Cipocil is a fluroquinolone anti-microbial agent with potent activity against a broad spectrum of gram positive and gram negative bacteria including P. aeruginosa, Enterobacteriaceaa and S. areus.
Ciprozera kills bacteria rapidly. At a concentration 1 to 2 folds higher than its MIC, Ciprozera eliminates bacteria in just 19 minutes.
The rapid bactericidal action of Ciprozera is attributed to its unique mode of action Ciprozera like other fluroquinolones, blocks DNA gyrase and disrupts the DNA functions leading to death of bacteria. In addition Ciprozera damages bacterial cell wall membrane leading to extrusion of cell contents. Ciprozera is effective against both replicating strains and bacteria in stationary phase. It is also effective against intracellular bacteria.
It has significant post- antibiotic effect up to 6 hours and thus preventing regrowth of bacteria.
Ciprozera does not disturb the normal intestinal or vaginal flora and has no significant effect against anaerobes.
Bacterial resistance with Ciprozera is extremely rare . There is no plasmid mediated resistance and it does not show any cross resistance with other antibiotics or antibacterial agents except fluoroquinoIones.
Staph aureus including penicillinase producing and methicillin resistant strains.
The absolute bioavailability of Ciprozera tablets is between 60-85% with no substantial loss by first pass metabolism. Half life is about 3-4 hours. About 40- 50% of an oral dose is recovered unchanged in urine.
Ciprozera is indicated for the treatment of a wide variety of infections caused by susceptible gram-positive and gram-negative organisms including mixed infections caused by two or more organisms. It may also be used for infections caused by multi-drug resistant bacteria.
The potent broad- spectrum antibacterial activity of Ciprozera (including activity against Pseudomonas) combined with its excellent tissue penetration enables Ciprozera to be used alone effectively pending sensitivity results. However, to provide an effective coverage against anaerobes, it may be combined with metronidazole where presence of anaerobes is suspected.
Ciprozera is indicated for the treatment of the following infections caused by susceptible bacteria.
Respiratory Tract Infections e.g. Pneumonia, bronchopneumonia, infected pleurisy, empyema, lung abscess, infected bronchiectasis, acute excerbation of chronic bronchitis and lung infections in patients with cystic fibrosis.
Urinary Tract Infections e.g. acute and chronic pyelonephritis, prostatitis, cystitis , epididymitis and chronic, complicated or recurrent UTI.
E.N.T. Infections e.g. Otitis media, sinusitis, mastoditis.
Gonorrhoea including urethra, rectal and pharyngeal gonococcal infections, even those caused by resistant gonococci.
Skin and Soft Tissue Infections e.g. infected ulcers, wound infections, abcesses, cellulitis, otitis oedema, infected burns.
Gastro-intestinal Tract Infections e.g. enteric fever, bacterial diarrheas.
Intra-Abdominal Infections e.g. peritonitis, intra abdominal abcess, cholangitis, cholecystitis, ampyema of gall bladder.
Gynaecological Infections e.g. Salpingitis, endometritis, pelvic inflammatory disease.
Bone and Joint Infections e.g. Acute and chronic Osteomyelitis, Septic arthritis.
Severe Systemic Infections e.g. Septicema, bacteremia and infections in immunocompromised patients.
Ciprozera is contraindicated in individuals with a history of hypersensitivity to Ciprofloxacin or any quinolone derivative.
Ciprozera has been shown to cause arthropathy in weight bearing joint of immature animals. Though the relevance of this to man is unknown, its use in children and adolescents is not recommended.
As Ciprozera may cause CNS stimulation, it should be used with caution in patients with CNS disorders such as severe cerebra, arteriosclerosis or epilepsy.
Patients receiving this drug should be well hydrated to prevent crystalluria.
Excessive alkalinisation of urine should be avoided.
The dosage should be reduced in patients with renal impairment. Reproduction studies in animals at doses up to 6 times the usual daily human dose not revealed any evidence of impaired fertility or teratogenicity due to Ciprozera.
However, information from well controlled studies in pregnant women is not available.
Since Ciprozera causes arthropathy in immature animals, it should not be used in pregnant and nursing women.
Ciprozera is generally well tolerated. During clinical trials in a large number of patients adverse effects related to drug occurred infrequently and were commonly reported as diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal pain, headache, restlessness and rash.
Other side effects which have been reported very rarely include local irritation at the site of injection, thrombophlebitis, convulsions, arthralgia and increase in serum transminase levels.
When Xanthine derivatives like theophylline were coadministered with Ciprozera, the plasma concentrations of theophylline were raised to toxic range. The total body clearance of theophylline was also decreased. When concurrent administration of theophylline with Ciprozera is considered necessary, the patient must be monitored for signs of theophylline toxicity and suitable dose reduction of theophylline may be considered.
As Probenecid delays the excretion of Ciprozera, it may elevate and prolong the concentrations of the drug in the serum, this should be kept in mind when both drugs are given simultaneously.
Antacids like aluminium hydroxide and magnesium reduce the bioavilability of Ciprozera. Ciprozera should not, therefore, be administered simultaneously with aluminium and magnesium antacids.
Ciprozera is generally administered in oral doses of 250 mg or 500 mg twice daily for 5-7 days in most cases.
In gonorrhea 250 mg or 500 mg is given as single dose.
The dose may be taken with or without meals, the preferred time is 2 hours after meal.
Ciprozera is usually not recommended for use in children. However if the benefits of Ciprozera therapy are considered to outweigh the potential risk, the dosage should be 5-10 mg/kg/day in 2 divided doses, depending on severity of infection.
Store in cool and dry place. Protect from light.
Keep all medicines away from children.
2 Alu packs of 7 tablets.
Greenfield Pharmaceutical (Jiang Su) Ltd.


The BlackBerry Playbook has arrived, and it's an interesting direction for RIM.
The first tablet from the smartphone specialists, it most definately looks the part; a black monolithic tribute. With a smaller sized 7-inch touchscreen, it's still belts out an impressively high-resolution image, capable of full high-definition video play-back.
You'll notice there's no physical touch-button on the front of the device, and any buttons on the PlayBook are confidently styled and petite, and hidden on the top edge.
When the screen goes into sleep, one tap and it'll return to what you were doing. You can swing out and between apps using a combination of swipes.
Switching between the web-browser, media players, email and other apps is done with a swipe to the left or right. You can then close them with a swipe upwards. There's also a small kill-box 'x' if you're not the swiping kind.
The web-browser is zippy, and it isn't all down to the dual-core processor inside, though we're sure it helps. We were impressed by how quickly the webpages appeared on the PlayBook, and flash content loaded up just as easily. We think a good test of the web-browser is BBC's iPlayer, and videos played faultlessly.
RIM are going after their business customers, with a ton of Bridge features; connecting and syncing the PlayBook to your BlackBerry. We're waiting for the arrival of a new BB to test it all out ourselves.
There's a lot of features for the security conscious user, as well as word-processing, spread-sheet and other office programs already installed.
Click on for more hands-on impressions and photos of RIM's tablet. Expect to see our review on Recombu next week.
The front-facing camera is a 2-megapixel 3-megapixel affair, and will allow you to conduct video-calls with other PlayBook users.
At the moment, this means you can only call Americans, Canadians, and British tech journalists, but if it's bought across businesses, you can easily call colleagues using their unique BlackBerry number as a pseudo-phone number.
On the bottom edge, there's three ports. This includes a magnetic docking contact, which charges the PlayBook, microUSB to charge and exchange files, and microHDMI for connecting to larger displays.
Here's those understated control buttons; volume control, pause/play and power.
The power button is initially fiddly, but once you get used to pressing the general area, and not precisely the button itself, it never gets in the way.
The rear-facing camera has a five-megapixel sensor, and can also record fulll-HD video. This can then later be shared either through the PlayBook's own screen, or shared through the miniHDMI port.
DNLA-capability is also here, if your TV has those initials written somewhere on it.
Even whilst sharing content, you can still multitask and return back to your emails while videos continue to play.
As you can tell by the multitude of stickers and warnings, we've been given a US model to review, and we'll be sure to re-test and adjust our review when a UK update arrives- there will be some changes to the apps found on the launch model in the UK.
Here's the camera in action. Given the ease in using the BlackBerry with one hand, we've found it the best tablet to use for photography- not that we would that much.
Note that there's no flash on this one, something Motorola's Xoom did manage to add.
There's even more options if you swipe down from the top. This opens up the "menu" in most apps on the PlayBook.
Here you'll find; image stabilisation, picture ratio, and lighting settings, including automatic, sports and whiteboard. The last option means you can take a crafty snap of slideshows and computer screens, and it won't appear all washed out.
This is the main screen, filled with the pre-loaded apps and any more you download from the BB app store.
You can re-order them, and some will be assigned to media and games, with your 'favorite' apps getting its own customisable section.
Several apps already found on the main-screen aren't stand-alone apps, but work through the web-browser.
At the moment, that includes Gmail and Twitter, though we're sure it won't be long until there's some apps available for these and other popular sites. A Facebook app is already on the PlayBook.
Here's the multi-task screen. It's like HP's webOS but even more heavily integrated. Swipe down to expand the app, swipe left and right to switch between them. Swiping up will also close any unnecessary apps.
Other swipe controls include swiping from the bottom left, and a touchscreen keyboard magically apparates.
RIM have played with the web-browser found on previous BlackBerries, and it's been overhauled and adjusted to make the best use of the extra screen-space and power.
Rotate the PlayBook and the screen switches to portrait, and the webpage is reshuffled to fit.
A quick double-tap and a text-box will also be re-sized. We've seen this on Android before, but we liked it then, and we still do now.
The PlayBook's app store gives you the chance to add even more to your PlayBook.
It's currently all done in US dollars, but our test model will be getting the upgrade when UK software is released.
Line them up against each other, and it's difficult to believe they're rivals. The size difference is startling. In one hand, the PlayBook is far more friendlier, but the iPad has that larger screen. Decisions, decisions.
The PlayBook looks far brighter than our iPad. It's a case of similar resolutions, different proportions.
The screen ratios are also different, the PlayBook seems better suited toward films- there's no waste black screen when video is played in widescreen.
The PlayBook is deceptively weighty in the hand, but it's never too much for one hand.
Thickness-wise, there's not much between the two; the PlayBook is uniformly the same thickness, but the centre of the iPad is actually thicker.


