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La cappella di San Michele è un edificio di culto gotico che si trova a poco distanza dalla cattedrale di Sant'Elisabetta di Košice, verso sud. Fu costruita nella seconda metà del XIV secolo come cappella cimiteriale. Dopo la chiesa dei domenicani, è il più antico edificio della città ancora esistente. È consacrata a san Michele arcangelo, patrono dei defunti. Il santo è raffigurato, insieme agli apostoli Pietro e Paolo, sul timpano sopra la porta d'ingresso.

Storia

La costruzione
La costruzione dell'edificio è datata fra il 1340 e il 1380. All'epoca sorgeva a fianco di una chiesa romanica a unica navata, che sorgeva sul luogo della cattedrale di Sant'Elisabetta. Una delle teorie degli storici dell'arte sostiene che poteva trattarsi del presbiterio di una chiesa più grande, la cui costruzione non fu mai realizzata. La facciata della chiesa in questo caso sarebbe stata ricavata dall'arco trionfale, murato. Secondo un'altra originariamente serviva da ossario, per raccogliere i resti esumati e far posto a nuove sepolture del primitivo cimitero urbano che sorgeva attorno alla chiesa principale. Nella cappella venivano celebrate Messe di requiem.

XV secolo
Nel XV secolo la cappella subì gravi danni in seguito a un attacco di artiglieria dell'esercito polacco-lituano. Si trattava della prima volta in cui la città è stata fatta segno di attacchi di artiglieria. I colpi non solo danneggiarono la cappella e il duomo, ma distrussero completamente l'ospedale cittadino.

La prima attestazione scritta della cappella risale al 1452. Si tratta di un documento emesso dal borgomastro in collaborazione con il consiglio comunale, con cui Mikuláš Schonnelzer e sua moglie Barbora legarono una vigna a favore della lampada eucaristica della cappella di San Michele.

Ampliamento di Szatmári
Nel 1508 ci fu la trasformazione più radicale nella storia della cappella. All'originario edificio a navata unica fu aggiunta una navata laterale quasi altrettanto ampia con una pianta di 18,2x12,5 m. La cappella quasi raddoppiò di volume e l'edificio snello ed elegante divenne un edificio robusto e ingombrante. L'iniziatore del completamento fu il cancelliere capo reale, György Szatmári, successivamente arcivescovo di Esztergom. Offrì alla città una ricca proprietà come rendita per la cappella, ma anche per la chiesa parrocchiale. In cambio di queste proprietà, il comune di Košice si impegnò per iscritto ad assicurare messe di suffragio per la salvezza dell'anima del donatore, dei suoi genitori e parenti. Durante la ricostruzione, l'interno di entrambe le navate fu collegato da aperture ad arco, fu demolita una piccola sacrestia sul lato nord e fu costruito un piccolo nuovo annesso sul lato sud. Anche la cantoria fu demolita.

Incendio del 1556
Nel 1556 la cappella fu distrutta durante un grande incendio che colpì Košice, devastando molte chiese e monasteri e distruggendo il municipio, le porte della città, i bastioni, le parti in legno delle fortificazioni interne, le palizzate esterne, le strutture difensive, nonché intere strade nella parte meridionale e occidentale della città. Il consiglio comunale fu costretto a chiedere a Ferdinando I d'Asburgo l'esenzione da tasse e altri oneri per otto anni. Il re stabilì che i proventi della trentesima di Košice fossero impiegati per il restauro di Košice per riportarla nel precedente splendore.

Riforma e controriforma
Dopo che Košice divenne parte dell'Ungheria reale nel 1552, il capitano in capo Lazár Schwendi consegnò la cappella ai fedeli di lingua ungherese. Nel 1567 la cappella fu colpita dalla violenza iconoclasta. Due cittadini, Šebastián Bakay e František Tóth, ne danneggiarono gravemente l'interno. Durante la Riforma, la cappella cadde nelle mani degli evangelici e funzionò come una filiale del duomo. Il 7 gennaio 1604, il capitano capo Giovan Giacomo Barbiano di Belgioioso la restituì ai cattolici per ordine del re Rodolfo, ma Štefan Bocskay la riprese per gli evangelici di lingua slovacca. A causa del fatto che durante il turbolento periodo della Riforma e della Controriforma il culto si teneva in slovacco, la cappella fu chiamata "chiesa slovacca" ("Windische Kirche"). Il destino della cappella fu in seguito simile a quello della cattedrale di Sant'Elisabetta, ad eccezione del fatto che il parlamento nel 1705 avesse lasciato la cattedrale al culto cattolico, mentre la cappella fu destinata ai luterani della confessione augustana a condizione che l'ingresso alla cappella sul lato della cattedrale fosse murato e che fosse allestita una porta dalla strada.

L'11 novembre 1711, dopo la soppressione della rivolta di Francesco II Rákóczi, anche la cappella fu restituita ai cattolici. Nello stesso anno fu vietato l'uso del cimitero e i dintorni della cappella si trasformarono in un giardino. Le ragioni erano prosaiche. Durante gli scavi nel cimitero, furono trovati fino di 8 strati di ossa uno sopra l'altro. A causa della posizione della cappella nel centro della città, questa situazione era indesiderabile. Nel 1748, il consiglio comunale avviò un'ampia ristrutturazione della cappella: riparò finestre e panche e rifuse due campane. Allo stesso tempo, richiese che nella cappella si celebrassero messe regolarmente, due volte a settimana. Una Messa in onore di San Michele e degli altri arcangeli, la seconda per i defunti.

Ristrutturazione del 1821
Nel 1821, la cappella fu riparata principalmente per i preparativi per l'imminente centenario della diocesi di Košice. Il canonico prevosto Ondrej Kozora e il Comitato regionale per i monumenti avviarono le riparazioni. La ristrutturazione fu eseguita a spese comuni della chiesa, della città e dello Stato, oltre che con il contributo di donatori privati, sotto la guida della Commissione dei monumenti del regno d'Ungheria. Gottfried Jenne, uno scalpellino di Košice originario di Lichtenberg, costruì allora una nuova torre quadrata. Otto Sztehlo fu il principale progettista della ristrutturazione e il cantiere fu diretto dallo scalpellino Michal Nagrand. Il terreno intorno e a sud della cappella fu portato al precedente livello originale, fino alla sua muratura di fondazione. Il dislivello verso il duomo fu risolto con una gradinata in pietra davanti a tutta la sua facciata meridionale. Davanti al portale si è poi allestita una piattaforma più ampia, alla quale si accedeva da una scala a quattro gradini, ma questa soluzione fu presto sostituita da scale direttamente all'ingresso. L'iscrizione sul lato settentrionale della torre: «RENOV. 1821, RESTAURATA A. D. 1904» riferisce di queste trasformazioni.

Restauro del 1904
Il restauro si svolse nello spirito del purismo gotico. Il massiccio volume della navata aggiunta da Szatmári sul lato settentrionale fu abbattuto, in modo che la cappella riacquistasse il suo aspetto elegante. Sul pilastro d'angolo nord-ovest della cappella, fu ripristinata la torre delle scale con una cupola. Ne ricostruirono la posizione e la forma secondo antichi disegni ed elementi in pietra che erano stati murati nelle pareti. La nuova sacrestia sul lato sud fu demolita e la sacrestia originale con una cantoria fu ricostruita, come era prima dell'ampliamento di Szatmár. Nelle aperture in alto e della torre furono installate persiane di rovere, ora sostituite da pannelli di vetro. La statua di San Floriano sul muro esterno della navata laterale fu trasferita al campanile di Sant'Urbano e la lanterna di re Mattia sul lato occidentale del portale meridionale del Duomo. Fu sistemata la cripta della cappella e ai suoi lati sono state inserite antiche lapidi, scoperte durante il restauro della cattedrale. Fu restaurato il rilievo medievale di San Michele Arcangelo, del 1400 circa, in cui pesa con la spada di fuocoi peccati delle anime sottoposte al Giudizio Universale. Il restauro fu ideato e guidato dal prof. E. Schulek. L'autore del nuovo rilievo fu lo scultore di Budapest Ferenc Mikula, che realizzò anche sculture per l'interno. Al restauro presero parte anche i pittori M. K. Reiszmann e K. Kató. Le vetrate colorate provengono dal laboratorio di M. Roth a Budapest. La chiesa restaurata fu consacrata il 3 settembre 1904.

Restauri interni del XX secolo
Una ventina d'anni dopo, ebbe avuto luogo un restauro degli interni, che è stato considerato storicamente inadeguato. I restauratori intrapresero audaci interventi nella pittura medievale e modificarono alcuni dei frammenti controversi. Fu alterato il dipinto murale di San Michele, assistito dai santi Cosma e Damiano. Gran parte degli interni fu dipinta con decorazioni arcaizzanti in una tonalità inopinatamente scura. Viktor Myskovszky, un pioniere della protezione dei monumenti nell'Alta Ungheria, scrisse quanto segue sul restauro dell'interno della cappella: "... In origine, tutte le pareti interne della cappella erano dipinte, si sono stati conservati alcuni dettagli nel presbiterio e dietro gli organi. Sulla parete meridionale c'era una scena della leggenda di San Ladislao, quando San Ladislao sta combattendo contro il capo cumano Ákoš, ma questo affresco è stato imbrattato di calce durante l'ultimo restauro! Tale vandalismo può avvenire solo nel nostro paese! Sebbene esista una Commissione regionale per i monumenti, il cui compito e professione dovrebbe essere quello di garantire la manutenzione e la protezione dei nostri monumenti, il restauro dei monumenti nel nostro paese manca ancora di un controllo approfondito... ".

Nel corso del XX secolo, la cappella è stata aperta al pubblico solo saltuariamente. Dopo la Seconda guerra mondiale si apriva solo una volta all'anno, in occasione della festa di Sam Michele. Nel 1986, durante i lavori di restauro del presbiterio della cattedrale di Sant'Elisabetta all'interno della cappella furono conservati i dipinti dell'altare maggiore del duomo. Al termine di questo restauro, la cappella non fu riaperta al pubblico.

Ricostruzione del 1998–2006
Dopo il 1903, quando avvenne l'ultimo importante rifacimento in stile gotico, la cappella non ricevette quasi nessun intervento di manutenzione. Fin dagli anni '90 gli esperti guidati dal prof. Jozef Porubovič redassero gli studi preparatori per un restauro compless. Questa ricerca rivelò ampie superfici della decorazione medievale. La ricostruzione è poi avvenuta negli anni 1998-2006 ed è stata eseguita da esperti dell'Associazione per il Restauro e il Restauro dei Monumenti - Villard. Grazie ad essa, la cappella vinse il premio Fénix per il miglior monumento ricostruito del 2006. A partire dallo stesso anno la cappella è stata chiamata chiesa.

