text:
History of Novopoltavka
Background Information - History
Memoirs and Family Stories
Memorial: Holocaust
Memorial: 1919 Pogrom
Projects and Support
JewishGen Home Page
KehilaLinks Home Page
www.jewishgen.org/Ukraine/
Compiled by
Sylvia Walowitz Updated December 2012
Copyright © 2012 Sylvia Walowitz
Email Sylvia
Webpage Design by Ronald Miller
The Colonies of Kherson Guberniya
by Yakov Pasik.
Used by permission of the author.
Jewish colony NOVOPOLTAVKA
During the years 1830-1840 Tsar Nicholas pursued a policy of relocation of farming Jews who lived in the western provinces of Russia. During this forced relocation many became ill and died. Upon arrival at the Kherson government disbursed them to areas which were not ready to accept new settlers. As a result, in a short time all the houses were crowded, and thousands of people had to be accommodated in camps open camps disbursed around the area. Hunger and disease forced many people to revolt. Authorities took strong repressive measures and the troublemakers were punished severely. The governor-general of the Novorossiysk Territory, Earl M. Vorontsov, took immediate steps to improve the harsh conditions. In 1841 he founded in the province of Kherson five new Jewish agricultural colonies, including Novopoltavka (Novo-Poltavka) c coordinates N 47 ° 32'53 ", E 32 ° 30'03". That colony was given 6000 acres of relatively good quality land.
Novopoltavka got its name from the neighboring village Poltavka (since 1928 Bashtanka). The first settlers were natives of the province of Courland (part of present-day Latvia). All the settlers were granted privileged status of "colonists"which was given to foreign settlers engaged in agriculture. First Schultz (headman) of the colony was Gershon Michelson. In 1848 Schulz was elected Geymanson Hirsch, and then served as the M. Schulz Haskind, Motia Litmanovich (since 1863).
In 1845 the colony 150 families lived in state houses Valkova. [2] Despite the benefits the first years of life in the new location were very heavy. Unable to withstand the hardships and tribulations, some immigrants fled to neighboring cities while others returned to their former places of residence. The farms of the colonists who remained in the colony developed slowly due to the lack of much-needed experience in agriculture. After all Jews for centuries before the migration had engaged in trade and crafts.
In 1859 (X revision) in Novopoltavka there were 149 houses, inhabited by 1567 persons (768 males and 799 females). the population in the colony decreased in 1889 to 1459 (694 men and 765 women). [3]
In addition to the Jews there was a population of German colonists living in the area . In the middle of the XIX century, the Government had decided to settle German colonists in the Jewish colonies to serve as model hosts and share their experience with the Jewish agricultural peasants. Initially Novopoltavke settled first German colonists (about 10 families). That number increased but did not exceed 10% of the population. The Germans and Jews tended to live separately on three streets. The Germans built a Lutheran chapel and a school. Over time German teachers was no longer needed. In 1890 the Germans resettled 3 miles north to their colony Novopoltavki Neufeld / Neufeld, now the village of Efremovka Novobugskogo region Nikolaev region. In 1896, 92 people lived in Neufeld.
The development of the colony was hindered by the lack of safe water for the villagers and their livestock. In Novopoltavka there were several shallow wells but the water was "bitter, salty, and was said to "give rise to permanent sickness". Water had to be taken from deep wells located at a distance of five miles from the colony. Good water became the subject of trade: the neighboring farmers brought it to the colonies, usually on the eve of holidays, and the villagers were selling buckets. [4]
The main occupation of the inhabitants of the colony was agriculture. Advances in this field had come to the Jewish settlers in twenty years after the founding of the colony. In 1863 peasant M. Gitling received a cash prize of 100 rubles from the Ministry of State for high yields. [5]
In the years 1869-1873 railways was built on the roads from Znamenka to Nikolaev. Two miles from the colony a railway station was erected. With the commissioning of the station into operation, Novopoltavka had become an important grain and commercial center.
In the "List of settlements in Kherson province and statistics on each settlement," published by the Regional Committee in Kherson in 1896, the following description of the colony was: "the New Poltavka; within Privolnyanskoy parish, in Velenje bailiff 4 mill and District Commander 6 land, with ponds on the beam Gorzhanoy. Courts 262. inhabitants in 1893 (904 x 989 m.) Station Kharkov-Nikolaev railway. Rural order. Jewish houses of worship 3. zemstvo school (80 m 21 d). Pharmacy. Bath . lumberyards 2. shops 13. bazaar day 52. Before the district town 90.; Zemstvo postal station Privolnoye 12.; steamship pier 57 in New Odessa. "
The colony had a doctor, who received a salary from the colonists. In 1911, Leon Solomonovich Goldstein served as a physician, and also had a pharmacy assistant ,apothecary Zaydenvurmu. [6]
At the end of the century the population of the colony grew rapidly. According to the census in 1897 Novopoltavka had 2179 inhabitants of which 1959 were Jews (about 90% of the population). In 1898 the colony had 242 families of farmers with 2506 acres of land. The fields of black earth were conveniently located in relation to the colony. On the average each family had 10.3 acres. Total acreage sown was 3711 acres: cultivated wheat (46.4%), rye, barley (41.9%), oats, millet and potatoes,fruit trees and on 1273 the vineyards. On average, the family had: horses - 3.1 cows - 1.7, chicken - 14.7. There were three houses of worship and a Cheder school. In addition to farming. people of the colonies were engaged in handicrafts and trade. In 1913 the number had grown to 19 stores, including three grocery, 3 haberdashery, 4 agricultural implements and machinery. Against this background, stood Isaac Gimmelfarb , who had a department store. The colony was known for its windmills, and churn. One of the biggest was a Mill Dobrowolski, which employed 18 workers and an annual income of 30,425 rubles was. [7], [8]
Since the founding of the colony boys went to cheder (elementary religious schools) where they were taught the basics of Jewish literacy, and religion. Family living rooms usually served as places to teach the children, with table and benches around it. Parents were paid a pittance for the training. Most Melamedov (teachers) were older people who had no special education. In 1867, 16 Novopoltavka Melamedov taught 114 boys. [9] Almost the entire male population of the colony possessed Jewish literacy
The first school for the initial teaching of Russian language, arithmetic, Hebrew language and the law of God in the colony was opened in 1869. Full state councilor, KA Peterson, conducting an inspection of the Jewish colonies and reported that the Novopoltavka school "placed pretty well". The teacher Jewish was "beautifully spoken in Russian, a very advanced young man" . At the school were 40 students. They are all were "well and sensibly read and write in Russian." [10] In 1880 the school taught 22 boys and 32 girls. [11]
Then the one-class school was established by the Ministry of Education. It was housed in the same room with the office of Schultz (mayor) and the constable. The school studied the Russian language (reading, writing, grammar). an increasing number of colonists knew Russian grammar. However, the school did not meet the needs of the local population. It educated only a fifth of the children, the rest were trained only in the cheder.
Increased agricultural production in Novopoltavka and other Jewish colonies demanded respect for the high culture of farming and thus literate farmers were necessary. This was how there arose the idea of creating a specialized institution. The concept was successfully implemented. In 1902 the Novopoltavskaya Jewish agricultural school commenced operation. It was founded by the famous agronomist, Bertenson. Funds for the construction of the buildings and furnishing of the school came from Jewish philanthropists I. Brodsky, G. Vavelsberg, G. Ginzburg and the Jewish Colonization Association (JCA). It was located five miles south of the colony. The main educational building was designed by the architect KI Quinta. Baron H. Gunzburg was appointed School trustee. [12] The school was designed for 60 students, boys were taken at age 14 and older. The duration of study was 3 years. The third year was designed exclusively for practical work (1850 hours) in the field and on farms. To do this, the government had allocated 300 acres of land on which was established a model farm with crops of grain and industrial crops, pasture (44 acres), garden (3 acres), vineyard (2 acres), forest plantations. They also had a dairy farm (26 cows) and stables (28 horses) for working cattle. Near the school emerged a village in which resided the attendants (in 1911 - 139 inhabitants). Each year, 20 people were graduated from this school. Agronomist Brunin Zorih Nisonovich and his assistant agronomist Samuel E. (Haimovich) Lubarsky, managed the school until 1911. The teachers were Meer Movshovich Godlewski and Lyusternik Steinberg. From 1911 to 1918, the director of the school and manager of its farm was Samuel E Lubarsky (1878-1938, an agronomist and an outstanding organizer of Agriculture). Lubarsky was later the deputy director of the American-Jewish Joint agronomic Corporation Agro-Joint. In December 1918, Lubarsky's wife, Zinaida Iosovna Boguslavskaia, whom he married in 1904, was killed by armed bandits who broke into the school and carried out a pogrom. Lubarsky was left a widower with two children, Lea [Levintan], born in 1905, and Abram born in 1910. In 1918 the school was closed because of the inability to continue their studies in the Civil War. [13], [14], [15], [16]
At the beginning of XX century, Novopoltavka had some fairly wealthy colonists. The Lowenstein brothers flourished. They had a farm, shops and mills. Interestingly, Lowenstein received land and settled in Novopoltavka after demobilization from the imperial army in late 1870 - early 1880. The Lowenstein brothers quickly achieved success. Mayor Lowenstein bought a steam engine and built the first steam mill in the county. In 1906 Rose, the eldest daughter of one of the brothers went to study medicine in Switzerland. The older brother Akim also had enough money for education of his children abroad (one of their children studied in Switzerland, the other one, Engineering in Belgium)
Novopoltavska life changed in the Civil War, when the thugs smashed and looted, "a Jewish household." All the Lowensteins were in hiding with Orthodox neighbors. The farms were completely destroyed: horses and cattle stolen, equipment destroyed, house and buildings were burned. The Lowensteins had to leave Novopoltavka. The grandson of Mayer Lowenstein recalled all the stories his grandfather had about Novopoltavka "about how they had horses and dogs, and what they had and what was the nature of habits, and how it worked and how cropper - binder, and as allowed in the first thresher, and as my grandfather bought a portable engine for the mill, and a mechanic came from Nikolaev to let the steam engine and the whole district came together to watch ... and about how children were taken to Nikolaev to learn ... And how on Christmas and Easter Christian they went to visit his Ukrainian and German neighbors, and these neighbors came to him on the Passover and Hanukkah. " [17]
The family of Aaron and Basia Shafir also owned a mill. They had four children. They lived in a large brick house of five rooms. They grew in the garden flowers, and a orchard. They kept cows and chickens. They lived with the grandfather and grandmother. The family was religious. They observed kashrut, the Sabbath, they celebrated all religious holidays. On Friday, Grandma Leah lit a candle. "Grandpa Isaac was an expert on the Torah". On Saturdays and on holidays the whole family went to the synagogue. Nathan, one of the sons of Aaron and Basia, was born in 1910. He graduated from the cheder. He continued his education in the Nikolaev, where he graduated from high school in 1928, then enrolled at the Moscow Institute of Journalism. Before the war, Nathan worked as executive secretary of the Republican Komsomol newspaper "Stalin's tribe" in Kiev. Since the beginning of the war he was a war correspondent. He died on May 23, 1942 [18]
Despite the growing prosperity of the colonists, the waves of pogroms, which in 1881 rolled across the Russian empire, pushed the residents to emigrate. A considerable number of novopoltavtsev emigrated mainly to North America, Argentina and Palestine. A typical family of immigrants was Yudko Freynberg, 32 years old, educated, who left the military service in 1893, emigrated in February 1904 together with his wife Freynberg 30 years old, literate, with their two children (their annual income was 200 rubles). [19]
The main part of the Jewish population of the colony were deeply religious which contributed to the preservation of Jewish traditions. Central to their religious life were the synagogues. The synagogue was not only a house of prayer and study of the laws of faith, but also a place of meeting of the community. The rabbis enjoyed great honor in the community. The community elected their rabbis and payed them regular salaries. The main function of a rabbi was the study, interpretation and teaching of Jewish law. The rabbi was also an expert and a judge in any legal dispute arises. He supervised education, kashrut and other affairs of the community. Rabbis in the colony were educated and intelligent people. At the turn of the century, rabbi Eliyahu (Elijah) Ratner served as rabbi. In 1895 he published in Warsaw his book "Pesher Agadta."
