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Home » Feature Stories » Picking on Mars
Picking on Mars
Categories: Feature Stories Mars
By Diane Richards - Jul 29, 2003
"It has been a roller coaster ride, let me tell you!" SETI Institute/NASA Ames scientist, Dr. Nathalie Cabrol describes the nerve-wracking process to select a landing site for the NASA's Mars Expedition Rover (MER) mission.
At a recent interview in the SETI Institute offices, Dr. Cabrol and Edmond Grin, her scientific partner (and husband), relived the ups and downs of their quest; a visit to an ancient dry lake bed at the end of the Ma'adim Vallis, a huge martian drainage channel.
"If something like Ma'adim Vallis (above) is actually a lava flow and looks so much like a fluvial channel, well, we better reassess what we think about the channels we're seeing on Mars." -Nathalie Cabrol
Credit: R. Irwin III (CEPS/NASM,UVa), T. Maxwell, A. Howard, R. Craddock, D. Leverington
The combined backgrounds of Cabrol and Grin, in planetary geology and hydraulic engineering, give them a special affinity for the site. Each can visualize the ancient and dynamic processes that most likely formed the martian drainage system with its channels cut by flowing water and the lake into which the water emptied. Cabrol and Grin were some of the earliest planetary scientists to recognize the tell tale features of lakes on the Red Planet.
It is not always easy to be first. For nine years (1985-1994) the duo conducted their planetary geology research at the University of Paris-Sorbonne and Observatory of Paris-Meudon, France. Grin assembled a large "Gusev mosaic" of Viking images that stretched across the wall of their office. The martian landscape caught the eyes of NASA scientist Chris McKay, whose 1994 visit to Meudon coincided with the closure of the lab where Cabrol and Grin worked. Cabrol describes the visit as "a defining moment" as it determined their future.
"We left Meudon and followed Chris," she continues. "Edmond packed up the mosaic in his suitcase and we flew to Ames where the mosaic stayed in our cubicle when we arrived and is now archived in our office at the Space Science Division."
With the conviction that Gusev and similar sites were rich with astrobiology potential and thus logical places to visit (ancient lakes are excellent environments for life), Cabrol and Grin pressed on at NASA Ames Research Center, in Mountain View, California. "We had a landing site with no mission," Cabrol explains. What followed was a suite of Mars and Mars-analogue studies supported by several papers on Mars crater lakes. "At the time [between 1994 and 1997], paleolakes were not considered. We had to fight for the notion of crater lakes."
The tide began to turn as the evidence mounted with increases in data resolution, and the community of planetary scientists came to accept the idea of impact crater lakes. Meanwhile, the mandate for Mars exploration had become: "Follow the water!" The timing was right.
A view of Gusev Crater.
Thus the MER mission would look for evidence of the past activity of water on Mars, and with the landing site selection process, Cabrol and Grin boarded the "real roller coaster." In January 2001, the first MER landing site workshop, held at NASA Ames, considered a list of 185 potential sites. The preliminary MER landing ellipses, (the landing probability area) were larger than Gusev could accommodate. Knowing this constraint she considered skipping the first workshop altogether.
Realizing that the process "is like voting," and that "if you do not vote, you cannot complain if you do not like the result," she submitted her abstract at the very last minute. On day one, Cabrol presented several sites, including Gusev and Gale Craters both made the first cut. Fortunately, the calibrations determining the size of the ellipse had been refined, and Gusev was now accessible.
Viking image of Gusev Crater, an ancient proposed lakebed that will be targeted in forthcoming Mars Exploration Rover mission.
Credit:JPL/NASA
The "ride" continued. Cabrol recalls another defining moment during the second workshop in October 2001 in Pasadena. This workshop examined safety issues and heard presentations on the sites' scientific interest. Cabrol pleaded the case of the geologically rich Gusev site. After a first round of votes ten minutes prior to the workshop's end, Gusev's chances looked "uncertain." But then safety issues eliminated two very popular Valles Marineris sites. More presentations and discussions preceded a second round of voting. Gusev made it once again. Says Cabrol, "In five minutes we went from deep concern to our candidates selection as one of four primary sites. I began to believe something big was going to happen. It was a very deep experience."
Two more workshops in March 2002 and January 2003 would scrutinize the remaining candidates in detail and take the pair up and down their own emotional peaks and valleys before the April 10th announcement of the two final sites: Meridiani and Gusev. Throughout that year and a half Cabrol happily noted that Gusev research had ceased to be "personal." The research was a community effort involving many scientists and engineers. The community scrutinized all of the sites using new data. When the science selection came through, it was unanimous.
Nathalie Cabrol of NASA Ames Research Center/SETI Institute
If all goes well, soon after landing, MER like a human infant gazing upon its own toes will focus its camera upon the rover's front wheels then transmit this first image back to Earth. The view from Mars will be immeasurably more exciting as MER transmits its first panorama of the dry and ancient Gusev lakebed.
For Cabrol and Grin, the Gusev studies have been a labor of love that began in 1990, and now, "one revolution of Jupiter later," says Cabrol, "we had consensus of the science team. That was a very rewarding moment". The SETI Institute, which has partnered with NASA since 1998 on Cabrol and Grin's Mars projects, recently lauded Cabrol and Grin for their work, which represents both the quality and the spirit of wonder that characterizes the interdisciplinary science conducted by the Institute.
"We are not there yet," she reminds us. There are several critical moments, between the countdown, and the moment early in the coming new year when MER opens its 'eyes' and transmits the first image to the expectant team at JPL. Nathalie is equally excited and anxious for the second mission, MER B, to the second site (the "Hematite") in Meridiani Planum.
For now, however, Cabrol and Grin are smiling. Asked whether she has an idea of what the panorama will look like, Cabrol answers, "Of course." Asked to describe it she smiles coyly and looks at Grin. "Edmond and I will each make a drawing of what we think the site will look like and compare them after the landing."
After years of meticulous analysis of the site, each has built a vivid mental image of the place but for now they have made a pact not to discuss their respective ideas. Comparing their drawings side by side and with the MER images is a private ritual the two scientists look forward to as a celebration of a successful journey they've made together: an exhilarating ride towards Mars.
The Jet Propulsion Laboratory, a division of the California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, manages the Mars Exploration Rover project for the NASA Office of Space Science, Washington, D.C. Banner image credit: Artist rendering of Gusev Crater, in a wetter epoch on Mars, used by permission, space4case.com, © Kees Veenenbos.
Red Rovers: Returning to Mars
Mars Exploration Website
Two Mars Rover Sites Get Science Stamp of Approval
Evidence for Snow on Mars – and Perhaps an Abode for Life?
Mars Odyssey web site (with new images)
MARIE instrument
Mars by Stories
Impact Crater Landing Sites for the 2003 Mars Exploration Rovers
Mars Exploration Rover Homepage
2003 Mars Exploration Rover Mission
(Feature Stories, Mars) Most Read
by Diane Richards, SETI Institute

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Our view: The sustainability element of Chico"s General Plan should include guidelines, not mandates, as the council promised four years ago.
When the Chico City Council, in a suspicious pre-election move, signed up to join the "sustainability" movement, it was touted as a largely symbolic move that wouldn"t result in more governmental regulations on the private sector.
Let"s hope the councilors remember that promise, because now the city has a Sustainability Task Force that wants to put mandates in the city"s General Plan.
Anybody who thinks they can create a document today that is still fresh in 20 years and never should be violated is delusional. The General Plan is a suggestion for how a city should grow over the course of 20 years, not a bible.
That"s exactly what the sustainability movement was supposed to be about, too — encouraging, not mandating. Unfortunately, it is threatening to become a regulatory arm of city government — unless the council that created it kills the toothy monster.
The movement started just before the 2006 City Council election, when Mayor Scott Gruendl asked the council to quickly sign on to a nationwide agreement to save the planet from global warming. The U.S. Conference of Mayors Climate Protection Agreement, strangely, was never vetted by a city committee or commission. Instead, it came before the council with urgency to sign it now.
Three councilors said they couldn"t vote for the pledge because they didn"t know what they were voting for. Two of them, Dan Herbert and Steve Bertagna, who was running for supervisor, lost in the election the next month. They were painted as people who didn"t care about the environment, which was ridiculous — they cared about making an informed decision.
The measure passed, though. Politics can be so messy.
It took several months to decide what if anything they were supposed to do next. A Sustainability Task Force was formed. The task force"s charge was to make recommendations for environmentally friendly things the city could do in municipal projects, not on private projects.
The city figured it could lead and others would follow. But that has evolved, and we"re ending up right where the councilors promised they wouldn"t go — adding onerous new regulations on individuals and private enterprise.
First the task force recommended a mandate that people who sell older homes would have to make up to $800 in energy-efficiency improvements before a home is sold. The city has no business eating into the profits (or losses) of homeowners who sell. If the buyer wants the improvements bad enough, he or she can demand them as part of the deal. Let the buyer and seller decide, not the city.
Now there"s actually a sustainability chapter in the General Plan under consideration by the council. The Sustainability Task Force says that chapter should have more teeth.
We hope the council has the good sense to remember what was promised years ago.


