNNOTASERRORLIST);

                foreach (var warning in GetStringOption(compilerOptions, defaultValue: "").Split(new[] { ' ', ',', ';' }, StringSplitOptions.RemoveEmptyEntries))
                {
                    var warningStringID = warning;
                    if (int.TryParse(warning, out var warningId))
                    {
                        warningStringID = GetIdForErrorCode(warningId);
                    }

                    yield return warningStringID;
                }
            }

            private bool? GetNullableBooleanOption(CompilerOptions optionID)
                => (bool?)_options[(int)optionID];

            private bool GetBooleanOption(CompilerOptions optionID)
                => GetNullableBooleanOption(optionID).GetValueOrDefault(defaultValue: false);

            private string? GetFilePathRelativeOption(CompilerOptions optionID)
            {
                var path = GetStringOption(optionID, defaultValue: null);

                if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(path))
                {
                    return null;
                }

                var directory = Path.GetDirectoryName(_visualStudioProject.FilePath);

                if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(directory))
                {
                    return FileUtilities.ResolveRelativePath(path, directory);
                }

                return null;
            }

            [return: NotNullIfNotNull("defaultValue")]
            private string? GetStringOption(CompilerOptions optionID, string? defaultValue)
            {
                var value = (string)_options[(int)optionID];

                if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(value))
                {
                    return defaultValue;
                }
                else
                {
                    return value;
                }
            }

            protected override ParseOptions ComputeParseOptionsWithHostValues(ParseOptions parseOptions)
            {
                var symbols = GetStringOption(CompilerOptions.OPTID_CCSYMBOLS, defaultValue: "").Split(new[] { ';' }, StringSplitOptions.RemoveEmptyEntries);

                // The base implementation of OptionsProcessor already tried this, but it didn't have the real documentation
                // path so we have to do it a second time
                var documentationMode = DocumentationMode.Parse;
                if (GetStringOption(CompilerOptions.OPTID_XML_DOCFILE, defaultValue: null) != null)
                {
                    documentationMode = DocumentationMode.Diagnose;
                }

                LanguageVersionFacts.TryParse(GetStringOption(CompilerOptions.OPTID_COMPATIBILITY, defaultValue: ""), out var languageVersion);

                return ((CSharpParseOptions)parseOptions).WithKind(SourceCodeKind.Regular)
                    .WithLanguageVersion(languageVersion)
                    .WithPreprocessorSymbols(symbols.AsImmutable())
                    .WithDocumentationMode(documentationMode);
            }

            public void SetOutputFileType(OutputFileType fileType)
            {
                var newOutputKind = fileType switch
                {
                    OutputFileType.Console => OutputKind.ConsoleApplication,
                    OutputFileType.Windows => OutputKind.WindowsApplication,
                    OutputFileType.Library => OutputKind.DynamicallyLinkedLibrary,
                    OutputFileType.Module => OutputKind.NetModule,
                    OutputFileType.AppContainer => OutputKind.WindowsRuntimeApplication,
                    OutputFileType.WinMDObj => OutputKind.WindowsRuntimeMetadata,
                    _ => throw new ArgumentException("fileType was not a valid OutputFileType", nameof(fileType)),
                };

                if (_outputKind != newOutputKind)
                {
                    _outputKind = newOutputKind;
                    UpdateProjectForNewHostValues();
                }
            }