"Pesher Agadta" which is a 172 page book in Hebrew (9.2MB PDF file)
NOTE: Will open in a new browser window or tab.
With the improvement in the culture of agriculture, Novopoltavka was one of the best colonies in the Kherson province. A typical colonist was a third generation farmer Moses Davidovich Gordon (1880-1941). In his younger years, he helped his father to run the farm. Bass Ruskol married the daughter of a farmer from a neighboring Jewish agricultural colony of Great Nagartav. He inherited the land from the father. These included the vineyards, farmland, house and outbuildings, stables, barn and a barn for storage of agricultural implements. Growing crops and industrial crops to feed the family and livestock, the main income came from the vineyard. Grapes and wine were sold in the market. He was not rich, and the money went to support the management and maintenance of the family included which had five children. Gordon, like most colonists, led his farm in an exemplary manner, putting in it all his skill, diligence, and using advanced agronomic techniques. His farmland had always been in good condition. There was a spacious house covered with galvanized iron, a cellar for long term storage of fruits and vegetables, small fruit garden, and a pool pit to collect rainwater. Behind the house was the garden, where vegetables were grown for their own use: potatoes, cabbage, carrots, beets, onions, cucumbers, watermelons, cantaloupes, and tomatoes. They also dug a deep well for drinking water. [20]
The First World War, which began in 1914, became an ordeal for the entire population of the colony. The army mobilized much of the male population. Agricultural work fell on the shoulders of women, children and the elderly. At the same time, the colony received refugees and deported Jews from the front line. For example, in 1915 in Novopoltavka were placed 59 families (233 persons). 40 children of these families began to study in novopoltavskih schools. For the maintenance of migrants, the Jewish charities of Nikolaev spent £ 7435 [21]
After the October Revolution, Soviet power was established in the colony on February 1918. During the Civil War, power passed from hand to hand. Military actions were accompanied by numerous troubles for the people of the colony. In March 1919 Due to the difficult conditions they created the underground Novopoltavka Revolutionary Committee. n August 1919 the retreating side of the demoralized Red Army Souther Group stopped at Novy Bug and revolted fueled by profits from Makhno agitators. They began looting. On September 1, some of the rebels went to Novopoltavka, where they met the resistance of self-defense and brought back two dead men. After receiving reinforcements, the bandits surrounded on three sides Novopoltavka. On September 4 at the railway station there were several shots at the armored car of the colony. They started a short fight. The shooting by the defenders ended quickly. Bursting into the colony, the bandits committed brutal massacre of the Jewish population killing 130 people. [22] There was a "gay week", during which the bandits dragged all the things that caught their eye and loaded the booty onto carts to betaken away from the colony. All courtyards, houses and stables were empty. For days bandits roamed from house to house, looking for women who when found were raped. They killed any who tried who tried to protect the women [23]
Following the bandits came the army of Denikin. In Novopoltavka this guerrilla group, who were members of the Komsomol Aramson, Litmanovich, Rose Jacobson. The detachment, led by Ivan Tur waged an unequal battle with the forces of General Slaschova. The detachment was defeated in the gully behind the village. [24] The School of Agriculture suffered repeated attacks of bandits. As a result of one of them, which occurred on January 1, 1919, the Director SE Lubarsky and his wife, Zinaida Boguslavskaya Joseph were hurt and she died of her wounds. [25], [26]
In January 1920 the area was liberated by the Red Army and Soviet power was established. In March 1920, Novopoltavka Party cell was created and in August 1920 organized by the Committee "nezamozhnih villagers" (poor farmers). In 1922 this was a Komsomol and Pioneer based organization. [27]
After the Civil War, a terrible famine broke out in the country. During the winter 1921 - spring 1922 more than 200 people died from hunger, more than 10% of the total population. To save the children orphaned by pogroms and hunger, Novopoltavka established an orphanage. Great help during the famine was provided by the organization "The American Relief Administration (ARA)," They created a base in Novopoltavka, supplying the population and surrounding villages with food parcels and meals at soup kitchens. The ARA, gradually under the control of the JDC, also included a children's home in Novopoltavka. [28]
In 1922 started the restoration of the colony. Joseph A. Rosen, an agronomist of Russian Jewish origin, was responsible for the reconstruction work. Active participation in the restoration came from the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee (JDC) and the ECO. By the beginning of 1923 the JDC had introduced to the South of Ukraine 86 tractors. Central to the whole project was Novopoltavka, which housed offices, a school for the tractors, the central repair shop, warehouses and fuel storage. Seven experienced American instructors, who spoke the Russian language, taught farmers how to drive tractors. They served a total of 38 Jewish colonies and 72 non-Jewish village. Help spread not only to the use of tractors, but also to build processing plants (cheese factories and creameries), the introduction of new crops, the introduction of high-quality seeds and shestipolnogo rotation. [29] The first large-scale tractor company in Russia was created with great success. Jewish colonies were quickly restored. Their overall economic condition was significantly higher than the that of the surrounding villages. The population of Novopoltavka exceeded the prewar level, and by 1925 it was about 2,500. The results of the campaign caused an increased interest in the Soviet leadership. The new way to use technology in the tractor columns and a bunch of farms were subsequently used by the Soviet government to create a machine-tractor stations (MTS) and collective farms.
The restoration of Novopoltavka was aided by various organizations, including legal Zionist youth movement Ha-Halutz ("pioneer", "Pioneer"). In 1921, this movement in Novopoltavka consisted of about 100 people, mostly residents of cities and towns. Life and work in the colony was considered a preparation for the development of Palestine. [30]
Along with the Communist, Komsomol, and Soviet organizations in the first half of the 1920s. Novopoltavka operated in a fairly strong organization "Jugend" (Zionist Socialist Youth Union). The work of this organization promoted the ideas expressed in Zionism, the study of Hebrew language and Jewish history, and attracting new members. In 1925 Novopoltavka Zionists opposed the measures of Soviet power. In October the same year Sarah Medem, one of the leaders of this organization was arrested and imprisoned. Then subsequent activities of the Zionist organizations were banned and most of their members never were able to emigrate to Palestine. [31], [32] However most people from Novopoltavka supported the Soviet regime and its ideology.
In the first half of the 1920s the colony rapidly began to develop cooperation and the colony organized association for joint cultivation of the land (NBC). In September 1922, there were two cooperative organizations and a single consumer society of 250 members. The Agricultural Cooperative Society "Bow", which at the end of 1928 had 883 shareholders, was engaged in grain harvesting and selling industrial products to include timber to its members timber. In addition, there was a credit cooperative society of 565 members who had the opportunity to sell grain, buy seeds, agricultural machinery, wood and metal. The Company owned a cheese-making shop where the Dutch cheese was of high quality. From 1924 there was the garden and grape Company "Nye veg" (New Way). It provided its 190 members seedlings, tools, and fertilizers and chemical protection means for processing 250 acres of vineyards. Working in the creamery the brothers Rohkinyh could recycle 200 tons of sunflower seeds per day. [33]
In 1926, ECO conducted the land management. After this, the colonists belonged to 4211 dec. land (1922 - 2880). [34]
In 1927 workers in the Novopoltavka machine and tractor companies united 38 households out of which 13 were poor peasants, 24 middle peasants and 1 prosperous. [35]
In 1923 there opened a nursery and a hospital outpatient clinic. In 1924 there were 2 school teachers and 120 students. 1928 there opened a hospita, a pharmacy, and a veterinary clinic. In the same year there opened the labor school and music school. Cultural and educational activities focused in the Komsomol club. Lectures, meetings were held, working circles, especially agrochemical.
In 1923, at the expense of the Jewish Community of Handicraft Work (ORT), there was the restoration of the Novopoltavka School of Agriculture, which during the Civil War, was severely damaged. The school was transformed into Novopoltavsky Jewish agricultural school. Equipment was purchased, renovated selhozpostroyki and brought seven cows and 36 horses. The library acquired 239 volumes of books, equipped with chemical, biological, zoological and microbiological laboratories, built two houses for teachers and a hostel. The College turned into a training center for agronomists and animal husbandry primarily for Jewish collective farms in the Nikolaev and Kherson districts. 500 acres of wheat grewhigh-yielding cereals and industrial crops. Much attention was paid to grape growing, In 1926 the insitution purchased two thousand fillokserostoykih seedlings. At the dairy farm there was a herd of breeding cattle (30 cows and 40 calves) and and a British pig breeding kennel owned by Agro-Joint. [37] In the 1926-27 school year, the college had an enrollment of 90 students, and the next year- 133. Due to the high demand for personnel with higher education, the college in 1929 was converted to the Jewish Agricultural Institute of Agronomic and veterinary faculties. [38] Despite the fact that the school was located deep in the province, it is provided by qualified staff of teachers trained to the best agricultural universities in the country including the Timiryazev Academy. In1930-1931. the head of household was the experienced FE Reimers, later a member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. In 1934 the institute and the students moved to Odessa, and continued to operate the Novopoltavka Jewish agricultural school.
By the end of the 1920s through hard work and the assistance of novopoltavtsev Jewish charities turned Novopoltavka into a prosperous farming country. Given the compact residence of Jews in Novopoltavka in 1927 was founded the Jewish national village council. 1929, collectivization was forced upon Novopoltavka as in the rest of the country. Without the proper preparatory work this was rapidly accompanied by the dispossession of peasants and repression. All the farms were grouped into three farm "Freiheit" (Freedom), "Frei Arbeit" (free labor) and "New Life". The heaviest damage was to the Jewish collective Novopoltavka as well as all the peasants of Ukraine. There ensued the famine of 1932-33. People became bloated and died of starvation. Famine was accompanied by repression "for the theft of property." For 1 kg of wheat, taken at the elevator for the hungry children a special meeting sentenced farmer Slam Arens to three years in prison. [39] However, in spite of great difficulties, the people gradually regained their collective feet. At the Kolkhoz Money Novopoltavka opened a dental office and renovated country club.
The most tragic chapter in the history of the Jewish colony was the start in June 22, 1941 of Nazi Germany's war with the Soviet Union. In the Great Patriotic War 227 residents of the colony fought of whom 78 died. 1 On August 14, 1941 the enemy captured Novopoltavka and a month later, on 13 September, the Nazis and their henchmen started to liquidate the Jewish population. After the raid 837 people with children were herded into one place and then driven to the airport where they were shot. Those who remained alive were forced to bury the dead then they all were executed. Thus tragically ended the centenary history of the Jewish agricultural colony of Novopoltavka. [40]
The tragic story of one family was published in 1977 in Novobugskoy newspaper "Forward" called "Hrosya" journalist George Stadnik. Ukrainian Frosya (Hrosya Shuba and Shubin) was hired as a nurse in the Novopoltavka Katuderu. In Katudera while his wife died and left it with two little boys: Yuzey and Lenya. This young Ukrainian woman so fond of the Jewish children that boys soon began to call her mother and their father decided to marry the Ukrainian. And they began to live happily ever after. She had a girl, named her Lyubasha. But then war broke out, all the Jews were driven to the shooting. In this column a terrible death with their children Jewish, and Ukrainian was Hrosya. When one of the policemen said she is Ukrainian, German officer pushed her out of the column. But she came back and was shot with the children. Little Lyubasha survived. She hid and saved the Ukrainian family. [41]