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Vikram Bhatt on a township built by its inhabitants
One cannot just be an architect. The idea is to become a sthapati as described in the canonical texts.... "to be a yogi, to feel the vibrations of every element in the cosmos including the materials and the user of that space."1
—Balkrishna Doshi
Sanskrit, the word sthapati is a combination of two words: stha, meaning space, and pati, meaning master or lord. When used together, stha and pati mean a "chief judge" or an "arbitrator" of space—someone responsible for producing temples or great buildings. ↩
Balkrishna Doshi. Miniature perspective painting of a lively street, Aranya Low Cost Housing, Indore, India, 1990. Minimum Cost Housing Group fonds, CCA. ARCH280274. © Balkrishna Doshi
Balkrishna Doshi began his formation as an architect working for Le Corbusier in Paris from 1951 to 1954, returning to India to supervise Le Corbusier's influential projects in Ahmedabad and establishing his own practice, Vastushilpa, also in Ahmedabad, in 1956. From the beginning of his career Doshi was involved in designing housing projects, such as the low-income housing for staff of the Ahmedabad Textile Industry Research Association (ATIRA). In the early years of India's independence, the government collaborated with private enterprises to launch numerous national building projects such the Physical Research Laboratory, the Gujarat State Fertilizer Corporation, the Indian Farmer's Fertilizer Company, and Madhya Pradesh Electricity. These companies were often situated in remote locations for strategic reasons, including resource access, and were therefore required to build housing for their staff. Doshi designed a series of company towns for these clients but, unlike public or low-income housing projects in India that were often bleak, Doshi's designs were lively—his architecture allowed everyday life to go on and communities to thrive. Amongst his vast body of work, it is through his housing projects that Doshi came closest to realizing his vision of an expanded role of the architect based on the notion of the sthapati.
Minimum Cost Housing Group and Vastushilpa Foundation. Street elevation based on study of Indore's informal settlements, Aranya Low Cost Housing, Indore, India, 1990. Minimum Cost Housing Group fonds, CCA. ARCH280278
Balkrishna Doshi, architect. Aranya Low Cost Housing, Indore, India, 1989. A multi-use platform, November 1995. Photograph by Vikram Bhatt. Minimum Cost Housing Group fonds, CCA. ARCH280283
Such a role required designing with sensitivity to local conditions, both material and climatic, which Doshi applied rigorously across his work. For example, the scarcity of materials like steel and cement in India compelled Doshi to experiment with building technologies and local materials such as brick and stone. In the ATIRA project for example, he used bricks in the form of a simple and orderly system of load-bearing walls supporting a vaulted roof structure. Likewise, given that most of India lies in the hot tropics and that the cost of energy is especially high, climate-responsive design, particularly for natural ventilation, is critical. Doshi tackled issues of climate at different scales, from the community, to the individual building, to the material, to the devices; and in doing so he made an immeasurable contribution to establishing models for tropical architecture worldwide. Doshi's housing projects varied considerably in size from accommodating several hundred to a few thousand families, and yet he conceived of each as a coherent, self-sufficient community in which common amenities and services were shared. Doshi facilitated this idea by adding clusters of homes together to create low-rise (mostly two- or three-story), high-density town-scapes.
Minimum Cost Housing Group and Vastushilpa Foundation. Figure-ground plan, Aranya Low Cost Housing, Indore, India, 1990. Minimum Cost Housing Group fonds, CCA. ARCH280275
Minimum Cost Housing Group and Vastushilpa Foundation. Study of open spaces designed to encourage economic activity around dwellings, Aranya Low Cost Housing, Indore, India, 1990. Minimum Cost Housing Group fonds, CCA. ARCH280276
Minimum Cost Housing Group and Vastushilpa Foundation. Study of a typical collective service space, Aranya Low Cost Housing, Indore, India, 1990. Minimum Cost Housing Group fonds, CCA. ARCH280277
A large percentage of urban populations in India are comprised of labourers and new migrants—the "other half"—who lack housing options in the city and thus often live in informal settlements. To address such challenges of housing access, Doshi established the Vastushilpa Foundation in 1978 in parallel with his design practice. The organization operates as a link between academics and professionals to develop research into methods of improving the environmental quality of human settlements in India, particularly those of the poor. For example, from the late 1970s to late 1980s the Foundation collaborated on various projects with the Minimum Cost Housing Group at McGill University, established in 1971 with a commitment to the research and design of low-cost and sustainable building in developing countries. Together they carried out an extensive study of informal settlements in the city of Indore, in central India, that meticulously documented how the communities operated and how the "other half" was already building. Notably, it was under the auspices of the Vastushilpa Foundation rather than his design practice that Doshi chose to develop the commission for the Aranya Low Cost Housing project in the early 1980s, and Minimum Cost Housing Group researchers participated in and recorded all different stages of its development.
Minimum Cost Housing Group and Vastushilpa Foundation. Partial plan of potential variations of housing built around service cores, Aranya Low Cost Housing, Indore, India, 1990. Minimum Cost Housing Group fonds, CCA. ARCH280272
Minimum Cost Housing Group and Vastushilpa Foundation. Plan and axonometric study of housing typology and incremental building schemes, Aranya Low Cost Housing, Indore, India, 1990. Minimum Cost Housing Group fonds, CCA. ARCH280273
Balkrishna Doshi, architect. Aranya Low Cost Housing, Indore, India, 1989. Aerial view of demonstration sector with dwellings in various stages of construction, August 1998. Photograph by Vikram Bhatt. Minimum Cost Housing Group fonds, CCA. ARCH280284
Balkrishna Doshi, architect. Aranya Low Cost Housing, Indore, India, 1989. Residents quickly grew fruit-bearing and shade-giving trees around their homes and in small open areas, November 1994. Photograph by Vikram Bhatt. Minimum Cost Housing Group fonds, CCA. ARCH280285
Balkrishna Doshi, architect. Aranya Low Cost Housing, Indore, India, 1989. Roof terrace and dwelling extensions around a small, landscaped open space, March 1995. Photograph by VIkram Bhatt. Minimum Cost Housing Group fonds, CCA. ARCH280286
Balkrishna Doshi, architect. Aranya Low Cost Housing, Indore, India, 1989. Streets and dwelling extensions serve as outdoor living spaces, November 1995. Photography by Vikram Bhatt. Minimum Cost Housing Group fonds, CCA. ARCH280282
Doshi's approach to Aranya embodied the spirit of the architect-sthapati because his design responded to the needs and capacities of its users in the most humble and empathetic manner possible. Located just outside Indore, Aranya was conceived of as a township rather than simply a housing project that could help reduce the acute shortage of dwellings available in the city, especially among those living in informal settlements. Of the 6,500 plots planned for development, 65 percent were reserved for what the Indian government categorized as the Economically Weaker Section of society—at the time, these plots were thirty-five square metres and allocated to those earning thirty-five dollars per month—while the remainder incorporated market housing for higher income residents. In order to offer such a high proportion of low-income plots while maintaining an economically viable development, Doshi adopted a sites-and-services planning approach that ensured high-quality basic infrastructure upon which residents built their own dwellings and could add to them over time. The initial architecture provided was service cores with plumbing, water supply, electricity, and road access, as well as occasional platforms and kitchens which residents could expand and consolidate over time as resources became available. Having been developed for a projected population of 70,000 inhabitants, Aranya has since grown to accommodate approximately 80,000, demonstrating Doshi's forethought in planning for the future growth of individual dwellings and the neighbourhood, and by extension the settlement as a whole.
Minimum Cost Housing Group and Vastushilpa Foundation. Study of dwelling facades and street character, Aranya Low Cost Housing, Indore, India, 1988. Minimum Cost Housing Group fonds, CCA. ARCH280281
Balkrishna Doshi, architect. Aranya Low Cost Housing, Indore, India, 1989. A row houses with roof terrases and ground floor commerce,1988. Photograph by Vikram Bhatt. Minimum Cost Housing Group fonds, CCA. ARCH280279
Though almost one square kilometre in area, Aranya was designed for the human scale: the urban plan, based on six sectors grouped around a town centre, gave residents access to schools, commerce, employment, and other services within walking distance. The clustered housing layouts further provided easily accessible spaces for work and each housing block culminated with spaces set aside for local commerce and community gatherings. The hierarchy of streets separated pedestrian and vehicular routes and a sequence of passages and open spaces, with lush planting and shade-giving trees, allowed residents to go about their daily activities and develop a livelihood around their dwellings. Over time, a wide range of domestic enterprises and small commercial activities emerged and thrived within the community. Doshi designed with compassion for and a forensic awareness of traditions and daily patterns of life such that today, Aranya has grown into an ideal place for living.
The Aranya project materials, including fieldwork sketches, design drawings, and several thousand photographs, track all stages of development through site identification, implementation of the infrastructure, roads, and service-cores, occupation and gradual transformation by residents, and post-occupancy documentation. This collection is part of the Minimum Cost Housing Group fonds. This text is published on the occasion of Balkrishna Doshi receiving the 2018 Pritzker Architecture Prize.
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Arable farming
Compound feed mill
Meat Processing Plant
Production catalogue
Sausages and Wieners
Sausages "Dairy" GOST
Juicy, fragrant sausages, made in accordance with GOST R.
Ingredients: pork, beef, poultry, water, salt, milk powder, a mixture of spices (pepper, nutmeg).
Product type: weight.
Product weight: 0.7 kg.
Sausages "Creamy" GOST
Rich creamy flavor, familiar since Soviet times, which is complemented by a small number of spices. Smoking gives the product a special flavor.
Ingredients: beef, pork, chicken eggs, whole milk powder, salt, spices (nutmeg, cardamom).
Sausages "Petrovskiye"
The exclusive formulation of the product is developed by technologists of meat processing plant "RUBIKOM". Delicious and flavorful beef and pork sausages with natural smoking.
Product type: weight / piece.
Product weight: 0.7 / 0.5 kg.
Sausages "Bavarian with cheese"
Sausages are made from the best beef and pork with cheese and spices. This gives the product a delicate elegant taste and juiciness. The smoke-permeable cover allows complementing the taste with the pleasant aroma of smoking.