text:
Wild Nights! Deluxe Edition: Stories about the Last Days of Poe, Dickinson, Twain, James, and Hemingway
by Joyce Carol Oates
New Trade Paperback
Available at a Remote Warehouse. Ships separately from other items. Additional shipping charges may apply. Not available for In Store Pickup. More Info
20 Remote Warehouse
Edgar Allan Poe, Emily Dickinson, Samuel Clemens (Mark Twain), Henry James, Ernest Hemingway--Joyce Carol Oates evokes each of these American literary icons in her newest work of prose fiction, poignantly and audaciously reinventing the climactic events of their lives. In subtly nuanced language suggestive of each of these writers, Oates explores the mysterious regions of the unknowable self that is genius--for Edgar Allan Poe, a belated encounter with bizarre life‑forms utterly alien to the poet's exalted Romantic aesthetics; for Emily Dickinson, resurrected in the twenty-first century in a distilled state, a belated encounter with blundering humanity and brute passion of a kind excluded from the poet's verse; for the elderly, renowned Samuel Clemens, a belated encounter with impassioned innocence, in the form of the little girl who loves you; for Henry James, an aging volunteer in a London hospital during World War I, a belated encounter with the physicality of desire and the raw yearning of love long absent from the master's fiction; and, for Ernest Hemingway, the most tragic of these figures, a belated encounter with the profound mysteries of the world outside him, and the profound mysteries of the world inside him.
Wild Nights is Joyce Carol Oates's most original and haunting work of the imagination, a writer's memoirist work in the form of fiction.
"…when tackling Wild Nights!...I found myself not only enthralled but transported." Washington Times
"…an imaginative, impressive work that spotlights yet another side of Oates prodigious talent." St. Louis Post-Dispatch
"Our most industrious writer back at the anvil, making her usual unholy racket, while simultaneously throwing off sporadic sparks of unalloyed brilliance." Kirkus Reviews
New York Times bestselling author Joyce Carol Oates' imaginative look at the last days of five giants of American literature, now available in a deluxe paperback edition in Ecco's The Art of the Story Series.
Edgar Allan Poe, Emily Dickinson, Samuel Clemens ("Mark Twain"), Henry James, Ernest Hemingway--Joyce Carol Oates evokes each of these American literary icons in this work of prose fiction, poignantly and audaciously reinventing the climactic events of their lives. In subtly nuanced language suggestive of each of these writers, Oates explores the mysterious regions of the unknowable self that is "genius."
Darkly hilarious, brilliant, and brazen, Wild Nights is an original and haunting work of the imagination.
Edgar Allan Poe, Emily Dickinson, Samuel Clemens ("Mark Twain"), Henry James, Ernest Hemingway—Joyce Carol Oates evokes each of these American literary icons in her newest work of prose fiction, poignantly and audaciously reinventing the climactic events of their lives. In subtly nuanced language suggestive of each of these writers, Oates explores the mysterious regions of the unknowable self that is "genius."
Darkly hilarious, brilliant, and brazen, Wild Nights! is Joyce Carol Oates's most original and haunting work of the imagination.
Joyce Carol Oates is a recipient of the National Medal of Humanities, the National Book Critics Circle Ivan Sandrof Lifetime Achievement Award, the National Book Award, and the PEN/Malamud Award for Excellence in Short Fiction, and has been nominated for the Pulitzer Prize. She has written some of the most enduring fiction of our time, including We Were the Mulvaneys; Blonde, which was nominated for the National Book Award; and the New York Times bestseller The Accursed. She is the Roger S. Berlind Distinguished Professor of the Humanities at Princeton University and has been a member of the American Academy of Arts and Letters since 1978.
Ecco Press
LCCN:
Oates
Literature-A to Z

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


"We could not have found a better place for our extended family reunion, Thanks a million." Mrs T.
"The bride and bridesmaids could not have had a more perfect setting for preperations for their special day." Mrs R.
For a truly fantastic break you can book both of our cottages together for a party size of up to 17 . You choose how you allocate the 8 bedrooms, 4 ensuite among your group or extended family. There is a (soundproofed) interconnecting door between the 2 barns and the dining table in the biggest can be extended to fit everyone in comfort and there's plenty of soft seating. With a BBQ in the garden for when the weather is cooperating and two log fires for when it isn't, Doughton Cottages will, we are sure, help you have a brilliant holiday in the Cotswolds.
Entrance through to lobby / hallway with oak stairs to the first floor.
Kitchen / Dining / Living Room open plan with underfloor heating and french doors to garden area.
Kitchen area fully equipped with electric hob and oven, fridge freezer, dishwasher and microwave.
Dining Area with table and chairs for 8/10 people, comfortably.
Living Area with sofas and chairs, open fire, TV, DVD and Wi-Fi.
Utility / Boot Room with washing machine and ample storage for coats and boots.
Bedroom Two (suitable for those with limited mobility and/or wheelchair users) with King size double bed, wardrobe, chest of drawers and Ensuite Wet Room with shower, WC and washbasin, no steps.
Master Bedroom with King size double bed wardrobe, chest of drawers plus Ensuite Bathroom with shower, WC and washbasin.
Bedroom Three with two full size single beds, basket drawers.
Bedroom Four with two full size single beds, hanging space and chest of drawers.
Living Area with two '3-seater' sofas, further sofa, armchair, open fire, TV and DVD.
Friday or Monday Changeover please. Small charge for dogs. Cot & High Chair supplied. Table Tennis and mini snooker table available on site.
Private chef available for hire, highly recommended please ask.
Heating, Firelogs & Electricity included. Ample Parking.
The property sits in a peaceful location and has enclosed, private gardens with patios, tables and chairs. Surrounding the properties are gardens including a small lake (with ducks) which must be considered by those bringing young children, but please note that your garden is completely enclosed and safe! BBQ overlooking the moat also available.
Friday or Monday Changeover please. Dogs Welcome at a small charge. Cot & High Chair supplied. Table tennis table and mini snooker table available.
Private Chef available - highly recommended. Please enquire. Please Note: A £200 returnable household deposit for breakages is required to be given to the owner on arrival.


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text:
Q: Queue as a healer in pre-cata instances as Shadow Priest I recently rolled a Shadow Priest with a full set of heirlooms. The reason I went shadow is because it's simply easier to level with when soloing/questing in comparison to Discipline or Holy. Once I reach level 85 on this particular character, I'll be playing the role of a healer in Holy spec for the majority of the time.
My question is the following: I'd really like to start healing earlier, preferably as soon as I can queue for instances. Can a Shadow Priest get by as a healer in pre-Cataclysm instances until I get dual talent specialisation?
Will I be getting my group killed if I do that?
Any advice would be appreciated.

A: With a full set of heirlooms you shouldn't have any problems keeping the tank alive. Assuming of course that the tank has decent gear. If the tank is way undergeared, pulls too quickly, or your dps start pulling enemies all over the place, you will have a much harder time healing because you will have a limited healing toolbox.
Keep Power Word: Shield and Renew on the tank, and use Flash Heal and Heal when you need bigger heals.
In lower level dungeons, with a competent group, you will probably be dps'ing most of the time yourself anyways.
All that being said, the Discipline specialization is the best for low level healing because of one ability... Penance!

