One thing like was that i was able to ride with the cyclopedia crew members again and with new volunteers. Some thing that I was strugeling with going up with teh hill that was at the end of the ride.i like that I was able to try to conquer that hill again. one thing i learned was about the shocks on the new bikes and if the front wheel hits something the shocks wheel deflect the force instead of hurting your armes.justin told me this.
one that was really fun was trying to go up the hills and go down as well and that marginalize people are send to jails or mentals hospitals depending on their problem one exaple is the people in the smallpocks Hospital were margialize for their medical conditions. One thing that was difficult for me was going up the Queens borough bridge and making sure that I was hold the breaks of the bike and stop at just t6he right time so for when I was going down and had to turn to the right at the end I would not fall and get hurt .
saw today which also means that my community is way saver and healthy. today I learned about the Sumac plant I learned that if you put it in water leave it on the sun for a while you could drink it and it kind of tastes like lemonade and it also has vitamin c. today I try to go up all of the hills on the highest gears to what my limist are.
Today I met someone new, Uche the new intern that is only going to be here for today. she was really nice and caring about along the trip and told us what to do in case of a accident. Today the words of the day are Eurika and explorer eurika because if we found somethings are new to us we had to say that word to alert the others on this ride we saw some Indians cave and we got to look inside it. one our new members of The hot wheelers got the mugwort plan and earn a new batch. and Im glad he is happy to in this ride.
Today I had a really fun ride because I got to see a building that look like a minature verzion of the building Five Pointz which was one of last year cyclopedia rides we went to see this really cool building named The Five Pointz and it was REALLY FUN GOING THERE BECAUSE of the graffiti and the way people expres them self because to me art is a way to expres the way you and other people feel and also whart inside of them. I hope other people can enjoi cyclopedia as much as I do.


text:
import json
import os

import pgpm.lib.utils.db
import psycopg2
import psycopg2.extras

class GlobalConfiguration(object):
    """
    stores properties of schema configuration
    """
    description = ""
    license = ""
    owner_role = ""
    user_roles = []

    def __init__(self, default_config_path='~/.pgpmconfig', extra_config_path=None):
        """
        populates properties with config data
        """

        global_config_dict = None
        default_config = None
        extra_config = None
        if default_config_path:
            default_config_full_path = os.path.abspath(os.path.expanduser(default_config_path))
            if os.path.isfile(default_config_full_path):
                default_config_file = open(default_config_full_path)
                default_config = json.load(default_config_file)
                default_config_file.close()
        if extra_config_path:
            extra_config_full_path = os.path.abspath(os.path.expanduser(extra_config_path))
            if os.path.isfile(extra_config_full_path):
                extra_config_file = open(extra_config_full_path)
                extra_config = json.load(extra_config_file)
                extra_config_file.close()
        if default_config and extra_config:
            global_config_dict = dict(default_config, **extra_config)
        elif default_config:
            global_config_dict = default_config
        elif extra_config:
            global_config_dict = extra_config

        self.global_config_dict = global_config_dict

        self.connection_sets = []
        if self.global_config_dict:
            if 'connection_sets' in self.global_config_dict:
                for item in self.global_config_dict['connection_sets']:
                    if item['type'] == 'RESDB':
                        conn = psycopg2.connect(item['connection_string'],
                                                connection_factory=pgpm.lib.utils.db.MegaConnection)
                        cur = conn.cursor(cursor_factory=psycopg2.extras.RealDictCursor)
                        cur.execute(item['payload'])
                        result_tuple = cur.fetchall()
                        self.connection_sets = self.connection_sets + result_tuple
                        cur.close()
                        conn.close()
                    if item['type'] == 'LIST':
                        self.connection_sets = self.connection_sets + item['payload']

    def get_list_connections(self, environment, product, unique_name_list=None, is_except=False):
        """
        Gets list of connections that satisfy the filter by environment, product and (optionally) unique DB names
        :param environment: Environment name
        :param product: Product name
        :param unique_name_list: list of unique db aliases
        :param is_except: take the connections with aliases provided or, the other wat around, take all the rest
        :return: list of dictionaries with connections
        """
        return_list = []
        for item in self.connection_sets:
            if unique_name_list:
                if item['unique_name']:
                    if is_except:
                        if item['environment'] == environment and item['product'] == product and \
                                (item['unique_name'] not in unique_name_list):
                            return_list.append(item)
                    elif not is_except:
                        if item['environment'] == environment and item['product'] == product and \
                                (item['unique_name'] in unique_name_list):
                            return_list.append(item)
            else:
                if item['environment'] == environment and item['product'] == product:
                    return_list.append(item)
        return return_list

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Last Wednesday, It was the Guinness World Record Day. People made record attempts around the world to celebrate the day.
A bulldog named Otto set a world record for the longest human tunnel traveled through by a dog on a skateboard. Thirty people stood in a line with their legs apart, so the dog could set the record by riding below them.
He showed off his skills and enjoyed the company of the people.
Difficult words: attempt (to try), show off (to show people what you can do), company (a presence; that the people were there).
What do you think about this dog?


text:
package com.bstek.uflo.console.handler.impl.deploy;

import java.io.File;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStream;
import java.io.OutputStream;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Map;

import javax.servlet.ServletContext;
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;

import org.apache.commons.fileupload.FileItem;
import org.apache.commons.fileupload.FileUploadException;
import org.apache.commons.fileupload.disk.DiskFileItemFactory;
import org.apache.commons.fileupload.servlet.ServletFileUpload;
import org.codehaus.jackson.map.ObjectMapper;

import com.bstek.uflo.console.handler.ServletHandler;
import com.bstek.uflo.deploy.validate.ProcessValidateException;
import com.bstek.uflo.service.ProcessService;
import com.bstek.uflo.utils.EnvironmentUtils;

/**
 * @author Jacky.gao
 * @since 2016年12月8日
 */
public class DeployServletHandler implements ServletHandler{
	private ProcessService processService;
	private boolean debug;
	@Override
	public void execute(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
		String loginUser=EnvironmentUtils.getEnvironment().getLoginUser();
		if(loginUser==null && !debug){
			throw new IllegalArgumentException("Current run mode is not debug.");
		}
		InputStream inputStream=null;
		DiskFileItemFactory factory = new DiskFileItemFactory();
		ServletContext servletContext = req.getSession().getServletContext();
		File repository = (File) servletContext.getAttribute("javax.servlet.context.tempdir");
		factory.setRepository(repository);
		ServletFileUpload upload = new ServletFileUpload(factory);
		upload.setHeaderEncoding("utf-8");
		try {
			for(FileItem item:upload.parseRequest(req)){
				if(item.getFieldName().equals("processFile")){
					inputStream=item.getInputStream();
				}
			}
		} catch (FileUploadException e) {
			throw new ServletException(e);
		}
		if(inputStream!=null){
			Map<String,Object> result=new HashMap<String,Object>();
			try{
				processService.deployProcess(inputStream);
				result.put("result", "success");
			}catch(Exception ex){
				ex.printStackTrace();
				result.put("result", "fail");
				Throwable exception= getCause(ex);
				if(exception instanceof ProcessValidateException){
					ProcessValidateException e=(ProcessValidateException)exception;
					result.put("error", e.getMessage());
				}else{
					result.put("error", ex.getMessage());
				}
			}
			ObjectMapper mapper=new ObjectMapper();
			resp.setContentType("text/json");
			resp.setCharacterEncoding("UTF-8");
			OutputStream out=resp.getOutputStream();
			try{
				mapper.writeValue(out,result);
			}finally{
				out.flush();
				out.close();
			}
		}else{
			throw new IllegalArgumentException("Can not found uflo process definition!");
		}
	}

	private Throwable getCause(Throwable ex){
		if(ex.getCause()==null){
			return ex;
		}else{
			return getCause(ex.getCause());
		}
	}

	public void setProcessService(ProcessService processService) {
		this.processService = processService;
	}

	public void setDebug(boolean debug) {
		this.debug = debug;
	}

	@Override
	public String url() {
		return "/deploy";
	}
}


Okda solutions apart from extending its manpower services to different industries we specializes in Healthcare consulting. We provide complete medical and clinical staffing solutions. Helping medical institutions finding the right people from senior and experienced doctors to entry level nurses.
Our core team has a strong background from the medical domain and enjoys the close proximity to this network. This domain expertise and our experience helps us to connect and easily find the required resources for hospitals and other medical institutions.


