How does Facebook use impact memory of lecture content? As Facebook becomes increasingly popular, this question is important for students and educators alike. Participants in the present study were assigned to listen to a podcast while freely browsing Facebook, viewing an album of Facebook pictures, or doing nothing. Then, participants completed a surprise memory test on the podcast. Participants remembered best when they did not divide attention, at an intermediate level when they viewed pictures, and worst when they freely browsed Facebook. Evidence suggests that this difference resulted from differential engagement with the podcast. This research both contributes to theoretical knowledge on divided attention and memory, and has clear practical implications: to learn most, eliminate Facebook use during class. Future research should explore the differences between freely browsing Facebook and simply viewing pictures, and attempt to quantify the effect of Facebook in real college classrooms.
In recent years, laptop computers have become increasingly common on college campuses. As a result, students frequently attend to laptops during lecture courses, and specifically to Facebook, a social networking site that now hosts 800 million users. In light of its explosive popularity, an important question for college students and educators alike is how dividing attention between Facebook and lecture content impacts memory and learning.
Cognitive psychology research suggests that dividing attention between two minimally demanding tasks can boost memory performance, while dividing attention between more demanding tasks can impair performance (Andrade, 2009; Craik, Govoni, Naveh-Benjamin, & Anderson, 1996). Applied research demonstrates that students who listen to a lecture with their laptops open remember the material less well (Hembrooke & Gay, 2003). While this could suggest that attending to Facebook is demanding enough to impair memory, no study has directly examined its effect on memory of lecture content. The present study seeks to fill this gap, and to determine if different types of Facebook content have different effects on memory.
Cognitive psychology research suggests mixed effects of divided attention on memory. On the one hand, dividing attention can increase memory when both tasks are minimally demanding. For example, participants in one study were asked to listen to and take notes on a long, monotonous telephone message about people that could and could not attend a party (Andrade, 2009). In one condition, participants were asked to doodle while taking notes, and in the other, they were just asked to take notes. They then completed a surprise memory test about the people and places mentioned in the message. Participants who doodled remembered 29% more pieces of information, suggesting that doodling enhanced memory. The author proposed that doodling might have decreased daydreaming by adding more demand to an undemanding primary task, thus improving concentration.
On the other hand, evidence suggests that dividing attention between more demanding tasks can decrease memory, because attention is a limited resource. In one study, subjects were asked to listen to and encode lists of 15 words while dividing attention or not, and then were asked to recall them (Craik et al., 1996). When they just listened to the words, subjects remembered an average of 9.4 words. When they divided their attention by also responding to visual stimuli with different keys on a keyboard, subjects remembered an average of 5.1 words, suggesting that diving attention between two demanding tasks impairs memory. Thus, the effect of divided attention on memory seems to depend on how demanding the tasks at hand are.
Applied research suggests that dividing attention between a lecture and a laptop may be sufficiently demanding to impair memory of lecture content. In one study, college students in a communications course listened to a lecture while their laptops were open or closed. When the lecture ended, participants completed a surprise memory test on its content. Participants in the open laptop condition, and especially those who chose to spend more time online, performed significantly worse than participants in the closed laptop condition (Hembrooke & Gay, 2003). While this result suggests that attending to Facebook might impair memory, it is not clear what online content participants in this study viewed, and specifically, if they used Facebook. Further, it is possible that participants who went online more were generally worse at learning or taking tests. Thus, the present study manipulated the precise content that participants attended to in order to draw causal conclusions about the effects of attending to different content on Facebook.
Which types of Facebook content are most likely to impair memory of lecture content? We based our predictions on research suggesting that attending to two sources of information in the same domain impairs memory the most. In one study, subjects were asked to divide their attention between different types of memorization tasks and a speech shadowing task, in which they listened to speech in one ear and then repeated it back (Allport, Antonis, & Reynolds, 1972). Subjects performed best when the memorization task was to memorize pictures (and thus the two tasks were in different domains), at an intermediate level when the memorization task was to memorize visually presented words (and thus the tasks were both verbal, but one was visual and one was auditory), and worst when the memorization task was to memorize words presented in their other ear (and thus both tasks were verbal and auditory). This pattern suggests that attending to two tasks in the same domain impairs memory the most, because in addition to general attentional resources, we have domain-specific resources.
On this basis, we hypothesized that Facebook content with more information overall should tax general attentional resources more, while content with more information in the same domain as a lecture should tax domain-specific resources more. Thus, we predicted that freely browsing one's Facebook account should impair encoding of a lecture a lot, both because it includes a lot of information overall and because it includes text, which overlaps with the verbal domain of the lecture. In contrast, attending only to Facebook pictures should be less distracting, both because it includes less information overall and because pictorial information does not overlap with the verbal domain of the lecture. However, we predicted that both uses of Facebook would impair memory of lecture content relative to undivided attention.
To test our predictions, we asked participants to listen to a podcast about the obesity epidemic, designed to simulate audio lecture content. In our Facebook condition, we asked participants to divide attention between the podcast and browsing their own Facebook account. In our pictures condition, we asked participants to divide attention between the podcast and a Facebook album of pictures. In our control condition, we simply asked participants to listen to the podcast. We then gave participants a surprise memory test about the podcast. We also offered participants healthy and unhealthy snacks and noted their choices, reasoning that participants who better encoded the message about obesity would be more likely to pick the healthy snacks. We hypothesized that participants in the control condition would perform best on the memory test and pick healthy snacks the most often, participants in the pictures condition would remember and pick healthy snacks at an intermediate level, and participants in the Facebook condition would remember worst and pick healthy snacks the least often.