A: You should be fine healing in Shadow Specialisation at low levels, especially if you're only using Shadow Spec until you get Dual Specialisation, which is level 30 or so now.
At those levels you should have no problems at all keeping the party up.
That being said, up until Dual Specialisation level Discipline does perfectly sufficient DPS and would actually be quicker to level with because of the mana issues you suffer at lower levels as Shadow.
Either way you choose to go, the way you'd go about it would simply be keep Power Word: Shield up on the tank as much as possible. For healing it depends if you choose to stick with Shadow or go with Discipline, but as Shadow you will be using Flash Heal and as Discipline you will be going with Penance.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Q: Button to Open Floating layer [help] need help getting this to have a button to open "floating colum layer" that will appear over image  an hide upon button click again
image is set to height 50% width 100% so float should be same and on top
code -> http://pastebin.com/raw.php?i=jxVayJMX
to view go to cssdesk or scratchpad
(please use html/css only)
web design i cannot use anything but html and css

A: you can put a div that contain your menu or something like this.... (Change the styles as you want)
<div id="menu" style="position:absolute;width:100%;background-color:black;color:white;top:0;left:0;padding-left:10px;padding-top:10px;font-size:16px;z-index:5;display:none">
// Put the menu items here

</div>

Also add a Id for your Navigation button like this
<button id="btnNav" type="button" class="button">Navigation</button>

Then write a Jquery Like this in ondocumentload or in a  tags.. Before that you have to give the location of the JQuery library
jQuery code is
var btnClick = 0;
$("#btnNav").click(function(){
    // On first button click, Open
    if(btnClick == 0)
    {
        $("#menu").show();
        btnClick = 1;
    }else{
        //On second button click, hide.
        $("#menu").hide();
        btnClick = 0;
    }

});

In here "btnNav" is the Identifier of the Navigation button and "menu" is the identifier of DIV that contains your menu.
tell me if you don't get it.... or i misread it.... and Plz Vote me up


Over the last few years, growth in international student numbers in Canada has far surpassed the goals and expectations of the federal and provincial governments as well as of most post-secondary institutions, particularly those in large urban centres. While many institutions in smaller cities and towns have also experienced rapid, and often unexpected, growth, the impact of this growth is quite different and more significant than in larger cities.
NorQuest College has over 17,000 students and three regional campuses in addition to the main campus in Edmonton, Alberta, a city of over a million inhabitants. One campus, the Drayton Valley campus, is located almost 2 hours south-west of Edmonton and is in a town of approximately 8,000 people. Until May 2018, this campus had just a small number of courses and on-campus students.
Olds College has approximately 1,400 students and is located in Olds, Alberta, a central Alberta town of approximately 9,500 inhabitants. Olds also has a small campus in Calgary, but its main campus is in the rural and primarily agriculture-based region. Agriculture-related programs are the main focus of the College.
With very little to almost no international presence, each institution received an influx of international students in their small town in summer/fall 2018. In May 2018, through a cohort contract with an authorized agent, Norquest College offered the Business Administration diploma in Drayton Valley to 24 international students and one domestic student. In September 2018, Olds College brought in 33 international students through a block transfer agreement from a private institution in Calgary.
Each of the two Colleges, through the planning, implementation and evaluation phases, has had to have strategic collaboration with stakeholders at all levels including the provincial government, municipal government, town council, Chamber of Commerce, authorized agent and all the way to local taxi companies, private housing providers, and potential local employers. With mindful discussions throughout the process, these traditionally more conservative and less internationally-experienced communities have warmly welcomed these international students who are living in the community.
While the experiences have been very positive for the most part, institutions still struggle with the issues related to geographic isolation, lack of transportation, few international amenities (e.g. foods and cultural items), and student expectations.