Descrizione

Interni
Si tratta di un edificio a navata unica con un presbitero chiuso poligonale leggermente rialzato e una torre incorporata nella facciata occidentale. L'interno della cappella ha tutti gli attributi di una chiesa: un pastoforio, una sacrestia, una cantoria e una tribuna d'ingresso.

Presbiterio
Il soffitto della cappella è diviso in due campi con una volta a crociera e una volta a raggiera sopra il presbiterio. La chiave di volta di questo campo mostra San Michele con la bilancia, suo attributo tipico. Sul costolone fra i due campi, si trova un traforo, ma molto raramente utilizzato. Le nervature delle semplici volte poggiano su sostegni con teste decorate con motivi vegetali. I sostegni hanno il profilo di una semplice nervatura scanalata. I capitelli sono di forma ottagonale. A livello del davanzale della finestra, sono interrotti da una sporgenza, alla base hanno una semplice zoccolatura.

Altar maggiore
Nel presbiterio poligonale si trova un altare realizzato nel 1896 a Sopron. Fu donato alla città dal vescovo di Košice Zigmund Bubics. La figura principale dell'altare è la statua di San Michele che trionfa su Satana. Accanto a lui ci sono le statue degli arcangeli Raffaele e Gabriele. Nella guglia, cimato da un fiore a croce, si trova una statua della Vergine Maria. Sull'altare dorato del XIX secolo sono presenti tipici elementi gotici come trafori, archi ad angolo, violette con granchi.

A destra dell'altare, tre sedili riccamente decorati con decorazioni vegetali e tre rose di pietra relativamente grandi nascoste dietro un cerchio di archi spezzati sono ricavati nel muro. A causa dell'altezza del timpano dei sedili, la finestra sovrastante è più corta di un terzo rispetto alle altre. I timpani sono policromi e rivestiti nella parte esterna da una decorazione vegetale.

Pastoforio
Un pastoforio tardogotico in pietra è collocato nella parte settentrionale del presbiterio. Su una colonna tortile, poggia una cassa con tre grate in ferro battuto e dorato, sormontata da un baldacchino diviso da viole, sotto il quale si trova una statuetta dell'Uomo dei dolori.

Sacrestia
Sulla parete settentrionale di fronte ai sedili si trova l'ingresso poco appariscente della sacrestia, che ha la forma di una semplice schiena d'asino.

Cantoria
Sopra l'ingresso della sacrestia si trova la balconata della cantoria, sul parapetto si notano tre archi ciechi e al centro lo stemma di Košice. La cantoria è a volta con arco ricurvo che termina su un parapetto in pietra.

Navata
Lo spazio centrale della navata è coperta da una semplice volta a crociera con una chiave di volta raffigurante un ritratto di Cristo, circondato da un motivo vegetale. La volta poggia su una serie di mensole con capitello circolare vegetale. I sostegni hanno sezione rettangolare in fascio. Interessante è il passaggio della volta fra la navata e la tribuna d'ingresso. I costoloni sono qui rifinito con un capitello quadrato, sotto il quale si creano mensole stilizzate a forma di baldacchino. Probabilmente ospitavano delle statue: San Michele, il santo patrono della cappella, era sul lato meridionale, come dimostra l'immagine del diavolo e dell'angelo sulla mensola. Nel baldacchino opposto troviamo una decorazione a motivo vegetale. La parte superiore dei baldacchini ha la forma di uno scudo con granchi, viole, e una rosa al centro di una volta a crociera.

Tribuna d'ingresso
La tribuna d'ingresso è sul lato occidentale, sopra la porta. È coperta da ua semplice volta a crociera, la cui chiave di volta presenta con motivo a rose. In una parte della volta, si è recuperato riusciti un dipinto a motivi geometrici a contrasto in nero e rosso. La tribuna poggia su una coppia di colonne che formano un porticato. I loro basamenti sono quadrati, ma il fusto e il capitello sono di forma ottagonale. I capitelli sono decorate con un motivo vegetale a due strati, che differisce da una colonna all'altra. Tra le colonne vi sono tre archi a sesto acuto, che si congiungono alle pareti laterali per mezzo di mensole con mascheroni. La parete è decorata con dipinti raffiguranti i quattro evangelisti, Matteo come un angelo, Marco come un leone, Luca come un toro e Giovanni come un'aquila. Il parapetto del coro è decorato con motivi di archi ciechi.

Vetrate
I pilastri dividono il muro perimetrale in 7 parti. La maggior parte ha finestre ogivali in vetro colorato. Le finestre sono decorate con pitture geometriche. La finestra dietro l'altare è una trifora, le altre sono bifore. Mostrano coppie di santi su ciascuna vetrata: san Giovanni l'Elemosiniere e santa Paolina; sant'Andrea e Maria Santissima patrona d'Ungheria; santo Stefano d'Ungheria e sant'Emerico; sant'Angela Merici e sant'Elena; sant'Antonio di Padova e san Giuseppe; fa eccezione la finestra sulla tribuna che presenta solo una figura: santa Cecilia.

Affreschi
Nella cappella sono presenti affreschi restaurati raffiguranti san Michele e i santi Cosma e Damiano. Gli affreschi sotto la tribuna raffigurano gli evangelisti e la parete nord del 1904 presenta san Dionigi, santa Francesca Romana, san Sigismondo e sant'Anna. Nella navata vi sono le statue di san Ladislao e di santa Margherita. Sopra la porta della sacrestia c'è un'iscrizione ungherese, che si riferisce all'ultimo restauro della cappella e contiene dati storici. "Nell'anno della salvezza 1904, nel primo anno di pontificato di Pio X, nel 56º anno di regno di Sua Maestà l'imperatore e re apostolico Francesco Giuseppe I, nel 17º anno di governo e nell'anno della messa di diamante del vescovo di Košice Sigismund Bubics, nel 12º anno di governo comitale dell'illustre signore Žigmund Péchy di Pečovská Nová Ves e nel 33º anno del borgomagistero del consigliere reale Teodor Munster, questa chiesa di Dio fu restaurata nella sua forma antica nel centesimo anniversario della diocesi di Košice, grazie ai doni del vescovo, del capitolo cattedrale, della cittadinanza e dei ferventi fedeli, con il sostegno dell'eccellente regia amministrazione per gli affari religiosi e sotto la guida del comitato regionale per il patrimonio artistico.

Esterno

La cappella di San Michele è caratterizzata da forme nobili e da una pittoresca facciata. Secondo la pianta dell'edificio, questo è il tipico presbiterio di una chiesa gotica con un ingresso ricavato sotto un arco di trionfo, che si trova nella facciata. Il portale è sormontato da una ghimberga. La sua superficie è coperta da un rilievo con la figura di San Michele, che pesa le anime. In un piatto della bilancia, l'arcangelo pesa l'anima beata, raffigurata sotto forma di bambino, nell'altra il diavolo con aspetto di caprone trattiene le figure giustiziate dei dannati. La ghimberga termina in alto in una viola. Due nicchie della facciata con mensole ottagonali con decorazioni vegetali e un tetto con granchi, ospitano le statue dei santi apostoli Pietro e Paolo.

Sopra il timpano del portale c'è un piccolo rosone in pietra. A livello della capriata si notano interessanti finestre a quarto di cerchio che affiancano un campanile a due piani posto centralmente. Entrambi i piani del campanile hanno bifore ogivali sulla facciata con trafori. Sono incorniciati da mensole e baldacchini. Sul lato nord del campanile è presente un'iscrizione relativa alla ricostruzione effettuata nell'Ottocento.

Alla sommità del tetto del campanile, ai bordi laterali dello spiovente, a 27,7 m dal suolo, v sono due croci in pietra. Durante la ricostruzione della chiesa un fulmine ha colpito la croce sul lato meridionale. La croce poi cadde accanto a un operaio e si spezzò. Era ancora la croce originale del 1821. La croce sul lato settentrionale era stata restaurata in precedenza.

Il tetto ad alto spiovente della cappella è ricoperto di losanghe in due colori: oro e marrone scuro, completati da una grondaia stilizzata. La torretta dalla forma insolita, con all'interno una scala a chiocciola, sul fianco settentrionale, desta meraviglia. È costruita sopra un arco ogivale, caricandone l'estremità di ponente. È rifinita con un tetto in pietra con caratteristici granchi e un fiore quadrato. Sotto la torretta c'è l'ingresso all'ossario.

Il volume della sacrestia e della cantoria interrompe il ritmo delle finestre. La sagrestia ha il suo rosone e la parte inferiore della parete è rivestita con antiche lapidi sepolcrali.

Blocchi di pietra squadrati marcano gli angoli e i contrafforti della cappella, il resto delle pareti esterni è intonacato. Nel medioevo la chiesa era probabilmente affrescata, come testimonia un frammento di un dipinto sul fianco meridionale verso ponente. I contrafforti della cappella sono semplici e massicci, interrotti da una sporgenza costeggia; nella loro parte superiore si ripete il motivo di un piedistallo e di un baldacchino.

Antiche sepolture
Nel 1845 Košice fu colpita da inondazioni: l'acqua entrò nella cattedrale di Sant'Elisabetta e il pavimento cedette in alcuni punti. Il restauro della cattedrale iniziò negli anni 1857-63 e soprattutto nel 1877-96 furono scelte lapidi medievali e rinascimentali dalle pareti, dal pavimento e dalle fondamenta. Nella cattedrale rimasero solo le lapidi dei vescovi di Košice e un epitaffio barocco di un defunto sconosciuto sul muro presso l'altare della Visitazione della Vergine Maria. Le lapidi rimosse non furono poste in vendita a buon mercato e c'era poco interesse ad acquistarle dal pubblico. 17 di queste lapidi furono infine poste sulle fiancate della cappella di San Michele, 29 sotto i portici del campanile di Sant'Urbano, 15 nel cortile occidentale del Museo della Slovacchia orientale. Da allora, alcune delle lapidi sono state distrutte.

Attorno alla cappella, partendo da nord, si trovano le seguenti:
 targa commemorativa alla moglie e ai tre figli del prefetto dell'armeria Michal Turz del 1623.
 lapide con iscrizione gotica della fine del XV secolo
 lapide del console di Košice Augustín Cromer del 1472
 lapide di due figli del medico e dottore in filosofia Antonius del 1583
 lapide di Žofia Titili, moglie di Ján Nagymihályi del 1635.
 lapide del cittadino di Cluj Petr B ... del 1674.
 lapide del senatore di Košice Václav Schwertl del 1638
 lapide del senatore e borgomastro di Košice Ján Langh del 1630
 lapide dell'ispettore militare Ulrich Rothvet del 1594
 epitaffio di Petr Roussel, maggiordomo reale, capitano del castello di Szendro del 1577
 lapide funeraria di ignoto defunto con stemma
 lapide della madre del cittadino Jakub con un emblema di famiglia del 1375
 lapide del maestro di camera Juraj Jezernický del 1577
 lapide del senatore Andrej Varannay, tesoriere di Gabriel Bethlen
 parte di una lapide con lo stemma dei Perenyi
 lapide dei figli del cittadino di Košice Juraj Kalmár del 1622
 epitaffio con stemma.