Ingredients: beef, pork, water, cheese, egg, spice mix (allspice, ginger, nutmeg, spice extracts), milk powder, salt.
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Product without pork. Dense, meat and aromatic sausages.
Ingredients: beef, poultry, water, salt, a mixture of spices (sugar, caraway, garlic, spice extracts). 60 days from 2°C to 8°C.
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Sausages "Creamy R»
Classic cream sausages. The traditional recipe and delicate taste make sausages popular with consumers. They are available in the edible shell.
Ingredients: pork, beef, water, salt, a mixture of spices (spice extracts). 25 days from 2°C to 8°C.
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Sausages "Dairy Classic" is a taste of childhood. They are made from chilled pork and beef. They differ in a dense consistency and the most delicate taste due to the addition of natural milk to a recipe. Classic spices and aroma of natural smoking reveal all the richness of taste.
Ingredients: pork, beef, water, egg, salt, powdered milk, spice mix (nutmeg, grape sugar), sugar.30 days from 2°C to 8°C.
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Ingredients: pork, beef, poultry, water, milk powder, spice mix, salt. 60 days from 2°C to 8°C.
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Ingredients: beef, pork, poultry, water, salt, spices, and spice extracts.30 days from 2°C to 8°C.
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They are made according to the proprietary recipe of technologists of the meat processing plant "RUBIKOM". They are available in a natural shell and are very popular due to affordable prices.
Ingredients: poultry meat, pork, water, salt, a mixture of spices. 30 days from 2°C to 8°C.
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ASSITEJ Jordan >
ASSITEJ -Jordan, the National Centre for Culture and Arts (NCCA)
The 35th International Arab Youth Congress
From 8 – 14 August 2016
130 young participants age 13 – 17 from: UAE, Pakistan, Tunisia, Kosovo, Iraq, Palestine, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Qatar, Bahrain, Saudi Arabia, Morocco, Holland and Jordan, participated in the 35th International Arab Youth Congress, under the theme "Innovation and Leadership", which was held Under the Patronage of Her Majesty Queen Noor Al Hussein in partnership with the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) and the Ministry of Education. https://youtu.be/GgFp0XF7CM4
The IAYC is a thematic event that utilizes creative activities to tackle global issues impacting the lives of youth. This year's theme, "Innovation and Leadership" was selected in light of the prevailing transformations and challenges the world is facing politically, economically and socially and their impact on the human life. Our aim through the activities of the congress is to enhance analytical thinking, decision making skills, respect of cultural diversity and foster human values of love and cooperation.
The delegates participated in creative workshops lead by professional artists including drama, dance, music and song and visual Arts. https://youtu.be/VZ6SjU72OgI
Each delegation presented a performance of 5 minutes at "the International Artistic performances" representing their national heritage and culture at the National Centre for Culture and Arts Amphitheatre (1000 Audience) https://youtu.be/77YGvKZQq94
The Interactive play "Intersection" about the Syrian refugee crisis in Jordan was performed to the delegations by the NCCA National Interactive Theatre Troupe.
At the Closing Ceremony attended by Her Royal Highness Princess Sumaiah Bint Al Hassan at the Palace of Culture (2000 Audience) the participants presented performances depicting the outcome of the sessions and the creative workshops which include a theatre peace entitled: "The Future". The event also featured a song by the guests of honor H.E. Mr. Muhamad Assaf UNRWA Goodwill Ambassador and the Jordanian Singer Ms. Farah Siraj.
For more information about NCCA activities and the congress please visit the following links:
Facebook page: https://www.facebook.com/NCCA.KHF?ref=tn_tnmn
Twitter: https://twitter.com/PacKhf
Tags: ASSITEJ Jordan


Rangers striker Alfredo Morelos has spoken of the tragedy that has driven him on during his career.
The Colombia international promised to look after his family after a younger sister died.
In an interview in Spanish with Rangers TV, the 22-year-old said: "My family supports me very unconditionally, they always give me that motivation, that love, to do things better every day.
"The love of my parents, my sisters, it makes me proud to be doing what I've been doing so far.
"My little sister was a very big motivation for me. I told my mother that I would take care of them, because we were a very poor family there in Colombia, in Cerete.
"After my little sister died, I told my mother one day I'm going to take care of you and my whole family and, thank God, we are now doing really well.
"Now I am in this great institution where everything is really working out for me.
"My family is very proud of me. Honestly, my mother, my father, they cry, they cry watching me play.
"My parents were here, they now know how it is, the atmosphere here and more so now seeing it themselves.
"It's something they feel proud of, of their son, because I do it with a lot of love for them too.
Morelos recently signed his fourth Rangers contract in less than two years and is committed to Ibrox until 2023.
And the former HJK Helsinki player admits the love of the fans has inspired him.
The forward, who has 29 goals this season, said: "I like Rangers a lot, the fans, the football, what we experience day to day is incredible. The fans, the way they praise us and want to watch us play every weekend, every midweek, is amazing.
"I get that adrenaline rush and it's awesome, I want to be competing as much as I can and as fast as I can.
Morelos promised not to lose the competitive spirit which has got him this far but has also got him into trouble on the pitch.
The striker has received four red cards this season, one of which was later rescinded, and a further 16 yellow cards on top of two double-bookings.
"I am a very hot player on the field, I'm very passionate, and I like it," he said.
"When I'm competing, when I'm active and fighting with the defence, jumping, holding the ball up, I would never change the way I am.
"I'm a tough player, I like playing in the air, I like clashing, I like frustrating the defence.


A civil society group, Citizens Watch Advocacy Initiative (CWAI) has called for the immediate substantive confirmation of the Acting Director-General of the National Pension Commission (Pencom), for her spectacular performances, turnaround and the repositioning of the apex regulatory pension body and the pension industry since she took over the mantle of leadership on acting capacity.
Under her leadership, the hopes of retirees has been rekindled while the industry has completely been transformed and undergone massive innovations and sustainable growth financially to help Nigerians prepare for their retirement years. CWAI said that since the coming on board of the present leadership it has been one plethora of initiative to another while it has created and built awareness campaigns about pension and to get Nigerians interested in saving from an early age.
The Executive Director of CWAI, Com, James Okoronkwo and Media Director, Com Dennis Esumobi, has endorsed the recent commissioning by President Muhammadu Buhari of the Micro Pension Plan (MPP) for the informal sector and self-employed aimed at expanding the base of the pension industry; capture artisans across the country and other sectors not looked at before now thereby boosting the economy and stabilizing the pension assets in the country. That the launching of the Micro saving scheme will afford the country's widespread small business sector seek ways of persuading majority of the country work force to put aside funds for their retirement, so as to have a comfortable life after service.
CWAI also commended and applauded the Aisha Dahir-Umar led management for their forthrightness and vision in repositioning and rebranding of the pension administration in Nigeria for professionalism and effective service delivery in line with President Muhammadu Buhari's 'Next Level' agenda through dynamic, purposeful reforms of the sector which gave birth to increased enforcement powers; increased the rate of contributors for employees in the CPS category; the introduction of new set of investment regulations that enable Pension Funds Administrators (PFAs) to invest in infrastructure development provided that the pension funds will be invested in real estate development and also taking the pragmatic essential steps to professionalize pensions and make it future proof.


MELVILLE, N.Y., November 22, 2016 – Canon U.S.A., Inc., a leader in digital imaging solutions, and Virtual Imaging, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Canon U.S.A., Inc., will feature their latest digital radiography (DR) solutions at the Radiological Society of North America (RSNA) Annual Meeting taking place November 27 to December 1 at McCormick Place in Chicago. Guests to Booth # 1135 will have the opportunity to experience exciting new Canon and Virtual Imaging radiology solutions and tools. The DR Tablet Solution1 from Virtual Imaging, composed of a tablet and choice of a Canon wireless CXDI Digital Radiography System includes CXDI Control Software NE with its optional new scatter correction feature. Visitors will also experience an array of Virtual Imaging's DR product lineup, including RadPRO® radiology solutions1.
Echoing the themes of this year's show, Canon U.S.A. is proud to support the discovery of learning opportunities to broaden participation in the larger medical community by taking part in the RSNA Research and Education Foundation (the Foundation)'s Campaign for Funding Future Research. As reported by the Foundation, in 2016, it awarded more than four million dollars in grants to 101 investigators and educators. With the support of a donation by Canon U.S.A., matched by the recipient's sponsoring department, grant recipient Mark Alexander Forsberg, BS, along with his scientific advisor Jaydev K. Dave, Ph.D., and clinical advisor David J. Eschelman, MD will research whether traditional image quality phantoms and/or patient images can characterize the distinguishing performance of commercially available advanced vendor-specific image and signal processing algorithms, and automatic exposure rate control logic. According to Mr. Forsberg, this grant will help lay the groundwork for the development of continuous fluoroscopic quality assurance during clinical practice in real-time.
Helping healthcare facilities make the move to DR in a cost-effective and efficient way, this solution consists of a tablet2 and a choice of a Canon wireless CXDI Digital Radiography System, which includes CXDI Control Software NE. The CXDI Control Software NE features an auto-detection mode that allows the CXDI detectors to automatically detect X-rays for exposure without the need of a typical X-ray generator interface and cables.
New at this year's RSNA exposition is the optional Scatter Correction (grid-free imaging) feature of CXDI Control Software NE. The Scatter Correction feature eliminates the need to use an anti-scatter grid during certain types of X-ray examinations, which streamlines workflow for technologists and makes positioning more comfortable for patients, as compared to using the detector with a grid. Eliminating the need to align the grid can help shorten exam times and increase productivity.