She might play a villain on The Bachelor, but when it comes to actual reality, it seems like Corinne is too busy with her own life to concern herself with everything going on in the show. But with all that has already happened so far this season and with Nick seeming to favor Vanessa at times, what does Corinne think about Vanessa on The Bachelor? She hasn't said much, if anything, about anyone from the show and instead has taken to social media to defend her nanny Raquel against all of the fans who have clung to that aspect of her life and can't seem to let it go.
Like most of the players from Bachelor Nation, Corinne uses social media to promote herself and her different brands, but she hasn't spent much time addressing her actions on the show or pointing out specific contestants on The Bachelor. Of course she has nothing to explain regarding her actions on the show and when it comes to the other women, she's made her feelings clear on The Bachelor.
The most she's said is that in some ways, the women are jealous of the bold moves she's made with Nick and that, as a whole, they worry too much about her progress with the Bachelor and not enough about themselves. And really, she's not wrong. But what does Corinne think about Vanessa specifically? She's been pretty silent so far.
The season is still young, though, and while Nick continues to get closer to a select few women who develop connections with him, Corinne will probably have a lot to say on the show. For right now, at least, she hasn't said anything recently. The biggest threat that Vanessa poses right now to Corinne's game with Nick is that she had a pretty successful first one-on-one date and actually brought the Bachelor to tears (the good kind), solidifying their emotional connection. Corinne has succeeded so far in holding Nick's interest and keeping herself afloat in pre-elimination ceremony roses, but it's becoming increasingly clear that Vanessa is going to be competition for her.
Corinne has never been shy about who she is and about owning up to everything she does, so if she had something to say about anyone specifically, then chances are, she'd be all about it. Even if you disapprove of Corinne's bold moves on The Bachelor, you have to admit that she's as real as they come and she definitely doesn't hold back.


text:
Q: Как найти аналог команды в ассемблере? Нужно найти аналог этой команде
выглядит в hex виде это так:    B9SSSSSSSS3680310E4181F9LLLLLLLL75F3E9JJJJJJJJ
00401945 >  B9 XXXXXXXX     MOV ECX,XXXXXXXX
 0040194B    36:8031 0E      XOR BYTE PTR SS:[ECX],0E
 0040194F    41              INC ECX
 00401950    81F9 XXXXXXXX   CMP ECX,XXXXXXXX
 00401956  ^ 75 F3           JNZ SHORT 0040194B
 00401958  ^ E9 XXXXXXXX     JMP XXXXXXXX

A: BYTE x[...];
BYTE * ecx;
ecx = x; // или ecx = &x[0] что то же самое // mov ecx, XXXXXXXX
do {
(*ecx) ^= 0x0E; // XOR BYTE PTR SS:[ECX],0E
ecx++; // inc ecx
} while(ecx!=XXXXXXX); // CMP ECX,XXXXXXXX, jnz

По сути, просто проход по массиву (или строке символов) и применение к каждому элементу XOR 0x0E.
A: loop ?
A: Делаете так.

*

*По шагам выполняете команды.

*Составляете блок-схему.

*Ищете по описанию команд микропроцессора аналог.

Особо не вглядывался, но, наверняка, догадка @Тортег верна, это самый близкий аналого - команда loop с счетчиком в ECX.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


What is inside a Dynamics CRM 2011 Solution file anyway?
Dynamics CRM 2011 introduced us to Solutions, which are self-contained packages of components, customize CRM 2011 to add specific features and/or entities.
Note: The Solution may also contain additional folders containing specific types of files, such as for Workflows, Plugin Assemblies, or Web Resources.
This contains an XML package describing the files contained within the Solution ZIP file.
This is the standard CRM customization file which is exactly like that of CRM 4.0, but with slightly different contents. Anything required to create a CRM Entity, field, or relationship between those objects, will be found in this file.
Note: If you have ANY missing dependencies, the Solution will NOT be imported, since the probability of it functioning properly without those missing components is low.
When you Export a Solution, you will receive a notification of required components are missing from the Solution. It is at that time, that those components should be added to the Solution to ensure that it can properly be Imported into another system.


text:
const nodemailer = require('nodemailer')
const smtpTransport = require('nodemailer-smtp-transport')

// Configs
const dir = require(`${global.baseDir}globalDirs`)
const config = require(`${dir.configs}configSettings`)

const validation = [
	'name',
	'email',
	'subject',
	'message',
	'reason',
]

module.exports = (reqBody, res) => {
	// Setup SMTP Transport
	if (!global.__transporter) {
		global.__transporter = nodemailer.createTransport(
			smtpTransport(config.getSmtpCredentials())
		)
	}

	let validationIssues = ''
	validation.forEach(item => {
		if (!reqBody[item] || reqBody[item] === '') {
			validationIssues += `, ${item}`
		}
	})

	if (validationIssues !== '') {
		res.send({ message: `Missing: ${validationIssues.substr(1)}.` })
		return
	}

	// Set `To:` Email Address
	let mailTo
	switch(reqBody.reason) {
		case 'press':
			mailTo = 'Press <press@example.com>'
			break;
		case 'submission':
			mailTo = 'Submissions <submission@example.com>'
			break;
		case 'general':
			mailTo = 'Inquiries <info@example.com>'
			break;
		default:
			mailTo = 'Customer Service <customerservice@example.com>'
	}

	// Configure Mail Options
	const mailOptions = {
		from: config.getMailFrom(),
		to: mailTo,
		replyTo: `${reqBody.name} <${reqBody.email}>`,
		subject: reqBody.subject,
		text: `${reqBody.name} ${reqBody.email}\n${reqBody.message}`,
		html: `${reqBody.name} <${reqBody.email}><br><br>${reqBody.message.replace(/\n/gm, '<br>')}`,
	}

	// Send Email
	global.__transporter.sendMail(mailOptions, (err, info) => {
		if(err) {
			config.isDev() && console.error(err)
			res.send({
				message: err.code === 'ECONNREFUSED' ? "Unable to connect to the email server. Please try again."
					: "Something went very wrong. Please try again.",
				success: false,
			})
			return
		}

		config.isDev() && console.info(`Message sent: ${info.response}`)

		res.send({
			message: "Message sent.",
			success: true,
		})
	})
}


Imp Flow automates the power of imposition, ganging and nesting found in Imp through easy to set up hot folders. Imp Flow is also key for the integration of Imp's power in larger workflows as it fully supports being XML driven and can provide detailed XML information about the plans it created.
If you are interested in Imp Flow, let us know and we'll make you a quote.
Full, lights-out automation: Being able to set up hot folders means that imposition and ganging of nesting are handled completely automatically, without the need of an operator.
Semi-automatic workflows: Because Imp Flow can also save Imp product files, the results of an automated workflow can still easily be opened in Imp for validation.
Integration in MIS or ERP systems: Imp Flow hot folders can accept XML files written by an MIS or ERP system. This allows the MIS system to fully control not only the jobs that will be imposed or ganged, but also how they will be handled.
Install Imp Flow on a central server and allow anyone in the network to drop PDF files, CSV files or XML files into a hot folder shared over the network. Imp Flow will process the files as set-up in the workflow serving that hot folder and provide output files in the output folder.
Different types of jobs or files from different clients may have to be handled differently. Imp Flow allows setting up as many different workflows as necessary, each with their own hot folder.
When the imposition or ganging is done, Imp Flow can write out a Plan XML to be picked up by the MIS or workflow system. A Plan XML contains all details about the calculated layouts and can be used to feed information back into the MIS system.


The Departments of Engineering and Law at the Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez have joined together to offer a Master's degree in Regulation (MRE). The Master's degree in Regulation provides a multidisciplinary approach that integrates economics, law, technology, business and politics. This innovative approach provides students with a unique opportunity to specialize in the most dynamic areas and those with the most job opportunities in the arena of public policy and in the world of business: economic regulation. The program also allows students to specialize in different sectors, such as, electricity, telecommunications, health services, public works concessions and transportation.
It is expected that at the end of the program students will have the necessary training in order to perform a comprehensive analysis of all the elements that make up economic regulation, to identify their consequences and make appropriate decisions in this regard, taking into account both the perspective of the regulator as well as that of the companies involved.


text:
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.ComponentModel;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading.Tasks;

namespace Latrunculi.ViewModels
{
    public class MainWindowViewModel: INotifyPropertyChanged
    {
        private string _title = "Latrunculi";
        public string Title
        {
            get
            {
                return _title;
            }
            set
            {
                _title = value;
                OnPropertyChanged("Title");
            }
        }

        public event PropertyChangedEventHandler PropertyChanged;
        protected void OnPropertyChanged(string propName)
        {
            if (PropertyChanged != null)
                PropertyChanged(this, new PropertyChangedEventArgs(propName));
        }
    }
}


Contract Carpet One recycles 100% of the cushion and 90% of the recyclable carpet that comes back to us when we install in homes such as yours! It is not only one of the great business best practices we adhere to, but it also keeps our landfills down and our environment clean. And best of all, we do it at no cost to you our customer!
Chris' focus has been on eco-friendly flooring and his US Green Building Council "LEED AP" accreditation is one of the most difficult titles to earn in the business of the built environment. He doesn't "green wash" and he truly understands what makes a floor truly environmentally friendly.
Send Chris an email or give him a call at 301-477-1654 to talk about everything from wool carpet to cork to recycled glass tile.