            public void SetMainTypeName(string? mainTypeName)
            {
                if (_mainTypeName != mainTypeName)
                {
                    _mainTypeName = mainTypeName;
                    UpdateProjectForNewHostValues();
                }
            }
        }
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Climate Change, Environment, Featured, Global, Headlines, IPS UN: Inside the Glasshouse, TerraViva United Nations
By Robert W. Sandford	Reprint | | Print |
A woman carries supplies through a flooded street in Cap Haïtien, Haiti. After days of continuous rains, parts of Haiti's north suffered serious flooding in 2014, leaving more than a dozen dead and thousands homeless. The Haitian government, with UN support, responded with evacuations, temporary shelters, and food and supplies distributions. Credit: UN/Logan Abassi
HAMILTON, Canada, May 18 2021 (IPS) - The year 2020 will forever be notorious for the COVID-19 pandemic but it might also be known by historians for a precipitous rise in second order climate change consequences — a new elephant in the room.
Familiar first order consequences, as documented in the World Meteorological Organization's most recent State of the Global Climate report in April (at https://bit.ly/3eyrPwU), were the ongoing temperature rise over land and sea, melting sea ice and glaciers, higher sea levels, and changes in precipitation patterns.
Also in 2020, continuing a decade-long trend: widespread drought, heat waves, wildfires, cyclones, and flooding, especially in Africa and Asia but also in South America and the United States.
All these led to the second order consequences: Greater food insecurity and an accelerated explosion in involuntary human migration and displacement worldwide.
Between 2010 and 2019, weather-related events triggered an estimated average annual 23.1 million displacements of people. And almost 10 million displacements largely due to hydrometeorological hazards and disasters were recorded in the first half of 2020.
While most displacements take place within national borders, cross-border movements are also occurring.
UNU-INWEH, marking its 25th anniversary this year, was among the first international agencies to flag environmental degradation as one of the greatest environmental challenges of our times, warning as early as 2007 of mass migrations of people driven from degraded homelands within a single generation (https://bit.ly/3hn03oK).
A prescription for policy reform at every level of government at that time included harmonizing national policies across government ministries, addressing regional transboundary river basin management and, internationally, better integrating the work of global conventions.
While climate-related disasters have driven human migration since time immemorial, what is new is the protracted nature of the many displacement situations triggered by hydrometeorological events — people are unable to return to their former homes, finding themselves without options for integrating locally or settling elsewhere.
More and more climate refugees are becoming permanently displaced.
Mozambique, for example, experienced the one-two punch of cyclones Kenneth and Idai, setting the country's development back decades. And Mozambique is just one of many places where climate shock after shock created ever larger populations of potentially permanently displaced people.
Many vulnerable people on the move, regardless of reason, end up settling in marginal high-risk areas where they are exposed to weather and climate hazards at a range of scales.
Weather hazards and human mobility inevitably intersect with larger social and political tensions and conflicts, making multi-hazard disaster risk reduction measures harder to orchestrate and proactively implement.
As the WHO made clear, the only way through this is the application of risk-based, all-of-society approaches as outlined in the WHO Health Emergency and Disaster Risk Management Framework.
The report also makes clear the compounding effect of climate change on food insecurity, involuntary human migration and the limits of global humanitarian action. And it is at this junction that the elephant in the room starts flattening the furniture.
Nearly 690 million people, or 9% of the world's population, were under-nourished in 2019, and about 750 million, or nearly 10%, were exposed to severe levels of food insecurity. The number of people classified as living in crisis, emergency and famine conditions has reached almost 135 million people in 55 countries.
In 2020, 50 million people were hit by both climate-related disasters and by COVID-19 pandemic disruptions to the agricultural sector and the food supply chain, elevating levels of food insecurity, malnutrition and under-nourishment
Pandemic-related mobility restrictions and economic downturns have slowed humanitarian assistance to vulnerable people on the move, as well as efforts to support the recovery of persons whose lives were put on hold by earlier shocks.
Humanity in 2020 faced – and continues to face – what amounts to a perfect storm.
And more clouds loom. Hundreds of thousands of viruses in mammals and birds could infect people, potentially making pandemics more frequent, more lethal, more easily spread, and more damaging to the world economy than COVID-19.
Such diseases are linked to altered ecosystems – aquatic and terrestrial – and biodiversity loss. With expanding urbanisation, the draining wetlands and floodplains, converting forests to agricultural fields, etc., the interactions between species from different habitats are increasing, making the leap of zoonotic viruses from animals to humans more likely (http://www.ipbes.net/pandemics).
Arresting unsustainable natural resources development and management practices and reducing risks to prevent pandemics is an estimated 100 times less costly than responding to such pandemics.
People are being subjected to repeated and frequent displacement, leaving little time for recovery from one shock to the next. While this has implications for disaster preparedness and management, it also means we need solutions that foster resilience. Without such solutions soon, becoming a refugee in parts of the world could mean being a permanent refugee, living perpetually with compound risk and vulnerability.
Creating conditions to avert or minimize displacement, enabling people to safely stay where they are as much as possible, or to anticipate and draw on the benefits of dignified migration, requires that we modernize human mobility policies and platforms for cooperation, especially now as countries make decisions that will shape our post-Covid world, if indeed such a world will ever exist again.
The writer holds the Global Water Futures Chair at the UN University's Canadian-based Institute for Water, Environment & Health (UNU-INWEH), which is supported by the Government of Canada and hosted at McMaster University, and which marks its 25th anniversary in 2021.