Participants in this study were 60 Harvard College undergraduates, recruited in house dining halls, the Science Center, and over house and club email lists. Participants were 60% male and 40% female. Participants were 21.7% freshman, 13.3% sophomores, 50% juniors, and 15% seniors. 98.3% of participants reported having a Facebook profile. There were no significant differences between conditions on any of these variables.
The study was conducted in the Science Center basement computer lab as well as various quiet study rooms in Harvard College residential houses. All participants signed an informed consent form, were instructed to listen to a short podcast about the obesity epidemic, and were told that they would later answer questions about their perceptions of the obesity epidemic. Participants in the pictures and Facebook conditions were also told that the researchers were interested in how priming social interaction influences perception of the obesity epidemic. In the Facebook condition, participants were then instructed to log onto their Facebook and browse through the website, including their newsfeed as well as profiles and pictures that interested them. They were told to freely comment on or "like" any content.
In the pictures condition, participants looked through an album of 143 pictures of people, events, and places at Harvard University. The album was posted from an account that was set up for the experiment and had no other content. The pictures were taken from the Harvard University Facebook page, as well as various websites including the Harvard Gazette and the Harvard Crimson. The pictures depicted a variety of events and locations, including Harvard's 375th birthday celebration, athletics competitions, commencement, freshmen move-in, artistic performances, and the Harvard community garden. Participants were instructed to scroll through the album as they listened to the podcast, and to go through a second time if they finished.
After participants finished the podcast, they played free online Tetris for two minutes. Tetris involves attending to and manipulating different shapes in order to form complete horizontal lines. Participants who did not know how to play received scripted instructions. Tetris was used to separate the memory test in time from the podcast and thus eliminate the recency effect, in which recently presented information is better recalled. Our question of interest is the effect of Facebook on long-term encoding, so we did not want our effect to result from differences in how well participants could repeat back what they just heard. Because Tetris is attention-demanding, we reasoned that two minutes of play would be sufficient to move any content from the podcast out of working memory and eliminate the recency effect.
Second, participants reported their gender, year in school, and if they had a Facebook profile. Third, they reported the extent to which they typically doodle, daydream, go on Facebook, and use g-chat (Google chat) during class. For each activity, they reported the percentage of classes they sometimes do the activity in and, for those classes, the percentage of class time they spend on the activity. These questions were open-ended.
Fourth, participants used seven-point Likert scales ranging from "Strongly Agree" to "Strongly Disagree" to report their agreement with the statements "I believe going on sites like Facebook and Gmail during lectures HELPS my understanding of the material" and "I believe going on sites like Facebook and Gmail during lectures HURTS my understanding of the material." Fifth, participants used seven-point Likert scales to report how interesting, engaging, and familiar they found the podcast. They also reported how much prior knowledge they had about the podcast's content, and if they expected to be tested for their memory of the podcast. Finally, participants in the Facebook and pictures conditions also reported how much they engaged with Facebook or the pictures, and how personally relevant they found them to be. Participants in the Facebook condition reported the extent to which they commented, read text, and looked at pictures during the podcast.
Participants were then interviewed about their thoughts on podcast, the purposes of the study, and their expectations of the memory test. Responses were recorded verbatim. Finally, participants received a verbal debriefing and a printed debriefing form, were offered a small candy bar or granola bar. Their choice was noted, including if they opted to take nothing.
Our first dependent variable was performance on the memory test, measured with a composite memory test score. This was calculated as the proportion of the 16 memory questions that participants answered correctly; thus, multiple-choice and true-false items were weighted equally. For multiple-choice questions that asked participants to select the two correct answer choices, responses of one correct and one incorrect choice were scored as .5. The mean score on our composite measure was .63, scores ranged from .31 to .94, the standard deviation was 0.15, and the skewedness was .182, indicating only mild skew.
To determine if participants who expected the memory test should be excluded from further analyses, we examined expectancy effects. However, a chi-squared test revealed no differences between conditions in the frequency with which participants expected the test (χ2 = 1.64 p = .440), and a t-test revealed no difference between the mean composite memory scores of participants that did and did not expect the test (t = .37 p = .713). Because participants in each condition were equally likely to expect the test and because expectations had no effect on memory scores, expectations seemed unlikely to explain any differences in memory scores between conditions, and participants who expected the test were included in further analyses.
Next, we analyzed memory test performance by condition. As predicted, memory scores were highest in the control condition (M = .74, SE = .02), intermediate in the pictures condition (M = .63, SE = .03), and lowest in the Facebook condition (M = .55, SE = .03). A 3 group ANOVA revealed that there were some significant differences between conditions (F = 12.27, p < .001). These differences were investigated using ANOVAs that compared composite scores between each pair of conditions. F was calculated as the ratio of the mean square between groups from the 2 group ANOVA to the mean square within groups from the 3 group ANOVA, which provides a more stable estimate of sampling error. P was calculated using this F value and the df value from the 3 group ANOVA. The results revealed significant differences between composite scores in the control and pictures conditions (F = 8.27, p < .001), the control and Facebook conditions (F = 24.8, p < .001), and the pictures and Facebook conditions (F = 4.4, p = .017). Thus, as hypothesized, participants remembered best in the control condition, at an intermediate level in the pictures condition, and worst in the Facebook condition. This pattern is shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1. The mean number of memory questions answered correctly in each condition.
Labels above each bar depict the value for the condition. Error bars are +/- 1 standard deviations; error bars using standard errors were too small to be visible.