text:
NEUROETHICS AND THE EXTENDED MIND
NEIL LEVY
NEUROETHICS offers unprecedented opportunities as well as challenges. The challenges are obvious enough, and stem from the range of difficult ethical issues which confront us as neuroethicists. The opportunities arise from the fact that as we come to understand our targets, we also come to a better understanding of our tools: in coming to the kind of understanding of the mind we need to make progress on ethical problems, we also come to better understand the strengths and limitations of the ways in which we think about these problems. Because the target and the tools of ethical investigation are, for the neuroethicist, broadly the same, neuroethics is alone among the branches of applied ethics in giving us the opportunity for a profound exploration of the nature of ethical thought itself.
Because neuroethics is as much a theoretical endeavor as a practical undertaking—a practical undertaking which requires and leads to theoretical advances—progress on its subject matter requires reflection not only on issues in ethics, but also on much more abstract and apparently abstruse questions. Questions concerning the nature of consciousness, of personal identity, free will, and so on, are all grist for the neuroethical mill. One such apparently esoteric question concerns the location of the mind. In this chapter, I will argue that this debate bears centrally on neuroethics. Moreover, I will argue that this debate is significant for neuroethics no matter how it turns out. Whether the best interpretation of the facts to which proponents of the extended mind appeal is that the mind is genuinely extended, or merely embedded, reflection on these facts, which are not themselves in dispute, will show that the domain of neuroethics extends to all the processes and mechanisms subserving cognition, rather than just those processes and mechanisms internal to the skull. Once this fact is recognized, I claim, both the scope of neuroethics and some of its characteristic concerns will be transformed.
WHAT IS THE EXTENDED MIND HYPOTHESIS?
One of the perennial concerns of philosophers of mind is the relationship between minds and brains. Descartes famously argued that minds and matter (and hence brains) are composed of different kinds of substance. According to Cartesian dualism, the mind is categorically different to the brain. Substance dualism is no longer considered a respectable philosophical position today. Almost all philosophers are monists, believing there is only kind of substance in the universe. If there is only one kind of substance, then everything substantial is composed of it; it follows that mind and brain are made of the same kind of stuff (it must be stressed, however, that it does not follow from the claim that mind and brain are composed of the same stuff that they have the same kinds of properties). This makes the identity thesis attractive. On the identity thesis, minds just are (appropriately functioning) brains.
To the question "where is the mind?" the identity thesis answers by pointing to the brain. In all but the most unusual cases (science fiction cases involving brains in vats, for instance), the mind is to be found inside the skull of the person whose mind it is. The extended mind hypothesis holds that the mind is not to be found exclusively within the skull, though proponents concede that (again, in all but the most unusual cases) the brain is a necessary and especially significant core part of the mind. Instead, it holds that minds extend beyond the skull, and even beyond the skin, of the person whose mind it is, out into the world.
This is sometimes put in terms of a distinction between the contents and the vehicles of minds (Hurley 1998). Mental states have content, where the content of a mental state can be expressed by "that" statements. Mental states include beliefs, such as my belief that I am typing, desires, such as my desire that I write well, intentions, such as my intention that I go home at 5 o'clock, and so on (these mental states need not be conscious, of course). Mental states need vehicles. On the identity thesis, the vehicles of mental states are neural states. On the extended mind hypothesis, the vehicles of mental states include many things beside neural states.
The extended mind hypothesis was first explicitly defended in a short but influential article written by Andy Clark and David Chalmers (1998). In this paper, they introduced a pair of agents, Inga and Otto, who live in New York City. Inga and Otto both wish to go to see a new exhibition at the Museum of Modern Art. Inga recalls that the museum is situated on 53rd street and sets out to visit it. Otto, however, suffers from Alzheimer's disease and cannot recall the location of the museum in just the way that Inga can. However, Otto carries a handy notebook which he consults regularly. He pulls out his notebook and looks up the location of the museum. Having retrieved the information from his notebook, he sets out for the exhibition.
Clark and Chalmers claim that there is (or at least need not be) any relevant difference between the way in which Otto and Inga retrieve the information that the Museum of Modern Art is on 53rd Street. Prior to recall, both had a dispositional belief—that is, a mental state with the functional role of belief, but which was not currently active—with that content. There are many differences between the ways in which this belief was stored and retrieved in each person, of course, but these differences should not lead neuroethicists to say that only one of these beliefs was genuinely a mental state. Instead, we should say that both agents had a belief with the same content; only the vehicle of the content differed.
On the basis of this imaginary case, Clark and Chalmers advance the Parity Principle, which is an explicitly functionalist principle. If something functions in the way in which a mental state functions for an agent, then it is a mental state. One could, indeed, argue that the Parity Principle is an entailment of functionalism. Functionalists believe that what makes something a mental state of a particular type depends not on what its realizer or vehicle is, but on the role it plays; on its causal relations to inputs from the environment, to other mental states, and to behavior. Functionalism is motivated, among other things, by the thought that aliens or robots or the advanced computers of the far-future might have mental states, yet obviously these mental states will not be realized by neural networks in precisely the same way human mental states are realized. Instead, functionalists claim, mental states can be multiply realized: the same type of mental state (a pain, the belief that aspirin helps headaches, the desire that I take aspirin) can be realized by a variety of different vehicles, some of them made of flesh, some of silicon or what have you. If functionalism is true, there seems to be little motivation for regarding what is within the head as especially privileged. If something outside the head plays much the same role in cognition as something within, then—given the truth of functionalism—it should be ascribed the same status as it would were it in the head.
The Parity Principle attempts to capture the conditions which an extra-neural process or mechanism has to satisfy in order for it to count as mental. Obviously, it is not sufficient that some mechanism contribute causally to my thinking for that mechanism to count as part of my mind. In addition, Clark and Chalmers claim, the resource must be constantly and easily accessible; its contents must be automatically endorsed and must have been consciously endorsed in the past. These conditions are met by the information contained in Otto's notebook, but they are not met, for instance, by Wikipedia (in relation to me). Though I often consult Wikipedia, accessing it is relatively slow and effortful for me (I do not always have an internet connection available) and I often wonder whether the entry is correct. In this case, it seems that the conditions Clark and Chalmers set down give the right result, because it is clearly false that I believe everything that is written in Wikipedia (right now, before I look).
Though the conditions Clark and Chalmers set out might be sufficient for a mental state to count as mental, there are reasons to doubt that they are necessary. Take ease of access: in both normal and pathological cases (ranging from ordinary lapses through to dementia), dispositional beliefs may not be readily retrievable. Yet they are clearly mental states. In any case, it seems that if the proponent of the extended mind can show that some extended states satisfy these conditions, given that they are sufficient conditions, they will have adequately demonstrated the thesis.
The extended mind hypothesis is driven by two independent phenomena: new developments in technology, on the one hand, and new discoveries in cognitive science on the other. The new developments in technology include many which fall within the purview of neuroethics, broadly construed: cognitive enhancement technologies which do not simply target the brain and its capacities but which instead work to enhance cognition by interfacing the brain with extra-neural and extra-somatic mechanisms. For instance, brain-computer interfaces which expand their users' cognitive powers by reducing the differences between Otto's notebook and Wikipedia blur the boundaries between internal and external informational states, or reduce it to irrelevance (from the functionalist perspective). At the limit, it might be true that I (dispositionally) believe the contents of Wikipedia, if I effortlessly and automatically retrieve its contents via such an interface. Of course, it may be that the kinds of technologies envisaged here prove to be beyond the capabilities of science for the foreseeable future. But the extended mind hypothesis is not only driven by such developments. It is also motivated by work in cognitive science and evolutionary theory.
One motivation is a perspective driven by a lively respect for the parsimony of evolution. Evolution is very conservative and very frugal; in general, it will find the cheapest and simplest means for organisms to achieve their goals. Now, it seems that for those goals which involve cognition, the cheapest and simplest means often involve the organism relying upon external resources to cut down on effort and processing costs. Brain-based cognitive processes are energetically demanding, and evolution is sensitive to even small increments in such costs. Moreover, there are opportunity costs as well; cognitive resources expended on one task are not available for other tasks. If it possible to outsource cognitive tasks and such outsourcing reduces these costs (without, of course, raising other costs excessively) than evolution can be expected to hit upon ways of outsourcing.
The most obvious ways in which organisms outsource cognitive costs involve memory. When the environment is stable (enough) it makes sense to use it as (in a phrase Clark uses many times, owed originally to Rodney Brooks) "its own best model." The organism uses the world as its own best model when, rather than constructing a detailed inner representation of the environment, with all the associated costs involved in creating and storing such a representation, the organism relies upon the stability of the world and its perceptual access to it in order to retrieve information when it needs it. Studies of the visual saccades of human beings engaged in various tasks such as copying a model indicate that human beings proceed in just this way under certain circumstances, thereby reducing the burden on the brain (Clark 2008). Now if human beings had constructed a detailed inner representation and guided their behavior by reference to it, philosophers would have no hesitation in treating the representation as part of the mind; since the external representation—the world itself—plays precisely the same role in human behavior, including mental behavior, it ought to be counted as mental by the Parity Principle.
Using the world as an external memory store reduces the burden on the human brain, but it is far from the most spectacular (alleged) extension of the mind. It is relatively unspectacular for the following reason: it allows agents to accomplish more cheaply and efficiently a goal—representing certain states of affairs—which we could, in principle, have accomplished in a brain-based manner. But extending the mind is not just something which makes agents better at achieving goals they might have achieved in other ways; it also allows them to do things they could not otherwise have done at all.
One thing we accomplish by externalizing memory is to make it publicly accessible and resistant to decay. It then becomes available for learning and transmission, with far greater fidelity than could otherwise be achieved (with perfect fidelity, insofar as the externalized object is its own model). Human cultures have thus externalized information for thousands of years: material artefacts have many uses, one of which is representational (Sterelny 2004). Of course, with the advent of written language, the range of facts than can be publicly represented expands to include anything that can be thought. As a consequence, ways of accumulating knowledge become possible which would not be available were agents thrown back on brain-based resources. In turn, this makes far greater specialization possible. One person can specialize in using a technology (say, computers) without needing to know how that technology works, secure in the knowledge that other specialists can build and repair the technology (that specialist, in turn, can perform the task because she has specialist knowledge about how to retrieve information from the public store, as well as how to operate on that knowledge when it is retrieved).
External representations expand cognition in an even more direct way. There are cognitive tasks that we can perform only because we are able to operate on tokens that represent states of affairs, rather than having to work with iconic representations. This is clearest in the case of number. Human beings have two innate—brain-based—number senses. We have an innate sense of small exact numbers; we come equipped to understand the differences between quantities like "one" and "two" and "three." We also have an innate sense of large differences between approximate quantities; we intuitively grasp the difference between about seventy and about ninety-five. But we have no intuitive grasp of large or even mediumsized exact numbers, and therefore no intuitive grasp of the difference between "seventy" and "seventy-one." When agents become capable of representing exact quantities using number words, these differences for the first time become available to them for calculation. Dehaene et al. (1999) showed that subjects engaged in exact number tasks showed significant activation in speech-related areas, while engagement in approximate number tasks does not give rise to such activation. The ability to engage in such number tasks is dependent on the availability of extra-neural linguistic representations, representations that are, of course, available to the learner in virtue of cultural transmission. The professional mathematician can think about mathematical tasks orders more complex still, because she has available to her many more representations upon which to operate. Thus, she can think of multidimensional spaces, even though her brain is unable to represent such spaces except by using tokens.
THE DEBATE OVER THE EXTENDED MIND
The extended mind hypothesis has met with a mixed reception from philosophers. Some have embraced it as an obvious extension of functionalism; others have rejected it out of hand. Resistance to the thesis has been motivated by two major concerns: a denial that external resources have the right kinds of contents to count as mental, and the claim that only internal mental states are psychological kinds.
Mental states, recall, have contents. To that extent, my internal representational states and Otto's notebook are analogous: they both are repositories of a great deal of information including all kinds of information expressible in propositional form. According to Adams and Aizawa (2008), however, there is a dramatic difference between the kinds of content they contain. Otto's notebook contains only derived content; that is, its content is meaningful only in virtue of conventions and the intentions of agents. Signs, for instance, have merely derived contents: they carry information only in virtue of various conventions such as the conventions of natural languages. Minds, Adams and Aizawa claim, are different: they and they alone have content that is intrinsically referential. They must have such content, because the alternative is an infinite regress; derived content must derive from somewhere.
One obvious response to this line of argument is to claim out that ordinary minds contain derived content as well (arguably) as non-derived. Humans think in natural languages, but natural languages are only derivatively meaningful. However, the defender of intrinsic content might maintain that human minds do not contain derived content in any important sense. Some philosophers and cognitive scientists, following Fodor (1975), maintain that we think in a "language of thought," not in natural languages, where the language of thought is non-derivatively referential. On this view, propositions in natural languages must be transformed into equivalents in the language of thought before they can become the contents of minds. But it seems false that all human thinking is carried out in a language of thought: at least some thinking does seem to be carried out in natural languages (as well as by way of the manipulation of other conventional symbols). Indeed, the work of Dehaene et al. (1999) mentioned earlier seems to show just that. Bilinguals trained in exact mathematical tasks in one of their native tongues perform better at that task if the instructions are given in the same tongue: if they have previously translated their number words and concepts into a more basic language of thought, they should perform equally well in both their native tongues.
In any case, no matter how internal processes are implemented, insofar as thinkers are genuinely concerned with what enables human beings to perform the spectacular intellectual feats exhibited in science and other areas of systematic enquiry, as well as in the arts, they need to understand the extent to which the mind is reliant upon external scaffolding. Clark (2008: xxv) quotes a revealing exchange between Richard Feynman, the great physicist, and Charles Weiner. Weiner described a collection of Feynman's notes as "a record of the day-to-day work." Feynman rejected the description, claiming it wasn't a record of the work, it was the work:
"I actually did the work on the paper," he said. "Well," Weiner said, "the work as done in your head, but the record of it is still here." "No, it's not a record, not really. It's working. You have to work on paper and this is the paper. Okay?"
Feynman's point, I take it, is that the paper should not be thought of as simply recording what passed through his head, but instead as constituting a part of the cognitive loop involved in his thinking. By externalizing and labeling ideas, they became available for a kind of representation and extension otherwise impossible. Notes on paper, or on a computer screen (or mathematical models, or what have you) do not make contemporary physics or other kinds of intellectual endeavor easier, they make it possible.
The second major worry advanced by critics of the extended mind hypothesis focuses on its utility as a framework for cognitive science. Some philosophers and cognitive scientists have worried that the causal processes involved in extended systems are so diverse that there could be no science of the extended mind. A science, they argue, has as its domain a set of processes that are causally individuated. And in actual fact, they argue, the sciences of the mind qualify as proper sciences on just this basis: neuroscience, cognitive psychology, and so on, reveal a set of causal regularities that characterize (properly) mental processes. Since the causal processes involved in extended processes are so diverse (looping from brains to notebooks or to computers, or to gestures, or what have you), the prospects for a science of the extended mind are slim. By delineating a unified set of causal processes, science cuts nature at its joints; thinkers should therefore be guided by science in their ontology. If there is no science of the extended mind, because it is too causally diverse, there is no genuine extended mind: instead, the "extended mind" should be seen as constituted out of a set of processes and mechanisms each of which could be the subject of a genuine science and each of which should figure by itself in the list of the constituents of the world.
One problem with this argument is that many actual sciences fail the proposed test: The science of animal communication includes causal processes as disparate as communication by the use of pheromones, threat displays, the dance of honey bees, and territory marking by birds, as well as natural language in human beings. There are few general laws which circumscribe all and only these phenomena: instead they are unified only by their functional similarities. Perhaps proponents of the causal regularities view of science would claim that animal communication is not a proper science, or perhaps they would claim that a science ought, if possible, to have as its domain a single set of causally individuated processes. In that case, however, it seems that cognitive psychology will no longer count as a science, since the mental processes it studies are too diverse to constitute the domain of a science: controlled and automatic processes seem causally quite different.
The criticism that the extended mind thesis will impede science rests, finally, on a misconception: that advocates hold that the proper object of the science of the mind is the extended mind rather than the brain/central nervous system (CNS). Instead, as Clark's work argues and exemplifies, proponents urge work at many levels and by many specialists simultaneously. The extended mind thesis is not the denial that the brain is special: it is only because the brain/CNS has certain characteristics that there are extended mental systems at all. Studying the extended mind requires the study of the brain; it also requires the study of how the brain interfaces with diverse extra-neural and extra-somatic processes and mechanisms.
THE EXTENDED MIND HYPOTHESIS AND NEUROETHICS
Neuroethics is concerned, inter alia, with the permissibility and the advisability of intervening in the mind. Many of the biggest controversies in neuroethics centre on this topic. Is it permissible to use cognitive enhancers to increase the abilities of those who are already functioning in the normal range? Do the use of affective enhancers—say antidepressants or "love drugs"—threaten the authenticity of individuals or relationships? Does the prolonged use of methylphenidate as a treatment for ADHD threaten to alter the identity of users? These questions need to be rethought in light of the extended mind hypothesis.
Much of the heat and the hype surrounding neuroscientific technologies stems from the perception that they offer (or threaten) opportunities genuinely unprecedented in human experience. But if the mind is not confined within the skull, psychopharmaceuticals and other interventions targeted at the brain (say transcranial magnetic stimulation) are not unprecedented inasmuch as they intervene in the mind. Instead, intervening in the mind is ubiquitous. It becomes difficult to defend the idea that there is a difference in principle between interventions which work by altering a person's environment and those that work directly on her brain, insofar as the effect on cognition is the same; the mere fact that an intervention targets the brain directly no longer seems relevant (ethically or even psychologically). Of course, many environmental interventions target the brain indirectly; better education, for instance, alters the brain just as surely as might cognitive enhancing psychopharmaceuticals. But even if the effect of the intervention is to alter the environment only, insofar as it affects cognitive performance it is hard to see why this fact matters. Clark (2003) recounts how some dementia sufferers remain able to live independently long after neuropsychological testing indicates that their leveling of cognitive functioning is below the threshold believed to be required for someone to be capable of taking care of themselves. The tests are accurate, but they do not take into account the ways in which some people learn to structure their environment to take the burden off their brains (taking cupboard doors off, so they can see the contents at a glance, organizing their environment spatially, so that what they need comes to hand when needed, and so on). The effect is to raise their level of cognitive performance above what they could achieve given their brain alone (in a less well organized environment).
Given these facts, neuroethicists need to be alive to the possibility—indeed, I think, the likelihood—that much of the opposition to cognitive enhancements, as well as the preference for talk therapy over psychopharmacology or deep-brain stimulation, and so on, stems from internalist prejudices: from the inchoate thought that the mind is to be found within the skull and there alone. Once it is recognized that human cognitive success and even our identities as psychological beings depends on extended processes, including processes every bit as mechanical and arational as internal interventions, neuroethicists ought to begin to assess interventions based on their effects, and not on their location. Agential resources of self-control can be strengthened by altering their environment or by drugs; which should be done depends, I claim, not on the means by which the result is achieved, but on the effects: which achieves the best balance of benefits over costs? Just because one intervention is achieved by means that directly target the brain whereas another directly targets external states isn't relevant; this kind of difference is only relevant when it makes a difference to the costs and benefits.
The central questions of neuroethics must be rethought in light of the extended mind thesis. Questions like "ought society use our new powers to intervene into the minds of agents?"; "does the dependence of someone on external props affect their identity or their authenticity?"; "is it wrong to alter human nature?"; "ought human beings adopt an attitude of gratitude for the unforced gifts of nature, and not interfere with them?" all seem to depend, directly or indirectly, on the idea that in principle it is possible to separate the human mind from its environmental embedding. That is, the questions seem to presuppose that human beings have a choice about whether to intervene into the minds of agents; we can either continue as we are, with unaltered minds, or use our new technologies to intervene. Similarly, the questions presuppose that we can choose between having our identities depend on external props or not, between remaining in a natural state or becoming deeply dependent on the artificial, and so on. If the extended mind thesis is true, these claims are untenable. Human beings have always been dependent on external props to make us who we are. If human beings are rational animals—that is, if our cognitive success is definitive of what we are, as a species and as individuals—then we have always been deeply dependent on external props to make us the kinds of being we are. New technologies and psychopharmaceuticals do not mark a difference in principle; they give us new means to do what we have always done. That is not to say, of course, that we ought to use these new means, just that we should not reject them on the grounds suggested.
Taking the extended mind thesis seriously does not commit neuroethicists either to accepting or to rejecting new technologies. It commits us, rather, to assessing them on grounds which are not a mere reflection of internalist prejudices. That may prove harder to do than it might seem, because internalist prejudices may be deeply buried in arguments apparently turning on other considerations. Consider the oft-heard, and eminently sensible, concern that cognitive enhancers would cause inequality. Though the concern is genuine, it is also often voiced by people in whose mouths it seems confabulatory: the bioconservatives like Francis Fukuyama (2002), for instance. It seems confabulatory because these thinker are little concerned with the massive inequalities that actually exist, both within and especially between nations. Why do they overlook one set of inequalities while insisting on another? I think that the answer is because, like many conservatives, they naturalize inequality (Napier and Jost 2008); they see actual inequalities as the product of nature, or as reflecting the desert of agents. They do not recognize that existing inequalities are dependent on social choices; on the ways in which nations structure their environments. Indeed, the most valuable thing about the intuitions upon which they insist is that they can be turned back upon the views of those who advance them: by demonstrating that actual inequalities are as undeserved as those they contemplate, neuroethicists can motivate the thought that the public ought to be far more concerned with existing inequalities, which are far greater than anything realistically threatened by cognitive enhancement, than with new technologies. Neuroscience has a role in this project, by showing how inequalities in cognitive function are the product, in part, of environments (Farah et al. 2006; Noble et al. 2007).
Clark and Chalmers motivated the extended mind hypothesis by appealing to the Parity Principle. The significance of the hypothesis for neuroethics is that attention to it motivates an Ethical Parity Principle: whether a particular means of altering cognition directly targets the brain/CNS or the external scaffolding shouldn't make a difference to the assessment of its permissibility or advisability. Causal route is a difference that makes no difference; what matters is the result.
WHY THE EXTENDED MIND THESIS MIGHT NOT MATTER AFTER ALL
Clark and other proponents of the extended mind thesis appear to me to have good responses to almost all the arguments leveled against it. There is, however, one argument against the thesis which seems to me quite forceful. Some philosophers, Rob Rupert (2004) in particular, have argued on the grounds of theoretical conservatism that the mind ought to be identified with internal goings-on alone. Rupert concedes, as he should, that environmental scaffolding is absolutely essential to human cognitive success, but he argues that recognition of this fact is compatible with the internalist view. He prefers to see mind as deeply embedded in extra-neural and extra-somatic processes and mechanisms, not as genuinely (though partially) constituted by such processes. Insofar as Rupert concedes all the facts upon which proponents of the extended mind insist about external scaffolding, there can be no (direct) empirical response to this claim. Every fact about cognition that could be cited by the proponent of the extended mind Rupert can accept, consistent with rejecting the functionalist claim that if the same kinds of goals and behaviors are subserved by external processes and mechanisms as by internal, they ought to be regarded as the same kind of thing. But just insofar as this is true, the debate seems to become merely terminological. In the end, it doesn't matter what the mechanisms subserving cognition get called; it is recognition of how it is done that matters.
Embedded cognition views will serve multilevel cognitive science, of the kind Clark advocates, just as well as will the extended mind thesis. It will serve just as well as a basis for neuroethics. What matters to human beings as thinkers doesn't depend on how these processes are described; what matters is their effects. If neuroethicists and philosophers wish to call only some part of human cognitive machinery our minds, and call the rest its scaffolding, so be it. It remains the case that our cognition is already, and always, deeply dependent on external scaffolding, and that our new technologies do not mark a radical break with our cognitive past. It remains the case that there is no isomorphism between causal routes to mental effects and their moral or intellectual significance. All that is lost, for neuroethics, is the rhetorical power which comes from the identification of extended mechanisms with the mind. Nevertheless, the set of facts to which I appealed in arguing for an ethical parity thesis should not be in dispute.
Adams, F. and Aizawa, K. (2008). The Bounds of Cognition. Malden, MA: Blackwell.
Clark, A. (2003). Natural-Born Cybogs: Minds, Technologies, and the Future of Human Intelligence. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Clark, A. (2008). Supersizing the Mind. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Clark, A. and Chalmers, D. (1998). The extended mind. Analysis, 58, 7–19.
Dehaene, S., Spelke, E., Pinel, P., Stanescu, R., and Tsivkin, S. (1999). Sources of mathematical thinking: behavioral and brain-imaging evidence. Science, 284, 970–4.
Farah, M.J., Shera, D.M., Savage, J.H., et al. (2006). Childhood poverty: Specific associations with neurocognitive development. Brain Research, 1110, 166–74.
Fodor, J. (1975). The Language of Thought. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Fukuyama, F. (2002). Our Posthuman Future: Consequences of the Biotechnology Revolution. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
Hurley, S. (1998). Consciousness in Action. Harvard, MA: Harvard University Press.
Napier, J.L., and Jost, J.T. (2008). Why are conservatives happier than liberals? Psychological Science, 19, 565–72.
Noble, K.G., McCandliss, B.D., and Farah, M.J. (2007). Socioeconomic gradients predict individual differences in neurocognitive abilities. Developmental Science, 10, 464–80.
Rupert, R.D. (2004). Challenges to the hypothesis of extended cognition. Journal of Philosophy, 101, 389–428.
Sterelny, K. (2004). Externalism, epistemic artefacts and the extended mind. In R. Schantz (ed.) The Externalist Challenge. New Studies on Cognition and Intentionality, pp. 239–54. Berlin: de Gruyter.