text:
Welltec Initiates Large-Scale Testing of Materials for Subsurface CO2 Storage
Source: www.gulfoilandgas.com 9/1/2022, Location: Europe
Welltec® has begun extensive testing to identify optimal materials for Project Greensand, an initiative that will store CO2 in the subsurface of the North Sea.
Project Greensand is the most mature project of its kind in Denmark, with the potential of storing up to 1.5 million tons of CO2 per year by the end of 2025, and up to 8 million tons of CO2 per year by 2030. The consortium behind Project Greensand consists of 23 different Danish and international partners who all work to deliver a significant contribution to the green transition in Denmark.
The launch of Welltec's newly developed Test Flow Loop – a test installation of 18 x 5 meters – provides the setting for essential corrosion testing, where the performance of five different materials will be compared in a controlled environment.
"We recreate the subsea environment of the North Sea and expose the materials to that environment for a long period, so we find out which materials are best suited to function over time," says Linda Nolting Kristensen, Technology Innovation Lead at Welltec.
Test in two phases
To identify the final materials, Welltec has designed two test phases. In the first phase, five different materials are tested, and the results will form the basis for further qualification later in the project. Ultimately, these tests will be decisive in the recommendation of which materials Project Greensand should proceed with for the crucial casing pipes, which run all the way down to the reservoir of sandstone 1,800 meters below the seabed.
"At Welltec, we are happy and proud to be part of Project Greensand. We have made a meaningful investment in our Test Flow Loop, and also gained valuable experience in the energy transition. It is an important area for us – both for our business and equally for our desire to contribute to reducing CO2 emissions through CO2 storage," says Kristensen.
Thorough testing is paramount to Project Greensand
Welltec's work is another step forward in Project Greensand, where tank containers, ships, and developed designs for the pump systems that will transport CO2 down to the sandstone reservoir have already been secured. As before, safety is paramount, and it is crucial that the new casing pipes are subject to rigorous testing.
"We look forward to following the testing process at Welltec closely. They have extensive experience in offshore pipes, and we are sure that they can take on the task so that we can reach the goal together. It is crucial for us that we select the right materials for the dedicated CO2 injection wells for Project Greensand, so that in the future we can store CO2 safely in the Danish subsoil," says Søren Reinhold Poulsen, Project Director for Project Greensand.
In connection with the pilot project for CO2 injection, Project Greensand expects to test the first storage of CO2 in the subsurface of the North Sea around the end of the year.
Testing >>
Testing News in Denmark >>
Testing Companies
Testing News
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New Hydraulic Test Circuit Ready for Testing Slurries & Pump Impellers
MHI Launches Phase 2 of Demonstration Testing of Automated Valet Parking System
Welltec Officially Opens Test Flow Loop Facility
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IRENA and Industry Leaders Launch the Alliance for Industry Decarbonization


"The Wind Ensemble is the premier student instrumental performing ensemble in the School of Visual and Performing Arts," said Long, Director of VAPA.
This concert will feature the world premiere of Roger Jones' Sympatico, written for the ULM Wind Ensemble. The piece was scheduled to be performed at the February 26 concert, however, scheduling issues resulted in moving the premiere to the April performance. Roger Jones is a former music professor at ULM and will be present for the premiere.
Other works selected for this performance include Windsprints by Richard Saucedo, Pagan Dances by James Barnes, and Suite Louisiane by James Syler.
Adam Johnson will be featured on trombone in the Concertino by Richard David. Dr. Johnson is Professor of Low Brass at ULM.
For more information, contact the ULM School of Visual and Performing Arts at 318-342-3811 or visit the VAPA Facebook page.