Campane
In origine erano presenti due campane: la campana più grande da 29 kg del 1744 e la campana più piccola del 1886. La campana più vecchia fu confiscata per scopi militari nel 1916. Nel 1924, la campana rimanente fu sostituita da altre due, che sono ancora oggi nel campanile.

La prima di essi è decorato con un rilievo di San Michele e l'iscrizione in ungherese, che recita: "San Michele Arcangelo, prega Dio per noi. Signore mio Dio, possa la tua grazia permettere al mio suono di ispirare fede e amore nelle persone. A gloria di Dio fusero e donarono i fratelli Buchner, fonditori di Košice". Pesa 115 kg.

La seconda campana pesa 55 kg. È decorata con l'immagine di Sant'Andrea e l'iscrizione latina: "Con animo riconoscente mi fece allestire il signor Andrej Julius Síposs, presidente e curatore della comunità religiosa cattolica di Košice. Nell'anno del Signore 1923."

Entrambe le campane sono ora monumenti culturali nazionali.

Ossario
Nelle vicinanze della chiesa parrocchiale di Sant'Elisabetta e poi della cappella cimiteriale di San Michele si trovano i cimiteri cittadini più antichi, risalenti all'alto medioevo. L'area limitata di questi cimiteri richiedeva l'uso multiplo dei lotti per la sepoltura. Le ossa delle sepolture precedenti venivano quindi collocate nell'ossario, che si estende per l'intera lunghezza della cappella. Vi si accede da una porta in ferro sul fianco settentrionale.

Nel 1771 fu vietata la sepoltura nei cimiteri del centro città per motivi igienici. Questi furono completamente aboliti a Košice nel 1805, quando fu demolita la loro recinzione di pietra. La nobiltà e i borghesi più ricchi furono sepolti sporadicamente per qualche tempo nell'ossario della cappella. Tra il 1750 e il 1862 vi furono sepolti 97 corpi. Mária Schwandová, moglie di Ján Adamkovič, consigliere forestale della città, fu l'ultima ad essere sepolta nell'ossario il 31 agosto 1862.

Giardini circostanti
Quando, dopo l'abolizione del cimitero, la città fece demolire nel 1831 le fatiscenti caserme presso la porta meridionale della città, a sud del cimitero, l'area fu spianata e diede origine alla cosiddetta "Piccola promenade". Già nel 1805 vi collocarono la statua di san Giovanni Nepomuceno, che in precedenza era vicino alla colonna dell'Immacolata Concezione e vi piantarono due filari di pioppi. Dopo il 1855, piantarono 4 filari di alberi decidui cespugliosi e nel 1896 un gruppo di 7 tigli, in onore del millennio dell'arrivo degli ungheresi nella pianura pannonica. Questo gruppo di tigli detto di Árpád fu inaugurato cerimoniosamente nel maggio 1896.

Note

Bibliografia
 Vojtech Wick, Dóm svätej Alžbety v Košiciach, Košice, Tlačiareň "Sv. Alžbety", 1936. ISBN 978-80-967096-4-9
 Košice - sprievodca, Košice, Východoslovenské vydavateľstvo, 1989. ISBN 80-85174-40-5
 Karol Kahoun, Neskorogotická architektúra na Slovensku a stavitelia východného okruhu; Bratislava, Vydavateľstvo Slovenskej akadémie vied, 1973
 Ján Gašpar, Košice - Pohľady do histórie mesta na starých pohľadniciach, Region Poprad. ISBN 978-80-969344-5-4
 KOŠICE, in Súpis pamiatok na Slovensku, vol. II, Bratislava, Obzor, p. 99
 Jaroslav Herout, Slabikář návštěvníků památek, Praha, Tvorba, 2011. ISBN 978-80-8651-640-0
 Ladislav Foltyn, Architektúra na Slovensku do polovice XIX storočia, Bratislava, Slovenské vydavateľstvo krásnej literatúry, 1958.

Altri progetti

Collegamenti esterni
 Modello della cappella di San Michele
 Cappella di San Michele

Chiese gotiche della Slovacchia
Kosice
Michele


text:
Openreach extending local reach
Local authority deals quickly pivoting to FTTP as momentum gathers, with BDUK gainshare in support.
Challenge of full-scale fibre illustrated by significant cost per home passed for remote fibre installations.
Amid growing pressure from the government to achieve full‑fibre (or at least 1Gbps) coverage on a heavily accelerated timetable, and in the face of rising competition from rivals building alternative fibre‑to‑the‑premise (FTTP) networks across the UK (BTwatch, passim), BT and Openreach are clearly keen to highlight their activities at the coalface of FTTP deployment.
This has seen the access services business draw considerable attention to its work with local authorities across the UK.
While existing public‑private partnerships are generally considered outside the Openreach Fibre First project, close relationships with local councils are an important element of progressing with fibre deployment on a large scale.
The latest spate of partnerships and projects also feeds into evolution of the now-renamed Building Digital UK (BDUK, previously Broadband Delivery UK) projects, with local authorities increasingly seeing the opportunity to adopt FTTP as they tackle the most challenging areas in which to deliver broadband connectivity.
Sheffield held up as an example of flexibility
Sheffield City Council is a recent example of Openreach collaboration, with the authority signing a Digital Connectivity Charter, with the declared aim of deploying a full‑fibre network as "fast as possible".
A key element of the charter is the promise by the network provider to minimise the amount of construction work required, reusing existing ducts and poles where possible to avoid disruption to the running of the city.
In return, noted Matthew Hemmings, Fibre and Network Delivery Director for Openreach, the council are "being more flexible with how we work together on wayleaves and permit applications" in pursuit of a common goal.
Sheffield was among the 36 towns and cities that were added to Openreach's FTTP deployment programme in August 2019. As of October 2019, over 100 locations across the UK have been flagged for participation in the programme over the next 18 months (although many locations could be described as suburbs or outposts of a tighter batch of major cities).
The new charter signed with Sheffield's council complements the Superfast South Yorkshire (SFSY) programme, a partnership comprising Barnsley, Doncaster, Rotherham, and Sheffield, the UK government, and Openreach. In September 2019, Openreach said the project had completed its £27m contract to deploy "faster broadband" to almost 95,000 premises. In phase two, SFSY aims to upgrade close to 10,000 premises, "with the majority set to benefit from FTTP", involving a further £10m investment.
Scotland and Kent among programmes showing investment evolution
Openreach also partners local initiatives to support fibre rollout in remote and rural areas that are deemed commercially-unviable for operators.
Digital Scotland, the government‑backed programme to bring fibre broadband to remote areas of Scotland, highlighted the latest impact of gainshare repayments from BT Group on its rollout plans. Digital Scotland was initially designed to bring "superfast" speeds to 96% of the Scottish population, but is now evolving towards the delivery of FTTP solutions. Due to high uptake of previously rolled out fibre‑to‑the‑cabinet services, which at around 50% considerably surpasses the 20% penetration levels needed for the programme to trigger clawback clauses, Digital Scotland has agreed a reinvestment plan that will see Openreach spend £17.8m to bring FTTP to around 6,000 additional homes and businesses in Scotland (suggesting a cost of around £3,000 per-premises passed). The new programme is set to run until March 2021.
Openreach is also to deploy FTTP to a further 5,000 premises in Kent as part of a £4.5m investment by Kent County Council (KCC) and the Department for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport (DCMS). The move forms part of the Making Kent Quicker Project funded by KCC and DCMS. The council has also pledged £2.8m to 'top‑up' the government's Rural Gigabit Voucher Scheme, which is run by BDUK. The Kent Top‑Up Voucher enables local homeowners to apply for funding of up to £2,500, compared to £1,500 in other areas of the UK.
During his speech at the Conservative Party conference on 30 September 2019, Chancellor Sajid Javid committed a further £5bn to improving broadband access in remote parts of the country. The government has already said it is investing £650m in full‑fibre broadband with a focus on rural areas (see separate report).
Other recent Openreach endeavours to support fibre broadband infrastructure deployment at local and regional level include:
Creation of the Openreach Cymru Wales Board to support fibre investment, with Cardiff, Swansea, and Barry included in the first tranche of Openreach's 'Fibre First' locations.
An agreement with Croydon Council to extend full‑fibre coverage to more council tenants and leaseholders in Thornton Heath.
Completion of the six‑year Connecting Cheshire programme, led by the four Cheshire local authorities and Openreach, involving £20m funding to reach an additional 100,000 premises (BTwatch, #253 and passim);
Extension of the Connecting Cumbria partnership between Cumbria County Council and Openreach to roll out FTTP networks to more than 2,000 homes in harder‑to‑reach rural areas (BTwatch, #252 and passim).
Dorset County Council voted to raise the public funding contribution to the ongoing Superfast Dorset project by £5m in September 2019. Openreach is the infrastructure-provider for the fibre rollout, and the additional budget is expected to see an additional 2,000 homes passed with FTTP technology.
Broadband (DSL)
Openreach
Government backpedals on fibre: industry on its own
Improbable goal of universal gigabit coverage abandoned by UK government. £5bn investment plans massively watered down in latest Spending Review . BT critical of retreat. Regulatory environment and sketchy plans for gigabit BDUK could play into Openreach hands.
Openreach catches flak for Superfast Dorset project
Openreach was criticised by Dorset Council for its performance on the Superfast Dorset (SFD) project according to reports.
Northumberland FTTP proposal sent to UK gov
Northumberland County Council reportedly submitted a proposal to the UK government to take charge of provision of fibre‑to-the‑premises (FTTP) broadband in rural parts of the county.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Tony Clement's anti-union talking points don't stand up to reality
sur 28 mars 2014
The Conservative government, facing a constitutional challenge over its budget implementation bill for gutting collective bargaining rights of federal public sector workers, has some creative talking points to defend the draconian provisions.
The 9-page internal Questions and Answers document about the "modernization" of collective bargaining, prepared for Treasury Board president Tony Clement, was released to PressProgress under the Access to Information law.
No doubt civil servants will get a chuckle out of the Orwellian talking points, given the Public Service Alliance of Canada just filed its constitutional challenge this week to stop this "unprecedented assault on collective bargaining and workplace health and safety" buried deep in the Conservatives' massive 309-page budget implementation last fall.
Key provisions include giving the employer exclusive right to decide what are "essential services" and which workers perform them. These provisions, the union argues, violate worker's free expression and free association and render workers' right to strike completely "meaningless."
Changes to the dispute resolution also means that arbitration boards are no longer independent.
Now, check out the Treasury Board talking points:
Treasury Board Talking Point 1
Why would the designation of essential services be determined exclusively by employer?
The safety and security of the public must be adequately maintained. The employer is in the best position to determine the number of employees required to maintain delivery of essential programs and services within their organizations.
Reality Check 1
"Safety first"? Really?
The Canadian Bar Association (CBA) says these provisions "introduce a unilateral employer right to determine essential services in the federal public service." This means the word "essential" now means whatever the Conservatives want it to mean.
The CBA points out that in order to give the government greater leeway in declaring everything "essential," Bill C-4 changes "the definition of 'danger' that justifies work refusals in all federally regulated workplaces" -- something that would put the health and safety of countless workers at risk.
Would employees lose any rights as a result of these proposed changes?
No. The proposed amendments relate to improvements to processes and reducing overlap in certain areas.
The only overlap this bill reduces is the overlap between how Conservatives use the word "improvement" and what the word "improvement" actually means.
What the amendments do is undermine worker's right to strike. PSAC spells it out in its court filing: declaring everything "essential" would "render strike activity effectively meaningless."
Oh, and empowering Clement to call anything and everything "essential" allows "the employer to prohibit more employees from participating in a strike than is necessary."
In other words, the amendments violate worker's freedom of expression. "The Supreme Court of Canada has repeatedly confirmed that this right is to be broadly interpreted," PSAC's notice of application states, "to protect non-violent action that conveys meaning, including the strike-related activities, such as picketing."
Why would the arbitration route only be available to some bargaining units?
For bargaining units with 80 per cent or more of its positions designated as essential service, the dispute resolution mechanism, should the parties reach an impasse, would be binding arbitration. As essential employees are not able to participate in strike activity, it is imperative that a dispute resolution mechanism other than concilliation/strike be available to them in the event that the parties reach an impasse. The arbitration route will bring finality to the bargaining process if the parties reach an impasse and minimize disruptions that could negatively impact the health and safety of Canadians.
It's always better for parties to freely negotiate, but when that's not possible, arbitration is the alternative. But it should be fair and impartial.
The problem is the Treasury Board also changed the rules so the arbitration board's ability to judge what is fair compensation is limited to what the government has budgeted. That gives the government arbitrary control over the arbitration process.
The Compensation Analysis and Research function of the Public Service Labour Relations Board is also cut, which eliminates the possibility of studying or having data to tell us what is or is not fair compensation.
And by making all arbitration awards subject to review by the chairperson of a new Public Service Labour Relations Board, appointed by the government, means the process is subject to political interference.
These changes stack the cards in the government's favour. "Fair compensation" effectively becomes whatever the government says is fair.
How has the Government engaged bargaining agents and employees on these amendments?
The Government of Canada will continue to work with bargaining agents and others to identify and implement improved practices and approaches.
The author of this "answer" appears to be dodging their own "question."
The Canadian Bar Association doesn't seem to think they've done anything to engage workers.
"These and other significant amendments were conceived and drafted without consultation with either labour or management groups, contrary to custom," CBA writes. "Consultation ensures that legislation is mindful of and responsive to its potential impact on workers and employers in affected workplaces."
In other words, the answer to the question is: no.
Keep talking, Tony.
For backgrounder, here's the whole Q/A package:
//www.scribd.com/embeds/215041105/content?start_page=1&view_mode=scroll&show_recommendations=true