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KEVIN O'LEARY OF 'SHARK TANK' HAS SOME ADVICE FOR CORONAVIRUS-ADDLED STARTUPS: EQUITY CROWDFUNDING
Emily CanalStaff writer, Inc.com
The 'Shark Tank' investor suggests that equity crowdfunding can help serve as a lifeline for struggling but still viable businesses.
Shark Tank's Kevin O'Leary wants startups needing capital during the coronavirus pandemic to know that they have a model to turn to: equity crowdfunding.
The financing mechanism that allows individuals and groups of investors to fund startups in exchange for equity should be in your toolkit, suggests O'Leary. "This is probably the most viable opportunity there is for raising capital given an environment that is in shock right now," adds O'Leary, who notes that venture funding has largely dried up.
Equity crowdfunding, rather, has stood up during difficult times. The model got a lift during the credit crisis, after the passage of the Jumpstart Our Business Startups (JOBS) Act in 2012. The law loosened SEC regulations on small businesses to make it easier for them to fundraise, such as by allowing greater access to crowdfunding. Previously, equity stakes in non-public companies were only available to accredited investors i.e. those who earn more than $200,000 a year or hold more than $1 million in assets.
O'Leary isn't just a fan of crowdfunding. On March 31, the Shark announced he's joining the Los Angeles-based equity crowdfunding platform StartEngine, as a strategic partner. He'll offer advice to StartEngine's entrepreneurial community of more than 235,000 investors, who have backed more than 325 companies with $135 million since 2014, according to the company. O'Leary, who says he will encourage his portfolio companies to raise funding through StartEngine, is also a shareholder and paid spokesperson for the business.
While the advice for landing funding on equity crowdfunding largely remains the same that is, you need to understand what makes your company special and why you're the best person to run it O'Leary has some other suggestions on how to cut through the noise and ensure your company lands the money it needs. Here are his top tips:
Value your company appropriately
When valuing a company, O'Leary echoed the same advice he gives to entrepreneurs on Shark Tank: "Don't be a pig, leave some for your shareholders to benefit from," he says. O'Leary is typically the first investor on Shark Tank to question a founder's valuation and warns entrepreneurs using equity crowdfunding of over-valuing their startups. He believes the raise is a partnership between the founders and investors, and that entrepreneurs should make it enticing for people to contribute more capital down the road.
"You have to be cognizant of what the valuation means in terms of what you're asking for and what you're going to get," he adds.
Be honest with your community
Throughout the process, founders should be honest with their investors and consumers, says O'Leary. For example, entrepreneurs should get in front of issues such as a product failing or lagging customer service. "Honest founders take the heat, tell it like it is, and ask for a chance to fix it," says O'Leary. "Every entrepreneur goes through this, but honesty is the difference between success and failure."
Explain your standing in the pandemic
Entrepreneurs struggling due to the pandemic still have an opportunity to raise capital on StartEngine, says O'Leary. The key, he says, is to do a good job explaining why now is an opportune time for those outside the company to invest in your startup and to map out how additional funding will help you succeed. And be sure to open the opportunity up to customers, who may already be significant brand advocates, he adds. "The game-changer of crowdfunding is that it provides a direct relationship between startups and their customers," says O'Leary?
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Meghahatuburu (vermeld in volkstellingen als Meghahatuburu Forest village) is een census town in het district Pashchimi Singhbhum van de Indiase staat Jharkhand. Het ligt vast aan de plaats Kiriburu, dat grotendeels tot de aangrenzende deelstaat Odisha behoort.