It seems like the trash can is never empty sometimes each time you go to put in a lot of trash in it's stocked full. This is a problem that might set up from the way you retail outlet your trash and obviously also the amount that is being trashed. Thankfully like most other things in the kitchen with a bit of organization the trash can be easily supervised. Organizing and sorting out cash can overflows in the kitchen in fact necessity. Organizing is beneficial to not only the appearance of your home but to the cleanliness and overall hygiene. If you have young children you do not want dirty waste material being easily accessible. Young children happen to be notorious for putting anything they find in their mouth and so you want to make sure if they are doing get hold of something in the kitchen it truly is clean and safe.
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text:
Series VPRS 7290
Index to Birth Registers
Date Range: Series 1853 - ? 1988
Public Access: Part Open
1853 - 1873 Registrar-General's Department VA 2889
1873 - 1893 Office of the Registrar-General and the Office of Titles, (known as Land Victoria 2001 to 2014; Land Use Victoria 2014 - ct.) VA 862
1893 - 1983 Office of the Government Statist and Actuary VA 989
1983 - 1988 Registry of Births, Deaths and Marriages (including 1983-1986 Assistant Government Statist, Registration of Births, Deaths and Marriages) VA 983
1983 - cont Registry of Births, Deaths and Marriages (including 1983-1986 Assistant Government Statist, Registration of Births, Deaths and Marriages) VA 983
To obtain information from indexes to births, deaths or marriages, researchers should access the relevant databases available online in the Reading Rooms.
Seven indexes compiled from registers of births, deaths and marriages are available online in the Reading Rooms:
- Pioneer Index 1836-1888
- Federation Index 1889-1901
- Edwardian Index 1902-1913
- Great War Index 1914-1920
- Marriage Index 1921-1942
- Death Index 1921-1985
- Marine Births, Deaths and Marriages Index 1853-1920.
For further information about births, deaths and marriages outside the date ranges of those above, enquiries should be directed to the Registry of Births, Deaths and Marriages in Melbourne or from their website:
Certificates may be obtained from the Registry of Births, Deaths and Marriages for a fee.
This series comprises indexes (hard copy, P3 consignment) to birth registers created during the period 1853 to 1983. The hard copy indexes were replaced by computer generated microfiche indexes in ?1984 which in turn was replaced by Lifedata, the computerised system of indexing in 1989. Microfiche copy of the index for the period 1853 to 1913 has been transferred as P1 and P2 consignments of this series.
This series provides access to entries in VPRS 8341 Birth Registers, Victoria.
The following information is provided:
- Surname
- Christian name
- Fathers name
- Mothers maiden name
- Birth place.
Alphabetically by surname for each year.
1853 - 1960 Birth Registers Victoria (Master Microfilm Copy of VPRS 8341 1853 - 1960) VPRS 5271
1853 - 1983 Birth Registers VPRS 8341
1961 - 1989 Birth Registers, Victoria (Master Microfilm Copy of VPRS 8341 1961-1989) VPRS 5473
P0001 1853 - 1895 Open 1
P0002 1896 - 1913 Not Applicable 0
P0003 1853 - 1982 Closed 290


Congratulations go to the winners of ADCC Brazil 2013 qualifier. The event winners get an automatic berth in ADCC 2013.
I think the runner-ups of the ultra-competitive Brazil qualifier also deserve a place in the ADCC.
Hopefully this is something that the selection committee would consider.


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Lyceum Theatre
Disney's The Lion King 2:30 PM
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Q: Exclude child element of parent with selenium or xPath Python I am stacked at the code, tried many ways and cannot find the right answer yet.
This is the HTML code:

Text1

Text1

list1

list2

I'm using Selenium and I have to pull some data from HTML code which has

. But the child
 is making me a problem so I want to exclude it by calling driver.get_element_by_class_name or driver.get_element_by_xpath
Working code should export but without using
 or something else:

Text1

Text1

</div<

Is there any way to do that?

A: With only XPath 1.0 (the version most common in selenium webdrivers),  there is no way to get the parent element who's innerHTML attribute will have the specified child element excluded. However, if removing the child element from the DOM is okay with you, the following is possible:
driver.execute_script("document.getElementsByClassName('excluded-class').remove()")
driver.get_element_by_class_name("description").get_attribute("innerHTML")

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