The RadPRO SOLTUS 100 Mobile Digital X-ray System which, when used with a compatible Canon CXDI digital detector, provides short exposure times and fast imaging acquisition. Easily folded for transportation and storage needs, it can serve as an ideal solution for ambulatory services and surgery suites, as well as humanitarian organizations. Sold with the customer's choice of a Canon CXDI-501G or CXDI-701C Wireless digital detector, the RadPRO SOLTUS 100 Mobile Digital X-ray System includes a user-friendly touch screen, 20-foot line-in cable for easy connectivity and 10-foot hand exposure switch.
A true "workhorse" in the radiography room, this high-quality, manual positioning system is constructed from rugged aircraft aluminum and has the ability to support up to a 650-pound patient load. Helping provide the high throughput needed in high-volume hospital imaging departments, this elevating six-way table's lightweight design and auto-tracking features can help reduce the physical demands placed on radiography technologists, whether in the trauma room or in a radiography room.
Featuring the telescopic column and fast processing times which make it easy to capture high-quality diagnostic images, this digital X-ray system, released earlier this year, includes the Enhanced Workflow Package which is intended to help healthcare professionals save time by accessing existing HIS/RIS/PACS systems and removing unnecessary steps within the exam workflow. This new feature also allows users to complete routine imaging tasks from the mobile X-ray system, eliminating the need to access healthcare information systems from a separate, dedicated workstation.
Equipped with a computer, access point, touch-screen monitor, detector holder and a choice of the Canon CXDI-701C, 801C or 401C Wireless Digital Radiography Detector (each of which includes CXDI Control Software NE), the RadPRO DELINIA 200 Digital X-ray Acquisition Cart allows for easy sharing of detectors among multiple areas of a healthcare facility, such as the radiography room, trauma room, OR and ER. The CXDI Control Software NE features an auto-detection mode that allows the CXDI detector to automatically detect X-rays for exposure without the use of a typical X-ray generator interface and cables. The detectors are designed to work with currently installed fixed room or mobile system X-ray generators, which can help improve cost-efficiency.
In addition to the products listed above, visitors to the booth will also have the opportunity to view the RadPRO FM Floor Mounted Radiography System and RadPRO URS Universal Radiography System. Virtual Imaging will also showcase its service programs such as Protection Plus, which is sold separately. This program provides unlimited repairs and replacements3 as well as loaner systems during repair times for eligible Canon detectors purchased from Virtual Imaging and its authorized dealers. Designed for busy imaging departments, the Protection Plus Program is convenient, cost-effective and reduces downtime on-site.
Virtual Imaging, Inc., a Canon Company, combines unmatched experience, extensive resources and broad business functions. Virtual Imaging collaborates with large complex hospitals, imaging centers, private physician offices and government organizations to support them in becoming efficient, high-performance healthcare providers and professionals with the latest in digital radiography technology. Virtual Imaging assists in the forward advancement of our clients, from strategic planning to day-to-day operations, with our commitment to providing products and services for diagnostic equipment, imaging solutions, and digital flat panel technology. In addition to healthcare organizations, Virtual Imaging also provides solutions to the U.S. veterinary sector and to the security industry – a field deployable radiography system for military use and a full-body security screening system to help address the security needs of jails, prisons and other high security environments.
1The DR Tablet Solution and all RadPRO products are sold by Virtual Imaging, Inc., a Canon company, and its authorized dealers.
3 Replacements are at the sole discretion of Virtual Imaging and may be new or used. Additional conditions and restrictions apply; see Terms and Conditions, available by calling 866-288-9729, for full details.
Canon and CXDI are registered trademarks of Canon Inc. in the United States, and may be registered trademarks, or trademarks, in other countries. RadPRO, SOLTUS, OMNERA and, DELINIA are registered trademarks of Virtual Imaging, Inc., a Canon company, in the United States and may also be registered trademarks or trademarks in other countries. All other referenced product names, and other marks, are trademarks of their respective owners.


Four basic forms of a "Full-view kitchen"
In order to implement the supervision on the food and beverage quality (the so called "food security") as well as to improve the awareness of self-discipline in preparing dishes for clients, it has been implementing, by the China Food and Drug Administration, a new measure called "full-view kitchen". It means that the restaurants, the catering services, the canteens are requested to adopt one of the following four basic kinds of kitchen and this will make possible to their clients to overview the food processing and results.
The "open kitchen": a low wall will divide the kitchen room and the dining space as to form an "open kitchen" in order to let all the cooking operations be under the direct supervision of the clients. This model applies to small catering service units.
The "transparent kitchen": catering units will use glass curtain wall in setting the restaurant corridor and the windows, so that consumers can directly watch the food and beverage production process. The "transparent kitchen" model is suitable for large restaurant, central kitchens, collective dining distribution units and various types of cafeterias.
The "video kitchen": as the name itself shows, a camera will be installed in the kitchen and some electronic displays will be set in dining halls, private rooms and billing halls to show the kitchen food processing directly. This model is suitable for medium and large types of catering service units and canteens.
The "network kitchen": through the "drug security food" social platform and the use of personal mobile phone, the client will be able to monitor in real-time the catering service and food processing in the kitchen.
If you are running a F&B business and need further information on the "full-view kitchen", please do not hesitate to write us by email: info@dandreapartners.com.


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Rahul Dravid's son Samit scores his second double ton in U14 cricket
Updated on: Feb 18, 2020 5:58 pm IST
The former Indian skipper Rahul Dravid has given us many reasons to be proud but this time it is his son Samit Dravid who gave the big news. The legendary cricketer's son has scored another double century in Under-14 tournament while playing for Mallya Aditi International School in the BTR Shield U-14 Group I, Division II.
Another double ton for Samit Dravid in less than two months
The 14-years old, Junior Dravid has smashed his second double-century in less than two months. His first double century came in the month of December when he was playing for Vice-President's XI vs Dharwad Zone in an Under-14 inter-zonal tournament.
In the latest tournament, the young batsman played a splendid inning of 211* (not-out) in which he smashed 27 boundaries. His inning helped Mallya Aditi International School t build a huge target of 386/3. In response to which the opponent could only score 254/3, and Samit's team won the match by 132 runs.
A legacy left behind after Rahul Dravid's adieu to international cricket
'The Wall' of India team still stands tall as he decided to serve his country even after his career ended internationally. While most of the cricketer enjoy their time after retirement, Dravid made an exception and decided to coach the young players in cricket.
In 2015, Dravid was appointed as the coach of India A and head coach of the U19 team. Under his guidance, U19 made it to the final of the ICC U19 World Cup 2016. After this splendid performance by India U19, the BCCI decided to extend Dravid's term for another two years. Rahul Dravid's efforts paid off beautifully when the India U19 team won the glorious World Cup in 2019.
Rahul Dravid has been retired from the coach and is now working as Director (Cricket) of the National Cricket Academy. Rahul Dravid is also responsible for the rise of the young batsmen like Prithvi Shaw, Shubman Gill, Shreyas Iyer, and many more. Youngsters have credited him time and time again for their their good performances and improvided game in cricket.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ALyB9LXxj1M
Bisma Qamar
Experiencing and exploring different chapters of life and trying to bring them down on the canvas of my writing. Got my degree in Journalism and I aspire to be a great writer.
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Home > Opinions > Ramos v. Brenntag Specialties, Inc.
Ramos v. Brenntag Specialties, Inc.
Filed 6/23/16
FLAVIO RAMOS et al.,
Plaintiffs and Appellants,
BRENNTAG SPECIALTIES, INC., et al., )
Defendants and Respondents. )
Super. Ct. No. BC449958
In this case, a metal foundry worker who developed interstitial pulmonary
fibrosis brought this action (along with his wife) against a variety of companies
that supplied products for use in the foundry"s manufacturing process, asserting
that the suppliers" products, when used in their intended fashion, produced
harmful fumes and dust that were a substantial cause of his pulmonary illness.
Defendant suppliers demurred, relying upon the then-recent Court of Appeal
decision in Maxton v. Western States Metals (2012) 203 Cal.App.4th 81 (Maxton).
In Maxton, the appellate court held that under the so-called component parts
doctrine set forth in the Court of Appeal decision in Artiglio v. General Electric
Co. (1998) 61 Cal.App.4th 830, 838-839 (Artiglio), a supplier of materials was not
liable for injuries suffered under circumstances very similar to those involved in
the present case. In reliance upon Maxton, the trial court sustained defendants"
demurrer without leave to amend.
On appeal, the Court of Appeal in the present case explicitly disagreed with
the analysis and conclusion in Maxton, supra, 203 Cal.App.4th 81, and held that
the component parts doctrine set forth in Artiglio is not applicable here because
the injury in this case had not been caused by a finished product into which the
supplied product had been incorporated but instead by the supplied product itself
when used in an intended fashion. We granted review to resolve the direct conflict
between the Court of Appeal decision in this case and the Court of Appeal
decision in Maxton.
For the reasons set forth below, we conclude that the Court of Appeal
decision in this case should be affirmed. As the Court of Appeal explained, the
protection afforded to defendants by the component parts doctrine does not apply
when the product supplied has not been incorporated into a different finished or
end product but instead, as here, itself allegedly causes injury when used in the
manner intended by the product supplier. Because the trial court sustained
defendants" demurrer solely on the basis of the component parts doctrine, the
Court of Appeal properly concluded that the trial court"s dismissal of plaintiffs"
action cannot be upheld.
Although the component parts doctrine is not applicable in this case, it is
important to recognize that many issues in this litigation remain unresolved.
