The past few years we have seen the rise of biophilic design into the office with elements of nature being incorporated into commercial buildings. This is a continuing trend as the lines between office and home become more blurred, and we predict that one big area of office design we'll be seeing in 2019 is the growth of greenery.
There have been several well documented studies carried out on how plants can increase productivity and reduce stress in the work place. The more connected we feel with nature, the happier we are, and with happiness comes more effective working.
We're not advising clients to incorporate entire forests within their work spaces though; another study found that just adding one plant per square metre caused employee performance on memory retention and other basic tests to improve substantially.
Further research reveals that up to one in five people have no natural elements within their workspace, and yet employees who work in environments with natural elements reported a 15% higher level of well being, are 6% more productive and 15% more creative overall.
As yet we are unaware of any evidence surfacing that suggests that adding plants to a work place has detrimental effects on staff, and the studies listed here are just some of the more well known. There is over-riding evidence that plants are good for health, well-being, productivity and creativity whether that be at home or at work.
With this in mind, we believe that 2019 will see a large increase in businesses incorporating natural elements into any design project they undertake, and what better way to do this than by adding plants?
The work place of today is generally a safe environment for the majority of employees. Health and Safety is taken seriously and the well-being of employees is covered comprehensively by legislation making your job as safe as possible.
And yet a recent study carried out by the University of Arizona and the Baylor College of Medicine has established that your office design has a direct impact on how much you move in a working day and how high your stress levels are.
If we revisit the medical claims that a sedentary lifestyle is shortening our lives and couple this with a work space that does nothing to encourage movement then the rather dramatic title of this post begin to make sense.
The study concentrated on examining how workers moved during a typical day in three different working environments: private offices (a separate room), cubicles (desks separated by high-walled partitions) and open bench seating arrangements with workers out in the open and next to fellow employees.
Flying in the face of the current opposition to the open plan office, the study demonstrated that workers in the open bench seating set-up were 32% more physically active at work than those in private offices, and 20% more active than those in cubicles.
The research also demonstrated the link between movement at work and corresponding stress levels after work, with those who were more physically active during the day experiencing 14% less physiological stress after they left the office compared to the workers with less physical activity.
So should we be tearing down the office walls and the office partitions to get our workforce more active?
Well, not yet - the researchers concluded that the largest contributory factor to the open bench workers increased mobility was their desire to seek out private quiet spaces for breaks. The intensity of working in such an open environment with no barriers between you and your co-workers means that you are far more likely to get up and walk away from your work station than if you have the privacy and self-regulating noise levels of your own private office.
What is key to this study is how much office design impacts upon the well-being of your staff, both physically and psychologically and therefore how important it is to ensure that you have the best commercial design for your company's needs.
It's almost 18 months now since we moved our offices. The 20six office relocation was required because we had outgrown our older office space. Moving forward with bigger and better projects, we needed a workspace to accommodate not just all the team but also some of the office furniture that we recommend to our clients.
This was a great opportunity for us as we took on an empty unit and were able to design a bespoke office based upon our exact requirements. Contrary to the popular cliché, it isn't just about location, location, location – the design aspect is as crucial in the process and we have 5 tips on getting this part right.
1: Areas For All: On any given working day it is likely employees will have a variety of tasks to perform, and will require breaks. Providing your staff with quite spaces to work on high concentration tasks, spaces where they can all get together for meetings, and smaller break out areas for less formal get togethers will allow people the right space for the task at hand.
2: Access For All: As well as providing the right working areas for the majority of staff, provision must be made for everybody. Our attention was drawn to a recent news article about a young man who had difficulty getting on to a catering course at his local college as the college would have to make significant changes to adapt to his personal needs. When designing your new commercial space make sure you have taken the needs of as many people into account as you can.
3: Affinity For All: Your workspace has to reflect your company branding and business values. Your affinity to your brand can be demonstrated to clients by how your office looks when they come to visit you, and/or how you portray your workspace on your website. You have to take into account how the design reflects the market that you are in – you may like the idea of pool tables, an open bar, comfy, brightly coloured, low rise settees but if you are a serious financial marketing company this could give off the impression of being laisse-faire in your professionalism.
4: Acceptable For All: We all have a responsibility to our immediate workforce and to those outside of our organisations – creating a greener work space will help bring out the creativity and productiveness of your staff, will help your business save money in the long-term, and will be one more step to making work place environments more sustainable.
5: Accessories For All: Your office furniture, fixtures and fittings play an integral part in the overall aesthetics, and in how your staff use your facilities. We are huge advocates of ergonomic office furniture and accessorising your office with items such as office pods will help you to achieve those quite spaces we mentioned above. The accessories in an office may be large or small but all will play a part in how well the design works for you and your employees.
Here at 20six, quite apart from moving ourselves, we have extensive experience of helping a wide range of companies successfully relocate their offices, so if you would like any assistance in your own office move please get in touch.