Centennial History of the Jewish agricultural colonies Novopoltavka tragically ended in 1941, but the village Novopoltavka Novobugskogo region Nikolaev region continues to live.
In 1944 Novopoltavsky College continued its work. The settlement in the college was renamed Andreyevka Bashtansky district of Mykolayiv region. Zootechnical veterinary college is transformed into an agricultural vocational school. Educational building added to the Code of architectural monuments and the history of Ukraine.
After the war relatives and countrymen erected a monument to the dead. Another is the burial place that is surrounded by fences. 60 years after the war, the family Traspovyh and Michelson made a proposal to establish a memorial. To implement the proposal was an initiative group which held a great job of fundraising and construction of the memorial. The opening of the memorial was held in September 2007 in Novopoltavka and it brought together representatives of regional administration who were invited to remember the tragedy of the Jewish Sunday school students, Jewish culture, and the people of Novopoltavka A meeting was held at the fence of the memorial overlooking two rows of six gravestones arranged with shields of David and a granite memorial stone with an inscription. Words of the memorial prayers, which were first heard over the graves, were perceived by all as a worthy memorial forresting place of the dead. [42]
A. Nikitin, VN Jewish farmers. Historical, legislative, administrative and domestic situation of the colonies from the time of their origin to the present day. 1807-1887., S.Peterb. 1887. S. 263.
Two. < 65.?>The same. S. 277-278.
Three. Lists of settlements in Kherson Gubernia (according to 1859). St. Petersburg, 1868
4. Nikitin, VN Jewish farmers. S. 618.
Five. < 65.?>The same. S. 537.
6. The memorial book of the Kherson region in 1911. The first part. Herson, 1911. S. 60.
7. Grinevich E. Nikolaev Jewish address / / Collection of documents and materials "The Jewish population in Nikolaev," V.1. Nikolaev, Atoll, 2004. P.38
Eight. Shaikin IM Novopoltavka. Russian Jewish Encyclopedia.
9. Shityuk MM, VV Schukіn Єvreyske Hersonskoї gubernії population in XIX - XX on the cob stolіt, Mikolaїv, 2008. S. 131
10. Nikitin, VN Jewish farmers. S. 602.
11. < 65.?>The same. S. 654.
12. Shaikin I. Agricultural School in the Jewish colony Novopoltavka / / Zaporozhye Jewish reading. No. 1, Kiev, 1998. S. 103.
13. Shaikin IM Andreyevka, the Russian Jewish Encyclopedia.
14. The newspaper "Red Nikolaev": the 25th anniversary of the New College of Poltava, October 15, 1927
15. Beizer M. Samuil Lubarsky: Portrait of an Outstanding Agronomist. East European Jewish Affairs, Vol. 34 (1) Summer 2000.
16. The memorial book of the Kherson region in 1911. S. 60.
17. Lowenstein, VM The Story of my father. M, ID, "Arguments and Facts", 2001. S. 130
18. Zlotnik I. Ida Limonova / / URL: http://videos.centropa.org/index.php?nID=54 ...
19. Chayesh A. Jewish emigration based on the general fund of the Department of Interior Affairs in the RSHA / / http://berkovich-zametki.com/AStarina/Nomer2/Chaesh1.htm
20. Large Family Encyclopedia (Ruskol, Rapoport and others). History, Genealogy, demography, Biographies. Kiev and Moscow. In 2003.
21. Shchukin, VV, AN Pavlyuk Countrymen. Studies in the History of the Jewish community of Nikolayev (end of XVIII - beginning of XX c.). Nikolaev, Irina Gudym Publishing, 2009. S. 198-200.
22. Іstorіya mіsta Novi Bug / / URL: http://www.noviy-bug.mk.ua/history_24.htm
23. Memoirs of a Jewish eyewitness Moziasa pogrom in Novopoltavke / / Collection of documents and materials "in Nikolaev Jewish population." State Archives of Mykolayiv region. ;052, B>;;, 2004.">Volume 2, Nikolaev, Atoll, 2004. S. 55-56.
25. Beizer M., M. Mitsel American brother: JDC in Russia, the Soviet Union and the CIS. "Joint": Moscow-Jerusalem, 2004. S. 134.
26. Samuil Lubarsky, Agro-Joint, Deputy Director / / URL: http://memorial.jdc.org.il/index.php?op=show&id=11&add=1
27. Іstorіya mіsta Novi Bug. / / URL: http://www.noviy-bug.mk.ua/history_25.htm
28. Mihaylovsky T. Dіyalnіst mіzhnarodnih organіzatsіy Mikolaїvschinі on a 20-s pp. The twentieth century. / / Kraєznavstvo Naukova magazine. K.: A view of "Telesyk", 2010. Part 4. C. 155
29. Takao Chizuko, The origin of the machine tractor station in the USSR: a new perspective. Acta slavica iaponika. Journal of Slavic Research Center, Hokkaido University, p. 120.
30. Nyman O. Єvreyskі partії that have ob'єdnannya polіtichnih managering in Ukraїnі (1917-1925). M. 1996. - (Prepr. / Jewish heritage). S. 32
31. Saving up OS Dіyalnіst єvreyskih polіtichnih partіy Mikolaїvschinі on a 20-s pp. The twentieth century. / / Naukovі pratsі MDGU Vipusk 35. <: 48, 2006.">Volume: 48, 2006. S. 117-122.
32. Saving up OS Vzaєmodіya єvreyskih polіtichnih partіy s molodіzhnimi organіzatsіyami on Pіvdnі of Ukraine (20-Rocky Ti XX c.) / / Gіleya (Naukova Visnyk): Naukova Zbіrnik Pratzen / Gol.red. VM Vashkevich. VIP. 10. K., 2007. S. 141
33. Kotlyar, Y. Education and Culture of the rural Jewish population in the south of Ukraine in the first third of the twentieth century. Institute of Jewish Studies. (URL: http://www.judaica.kiev.ua/Conference/Conf2002/Conf51-02.htm)
34. Shaikin IM Novopoltavka. Russian Jewish Encyclopedia.
35. Report of the Evsektsiia Nicholas okrpartkoma for 1926/1927 year / / Collection of documents and materials "The Jewish population in Nikolaev," Volume 2, Nikolaev, Atoll, 2004. S. 78
36. Report of the Jewish section of Mykolayiv district inspectorates department of education of the work done / / Collection of documents and materials "The Jewish population in Nikolaev," Volume 2, Nikolaev, Atoll, 2004. S. 71
37. Shaikin IM Andreyevka, the Russian Jewish Encyclopedia
38. Information Secretary of the CP cell / B / Y Novopoltavskogo Agricultural College / / Collection of documents and materials "in Nikolaev Jewish population." ;052, B>;;, 2004.">V.2, Nikolaev, Atoll, 2004. S. 84.
39. Grinevich Helen Famine of 1932-1933. and the Jewish population of Mykolayiv / / share єvreyskih communities that tsentralnoї skhіdnoї Єvropi in pershіy polovinі stolіttya XX. Materіali konferentsії 6 - 28 serpnya 2003 p., Kyiv. (URL: http://www.judaica.kiev.ua/Conference/Conf2003/07.htm)
40. Novopoltavka. The history of cities and villages of the Ukrainian SSR. Tom "Mykolaiv region." S. 513-514.
Data concerning Novopoltavka obtained from JewishGen Community File:
Before WWI (c. 1900): Novo-Poltavka	Kherson	Kherson	Russian Empire
Between the wars (c. 1930): Novo Poltavka	Nikolaiev	Ukraine SSR	Soviet Union
After WWII (c. 1950): Novopoltavka	Soviet Union
Today (c. 2000): Novopoltavka
Population in 1900:	1,959 (in 1897)
Notes:	Russian/Ukrainian: Новополтавка.
64 miles N of Kherson, 47 miles NNE of Mykolayiv (Nikolayev), 47 miles WSW of Kryvyy Rih (Krivoy Rog). Jewish agricultural colony, founded 1840.
The Village of Novopoltavka, according to the stories of old residents, was founded in 1790 by settlers from Courland during the period of colonization.
During the period of colonization from Novorussia (meaning New Russia, currently known as Southern Ukraine), Jewish merchants established themselves there. Because Jews did not know how to work the land, a group of Germans settled there to teach them. There were 120 Jewish families, and 10 German families. They lived in separate parts of town, which were called colonies. The Germans occupied one street (the German street), and the Jews three. The Jewish colony was in the center of town. The chief leader of the Germans was named Kansky so the neighborhood was called Kan. From the New Russia (now southern Ukraine) occurred resettlement of Jewish artisans to develop the steppe.
According to the Census of 1859:
- Jewish population numbered 1568
- 149 yards
- Two Synagogues were built.
According to the census in 1897:
- The total residents of the village were 2,200 people (most of them Jews);
- a Jewish Cemetery
- a Shop
In the years 1863-1864 the population of the colony Novopoltavka engaged in farming, sewing, gold and silver craftsmanship, as well as selling goods in the neighboring villages and towns.
In the year 1911, the German colony was renamed Neufeld (now called Efremovka) and the north-west of Novopoltavka in 1925 was named Dzhuraly farm, which received its name from the word "Dzherelo" (in Russian "source").
From the Mykolaiev district archives about the town of Novopotavka. In the geographic statistical dictionary from the Russian empire Volume 3, page 533 statements about the town of Novopotavka.
Historical Background Information concerning the town of Novopoltavka.
Kherson Guberniya
Kherson District
Nikoaeff District
Novopoltavka
Novo Poltavka
47°33' / 32° 30'
176 km NE of Odessa
Located N of Kherson
At the end of 1885 there were 97 families in the colony.
Sources: WWWW: SF; The New Exodus, Brown, David;
Surnames: Tripetujen, Hirshfield, Ostrovsky, Perman, Kogan, Teplitsky , Aronson,
An Agricultural School was founded by the I.C.A about 1900 but was practically destroyed in the Civil Wars. In 1925, it was rebuilt by the American Jewish Joint Disribution Committee and conducted as a J.D.C school. The school had a large number of buildings and about 1500 acres of land. It is situated among the colonies. Large number of cattle are cared for by the students.
Nearby is the communal grave of 1918 pogrom victims. Over 150 are buried in this common grave.
This colony was destroyed by raiding bands and was gradually rebuilt with contributions of the J.D.C and I.C.A. There were about 2500 people in 400 homes in 1925.
JGFF Researcher: Mondrik - Tripetujen; Goldfield; Friedel; Epelman; Glaina Teverovsky
Family Database JewishGen Family Page Builder
Letter to the Novorussia and Bessarabia General Gubernator Vorontsov from the Novo Berislav (Novyj Berislav) colony colonists petitioning for help due to the bad harvest conditions. NOTE: The letter, and links to the signature data below, will open in a new browser window or tab.
Signatures continued
Signatures translated by Pavel Bernshtam
Copyright © 1999 [Jewish Agricultural Colonies of the Ukraine]. All rights reserved. Used by permission granted to Sylvia Walowitz, March 12, 2012. Copied from the Jewish Agricultural Colonies of the Ukraine KehilaLinks website kehilalinks.jewishgen.org/Colonies_of_Ukraine/Novopoltavka.htm
History of the establishment of Novopoltavka as an agricultural colony.
The American Jewish Joint Agricultural Corporation, known also as the Agro-Joint, was established by the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee as its operating agency in the Soviet Union on July 17, 1924 with the aim of carrying on and developing on a large scale the land settlement of Jews in the Soviet Union. The Agro-Joint was also to conduct non-agricultural activities such as general relief, professional training and, especially in the 1930s, industrialization. (Content used with permission.)
Joseph Rosen requested that the New York headquarters of the Joint send seven American tractor drivers, who spoke Russian fluently, as the drivers to lead the tractor columns. They left New York for Odessa in January 1923.
A mobile repair shop was created for each tractor column, and a central repair shop was set up in Novopoltavka. The entire organization was integrated into the central technology base in Novopoltavka, where a repair shop and a short-term tractor driving school were organized, in addition to offices and warehouses. Fuel depots were built at railroad stations located near the tractor bases. The seven American instructors to the tractor columns provided tractor-driving instructions.
The seven tractor columns helped 38 Jewish colonies and 72 non-Jewish villages, for a total of 29,485 households.
One such organization was the Poltava Relief Committee, organized in 1923, which received funds directly from JDC until Agro-Joint took over that role. Ukraine, c. 1925, NY_00461.
Agro-Joint introduced a small fleet of modern tractors right from the start and continued to bring in mechanized equipment. This enabled colonists to complete farm work faster, maximize crop yield, and reduce the hard labor involved. At Novo-Poltavka, colonists harvested, threshed, and winnowed their grain with the significant help of a motorized combine. Ukraine, c. 1929, NY_44540 (from YIVO).
The early enthusiasm for Agro-Joint was ultimately replaced by grim and painful disillusionment. In 1937-1938, hundreds of Agro-Joint officials, agronomists, colonists, and physicians were arrested for "counter-revolutionary activities;" many were executed or died in prison. Six attendees at this 1927 Agro-Joint conference in Moscow, would be killed during the Great Terror for "political crimes": among them, Agro-Joint's Medical Director, Dr. Zinovy Serebryanny [front, first left]; its Industrial Department Director, Ezekiel Grower [front, third left], and its Chief Agronomist and Assistant Director, Samuil Lubarsky [front, second right]. Russia, 1927, NY_43644 (from YIVO).
Emigration from Novopoltavka and other places to Entre Rios, Argentina.
Poltavka is listed in the Russian Empire section of the linked page, below, along with surnames. NOTE: Will open in a new browser or tab.
kehilalinks.jewishgen.org/basavilbaso/origins.html#RussianEmpire
Colonies were established by Baron Maurice de Hirsch and the Jewish Colonization Association in the 1890s and settled by emigrants primarily from Kherson and Bessarabia (what is now southern Ukraine and Moldova). Many Jewish families (Perman included) were given the opportunity to escape persecution in their old countries and given a chance to start a new life. It was here that the first agricultural cooperative in South America was formed.
Email a link to this page:


text:
Vindullus är ett släkte av spindlar. Vindullus ingår i familjen jättekrabbspindlar.

Kladogram enligt Catalogue of Life:

Källor

Externa länkar

Jättekrabbspindlar
Vindullus

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Ref watch: Plymouth Argyle
Robert Madley is the man in the middle
Robert Madley will be the man with the whistle for Tuesday's game at Home Park as City look to complete a Devon Derby double.
Madley started refereeing in the 2009/10 season and this season has made the step-up to the highest level, taking charge of five Premier League games and an FA Cup tie at the Emirates as Arsenal beat Coventry 4-0.
As for his experience with the Grecians, Madley has only taken in two City games before. The first was in 2010/11 as City beat Walsall 2-1 at SJP and last season Madley was in the middle for the goalless draw at Fleetwood.
So far this season Madley has taken charge of 22 games and is no stranger to handing out cards. 80 yellows and eight reds have been given in his games to date, with the dismissals including Stoke's Steven N'Zonzi in their 1-0 defeat at Sunderland and James Tarkowski in Brentford's 1-0 win in the top of the table clash at Leyton Orient in League 1 earlier in March.
Referee: Robert Madley (West Yorkshire)
Assistant referees: Simon Long (Devon) & Marc Perry (West Midlands)
Fourth official: Brendan Malone (Wiltshire)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Does Your Business Need Ice & Snow Removal? Call RLC!
Do You Really Need to Have a Ice and Snow Removal Service On Call?
Consider this scenario: It's a chilly, dark night in mid-January, and you're up late watching the weather forecast on the evening news. The Monday forecast calls for snow, but not much. A bit more than a dusting, perhaps. A half-inch at the absolute worst. But when you get out of bed the following morning in preparation to open your office, or your boutique, or your restaurant, you see right away that the forecasters got it wrong. The piles of snow outside your bedroom window are thigh-high. And when you open the front door in search of the morning paper, you notice a glistening of ice on the front walk.
Clearly, this is not a situation any business owner wants to face at the start of a new week. If your employees can't make it through the front door of your business, your productivity will grind to a halt. If clients or customers can't safely park in your lot, or can't approach your business' entrance without being soaked by snow, your revenue will go out the proverbial window. And if a black ice-involved accident happens on your property before you have time to lay down road salt, that could very well spell the end of your business altogether. We've seen it happen before.
What's Wrong With Calling a Service Only When Inclement Weather Arrives?
The plain truth of the matter is that there really is no substitute for having a Bucks County ice and snow removal service on call during the winter months.
Why? Well, if you wait for a snow or ice storm to hit before you call a service, there's a decent chance that you might not find any available service providers. After all, half your competitors and at least a handful of your neighbors will probably be calling the same companies at the same time, requesting the same services.
And although most ice and snow removal service providers in our area are the absolute picture of professionalism and honesty, you always run the risk of finding yourself gouged on price if you request a particular service at the very moment that the demand for that service is at its highest.
With Realty Landscaping, you can always rely on thorough, fair and accurate pricing. We have more than 25 years of experience, which means that aside from knowing the industry inside and out, we also understand exactly what it takes to get your job done correctly and professionally.
What Factors Will Determine My Rate?
In most instances, the size of the property that needs to be serviced will play the biggest role in determining your ice and snow removal fee. The frequency of snow or ice removal services, of course, will also play a big role–although no matter how much we know about the storms due to come our way this winter, it's never possible to perfectly guess exactly how many visits your property will ultimately need.
There are any number of other factors that can play a role in the fees you'll pay for this service: The type of equipment needed for your job, for instance. Any special or unusual products that may be required. The skill level and professionalism of the contractor you hire.
No matter what sort of business you operate or property you manage, however, your best bet would be to contact us today for further details and a quote. Realty Landscaping is fully insured for your protection, and we pride ourselves on punctuality and precision. What's more, our commercial service manager can be contacted throughout the day, and during emergencies, both for your convenience and your very valuable piece of mind.
Give us a call today, and let's discuss your Bucks County ice and snow removal situation.
This entry was posted in Snow and Ice Management by admin. Bookmark the permalink.


Hello this is Mai and this is my last blog of 2018!!!
We had the end of year party on Dec. 28th!!!
Have you already checked Naomi's event report blog?
* 2018 was "Dog year" of the rooster and 2019 will be " Boar" year! It is based on the 12 zodiac signs in Chinese astrology and each year has a symbolic animal.The cycle is completed every 12th year!!
So we made many dog related meals this time! Thank you very much again for coming the night!!!!
Well, we had so many events this year! And it was so glad to have many guests coming!
Book festival : Jimbocho community book festival in a town!
We also threw many many parties that I can't put all memories here!
Of course, we have so many memories with our guests staying at our hotel!
I'm so happy that I had so many memories with our wonderful guests!!!THANK YOU SO MUCH!
I think we had lots of encounters and goodbye, many stories, but I just thank for all people who related my 2018! How was your 2018?
And hope next year will be great year for all! Thank you again and have a happy new year!
Have you already checked X'mas event report blog?We actually had the christmas event on Dec. 22nd!!Thank you all for coming!! And wish a merry christmas for everyone!!!
Upcoming event is "End of Year BOUNENKAI party" on Dec. 28th Friday!!!! This is the our last international event for 2018!!! Come and have fun altogether!!! Check the detail fromHERE!!
We had HAPPY guests in a breakfast time!!!
From California and they were super lively!!! Loved that smiles!!! They actually didn't stay with us but visited us for a breakfast in our cafe!
They were so cheerful that they became a friend with our guests staying with us quickly!! I was glad that they were head to the palace on a full stomach! Thank you for coming and big smiles!!
Our breakfast is from 4:30 to 11AM everyday!! ! Even one the weekend! 390 yen all-you-can-eat style as toast, coffee/tea, juice, soup of the day.
You can also add a scrambled eggs and a salad bowl for 160 yen each! Just pop in our cafe!
こんにちわまいです Hello this is Mai!
We had Koishikawa Korakuen Garden Walking Tour on Dec.2nd!!
Koishikawa Korakuen Garden is located very near from us! about 15 mins by foot!
Total 16 guests joined the tour on the day! Thank you!!!
The expert guides of Tokyo City Guide Club showed them the park with teaching the history there!
The red leaves which was reflected on the pond is also beautiful!
So glad they had a good time there!
We host this tour in autumn every year!
And finally winter is coming after! Keep warm not to catch a cold guys!