Under the facts alleged in the complaint, a supplier is liable under the product
liability causes of action only if plaintiffs establish either (1) that the supplied
product was defective under a design defect theory and that the defect caused the
injury or (2) that the supplier should be held responsible for the injury under a
duty to warn theory. Each of those distinct legal issues (and the factual questions
embodied within those issues) remain undecided at the current early stage of the
present litigation. Accordingly, our affirmance of the Court of Appeal decision
means that the case will be remanded to the trial court for further proceedings.
I. Facts and Proceedings Below
From 1972 to 1978 and from 1981 to 2009, plaintiff Flavio Ramos (Ramos)
worked as a mold maker, machine operator and laborer for Supreme Castings &
Pattern Co., Inc. (Supreme Castings), a company that manufactured metal parts
through a foundry and fabrication process. (From 1979 to 1980, Ramos performed
similar work for a different metal parts manufacturer.) The second amended
complaint alleged that while employed by Supreme Castings, Ramos worked
"with and around" metals, plaster, and minerals supplied to Supreme Castings by
the various companies named as defendants in this action. One group of
defendants (metal suppliers) supplied metal products that were melted in furnaces
to form metal castings.1 Another group of defendants (mold material suppliers)
supplied plaster, sand, limestone and marble that were used to create molds for the
casting process.2 According to the second amended complaint, all defendants
were aware of and intended that their materials would be used by Supreme
Castings in the manner in which the materials were actually used. The complaint
further alleged that Ramos developed interstitial pulmonary fibrosis as the result
of his exposure to, among other factors, fumes from the molten metal and dust
from the plaster, sand, limestone, and marble. The complaint sought recovery
The named metal supplier defendants are: Alcoa Inc., Schorr Metals Inc.,
Southwire Company, Century Kentucky, Inc., and TST, Inc.
The named mold material supplier defendants are: United States Gypsum
Company (plaster), Westside Building Material Corporation (plaster), Porter
Warner Industries, LLC (plaster and zircon sand), P-G Industries, Inc. (plaster and
zircon sand), The Pryor Giggey Co. (plaster and zircon sand), J.R. Simplot
Company (silica sand), Laguna Clay Co. (limestone), Scott Sales Co. (limestone),
Brenntag Specialties, Inc. (limestone), and Resource Building Materials
(limestone and marble).
from defendants based on a variety of theories: (1) negligence, (2) negligence per
se, (3) strict liability based on a failure to warn, (4) strict liability based on design
defect, (5) fraudulent concealment, (6) breach of implied warranties, and (7) loss
of consortium.
After the second amended complaint was filed, defendants sought judgment
on the pleadings, relying upon the then-recently decided Court of Appeal decision
in Maxton, supra, 203 Cal.App.4th 81. The complaint in Maxton alleged that the
plaintiff in that case " "worked with and around" " metal products that were cut,
ground, sandblasted, welded and brazed during his employer"s manufacturing
process, and that allegedly as a result the plaintiff developed interstitial pulmonary
fibrosis due to his exposure to metallic fumes and dust from the products. (Id. at
p. 86.) The plaintiff in Maxton sought recovery from the suppliers of the products
on the ground that the suppliers had provided a defective product and had failed to
disclose the hazards of their products to plaintiff. The defendants in Maxton filed
demurrers and a motion for judgment on the pleadings, maintaining the plaintiff"s
claims were precluded by virtue of the component parts doctrine discussed in the
prior Court of Appeal decision in Artiglio, supra, 61 Cal.App.4th at pages 835-
839. The trial court in Maxton agreed with defendants, and dismissed the
complaint without leave to amend. On appeal, the Court of Appeal in Maxton
upheld the trial court"s ruling, concluding that under the component parts doctrine,
as set forth in Artiglio, the suppliers could not be held liable for any alleged injury
to the plaintiff employee arising from the use of their products during the
manufacturing process. (Maxton, supra, 203 Cal.App.4th at pp. 88-95 & fn. 3.)
In the present case, the trial court, in reliance upon Maxton, supra, 203
Cal.App.4th 81, granted defendants" motion for judgment on the pleadings with
regard to the second amended complaint with leave to amend, advising plaintiffs
that to state causes of action they must "plead around . . . Artiglio" as interpreted
in Maxton. Plaintiffs filed a third amended complaint, to which the trial court
sustained defendants" demurrers with leave to amend. After plaintiffs filed a
fourth amended complaint, defendants again demurred on the basis of Maxton and
this time the trial court sustained defendants" demurrers without leave to amend
and entered a judgment of dismissal in favor of all defendants.
On appeal, the Court of Appeal in the present case expressly disagreed with
the Maxton decision and held that the component parts doctrine does not apply to
the factual situation at issue in this case. As described by the Court of Appeal,
under the component parts doctrine "suppliers of component parts or raw materials
integrated into an "end product" are ordinarily not liable for defects in the end
product, provided that their own parts or materials were nondefective, and they did
not exercise control over the end product." The Court of Appeal concluded that
the component parts doctrine is not applicable here because the complaint alleges
"that Ramos suffered injuries not from a defective "integrated product" that
incorporated [defendants"] products, but from those products themselves, which he
used as [defendants] intended in the course of [Supreme Castings"] manufacturing
process." Accordingly, the Court of Appeal concluded that the trial court
judgment dismissing plaintiffs" action should be reversed.3
As noted, we granted review to resolve the direct conflict between Maxton,
supra, 203 Cal.App.4th 81, and the Court of Appeal decision in this case.
The Court of Appeal found that with respect to one of the theories set forth
in the complaint — the negligence per se claim — the facts set forth in the
complaint did not state a cause of action independent of the general negligence
claim and that the demurrers were properly sustained as to the negligence per se
claim. Plaintiffs did not seek review of that issue in this court and thus that issue
is not before us.
II. When a Supplier Provides a Product to an Employer for Use in the
Employer's Manufacturing Process, Does the Component Parts Doctrine
Relieve the Supplier of Liability if an Employee Is Directly Injured by the
Supplied Product Itself When Using the Product as the Supplier Intended?
In Webb v. Special Electric Co., Inc. (2016) 63 Cal.4th 167 (Webb), our
court very recently had occasion to consider a products liability issue related to,
but distinct from, the issue presented in this case. Webb involved the potential
liability of a company — Special Electric — that supplied a particularly dangerous
form of raw asbestos to Johns-Manville Corporation for incorporation into
finished products manufactured and sold by Johns-Manville for use by consumers
or other end users. In Webb, we noted that California law recognizes three types
of product defects for which a product supplier may be liable: manufacturing
defects, design defects, and warning defects. (Id., at pp. 180-181.) Because of the
posture in which the Webb case reached our court, however, we confined our
discussion and analysis to the supplier"s potential liability under the warning
defect prong. (Id. at p. 181.)
The duty to warn issue in Webb arose in a setting in which the supplier had
itself provided a dangerous raw material to the manufacturer and, although the raw
material had been incorporated into a finished product, the end user of the finished
product had allegedly been injured by the dangerous raw material that the
supplier had itself provided. In analyzing the duty to warn issue, we recognized
that the supplier"s potential liability for failure to warn in the Webb setting, in
which the plaintiff"s injury was allegedly caused by the raw material in the
finished product that the supplier had itself supplied, was distinguishable from a
supplier"s potential liability in a case that falls within the component parts doctrine
as set forth in prior California decisions such as Artiglio, supra, 61 Cal.App.4th
In Webb, we explained that the component parts doctrine — as set forth in
Artiglio and numerous other California decisions (see, e.g., O'Neil v. Crane Co.
(2012) 53 Cal.4th 335, 355; Jimenez v. Superior Court (2002) 29 Cal.4th 473,
479-481; Johnson v. United States Steel Corp. (2015) 240 Cal.App.4th 22, 33-34;
Springmeyer v. Ford Motor Co. (1998) 60 Cal.App.4th 1541, 1550) and as
accurately reflected in section 5 of the Restatement Third of Torts, Products
Liability — applies (1) when a supplier provides a component or raw material that
is not itself defective (by virtue of a manufacturing, design, or warning defect),
(2) the component or raw material is changed or transformed when incorporated
through the manufacturing process into a different finished or end product, and
(3) an end user of the finished product is allegedly injured by a defect in the
finished product. (See Rest.3d Torts, Products Liability, § 5, coms. a, b, and c,
pp. 130-134.) Under such circumstances, the component parts doctrine provides
protection to the supplier of the component or raw material, subjecting that entity
to liability for harm caused by a product into which the component has been
integrated only if the supplier "(1) . . . substantially participates in the integration
of the component into the design of the product; and [¶] (2) the integration of the
component causes the product to be defective . . . ; and [¶] (3) the defect in the
product causes the harm." (Rest.3d Torts, Products Liability, § 5(b);4 see Webb,
supra, pp. 183-185.)
Section 5 of the Restatement Third of Torts, Products Liability — entitled
Liability of Commercial Seller or Distributor of Product Components for Harm
Caused by Products Into Which Components Are Integrated — provides in full:
"One engaged in the business of selling or otherwise distributing product
components who sells or distributes a component is subject to liability for harm to
persons or property caused by a product into which the component is integrated if:
"(a) the component is defective in itself, as defined in this Chapter, and the
defect causes the harm; or
(footnote continued on next page)
In setting forth the rationale for the component parts doctrine, comment a to
section 5 of the Restatement Third of Torts, Products Liability, explains: "If the
component is not itself defective, it would be unjust and inefficient to impose
liability solely on the ground that the manufacturer of the integrated product
utilizes the component in a manner that renders the integrated product defective.