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Il New York Athletic Club è un club polisportivo statunitense, con sede a New York.

Fondato nel 1868 da Harry Buermeyer, John Babcock e William Curtis, organizzò i primi campionati nazionali di pugilato, lotta e di atletica leggera, e portò la scherma negli Stati Uniti. Oggi, il NYAC, situato a Central Park South e Seventh Avenue, è la prima organizzazione sportiva di New York, con oltre 9000 membri, ammessi solo per invito.

Importanti membri
I membri del NYAC hanno vinto in totale 215 medaglie olimpiche, di cui 123 d'oro, 40 d'argento e 52 di bronzo.

I trentanove atleti del NYAC conquistarono 5 medaglie d'oro, 1 d'argento e 5 di bronzo ai Giochi olimpici di , mentre ai Giochi di  vinsero due medaglie d'oro, una medaglia d'argento e due medaglie di bronzo.

Membri passati
 Rocky Aoki — Fondatore dei ristoranti Benihana
 Jack Dempsey — Campione mondiale dei pesi massimi di pugilato
 Amadeo Giannini — Fondatore della Bank of America
 Peter Jennings — Giornalista dell'ABC News
 John Fitzgerald Kennedy Jr. — Fondatore della rivista George, figlio di John Fitzgerald Kennedy
 Wellington Mara — Proprietario dei New York Giants
 Robert Coote - Attore britannico

Membri attuali
 Marisol Deluna — Fashion designer
 Gavin MacLeod — Attore tv, famoso per la serie Love Boat
 Charles Osgood — Commentatore della CBS News
 Mark Simone — Personaggio di tv e radio
 George Steinbrenner — Proprietario dei New York Yankees
 John Mara - Proprietario dei New York Giants

Strutture
Il club possiede due strutture principali, una a New York e una a Travers Island. La "City House", situata al 180 Central Park South, occupa una delle più prestigiose strutture della città. Costruita agli inizi del XX secolo, offre una vista panoramica su Central Park. La struttura di 24 piani include due ristoranti, un cocktail lounge, una biblioteca, una sala da ballo, una da biliardo e otto piani di stanze per membri e ospiti del club. I piani di allenamenti per i membri includono una piscina, un campo da pallacanestro, un ring per il pugilato, una stanza per la lotta e per la scherma, un piano per il judo e un campo da squash.

Denominata con il nome dell'uomo d'affari William Travers, che la rese abitabile per se stesso nel 1886, Travers Island è la sede estiva del NYAC, presso Long Island Sound. L'isola è situata tra Neptune Island, Glen Island e Hunter Island nel Pelham Bay Park di New York.
Questa sede consiste nella "Main House" e in altri edifici e strutture che ricoprono 30 acri di terreno, circa 120.000 m². Le strutture riguardano il tennis, il canottaggio, il nuoto di fondo, i tuffi, il rugby, il calcio, il croquet e il lacrosse.

Curiosità
 Nel novembre 2003, il club fu sede di quattro partite di scacchi tra Garri Kasparov e il computer X3D Fritz.

Collegamenti esterni

Società di atletica leggera statunitensi
Società polisportive statunitensi
Sport a New York