Interestingly, Apple's legal argument is focused not on the claims of market abuse but that the people who brought the case – customers Robert Pepper, Stephen Schwartz, Edward Hayter and Eric Terrell – do not have legal standing to bring the case because they are not the ones being forced to pay the commission; it's the app developers, and they did not buy anything directly from Apple.
That 1977 Supreme Court decision was a long time ago however, and things have changed dramatically with the internet and modern walled-garden app stores.
If the Supreme Court decides that users are buying directly from Apple through its App Store, it will set a new precedent and would like lead to a sea-change in how app stores function, impacting not just Apple but also every other tech giant that has copied the model, including Amazon, Facebook, and Google.
If the case were then to proceed and the plaintiffs win, it would leave Apple open to millions – perhaps tens of millions – of dollars in claims; certainly enough to have an impact on share price. Apple would also have to change its policies for its massive money-earning enterprise.
It could also lead to a situation when alternative app stores are given legal protection, breaking Apple's stranglehold over what is allowed to run on its mobile operating system.
All that is in the future, of course, and assumes that the Supreme Court will agree with the Ninth Circuit that people are effectively buying direct from Apple; something that would require it to reevaluate its 1970s decision. The fact that the Trump Administration is supporting Apple and that Apple can afford the best legal counsel in the country points to an uphill struggle.
Apple said it best however when it argued in its appeal to the Supreme Court that "this is a critical question for antitrust law in the era of electronic commerce." Indeed it is.
The case was just one of five that the Supreme Court decided to hear [PDF] on Monday, rejected dozens of others. It also granted a request by ACT The App Association to file an amicus curiae brief in support of Apple. Apple is the association's largest sponsor and has repeatedly supported it in legal cases.


I work from my humble home studio in the attic of our house. I wanted my workplace to be homy and inspiring so I hung up dreamcatchers, woven wall hangings, and vintage frames with some of my art. I bring my children to school every morning, make a cup of tea, and start my work day... (okay, let's be honest; laundry and dishes first :P). I create illustrations mostly for children's book writers. My illustrations are made with pastel and I consider my style to be organic, whimsical, and it often depicts an emotion; sorrow or humor. When I'm not busy illustrating for other writers, I write and illustrate my own children's books. There's something so fulfilling about coming up with a story that can open up an imaginary world for children. My mind is just one big explosion of ideas and creativity and I'm always excited to start a new project!
I was born and raised in the Netherlands and grew up in a creative family. Surrounded by my mom's handwoven creations and the smell of clay and paint, I spent my childhood drawing to the sound of my dad playing piano. Enough inspiration, right? I couldn't quite find my niche though, and always wanted to go travel the world. At seventeen years old I met an American, and at nineteen I decided to leave my country to be with him. We married, and I ended up living in the United States for ten years before deciding together to move back to the Netherlands. We now live here with our five children. If I'm not busy illustrating or raising children (when they sleep haha), I like to thrift shop, create new recipes, play piano, or dream about traveling the world.


This is a continuation of the work of Tan et al. (2012). In this paper a periodic single species model controlled by constant impulsive perturbation is investigated. The constant impulse is realized at fixed moments of time. With the help of the comparison theorem of impulsive differential equations and Lyapunov functions, sufficient conditions for the permanence and global attractivity are established, respectively. Also, by comparing the above results with corresponding known results of Tan et al. (2012) (i.e., the above model with linear impulsive perturbations), we find that the two different types of impulsive perturbations have influence on the above dynamics. Numerical simulations are presented to substantiate our analytical results.
It is well known that many mathematical models can be expressed by impulsive differential equations, and in recent years many impulsive differential equations have been introduced in population dynamics and neural networks, such as harvesting or stocking [1–4], chemostat , vaccination , integrated pest management , chemotherapeutic treatment of disease , and neural networks . Also, there has been a significant development in theory of impulsive differential equation. For example, [10–17] studied the existence and stability of systems. In this paper, we investigate the permanence and global attractivity of a periodic impulsive system (see (7a) and (7b)).
In 1978, Ludwig et al.  investigated the asymptotic behavior of the following single species autonomous system: where is the density of species at time , is the intrinsic growth rate, is the self-inhibition rate, and -term represents predation. Predation is an increasing function and usually saturates for large enough . The predation term drops rapidly if the density of species is small. To be specific Murray  took the form for suggested by Ludwig et al. , namely, , and the dynamics of is then governed by where the positive coefficients and are measures of saturation value. Murray  discussed the existence and stability of equilibria of system (2).
To investigate the effects of other specific forms of on system (1), similar to Murry , in  we took and established the following single species system: Obviously, is an increasing function with respect to and has a saturation value, and the positive coefficients and are measures of saturation value. In , we further consider the possible effects of periodically varying environment and impulsive perturbations on system (3) and established the following periodic system with linear impulsive perturbations:where , , is an impulsive point for every , and and is the set of positive integers. , , and are positive continuous -periodic functions. The intrinsic growth rate is not necessarily positive, since the environment fluctuates randomly; in a bad environment may be negative when the birth rate is smaller than the death rate. is a real sequence and there exists an integer such that , . We have investigated the permanence and global attractivity of system (4a) and (4b) and two results can be redescribed as follows.
Result A (see Lemma 3.2 in ). If assumption holds, then system (4a) and (4b) is permanent; that is, there exist positive constants , , and such that any positive solution of system (4a) and (4b) satisfies , for .
Result B (see Theorem 3.1 in ). In addition to (5), assume further that Then, system (4a) and (4b) is global attractive, where is described as Result A.
In this contribution, we continue to consider system (4a) with constant impulsive perturbation (i.e., ) and obtain the following system:The positive constant is the increased amount of species at which implies that species is subjected to impulsive increase at a constant rate .
In this paper, our main purpose is to establish sufficient conditions for the permanence and global attractivity of system (7a) and (7b) and compare them with the effects of the above two different types of impulsive perturbations on the above dynamics. The organization of this paper is as follows. In Section 2, we present some preliminary lemmas. In Section 3, two main results on the permanence and global attractivity of system (7a) and (7b) are presented. In Section 4, some examples together with their corresponding numerical simulations are presented to verify the validity of the proposed criteria.
The following Lemmas 1 and 2 are useful for establishing the permanence of system (7a) and (7b). Lemma 1 shows that the Malthus growth model with constant impulse has a good asymptotic behavior and a detailed proof can be seen in Lemma 2.3 in .
Lemma 1 (see [2, 4]). Consider the following impulsive system: where , is a continuous -periodic function with , the constant , and there is an integer such that , . System (8) has a unique positive -periodic solution which is globally asymptotically stable.
Lemma 2 (see ). Consider the following impulsive single species system: where , and are continuous -periodic functions, and , the constant , and there exists an integer such that . Then,(1)species is permanent;(2)any two positives and satisfy .
The following Lemma 3 is useful for proving the global attractivity of system (7a) and (7b). We first give the following notations and spaces of functions.
Let and . is continuous for , , continuous from the left for and discontinuous of the first kind occurring at the point , and is continuously differential for , and exist, .
Lemma 3 (see ). If the function satisfies the inequalities where , , and are constants for , then, for , Analogously, we have for if all the inequalities of (10) are inverse.
We first give the main result on the permanence of system (7a) and (7b).
Theorem 4. System (7a) and (7b) is permanent; that is, there exist positive constants , and such that any positive solution of system (7a) and (7b) satisfies for .
Proof. It follows from (7a) and (7b) that we obtain Obviously, if , then for .
We first show that any positive solution of system (7a) and (7b) is uniformly ultimately upper bounded. To do this, we have from (7a) and (7b) that Consider the comparison system of (14): By (1) in Lemma 2 we know that system (15) is permanent, which implies that there exist constants and such that Let be the solution of (15) with . By the comparison theorem of impulsive differential equations and (16), we obtain Next, we prove that is uniformly ultimately lower bounded. It follows from (7a), (7b), and (17) that we have, for , where the positive constant satisfies It follows from Lemma 1 that the comparison system of (18) has a unique positive, globally asymptotically stable -periodic solution, denoted by . The asymptotic property of implies that there exist and such that where the constant . Let be the solution of (20) with . By the comparison theorem of impulsive differential equations and (18)–(21), we have From (17) and (22), one has The proof of Theorem 4 is complete.
Remark 5. Theorem 4 shows that the permanence of system (7a) and (7b) is irrespective of the size of the positive impulse .
In the following, we continue to investigate the global attractivity of system (7a) and (7b).
Theorem 6. If system (7a) and (7b) satisfies then system (7a) and (7b) is global attractive, where and are described as in Theorem 4.
Proof. Let and be any two positive solutions of system (7a) and (7b). By Theorem 4, we know that there exists a large enough such that, for all , Consider a Lyapunov functional defined by Calculating and estimating the upper right derivative of along the solutions of (7a) and (7b), we get, for and , that From assumption (24), we obtain that there exists a constant such that which, together with (28), yields By the mean value theorem and (26), for any closed interval contained in , , and , one has Therefore, for , , and , from (30) and (31), we have where .
On the other hand, for , , we have where is between and and .
It follows from (26) and (33) that, for , , Again, by the mean value theorem, we have where is between and and .
Furthermore, we have from (26), (34), and (35) that, for , where Recall assumption (25); we obtain that ; thus, we have from (34)–(36) that Combining (32) and (38), we have Note that is an impulsive point; by Lemma 3, we obtain that, for , Obviously, it follows from (26) and (27) that which implies that is bounded.
Thus, Therefore, from (40) and (42), we obtain that as ; that is, By the mean value theorem, one has The proof of Theorem 6 is complete.
Remark 7. The positive impulse has the effect on the global attractivity of system (7a) and (7b).
In this paper, we have proposed a periodic single species model with constant impulsive perturbation which is a continuation of the work of . From systems (4a), (4b), (7a), and (7b), we can see that the equation (4a) or (7a) describes the density variation of species in a periodically varying environment and the impulsive condition (4b) or (7b) reflects the possible external effects under which the population density changes very rapidly. Result A shows that the suitable large linear impulsive perturbations are favorable for the permanence of system (4a) and (4b) while Theorem 4 indicates that the permanence of system (7a) and (7b) is irrespective of the size of the positive constant impulse . As far as the global attractivity is concerned, Result B shows that the suitable large linear impulsive perturbations and self-inhibition rate are favorable for the global attractivity of system (4a) and (4b). Theorem 6 shows that the suitable large self-inhibition rate is also favorable for the global attractivity of system (7a) and (7b); meanwhile, the positive constant impulse satisfies a harsh condition; that is, .
To substantiate our analytical results, we will construct some specific examples. We first consider system (4a) and (4b) with , , , and . Let , ; it is obvious that and . The linear impulse perturbations satisfy (when ) and (when , , ). A simple calculation shows that assumption (5) of Result A holds, and from Figure 1 we may observe that system (4a) and (4b) with is permanent (here ). Furthermore, we can verify the validity of Result B, and hence system (4a) and (4b) is global attractive. From Figure 2, we observe that the positive solution with tends to the positive solution with . In the following, we verify the feasibilities of Theorems 4 and 6. Let us consider system (7a) and (7b) with , , , , and . Obviously, . Let , ; then, . From Figure 3 we see that system (7a) and (7b) with is permanent (here ). A calculation shows that assumptions of Theorem 6 are satisfied, and hence system (7a) and (7b) is global attractive (see Figure 4; the positive solution with tends to the positive solution with ). The above examples imply that the linear and constant impulsive perturbations play important roles and have effect on the above dynamics.
Figure 1: Permanence of system (4a) and (4b) with , , , , , , and . Time series of species for .
Figure 2: Global attractivity of system (4a) and (4b) with , , , , , and . The positive solution with tends to the positive solution with .
Figure 3: Permanence of system (7a) and (7b) with , , , , , and . Time series of species for .
Figure 4: Global attractivity of system (7a) and (7b) with , , , , , and . The positive solution with tends to the positive solution with .
We would like to mention here that some interesting but challenging problems associated with the investigation of system (7a) and (7b) should be the dynamic behaviors if is replaced with or , or the impulse is random impulses. We leave them for future work.
The authors would like to thank the referees for their valuable comments and suggestions that greatly improved the presentation of this work. The work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (no. 11261017), the Key Project of Chinese Ministry of Education (no. 212111), the Key Laboratory of Biological Resources Protection and Utilization of Hubei Province (PKLHB1329), and the Key Subject of Hubei Province (Forestry).