We next examined the relationships between individual variables and memory test performance with bivariate correlations. This analysis was exploratory, but we predicted that participants who engaged more with the podcast would perform better on the memory test. Only four variables were significantly correlated (p < .05) with memory test performance. First, as predicted, participants who reported engaging more with the podcast scored better on the memory test on average (r = .310, p = .016). Second, participants who reported finding their newsfeed more engaging scored worse on the memory test on average (r = -.49, p = .025). Third, participants who reported spending more time doodling in classes that they sometimes doodle in scored worse on the memory test on average (r = -.32, p = .012). Finally, participants who reported spending more time on Facebook in classes that they sometimes go on Facebook during scored worse on the memory test on average (r = -.29, p = .025). In sum, an exploratory analysis revealed that four of our survey questions predicted individual memory performance.
Our second dependent variable was participants' choice of prize. The choice of candy was coded as 1, the choice of a granola bar was coded as 2, and the choice of nothing was coded as 3. 48.3% of participants chose candy, 25.0% of participants chose a granola bar, 25.0% of participants chose nothing, and 1.7% of data were missing. While we predicted that participants would choose healthy prizes most frequently in the control condition, at an intermediate level in the pictures condition, and least frequently in the Facebook condition, a chi-square test revealed no differences between conditions in the frequency of prize choices (χ2 = 0.44, p = .979). Thus, our manipulation did not impact the prizes that participants chose.
Finally, we examined differences between conditions on variables other than our main dependent variables. We predicted that because condition was randomly assigned, participants would not differ between conditions on basic demographic variables. Thus, this analysis served to test if randomization was successful. In contrast, this analysis was exploratory for variables that could have plausibly been effected by participants' experience in the experiment, such as percieved interestingness of the podcast.
3 group ANOVAS revealed were no significant differences (p < .05) between conditions in the frequency with which each of the three experimenters ran the study, participants' reported gender, year in college, frequency of having a Facebook account, prior familiarity with the podcast, prior knowledge of Tetris, and doodling, daydreaming, Facebook use, and g-chat use during class. These results suggest that randomization successfully created equivalent groups.
However, there were significant differences between conditions in participants' reported agreement with the statements "I believe going on sites like Facebook and g-mail during lectures HELPS my understanding of material" (F = 6.88, p = .002) and "I believe going on sites like Facebook and g-mail during lectures HURTS my understanding of material" (F = 5.90, p = .005). Participants also differed in the extent to which they reported engaging with the podcast (F = 12.78, p <.001) and how interesting they reported finding it (F = 3.759, p = .029).
To examine these differences, 2×1 ANOVAs were used, as described above, to compare each pair of conditions on each of these variables. These comparisons revealed three sets of finding. First, participants in the Facebook condition reported spending more time doodling during class than participants in the control condition. Further, participants in the control condition reported spending less time on Facebook during class than participants in the pictures and Facebook conditions, who did not differ from each other. This pattern is shown in Figure 2.
Figure 2. The mean reported percentage of time spent on doodling and Facebook by condition.
Error bars are +/- 1 standard error. Labels above each bar depict the value for the condition.
Second, participants in the pictures condition reported believing that Facebook and g-mail help understanding of lecture material more and hurt understanding less than participants in the Facebook or control conditions, who did not differ significantly from each other. This pattern is shown in Figure 3.
Figure 3. The mean agreement than Facebook helps and hurts learning by condition.
Labels above each bar depict the value for the condition. Error bars are +/- 1 standard error.
Third, participants in the control condition reported engaging more with the podcast than did participants in the pictures condition, who reported more engagement than participants in the Facebook condition. Further, participants in the Facebook condition reported being less interested in the podcast than participants in the control and pictures conditions, who did not differ from each other. This pattern is shown in Figure 4.
Figure 4. The mean reported interestingness of and engagement with the podcast by condition.
Next, we assessed differences between perceptions of the manipulation in the pictures and Facebook conditions. Control participants did not answer analogous questions, as they simply listened to the podcast. Participants in the pictures condition reported finding the pictures more engaging (M = 5.26, SE =0.25) than participants in the Facebook condition reported finding their newsfeeds (M = 3.15, SE = 0.39), and a t-test revealed that this difference was significant (t = 4.53, p < .001). Participants in the pictures condition also reported finding the pictures more personally relevant (M = 5.00, SE = 0.40) than participants in the Facebook condition reported finding their newsfeeds (M = 2.75, SE = 0.37), and this difference was also significant (t = 4.15, p < .001). These results are shown in Figure 5.
Figure 5. Mean reported engagment with and percieved personal relevance of the pictures (in the pictures condition) and participants' newsfeeds (in the Facebook condition).
In sum, exploratory analyses revealed some unexpected differences between conditions on variables besides our main dependent measures.
Results regarding memory test scores were consistent with predictions: attending to Facebook did impair memory of the podcast, and this effect was stronger in the Facebook than pictures condition. This suggests that attending to Facebook, even when it is just pictures, is demanding enough to impair encoding of a lecture.
In contrast, results regarding prize choice differed from predictions: we did not find that participants picked a healthy prize more frequently in the control condition than in the pictures or Facebook conditions. One explanation is that there is a threshold effect where even minimal engagement with the podcast is sufficient to encode the message that obesity is a problem, and that further engagement does not make selecting a healthy prize more probable. Alternatively, individual variation in prize choice due to factors such as personal preferences, general concern with health, and hunger level may have overwhelmed any effect of condition.