Imposing liability would require the component seller to scrutinize another"s
product which the component seller has no role in developing. This would require
the component seller to develop sufficient sophistication to review the decisions of
the business entity that is already charged with responsibility for the integrated
product." (Rest.3d Torts, Products Liability, § 5, com. a, p. 131.)
In light of the scope and rationale of the component parts doctrine as set
forth in prior California decisions and section 5 of the Restatement Third Torts,
Products Liability, we conclude that the Court of Appeal correctly determined
that, contrary to the decision in Maxton, supra, 203 Cal.App.4th 81, the
component parts doctrine is not applicable to the factual setting alleged in
plaintiffs" complaint in this case. Here, Ramos"s injury was not caused by a
finished product into which the materials supplied by defendants had been
transformed and integrated, and thus the explanation and considerations set forth
in comment a to section 5 of the Restatement Third of Torts are not applicable.
Instead, the injury was allegedly caused directly by the materials themselves when
used in a manner intended by the suppliers. According to the allegations of the
(footnote continued from previous page)
"(b)(1) the seller or distributor of the component substantially participates
in the integration of the component into the design of the product; and
(2) the integration of the component causes the product to be defective,
as defined in this Chapter; and
(3) the defect in the product causes the harm."
complaint, defendants did not have to guess or speculate about the type of use to
which their materials would be put, but rather defendants were aware of and
intended that the materials they supplied would be used in the manner in which the
materials were actually used.5 The component parts doctrine (and the protection it
affords to suppliers) is not addressed to such circumstances, and thus the Court of
Appeal properly determined that the trial court erred in sustaining defendants"
demurrers to the fourth amended complaint in reliance on Maxton. We disapprove
the decision in Maxton v. Western States Metals, supra, 203 Cal.App.4th 81
insofar as it is inconsistent with this opinion.
To avoid any misunderstanding, we emphasize the limited scope of our
decision in this case. We hold only that the trial court erred in sustaining
defendants" demurrer in reliance on Maxton, supra, 203 Cal.App.4th 81, and that
decision"s reliance on the component parts doctrine. We do not address the
applicability or scope of other products liability doctrines that may be implicated
in this context. To prevail on their strict products liability claim, plaintiffs bear the
burden of establishing either that the products supplied by defendants were
defective by virtue of a design defect and that the defect caused plaintiffs" injury
or that defendants breached a duty to provide adequate warnings of the dangers
posed by the materials defendants supplied to Supreme Castings and that such
failure to warn caused plaintiffs" injury. (See, e.g., Johnson v. United States Steel
Corp., supra, 240 Cal.App.4th at pp. 30-39; Tellez-Cordova v. Campbell-
Hausfeld/Scott Fetzger Co. (2004) 129 Cal.App.4th 577, 579-583; Wright v. Stang
Manufacturing Co. (1997) 54 Cal.App.4th 1218, 1230-1236; Schwoerer v. Union
Indeed, the complaint alleges that the products supplied by a number of
defendants were specifically designed to meet the needs of Supreme Castings"
manufacturing process.
Oil Co. (1993) 14 Cal.App.4th 103, 110-114; accord, Gray v. Badger Mining
Corp. (Minn. 2004) 676 N.W.2d 268, 275-281.) Furthermore, one of the
questions potentially included within the duty to warn issue is whether defendants
could properly rely on Supreme Castings to adequately warn its employee-users of
defendants" products of the dangers posed by those products. (Cf. Webb, supra,
63 Cal.4th at pp. 185-192 & fn. 9].) Each of these legal issues — and the factual
questions embodied in these issues — remain to be resolved in this case.
III. Conclusion
For the reasons discussed above, the judgment of the Court of Appeal,
reversing the trial court"s dismissal of plaintiffs" action on the basis of the
component parts doctrine, is affirmed.
See last page for addresses and telephone numbers for counsel who argued in Supreme Court.
Name of Opinion Ramos v. Brenntag Specialties, Inc.
Date Filed: June 23, 2016
Judge: Amy D. Hogue
Metzger Law Group, Raphael Metzger, Kenneth A. Holdren; Simon Greenstone Panatier Bartlett and Brian
P. Barrow for Plaintiffs and Appellants.
Alexander Law Group and Richard Alexander for Council for Education and Research on Toxics, Dr.
Jerrold Abraham, Dr. Richard W. Clapp, Dr. Ronald Crystal, Dr. David A. Eastmond, Dr. Arthur L. Frank,
Dr. Robert J. Harrison, Dr. Ronald Melnick, Dr. Lee Newman, Dr. Stephen M. Rappaport, Dr. David
Joseph Ross and Dr. Janet Weiss as Amici Curiae on behalf of Defendants and Respondents.
Lynberg & Watkins, Ruth Segal and Rosemary Do for Defendant and Respondent Porter Warner
Industries, LLC.
Archer Norris, W. Eric Blumhardt, Tiffany J. Gates and Kevin L. Place for Defendants and Respondents
P-G Industries, Inc., and The Pryor-Giggey Company.
Snider, Diehl & Rasmussen, Stephen C. Snider, Trenton M. Diehl and Kristina O. Lambert for Defendant
and Respondent J.R. Simplot Company.
Gordon & Rees, Roger Mansukhani, Matthew G. Kleiner and Brandon D. Saxon for Defendant and
Respondent Laguna Clay Company.
Schaffer, Lax, McNaughton & Chen, Jill A. Franklin and Yaron F. Dunkel for Defendant and Respondent
Scott Sales Co.
Chuck Birkett Tsoong, Chuck & Tsoong, Stephen S. Chuck, Tiffany M. Birkett and Victoria J. Tsoong for
Defendant and Respondent Resource Building Materials.
Gordon & Rees, Don Willenburg. P. Gerhardt Zacher and Matthew P. Nugent for Defendant and
Respondent Schorr Metals, Inc.
Page 2 – S218176 – counsel continued
Horvitz & Levy, Lisa Perrochet, Jason R. Litt; K & L Gates, Michele C. Barnes, Nicholas P. Vari, Michael
J. Ross; Gordon & Rees, Don Willenburg, P. Gerhardt Zacher and Matthew P. Nugent for Defendant and
Respondent Alcoa Inc.
Bates Winter & Cameron, Bates Winter & Mistretta, David L. Winter and Christopher R. Robyn for
Defendant and Respondent Southwire Company.
McGuire Woods, Diane Flannery and Joan S. Dinsmore for Defendant and Respondent Century Kentucky,
Koletsky, Mancini, Feldman & Morrow, Caldwell Law Group and Susan L. Caldwell for Defendant and
Respondent TST, Inc.
Hurrell Cantrall, Thomas C. Hurrell and Melinda Cantrall for Defendants and Respondents United States
Gypsum Co. and Westside Building Material Corp.
Sedgwick, Robert Kum, Alison K. Beanum and Mathew R. Groseclose for Defendant and Respondent
Brenntag Specialties, Inc., and Brenntag North America, Inc.
Shook Hardy & Bacon, Mark A. Behrens, Christopher E. Appel and Patrick Gregory for Coalition for
Litigation Justice, Inc., as Amicus Curiae on behalf of Defendants and Respondents.
Snell & Wilmer, Mary-Christine Sungaila and Jenny Hua for International Association of Defense Counsel
and Federation of Defense & Corporate Counsel as Amici Curiae on behalf of Defendants and
Respondents.
Deborah J. La Fetra for Pacific Legal Foundation as Amicus Curiae on behalf of Defendants and
Arbogast Law, David M. Arbogast; The Bronson Firm and Steven M. Bronson for Consumer Attorneys of
California as Amicus Curiae on behalf of Defendants and Respondents.
Raphael Metzger
Metzger Law Group
401 East Ocean Boulevard, Suite 800
Nicholas P. Vari
K & L Gates
Thu, 06/23/2016 S218176
SCOCAL, Ramos v. Brenntag Specialties, Inc. , S218176 available at: (https://scocal.stanford.edu/opinion/ramos-v-brenntag-specialties-inc-34486) (last visited Friday January 15, 2021).


Is the Dollar Flight Club Worth it?
One of the biggest barriers to taking that dream vacation is the cost of flights. Often the cost of a plane ticket takes the biggest chunk of your travel budget. It's important to get the best deals on flights to keep costs down so that you can travel more.
There are a lot of strategies and hacks out there on how to find cheap flights. In the past, I have spent hours searching the internet for the best flight deals. Recently, I learned about the Dollar Flight Club which makes it easy to save money on flights.
The premium membership costs $40 per year, so is the Dollar Flight Club worth it? Let me share my Dollar Flight Club review and tell you why it's a no brainer.
What is Dollar Flight Club?
Dollar Flight Club (DFC) is a technology-based company that helps its 500,000 members save money on flights. You won't find a bunch of people manually searching for flight deals behind the scenes (like at Scott's Cheap Flights). Instead, the technology aggregates flight data to identify outliers and find the best deals on air travel. It's the easiest way to find cheap flights because they do all the work for you!
The Dollar Flight Club is more than an email newsletter with cheap flights. They know that cheap flights don't last long and want you to know about the deals asap! In addition to the emails, you can set up text alerts and there is even an iPhone app. (Note: as of April 11, 2019, there is no android app.) They also offer their paid members some premium perks which are special savings from other travel brands.
One other important thing worth mentioning is that DFC does not earn a commission for any bookings or any of the premium perks redeemed. They make their money from the subscription fee and ads in the emails to free members.
There are a few other companies that provide a service similar to Dollar Flight Club. The most popular is Scott's Cheap Flights. While both DFC and Scott's Cheap Flights work to identify the best flight deals, they go about it differently. Dollar Flight Club uses technology to find the flights, while Scott's has a team that does it manually.