text:
Next Fiction Books
Next General & Literary Fiction
General & Literary Fiction 9781841152288-01-000 9781841152288-01-000 9781841152288
https://www.whsmith.co.uk/products/ghost-macindoe/jonathan-buckley/paperback/9781841152288-01-000.html
Ghost MacIndoe
By Jonathan Buckley (Author)
https://www.whsmith.co.uk/products/ghost-macindoe/jonathan-buckley/paperback/9781841152288-01-000.html £8.27 rrp £8.99 Save £0.72 (8%)
Also available on eBook for £4.49. Click here to purchase from Rakuten Kobo
Following in the wake of his highly praised first two books, Jonathan Buckley's `Ghost MacIndoe' is a bold and ambitious novel that focuses on the life of Alexander MacIndoe, a self-centred man who is characterised only by his physical beauty and a complete lack of will. Jonathan Buckley's third novel opens with Alexander MacIndoe's earliest memory: a February morning in 1944, in the aftermath of the second wave of German air-raids. Set mainly in London and Brighton, Ghost MacIndoe is the story of the next fifty-four years of Alexander's life. We meet his glamorous mother and his father, a pioneering plastic surgeon; a traumatised war veteran called Mr Beckwith with whom Alexander works for several years as a gardener and, most important of all, the orphaned Megan Beckwith, whose relationship with Alexander crystallises into a romance in the 1970s. In the wake of his highly praised first two novels, Jonathan Buckley's third miraculously brings into being one simple life and the last sixty years of English history.
Jonathan Buckley lives in Greenwich, London. He is the author of two previous novels. The Biography of Thomas Lang was published in 1997 and Xerxes in 1999.
Contributor: Jonathan Buckley
Imprint: Fourth Estate Ltd
Biography: Jonathan Buckley lives in Greenwich, London. He is the author of two previous novels. The Biography of Thomas Lang was published in 1997 and Xerxes in 1999.
https://www.whsmith.co.uk/products/ghost-macindoe/jonathan-buckley/paperback/9781841152288.html £8.27 rrp £8.99 Save £0.72 (8%)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Please print out these instructions and keep handy so that you can refer to them. Once you have read them, go to the link at the bottom "Get Started Online" and click to begin.
You will then be asked to select your Contractor Type from a drop down box.
If you are a licensed Apprentice Plumber, Journeyman Plumber, or Plumbing Contractor Please Click on Plumbing Contractor. If you are a Mason with an A.B or C license Please Click on Mason Contractor. If you are a licensed Supervising Electrician or an Electrical Contractor Please Click on Electrical Contractor.
You will then be asked for your Daytime Phone Number.
PLEASE NOTE: The phone number you enter must exactly match the phone number in your existing trade license account information. If you enter in a phone number that is different from the previous number you gave to the Department, then the computer system will not be able to verify that you are currently licensed in our system and will not be able to complete your log-in or renewal.
You will then be allowed to create your own User Name. It is case sensitive. Please write down the username __________________________________.
You will have to put in an email address. If you are currently using AOL or COMCAST as your internet provider, you may experience difficulty or not be able to renew using the on-line trade licensing renewal system. You can use Yahoo, Google, Hotmail, Gmail or any other free internet provider to set up an email address to have your password sent to that account.
Select a Security Question from a drop down box. The On-line renewal system will automatically e-mail you a Password for your use to access the renewal process.
The Password may contain letters and numbers, and some of the letters may be capitalized and some may be lowercase. Please note the Password is case sensitive: Example - GB33mxDN 42, Once you have logged into your account, you can always click "Update Account" on the left side of the screen to change the password to something that you can remember.
Please write down your Username and the Security Question and answer you create for the question as well as your Password. Please keep this information in your records for future reference should you wish to access your account.
If your password or user name are entered incorrectly and do not match what you were given (Password) or created (User Name), then you will be unable to log in or to correctly process your renewal.
Plumbing Contractors, Mason Contractors and Supervising Electricians should print their CERTIFICATE before exiting. To do so, look for the small print icon under "Action". Picture ID's will be placed in the mail shortly after renewing.