Demografie
Volgens de Indiase volkstelling van 2001 wonen er 6879 mensen in Meghahatuburu Forest village, waarvan 53% mannelijk en 47% vrouwelijk is. De plaats heeft een alfabetiseringsgraad van 74%.

Plaats in Pashchimi Singhbhum

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Луга́нське (Рундевізе, Луганськ, № 21) — село в Україні, у Розівському районі Запорізької області. Населення становить 239 осіб. Орган місцевого самоврядування — Розівська селищна рада.

Відповідно до Розпорядження Кабінету Міністрів України від 12 червня 2020 року № 713-р «Про визначення адміністративних центрів та затвердження територій територіальних громад Запорізької області» увійшло до складу Розівської селищної громади.

Село тимчасово окуповане російськими військами 24 лютого 2022 року в ході російсько-української війни.

Географія
Село Луганське знаходиться біля витоків річки Каратиш, на відстані 1,5 км від смт Розівка. Через село проходить автомобільна дорога , поруч проходить залізниця, платформа 386 км за 1,5 км. Землі села межують із Нікольським районом Донецької області.

Історія
Лютеранське село, засноване 1832 р. Засновники — 26 сімей із Біловезької колонії Рундевізе тощо. Лютеранський приход Ґрюнау. Землі 1620 десятин (1857; 27 подвір'їв і 7 безземельних сімей), 1725 десятин. Школа.

У 1925—1939 роках село входило до складу Люксембурзького німецького національного району Маріупольської округи (з 1932 — Дніпропетровської області, з 1939 — Запорізької області).

Населення

Примітки

Посилання
 Погода в селі Луганське

Села Запорізької області
Розівка
Колишні німецькі колонії Запорізької області


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Home > BOOKS AND CARDS > AUTO-BIO'S/BIO'S/NARRATIVES > True You: A Journey to Finding and Loving Yourself (hardcover)
True You: A Journey to Finding and Loving Yourself (hardcover)
Item#: HUNTER-978-1-4165-8724-8
by Janet Jackson with David Ritz; Afterword by nutritionist David Allen
ONE OF THE GREATEST ENTERTAINERS OF OUR TIME CANDIDLY REVEALS HER VERY PERSONAL STRUGGLE WITH AN ISSUE SO MANY OF US FACE EVERY DAY: SELF-ESTEEM. Janet Jackson emerged from the shadows of an already famous family to become one of the most beloved, recognizable, and influential performers in the world. But at what cost? From the age of ten, when she made her acting debut on Good Times, Janet was told by Hollywood that she needed to slim down. Her well-meaning brothers, especially fun-loving Michael, teased her relentlessly until she began to believe that who she was wasn�t good enough. It was an idea that no amount of critical acclaim in television and film or, later, international platinum success in music could change. Janet turned to food for comfort and escape. She developed a self-destructive pattern familiar to so many of us: fear and uncertainty led to bad feelings about herself and ultimately depression. The depression led to overeating. And her yo-yoing weight was painfully obvious in the bright lights of the entertainment world. It has taken Janet most of her adult life to come to terms with who she is. But she has finally broken free of the attitudes that brought her down and has embraced realistic goals that help her eat better, exercise better, feel better, and ultimately be better. This book is about meeting those challenges that face all of us. With candor and courage, Janet shares her painful journey to loving herself. She addresses the crazy rumors that have swirled around her for most of her life, shines an intimate light on her family, and pulls us behind the velvet rope into her unforgettable career. She also shares lessons she has learned through contact with friends and fans and reveals the fitness secrets she has learned from her trainer. Finally, her nutritionist, David Allen, unveils the wholesome, delicious recipes and lifestyle-changing tips that helped Janet get in shape�mind and spirit, heart and soul. True You is a call to tune in to your own fundamental wisdom, to let go of the ugly comparisons, and to understand that who you are, the true you, is more than enough.


text:
Home National Paul Ryan admits GOP held kids hostage to fund Trump's wall
Paul Ryan admits GOP held kids hostage to fund Trump's wall
Kaili Joy Gray
The truth is out: Trump and his fellow Republicans never cared at all about Dreamers.
When Speaker Paul Ryan went on Fox News to brag about the omnibus funding bill his party is trying to ram through Congress, he made a terrible mistake.
He admitted what Republicans have been trying to deny for months: The party took young immigrants known as Dreamers hostage to extort funding for Trump's border wall.
"We said, let's do multiyear funding for the wall for multiyear relief for the DACA kids, and [the Democrats] walked away from that, they wouldn't take that," Ryan said. "So what we're doing here is, there isn't a DACA solution here. We have the wall in here."
DACA is the Obama-era program Trump rescinded last year that had protected nearly 1 million immigrants brought to the United States as children from deportation. At the time, Trump and his Republican enablers in Congress insisted they didn't really want to start deporting young Americans. They simply wanted to find a better solution.
That's not what the party that controls Congress and the White House has done though. While Trump has been taunting Democrats for months, claiming his party wants to fix DACA, his only "solution" is a trade. They'd give protections for kids in exchange for billions of dollars to build his wall.
If Republicans really cared about these young immigrants, they would act immediately to protect them without any conditions. But the White House has said it's only interested if it gets something out of the deal.
In January, Trump's budget chief Mick Mulvaney said as much. Asked on CNN what Trump would do for Dreamers, Mulvaney answered, "[It] depends on what we get in exchange. What do we get for border security? What do we get for a wall?"
And now Ryan has confirmed that cynical plan of extortion. He and Trump offered Democrats a temporary DACA fix in exchange for funding the wall. When Democrats refused, Republicans simply went forward with the wall and stripped out the DACA fix.
Trump needlessly and heartlessly threw the lives of 800,000 young immigrants and their families into chaos when he rescinded the program. For months, they have waited for a solution — a solution Trump promised he and his party wanted to give them.
Now Republicans have a chance to do exactly that. Instead, they're revealing that those kids were nothing more than a vicious negotiating tactic all along.
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Longtime progressive editor and writer and fierce feminist. Formerly Planned Parenthood, Wonkette, and Daily Kos. Follow her on Twitter @KailiJoy.