Our memory test results are unlikely to result from pre-existing differences between conditions: there were no significant differences between conditions in the experimenter that ran the study, gender, year in college, familiarity with the material in the podcast, prior knowledge of how to play Tetris, and doodling, daydreaming, Facebook use, and g-chat use during class. Instead, our data suggest that differences in memory performance between conditions resulted from differences in engagement with the podcast. Participants reported engaging most with the podcast in the control condition, at an intermediate level in the pictures condition, and least in the Facebook condition. Additionally, participants that reported engaging more with the podcast scored better on the memory test, suggesting that dividing attention may have impaired memory by reducing engagement with the podcast.
Why did participants in the pictures condition perform better on the memory test than participants in the Facebook condition? One possibility is that they were less interested in the manipulation, engaged less with it, and thus used fewer domain-general attentional resources. However, data negate this hypothesis: participants in the pictures condition reported engaging more with the pictures than participants in the Facebook condition reported engaging with their newsfeeds. Further, participants in the pictures condition reported finding the pictures more personally relevant than Facebook participants reported finding their newsfeeds.
Thus, our results are more consistent with the alternative explanation that limited domain specific resources make freely browsing Facebook more distracting than attending to pictures. Participants in the pictures condition reported engaging more with both the manipulation and the podcast, suggesting that they were better able to divide their attention, and performed better on the memory test, suggesting that they were better able to encode the lecture. A plausible explanation is that attending to pictures drew on domain-specific resources that were not also used to process the lecture, while processing text on Facebook drew on domain-specific resources that were also used to process the lecture. Thus, participants in the pictures condition had more attentional resources left for the lecture, and remembered it better. Therefore, our results corroborate previous research supporting the theory of domain specific attention.
Our results also demonstrate that individuals who multitask more often are no better able to divide attention or encode material. The effect of condition did not depend on the amount that subjects reported using Facebook during class, suggesting that individuals that use Facebook frequently haven't learned to multitask more effectively. Further, participants who reported doodling and using Facebook during class more did worse on the memory test overall, suggesting that these individuals are generally worse at attending to and encoding lecture content. Thus, multitasking does not enhance attention and is associated with reduced learning, further supporting the conclusion that dividing attention during lecture should be avoided.
We found some unexpected differences between conditions in variables other than our main dependent variables. First, participants in the control and pictures condition found the podcast more interesting than participants in the Facebook condition. This is probably because they were more engaged with the podcast, as reported above. Second, participants in the Facebook condition reported doodling during class more than participants in the control condition, and participants in the Facebook and pictures conditions reported using Facebook during class more than participants in the control condition. One possible explanation for this unexpected result is that participants who divided attention during the experiment were reminded of dividing attention during class and thus more readily remembered and reported doing so.
Third, participants in the pictures condition reported believing that Facebook is more helpful and less hurtful for learning than participants in the Facebook and control conditions. While it is not clear how this finding might be interpreted, the fact that these effects are highly significant suggests that they are unlikely to result from pre-existing differences between participants in the different conditions. Thus, it seems more plausible that participating in the pictures condition had an effect on how participants perceive Facebook. Future research should attempt to elucidate this effect.
In conclusion, our data build on previous research on laptop use to send a clear message to students and educators: to learn most, avoid Facebook use during lecture. This should be applied to course policies regarding internet use during class.
This experiment has both theoretical and practical limitations that should be addressed by future research. On the theoretical side, our experiment cannot isolate the mechanism causing participants in the pictures condition to outperform participants in the Facebook condition on the memory test. Because we do not know exactly what participants in the Facebook condition attended to, it is difficult to evaluate how their experience differed from the pictures condition. While one plausible explanation is that the pictures condition required fewer domain-specific attentional resources, there are alternative explanations. For example, participants in the pictures condition reported being more engaged with the manipulation; perhaps they also experienced more arousal or positive affect, improving performance on the memory test.
Thus, further research should attempt to address this by measuring possible confounding variables like mood. If controlling for such variables attenuates or reduces the effect of condition on memory, it would suggest that these variables are mechanisms for our result. Further, future research should either directly measure the content viewed by participants browsing Facebook, or manipulate the content directly. For example, to isolate the effects of text, participants could be asked to only browse their newsfeeds. If this were more distracting than viewing pictures, it would provide stronger support for the domain specificity hypothesis.
On the practical side, our results leave open the question of how detrimental Facebook is in a typical classroom setting. Because our experiment did not take place in a realistic setting, the effect size we found does not provide a meaningful reflection of effect size in actual classrooms. Second, actual students expect examinations and are motivated to do well on them. Thus, in a real lecture, students might use Facebook differently, perhaps only logging in when they perceive the content to be relatively unimportant. To test for such effects, students in a real class could either be allowed or not allowed to use Facebook over the course of a semester, and then their final exam scores could be compared. This would provide insight into the effects of Facebook in actual classrooms, further informing the debate over Internet use during class. Policies based on this research can improve learning, benefiting students and educators alike.
Allport, D., Antonis, B., & Reynolds, P. (1972). On the division of attention: a disproof of the single channel hypothesis. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 24, 225-35.
Andrade, J. (2009). What does doodling do? Applied Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 24, 100–106.
Craik, F., Govoni, R., Naveh-Benjamin, M., & Anderson, N. D. (1996). The effects of divided attention on encoding and retrieval processes in human memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 125(2), 159–180.
Hembrooke, H. & Gay, G. (2003). The Laptop and the Lecture: The Effects of Multitasking in Learning Environments. Journal of Computing in Higher Education, 15(1).