I am thankful to the World Gold Council for inviting me to participate in this Conference. It is unusual for the organisers to seek the same speaker and even more unusual for the speaker to accept such an invitation within a span of nine months. That happens in academic circles. It is of course, routine in Toast Masters Club, of which I was a member decades ago. But, this is a gathering of hard headed finance and business people. I presume that the organisers felt that I should be called upon to squarely address the issues that I raised in the last meeting, in a somewhat less inconclusive manner this time. Well, it should be possible to address these issues with a little more confidence now, since the last conference has generated pretty well informed and wide ranging debate on most of the issues posed.
Today, I will briefly recall the issues that I had posed in November last. We could trace policy develop ments since then. I would also share with you the response we received on the subject, not only from the intellectual circles and media but also through letters addressed to Government and the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) - from people in many walks of life. In this background, and keeping in view the recent developments in economic reform, it is possible to examine the rationale for a New Gold Policy (NGP) at this juncture. The possible objectives and the immediate tasks of a NGP need our attention. If some changes in policy towards NGP are considered necessary, the role of the RBI, banks, government and industry/trade would have to be redefined and reoriented. I will elaborate on the re-orientation. In my normal style, I will conclude with a set of issues. Deliberately, Iam avoiding going into details of gold banking since these aspects will be elaborated by Mrs.Usha Thorat, who is one of our resident experts on gold in the RBI.
The issues raised in the last meeting related to demand, supply and use of gold. On the demand side, the need for and the effectiveness of restricting demand were the main concerns. On the supply side, limits to domestic production and the implications of import through various channels were touched upon. The fiscal dimensions, trade policy implications, balance of pay ments (BOP) impact and the desirability of restricting gold import to corporates or banks were also flagged. The role of the RBI in gold policy, sequencing of changes in such a policy and finally the link with capital account convertibility were flagged for further debate. As you are aware, many of these issues have been debated since then, and there has been policy response also.
We have made some progress in liberalising gold policy since we met last. The policy on gold import has been further relaxed and non-resident Indians (NRIs) are allowed to import 10 kgs of gold against 5 kgs allowed previously. The EXIM policy for 1997-2002 has been modified and now in addition to the existing canalising agencies, the RBI will be authorising banks to act as nominated agencies for importing gold into the country under various schemes viz., NRI, SIL and export replenishment/loans, etc. The Tarapore Committee on Capital Account Convertibility has submitted its report and has made wide ranging recommendations relating to gold, in cluding a more liberal import policy for domestic consumption. The RBI has issued guidelines to banks to apply to it for becoming nominated agencies and the first set of applications will be considered shortly. In the meantime, the customs have also modified the procedures for import of gold - no longer requiring banks to be totally accountable for export obligations of the exporters. The Standing Committee on Gold and Precious Metals in the RBI (Subrahmanyam Committee) has been expanded to include representatives of Ministries of Finance and Commerce. The Committee is more active now in rendering advice to the RBI and the Government.
The gold industry, employing goldsmiths numbering about five lakhs, involving an annual turnover of about Rs.25,000 crore is kept out of any serious consideration, in the current reform process. This reflects continuation of gold control mindset and identification of all import, sale or use of gold with black money. Consequently, gold industry exporters of jewellery and genuine purchasers of gold jewellery continue to suffer.
On account of the present policy, the purchaser of gold jewellery pays a higher price of about Rs.3,000 crore every year because of 'hawala' premium, etc. In percentage terms, at wholesale level, it is an extra 17 per cent. Also, because of lack of consumer protection, and improper certification of quality, the purchaser loses about Rs.4,000 crore each year.
The present gold policy shows anti-rural bias. The real purchaser of gold is typically a peasant. Close to seventy per cent of gold jewellery is sold in rural areas and most of gold sales are by way of jewellery. To quote Professor Jeffrey A. Franks, holding gold has in fact often in history served, from France to India, as the only way the peasant can protect himself against inflation and the vicissitudes of politics unquote.
Similarly, there is a gender bias, since most of the jewellery is sought by women. While macho consumer durable components are imported and their production or even consumption financed, a non-depreciating asset like gold is discriminated against. It makes no sense to constrain the demand for 'a multi-purpose indestructible asset' like gold or gold jewellery which is a life time asset, a hedge against inflation, a source of liquidity and a preferred form of saving.
From a fiscal point of view, the NRI route generated about Rs.500 crore towards customs in a year. The 'officialising' of gold import by liberal import of gold will give Rs.250 crore per annum more towards customs with duties at the same rate as for NRIs. Further, if gold is imported freely under OGL, gold trade down the line becomes traceable and will provide sales tax to State Governments and octroi to local bodies.
From trade policy point of view, the existing restrictions on gold jewellery producing units like EOUs constrain the participants in export market and hampers export growth. Free import under OGL and free export are pre-conditions for capturing world markets - as evident from the Turkish experience.
Some advocate free import of gold or import under OGL on the ground that there may be a fall in reserves and a desirable impact on the exchange rate. However, most argue that there will be only 'official ising' of gold import and use of foreign exchange under hawala resulting in no net loss of reserves. In fact, once gold jewellery exports pick up, consequent upon gold-import liberalisation, there will be a positive impact on trade balance.
There is no way of getting rid of or at least drastically reducing the hawala market in foreign exchange, so harmful to social and moral fabric of India, unless gold import is freed and the scope for gold smuggling reduced.
As pointed out by the Committee on Capital Account Convertibility, a pre-condition for further reforms in the external sector is free import of gold.
Finally, while bank credit is available for import, domestic production or processing and easy acquisition or consumption of luxury goods, no such bank credit is available for gold and gold jewellery employing half a million and providing first rate security for banks. In fact, the only way of penetrating the informal credit sector without generating non-performing assets is encouraging flow of bank credit against gold and silver without reference to end-use.
(ii)The cautious liberalisers avoid the subject of liberal bank credit or regulating gold market altogether, but concentrate on possible balance of payments impact. Hence, they advocate limited import through designated agencies to meet both exporters and domestic industry.
(iii)The no changers feel that the existing import regime is foreign exchange neutral; and existing policy is reluctant admission of our incapacity to change the mindset of Indians who are wasting their savings on gold. There is no need to assist or develop this 'unproductive' sector or activity.
(iv)There is little support to total roll-back of policy. There was, however, a suggestion in the context of an analysis of the Report on Capital Account Convertibility in the Economic and Political Weekly (EPW, June 1997). This article reiterated the possible impact of liberalisation of gold import on domestic savings in an adverse way; on diversion of productive resources into unproductive channels; on aiding the process of tax-evasion and hoarding of incomes and assets. Having expressed this, the article states and I quote 'a more viable policy from the point of healthy and egalitarian development was to recommend the banning of gold imports (other than for jewellery exports and for industrial use), and strict enforcement measures against smuggling' unquote.
Responses to the issues raised by me last year thus show a distinct preference for a NGP. It is possible to highlight the important reasons for a relook at the existing gold policy.
Firstly, it is argued that import or use of gold should be discouraged since it affects domestic savings adversely and implies diversion of resources for unproductive purposes. In reality, our household savings unlike government savings, have been increasing since independence while gold was, inspite of the policy, being imported, traded and used. The diversion of savings to unproductive purposes did not happen in the household sector. Further, the idea of mobilisation of resources for productive purposes as defined by planners has yielded place to a slightly different form of policy management of disposition of resources under the post-reform era. Now, even depreciating luxury goods are produced and traded in our economy. Why discriminate against gold ?
Secondly, it is also held that we should not waste scarce foreign exchange on unproductive purposes. With current account convertibility and market determined exchange rate, it is not appropriate to place a premium on foreign exchange. Further, the recent liberalisation of imports through NRI and SIL route has shown that, in reality, there is no adverse impact of liberalised gold import. In fact, this recent experience should provide reason enough for a review now, with a view to liberalising further. Thirdly, it is felt that gold is an important instrument for black money deals and hence restrictions on gold amount to restrictions on black money. Since gold is not the only instrument of black money deals, making gold-availability difficult will not deter either generation of black money or its disposition in many ways including illegal gold. In any case, with the reduction of income tax rates and the launch of Voluntary Disclosure Scheme in the current year, the fiscal stance is clear - remove incentives for generating black money. Hence, gold policy as an important instrument of anti-black money policy loses its significance, in view of the recent Budget.
Fourthly, international experience especially with Turkey, where conditions are similar, has shown that liberal imports and organised trade in gold benefits the economy including external sector. Also, our neighbours in SAARC region have liberalised and officialised gold imports at nominal duties. These developments make it imperative that we review our policies urgently.
Finally, gold plays an important role in our external trade (next only to oil) and in the domestic economy. The reform process would be incomplete without a review and update of gold policy.
enable fuller integration of gold with other areas of domestic economy and closer integration with world gold economy, consistent with our economic reform policies.
If we accept the above objectives of NGP, four broad sets of measures may need our attention now. These are (i) gold and trade policy (ii) regulation and development of domestic trading, including quality markup (iii) bank financing for import, export and domestic activities and (iv) gold banking.
First, on gold and trade policy, the broad thrust has to be liberalisation of import and export, but there are many options in this regard, and these need to be debated. First, place gold under OGL. This would be an ideal situation for free trade and freely tradeable good. However, as an immediate measure, some skepticism could be expressed. Gold has some characteristics of currency, a financial asset and has quasi-foreign exchange attributes. However, free import by members of organised bullion market or designated agencies should serve the purpose, with some scope for regulation. Import of gold through designated agencies including banks would help regulate the gold market besides assuring the quality of gold and bringing more transparency in prices. The advantage of restricting import of gold to designated agencies is that the regulators can fix monetary limits on import during the transition. The domestic transactions of gold imported through the designated agencies could be more easily tracked and would be channelised for making jewellery for domestic use or export. This would also boost exports substantially. On this logic, it will be necessary to discourage liberalised import through NRIs. However, it is possible to charge lesser import duty when designated agencies import, to discourage NRI route. In any case, nominal import duty is a pre-condition for liberalised imports. Incidentally, under the liberalised regime, sale of gold by designated agencies has to be freely permitted to domestic jewellery units. Also, the stipulation of payment of duty in foreign exchange may have to be dispensed with in view of the avoidable irritants, the undermining of domestic currency and market determined exchange rate.
Second, impetus to active domestic trading in gold is a logical consequence of NGP. Currently, the industry is fragmented. It will be essential to tackle major operational issues required to give a fillip to the gold market, such as the development of refining capacity, accredition of refineries and introduction of the system of hallmarking as a consumer protection and export promotion measure. Further, serial number, fineness and assay mark of the melter and assayer should be found stamped on bars. We may have to allow foreign companies with expertise in this area to set up shop in India. The melters and refiners, both from within and outside India may have to be permitted based on net worth, turnover, etc. Perhaps, we have a lot of catching up to do.
Third, it may be necessary to recognise financing as an important policy component of developing the gold market. As would be explained later, legal and institutional framework is available.
Finally, the development of gold banking will be derived from the policy stance. On this subject, I expect the deliberations in this conference to throw up some ideas.
Central banks the world over have a special concern and role in gold economy. The RBI is no exception. Broadly speaking, the role of the RBI spans five areas.
First, and very obvious is the management of gold reserves. Since October 1990, the Bank's gold holdings are valued on the basis of international market prices. We recognise the price risk on the gold holdings and have considered the use of gold options and futures to hedge our risk. However, the RBI Act in its present form does not have enabling provisions. There is also a view that exemption notification by the Government would be required under Section 27 of the Forward Contracts (Regulations) Act to enable the RBI to enter into gold - currency swaps.
Second, the RBI had played an active part in the local bullion market. The RBI had, in the past, close links with Bullion Market Association, and the RBI's nominee was a member. In the seventies, gold sale was organised domestically by the RBI even as it continued its interest in study of gold and precious metals, monitoring prices, trade, etc., and constantly advised Government on policies. The RBI in future under NGP, could play a role similar to Bank of England in the bullion market.
Third, the licensing of import of gold and silver bullion was for a long time a function of the RBI and not of the Import Trade Control. It was only through amendment to the Foreign Exchange Regulation Act, 1973 in 1992 that import of gold/silver and export of gold, jewellery and precious stones ceased to be regulated by the RBI. Now, policy with regard to import and export of gold is under the purview of EXIM policy. However, as per the recent EXIM Policy, the RBI can designate an agency to import gold for selling it to exporters only.
Fourth, in terms of Section 6 of the Banking Regulation Act, 1949, in addition to the business of banking, a banking company may engage in the buying, selling and dealing in bullion and specie. In fact, the Act allows banks to trade in bullion. Banks extend credit against gold. The regulatory role of RBI arises out of its supervisory functions over banks.
Fifth, the RBI has and continues to play its rightful role in influencing the gold policy in the country. We have in fact established a framework for ongoing review of policy in gold. We established a Standing Committee on Gold and other Precious Metals in 1992 which has since been enlarged and activated in 1997. The Committee is also addressing issues relating to the development of gold market and gold based instru ments, with providing a significant boost to jewellery export being one of its objectives. We expect this committee to take active interest in matters relating to gold banking also.
I have alluded, earlier today, to the need for an amendment to the RBI Act and also to issuance of notification by the Government under Section 27 of the Forward Contracts (Regulation) Act, 1954. These measures are needed to enable the RBI and banks to enter into derivative contracts in gold. Further, it is not clear wheth er gold denominated certificates and other gold related products would be deemed to be a security in terms of Securities Contracts (Regulation) Act. There are also wide ranging issues related to taxation. In the European Community, transactions in gold are subject to VAT at rates which vary from country to country. In some countries, gold is subject to sales tax as well. In UK, there is a formal agreement between the Commissioner of Customs and Excise and the London Bullion Market, on matters relating to tax treatment, and no doubt with the support of Bank of England. The Government's role is critical in creating an enabling environment, especially through changes in the legal framework.
In the early part of this century, there existed an active gold market in India - both physical and financial - and gold options and futures were actively traded in the Bombay Bullion Exchange.
It is possible to revive this market now. Futures trading is already active in other commodities like pepper, etc. and perhaps there is no reason for disallowing gold to be traded again though under an appropriate regulatory framework. The focus of the regulation could be to ensure that trading is undertaken within prudential limits and correlated to risk taking capacity, to prevent systemic weakness and to induce transparency in trading practices.
We could draw lessons from the British experience. The London Bullion Market Association has the formal responsibility for the supervision of its wholesale bullion market. The Bank of England, with assistance from the London Bullion Market Association, has drawn up a Code of Conduct for the market which covers such matters as confidentiality, market ethics, inducement and conflicts of interest. It is the responsibility of the Association to monitor its members' adherence both in letter and in spirit, and bring any breaches to the central bank's attention. In addition, the Association has taken over the functions previously performed by the London Gold Market and the London Silver Market in connection with the technical aspects of deliverable material, the rules governing application for inclusion in the list of acceptable Melters and Assayers and the codification of market practices as far as clearing and settlement are concerned.
Currently, the role of commercial banks is limited to investment in gold as an SLR asset and to lend against bullion and specie. As mentioned, banks could play a more active role in financing gold related activities. As an immediate measure, perhaps banks may be (a) permitted to be designated agencies for import, (b) encouraged to lend against gold or silver jewellery as security up to - say Rs.2 lakh without any stipulation on end-use to help peasants and penetrate the informal credit sector, (c) advised to devise gold acquisition plans, (d) permitted to lend liberally to gold jewellery business, and (e) allowed to draw upon international experience to deal in the gold industry.
Issues As you would notice, I have not gone into the details of gold banking - leaving it to my colleague. Similarly, on gold policy and capital account convertibility, my distinguished predecessor, friend, philosopher and guide Dr. Tarapore, Chairman himself will address you later. Deliberately, I have not gone into the issue of current price situation of gold or use of gold as reserves by central banks. I feel that those issues, though of contemporary interest are not directly relevant.
I am thus, left with issues that flow from my presentation today.
First: what should be the possible objectives of NGP? And when should we launch NGP?
Second: is mere liberalisation of import of gold enough of a reform? If not, what are the other measures?
Third: who should be the promoter/regulator for gold trade?
Fourth: what should be the objectives of regulating gold trade?
Fifth: what are the measures that are possible under the existing legal framework? What changes in legal framework are needed to achieve a globally strategic position for India in world gold economy? Sixth: what should be the tax regime, since in many countries the tax regime for gold is somewhat special.
Seventh: how soon could the physical facilities, like quality assaying, marking, designs etc. of international standards be established? What will be the role of foreign investment and technology in this area?
Eighth: how should the banks equip themselves to do gold banking - immediately with the present legal and policy frame - and soon to exploit the opportunities under a possible NGP?
Ninth: and this is critical from the RBI's point of view - what is expected of the RBI in the context of developing gold banking now, and under a possible NGP?
Let me conclude by thanking the audience for patiently listening to me and assuring the Organisers that we in the RBI are eagerly looking forward to the benefit of deliberations here.