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


A unique feature of the Philippine Constitution is the definition of the national territory which is not usually found in constitutions of other countries.
The national territory as defined by the 1935 Constitution consisted of all the territory ceded to the United States under the Treaty of Paris of 1898 between America and Spain, and all the islands embraced in the Washington Treaty of 1900 between America and Spain, and the Treaty of 1930 between America and Great Britain, and all the territory over which the government of the Philippine Islands then exercised jurisdiction.
The 1973 Constitution defined national territory as comprising the Philippine archipelago, and all the other territories belonging to the Philippines by historic or legal title, or over which the Philippines has sovereignty or jurisdiction. It also included what came to be known under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (Unclos) as the archipelagic waters, or the waters around, between, and connecting the islands of the archipelago, irrespective of their breadth and dimensions. Under the Unclos, the archipelagic waters are considered internal waters, subject to the right of innocent passage by foreign vessels.
The 1987 Constitution introduces a modified definition of the national territory with the deletion of the reference to territory claimed by legal or historic title. The deleted phrase was perceived as dropping the Philippine territorial claim over Sabah. The 1987 Constitution defines the national territory as comprising the Philippine archipelago, the archipelagic waters, and all other territories over which the Philippines has sovereignty or jurisdiction.
Noticeable in the proposed provision on national territory is the inclusion of the exclusive economic zone (EEZ) as defined under the Unclos. The inclusion runs afoul of the Unclos itself, which stipulates that a littoral state exercises rights of sovereignty over the territorial sea, limited rights of sovereignty over the contiguous zone, and sovereign rights only over the EEZ.
There is a difference between rights of sovereignty and sovereign rights. A sovereign right is a legal right possessed by a state which enables it to perform its official functions for the benefit of the public. Sovereign right is attributed through authority of law, or in the case of the EEZ, the Unclos. A sovereign right does not include law enforcement.
The new constitution under a federal Philippines basically expands the territorial sea beyond the 12-mile limit measured seaward from the low-water mark baselines prescribed by the Unclos. With the inclusion of the EEZ within the national territory, the Philippines is claiming territorial sea consisting of a 200-mile breadth measured seaward from the low-water mark baselines. The inclusion of the EEZ within the national territory cannot give the country better or greater rights over the EEZ than that conferred upon it by the Unclos.
Under the pacta sunt servanda doctrine, the Philippines cannot renege on its commitments under the Unclos, including the observance of limits to maritime zones and entitlements. The doctrine is a customary rule of international law deemed subsumed into Philippine domestic law pursuant to the incorporation clause of the 1987 Constitution.


text:
from __future__ import absolute_import, unicode_literals

from .__about__ import __version__  # noqa

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Virtual therapy: Could you open your heart to a video screen?
Promotional materials for Live Health Online Psychology, a service that allows patients to "see" a therapist using video conferencing. Photo courtesy of Aetna and Live Health Online.
Therapy is an intimate process marked by a need for trust, honesty and deep revelations. Given its very nature, it seems like a field of medicine that has to be done in person, with patient and doctor in the same room, able to read each other's body language and subtle emotional cues.
But that may no longer be the case. A growing number of services are offering telemental health, in which patients can "see" a therapist via video conferencing on their phone or another device. Proponents say it could fill critical gaps in mental health care, while others caution that there's no substitute for seeing a mental health professional in person.
However, even Deitz admits that not everyone has that option. According to the American Telemedicine Association, there are 4,374 mental health professional shortage areas throughout the country. The U.S. Health Resources and Services Administration defines a mental health shortage area as one in which there's only one psychiatrist for every 30,000 people.
With about 18.5 percent of Americans suffering from a mental illness, that's a lot of people who go untreated, says Jennifer Gentile, director of behavior health for American Well, a Boston-based telehealth company that provides remote access to mental health services throughout the country.
American Well has teamed with multiple insurance companies to offer virtual therapy as a covered benefit. These include United Health, as well as Anthem Blue Cross Blue Shield, which offers telemental health through its app LiveHealth Online. LiveHealth Online Psychology was made available for Connecticut customers in January, and is available to the majority of Anthem customers, including those who enrolled for coverage through the state's health exchange. There's also an adolescent psychology service for children 10 to 17.
Clients who want to use the service just call a number on the back of their insurance card, and they can make an appointment. At the day and time of that appointment, they click on a link sent to them through LiveHealth Online, and are connected with a therapist.
Gentile says customers can use the therapy service to get help for everything from substance abuse to anxiety to postpartum depression. "It's not good for a new patient who says 'I want to hurt myself or hurt other people,' " she says. Also, its therapists — the majority of whom are social workers and psychologists — can't prescribe medication. Patients who need anti-depressants or similar drugs will need to get them through a regular physician (or through LiveHealth Online's virtual doctor service, provided the drug isn't a controlled substance).
American Well isn't the only provider of therapy via remote. Others include Breakthrough, a mental health service of the Florida-based telehealth provider MDLive, and an independent site called eCounseling. Prices vary depending on the provider, as does insurance coverage.