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How TF2 Medic cosmetics became bots
October 30, 2021 Comments Off on How TF2 Medic cosmetics became bots	By admin
On a cosmetic day at the Botox Cosmetics store in Los Angeles, a large plastic bottle is filled with the cosmetic ingredient.
It contains a clear gel.
The gel is injected into the skin with a small tube.
The result: Botox cosmetic meaning.
"It's a cosmetic that's supposed to fix you," says Botox Beauty and Bodycare CEO, Javi Hernandez.
"You know, a natural way to get rid of skin aging, and it's kind of like the opposite of skincare."
The idea behind Botox cosmetics is to remove unwanted features of the skin and create a smoother, younger looking appearance.
The gel is meant to restore healthy skin and is meant for cosmetic professionals.
"We think this is a great idea, and we've done a lot of research and testing on it, and have really taken a look at what people like and dislike about Botox," Hernandez says.
"So we've found that it's really popular and people are really interested in what it does for their skin.
We think it's a good way to bring cosmetic products to the masses."
The products were originally created by the company, but are now owned by Pfizer, a division of Pfizer PLC.
The products are currently available in over 50 countries and are sold on pharmacy shelves.
According to Hernandez, it's important to note that Botox Cosmetic means what it says on the bottle.
"I mean, it actually says it's for cosmetic care, and what it actually does is to help restore the skin's natural pH level to where it's supposed in the body," Hernandez explains.
"And so if you get the right amount of it on the skin, it can help restore that.
So, you know, it really is a natural product."
To get a better idea of the ingredients used in Botox, Hernandez has a customer call the company and request to see the ingredients list.
"When we got the call, we immediately saw that they were using the ingredients that we had on hand," Hernandez tells Business Insider.
"But I don't know how they got that ingredients list from the pharmacist, but that's the ingredients they had in stock.
So we had to go to Pfizer and see what the ingredients were, and they had this list."
For Hernandez, Botox was a natural choice for his business.
"I was a little bit surprised that it didn't take off because we've been doing a lot in the past year or two with cosmetics, but this is really exciting," he says.
Botox cosmetics are not only for cosmetic use, but also for cosmetic dermatologists.
"They are going to be doing some skin studies in the future," Hernandez adds.
"The dermatologists are going be able to use this gel to get better skin, and for them to get an idea of what it looks like, they're going to use it in their studies."
Hernandez says Botax cosmetics have been used by thousands of doctors and have been approved by FDA to treat a wide variety of skin conditions, including acne, rosacea, and other skin disorders.
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Bobbi Brown to take over Bobbi's Beauty brand with brand-new cosmetics line
October 28, 2021 Comments Off on Bobbi Brown to take over Bobbi's Beauty brand with brand-new cosmetics line	By admin
Bobbi Bums has announced she will take over the cosmetics brand, Beauty, for her own line, which she has branded Bobbi & Co. and will be launching this year.
The beauty giant said in a statement that it will be renamed Beauty and Co. The line will have more than 2,000 beauty products and will include products that are cruelty-free, cruelty-friendly, dermatologist-tested, vegan, gluten-free and mineral-rich.
The announcement comes as the cosmetics giant struggles to regain its footing following a series of scandals, including the $100 million buyout of beauty giant L'Oréal in July.
Bum has been battling for control of the brand, which has been one of the largest cosmetics companies in the world for decades.
Last year, she sold it to beauty company L'Oreal for $1.3 billion.
The acquisition of the beauty brand is part of the Bobbi-Browns plan to reinvent herself as a cosmetics leader, with the aim of improving the health of women and girls, according to the statement.
Bums plans to create a new line, called Bobbi Beauty, with a new logo and a new brand identity.
The brand will also have a new cosmetics collection that will include Bobbi Cosmetics Liquid Eye Makeup, the statement said.
The new brand will have a range of products that feature a wide variety of skincares and beauty products.
The company said the new line will be launched in 2019.
Byrne Brown, the former CEO of Bobbi, said she and Bobbi have been working on the makeup line together for the past five years and have been "extremely pleased with how it's going."
"We've spent the past few years talking about this and I've been very happy with how the results have been," Brown said.
"I know that the new Bobbi brand will bring us a brand identity that's more inclusive, which we've always wanted to be."
The new line is expected to be available in stores in late 2019, with retail launch to follow later this year, the company said.
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'Bubble' to become 'Big Bang': 'Bumble' is coming to the Big Bang
October 15, 2021 Comments Off on 'Bubble' to become 'Big Bang': 'Bumble' is coming to the Big Bang	By admin
It's the end of the world, baby!
The end of all things.
It's coming, Bubbles.
That's what we're all thinking, as we watch our heroes from outer space go from one dimension to another.
That is, of course, if they don't already have it already.
It is the end.
But, for now, it is just beginning.
The bubble is beginning.
That bubble is bursting.
And, it could be our bubble, too.
That was the message of the Big Finish show, "Big Bang Theory," on Saturday night.
Big Bang Theory, which aired on CBS at 9 p.m.
ET, was the second-most-watched series of the season, trailing only the new season of "Arrow."
The episode was narrated by Amy Poehler, who is playing Sheldon Cooper, the titular character of the hit CBS series.
(Sheldon Cooper, a fictional character, is the character from the Harry Potter franchise.)
The show, which ran from 2010 to 2013, follows the adventures of Sheldon, a chemistry teacher at an all-boys school in New York City.
It follows his love of sports, and how his best friend, Sheldon Cooper Jr., played by Anthony Anderson, became the greatest basketball player ever.
"You see it's a big deal, a big change," Poehler said.
"That's why, of all the characters, the bubble is Sheldon Cooper. "
Because he's just so good at everything. "
That's why, of all the characters, the bubble is Sheldon Cooper.
Because he's just so good at everything.
He can do everything, from sports to chemistry to physics to economics to art, he's so good.
"But, the truth is, he has a lot of anxiety. "
He has this thing where he is always thinking, 'I should just get a job, but I'm not good at it, so I'll just go play basketball and then I'll make money, and it's gonna be good for me,'" Poehler continued.
"But, the truth is, he has a lot of anxiety.
So, he comes to this conclusion: I should just do what he wants to do.
And I think that's the key to his success. "
He's like a lot like Sheldon.
And I think that's the key to his success.
Because, you know, it's not just him.
It has to be the entire world.
It needs to be everything.
"(It's) very hard to be in a bubble, but when you're in a Big Bang, you are surrounded by everything. "
I mean, it does take time," Poehl continued.
"(It's) very hard to be in a bubble, but when you're in a Big Bang, you are surrounded by everything.
You can't do nothing.
You don't have a choice.
So he goes and works hard.
And so, he finds a way. "
Then he goes on this adventure, and he finds out, OK, you can make a living as a scientist, but you can't really be in this world.
And so, he finds a way.
And he goes out there and he creates the first computer, and you can play with it. "
So, the question is: What is the world like for him?
And he goes out there and he creates the first computer, and you can play with it.
You're not playing with it, you have to use it, and that's cool, and so he does, and eventually he discovers the world is so much bigger than what we thought, because the universe is so complicated.
And it's just too much, so he has to change everything."
Sheldon Cooper's Big Bang theory The idea behind the show, Poehler explained, is that Sheldon has just been a science teacher for three years, but he still can't understand how the universe works.
"For the first time in his life, he is really open to the possibility that the universe might be a little bit different than he thought it was.
And when he and Sheldon get on an adventure, they discover that the world's the world." "
What he discovers is that his friends are actually the universe.
And when he and Sheldon get on an adventure, they discover that the world's the world."
Poehler went on to describe how, when she first got the script, the producers and showrunners asked her to do some improv work, and she did.
"The producers were like, Well, it doesn't really look like we have any scenes
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Bobbi Brown's cosmetics company is under scrutiny
July 27, 2021 Comments Off on Bobbi Brown's cosmetics company is under scrutiny	By admin
Bobbi Diggs Brown's company is being investigated by the Food and Drug Administration after it allegedly used cosmetics from brands not approved by the FDA to make cosmetic products that were marketed under a brand that had not been approved.
According to an article published by The Washington Post on Monday, the cosmetics company has been accused of using products without being approved by FDA.
The investigation, the article says, comes after several reports of ingredients being used in cosmetics that were not approved for use by the agency.
The FDA confirmed that it is aware of the investigation, according to a statement from the agency's Public Affairs Office.
In a statement, it said the agency has taken steps to identify and stop products from using ingredients not approved and to remove any items from distribution that contain ingredients not authorized by FDA.
"Bobbi Brown has always maintained that the products sold through its beauty and personal care brands were made under the strictest of quality controls and were not intended to be sold for human consumption," the company said in a statement.
The investigation comes after the agency was criticized for not doing enough to regulate cosmetics.
In May, the agency said cosmetics should be treated like pharmaceuticals, but in October, it also issued guidelines that it did not expect to be followed.
The agency said it had taken steps such as suspending a cosmetics brand, revoking a license to sell a cosmetic product and prohibiting certain ingredients from being used on cosmetics.
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Q: Is Cinnamon a desktop environment or a window manager? (Or both?) As far as I understand it:

*

*X11 is how you draw primitive things;

*A (compositing) window manager is something that uses X11 to provide the tools for drawing more complex things, and position them in layers on screen;

*A desktop environment is something that uses a window manager to provide the bare essentials of a GUI-based operating system, like a control panel, calculator and solitaire apps, task bar, etc.

If my understanding is correct - what is Cinnamon?  Its wiki article (and the tag here on SU) describe it as a "desktop environment", but I can't find what window manager Linux Mint uses by default in its wiki article, and the Tara release notes mention improving the "window manager" in the Cinnamon 3.8 section.

A: Cinnamon is a desktop environment, as its wikipedia page and archwiki page both state.
Cinnamon uses its own window manager called muffin, installing the cinnamon package also installs the muffin WM package on Debian.
Cinnamon also has "a bundle of programs running on top of a computer operating system, which share a common graphical user interface (GUI)"  as Wikipedia's Desktop environment says as a basic definition. Its programs are X-Apps, but like all programs they're generally voluntary if you want to remove & use others instead.
Additionally, the archwiki page also states:

Cinnamon does not support using a different window manager.

A: I would consider it to be both a desktop environment AND a window manager. On Ubuntu, Muffin is NOT a dependency for the Cinnamon desktop environment, although you can install manually if you want. (Maybe Cinnamon the window manager uses Muffin's libraries?). When cinnamon is launched, if you launch a task management-type program (such as top), you'll probably notice a program called "cinnamon" running. If you kill cinnamon, X11 will look exactly like it does when there is no window manager (windows won't have any borders or titlebars, windows will be clumsily stacked and unmovable, etc).
If you have some window manager running, and you run the following command from a terminal: cinnamon --replace, your window manager will be replaced with the Cinnamon window manager.
PS: You can totally open windows without a window manager. Thus, X11 can draw more than "primitive things", and can in fact play videos, run office suites, browse the web, etc. without the need of a window manager. In practice, however, you won't want to attempt to do any of these things without a window manager, as simple things like launching programs, switching/moving/resizing/minimizing windows, and sending keyboard strokes to a specific window will become a HUGE pain.

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Schumer: ATF should investigate Dominican Republic deaths
by: MICHAEL BALSAMO, Associated Press
Posted: Jun 30, 2019 / 03:14 AM CDT / Updated: Jun 30, 2019 / 12:40 PM CDT
FILE – In this Tuesday, June 18, 2019 file photo, Senate Minority Leader Chuck Schumer, D-N.Y., talks to reporters at the Capitol in Washington. Schumer called on the U.S. government Sunday, June 30, to step up its efforts to investigate the deaths of Americans who traveled to the Dominican Republic and is asking the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives to get involved. (AP Photo/J. Scott Applewhite, File)
NEW YORK (AP) — The Senate's top Democrat said Sunday that the U.S. government should step up efforts to investigate the deaths of at least eight Americans in the Dominican Republic this year.
The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives should lend support to the FBI and local law enforcement, said Sen. Chuck Schumer, D-N.Y., noting the agency has offices in the Caribbean and the technical and forensic expertise that could aid the investigation.
"Given that we still have a whole lot of questions and very few answers into just what, if anything, is cause for the recent spate of sicknesses and several deaths of Americans in the Dominican Republic, the feds should double their efforts on helping get to the bottom of things," Schumer said in a statement.
Family members of the tourists who died have called on authorities to investigate any possible connections. Relatives have raised the possibility that the deaths may have been caused by adulterated alcohol or misused pesticides.
ATF spokeswoman April Langwell said the Treasury Department primarily handles investigations involving potentially tainted alcohol. But she said ATF has offered its assistance and would work with other law enforcement agencies to keep Americans safe.
The ATF primarily investigates firearms-related crimes but is also charged with regulating alcohol and tobacco.
Francisco Javier García, the tourism minister in the Dominican Republic, said earlier this month that the deaths were not part of any mysterious series of fatalities but a statistically normal phenomenon lumped together by the U.S. media. He said autopsies show the tourists died of natural causes.
Five of the autopsies were complete as of last week, while three were undergoing further toxicological analysis with the help from the FBI because of the circumstances of the deaths.