text:
Cătălin Costache es un deportista rumano que compitió en piragüismo en la modalidad de aguas tranquilas. Ganó dos medallas en el Campeonato Mundial de Piragüismo, plata en 2011 y bronce en 2009, y cuatro medallas en el Campeonato Europeo de Piragüismo entre los años 2008 y 2013.

Palmarés internacional

Referencias

Costache, Catalin

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
William Henry Harrison Papers, Microfilm Reel 8: April 8, 1813-August 18, 1813
been killed at the farm, but in the Bartlet letter, WHH asserts
that the correct number was seven. Lacking other documentary
evidence, it is likely that the correct figure was seven because
WHH gives this total in two of the three sources cited here.
6. At this time, Procter was the commander of British and allied
forces around the western Great Lakes. For more on his military
career during the War of 1812, see WHH to Return J. Meigs, Jr.,
May 6, 1813, footnote 4, printed above.
7. The Henkels catalog entry cited in footnote 2 contains the
following paraphrase of the contents of this letter: "Mentions
his [WHH's] desire to have a house built at North Bend [Ohio]."
Title William Henry Harrison Papers, Microfilm Reel 8: April 8, 1813-August 18, 1813
Description Microfilm Reel 8 of The Papers of William Henry Harrison, contains official documents, correspondence, and other papers dating from April 8, 1813-August 18, 1813. Notable correspondents in this reel include John Wingate, John Armstrong, Duncan McArthur, Isaac Shelby, Return J. Meigs, Jr., and Green Clay. Significant events that occurred during the dates covered include British forces besieging Camp/Fort Meigs twice, council of Native Americans at Franklinton, and Battle of Fort Stephenson, Ohio.
Date April 8, 1813-August 18, 1813
McArthur, Duncan, 1772-1839
Transcription been killed at the farm, but in the Bartlet letter, WHH asserts that the correct number was seven. Lacking other documentary evidence, it is likely that the correct figure was seven because WHH gives this total in two of the three sources cited here. 6. At this time, Procter was the commander of British and allied forces around the western Great Lakes. For more on his military career during the War of 1812, see WHH to Return J. Meigs, Jr., May 6, 1813, footnote 4, printed above. 7. The Henkels catalog entry cited in footnote 2 contains the following paraphrase of the contents of this letter: "Mentions his [WHH's] desire to have a house built at North Bend [Ohio]."
William Henry Harrison Papers, Microfilm Reel 8: April 8,...


text:
concert seasonMayors' galaSeason 2018-2019Season 2017-2018Season 2016-2017Seasons 2005-2016
BUY ticketsSUBSCRIPTION
watch & Listengallerygallery legacy
About OP
about uscontact usOP HISTORYBOARD MEMBERSsitemapEMPLOYMENTMusic downloadprivacy policy
ABOUT OUR MUSIC DIRECTOR MARCO PARISOTTO
● Place des Arts' Wilfrid-Pelletier Hall is full, Marco Parisotto steps onto the podium and the enchantment commences... What a musician! Under his baton, Haydn found all the verve and humour one could hope for...he made the Montreal Symphony Orchestra sound like a marvel.
...In Francesca da Rimini [Tchaikovsky] Marco Parisotto's formidable musical power radiated, revealing the mastery of this score to the audience…To hear him efficiently animate this sonic canvas with all its warm or harsh colours was electrifying... What a performance! Better yet, this is the signature of an artist who stands among the greatest.
Montreal Symphony Orchestra - LE DEVOIR
● In my long career I've heard The Rite of Spring at least 50 times with most of the major orchestras and conductors. Starting with Pierre Monteux[...] Karajan, Boulez, Bernstein[...] Well! Marco Parisotto held me spellbound from one end to the other. He succeeded in realizing a performance that was masterful both musically and technically... It was indeed a commanding Rite[...] (Jean-Jacques van Vlasselaer)
Ottawa Symphony Orchestra - LE DROIT
● This young conductor belongs to the greatest. Not since the debuts of Chailly and Rattle have I been so impressed.
National Arts CentreOrchestra - LE DROIT
● Longtime music director Marco Parisotto has slowly, steadily built this ensemble [Ontario Philharmonic] into a noteworthy big-city orchestra… The Mahler [Symphony no.1] was shaped, paced and coloured by Parisotto with the care and assurance of a true master… Details came to life in a performance that, under Parisotto's firm leadership, was direct, transparent and mesmerizing.
Ontario Philharmonic - MUSICAL TORONTO
● Marco Parisotto may get on the list to succeed Saraste [at the Toronto Symphony] ...Saturday night in Roy Thomson Hall, the Montreal-born conductor leapt into a high position on the list.
Toronto Symphony Orchestra - THE TORONTO STAR
●...[Cavalleria Rusticana and I Pagliacci]: extraordinary performance... real opera and deeply moving... Marco Parisotto drew undreamt-of refinement from the OSM... The best opera performance of the year.
Opera de Montréal - LA PRESSE
● …both soloists [Igor and Valeri Oistrakh] were greatly assisted by extremely supportive playing from the Philharmonia Orchestra under Marco Parisotto.
Philharmonia Orchestra (London) - THE STRAD
●...Marco Parisotto could take on the world... I heard Parisotto lead this ensemble [Ontario Philharmonic] last Saturday at Koerner Hall. To say I was surprised is putting it mildly. Everything about Parisotto's exacting and fluid style on the podium suggested a major international talent.
Ontario Philharmonic - MONTREAL GAZETTE
● Bruckner's long, long musical developments need a steady hand that also can take a long view of where the music is going. Silences are as important as the loud swells. And Parisotto revealed himself to be the master of all he surveyed.
● I can't even begin to count the number of recordings of the work [Petrushka] I've heard, but nothing came even close to the transparency and vivid coloration of conductor Marco Parisotto's and the orchestra's collaboration.
New Jersey Symphony Orchestra - CLASSICAL NEW JERSEY SOCIETY
Marco Parisotto was born in Montreal of Italian lineage. Music Director of the Ontario Philharmonic (OP) since 1996, he is credited with building OP to the high standard and popularity it enjoys today. Under his leadership OP has received superlative audience and media recognition ("…a fantastic orchestra being led by a first-rate conductor" - Musical Toronto). Also Music Director of the Jalisco Philharmonic - one of Latin America's most distinguished orchestras - he took this position in 2014 after being elected by unanimous decision. With only a little over two years since he has taken direction of the orchestra, the Jalisco Philharmonic has garnered international attention with its virtuosic performances and has participated in recordings, tours, major events such as Placido Domingo's Operalia, and festivals such as Busan Maru International Music Festival and Festival Cervantino.
A frequent guest with orchestras around the globe, Marco Parisotto has appeared in major concert halls throughout the world, conducting many leading orchestras including the Montreal Symphony Orchestra, Philharmonia Orchestra of London, Orchestra Sinfonica di Milano "La Verdi", Orchestra Haydn di Bolzano, New Jersey Symphony, Toronto Symphony, Calgary Philharmonic, Rochester Philharmonic, Edmonton Symphony, Vancouver Symphony, National Arts Center Orchestra in Ottawa, Quebec Symphony, Busan Philharmonic, Osaka Philharmonic, Tokyo Symphony, Japan Shinsei Symphony, Seoul Philharmonic, Louisiana Philharmonic, Belgrade Philharmonic, Georges Enescu Philharmonic, Janacek Philharmonic, Orchestre National de France, Orchestre National du Capitole de Toulouse, Opéra de Bordeaux, Opéra de Marseille, Orchestre de Lille, Orchestre Philharmonique de Strasbourg and Philharmonique de Liège. He was received with great enthusiasm at the international Festivals of Evian, Menton, Besançon, Wieniawski International Festival (Poland), Festival de Mayo of Guadalajara, Festival of Opera in Jalisco, Skaneateles Festival New York, Busan Maru International Music Festival and Bolzano Festival; at the Montreal Opera, Shanghai Opera, Opera Giuseppe Verdi di Trieste, Serbian National Theatre; in Mexico with the Mexico City Philharmonic, Orquesta Filarmonica de la UNAM, Orquesta Sinfonica de UANL, Camerata de Coahuila, Sinfonica Carlos Chavez, Camara de Bellas Artes, Orquesta de Baja California; in China with the Shanghai Symphony, China National Symphony and Guiyang Symphony. He has also led to acclaim the Polish National Radio Symphony, Monte-Carlo Philharmonic, Orchestra Nazionale della RAI of Torino, Orquesta de Cordoba, Orchestre de Bayonne Cote-Basque. On several occasions, at Théâtre des Champs Élysées, he was a guest of Paris' oldest orchestra, the Orchestre des Concerts Lamoureux.
Marco Parisotto has won critical and public praise for his interpretations of Russian masters as Tchaikovsky, Shostakovich, Stravinsky, and of the great German repertoire as Strauss, Bruckner, Mahler, Wagner; and of Italian opera. Acclaimed for his passionate performances in the operatic field he has led productions including, among others, Carmen, Pagliacci, Cavalleria Rusticana, Otello, Madama Butterfly, Tosca, La Boheme, Turandot, Aida, Rigoletto and Don Giovanni.
Marco Parisotto is the winner of seven major international competitions. He crowned these achievements in 1997 with the 'Besançon International Competition for Conductors', joining the ranks of maestros like Seiji Ozawa and Michel Plasson. A first in this elite events history, he was awarded the Grand Prix as well as the Prix du Public. Other top prizes have included the Tokyo International Conductors' Competition in Japan, Constantin Silvestri Competition in Romania and the Antonio Pedrotti in Italy. He was moreover conferred with all other special awards at these events.
Following a special concert celebrating Canada-China relations in 1999 at the Grand Theatre in Shanghai, Marco Parisotto was appointed Principal Conductor and Artistic Advisor of the Shanghai Symphony Orchestra, a position he held until 2003. As such, he was the first foreign national to have held this position in the history of the People's Republic of China.
He took his training both as a violinist and pianist and studied conducting with eminent maestros including Leonard Bernstein, Carlo Maria Giulini, Leonard Slatkin, Charles Brück, Yuri Temirkanov, Georg Tintner and, initially, with Raffi Armenian at the Conservatoire de Musique du Québec in Montreal.
Copyright © 2009 - 2020 Ontario Philharmonic,
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Program/content subject to change without notice
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Office: 18 Simcoe Street South · Oshawa, Ontario L1H 4G2 · Canada
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Website by Intelmat