text:
Select from Project

      {{$ctrl.templateProject | displayName}}
      <ui-select
        ng-if="$ctrl.numTemplateProjects > 1"
        name="selectProject"
        ng-model="$ctrl.templateProject"
        ng-change="$ctrl.templateProjectChange()"
        search-enabled="$ctrl.searchEnabled">
        <ui-select-match placeholder="Select a Project">
          {{$select.selected | displayName}}
        </ui-select-match>
        <ui-select-choices repeat="project in $ctrl.templateProjects | searchProjects : $select.search track by (project | uid)" group-by="$ctrl.groupChoicesBy">

            –

        </ui-select-choices>
      </ui-select>

    <pf-empty-state ng-if="!$ctrl.numTemplateProjects" config="$ctrl.noProjectsEmptyState"></pf-empty-state>
    <pf-empty-state ng-if="!$ctrl.templateProject && $ctrl.numTemplateProjects" config="$ctrl.projectEmptyState"></pf-empty-state>
    <pf-empty-state ng-if="$ctrl.templateProject && !$ctrl.catalogItems.length" config="$ctrl.templatesEmptyState"></pf-empty-state>

        <pf-filter config="$ctrl.filterConfig" class="services-items-filter order-services-filter"></pf-filter>

            {{item.name}}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


In case you missed them, here are the past five Columbia Granger's World of Poetry trivia questions of the day. You can also receive our poetry trivia questions via RSS Feed .
Whose death occasioned this epitaph from Lord Byron: "Near this spot / are deposited the remains of one / who possessed Beauty without Vanity, / Strength without Insolence, / Courage without Ferocity, / and all the Virtues of Man without his Vices. / This praise, which would be unmeaning Flattery, / if inscribed over human Ashes, / is but a just Tribute to the memory of ..."
This is one poet's epitaph: "The poetic genius of my country found me at the plough and threw her inspiring mantle over me. She bade me sing the loves, the joys, the rural scenes and rural pleasures of my native soil, in my native tongue. I tuned my wild, artless notes as she inspired" Whose is it?
What poet's epitaph reads, "Here lies a Proof that Wit can never be / Defence enough against Mortality"?
Over whose grave did an unknown friend scrawl, in coal: "Reader, I am to let thee know, / Donne's body only lies below; / For could the grave his soul comprise, / Earth would be richer than the skies"?


CLICK HERE to Order Zip Letter Openers Printed with Your Logo for 36¢ Ea.!
Split your untapped potential wide open with personalized Zip Letter Openers from Quality Logo Products®! A must have for any office or promotional giveaway, these personalized letter openers are brightly colored and just dying to host your logo!
Add your logo or slogan to your Zip Letter Openers and really start to cut to the core of your market. They're a great way to get noticed by all of your customers and potential customers every day! If you're looking for a personalized item that's a cut above the rest, the custom Zip Letter Opener is the way to go.


text:
Q: Adding if statement into the_content() I've created my own page template where I have a list of posts coming in directly below the content as so:
<?php the_content(); ?>
<?php query_posts('category_name=vacancies'); ?>

<?php while (have_posts()) : the_post(); ?>

<a href="<?php the_permalink() ?>"><?php the_title(); ?>

<?php endwhile; ?>

<?php // Reset Query
wp_reset_query(); ?>

This works fine on this page, however on the main index page my template is set up so it loads in the_content() four different pages. I want to include this within one of them e.g:
if query_posts() exists in page then load into the_content() on index page
Bit confusing, hope I'm making sense, any ideas?

A: I don't know exactly how your code works BUT I do know this. If you only have one loop on the page-template you could use query_posts(); but if you have more than 1 loop it will screw up the code, even if you reset it. I would recommend you to use WP_Query like this:
<?php
// The Query
$the_query = new WP_Query('category_name=vacancies');
if($the_query) echo '
';
// The Loop
while ( $the_query->have_posts() ) : $the_query->the_post();
?>

<a href="<?php the_permalink() ?>"><?php the_title(); ?>

<?php
endwhile;
if($the_query) echo '
';
// Reset Post Data
wp_reset_postdata();
?>

WP_Query

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Kate Winslet's Beauty Philosophy Is as Real as It Is Refreshing
Kaitlyn McLintock
Kaitlyn McClintock contributed to Byrdie for over two years, most recently covering beauty news for the brand.
When we think of Kate Winslet, we think of a few different things—there's inevitably Titanic (nothing broke our middle-school hearts quite like Rose saying, "I'll never let go, Jack"). But we also recall her long-running Lancôme ambassadorship and her polished red carpet style.
What we don't often think of, though, is the archetypal Hollywood actress. When she's not at a film premiere or appearing at an awards show next to her long-time friend Leonardo DiCaprio, she maintains a low-key way of life. We never thought of her as someone who partakes in luxurious daily beauty treatments or rigid pre-red carpet cleanses. She isn't the type of celebrity who takes to social media to share her current makeup and skincare favorites. In fact, we don't hear much about her personal beauty routine or philosophy at all. Until her interview with British Vogue, that is. In the interview, she opens up about everything from her favorite products to her thoughts on aging, diet, fitness, and more.
DVT / Star Max / Contributor / Getty Images
Red Carpet Ready
First things first, did you know that some of Winslet's red carpet looks were done without the help of a makeup artist? We're serious. For certain events, she takes it upon herself.
"I just don't like all the fuss and faff that can come with lots of people prodding and fiddling with your face and hair. It's hard to explain, especially since sometimes it's lovely to be glammed up like that. But I'm a pretty low-key, low-maintenance person, and I like to keep life as normal as I can around me. So doing my own makeup is reassuring in that regard. It sort of normalizes a red-carpet moment, which—let's face it—is far from normal!"
As for the products she uses, they're (not surprisingly) mostly Lancôme. For foundation, she chooses Teint Idole Ultra Wear Foundation in 01 ($47). After that, it's Teint Idole Ultra Wear Camouflage Concealer ($31). Finally, it's the Grandiôse Mascara ($32) and a smudgy liner. "I'm a huge fan of eyeliner for a final hit of smudge on the lower lash root only - Le Khol Duo in Brun Glace 02 ($40). This is a double-ended eye pencil that Lisa [Eldridge] designed last year. She gave one to me and I'm still obsessed!" This foundation balances the skin's pH, so it maintains its color without oxidizing. It's also formulated for 24-hour wear, which might be why it works so well for the red carpet.
Lancôme Teint Idole Ultra Liquid 24H Longwear SPF 15 Foundation $47
As if it's not clear enough yet, Winslet's approach to the red carpet is relatively relaxed. Instead of amping up intense workouts or taking on a diet cleanse to prepare for one, she keeps up with her already established sustainable habits. "So if I know I have to look red-carpet-ready for something, I do try and look after myself in the few days running up to that moment," she says. "Nothing fancy or expensive, but I'm 42 now, so I can't get away with murder anymore! So my top tip would be water. Water, water, water. Keep the body hydrated and the skin will follow suit. And I try and stay away from salt and alcohol before an important occasion and throw a few green smoothies together in a Nutribullet ($89). Whilst my life would be too dull without salt and the odd glass of wine, we all know that cutting them out makes for a healthier complexion. At least it does in my case."
As for the fitness part of the equation, Winslet's routine is equally as inconspicuous. "I do power yoga and barre cardio. Both of which I love. And I walk a lot. We've got a lovely dog so... he needs lots of walking." It's kind of refreshing to hear a celeb who focuses on being active for activity's sake. To us, it sounds like Winslet has a really healthy relationship with fitness. Instead of powering through intense bouts activity to achieve a certain result, she makes it a sustainable lifestyle habit. That's kind of the goal of fitness, right?
"Honestly, I have learned that health comes before reaching for a mirror or a bottle of product," she continues. "And if anything, I do look in the mirror less and less as I get older. In my twenties, I probably thought about my appearance more than I do now, for the simple reason that as I get older I have more important things that concern me than how I look. Like family, happiness, and having fun!" And if you're wondering how on earth this laissez-faire beauty philosophy happened so naturally for her, it didn't. "That is something I have only been able to learn with age," she says.
How to Cover Your Under-Eye Circles, According to a Legendary Makeup Artist
10 Backstage Beauty Secrets, According to the Oscars' Head Makeup Artist
Chiara Ferragni Says This Is the One Makeup Product Italian Girls Love The Most
6 French Girls Explain How They Approach "Dieting"
Rihanna Got This Contouring Facial Before the Met Ball, So I Did Too
Exclusive: Getting Ready for the SAG Awards With Saoirse Ronan
15 Under-$18 Beauty Products Celebrities Are Loving Right Now
2 French WOC Discuss the Issues With America's Idea of "French Beauty"
ve Never Talked About This Mandy Moore Gets Real About Diet and Aging
Chandler Kinney on Skincare, Dogs, and Staying Positive When the World's on Fire
This Up-and-Coming Latina Actress Has the Most Intriguing Workout Routine
Riverdale's Lili Reinhart Wants You to Know the Red Carpet Isn't Reality
12 Fountain-of-Youth Diet Tips From Celebrities Over 35
21 Products We Tried (and Loved) Recently From Brands We'd Never Heard Of
Self-Directed: Natasha Liu Bordizzo
This Is What Moving to the South of France Did for My Beauty Routine