Both services offer free and premium paid versions. Dollar Flight Club is the only one that has the iPhone app and offers text message notifications (for paid members). The app and texts are helpful to make sure you find out about these deals before they sell out. Additionally, the premium perks are something only available with the annual premium DFC membership.
Where would you go if you could find cheap international flights? Perhaps Sydney?
The plane fares from the Dollar Flight Club are typically 60%-90% off and the savings average around $500. It's not just last-minute fares either.
They focus on international flights, although some US domestic deals will show up from time to time (especially going to Hawaii or Alaska). Business and first class flight prices are also monitored, but there are significantly fewer discounts on premium class travel.
I would love to visit Auckland!
Note: These prices are round trip. Dollar Flight Club specifies in the deal information if baggage fees (i.e. like on Ryanair) apply.
The deal details the dates that are available and gives instructions on how to book through Google Flights. This means you get to book directly with the airline rather than third parties.
Remember these bargains are only available for a limited time, so when you see one you are interested in – jump on it!
Dollar Flight Club offers both free and premium membership levels. Don't get too excited about the free membership though. Free members only get one deal per day, plus they can only specify a departure region, not an airport. Sometimes the deal may not be relevant.
The premium membership offers more value. The deals you get are more relevant because you can select your departure airport(s). I chose all five London area airports. Additionally, premium members get four times as many deals (including error fares and secret deals) as free members, and they get these alerts first! The deals have limited availability, so it's important to be the first to know.
Premium members also don't have to worry about missing a deal because they weren't checking their email. They can set up text alerts or check the dashboard for recent deals.
I would love to go back to Rio and explore more of Brazil.
The premium membership to Dollar Flight club costs $40 per year. When you first sign up, you get a 7-day free trial. Then you can choose between the annual membership ($40) or monthly premium membership for $9. The monthly membership comes out to $108 for the year. You would need to cancel the monthly membership after 4 months to save money over the annual plan. It makes more sense to go ahead with the annual plan. Also, note that monthly members cannot access the premium perks.
Ha Long Bay, a short trip from Hanoi, has been on my bucket list for too long!
I think the best word to sum up DFC is easy! No more hours of searching online for the best deals. They make it so easy to find cheap international flights. The process to sign up and personalize my account was self-explanatory. The interface on both the website and iPhone app were user-friendly too.
As you can see from the examples above, I have had some amazing flight deals in the emails already. The only thing that has stopped me from booking is a scheduling conflict, but I am confident I will be able to book several flights before a year passes.
I also like that they direct you to use Google Flights so that you can book with the airline directly. I prefer not to book flights through third-parties, as it can complicate things if there are any issues.
Yes! It's the best $40 you can spend if you want to travel more.
Consider this example. The average savings for each ticket is $500. Say you save $400 on one airplane ticket. That's 10 times your investment in the yearly premium membership. If there are two of you traveling, then double it! Additionally, there is the added benefit of the premium perks. Currently, they offer discounts with Topo Designs, Vesica, Huckberry, and Acanela Expeditions. I have a feeling they will be adding more partners in the future.
Even those that opt for the more expensive monthly payment option of $9 a month can still save more money on flights than the cost of the membership.
I think it's easy for most people that enjoy traveling to get their money's worth out of their premium membership. Travelers that only fly business class or within the US may not be interested in many DFC deals.
It's easy to become a member of the Dollar Flight Club. Click here to sign up for a free 7-day trial. Then as a premium member, you can add your home airport(s) and some of the places on your bucket list. There is also the option to specify your favorite airlines.
Remember many deals are time sensitive. Add your phone number and turn on the SMS notifications. That way you can still find out about the deals without checking email.
If you have an iPhone, download the app. After logging in, you can view all the recent flight deals. There is also a tab to view profile information. If you want to adjust preferences like departure airports there is a link to the web app. The iPhone app also has the option to allow notifications.
Note: The premium membership will automatically renew unless it is canceled This way you won't miss out on any flights deals.
After you have joined and set up your notifications, it won't be long before the flight deals start showing up. Look at any deals that catch your eye asap, as the deals don't last forever. If you see one that looks interesting, follow the instructions (from the dashboard or email) to book. Then start researching and planning the rest of your dream vacation, my free printable trip planning checklist will help.
Join as an annual premium member – it's the best value option.
Add your phone number and turn on all notifications.
Be prepared to book deals asap. These deals are limited and will sell out.
Have an open mind. The more destinations you are open to visit, the more deals you will find. Plus, you may discover a destination full of surprises.
Be flexible with dates. I know it's not always possible but the more flexible you can be with travel plans, the more deals you will be able to book.
Where will the Dollar Flight Club take you? How much will you save on flights? Sign up for a free 7-day trial and find out!
Choose the premium Dollar Flight Club membership. It's worth it to be able to get personalized deals and multiple notifications.
Be more flexible on destinations, timings, airlines, etc to save more money on travel costs.
Keep an eye out for notifications and be ready to act!
Disclosure: I received a premium membership from Dollar Flight Club so that I could share the experience with my readers. As always, opinions are mine.
This post contains affiliate links. This means we will receive a small commission for some purchases made using links in our blog with no additional cost to you. Please be assured we would not promote any product unless we believe that our readers will also benefit. The commission does not influence the editorial content of this site.
This sounds like a great program once I start traveling more.
Thanks Alice. Yes, they have some amazing deals.


Top of the range finger tab from Soma. Forces better shooting technique by controlling excessive force at the hooking finger and back of the hand.
I have used this tab for the last 12 months and find it excellent. It is comfortable and well made and very adjustable. One can adjust the little finger rest to and fro(i prefer it well back for comfort and to avoid pulling on it with the little finger) and the the spacer position forward and backward, again for ultimate comfort. The palm extension allows for a straight wrist when pulling and really works well from the point of view That if it digging into the hand then the hand alignment is incorrect ( hand bent in or out). This is certainly the best tab I have used to date.
I splashed out on one of these 2 weeks ago , Looks good takes a bit of getting used to like any new gear .The pinkie hook is just wrong tryed it hated it and removed it . I am now getting on well with it and pleased. For a tad that cost over £30 i would have thourt they would have lock tited in the screws . Most of mine fell out over a week and i had to get new ones , Locked them in and good now .
This is a great tab and its adjustable.
This has to be the best tab I have EVER used!


text:
Wednesday's Daily Dish: Hooray for Hield
By Alex Khalifa
Welcome to Wednesday's Daily Dish! Despite three postponements, seven games were able to proceed even though the entire basketball world was preoccupied with James Harden's trade to the Brooklyn Nets.
Adds of the Night
While player availability varies by league type and structure, I try not to provide any incredibly obvious choices here.
DeAndre Jordan, C, Brooklyn Nets – 29 minutes, nine points, 12 rebounds, two assists, two blocks, 4-for-4 FG
I won't be the only one to recommend Jordan, who is rostered in 24% of ESPN leagues at the time of writing. In the wake of the Harden trade which sent Jarrett Allen to the Cavs, Jordan should have even more productive nights ahead of him than Wednesday's 116-109 victory at Madison Square Garden. He is shooting 79% from the floor in limited minutes this season and has finished over 71% twice in his career as a starter. In 2017-18 with the Clippers, Jordan grabbed over 15 rebounds per contest. He has never averaged fewer than 10 points during a season in which he received 30 minutes or more on a nightly basis. Just about the only downside here is the free-throw percentage.
Patrick Beverley, G, Los Angeles Clippers – 37 minutes, 10 points, six rebounds, two assists, two steals, two blocks, three 3-pointers, 3-for-8 FG
Having Beverley on my Hoop Ball staff league team last season was something of a roller coaster. I ultimately dropped him down the stretch, but that mostly had to do with a series of injuries he endured. The reason to keep Beverley on your squad is mostly related to his constant generation of defensive stats. Wednesday's pair of swats gave him at least one block in four of his last five appearances. On Sunday he posted three blocks, which is not production you expect from most 6'1" guards. Pat Bev also boasts a total of five steals over the last week. The 37 minutes were the most he has played all season. Against the Pelicans, Beverley added the icing on the cake with the sweet long-range stroke. Only 10% of ESPN teams are taking advantage of his skill set.
Here are a couple of players who could be worth cutting if you find a promising free agent.
Luguentz Dort
Dort's stock has plummeted of late, and he finds himself on just 15% of ESPN rosters. Back on December 28 he turned heads by scoring 26 points, shooting 9-for-11 from the field, and hitting five treys. Since then, Dort's production has faded despite the 42% shooting from deep. On Wednesday against the Lakers he had nine points, one rebound, and one assist while going 3-for-6 from long range (3-for-8 from the field). In the month of January his averages include 9.9 points, 3.4 rebounds, and 0.7 assists. While that represents a step forward from an abbreviated rookie season, Dort is really only worth rostering if you have a need for threes in a deeper pool.
Derrick Jones Jr.
The fourth-year forward out of UNLV is available in 97% of leagues. Nevertheless, Jones is holding down a spot in the lineup for Terry Stotts so I can understand why some deep league (or Western Conference only league) managers would have added him. He ended with eight points and five rebounds on Wednesday, making one triple in 22 minutes. Jones got into foul trouble, but on many occasions his playing time has been capped anyway. Since playing 31 minutes on January 5, he has averaged 20.2 minutes per contest. Even worse, Jones is shooting 40% from the field this season compared to a career mark over 50%.
Al Horford was rested on Wednesday after playing on Tuesday.
Ivica Zubac (right abdominal soreness) scored nine points in 22 minutes.
Lou Williams (left hip discomfort) only saw nine minutes against the Pelicans.