text:
Secretary of State Michael R. Pompeo delivers remarks at Georgia Institute of Technology in Atlanta, Georgia
Secretary of State Michael R. Pompeo will deliver remarks on the China challenge to U.S. national security and academic freedom at Georgia Institute of Technology in Atlanta, Georgia
Share Secretary of State Michael R. Pompeo delivers remarks at Georgia Institute of Technology in Atlanta, Georgia on Facebook
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Email Secretary of State Michael R. Pompeo delivers remarks at Georgia Institute of Technology in Atlanta, Georgia to a friend


text:
7th (Service) Battalion,
C to D.
Kitchener New Army Battalion, (K2). Formed at Lincoln in September 1914.
The Commonwealth War Graves Commission has 993 recorded WW1 deaths for the 7th (Service) Battalion, Lincolnshire Regiment.
R.H.V.
Warlencourt British Cemetery,
Son of John & Flora Carpenter of Station Road, Lydd, Kent, UK.
"Numbered With The Great".
CHURMS,
"Known To Be Buried In This Cemetery".
"Their Glory Shall Not Be Blotted Out".
Son of Charles & Maria Clark of Rothwell, Caistor, Lincolnshire, UK.
"No Morning Dawns No Night Returns But We Remember Thee".
Menin Road South Military Cemetery,
Husband of Edith Annie Clark of Lime Siding, Kirton Lindsey, Lincolnshire, UK.
Photo by Adam Gregory.
"Memory Clings With Many A Silent Thought Wife Brothers & Sisters".
Son of William & Mary Clark of Station Road, Owston Ferry, Doncaster, Yorkshire, UK.
"Gone But Not Forgotten He Gave His Life For Others".
CLARKE,
Hedauville Communal Cemetery Extension, Somme, France.
Son of Samuel & Elizabeth Clarke of Bole, Gainsborough, Lincolnshire, UK.
CLEWLOW, (MM).
COLES,
Son of William Coles of Druery Lane, Bicker, Boston, Lincolnshire, UK.
"Be At Rest".
COOPER,
R. Cecil B.
Son of Mrs. L.J. Cooper of Kent House, Beckenham, Kent, UK.
"In Loving Memory Of Our Cecil Who Died That We Might Live".
Sailly-Saillisel British Cemetery,
Son of Joseph & Clara Cornish. Husband of Sarah A. Cornish of Eversleigh Road, East Ham, London, UK.
COXON,
Hedauville Communal Cemetery Extension,
Son of John & Elizabeth Coxon of Chapel Street, Rhodes, Manchester, UK.
CRAWLEY,
Son of Robert & Minnie Crawley of Wellington Street, Luton, Bedfordshire, UK. Native of March, Cambridgeshire, UK.
Photo by Adam Gregory.
CRIPPS,
William Harold.
Auchonvillers Military Cemetery,
Son of Alexander & Catherine Cripps of Schofield Street, Leigh, Lancashire, UK.
A Brilliant Career Ended At Duty's Call".
DALES,
Tuesday 08-08-1916.
Davey, (MC.MM).
Charles Richard.
Son of Thomas & Henrietta Davey of Pen Street, Boston, Lincolnshire, UK.
"Until".
DEAN,
St-Jean-les-Ypres,
Son of William & Charlotte Dennis of Stamford. Husband of Elizabeth Dennis of School Terrace, North Street, Stamford, Lincolnshire, UK.
Photo by Adam Gregory.
DORMER,
William Chessum.
Harponville Communal Cemetery Extension,
Son of George & Mary Ann Dormer of Berwick-on-Tweed. Husband of Margueritta V. Dorner of St. Helen's Terace, Spittal, Berwick-on-Tweed, UK.
"Death Divides But Memory Clings".
DOWNEY,
Photo by Adam Gregory.
DOWNS,
Maple Copse Cemetery,
Tuesday 26-`0-1915.
Husband of Esther Downs of Cemetery Road, Stamford Lincolnshire, UK.
Served in South African Campaign.
DOWSE,
George Henry.
Private, 7/13020.
Son of Henry & Mary Ann Dowse of Timberland, Lincoln, UK.
"God Be With You Till We Meet Again".
DROUGHT,
Charles Frederick.
Son of the Reverend Canon Charles Edward Drought, vicar of St. John's, Toorak, Victoria, Australia & Mary Lilias Drought of "Salerno", Toorak Road, South Yarra, Australia. Born at St. Kilda, Victoria. Commissioned in the 7th Battalion of the Lincolnshire Regiment in 1914. He was struck by a shell while attempting to rescue some wounded men at Ypres, and was taken to Le Touquest where, after suffering the amputation of his leg, he died on December 31, 1915.
" Eldest Son Of Canon C.E. Drought M.A. St. John's, Toorak, Melbourne".


text:
Q: char * vs char[]
Possible Duplicate:
C Program String Literals
Bus error: 10 error

Using Xcode 4.5.2 for C, I thought
char * string = "abc";
string[0] = 'f';

and
char string[4] = "abc";
string[0] = 'f';

were equivalent.  But the first line gives me an error:

EXC_BAD_ACCESS (code = 2, address = 0x100 ...)

And the second line gives me NO error. I thought these were equivalent in straight C. What's going on?
int main (void) {
    char * string = "abc";
    string[0] = 'f';
} // main

A: They are not the same.
char* s = "bla"

The above has s point to the memory location where the string literal is stored. Since this is a read-only memory (the literal is constant) the write to it fails.
char s[4] = "bla";

This fills the buffer s (which was allocated on the stack) with the contents of the literal. You can write to this buffer since it isn't const memory.
The reason why the first syntax is considered legal and doesn't raise an error related to const correctness, has to do with maintaining backwards compatibility with older versions of c.

A: These are not equivalent as you've discovered.  The first is undefined behavior, as string constants are constant (that is const char * const). They may be in read-only memory (bad access, address 0x100 is a nice clue), which you are trying to modify through the first string (which is a char *).  The second string is actually an array of char which has storage (in this case on the stack) which may be modified.