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Log in with your American College of Sports Medicine credentials.
October 2018 - Volume 50 - Issue 10
Thought you might appreciate this item(s) I saw at Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise.
Glucose Tolerance is Linked to Postprandial Fuel Use Independent of Exercise Dose
GILBERTSON, NICOLE M.1; EICHNER, NATALIE Z. M.1; FRANCOIS, MONIQUE1; GAITÁN, JULIAN M.1; HEISTON, EMILY M.1; WELTMAN, ARTHUR1,2; MALIN, STEVEN K.1,2,3
1Department of Kinesiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA;
2Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA; and
3Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
Address for correspondence: Steven K. Malin, Ph.D., Department of Kinesiology, University of Virginia | Charlottesville, 210 Emmet St., 225A Memorial Gymnasium, Charlottesville, VA; E-mail: skm6n@virginia.edu.
Submitted for publication March 2018.
Accepted for publication May 2018.
Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise: October 2018 - Volume 50 - Issue 10 - p 2058–2066
doi: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000001667
The optimal short-term exercise dose to improve glucose tolerance in relation to metabolic flexibility and/or insulin resistance is unknown. Therefore, we tested if short-term, work-matched continuous (CONT) versus interval (INT) exercise training improves glucose tolerance in part by reducing insulin resistance and increasing metabolic flexibility independent of clinically meaningful fat loss in adults with prediabetes.
Methods Subjects (age = 60.9 ± 1.4 yr, body mass index = 33.5 ± 1.1 kg·m−2) were screened for prediabetes using the American Diabetes Association criteria (75 g oral glucose tolerance test [OGTT] and/or HbA1c) and were randomized to 60 min·d−1 of supervised CONT (n = 17, 70% HRpeak) or work-matched INT (n = 14; 90% HRpeak for 3 min and 50% HRpeak for 3 min) exercise for 12 bouts. Fitness (V˙O2peak) and body composition were assessed pre- and postintervention. A 180-min 75-g OGTT was performed, and glucose, insulin, and free fatty acids were collected to calculate glucose tolerance (tAUC180min) and whole-body as well as adipose tissue insulin resistance pre- and postintervention. RER (indirect calorimetry) was also measured at 0, 60, 120, and 180 min of the OGTT to assess fasting and postprandial metabolic flexibility.
Results CONT and INT training improved V˙O2peak (L·min−1; P = 0.001) and glucose tolerance (P = 0.01) and reduced fasting RER (P = 0.006), as well as whole-body and adipose insulin resistance (both P = 0.02) with no effect on body fat (P = 0.18). Increased postprandial RER was correlated with reduced glucose tAUC180min (r = −0.38, P = 0.05) and increased 180-min RER related to decreased whole-body insulin resistance (r = −0.42, P = 0.03).
Independent of exercise dose and fat loss, short-term training improves glucose tolerance in relation to enhanced postprandial fuel use.
Nearly 86 million adults in the United States have prediabetes and are at risk for type 2 diabetes (T2D) (1). Prediabetes is characterized by blood glucose concentrations that are higher than normal but below T2D criteria (1). The exact cause for this hyperglycemia is multifactorial, but metabolic inflexibility is considered a primary contributor to whole-body insulin resistance (2,3). Metabolic inflexibility is defined as the reduced capacity to switch from primarily fat oxidation in the fasted state to CHO utilization after insulin stimulation. Interestingly, metabolic inflexibility is exacerbated in adults with prediabetes compared with weight-matched adults with normal glucose tolerance (2), suggesting that without lifestyle or pharmacological intervention, these etiological factors could worsen and increase the propensity for developing T2D (1).
Habitual exercise improves glucose tolerance (4–7) in adults at risk for T2D, although the exact dose required is unclear. Several studies have recently suggested that when compared with conventional long-term continuous (CONT) training, interval (INT) exercise has similar effects on improving glucose tolerance in overweight/obese adults with normal glucose tolerance, prediabetes, or T2D (5,6,8,9). However, other studies comparing these exercise doses used varying INT prescriptions that were not work matched to CONT training. Although this suggests individuals may derive improved glucose control from less time spent exercising, newer work suggests that in work-matched conditions, INT training may be a more effective exercise dose at reducing blood glucose when compared with CONT exercise. In fact, Karstoft et al. (9) demonstrated that 16 wk of INT exercise improved glycemic control as assessed by continuous glucose monitors in adults with T2D more so than CONT training. This observation raises the possibility that INT is optimal for glycemic control when exercise doses are matched on workload. However, many long-term exercise studies promote clinically meaningful reductions in weight and fat, thereby producing a gap in our understanding of work-matched CONT versus INT exercise independent of these changes in body composition on glucose tolerance in adults with prediabetes. Moreover, the mechanism(s) by which this improvement in glucose tolerance after INT versus CONT is not well understood. In adults with or at risk for developing T2D, short-term INT and CONT exercises reduce insulin resistance in the absence of weight loss and changes in fasting free fatty acids (FFA) as assessed by fasting blood samples (i.e., HOMA-IR) (10) or oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTT) (11,12). These findings therefore suggest that enhanced insulin action in liver and/or skeletal muscle may contribute to glucose homeostasis after short-term exercise, although the effect of INT versus CONT exercise on reducing circulating postprandial FFA and adipose insulin resistance is unknown. This is clinically important because lower FFA is related to alleviating metabolic inflexibility and peripheral insulin resistance (3,13). Thus, the purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effect of a short-term work-matched INT versus CONT training intervention on glucose tolerance in adults with prediabetes in the absence of clinically meaningful weight/fat loss. We hypothesized that, when compared with CONT, INT training would elicit greater improvements in glucose tolerance in association with increased metabolic flexibility and reduced adipose tissue and whole-body insulin resistance.
Thirty-one obese, sedentary adults (Table 1) were recruited by newspaper advertisements and/or flyers in the local community. Subjects were screened for prediabetes using a standard 2-h 75 g OGTT and/or HbA1c after an overnight fast based on the American Diabetes Association criteria. Prediabetes phenotype was categorized as impaired fasting glucose (IFG), impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), or IFG + IGT as previously done by our group (4) and were block randomized to INT or CONT exercise to match each phenotype between intervention groups. Subjects were excluded from participation if they were physically active (>60 min·wk−1), pregnant or lactating, smoking, or diagnosed with type 1 or type 2 diabetes. Subjects were also excluded if on medications known to influence insulin sensitivity (e.g., metformin, GLP-1 agonist, etc.). All subjects enrolled underwent physical examination with resting and exercise 12-lead EKG and biochemical testing to rule out disease. All subjects provided verbal and written informed consent as approved by our Institutional Review Board.
Effect of INT or CONT exercise on body composition, fitness, and biochemistries.
Metabolic control
Subjects were instructed to refrain from caffeine or alcohol consumption as well as strenuous exercise 48-h before testing. Subjects were also instructed to refrain from taking any medications or dietary supplements 24-h before reporting to the Clinical Research Unit. On the day before admissions testing, subjects were instructed to record their diet and consume approximately 250 g of CHO to minimize influence of muscle glycogen on insulin resistance, and this diet was then repeated before posttesting. The last exercise training bout was performed approximately 24-h before postintervention metabolic testing.
Cardiorespiratory fitness
V˙O2peak was determined using a continuous progressive exercise test on a cycle ergometer with indirect calorimetry (Carefusion, Vmax CART, Yorba Linda, CA). HR and blood pressure were obtained at rest, and HR was continuously monitored using a 12-lead EKG. The power output was increased by 25 W every 2 min until subjects reached volitional exhaustion. RPE and RER were monitored throughout the test.
After an approximate 4-h fast, body weight was measured to the nearest 0.01 kg on a digital scale with minimal clothing and without shoes, and height was measured with a stadiometer to assess body mass index. Fat mass and fat-free mass were measured using the InBody 770 Body Composition Analyzer (InBody Co., Cerritos, CA). Waist circumference was measured 2 cm above the umbilicus using a tape measure.
OGTT
After a 10- to 12-h overnight fast, subjects were admitted to the Clinical Research Unit. An indwelling catheter was placed in an antecubital vein, and fasting blood was collected before and during a 180-min 75 g OGTT. Circulating glucose, insulin, and FFA were determined at fasting and every 30 min up to 120 min and then at 180 min to assess glucose tolerance and insulin resistance. Whole-body insulin resistance was calculated as previously performed by our group as insulin tAUC180min multiplied by glucose tAUC180min (14). Adipose insulin resistance during the postprandial state was also calculated as the product of plasma insulin tAUC180min and FFA tAUC180min because insulin action suppresses lipolysis (15). RER was measured with indirect calorimetry (Carefusion, Vmax CART) at 0, 60, 120, and 180 min of the OGTT to assess fuel use. Metabolic flexibility was also defined by subtracting fasting RER from the average of postprandial RER.