This note is an exploratory effort to determine if there is any interest here in talking about photovoltaic solar panels, wind generators, solar hot water heating, passive solar energy control methods and techniques, and other similar subjects as they may be applied to motor homes.
Jimco has been asking that we create discussion groups in the new Groups for motor homes. As with most others here, I do have a Winnebago, specifically a 1987 Winnebago Elandan WCP31RT. It had belonged to a young lady I had worked with and flew with, but when she died, I bought it from her estate. It did need some work, but it is coming along nicely in its restoration and there are many upgrades and modifications going into it.
One modification that might be of interest to others here is the addition of photovoltaic solar panels on the roof of the Winnebago Elandan to make keeping the batteries charged while parked very easy. It also means that "boondocking" is a much simpler process. Solar power does make extending the time that we can be out away from other sources of power quite a bit longer. And there is also the ability to plug into the coach 12 VDC electrical system a small wind generator that is mounted on its own tripod and mast. It is not physically mounted on the motor home because the vibration and noise of the wind generator will be transmitted right through the frame of the motor home, and it will keep you awake at night when the wind is blowing.
A question that might arise is one about why I feel that I can offer information on solar panels and other things related to alternative and renewable energy. For a bit of background information, I built my first solar panel back in February of 1962, eight years after the guys at Bell Labs introduced Solar Panel Serial Number 0000001 to the world in April of 1954. I have been using solar panels for running my 100 Watt short wave radio transmitter when I have gone off to play radio on islands where there is no other source of power. My solar and wind powered radio station has been displayed for many years at such venues as the NorthWest Renewable Energy Fair in Shoreline, Washington, the SolWest Renewable Energy Fair in both John Day, Oregon, and La Grande, Oregon, and other places. Now I have installed and I am upgrading the solar panel installation on the Winnebago Elandan.
While I will not claim that I have the definitive answer to all things related to solar power for a motor home, I can at least talk about what I have done, why I chose to do things in the way I have, and the rationale and logic for my decisions. I can also address why I did not do some things in that way. I will admit that a mobile solar panel installation on a motor home is not the same as putting solar panels on your house. There are many other factors to consider when deciding how you are going to do such a project on a motor home. We can talk about those.
I should also say that solar power is not something that will do everything that you want in a motor home. While there are a lot of things that we can do with it, there are many things that are not practical to try with the limited real estate there is on the roof of the average motor home.
So, is there any interest in such a discussion?
I think the best investment I made on my 1970 F-17 Winnebago was adding a large automatic 12 volt to 120 volt inverter. Use the Winne's engine alternator to keep the inverter's batteries charged. Works good for me because I'm driving almost every day when I use it.
I'm not a Winnebago owner, but I joined to keep track of this discussion - I plan on adding a system to my motorhome when I get her.
This has not been forgotten. It is still a work in progress, including deciding how to structure a presentation into something logical and rational that can be easily followed, but using mainly descriptive words, and, hopefully, some illustrations, both photographs and line drawings. While some of the sections are already partially written, there are several topics to be covered, and they should be presented in a step-by-step order. When working on the outline for the subject, it became clear that there are some additional subsections to be developed. I'm working on it, I'm working on it.
Then there is the point about the unfortunate encounter with the deer on the first of April. That incident and the resulting minor cosmetic repair to the motor home has taken up a lot of time in the last week, and it is not yet fully resolved, along with the other changes and improvements with the Winnebago that are part of "The Project." And there are the normal demands of life with which to contend. Also, there are other things happening during the time period of the year that we are now beginning. The time for trips and gatherings is here once again.
I hope everyone is looking forward to the coming Summer and playing with their motor home or other RV.
I am very interrested in using solar or wind with my 1987 Holiday Rambler class A. I am still getting it " Road Ready " . It sat for a few years. As soon as I iron out the kinks ( replacing belts and some break lines ect......) I am planning on adding 2 100 watt panels and maybe another battery or two. I have a generator but the previous owner removed the control panel for some reason. I will repair that at some time , but I do like the idea of charging my batteries with the sun. From my limited experience with this rig I feel that I could do quite well for quite a while with just the batteries and solar power. It didn't look too hard to install from the Youtube vids I've watched. And there seems to be some decent kits through Amazon. So I am very interrested in hearing what others have done and thank you for any help.