Is TA-SCHE-RA-HE a female or a male name and where does TA-SCHE-RA-HE originate from?
TA-SCHE-RA-HE means: , the mother of Pthah Taho.
What is the full meaning of TA-SCHE-RA-HE ?
Is the gender of the name TA-SCHE-RA-HE male or female and what people use it most often?
TA-SCHE-RA-HE, Female means: , the mother of Pthah Taho.
In Egyptian, the name TA-SCHE-RA-HE is most often used as the name of a Female. And in Egyptian, the Female name TA-SCHE-RA-HE means , the mother of Pthah Taho.
Like to add another meaning or definition of TA-SCHE-RA-HE?
What is the meaning/definition of the letters in the name TA-SCHE-RA-HE?
Bushey means: English : habitational name from Bushey in Hertfordshire, so named with an Old English bysce or byxe 'box' + hæg 'enclosure'.Americanized spelling of French Boucher.Americanized spelling of German Büsche (see Busche) or Swiss German Büschi, a variant of Busch.
Tags: Horoscope & Zodiac Meaning of TA-SCHE-RA-HE. Meaning of TA-SCHE-RA-HE. Did you find the numerology meaning of the name TA-SCHE-RA-HE? Please, add a meaning of TA-SCHE-RA-HE if you did not find one from a search of TA-SCHE-RA-HE.


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Why Travelzoo Shouldn't Be Overlooked
Travelzoo offers an easy way to book all-inclusive packages and trips to bucket-list destinations at a discount.
By Carissa Rawson
Carissa Rawson
After spending seven years in the U.S. Air Force as an Arabic linguist, Carissa set off to travel the world using points and miles to fund a four-year (and counting!) adventure. She worked as a reporter for The Points Guy prior to becoming a freelance writer. Her writing has since been featured in numerous publications, including Forbes, Business Insider, and The Balance. When she's not flying, you'll usually find her in a Priority Pass lounge somewhere, sipping tea and cursing slow Wi-Fi.
What is Travelzoo?
What kind of trips should you book with Travelzoo?
Alternatives to Travelzoo
If you're looking to purchase a Travelzoo vacation
We all love a good deal, don't we? This is especially true when traveling, as costs can add up quickly. Searching for savings can feel overwhelming, but it doesn't have to be.
Plenty of websites sell discounted vacations, including Travelzoo. With offerings ranging from all-inclusive vacation packages to cheap flights, you shouldn't overlook this travel company if you're looking for a deal.
Let's look at how Travelzoo works, what kind of trips you can book and other options to explore when looking for travel deals.
Travelzoo is a website that offers a variety of travel options at discounted rates. These can be hotels, admission tickets, vacation packages and more. Depending on the item you're purchasing, you may receive a voucher you'll need to redeem or be directed elsewhere to complete your purchase. The website's purpose is to offer cheaper rates for travel and entertainment in one spot.
But does it do what it promises? It certainly can, though with all travel purchases, you'll always want to double-check pricing to ensure you're getting the best deal.
» Learn more: Best credit cards for online travel-booking websites
Websites like Travelzoo can help you find great deals, but it often offers the best deals on specific trips, like lodging in far-flung locations or all-inclusive vacation packages.
Bucket-list destinations
Let's say you're looking to book a stay in the Maldives, one of the quintessential bucket-list vacations. The South Palm Resort Maldives is a high-end resort located on a private island, offering plenty of opportunities for relaxation or adventure.
A seven-night stay in a water villa in June 2023 costs $3,479 when booked directly through the hotel. This price includes breakfast but no other meals. You'll also need to pay for a round-trip transfer to the resort, which adds an extra $1,520. The total cost for the room and domestic transfer comes to $5,890.
Now, here's that same resort when booked through Travelzoo:
The price for seven nights in an overwater villa and domestic transfers is only $2,599 — nearly 60% less than you'd pay when booking through the hotel directly.
Even better, the Travelzoo voucher includes all meals — not just breakfast — and an open bar from 4 p.m.-6 p.m. each day. Food and beverages in the Maldives aren't cheap, so you can expect to add on a significant chunk of change for meals during your stay if they're not included.
There are plenty of deals like this on Travelzoo, with worldwide destinations. They're constantly updating, and some popular deals can sell out quickly, so you'll want to keep an eye on the site if you have somewhere specific in mind.
If you choose to purchase a Travelzoo voucher, use a credit card that'll give you elevated earnings on travel purchases, like the Chase Sapphire Reserve®, which earns 3x points when spent on travel.
» Learn more: The best all-inclusives you can book with points
Discounted vacations
Travelzoo also offers the ability to book entire vacations, including airfare. Some of these can represent outstanding deals, especially when you compare them to the cost of paying for hotels, flights and meals separately.
Here's an example of an all-inclusive vacation to Cancun that'll run you $399 per person. It includes flights, food, drinks and a four-night stay at a boutique resort:
Enjoying a couples' vacation for under $1,000 out-of-pocket is pretty compelling, but you'll also find options for far-flung destinations such as Greece, India and Kenya.
Note that although you're paying money upfront for travel with Travelzoo, it's still possible to use credit card rewards to reimburse you for these charges. Cards such as the Capital One Venture X Rewards Credit Card and the Bank of America® Premium Rewards® credit card allow you to redeem your points for statement credits against travel purchases that you make.
» Learn more: How to redeem your points for your dream trip
If you scroll around Travelzoo and nothing piques your interest, you may consider alternative vacation options.
Luxury Escapes acts much like Travelzoo in that it offers discounted vacations. However, this Australian company tends to focus more on high-end properties, which bodes well if you're looking for these types of holidays.
Sticking with the Maldives trip above, here's an example pulled straight from Luxury Escapes' website:
In this case, you'll be paying $3,210 for an all-inclusive five-night stay in an overwater villa, including transfers. While not as cheap as the Travelzoo offer, this voucher comes with free unlimited alcohol, afternoon snacks, and meals.
Purchases at Luxury Escapes are eligible for cash back from shopping portals such as Rakuten.
Using points on Travelzoo
Travelzoo doesn't have a loyalty program like most airlines and hotels. Still, particular credit cards may be able to give you statement credit or let you redeem points against your Travelzoo purchase. Some examples include:
Capital One Venture X Rewards Credit Card.
Capital One Venture Rewards Credit Card.
Bank of America® Travel Rewards credit card.
Bank of America® Premium Rewards® credit card.
Chase Sapphire Reserve®.
» Learn more: A beginner's guide to traveling on points and miles
There's no denying that Travelzoo can save you money on your travels. The site offers a variety of options for those looking to get out of town, and it excels at discounted vacations to bucket-list destinations.
Because availability constantly changes, you'll want to check often to see which deals are available. Otherwise, consider alternatives such as the website Luxury Escapes or redeem your points and miles to make your vacation dreams a reality.
About the author: Carissa Rawson is a freelance award travel and personal finance writer. Her work has been featured in numerous publications, including Forbes, Business Insider, and The Points Guy. Read more
The Pros and Cons of Booking Through Online Travel Agencies
The NerdWallet Guide to Expedia and Expedia Rewards
Priceline: Everything You Need To Know