A: The first pointer points to a protected memory where strings from the programs are loaded.
The second pointer points to a newly allocated field of 4 chars.
Hence writing to the first field reports illegal access to memory.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
IPR Policies in India – Lookout for US, Germany
Since the forming of the government, PM Narendra Modi's policies and approach towards International concerns have been in news and the regime for enforcement and protection of Intellectual Property Rights in India has been one of the most sought after concern among the developed nations. This time again Mr. Modi's visit to the US to meet business leaders in New York and Silicon Valley is expected to be marked by India's stance on Intellectual Property rights.
Indian Daily, Economic Times reports some of the concerns that are expected to be raised by US Officials during the meet, like a predictable IPR regime for its innovators, gaps in the Indian Copyright Act to combat online piracy and illegal recording of motion pictures and issue of compulsory licenses only in extreme situations. Similar concerns have been raised by the US earlier as well and some were also detailed in USTR's 2015 Special 301 Report.
Predictable IPR Regime in India- The US has urged India for a transparent and predictable IPR regime which enables innovations at all stages of innovation lifecycle by nurturing and incentivizing innovation.
Copyright and Piracy- With respect to the Indian Copyright Act, the US has sought changes in for ensuring better protection to US right holders in the Indian market. Like enactment of anti-camcording legislation, model statutory license provisions relating to copyrighted works on the standards of the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works (Berne Convention), ensuring that collecting societies are licensed promptly and able to operate effectively and provide additional protections against signal theft, circumvention of technological protection measures and online copyright piracy.
Issue of Compulsory License- The US has sought clarification on India's application of its compulsory licensing of pharmaceuticals as the same substantially affects the US stakeholders. It has urged India to issue compulsory license only in extreme situations.
Meanwhile, apart from the US even Germany has emphasized on the protection of IPR as a key to long term engagement with India. Indian Daily, Business Standards in this regard reports that German Ambassador Martin Ney has stated that India's potential was enormous but the legal protection of IPR was an important element for investors to engage for a long term in India.
With a huge youth population and tremendous opportunities of economic growth, India has emerged as one of the most sought after nations for investments and innovations worldwide. However, developed nations for conducive business environment and growth of their IP-intensive organizations expect a strengthened IPR regime which would ensure effective and predictable enforcement and protection of their IPR in India. The Indian Government in the past few months has initiated several efforts towards strengthening of IPR regime in India and setting up of Think tank to Draft National IPR Policy which seeks to address the issues which are expected to promote an innovative environment in India.


text:
Credit by Examination and Assessment
Credit Load Policy
Double Major/Dual Degree
Placement and Registration
Grades and Academic Standing
Scholastic Honors
National Honor Societies at Pace University
Commencement Awards
Commencement - Commencement exercises are scheduled once a year, every May. Degree recipients in December, or students who are expected to complete their degree requirements in May or August of the same year, are eligible to participate in commencement exercises in May.
Latin Honors - Bachelor's Degree students are awarded honors for high scholastic achievement on the following basis:
Latin Honors
Final QPA
Summa cum laude Final QPA of 3.85–4.00
Magna cum laude Final QPA of 3.65–3.84
Cum laude Final QPA of 3.50–3.64
Graduation With Distinction - Students who have completed 32–59 credits at Pace University, and are therefore not eligible for Latin Honors, and who have earned a bachelor's degree with a final QPA of 3.50 are eligible to receive their degrees with distinction. Graduates of the associate degree programs who have earned a final QPA of 3.50 and have completed at least 30 credits at Pace are also eligible to receive their degrees with distinction.


The Goods and Services Tax collection in November fell further down to ₹80,808 crore from ₹83,346 crore in October, according to official data released on Tuesday.
The government collected ₹92,283 crore in July, ₹90,669 crore in August, and ₹92,150 crore in September.
Of the ₹80,808 crore collected in November, ₹13,089 crore is under the Central GST (CGST), ₹18,650 crore under the State GST (SGST), ₹41,270 crore under the Integrated GST (IGST) and ₹7,798 crore from the compensation cess.
Tax experts say the fall in the collection is along expected lines, due in part to the large number of rate reductions that came into effect on November 15. They reckon that the collection will improve from January.
Mr. Bhargava said that since the simplified GSTR-3B form was on the basis of self-assessment, businesses might not report accurate figures, and this could have contributed to the lower collection.


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Haraza is an extinct Hill Nubian language known only from a few dozen words recalled by village elders in 1923. It was spoken in the Jebel Haraza near Hamrat el-Wuz (Rilly 2010:166).

References

Nubian languages


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Architectural Wind
The mini wind turbine pictured was exhibited at the Aberdeen All Energy Conference and Exhibition this week by a Californian company called Architectural Wind.
The distinctively-shaped turbines have already appeared at Blackpool's Pleasure Beach and it is understood that Tescos is hoping to install a few as well.
Tesco Turbines
APPLICATIONS to put up two 90-metre wind turbines at Tesco warehouses were given the green light by Daventry District Council's planning committee.
Daventry Express 23rd May 2008 more >>
Solar Birds
THE Scottish Seabird Centre has further boosted its environmental credentials thanks to a £12,500 grant from the ScottishPower Green Energy Trust. This funding will pay for new solar panels on the roof of the Environment Zone, a renewable energy educational project within the centre. In 2003, the Trust also supported the centre when it installed solar-powered interactive cameras on islands in the Firth of Forth to observe wildlife.
East Lothian Courier 22nd May 2008 more >>
The Institution of Civil Engineers has urged the House of Lords to vote for the cross party amendment to the Energy Bill, known as 'New Clause 4: "Renewable Energy Tariff". The Clause aims to encourage households and businesses to produce their own renewable energy by putting in place legislation for a set of tariffs to cover small-scale renewable initiatives.
Cambridge Network 22nd May 2008 more >>
Milton Keynes Wind
Milton Keynes Council has recommended wind turbines are built within 80 metres of homes - contravening its own rule to put them no closer than 350 metres. Five 'Quiet Revolution' wind turbines, which are 14 metres tall, are proposed for the third phase of Hazeley Secondary School's development. The report recommending that the council's development control committee approves the plans admits there is 'technically a conflict with local plan policy'.
MK News 21st May 2008 more >>
Cornish School
Gorran Primary School has been working for 15 months to get the turbine raised, as part of their long term goal to become self sufficient in energy - by generating as much of their own energy as possible. The school is only the second in Cornwall to have a turbine installed.
This is Cornwall 21st March 2008 more >>
Community Wind Farm
VILLAGERS in east Caithness have given a resounding welcome to plans to create what would be the Far North's first community-owned wind farm.
John O Groat Journal 21st May 2008 more >>
Penelope Chapple, of Good energy, Britain's only 100 per cent renewable energy supplier, said: "Over recent months we have seen a considerable rise in consumers wishing not only to switch to green electricity, but willing to take serious measures to reduce the impact of their homes.
Telegraph 21st May 2008 more >>
ZCHQ
A Scottish company is to build one of the most energy-efficient and sustainable buildings in Britain, 10 years ahead of UK Government targets to have all new-builds zero-carbon. It will even soak up the heat from the roads outside the building. The £3m Active Renewable Energy Centre will incorporate the latest building techniques and technological advances to leave a zero-carbon footprint. When completed, the data on its energy consumption and savings will be made available to industry and as an educational resource to help cut carbon emissions in future. The building at Altens, in Aberdeen, will be the new HQ for Active, which specialises in delivering sustainable low-energy solutions, air-conditioning, ventilation and building maintenance services to the construction industry.
Herald 21st May 2008 more >>
Energy Saving Exhibition
A CLIMATE action group has staged an event to try to encourage people to save energy. The Saving Energy Show was held in Northallerton Town Hall by Northallerton Climate Action (NCA) group recently. Exhibitors included nine regional suppliers and installers of building insulation, solar panels, heat pumps, wind turbines, timber buildings and low heat loss ventilation systems.
Northern Echo 20th May 2008 more >>
Eco-station
WIND turbines to power Accrington's new train station have been downsized over fears they would be a blot on the landscape. A host of changes to plans for the new £2.5 million environmentally-friendly building have been revealed. These include adding a new educational room where schools and colleges can learn about environmental design in the station's basement.
Lancashire Telegraph 20th May 2008 more >>
Eco-town Warning
Ecotowns risk increasing social division by diverting money and political will from improving existing towns and cities, according to an independent adviser to the prime minister. Up to 10 new towns promised in England might also increase commuting unless enough jobs are created within them, said Rebecca Willis, an environmental researcher and vice-chair of the UK Sustainable Development Commission, a watchdog which reports to No 10.
Camden at the Forefront
Policy 4A.7 of the London Plan, calls for a presumption that ''developments will achieve a reduction in carbon dioxide emissions of 20 per cent from on site renewable energy generation''. There is now a consensus amongst officers and councillors that Camden should be at the forefront of the fight against climate change.
Ham & High 19th May 2008 more >>
Construction Skills
Princess Anne will be visiting Deeside College to unveil a new construction skills centre on May 28. The new centre enables students to learn about new construction techniques and renewable energy technologies.
Wrexham Evening Leader 19th May 2008 more >>
Lancashire County Council actions already underway include buying green energy for streetlights, encouraging community climate change projects through a grants scheme, phasing out polluting fleet vehicles and using renewable energy to power new projects such as the Building Schools for the Future scheme. Schools are also being encouraged to start 'energy clubs' to look at how they can contribute.
Lancashire County Council 19th May 2008 more >>
Unst is the island chosen by a retired couple from Wiltshire to build one of the world's greenest houses - a "zero carbon" home powered entirely by the wind and the sun. It sits on the same latitude as southern Greenland, but will soon boast lemon trees, grapevines and green pepper plants in its greenhouse, an electric car powered by the wind, and floors heated by drawing warmth from the air.
Two years ago CFS completed the transformation of the 400ft, 25-storey landmark Co-operative Insurance Solar Tower in Manchester with the installation of more than 7,000 photovoltaic (PV) solar panels (Britain's largest solar power installation), and last year it put 19 micro-wind turbines on the roof of its 13-storey Portland Street building in the same city. This investment and other environmentally friendly initiatives are paying off. Despite increasing its property portfolio by 19% in 2007 with new regional banking and insurance centres, CFS has reduced its energy consumption by 4% and increased the amount of general waste recycled from 67% to 72%.
Times 18th May 2008 more >>
German Feed-in Tariffs
Conservative lawmakers want to pare back generous government incentives that support solar development. They say solar generation is growing so fast that it threatens to overburden consumers with high electricity bills. Solar-energy entrepreneurs warn that reducing incentives will deprive Germany of its pole position in an industry of the future. As proof, they point to the United States and Japan, which were once solar stars but have faded as their government subsidies became less enticing.
Scotland on Sunday 18th May 2008 more >>
Solar Skipton
Coates Lane Primary School is set to become one of the greenest schools in the country. The Barnoldswick school has been chosen by the Co-operative Group to receive £20,000 worth of solar panels. It was selected in the latest round of the Co-operative Group's £1million national Green Energy for Schools Scheme, which will provide free solar panels to 100 schools.
Craven Herald 18th May 2008 more >>
ONE of the region's biggest construction groups is going green after buying two Newcastle businesses to help protect it from the credit crunch. Esh Group has splashed out on Pure Renewable Energies and The Green Energies as part of its efforts to create a more sustainable business model to help meet Government targets to reduce carbon emissions by 60% by 2050. It will invest in Pure Renewable Energies which will plan, develop and construct wind farms throughout the UK, and Esh will also pump cash into The Green Energies to develop and supply devices to make houses more energy efficient, such as heat pumps, solar panels and small scale wind turbines.
Newcastle Journal 17th May 2008 more >>
Solar Wales
G24i is the first company in the world to manufacture dye sensitised thin film solar cells, a uniquely thin and flexible solar technology. The solar cells are rugged and work in real world conditions (low and ambient light), making solar technology viable in new applications and geographies around the globe. The first applications for G24i's technology are in mobile power.
AN EASTBOURNE school has secured £5,000 from EDF Energy's Green Fund for a feasibility study that will consider ways to help power the school using renewable energy.
Eastbourne Herald 16th May 2008 more >>


As unfortunate as the recent changes of venue have been, it looks like they may have saved lives for both the South African and English cricket teams. Last night the hotel that they might have been staying in was destroyed by a bomb blast. I'm very happy that the changes were made, as my love of cricket might have been upset today!
Yes, it would seem that this was a very prudent move. The teams were of course not the target, but could have got caught up in the cross fire.
The plus side to things like this happening is it is like flying, on September 12th 2001. Security will be that much tighter right now that I think that the teams are safer than they have ever been.
Indeed the security measures will be elevated to the max - but how much is enough these days against these crazy folks. The players have enough to worry about with their game to add security to it.
It is hard to know how much is enough and with the fact that so many terrorists are willing to lose their lives to achieve their aims, I don't think that there is anything you can really do to stop them.
Even sports is not left unaffected by these dreadful acts of terrorism. Neither players or spectators can get too comfortable or unworried about this emerging monster.
Goofer: Indeed the security measures will be elevated to the max - but how much is enough these days against these crazy folks. The players have enough to worry about with their game to add security to it.
Yes, these players definitely have enough on their minds without having to worry about security issues. As far as how much is too much, I guess nowadays that depends on how much you value your life and what you are willing to put up with to secure your chances of survival.
Right, and I think that with the state of the world today, it would take an awful lot to be too much. That said, a limit will be reached.