Responsibilities include facilitating admission and discharge processes for inpatients;conducting bedside rounds on inpatients and development, in collaboration with the primary physician, treatment plans to meet the patient's needs; administers and prescribes medications and prescribes/provides direct patient care interventions as indicated by the patient's condition. While the Nurse Practitioner is subject to practice under the protocols established and approved by the medical staff as required under South Dakota law, in all other respects the Nurse Practitioner is subject to the Hospital's authority.
The Nurse Practitioner works collaboratively with the healthcare team to assure the safe and accurate delivery of care.
· Education: Master's degree in nursing required. Graduate of an accredited CNP program required.
· Licensure/Certification: Current licensure/certification as a Nurse Practitioner by the South Dakota Board of Nursing is required. Must have current BLS and ACLS. CCRN preferred.
· Experience: Minimum of 2 years of nursing experience required. Minimum of one year adult, acute care with cardiology cardiovascular nursing experience preferred but will consider new graduates.


Ali has been traveling the world while working remotely as a digital nomad for DuckDuckGo as their Director of People Operations. We asked her more about how she started traveling and her advice for aspiring digital nomads.
1 Tell us more about yourself.
2 What do you do for work?
3 How did you get started as a digital nomad, and why?
4 What are some of those experiences that stood out?
5 What are some of your best experiences as a digital nomad?
6 Any bad experiences while traveling?
7 Tell us more about your job with DuckDuckGo. How can someone become a digital nomad like you?
8 How do you avoid becoming distracted when working remotely?
9 What gear can't you work remotely without?
10 How has working remotely impacted your family life?
11 Any plans yet to return home/get a location-bound job?
I am originally from a suburb outside of Detroit, MI, and have always had nomadic tendencies, unintentionally. I lived in eight cities in three different countries before I even knew what being a digital nomad was all about.
Some of my early wanderlust occurred while growing up, but as an adult, the amount of time and money I spent buying IKEA furniture only to sell it a year later and repeating the process in a new place, was probably an early warning sign to leave the conventional idea of a home behind.
To make this lifestyle work for me I was lucky enough to find my current job: Director of People Operations at DuckDuckGo. DuckDuckGo is a search engine that doesn't track you. Not only did the mission speak to me, but after learning that the company was "remote first," and that my co-workers lived all around the world, I knew this was a special opportunity.
I always believed work should be about what you can do, not how many hours you sit behind a desk. Since joining the team a year ago, I've been able to roll out US health benefits from Japan, make changes to our team structure from Spain, and kick off new leadership meetings from Colombia.
Outside of work, I love to travel (obviously) and I am a big foodie. I love to cook and go to all sorts of local restaurants. Street food, the hidden hole in the wall or the multi-course fine dining experiences all speak to my love of culinary greatness. I also enjoy hiking, yoga, rafting, and taking pictures (especially of street art) all of which I try to do while traveling.
How did you get started as a digital nomad, and why?
I have always been somewhat restless; I crave new experiences. I love the evolution of getting to a new place, feeling foreign, and figuring out a life for myself. Once things get too routine, I get bored.
It is hard to pinpoint when I became a digital nomad exactly and sometimes I still feel like an imposter. I feel like I am waiting for my "digital nomad" badge to prove myself and I think, "Does it come when I have visited enough places? Or when I have a certain amount of pictures of myself working in exotic locations? Or after I completely ditch my current lease and sell all that furniture again…" And then I think no, it is all part of the same journey and in my journey, a few experiences stick out.
What are some of those experiences that stood out?
Studying abroad: You could say I studied abroad twice. I went to McGill in Montreal and had my first taste of a "newness" I constantly craved. It was my first time living in an urban environment and my first time getting by when a second language was at hand. I officially studied abroad my last year at McGill at a school in Dublin, UCD, and experienced leaving North America for the first time. New countries, new foods, new friends, and weekend getaways to Budapest, Paris, Rome, Stockholm, and more. I was hooked!
Moving: After college, I wasn't sure where to settle down. I choose NYC, but a year later moved to DC for a job opportunity, only to return to Brooklyn a few years after that. The whole time I felt I was trying to fit a square peg into a round hole. Constantly, I thought a new neighbor or throw pillow would be the key to settling in and sticking around.
Backpacking: In 2014, I officially quit my 9-5 job. I took off to Peru with a friend and then went back to South America a few months later for a mostly solo trip, spending time in Uruguay, Argentina, and Chile. Traveling alone was a unique, rewarding experience. During that time, I also got a few freelance contracts started and had my first taste combining work and travel.
DuckDuckGo Co-workation: In 2016, I organized a "co-workation" for DuckDuckGo. Five cross-functional employees spent a week living and working together in Tokyo. After the official meetup I took some time to explore, and somewhere between watching sumo wrestling championships, eating ramen and rolling out a health care plan for US employees, I had a revelation. Instead of moving every 18 months in a quest to find my place in the world, why shouldn't I embrace my passion for traveling and continue to work from home with my home being the world (or anywhere in the world with reliable Wi-Fi)?
Digital Nomad Success: This past January, I set off on my first official digital nomad trip spending a few weeks in Madrid and various parts of Italy. From there, I flew to Colombia for February and March.
What are some of your best experiences as a digital nomad?
My favorite experience in each city is finding that perfect coffee shop to set up for a few hours of work and sample locally baked goods.
More generally, the thing that is most motivating to me as a digital nomad is the ability to experience the world without giving up my career goals. I create my own schedule based on weather, my productivity, and cool local events. I am currently doing some of the most challenging work of my career while still taking the time to appreciate life more, like the newness of a sunset from a different location after a hard day's work.
Eating dinner in a yatai in Fukuoka, communicating with hand gestures and sharing noodles with other diners.
Meeting locals at Carnival in Barranquilla and making it to the front of the crowd to view the parade pass by.
Hiking around Salento and seeing the world's tallest palm trees. Even though I was disappointed at the time since it began to rain as we neared the famous trees, it was more rewarding than any other Saturday at home.
Any bad experiences while traveling?
Generally, I feel safe traveling as a solo female in most places. I did receive a fake 20mil peso (approximately 6 US dollars) from a cab driver in Bogota and tried to use it at a restaurant, which was pretty embarrassing.
While I was frustrated by that experience, I feel lucky to not have had worse experiences. I do try to be more patient with myself because I find daily life stressors can be exaggerated by new surroundings.
Tell us more about your job with DuckDuckGo. How can someone become a digital nomad like you?
I work full time as the Director of People Operations at DuckDuckGo. Day to day I think about topics such as hiring, company benefits and policies, planning company retreats, and employee satisfaction.
DuckDuckGo is hiring! Click here for more info.
Remote work is not for everyone; we look for this ability when making hiring decisions. In order to be a successful remote worker, you need to be proactive and self-motivated.
My recommendation for people trying to become a digital nomad is to find your outlet and take baby steps. If you work for a company that already allows you to telework or have flextime consider asking them to support you in a situation where you can work remotely for a week or for a month. There are a lot of organizations and communities popping up that you can join to test out this lifestyle and see what works for you.
Another option is searching for remote-first full-time opportunities, like DuckDuckGo. You can look for these job boards in places such as remotebase.io.
Finally, a lot of people making this leap tend to freelance or do contract work. This is what I did when I was first getting started, and it was personally challenging for me. I wanted to find one place where I could feel I was making an impact at work while still being personally fulfilled by traveling.
This has not been too hard for me, as I have always been a self-starter. My job keeps me grounded and provides a sense of purpose on longer trips when working remotely. Some tactical things I do include setting weekly and daily "to-do" lists, with clear goals and blocking off work time in my calendar with other personal activities such as yoga classes. Oftentimes, for my projects, I write up and share specific milestones or tasks to be completed with my team. This holds me accountable for what to accomplish every week.
I also treat finding a new place to work as a fun activity for the day – trekking to the other side of town to camp out at a café in that cool neighborhood I haven't been to yet, or stopping into a local co-working space to meet people that can be a good influence on my motivation turns working into the fun activity of the day. Finally, I use sightseeing activities or events as a reward for getting my job done.
Ever since I left for college, my family has lived in a different state (and sometimes country) so I am used to not seeing them in person frequently. I love FaceTiming with my nephew (he is 3) and showing him all the places I visit. My sister shows him my Instagram pics, and one time I posted a picture of a cathedral in Spain, so he thought I lived in a castle. That was funny! It is cool to share my travel experiences and inspire him to learn more about different countries and cultures at a young age.
I do think about if I want my own family someday, and the challenges of dating and building deeper relationships when you are traveling full time. It is fun to always be meeting new people but sometimes you do want a more meaningful and long lasting connection.
I've learned that just because you share a love for traveling or connect on the surface with another digital nomad it does not mean you have the same values or will make a good long-term match. I didn't have to comprise between work and traveling and I do wonder if this is an area where it will become a choice someday in the future between a nomadic lifestyle and a committed relationship (though I hope not!).
Any plans yet to return home/get a location-bound job?
I just returned to Philadelphia to help plan our company meetup next month. I know I want to continue to travel in some capacity, but am trying to get back into my routine at home and take things one day at a time, especially since summer in Philadelphia is so much fun! On my list are a few US towns, most of Central America and SE Asia, as well as Portugal and a return trip to Spain.
Follow Ali on Twitter or on Instagram.