Richaun Holmes (right hamstring tightness) looked solid versus the Blazers.
Darius Bazley sprained his right ankle against the Lakers and was forced to leave.
Kentavious Caldwell-Pope (left ankle sprain) scored 10 points.
Obi Toppin (right calf strain) returned to action but played only one minute.
Kristaps Porzingis (torn right meniscus) had 16 points in his first action of the season.
Anthony Davis (lower back soreness) scored 18 points in 25 minutes.
LeBron James (left ankle sprain) shook off the questionable tag and ended with 26 points.
Gordon Hayward scored 16 points before suffering a left hip strain in the third quarter.
Jusuf Nurkic (left quad contusion) managed to score 18 points.
Damian Lillard (right ankle sprain) exploded for 40 points.
Josh Okogie (left hamstring strain) played a quiet 27 minutes.
Karl-Anthony Towns (left wrist) posted a double-double against the Grizzlies.
Derrick Rose (left knee soreness) was unable to play.
Reggie Bullock (sore right hip) was unavailable.
Hello, Hield!
I've been hearing about how Buddy Hield is a buy-low candidate for a couple of weeks, which has caused my brow to furrow because I used a ninth round pick on him. I envisioned Hield as a top-100 talent, but things don't always go smoothly right away during an unconventional season. Wednesday's 132-126 loss to the Blazers gave him a chance to put up a season-high 26 points while adding six rebounds and an assist in 38 minutes. This is a guy who topped out at 42 points last season while averaging 19.2 per contest. By contrast, Hield has scored only 15.7 points per game this campaign while shooting 37% from the floor and getting the most playing time of his career. Hield has always loved the 3-pointer, attempting 9.6 per game last year and 10.6 per contest so far this season. He took that love to another level against the Blazers, shooting 8-for-18 from the behind the arc while still managing to amass five assists. The previously sprained right ankle seemed to give him no trouble at all.
Shiny Nickeil
On a day when a blockbuster trade dominated the headlines, Nickeil Alexander-Walker gave the scribes in New Orleans something else to talk about. He tallied a career-high 37 points and shot an ultra-efficient 15-for-23 from the floor as the Thunder lost a narrow decision to the Clippers. Alexander-Walker also sank five of eight attempts from 3-point range in his 33 minutes of play. He also ranked second on the team with eight rebounds, adding an assist and a steal in the process. Alexander-Walker helped fill the void with Zion Williamson missing the contest due to the league's health and safety protocols. Lonzo Ball is suffering from knee tendinopathy and Eric Bledsoe couldn't play due to eye irritation, so all of this was sort of a perfect storm for Alexander-Walker's usage. Still, we got a glimpse of the talent that can become hidden by the paltry 17.1 minutes per game he has received thus far.


This outstanding volume offers the first comprehensive collection of optimality-theoretic studies in Spanish phonology. Bringing together most of the best-known researchers in the field, it presents a state-of-the-art overview of research in Spanish phonology within the non-derivational framework of optimality theory. The book is structured around six major areas of phonological research: phonetics–phonology interface, segmental phonology, syllable structure and stress, morphophonology, language variation and change, and language acquisition, including general as well as more specialized articles. The reader is guided through the volume with the help of the introduction and a detailed index. The book will serve as core reading for advanced graduate-level phonology courses and seminars in Spanish linguistics, and in general linguistics phonology courses. It will also constitute an essential reference for researchers in phonology, phonological theory, and Spanish, and related areas, such as language acquisition, bilingualism, education, and speech and hearing science.
S "panish Phonology" offers a comprehensive analysis of a variety of crucial issues in the phonology and morphophonology of various dialects of Spanish. Written from the perspective of optimality theory -- one of the most influential theories of phonology today -- and with syllabic structure at its core, this volume highlights recent advances in Spanish phonology. The book includes margin notes to highlight key points and a glossary of constraints. Each chapter includes study questions, lists of the most influential sources for each chapter, and topics for further research. " Spanish Phonology" is intended as core reading for advanced phonology courses in Spanish linguistics, general linguistics, and related areas such as bilingualism, language variation, language acquisition, and speech and hearing.
In this volume, notable scholars honor James W. Harris for his contributions to Romance phonology. Inscribed within generative grammar, the studies seek to explain various phonological processes, structured around glides, aspects of onsets/codas as well as stress and weight. This book will be a useful reference tool for specialists in theoretical phonology, language acquisition, language in contact, bilingualism, and Spanish dialectology.
"Philologie und Grammatik" steht in der aktuellen Wissenschaftslandschaft für zwei entgegengesetzte wissenschaftliche Herangehensweisen: Während die eine versucht, (ältere) Texte auch unter Hinzuziehung außersprachlicher Informationen zu rekonstruieren, fokussiert die andere ihr Interesse auf die innere Struktur von Sprache und deren Entwicklung. Doch beide Welten kommen sich in der praktischen Arbeit näher, als man denkt: Wenn beispielsweise in der Editionsarbeit mit Hilfe der Grammatik über eine Konjektur entschieden wird, wenn bei der Analyse historischer Texte deutlich wird, wie stark diese von editorischen Grundentscheidungen abhängt, wenn historische Grammatikbeschreibungen ediert werden oder wenn in historischen Textkorpora grammatikalische Information durch Auszeichnung digital verarbeitbar gemacht werden soll. Philologie und Grammatik als Titel dieses Bandes steht für die spannungsreiche wie fruchtbare Begegnung zweier Welten, die exemplarisch auf dem Feld der Romanistik stattfand, die darüber hinaus aber auch das Interesse anderer Philologien und Sprachwissenschaften finden dürfte.
Unlike most monographs on Spanish phonology and morphology that approach these topics from a structuralist or generativist framework, this volume is written from a less traditional point of view. More specifically, it emphasizes quantitative evidence from sources such as usage-based studies, psycholinguistic experiments, corpus data, and computer simulations. Arguments are presented to demonstrate that these kinds of evidence are crucial for establishing theories of language that relate to the psychological mechanisms involved in producing and comprehending speech, in contrast to theories about abstract linguistic structure. A range of topics is covered including morphological parsing, nominalization, stress, syllable structure, diphthongization, gender, morphophonemic alternations, and epenthesis. An appendix is included that serves as a primer on quantitative linguistic research. It discusses how some of the cited experiments were carried out, provides an introduction to statistical analysis, and discusses tools that are available for conducting quantitative research on the Spanish language.
The volume brings together a well-selected collection of twelve articles providing a comprehensive and very informative summary of contemporary work on lexical blending. It combines theoretically informed descriptions of a variety of languages and a number of contributions with a theoretically original focus. It is the first book of its kind on the subject, and because of its cross-disciplinary nature, it is of high relevance not only to word-formation scholars and students, but also to a wide readership within the linguistics community.
Fonología generativa contemporánea de la lengua española, in its extensively revised and updated second edition, shows how recent theoretical and methodological advances have enhanced our understanding of Spanish phonology. Written completely in Spanish, the volume introduces the latest concepts and principles of phonological analysis and applies these theories to the study of the Spanish language. New chapters on intonation and laboratory phonology, expanded coverage of optimality theory, exercises and readings, and a glossary of linguistic terminology make it an essential reference for scholars of Spanish linguistics and required reading for advanced undergraduate and graduate students of Spanish.
Studies in the History of the English Language II: Unfolding Conversations contains selected papers from the SHEL-2 conference held at the University of Washington in Spring 2002. In the volume, scholars from North America and Europe address a broad spectrum of research topics in historical English linguistics, including new theories/methods such as Optimality Theory and corpus linguistics, and traditional fields such as phonology and syntax. In each of the four sections - Philology and linguistics; Corpus- and text-based studies; Constraint-based studies; Dialectology - a key article provides the focal point for a discussion between leading scholars, who respond directly to each other's arguments within the volume. In Section 1, Donka Minkova and Lesley Milroy explore the possibilities of historical sociolinguistics as part of a discussion of the distinction between philology and linguistics. In Section 2, Susan M. Fitzmaurice and Erik Smitterberg provide new research findings on the history and usage of progressive constructions. In Section 3, Geoffrey Russom and Robert D. Fulk reanalyze the development of Middle English alliterative meter. In Section 4, Michael Montgomery, Connie Eble, and Guy Bailey interpret new historical evidence of the pen/pin merger in Southern American English. The remaining articles address equally salient problems and possibilities within the field of historical English linguistics. The volume spans topics and time periods from Proto-Germanic sound change to twenty-first century dialect variation, and methodologies from painstaking philological work with written texts to high-speed data gathering in computerized corpora. As a whole, the volume captures an ongoing conversation at the heart of historical English linguistics: the question of evidence and historical reconstruction.
This book provides the first systematic descriptive analysis of the phonological system of Romanian, one of the less studied Romance languages, from the perspective of recent phonological theory. The author offers an account of some of the major phonological processes of modern standard Romanian, set in the framework of Optimality Theory and Correspondence Theory. The book begins with an overview of Romanian phonology - segment inventory, phonotactics, inflectional and derivational morphology. The main part of the study focuses on processes involving vocalic segments: glide-vowel and diphthong-vowel alternations, vowel harmony, palatalization. The major issues addressed include feature theory, syllable structure, metrical structure and stress, the interaction between phonology and morphology. Acoustic phonetic data is used as supporting evidence for the phonological patterning of diphthongs and glide-vowel sequences. Interesting complexities of the system are pointed out and discussed, as they pose certain challenges to the theoretical model. The book contains an abundance of systematically organized data, which makes it a solid reference for students and scholars of general and Romance phonology, and a strong basis for further study.