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MLS transfer: Chelsea star Drogba joins Montreal Impact
Didier Drogba of Chelsea celebrates victory after the Barclays Premier League match between Leicester City and Chelsea at The King Power Stadium on April 29, 2015 in Leicester, England. (Getty Images)
Former Chelsea star Didier Drogba joined Major League Soccer's Montreal Impact on Monday, the Ivory Coast striker signing with the Canadian club after a rights transfer from the Chicago Fire.
The 37-year-old African star, who will join the Impact when his Canadian work permit and transfer certificate are obtained, signed an 18-month contract at just over $3 million a year, according to reports.
"It's an honour to welcome Didier Drogba to the Impact," team president Joey Saputo said. "From the first conversation I had with him, I felt that he really wanted to play in Montreal. This is one of the biggest days in club history and his arrival to the club will be beneficial in every aspect."
Drogba played 381 games with English Premier League giant Chelsea from 2004 through 2012 and last season, scoring 164 goals and setting up 88 others. He helped the Blues win four Premier League titles, one Champions League crown, four FA Cups and three League Cups.
"He has had an impact on millions of people since the start of his career and he will continue to do so wearing the Impact colours," team vice president Nick De Santis said. "A player of his magnitude can only help grow our club. He has been a leader, a winner and a champion throughout his career."
In 2012, Drogba scored the equaliser and the winning penalty that gave the Blues their first Champions League crown, defeating Bayern Munich.
"He has demonstrated his qualities as a striker at the highest level in Europe," Impact technical director Adam Braz said. "His instinct in front of the goal, his experience and his leadership are all attributes that will help the team."
Drogba also scored eight goals in 11 games with Chinese side Shanghai Shenhua as well as 20 goals for Turkish club Galatasaray, winners of the league in 2013 and the Turkish Cup in 2014.
Drogba played 105 games with the Ivory Coast between 2002 and 2014, finishing as the Elephants' all-time top scorer with 65 goals and three World Cup appearances.