How do you define an orphan?
How much of my sponsorship money will reach the orphan?
For every R1.00 donated, 80 cents of your donation goes directly to your sponsored orphan. The remaining sum is used to provide social support to orphans and their families and to cover administration and delivery costs. We pride ourselves on transparency and we ensure that your money goes towards the project you intended – we know that we are accountable to you, our beneficiaries and ultimately Allah (SWT). Every year, Islamic Relief prepares financial accounts, which are audited by independent accountants. Click here to view our full financial report. A paper copy can also be sent via post upon request.
How is the sponsorship money spent?
The programme aims to meet the needs of each orphan by providing basic necessities to improve their health and nutrition and additionally support them through their education and social development.
We encourage a minimum sponsorship period of one year, however you can sponsor a child for as long as you wish, up to the age of 18. Sometimes, the sponsorship continues after the child reaches 18, for example for medical or educational reasons. If there is a need for the sponsorship to continue, we will notify you.
What information will I receive about the orphan I sponsor?
When you start your sponsorship, we will send you a photograph of your child with a range of basic biographical information. If you are paying by direct debit, this is usually around four to six weeks after the direct debit has been processed. If you have made payment for the whole year via cheque/credit or debit card/postal order, then you should receive this within two to three weeks. We aim to send you a report on your sponsored orphan every year.
Can I contact the orphan?
You can email any letters and photographs to your orphan via the following email address: rishqa.sulaiman@islamic-relief.org.za. We will check both to ensure that they are suitable, remove contact details and forward to the relevant field office. Responses depend on your sponsored child. In some cases, the child or guardian may respond back straight away. Others may take several months to respond back or they may instead choose not to respond at all.
Can I visit the orphan?
On certain occasions, supervised visits may be possible following prior arrangements with the local Islamic Relief office and with the agreement of the child. Please note that visits cannot be made directly to the orphan's home in line with the Child Protection Policy, so the meeting will be held at our offices. Furthermore, any SA-based individual requesting a visit will have to be screened and approved.
What are the grounds for cancellation?
If the orphan sadly passes away.
In the case of death, sponsorship may be transferred to a sibling if they are of sponsorship age.
What happens if I wish to cancel my sponsorship?
We request that you give us a minimum of three months notice prior to cancellation in order to allow enough time for us to find another donor. If this notice is not provided, you will be required to make a payment to cover the three months. We are certain you will agree that we need to ensure your orphan continues to receive support to minimise disruption to their life. However, if you are unable to do this due to exceptional circumstances, the orphan will be supported by Islamic Relief for a further three months until another sponsor is found.
Can I send extra monetary gifts?
Islamic Relief no longer accepts additional monetary gifts on top of monthly sponsorship, as we found that when some orphans receive extra gifts, other children in the area feel left out. Furthermore, there are many children we are currently unable to sponsor and extra donations could be used to fund projects which support them. If you would like to make an extra donation to support orphans, we encourage you to give towards our Children fund, supporting projects in which a wider community of orphans and children in need benefit. However, in exceptional cases of need – for example, if the orphan is seriously ill and needs treatment or a problem arises with their housing – Islamic Relief will accept direct monetary gifts specifically to meet these needs.
Can I send packages directly to the field office?
We do not accept packages from donors for their orphans, as they tend to face a number of issues – for example, they incur costs such as customs taxes and duty, which the Islamic Relief office then has to pay, taking away vital resources from our fieldwork. Packages also sometimes get lost in transit or arrive damaged. If you would like to support orphans in need with extra gifts, we encourage you to give a monetary donation to our Children fund, supporting projects in which a wider community of orphans and children in need benefit.
Do you only sponsor Muslim Children?
No. Islamic Relief works with a wide range of beneficiaries, of all faith and ethnic backgrounds. As signatories to the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement Code of Conduct, we are bound not to discriminate on the basis of religion, gender, race or ethnicity but support those who are most in need.
How do you select the orphans who receive the sponsorship?
Income: Priority is given to those with the lowest income, which includes any monies coming in (e.g. salaries, pension or other sponsorship money). Each field office sets its own maximum family income level, below which an application for sponsorship is granted.
Size of family and ages of children: Priority is given to larger families with younger children.
Housing conditions: Priority is given to those living in the poorest conditions.
Health: Priority is given to children with the poorest health status. Proof is required of participation in national immunisation programmes.
In each family, one child in every two can be sponsored, providing of course that sponsors can be found. This can be modified by the field office upon approval of the Child Welfare Department if there is a particular need for more children within a family to be supported.
Who should I contact if I have queries regarding my sponsorship?


text:
Statement by Brendan Griffin TD (FG) KERRY
KERRY Fine Gael TD, Brendan Griffin, has welcomed the allocation of €1 million by the Minister for Agriculture, Simon Coveney, for an Imported Fodder Transport Scheme.
Deputy Griffin says that the aid will help reduce the cost of much needed fodder for distressed farmers. Deputy Griffin had raised the matter with Minister Coveney in the Dáil last week and continues to liaise closely with the Minister's office and farmers.
Farmers in need of fodder are asked to contact their local co-op and tell them how much they need. The Department will pay the co-op a contribution towards the cost of the transport of the fodder which in turn will be reflected in the ultimate price to the farmer.
"Hopefully this scheme will be of some help to farmers, although I acknowledge that there are huge financial difficulties being experienced out there. I will continue to work closely with the farming community and the Minister and I hope that the overall situation will improve as we move closer to May.
"I commend farming organisations and the co-ops for their Trojan work to help farmers in need and I have no doubt that the situation would be far worse only for their huge effort."
Below is the Minister's Statement:
66/13 23 April, 2013
COVENEY ANNOUNCES NEW €1 MILLION SCHEME TO REDUCE THE PRICE OF IMPORTED FODDER TO FARMERS
In light of the difficulties experienced by farmers in sourcing fodder supplies, the Minister for Agriculture Food and the Marine, Simon Coveney T.D., has today announced that he has allocated €1 million for an imported fodder transport scheme. This scheme is being introduced by the Government to reduce the cost to farmers of imported forage (hay, silage, haylage) from outside the island of Ireland. The scheme will operate through the Dairy co-operatives (milk purchasers). It will cover forage imported by the co-ops from 15th April 2013 to 3rd May 2013 and will be subject to EU State Aid rules. This will substantially cover the cost of transport into the country and will reduce the cost to farmers of a bale of hay by approximately one third.
While the scheme will operate through the Dairy co-operatives (milk purchasers), the actual beneficiaries will be farmers and primary producers who need urgent supplies of feed. Application forms and terms and conditions will be made available through the co-ops in the coming days. The Co-ops have confirmed that they will facilitate farmers who need help in sourcing urgent fodder supplies, whether or not they are existing customers or suppliers.
The Minister paid particular tribute to the farm organisations and their individual members who have been working around the clock making local arrangements.
Minister Coveney and his Department have been in on-going contact with the dairy co-operatives on this issue. He said "I recognise that there is a serious fodder shortage in certain parts of the country and I acknowledge the role that the co-ops have played and continue to play. Operating this new scheme through the co-ops is the quickest and most effective way of getting the fodder to those who need it. The key issue here is a fodder shortage and my action today is designed to address the shortfall. "
Farmers who are urgently looking for forage should contact their local co-op and maintain close contact with their agricultural advisor.
Apart from this new scheme, the Department will continue to operate its Early Warning System whereby emergency assistance may be provided to farmers whose animals are experiencing serious welfare issues and where the farmer him/herself is unable to cope.
The Minister will meet tomorrow with the representatives of the banks and CEOs of the co-ops to discuss the fodder situation further.
Note for Editors
How do farmers apply?
Contact your local dairy co-op and tell them how much you need.
How will payment be made?
The Dept will pay the co-op a contribution towards the cost of transport which in turn will be reflected in the ultimate price to the farmer.
Griffin Welcomes Extension of Fodder Scheme