Exercise interventions
Subjects completed 12 supervised, work-matched 60-min exercise sessions over 13 d on a cycle ergometer. Appropriate submaximal exercise workload was determined from the HRpeak obtained during the V˙O2peak test so that both interventions were work matched at 70% of HRpeak. INT exercise consisted of subjects completing alternating 3-min intervals at 90% of their HRpeak and then 50% of their HRpeak. CONT exercise consisted of a constant session at 70% of their HRpeak. RPE was also assessed throughout each training session to gauge intensity.
Plasma glucose samples were analyzed immediately using the YSI 2300 StatPlus Glucose Analyzer system (Yellow Springs, OH). All other samples were centrifuged for 10 min at 4°C and 3000 rpm, aliquoted, and stored at −80°C until later analysis. All measurements pre- and posttraining were analyzed on the same plate to minimize interassay variability. Plasma for determinations of insulin and FFA was placed in vacutainers containing EDTA and the protease inhibitor aprotonin. Insulin was analyzed using an enzyme-link immunosorbent assay kits (Millipore, Billerica, MA), and circulating FFA were analyzed using an enzymatic colorimetric assay (Wako Diagnostics, Richmond, VA).
Data were analyzed using SPSS version 24 (IBM Analytics, Armonk, NY). Nonnormally distributed data were log-transformed for analysis. Overall, 35 people enrolled into the study, but 3 subjects were excluded due to non-study-related medical conditions (e.g., pregnancy, orthostatic intolerance, and musculoskeletal pain) and 1 subject withdrew because of time commitment. As such, the remaining subjects' data were analyzed using a two-way repeated-measures ANOVA. The 120-min FFA and FFA tAUC180min were covaried (ANCOVA) for baseline group statistical differences in fasting FFA. Pearson's correlation was used to assess associations between outcomes. Data were presented as mean ± SEM, and significance was set at P ≤ 0.05.
Exercise training characteristics
There were 17 subjects (age = 47–74 yr, fasting plasma glucose = 86.0–122.0 mg·dL−1, 120-min glucose = 106.5–217.0 mg·dL−1) who completed CONT training (7 IFG, 4 IGT, and 6 IFG + IGT) and 14 subjects (age = 43–70 yr, fasting plasma glucose = 94.8–114.5 mg·dL−1, 120-min glucose = 77.3–211.0 mg·dL−1) who completed INT training (4 IFG, 3 IGT, and 7 IFG + IGT). Exercise session adherence was 96.5% and 99.3% for the INT and CONT group, respectively. Although the average percent HRpeak values across exercise sessions were 72.9% ± 1.2% for CONT and 79.3% ± 0.7% for INT training (P = 0.004), there was no difference in RPE (CONT: 12.8 ± 0.3 vs INT: 12.2 ± 0.5; P = 0.23). There was also no difference between groups in the dietary caloric (CONT 145.2 ± 202.0 vs INT −24.0 ± 198.0 kcal; P = 0.70), CHO (CONT −8.6 ± 25.6 vs INT 26.1 ± 21.9 g; P = 0.26), protein (CONT 16.1 ± 15.6 vs INT −16.2 ± 8.09 g; P = 0.16), or fat (CONT 7.2 ± 15.9 vs INT −12.3 ± 13.39 g; P = 0.38) intake 24 h before admission testing pre- and posttreatments.
Body composition and fitness
INT and CONT training reduced body mass index (P = 0.002) and fat-free mass (P < 0.001) comparably (Table 1). There was no effect on fat mass (P = 0.18). In addition, both interventions increased V˙O2peak (L·min−1) (P = 0.02) to a similar extent, although INT exercise tended to increase V˙O2peak (mL·kg−1·min−1; P = 0.09) more than CONT exercise (Table 1).
Plasma glucose, insulin, and FFA
INT and CONT training had no effect on fasting glucose, but reduced 120-min plasma glucose (P = 0.009; Table 1) and glucose tAUC180min (P = 0.01; Fig. 1A) similarly. CONT and INT exercises also induced 41.2% and 35.7% reversal of prediabetes, assessed by fasting and/or 120-min glucose concentrations, with no difference between treatments (P = 0.53). Fasting insulin was unaltered; however, circulating insulin at 120 min (P = 0.03; Table 1) and insulin tAUC180min (P = 0.004; Table 1, Fig. 1C) were reduced comparably between INT and CONT exercise treatments. Neither intervention effected fasting, 120 min, or FFA tAUC180min (Fig. 1B) after the interventions (Table 1).
Effect of CONT and INT exercises on plasma glucose (A), FFA (B), and insulin (C) total area under the curve (tAUC). Data are presented as mean ± SEM. FFA was covaried for pretest fasting FFA. Raw data are presented ease of interpretation; however, insulin tAUC180min was log-transformed for normality. There were no group–treatment differences. *Significant (P ≤ 0.05) treatment effect.
Insulin resistance and metabolic flexibility
Whole-body insulin resistance (P = 0.02; Fig. 2A) and adipose insulin resistance (P = 0.02; Fig. 2B) were reduced similarly between CONT and INT training treatments. INT and CONT exercises also reduced fasting RER comparably (P = 0.006; Table 2). There was no statistically significant change in postprandial RER or metabolic flexibility after the intervention (Table 2).
Effect of INT or CONT exercise on fasting and postprandial substrate oxidation.
Effect of CONT and INT exercises on whole-body (A) and postprandial adipose (B) insulin resistance. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. There were no group–treatment differences. *Significant (P ≤ 0.05) treatment effect.
Higher preintervention glucose tAUC180min correlated with greater reductions in 120-min plasma glucose (r = −0.51, P = 0.004), adipose insulin resistance (r = −0.36, P = 0.04), and whole-body insulin resistance (r = −0.60, P = 0.000) after the intervention. Reductions in 120-min plasma glucose (r = −0.48, P = 0.01) and glucose tAUC180min (r = −0.38, P = 0.05; Fig. 3C) were associated with increased postprandial (average of 60–180 min) RER. Decreased whole-body insulin resistance was also correlated with increased 180-min RER (r = −0.42, P = 0.03; Fig. 3D). Increased V˙O2peak (L·min−1) correlated to reduced FFA tAUC180min (r = −0.36, P = 0.04). Enhanced V˙O2peak (L·min−1) (r = −0.33, P = 0.07; Fig. 3A) and improved glucose tAUC180min (r = 0.53, P = 0.003; Fig. 3B) were also related to reduced adipose insulin resistance.
Correlations in metabolic outcomes after the intervention. The change (Δ) in postprandial adipose insulin resistance to the Δ V˙O2peak (A) and Δ in glucose tolerance (B). The Δ in glucose tolerance and the Δ in postprandial RER (C). The Δ in whole-body insulin resistance to the Δ in 180-min RER (D). Closed circles, CONT training; open circles, INT training.
In contrast to our hypothesis, the major finding of the present study is that INT exercise did not elicit greater improvement in glucose tolerance when compared with CONT training (Fig. 1A). These findings suggest that when short-term exercise training doses are matched for work, glucose regulation is improved comparably in people with prediabetes. Indeed, we showed that glucose tolerance was improved by 8.7% with CONT exercise and 12.4% with INT training. This finding is comparable with recent work in normal weight men reporting that 2 wk of cycle ergometer high-intensity INT training elicited a 12% improvement in glucose tolerance (16). In addition, glucose tolerance was improved in sedentary obese men when performing CONT exercise training at maximal fat oxidation or INT exercise at fat max (17). However, these studies were conducted in adults with normal glucose tolerance (12,16,17) or T2D (18), and it remained to be determined whether similar findings would be seen in adults with prediabetes. Furthermore, many studies have not directly compared INT with CONT training (10,12,16) but rather have explored the role of INT exercise only as a time effective means to improve glucose control. Therefore, the present findings show that over the short term, when exercise interventions are matched for work, exercise intensity is not a predominant factor driving favorable changes in glucose tolerance in people with prediabetes. Alternatively, these data suggest exercise, independent of intensity, improves glucose tolerance in a clinically meaningful way because it led to a reversal of prediabetes in approximately 40% of the subjects. These data are comparable with Jenkins et al. (19), who showed that 6 months of a standardized endurance exercise program resulted in regression from prediabetes to normal glucose tolerance in approximately 36% of adults. Taken together, our results suggest that short-term training is effective at enhancing glucose tolerance in adults with prediabetes in only 2 wk.
There are several reasons that may explain why INT exercise did not elicit greater changes in glucose tolerance than CONT training. First, higher intensities of exercise are suggested to induce greater changes in body fat when compared with low- to moderate-intensity exercise (20) through, in part, elevations in metabolic rate (21,22). As such, it would be expected that INT exercise would promote greater fat loss and this would improve glucose tolerance more than CONT exercise (23). However, we observed no significant difference between weight/fat loss or waist circumference between groups. This observation suggests that when short-term training doses are matched on workload, body composition does not differentially influence glucose tolerance. However, other mechanisms underlying the improvements in glucose tolerance after short-term exercise may relate to adiposopathy (i.e., ratio of adiponectin to leptin). Adiposopathy may drive reductions in insulin resistance with short-term exercise training (24,25), and future work is warranted to examine if training intensity differentially affects glucose regulation and cardiovascular disease risk through an inflammatory mediated mechanism.