An angry man smashed a window of his partner's car in a fit of temper after she had received a phone call from her ex.
Chesterfield magistrates' court heard on Wednesday, April 19, how Adam Adrian John Morley, 25, of Meadow Lane, Alfreton, damaged his partner's Fiat 500 which was parked on Common Lane, at South Normanton.
Prosecuting solicitor Sarah Haslam said: "They had been to the pub and they returned about 10.30pm and she said she wanted to go to bed because she was tired but she was woken by the defendant and they had an argument.
Mrs Haslam added that she recalls Morley going out of the house and she heard glass smashing and when he returned she realised her car window has been smashed.
Morley accepted to police who arrived on the scene that he had smashed the window in temper.
The defendant pleaded guilty to causing criminal damage after the incident on March 18.
Mrs Haslam said that Morley's partner did not want to pursue a prosecution but because Morley had made admissions he was charged.
The defendant's partner did not request any compensation either, according to Mrs Haslam, because repairs have been paid for by Morley.
Defence solicitor Steve Brint said there had been a phone call from Morley's partner's ex and it upset the defendant and he broke the window in a fit of temper.
Magistrates imposed a six-month conditional discharge which means if Morley commits another offence in the next six months he can be re-sentenced for the damaged car window and any new offence.


30 riders were placed in one of three teams for today's Cloverlea teams race which saw the warm temperature take its toll on some.
The limit bunch of Claire Trembath, Donna Innes-Wardell and Annie Pryjmak was given 15 minutes on scratch.
Next away was the eight minute bunch comprising the likes of Aaron Nash, Colin Manintveld, Matt Williamson and Rodney Cheyene.
The chopping block was at three minutes. With over nine riders, surely they'd hold off scratch for most of the race.
A six rider scratch bunch looked strong.
On paper, the Blue team had the goods. Brett Kennedy, Brett Rollinson and Simon Baxter are all are typically fast and strong and Paul Yeatman and Rob Monk on good days can hold their own. If the outer markers Manintveld, Williamson and Pryjmak could stay away, things were looking good.
The red team of Daniel Furmston, Chris Joustra, domestque Connor Bagot, sprinter Graeme Parker and time trialists Jim and Allen Timmer-Arends also looked good on paper. Support came in the way of Nash and Trembath.
The green team may have looked it. Shane Stiles was joined by Will Lumby, Leight Stott, John Beech, Jason Fritzlaff, Shaun Donaldson, Rodney Cheyne and Donna Innes-Wardell.
Before the playground in Darnum had been passed, Monk (B), Baggot (R) and Baxter (B) were up the road. J. Timmer-Arends (R) and Parker (R) gave chase with Yeatman (B) sitting on as being on the Blue team, it was his job to sit in By the Music Museum, the break's lead was about 150m.
By the intersection of Parkers Road, Big Jim Timmer-Arennds (R) had single handedly towed the bunch back to the break.
Baxter (B) then eased off the front for a short stint and was chased down again by Big Jim (R).
A little over 0:07:30 into the race, the order over the start finish line with four laps to go was Baxter (B), Big Jim (R), Parker (R) and Yeatman (B).
The chopping block began to collect riders along Parkers Road on lap one. Shortly after the start of lap three, scratch caught them and the pace eased. All scratch was willing to do was surge and sit up, surge and sit up. Despite this, by the bell most riders and been caught and by the line they were.
Stiles (G) began a long sprint and was lethargically chased by Yeatman (B) who's legs gave out with about 100m to go.
Furmston (R) came over Kennedy (B) who came over Stiles (G). Fritzlaff (G) was followed in by Lumby (G). Three green's in the top five was enough to secure first place on 74 points. The red team came second with 69 and blue who fell apart in the last three kilometers came third with 67.
Next week Leongatha hosts a scratch race at Poowong.
This was race 1 of a 24 race (best of 15) Gippsland Combine Series presented by Warragul City Motors.


text:
"Guildenstern"
ShakespeareRemove this criterion
1-10 of 169 results | Page 1 of 17
Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead (1983 Radio)
Play of the Week (BBC World Service)
Gordon House
Stoppard's play 'in and around the action of Hamlet' produced for radio by Gordon House. With Nigel Anthony as Rosencrantz and Nicky Henson as Guildenstern. No further information known (01/2009).
Shakespeare Shakespeare productions Record only
Rosencrantz and Guildenstern (1938 Television)
Jan Bussell
A television adaptation of W.S. Gilbert's 1891 burlesque. The script parodies the style of Shakespearean performance in the 1890s and centres on Claudius' secret - that in his youth he was the author of...
Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead [Part 2] (2019 Radio)
Emma Harding
Two-part production for BBC radio of the play by Tom Stoppard. Rosencrantz is played by Matthew Baynton, Guildenstern by Andrew Buchan and the Player by Toby Jones. Directed by Emma Harding with music...
Shakespeare Shakespeare productions To order
Hamlet (2014 Film)
Natalie-Anne Downs
Independent short. Rosencrantz and Guildenstern pay a visit to their old friend Hamlet at his student digs to find out what's really wrong with the Prince of Denmark.
Drama on 3
Peter Kavanagh
Radio play adapted by Tom Stoppard. Based on his original stage play, it re-tells Shakespeare's Hamlet through the eyes of two of the play's lesser characters. Rosencrantz is played by Danny Webb,...
Rosencrantz & Guildenstern Are Undead (2008 Film)
aka: Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Undead
Julian Galland
Julian Galland; Mike Landry; Carlos Velasquez; Russell Terlecki
Independent comedy/vampire film. Julian Marsh (Hoffman) is an out of work lothario who accepts a job directing a bizarre, off-Broadway adaptation of Hamlet. After casting his best friend and his...
Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead (1990 Film, Video)
Emanuel Azenberg; Michael Brandman
Tom Stoppard's film adaptation of his play based on characters in Hamlet.
Danny Kaye Show , The [02/10/1963] (1963 Television)
Danny Kaye Show, The
Robert Scheerer
Perry Lafferty
US variety show. An item features Kaye and Jose Ferrer in a musical revue entitled 'To be or not to be' that might have resulted had Shakespeare written Hamlet for television. Ferrer is Hamlet and Kaye...
Hamlet (2008 Video)
Adrian Noble
Video recording of the production of Hamlet directed by Adrian Noble for the 2008 Stratford (Ontario) Shakespeare Festival with Ben Carlson in the title role.
Shakespeare: 169
Shakespeare productions: 169
Record only: 32
Moving Image: 2


text:
Did Farmers killed by B'Haram get military clearance before resuming farming Activities? asks Garba Shehu
By Orientdaily	 Last updated Nov 30, 2020
Garba Shehu, the Senior Special Assistant on Media and Publicity to President Muhammadu Buhari, has blamed the death of 43 rice farmers killed by Boko Haram in Zabarmari village of Borno State, on their failure to get military clearance before working on the field.
Shehu said this while speaking to the BBC on the tragic incident that occurred at the weekend.
"The truth has to be said. Was there any military clearance from the military who are in total control of the area? Did anybody ask to resume activity?" Shehu demanded.
The presidential media aide claimed that the farmers did not get the instruction of the Nigerian Army securing that territory before carrying out their farming activities, and as such left the military in the dark before the tragedy struck.
"So ideally, all of these places ought to probably be allowed to pass through proper military clearance before resettlement or even farmers resuming activities on those fields.
"People need to understand what it is like in the Lake Chad Basin area – a window that the terrorists have exploited," he said.
The massacre of 43 farmers in Borno State at the weekend is one of many insecurity challenges that have continued to ravage the North-East region of the country.
Mr Shehu's statement seems to reflect the alleged insensitivity of the Presidency to these worsening challenges that have spread to other parts of the country, including the recent kidnapping on the Abuja-Kaduna expressway. (SaharaReporters)
Hunger, poverty breeding insecurity in Nigeria –Amaechi
33-year-old Ebonyi driver arraigned for 24 passengers' death in crash


A solitary, tall, drought tolerant, alkaline soil tolerant, salt-tolerant, moderately slow growing, monoecious palm. Rare in cultivation, locally common in the wild. It has a hairy, grey-brown trunk, 12 m. (39 ft.) tall, 15.2 cm. (6 inch) diameter with no obvious leaf scars, and large partially segmented, palmate (fan) leaves, 1.2 m. (4 ft.) long, 1.2 m. (4 ft.) wide, golden above and, silvery white beneath.
A beautiful species. Palms can bloom when only 1 m tall. Probably the most exciting character is the color of the leaves, which can be roughly described as golden above and silvery below. The palm grows right on the sea cliffs overlooking the ocean. It takes strong salt-laden winds with ease.
Coccothrinax boschiana won't tolerate freezing temperatures. Although it can survive close to freezing temperatures. This species naturally occurs on islands in open forest, and is heavily effected by the surrounding sea temperatures, which are constant. In this type of natural environment temperature fluctuations are slight, and this palm prefers a constantly mild to hot climate with little temperature difference between day & night, and Summer & Winter. Under cold conditions we recommend you keep this palm as dry as possible, and well wrapped up.
Very rare, was only described in early 1997. Coccothrinax boschiana is restricted to a single mountain ridge of solid grey limestone, located in the deep south of the Dominican Republic, in the dry peninsula of Barahona.