Knoknoknok makes funky design accessories for your livingrooms and workingspaces. These beautiful acrylic dollhouses are available in hip and classic colors.
"We truly believe that local business has never been that reasonable, that fun and that fancy before. Therefore we have decided to produce Las Casitas in Spain: where we live, work and dream."


Reflection: So often people try to shame me, they explain that who I am is not good enough, they find me problematic, a troublemaker by my very existence. I have heard that I am not a good representative of the Latinx community because I am too Black. I have heard that I am not Black enough because I am Puerto Rican. I have heard that I can't identify as an Ally/Accomplice because I identify as mostly Heterosexual-Pansexual… I have heard so many ways in which I am simply just not enough and if I say, "I am good enough because God," then I am called a troublemaker.
My heart breaks as I hear these and many other stories. We have created environments exclusivity, shaming others and ourselves. Let us learn to offer hope to those who have been burned on the journey to meeting Jesucristo, that someday, like glitter, they may find themselves remembering a new story filled with hope rather than desolation. And like a bit of glitter, that they may access hope in unexpected glimmers.
Let us learn to teach a message of welcome that set's each of us, and each of them, to see God as more than a "person" but rather as a place of refuge! Where all of who we are is welcome. Where we can seek to reach love and grace and be recharged for the shade other's throw our way.
I am a witness that knows that God's called have always gotten into trouble and, "not only that – [we should] count ourselves blessed every time people put [us] down or throw [us] out or speak lies about [us] to discredit [God]. What it means is that the truth is too close for comfort and they are uncomfortable" (Matt5:11-12 MSG). God's love is often too big for others to consider and it makes them uncomfortable.
Prayer: God give us glitter to throw into this desolate pit of shade that others are heaping on us in your name. In YOUR name… Be with us as they try to put us to shame. Deliver us from the lessons they taught us of our worth. Keep teaching us to love ourselves, in spite of what we have been told. Holy Spirit inspire us that we may be a renewing force to others (and to ourselves). Keep helping us to love those who make it ever so hard to like them. Amen.


Deere market cap history and chart from 2006 to 2019. Market capitalization (or market value) is the most commonly used method of measuring the size of a publicly traded company and is calculated by multiplying the current stock price by the number of diluted shares outstanding. Deere market cap as of April 18, 2019 is $53.84B.
John Deere Company is an American corporation that manufactures agricultural, construction, and forestry machinery, diesel engines, drivetrains used in heavy equipment, and lawn care equipment. John Deere has developed a strategy to grow and sustain its successful global business. John Deere has capitalized on the opportunities presented by increasing population, prosperity, and urbanization. Today, broad trends based on population and income growth, especially in developing nations, are driving agricultural output and infrastructure investment. Further, technological advances and agricultural mechanization are expanding existing markets and opening new ones.


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Merkel's Palestinian refugee to stay in Germany
Germany's chancellor faced a strong backlash when her televised comments on immigration triggered an emotional response with one of the shows young participants.
Ynetnews|Last update: 07.18.15 , 14:27
German authorities confirmed Saturday that Reem, a 10-year-old Palestinian refugee, will stay in the country with her family after her televised moment with Chancellor Angela Merkel went viral on social media.
Merkel found herself in a tough situation Thursday when she was confronted by Reem who burst into tears on a German TV show. The show titled "Good life in Germany" attempted to tackle the thorny issue of refugees and immigration in Germany.
Reem told Merkel how she and her family had arrived in Germany from a Palestinian refugee camp in Lebanon four years earlier, and of how she dreamed of being able to study and enjoy life.
Merkel responded to Reem's emotional plea by saying that, "politics is sometimes hard. You're right in front of me now and you're an extremely sympathetic person. But you also know in the Palestinian refugee camps in Lebanon are thousands and thousands and if we were to say you can all come - we just can't manage it."
The young girl immediately began sobbing and a slightly shaken Merkel responded by walking over to Reem and rubbing her shoulder in an attempt to console her. "You were great - I know it's difficult for you and you presented extremely well the situation that many others find themselves in," she said.
Merkel with Reem
When challenged by the show's host, Merkel responded saying, "I know it's a difficult situation, but I still want to give her a pat."
But Merkel's blunt words about swiftly deporting those whose asylum applications are denied drew harsh criticism.
"The mistakes in the government's refugee policies can't be patted away," tweeted Katrin Goering-Eckardt of the opposition Green party.
Others said Merkel had reacted compassionately and it was her job to explain government policy on asylum.
Germany has seen a sharp rise in refugee numbers in recent years. Figures released this week showed that 179,037 asylum applications were filed in the first six months of 2015, more than twice as many as the same period last year.
Merkel's office said the chancellor didn't speak to the girl, after the event.
AFP and the Associated Press contributed to this report.
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