Aerobic fitness is also suggested to lower T2D risk by decreasing hepatic, skeletal muscle, and adipose tissue insulin resistance. If INT exercise promoted greater fitness than CONT training, it could be expected that enhanced regulation of one or more of these organs would lead to better glucose tolerance. We did not observe any difference in aerobic fitness though between INT and CONT exercises in the current study, suggesting that changes in fitness is unlikely to affect our results. Nevertheless, the tissue that contributes to glucose tolerance could still be differentially affected by the type of exercise performed. Prior work suggests that short-term high-intensity exercise training is effective at improving hepatic insulin resistance after 7 d of exercise in obese adults with insulin resistance (26). However, similar to short-term aerobic training study in adults with T2D (27), we report that INT or CONT exercise has no effect on fasting glucose or insulin concentrations in adults with prediabetes. This suggests that there was minimal improvement in hepatic insulin resistance after short-term CONT or INT training in these adults with prediabetes. Alternatively, improved aerobic fitness was associated with reductions in circulating FFA and adipose insulin resistance in the present study, and this improved adipose insulin resistance was directly correlated with glucose tolerance (Fig. 3B). We interpret these associations to suggest that adipose tissue may be an important regulator of glucose concentrations after short-term training independent of intensity. The mechanism by which decreased adipose insulin resistance drives glucose tolerance is beyond the scope of the present study, but it may relate to enhanced insulin action on suppressing lipolysis and/or re-esterification of FFA to intramyocellular lipids (28). In either case, the lack of change in fasting glucose and/or insulin suggests that hepatic glucose production had minimal effect on glucose tolerance improvements herein, and highlights that our measure of whole-body insulin resistance is most likely reflective of skeletal muscle glucose disposal. Thus, the reduction in circulating FFA may be an important mechanism reducing circulating glucose via alleviation in impaired skeletal muscle glucose oxidation and/or storage (13).
Impaired metabolic flexibility is considered a primary mechanism underlying impaired insulin-stimulated muscle glucose uptake (2). Although long-term exercise training studies suggest increased metabolic flexibility is related to reduced circulating glucose concentrations (4), no work exists after short-term training at different intensities matched on workload during postprandial conditions. We show for the first time that enhanced postprandial RER is associated with improved glucose tolerance (Fig. 3C) and whole-body insulin resistance (Fig. 3D) in adults with prediabetes. These findings are similar to Whyte et al. (12), who showed that 2 wk of sprint INT training significantly increased fasting fat oxidation in overweight/obese men. However, this prior study did not evaluate the changes in substrate utilization in the postprandial state nor the relationship of metabolic flexibility to glucose tolerance or insulin resistance, thereby limiting the clinical relevance of postprandial substrate metabolism to glucose control. The mechanism by which exercise improves metabolic flexibility has yet to be fully elucidated, but it has been suggested that skeletal muscle oxidative capacity is a significant predictor of insulin resistance (29). Indeed, short-term training increases skeletal muscle oxidative capacity (e.g., COX I, COX IV, citrate synthase, and β-HAD) (18,30) and is consistent with our data showing enhanced fat oxidation in the fasted state after CONT and INT training. We speculate that this enhanced fat oxidation may have reduced the deleterious effect of intramyocellular lipid species (e.g., ceramides) on insulin signaling and improved CHO oxidation and skeletal muscle glucose uptake (13,31). Taken together, these data suggest that short-term CONT or INT exercise training increases fasting fat oxidation and maintains average postprandial CHO utilization, thereby contributing to improvements in glucose tolerance.
There are limitations to the study that merit acknowledgment. This study had a modest sample size in which the majority of subjects were females. We did not have the statistical power to test the independent effect of sex; however, future work is needed to evaluate the differential responsiveness to short-term CONT or INT training based on sex as men and women have differences in glucose regulation (32). In the current study, we used the OGTT to estimate insulin resistance as opposed to using the euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp with stable isotopes to determine peripheral and hepatic insulin resistance. Although our results of whole-body insulin resistance may be over- or underestimated, the use of the clamp limits "real-world" insight into glucose regulation. It should also be noted that without the use of stable isotopes and skeletal muscle biopsies, we cannot determine the directionality or causality of enhanced substrate oxidation and reduced whole-body insulin resistance. Thus, it remains possible that greater skeletal muscle glucose uptake leads to more CHO utilization during the postprandial period, or enhanced CHO reliance promotes more insulin-mediated glucose disposal. In either case, the association between greater postprandial CHO use with improved glucose control suggests that metabolic flexibility may be an important mechanism contributing to glucose homeostasis independent of exercise dose. Another consideration is that we estimated adipose insulin resistance by use of FFA during an OGTT. Although our postprandial measure of adipose insulin resistance is similar to the validated fasted adipose insulin resistance calculation with the multistep pancreatic clamp with FFA tracers (33), we recognize that use of glycerol may minimize concerns with re-esterification and/or alterations in FFA uptake. Thus, further work posttraining using clamps with FFA or glycerol tracers is required to confirm the effect exercise dose has on adipose insulin resistance. Previous work has suggested that prediabetes phenotypes may respond differently to high-intensity CONT exercise (34). We showed that people with IFG + IGT have blunted glucose tolerance, metabolic flexibility, and clamp-derived insulin resistance improvement after 12 wk of lifestyle intervention compared with those with IGT or IFG alone (4). As such, we block randomized people with IFG, IGT, and IFG + IGT between CONT and INT training interventions to minimize variance in response to the interventions. Treatment groups were relatively matched across phenotypes, suggesting that any difference between groups is unlikely the result of prediabetes classification. Moreover, preintervention glucose tolerance was inversely related to the change in glucose tolerance and insulin resistance, suggesting that the most severe forms of prediabetes benefited the most during this 2-wk intervention. Nonetheless, future work should consider the effect of prediabetes phenotypes on lifestyle responses to optimize personalization of exercise prescription for T2D prevention.
In conclusion, short-term exercise training, independent of intensity, is effective in improving glucose tolerance in adults with prediabetes. This enhanced glucose tolerance may be improved through fitness-related responses in insulin resistance and postprandial substrate oxidation before meaningful weight loss. This is clinically relevant as 2 wk of exercise reversed prediabetes in approximately 40% of individuals, suggesting that glycemic control may be derived in a timely manner. Further work is required to determine whether nutrition and/or pharmacological intervention could add to the effects of exercise in an intensity-based manner to optimize medical approaches to prevent and/or reverse T2D and cardiovascular disease.
The authors thank Dr. Eugene J. Barrett, M.D., for his assistance in screening subjects and helpful feedback on the work. They also thank the members of the Applied Metabolism and Physiology Laboratory for helpful discussion on the manuscript as well as the clinical research unit nursing staff, the exercise physiology core laboratory staff, and the participants for their excellent efforts. Funding was supported by the University of Virginia's Curry School of Education and Launchpad Award to S. K. M.
The authors have nothing to disclose. The results of the present study do not constitute endorsement by the American College of Sports Medicine. The results of the study are presented clearly, honestly, and without fabrication, falsification, or inappropriate data manipulation.
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7. Knowler WC, Barrett-Connor E, Fowler SE, et al. Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. N Engl J Med. 2002;346(6):393–403.
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INSULIN RESISTANCE; OXIDATIVE CAPACITY; PREDIABETES; TYPE 2 DIABETES; EXERCISE INTENSITY
© 2018 American College of Sports Medicine
Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise50(10):2058-2066, October 2018.
OXIDATIVE CAPACITY
INSULIN RESISTANCE, OXIDATIVE CAPACITY, PREDIABETES, TYPE 2 DIABETES, EXERCISE INTENSITY
Articles in PubMed by NICOLE M. GILBERTSON
Articles in Google Scholar by NICOLE M. GILBERTSON
Other articles in this journal by NICOLE M. GILBERTSON
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Pilot Study of Impact of a Pedal Desk on Postprandial Responses in Sedentary Workers
Quantity and Quality of Exercise for Developing and Maintaining Cardiorespiratory, Musculoskeletal, and Neuromotor Fitness in Apparently Healthy Adults: Guidance for Prescribing Exercise
Mountain Cycling Ultramarathon Effects on Inflammatory and Hemoglobin Responses
Impact of Moderate-Intensity and Vigorous-Intensity Physical Activity on Mortality
by the American College of Sports Medicine