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Specific nutritional deficiencies 391 Asian communities in the UK
Last Updated on Sun, 02 Sep 2018 | Nutrition Handbook
Osteomalacia in adults and rickets in children occur as a result of vitamin D deficiency or from a disturbance in its metabolism (see Table 3.3). The frequency of occurrence depends on the distribution of the populations affected. In the nineteenth century nutritional rickets were endemic in industrial cities of Britain due to the poor diet and environmental conditions of children. As a result of effective public health measures privational rickets virtually disappeared from the UK by 1940 (Maxwell, 2001). However, in the 1960s low vitamin D status was found to be common among immigrant Asian children, adolescents and women living in the UK due to a combination of factors including the type of vegetarian diet, which was high in phytate from unleavened breads (see section 3.11), low calcium intake and limited exposure to sunlight. A striking reduction in Asian rickets occurred in Glasgow when free vitamin D supplements were introduced for children up to 18 years old (Smith, 2000).
Vitamin D and other aspects of health 3121 Behaviour
Last Updated on Tue, 11 Jun 2019 | Nutrition Handbook
Experimental evidence from animals, both in vitro and in vivo, has shown an immunological role for 1,25 OHD3 in both lymphocytes and monocytes (Yang et al, 1993). Strict lactovegetarians, particularly in immigrant Asians, have an 8.5fold increased risk of tuberculosis compared with those who ate meat or fish daily. Since vitamin D deficiency is more common among vegetarian Asians and it is known to have effects on immunological function in animals, vitamin D deficiency may be responsible for reduced immunocompetence (Maxwell, 2001).
The Shadow and the Anima or Animus as Archetypes
Last Updated on Sun, 02 Sep 2018 | Personality
As described earlier, the content of the shadow and the anima or animus, with associated emotional conflicts or complexes, is part of the personal unconscious. The content of the shadow would be different if a person were raised with different messages about what is right and wrong. (For a vegetarian Hindu, such as Mahatma Gandhi, eating meat is a shadow characteristic for most Americans, it is not.) In a similar way, the content of the anima or animus varies according to the sex roles taught in a culture.
Cobalamin vitamin B12
Last Updated on Sun, 25 Aug 2019 | Nutrition Handbook
Only microorganisms synthesise vitamin B12 and the vitamin gets into the food chain from the bacteria present in the digestive system of herbivores. Herbivores are then eaten by animals higher in the food chain. For humans, food sources of vitamin B12 include almost all animal products, certain algae and bacteria. Vitamin B12 is not present in vegetables or fruits. The dietary intake of vitamin B12 is about 5 mg day (Weir and Scott, 1998). The current RDA for B12 in most countries is between 1 and 20 mg day the British RNI are given in Table 3.1. Since food sources of vitamin B12 are limited to those of animal origin, vegetarians and especially vegans are at risk of becoming deficient and should take an oral supplement. Studies on these groups have shown evidence of biochemical deficiency such as raised concentrations of homocysteine and methylmalonic acid
Current research and future trends
Last Updated on Sat, 13 Jul 2019 | Nutrition Handbook
Recent research using both stable and radioisotopes has benefited from the development of detectors with ever-lower detection limits and the ability to distinguish different isotopes. An increasing range of software applications for the mathematical modelling of biological systems has also contributed to ongoing developments. One such application is SAAMII, produced in the University of Washington, Seattle.Arecentmass spectrometry technique currently being applied to human nutrition studies is Inductively-Coupled Plasma Mass-Spectrometry. With a reported lower limit of detection below 1.4ng ml human plasma,114 it has recently been used to evaluate apparent copper absorption from vegetarian and non-vegetarian diets.67 Accurate assessment of functional copper status has long been hindered by the current lack of a plasma or tissue parameter suitable for use as an index of copper utilisation. Ongoing investigations attempt to identify such a marker. Although numerous copper-containing...
Plasticity in Development
Last Updated on Sun, 02 Sep 2018 | Core Processes
There are two principal kinds of polyphenism, sequential and alternative. Taking sequential phenotypes first, the cases include animals with complex life cycles of two or more different developmental stages (such as larva, juvenile, and adult). Most animal phyla inhabit the ocean, and most pass through strikingly different developmental stages. The larva might feed in the plankton-rich surface layer of the ocean, whereas the adult might live in the mud, sand, and rocks near the shore. In the case of ascidians (sea squirts), the larval and adult forms look so different that they were thought to be members of different phyla until the late 1800s, when the development of the larva to the adult was followed. Some parasitic flatworms (trematodes) have five or six successive forms, each highly specialized for different lifestyles in different hosts. Of course, for terrestrial animals, we are familiar with the vegetarian wall-eyed swimming tadpole as the amphibian larval phenotype and the...
Vitamin B12hydroxocobalamin
Last Updated on Sun, 25 Aug 2019 | Gastrointestinal System
At least 3 months reserve of vitamin B12 is usually stored in the liver. Vitamin B12 is mainly derived from meat, eggs and milk, with little in vegetarian foods. Vegans are therefore particularly at risk of deficiency. Vitamin B12 deficiency may also be caused by gastric pathology, such as atrophic gastritis, where IF is not synthesized, or terminal ileal disease, such as Crohn's disease, where the absorptive surface is damaged. The Schilling test can distinguish between these causes (see Chapter 46).
The functionality of meat
Typical Western omnivorous diets over the last 40 years have been relatively high in protein and fat with insufficient dietary fibre, fruit and vegetables. Meat intake is by definition the key difference between vegetarian and omnivorous diets, thus comparative studies have tended to exaggerate the health benefits of a vegetarian diet so reinforcing a negative health image for meat. It has long been recognized (Burr, 1988) that although vegetarianism seems to confer some protection against heart disease, it is not clear if this is due to abstinence from meat or high consumption of vegetables. Meat intake has provided a marker for a generally 'unhealthy' diet in the past (American Dietetic Association, 1993 COMA, 1991 Sanders and Reddy, 1994 Thorogood, 1994). Furthermore, vegetarians have tended to be more health conscious, they traditionally smoke less, consume less alcohol, tea, and coffee, and tend to exercise more, thus their good health could be attributed to any or a combination...
Formation of toxic compounds
Last Updated on Thu, 22 Aug 2019 | Nutrition Handbook
The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) regards some HAs as possibly or probably carcinogenic to humans and recommends to minimise exposure to them (IARC, 1993). Data suggest that HAs are the only known animal colon carcinogens that humans other than vegetarians consume every day and, although very difficult, it would be desirable to control their level in food. A detailed overview of the risk assessment can be found in a review by Friedman (1996).
Mating Well by Doing Good
Last Updated on Sun, 16 Jun 2019 | Sexual Choice
In theory, mate choice could be the single most powerful moral filter from one generation to the next. It could favor almost any degree of altruism or heroism, compensating for almost any risk to survival. If, for example, all females refused to mate with any males who ate meat, any genes predisposing individuals to vegetarianism (however indirectly) would spread like wildfire. The species would turn vegetarian no matter what survival benefits were conferred by meat-eating, as long as the sexual selection pressure against meat-eating held. Natural selection for selfishness would be impotent against sexual selection for moral behavior.
Types Of Female Genital Alterations
Last Updated on Sun, 16 Jun 2019 | Menstrual Cycle
Large-scale effort to sanitize cities and bodies would also encourage putting self-polluters into insane asylums and then using them as a captive population for experimenting with advances in genital surgeries and devices of restraint. Even private entrepreneurs got into the sanitary game. Wellness centers sprung up all over the country, a good example of which is the Kellogg Center for Clean and Healthy Living (75). Not only were Kellogg's corn flakes sold as a healthy non-stimulant designed to dampen all sexual passions, but his centers were the hotbed for restraining techniques (41,76). Sylvester Graham, a Presbyterian minister, invented the Graham cracker, which, together with a mild vegetarian diet, was intended to reduce sexual cravings, while C.W. Post marketed his Postum cereal as the Monk's Brew.
Last Updated on Sun, 02 Sep 2018 | Childrens Health
Vitamin D supplements in therapeutic doses is the treatment of choice. Rickets can be prevented by making sure the infant is getting enough vitamin D, which is not difficult in the United states because virtually all cow's milk and all standard infant formulas are manufactured with added vitamin D. In addition, supplements are available for premature babies, vegetarians, and others who may not otherwise get enough vitamin D. Doctors often recommend vitamin D supplements to nursing mothers who are also vegetarians and who have dark skin. Foods that are high in vitamin D include liver, some fish, cod liver oil, egg yolks, butter, and vitamin D-fortified milk, margarine, and cereal.
Biography of Arthur Staats
Last Updated on Thu, 04 Apr 2019 | Personality | 2 comments
Exposed, especially by his sister and an uncle, to left-progressive literature and discussions, and began to form at a very early age a world view and an interest in political-social-economic affairs that has continued throughout his life. Raised in a family that was very poor, atheist in a Jewish ethnic tradition, vegetarian, and politically radical, Staats always felt different. He thought differently than his peers, he read different things, he questioned ideas that others accepted, and progressively he became a radical and original thinker, in ways that permeated every aspect of his life, including his various fields of study.
Meat and micronutrients 9111 Iron in meat
Serum ferritin, the body's iron store, is strongly correlated with haem iron (Reddy and Sanders, 1990). Bioavailability of iron plays an important role in determining iron status. Studies have shown that despite the fact that vegetarians have either a similar or a higher iron intake than their omnivore counterparts, their iron status is lower (Nathan et al, 1996 Ball and Bartlett, 1999 Wilson and Ball, 1999). Vegetarians should consume iron-rich foods to compensate for the low bioavailability of non-haem iron from the foods they eat. All meats, but in particular beef, are excellent sources of dietary zinc. It takes 41 oz milk, 15 oz tuna or 6V2 eggs to equal the amount of zinc in an average 4oz portion of beef (Hammock, 1987). On average, meat and meat products account for a third of total zinc intakes (MAFF, 1999). Zinc absorption is suppressed by inhibitors such as oxalate and phytate which are found in plant foods (Johnson and Walker, 1992 Zheng et al, 1993 Hunt et al, 1995). On...
Viral load test See viral load
Last Updated on Thu, 22 Aug 2019 | HIV and AIDS
Studies have shown 25 percent of HIV-positive people have deficiencies in vitamin B12. It has an important function in nerve and spinal cord health. It is provided in the diet by meat, fish, and eggs, so vegetarians are particularly at risk of deficiency. AZT and d4T cause the creation of large red blood cells, as also occurs in deficiencies of B12. This is called pernicious anemia and causes a lack of oxygen in the blood. However, it has not been shown that these two issues are the same problem.
Potassium the essential deadly poison
Last Updated on Wed, 07 Aug 2019 | Lead Poisoning
That the need for potassium salts in the diet is much greater than for sodium salts. The recommended daily intake is 3.5 g, whereas for sodium it is 1.5 g. Vegetarians take in a lot more potassium than non-vegetarians because potassium is abundant in all plant foods. We must have a regular supply of dietary potassium because we have no mechanism for storing it in the body, yet few people are affected by a deficiency of this metal because almost all we eat contains potassium. Some foods are particularly rich in it, such as raisins, almonds, peanuts, and bananas one banana will provide a quarter of our daily requirement. Other common foods with lots of potassium are potatoes, bacon, bran, mushrooms, chocolate, and fruit juices.
Mechanisms of copper absorption
Last Updated on Wed, 30 Jan 2019 | Nutrition Handbook | 3 comments
Most of the copper in human diets is supplied by vegetable foods, and vegetarian diets generally provide a higher intake. Plant materials, however, are generally less digestible than animal tissues. A substantial proportion of the copper in whole grains is associated with lectins and glycoproteins. Vegetable tissues frequently require more enzymatic attack to digest the copper-binding matrix than do animal proteins, which are generally more easily solubilised, so that percentage copper absorption may in fact be substantially higher from an animal protein diet than from a plant-protein diet.66 Even so, the greater copper content of a vegetarian diet is likely to provide more available copper.67 Dairy products contain relatively little copper, with cow's milk being particularly poor. Absorption is estimated at 24 for human milk and 18 for cow's milk. The quaternary protein structure is thought to exert an effect on the availability of copper in food, as cooked meat has been found to...
Arsenic in plants and food
Last Updated on Thu, 04 Oct 2018 | Lead Poisoning
Poultry had an average of 0.070 ppm, then came cereals with 0.013, meat with 0.005, root vegetables 0.005 (but not potatoes, which had 0.002), and bread 0.004. Many foods had less than 0.001 ppm and almost all of it was organic arsenic. Things like eggs, greens, fruit, milk, cheese, etc. had amounts around the 0.001 level. The upshot of all this was that the daily intake of arsenic by the average person was 50 g of which only 1 g might be inorganic arsenic. In terms of dietary regimes there was no difference in arsenic intake between vegetarians and non-vegetarians.
Last Updated on Sun, 16 Jun 2019 | Health Promotion
Possible to have sex without using a condom, but as numerous patients have told me, it is not easy to remove from the back of the mind the worry that this might result in a lethal contamination. It is no longer possible to put a baby in a cot without thinking about which way around they should be lying, and without the occasional shiver running down the spine at the thought that they might not survive the night. People still lie in the sun on those rare occasions it appears in Britain's cloudy skies, but usually not without applying their sunscreen cream (even if they do not consult the daily Solar UV Index, and adjust their cream and exposure time according to their skin type, as the summer 1999 official campaign advised). Scarcely a week goes by without somebody asking me whether some harmless mole or minor skin blemish is the first sign of a malignant melanoma (in the ten years I have been running a minor surgery clinic, I have seen only two). Women still take the Pill, but now in...
Genetic Sovereignty
Last Updated on Sun, 02 Sep 2018 | Sexual Reproduction
Genes underlying neurological functions and behavioral dispositions evolve by natural selection just as do those for anatomical and physiological traits. Biologists are well aware that not only physical features but similarities in inherited behavior unite members of a species (and often higher taxonomic units). Adaptive coevolution between a species' behavior and its morphology, physiology, and ecology explains why we don't observe vegetarian
Meat protein has a higher biological value than has plant protein because some of the amino acids are limiting in plant protein. For example, lysine is the limiting amino acid in wheat, tryptophan is the limiting amino acid in maize and sulphur-containing amino acids are limiting in soyabean. It is necessary for vegans and vegetarians to eat a wide variety of vegetable protein foods to provide the necessary amounts of each amino acid. Meat is a rich source of taurine. Taurine is considered to be an essential amino acid for newborns, as they seem to have a limited ability to synthesise it. Taurine concentrations in the breast milk of vegans were shown to be considerably lower than in omnivores (Rana and Sanders, 1986). The significance of this finding is unknown.
Strategic Retrieval
Last Updated on Mon, 03 Sep 2018 | Memory Disorders
Mediator processes are general strategic and problem-solving procedures, which are used to monitor the adequacy and plausibility of retrieved memories, but are not memory-specific processes, e.g. well, it wouldn't have been an Indonesian because I hate peanut butter, and it's unlikely to have been a chicken place because my company was vegetarian (Burgess & Shallice, 1996, p. 410). Burgess & Shallice (1996) propose that severe damage to these processes may result in bizarre or fantastic confabulations, such as described by Damasio et al. (1985).
Meat and satiety
Fri, 19 Oct 2018 | Nutrition Handbook
The prevalence of obesity has increased dramatically in recent years (National Audit Office, 2001). Satiety influences the frequency of meals and snacks, whereas satiation influences the size of meals and snacks. Macronutrients have differing effects on satiety protein is more satiating than carbohydrates that are more satiating than fat (Hill and Blundell, 1986 Barkeling et al, 1990 Stubbs, 1995). The exact mechanism by which protein exerts its satiating effect is not elucidated, but it may involve changes in the levels and patterns of metabolites and hormones (e.g. amino acids, glucose and insulin), cholecystokinin and amino acid precursors of the neurotransmitters serotonin, noreadenaline and dopamine. A meat-containing meal was shown to have more sustained satiety than a vegetarian meal (Barkeling et al, 1990). Other studies have shown that different meats have different satiating powers (Uhe et al, 1992). These differences may be related to differences in amino acid profiles or...
Tue, 17 Dec 2019 | Nutrition Handbook
Truswell summarised the evidence in 2000 and showed that 20 out of 30 case-control studies and 10 out of 14 prospective studies showed no relationship between meat intake and CRC with some of the results of the remaining studies being confused and one prospective study showing an inverse correlation between meat consumption and CRC risk (Hill, 2000). If meat consumption were associated with increased risk for cancer, one would expect mortality from cancer to be much lower among vegetarians. In a recent meta-analysis of five cohort studies, results have shown no significant differences in mortality from cancer in general, and more specifically mortality in stomach, breast, lung, prostate and colorectal cancer between vegetarians and omnivores (Key et al, 1998, 1999). If red meat consumption were associated with increased risk for CRC, one would expect a decrease in the incidence of CRC to occur over time as a result of decreasing meat consumption trends. During the past 30 years, red...
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The arseniceaters Lead Poisoning
Letters from Jenny Personality
The Dichotomy Corollary Personality
Specialized Areas Toxicology Toxic
The Healthy Style Life Socially
The alchemists Lead Poisoning
Specular Reflection Slit Lamp
Respiratory System Toxic Substances
Rattlesnake cobra venoms thin
Rabbit Contraception Genetic
Overview Table Sonographic Findings
Critique Kelly Personality
Conditioned Generalized
Exemption from PLAB test Overseas
Case Study 7 Dead Farmer Toxicology
Hypocretin Orexin
Overseas Training
Sexual Choice
Core Processes
Vascular Endothelium
Toxic Effects
Postmortem Interval
Sonographic Findings
Tissue Surgery
Slit Lamp
Thyroid Carcinoma