text:
require "test_helper"

module Cp8Cli
  class MainTest < Minitest::Test
    def setup
      stub_shell
      stub_request(:get, /rubygems\.org/).to_return_json({})
      stub_request(:get, /pulls/).to_return_json([])
    end

    def test_start_adhoc_story
      pr_endpoint = stub_github(:post, "/repos/balvig/cp8_cli/pulls").
        with(body: { base: "master", head: "jb/fix-bug", title: "Fix bug", draft: true })

      stub_github_user("John Bobson")
      stub_repo("git@github.com:balvig/cp8_cli.git")

      expect_question("Branch name: jb/", default: "fix-bug", answer: "fix-bug")
      expect_checkout("jb/fix-bug")
      expect_commit("Fix bug")
      expect_push("jb/fix-bug")
      expect_title "Created draft PR, run `cp8 open` to view."

      cli.start("Fix bug")

      shell.verify
      assert_requested pr_endpoint
    end

    def test_start_with_blank_name
      expect_error("No name/url provided")

      cli.start(nil)
    end

    def test_start_github_issue
      create_pr_endpoint = stub_github(:post, "/repos/balvig/cp8_cli/pulls").with(
        body: {
          base: "master",
          head: "jb/issue-title",
          title: "ISSUE TITLE",
          body: "Closes balvig/cp8_cli#ISSUE_NUMBER\n\n_Release note: ISSUE TITLE_",
          draft: true
        }
      )

      issue_endpoint = stub_github(:get, "/repos/balvig/cp8_cli/issues/ISSUE_NUMBER").to_return_json(github_issue)
      user_endpoint = stub_github(:get, "/user").to_return_json(github_user)
      assign_endpoint = stub_github(:post, "/repos/balvig/cp8_cli/issues/ISSUE_NUMBER/assignees").
        with(body: { assignees: ["GITHUB_USER"] })
      stub_github_user("John Bobson")
      stub_repo("git@github.com:balvig/cp8_cli.git")

      expect_question("Branch name: jb/", default: "issue-title", answer: "issue-title")
      expect_checkout("jb/issue-title")
      expect_commit("ISSUE TITLE")
      expect_push("jb/issue-title")
      expect_title "Created draft PR, run `cp8 open` to view."

      cli.start("https://github.com/balvig/cp8_cli/issues/ISSUE_NUMBER")

      shell.verify

      assert_requested issue_endpoint
      assert_requested user_endpoint
      assert_requested assign_endpoint
      assert_requested create_pr_endpoint
    end

    def test_open_master
      stub_branch("master")
      stub_repo("git@github.com:balvig/cp8_cli.git")
      stub_repo("git@github.com:balvig/cp8_cli.git") # erm

      expect_pr(
        repo: "balvig/cp8_cli",
        from: "master",
        to: "master",
        expand: 1
      )

      cli.open

      shell.verify
    end

    def test_open_branch
      stub_branch("jb/adhoc-story")
      stub_repo("git@github.com:balvig/cp8_cli.git")
      stub_repo("git@github.com:balvig/cp8_cli.git") # erm

      expect_pr(
        repo: "balvig/cp8_cli",
        from: "jb/adhoc-story",
        to: "master",
        expand: 1
      )

      cli.open

      shell.verify
    end

    def test_submit_branch_with_pr
      find_pr_endpoint = stub_github(:get, "/repos/balvig/cp8_cli/pulls").
        with(query: { head: "balvig:jb/fix-bug" }).
        to_return_json([github_pr])
      stub_branch("jb/fix-bug")
      stub_repo("git@github.com:balvig/cp8_cli.git")

      expect_push("jb/fix-bug")

      expect_open_url("https://github.com/balvig/cp8_cli/pull/PR_NUMBER")

      cli.submit

      shell.verify

      assert_requested find_pr_endpoint
    end

    def test_submit_plain_branch
      stub_branch("fix-this")
      stub_repo("git@github.com:balvig/cp8_cli.git")
      stub_repo("git@github.com:balvig/cp8_cli.git") # erm

      expect_push("fix-this")
      expect_pr(
        repo: "balvig/cp8_cli",
        from: "fix-this",
        to: "master",
        expand: 1
      )

      cli.submit

      shell.verify
    end

    def test_ci
      stub_branch("jb.issue-title.master.balvig/cp8_cli#ISSUE_NUMBER")
      stub_repo("git@github.com:balvig/cp8_cli.git")

      expect_open_url("https://circleci.com/gh/balvig/cp8_cli/tree/jb.issue-title.master.balvig%2Fcp8_cli%23ISSUE_NUMBER")

      cli.ci

      shell.verify
    end

    def test_suggest
      stub_branch("jb.card-name.master.CARD_SHORT_LINK")
      stub_repo("git@github.com:balvig/cp8_cli.git")

      expect_checkout("suggestion-HEX")
      expect_push("suggestion-HEX")
      expect_pr(
        repo: "balvig/cp8_cli",
        from: "suggestion-HEX",
        to: "jb.card-name.master.CARD_SHORT_LINK"
      )
      expect_checkout("jb.card-name.master.CARD_SHORT_LINK")
      expect_reset("jb.card-name.master.CARD_SHORT_LINK")

      SecureRandom.stub :hex, "HEX" do
        cli.suggest
      end

      shell.verify
    end

    private

      def label
        { id: "LABEL_ID", name: "LABEL NAME" }
      end

      def github_pr
        { number: "PR_NUMBER", title: "PR TITLE", html_url: "https://github.com/balvig/cp8_cli/pull/PR_NUMBER" }
      end

      def github_issue
        { number: "ISSUE_NUMBER", title: "ISSUE TITLE", html_url: "https://github.com/balvig/cp8_cli/issues/ISSUE_NUMBER" }
      end

      def github_user
        { login: "GITHUB_USER" }
      end

      def cli
        @_cli ||= Main.new global_config
      end

      def global_config
        GlobalConfig.new(key: "PUBLIC_KEY", github_token: "GITHUB_TOKEN")
      end
  end
end


text:
Stuart Olson wins contract to replace correctional centre in Nanaimo, B.C.
January 8, 2021	By The Canadian Press
NANAIMO, B.C.—The provincial government has awarded a multimillion-dollar contract to design and build a new jail in Nanaimo, B.C.
A statement from the Ministry of Public Safety last month says Stuart Olson Construction Ltd., is the successful bidder to replace the Nanaimo Correctional Centre. Two First Nations and 17 local partners will collaborate with the builder on the project.
While the Calgary-based firm rose to the top of the bid list for the B.C. project, Stuart Olson was acquired by Bird Construction Inc. last fall. The purchase closed last September, officially bringing the project under the Bird umbrella.
The ministry says design work begins next month and pre-construction should start in the first quarter of 2021, creating 650 direct and 275 indirect jobs.
Funding of $157 million for the jail replacement was approved in June 2019.
The ministry says the project will include Vancouver Island's first provincial custody unit for women, will maintain the 190-room capacity for male prisoners and have enough cell space to meet the Island's needs for the next decade.
—With a file from On-Site staff
Timeline for Bird, Stuart Olson tie up moved up with nod from Competition Bureau
Stuart Olson Dominion wins $147M contract for WCC
Building, Industrial groups at Stuart Olson win $225M in new contracts
Bird Construction to buy Stuart Olson in $96.5M deal
Construction loses jobs in December, faces spectre of further lockdowns in January
PCL wins $48M contract to build South Bow River Bridge in Calgary


text:
Space Conspiracy
Lee Enfield No. 4
Mauser Rifles
US Tank Destroyers
The King Tiger
Gaming Editorials
Leveling Without Using XP
One of the most famous European rifle names of all time is "Mauser." The name "Mauser" is not limited to any single rifle design but rather a whole series of rifle designs that evolved over time and continue to be manufactured even today.
In 1867, Wilhelm and Paul Mauser designed the first Mauser rifle. The German army designated this rifle as the M71 and adopted it for use in 1871. Like many military weapons of that era, the name incorporated the date that the rifle was brought into service. The M71 was a single shot rifle that, like all Mausers, used a rotating bolt action. To load the M71, the bolt was turned up and drawn back exposing the rifle's breech. A single cartridge could then be placed into the rifle. The bolt would be moved back, thus ramming the cartridge into the breech. The rifle could then be fired. This early action did not eject the spent brass as modern bolt action rifles do, rather, once the bolt had been drawn back, the user would have to reach in and manually extract the round from the rifle's chamber.
Improvements in this simple design followed. A repeating version of the M71 was developed. Designated as the M71/84, this variant of the M71 had an 8 shot tubular magazine and ejected spent cartridges when the bolt was pulled back.
In 1888, a new model of Mauser was introduced, the M88. The M88 was the first rifle specifically designed to take advantage of a new advance in gunpowder, smokeless powder. While not truly smokeless, cartridges using this new powder release only a whiff of white smoke instead of the billowing black cloud that black powder guns generate. Perhaps more importantly, this new powder was more powerful and could fire a bullet with a higher muzzle velocity than the old powder. A new round was developed using this new technology, the 8mm Mauser. This cartridge has become as famous as the rifles that use it. (The cartridge actually measures 7.9mm, but is commonly referred to as the 8mm anyway.)
After several more models that improved the basic design of the Mauser rifle (including one that introduced a smaller 7mm Mauser cartridge, the M93), the M98 was designed and adopted by the German army in 1898. This is the rifle that would serve the German army throughout World War One. The M98's design influenced the creation of other famous rifles such as the 1908 Springfield and the 1917 Enfield. The basic M98 mauser designed has been copied all over the world and modified to fire a large range of ammunition types.
In the approach up to World War II, Germany decided to discard the M98 rifle in favor of the carbine version of the design. The M98 is quite long, almost rivaling the length of some civil war era smoothbore muskets. Additionally, the bolt on the M98 sticks straight out making it easy to snag on nearby obstacles, fellow squad members or even oneself. (The author managed to smack himself in the elbow while bringing a Siamese Mauser up into a firing position. The metal sphere of the bolt action almost seems to have been designed to hit one's funny bone.)
The carbine version of the M98 is the K98 ("K" for "Karabiner"). Although shorter than the M98, the K98 is longer than what most people would consider a carbine. It"s about the same size as the Allies' main battle rifles. In addition to being shorter than the M98, the K98 also has a turned down bolt action. Like the M98, the K98 would be copied throughout the world. The K98 served Germany throughout World War II and ended up serving in many other nations' militaries well into the 1960's.
The Yugoslavians captured many K98s while fighting a partisan war again the German occupation of their nation. After World War II, they took the K98 design, modified it for their own use, and produced it for many years as the M48 rifle. The author's M48 Mauser is the one pictured on this page.
Sources and Additional Reading
Blackclaw Games LLC. © All rights reserved