text:
/**
 * Created by jin on 8/16/17.
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import {Pipe, PipeTransform} from '@angular/core'

/*
 * 从数组中查找指定的key的值
 * Takes an exponent argument that defaults to 1.
 * Usage:
 *   value | findKey: sourceData : keyName
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 *   {{ 1 | findKey : [{id : 1, name : '上海'}] 'name' }}
 *   formats to: 上海
 */

@Pipe({name: 'findKey'})
export class FindKeyPipe implements PipeTransform {
    transform(value: string | number, ...args: any[]): any {

        const sourceData = args[0];
        const key = args[1];

        if (!value || !key || !sourceData || !Array.isArray(sourceData)) { return value; }

        let result: string | number = '';

        sourceData.forEach( item => {
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                result = item[key];
            }
        });

        return result;
    }
}


text:
Libyan elections
Latest UN-led talks over Libyan elections fail
Differences over the draft constitution and the electoral law have raised fresh fears of resumption of fighting between the different factions in Libya. The country has faced a decade-long war following the NATO-led invasion in 2011
Libya's eastern-based parliament approves new interim government
The current interim government led by prime minister Abdul Hamid Dbeibah has refused to step down and has vowed to fulfill its mandate of conducting elections and only concede power to an "elected authority"
Israeli court: Palestinians to remain in their homes until land arrangement and other stories
Today we look at the Israeli Supreme Court's order on the expulsion of 4 Sheikh Jarrah families, the new cabinet approved by Libya's Tobruk-based parliament, and more
Libyan parliament to replace transitional government after failure to hold presidential elections
Peoples Dispatch / February 02, 2022
The eastern based-parliament announced that candidates can start submitting their applications for the role of interim prime minister. The move came just over a month after the presidential elections scheduled for December 24 were postponed
Iran stresses sanctions removal, verification in JCPOA negotiations and other stories
Today we look at the start of the 8th round of talks on the Iran nuclear deal, a report on fatal police shootings in Canada, and more
Libyan parliament postpones vote to fix new date for elections
The schedule for elections is highly uncertain with a parliamentary commission suggesting that the process be abandoned and a new constitution be framed instead. Electoral authorities had recommended that the elections be held on January 24
Libyan presidential elections postponed
The Libyan election committee has proposed January 24 as the new date for the elections due to unresolved disputes regarding the electoral laws and the presence of foreign troops in the country
Hey Buddy!, I found this information for you: "Latest UN-led talks over Libyan elections fail". Here is the website link: https://peoplesdispatch.org/2022/06/21/latest-un-led-talks-over-libyan-elections-fail/. Thank you.


In my opinion, _________ is the better place to spend my summer holiday._______.
In my opinion, City A is the better place to spend my summer holiday. Although the temperature there is higher, the hotel is less comfortable, and even the food is not as delicious as that in City B, I still choose City A. The most important reason is that I can have a lot of things to do in City A. I can enjoy more beautiful scenery and do more activities. Besides, it takes us only two hours to fly there, which saves us a lot of time. I hope the holiday will be an unforgettable experience.
In my opinion, City B is the better place to spend my summer holiday. Although it takes me two more hours to fly there on an airplane, and I don't have many things to do, I still choose City B. The most important reason is that City B has better weather, not too hot or too cold. Besides, the hotel there is more comfortable and the food is more delicious than that in City A. All these make my holiday more relaxing. I hope the coming summer holiday will be an unforgettable experience.
I'm sorry to inform you that there are two changes to the schedule for English Day.Firstly, there will be a very important meeting after lunch in our school, so the English Talk Show will be put off by 30 minutes. That is, it starts at 13:00 and ends at 14:30. Secondly, the place of English Corner will be changed from Playground to School Hall because the weather report says it's going to rain that afternoon.
Please come and join us on time!
How are you? I hope you're fine and not too busy! I can't wait to leave for China next week. But could you tell me something about Chinese table manners? What places of interest can I visit when I am in your city?
Thank you for your email about your lost wallet.
Please sen me some more information. When did you stay in our hotel and what room were you in? Please describe your wallet. What was in it? Send me your address and phone number.
Thank you so much for your reply. I stayed in your hotel on July 6 in Room 105 and I remember having left my new black wallet on the table. My ID card, two credit cards as well as a 100-dollar bill are in my wallet. Would you be kind enough to send me the wallet to No.1 Renmin Road, Binhai, China by mail if you find it?
Please call me on my phone number 1361234567 if needed.
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Apartment is a bit dated but in good shape. U-turn can be annoying.
The management, environment, and cleanliness of Crowne Polo make it an excellent place to live. Shuttles access this property and run to the Wake campus for ease of transport. Plenty of parking, great for graduate students.
My experience at Crowne Polo has been nothing but satisfactory. The management is attentive and respond quickly to maintenance requests. I am a dog owner and enjoy that there are many other dog owners in the complex. There is even an on-site fenced dog park. Crowne Polo also holds lots of free events and food for their residents. The gym is a little small, but sufficient for an apartment gym with the options of free weights, kettle bells, cardio machines, and a couple of weight machines.
It has been a great experience to live here, very good neighborhood with top of the line management and amenities.
Management is very nice and accommodating. We have never experienced noise issues. The pool and recreational facility are nice amenities. Many other MSA students live in the complex.
Crowne Polo is very affordable and comfortable. The size and location is perfect. I am very pleased!
Convenient to campus and lots of space for a very affordable price. Excellent management who is very responsive to requests.
Great all around, only complain is that it can be difficult to get to with there being no left turn to get into the complex from Silas Creek Parkway.
Crowne Polo is a great apartment complex and I love living here! Management is extremely nice and friendly and the apartments are exceptional quality for the price.
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