Yes, there is a lot that you can do with 200 Watts of solar panels. That will come to about 11 Amperes at 13.8 VDC in full normal sunlight, and that really is a useful amount of electrical power. I have run my radio transmitter off that amount of average power when I play radio on islands. The main points will be how you mount the solar panels for mechanical security, and for being water tight over a long time period. You are putting them on the roof. And then there is the way that you run the solar panel output wiring down to inside the motor home to the "solar panel charge controller" (a solar industry name for their special solar panel voltage regulator that receives the 16.5 VDC to 18.0 VDC output from a nominal "12 VDC" solar panel and drops it down to the 13.8 VDC that the battery wants to see). One really convenient path is down the refrigerator heat exchanger vent shaft. The plastic cover on top of the vent shaft already provides most of the needed weather protection for that opening through the roof. My charge controller is mounted inside the kitchen or galley sink cabinet. Then the large wires are run from there to the wiring for the coach batteries. And I did increase the size of the wiring going to the coach batteries from the 8 AWG copper wiring that was there from Winnmebago up to 6 AWG. It does help.
One other thing that I have available for my radios is a "voltage booster" (actually a DC-to-DC power converter) that takes the power coming from the battery, which often is just about 12.2 VDC or so at night, and "boosts" it up to the 13.8 VDC that the radio is expecting to see at its power input terminals. And I did choose a "voltage booster" that is also RFI quiet; it does not make radio noise that will be either conducted or radiated to my radios. This is a point of some interest to me, and I do have a spectrum analyzer that I use to look at the Radio Frequency characteristics of my systems, lighting, and accessories in the motor home. Yes, I do use the motor home as a mobile communications station, so this quality is important to me.
I've been doing the armchair research. I really would like to use the flexies since the Toys are already overweight and top heavy, but have run across a few sites that show the problems with them, too, on flat surfaces. I also am thinking of portables because most of the time at the house the rig will be under a 'port (but I'd still like to use solar). Just the distance I'd have to run the cord negates that unless I have two systems (and like I have that kind of money!). Seems like there's not going to be any perfect solutions, just a careful weighing of the pros and cons.
Very well done. You are getting into consideration of just some of the additional things that are included in the current outline for this subject.
Yes, the weight of the panels is also something to consider. My Winnebago Elandan has a suggested total weight limit of 150 pounds for anything going up onto the roof (and it is a good thing that I am in that weight range for going up the ladder onto the roof), and there is also the GVWR or Gross Weight Vehicle Rating to be considered when adding more things to the motor home. When I weighed my motor home the first time, I realized that I had only 760 pounds of "cargo" weight that I could put into the motor home for a trip. With the normal suggested weight allotment of 175 pounds per person, two people comes to 350 pounds right there, That leaves only 410 pounds for stuff. If I fill the fresh water tank with 54 gallons of water, that is 448 pounds of water, and I am 38 pounds overweight right there.
So what happens if I want to carry some clothes or maybe food in the refrigerator and in the cupboards? It only gets worse. I did check the rated capacity of the axle assemblies, the rims, the tires, the brakes, and other parts, and concluded that they are rated to carry more, and I had to make some serious changes in the rear suspension to get my GVWR up to where I can carry the things needed for any reasonable trip. The really odd thing is that the changes made in the back are a Regular Production Option (RPO) that Winnebago had available, and they also gave you a higher rated GVWR placard with that RPO installed.
Anyway, I calculate that now the Winnebago Elandan is good for about 16,000 pounds, or just a little more than about 1000 pounds than it was originally. I will not need to add that much more weight for my purposes, but it is good to have that level now. It does seem that there are so many things to consider when trying to do almost anything with one of these vehicles.
With those considerations in mind, that is one of the reasons why I chose and bought some SoloPower flexible silicon cell solar panels made on a thin stainless steel substrate. They are much lighter and thinner than the more common aluminum framed solar panels, so that helps with both the wind resistance and also the weight, because the 70 Watt panels are only 3 pounds, as opposed to about 18 pounds for a similar aluminum framed panel, plus there is the additional weight of the mounting hardware and framing to get them up off the roof surface. But I do not like idea of drilling holes in the roof for mounting the solar panels. That is another reason why I chose the thin SoloPower panels. They literally will be glued to the roof using a thick layer of sealant. That takes care of the wind resistance and the hole drilling problem, but it does bring up another problem; the lack of air space behind the solar panels. That is one of the compromises that I am making; accepting that the panels will be getting hotter during the day and their power output will not be a good as it would with air space behind the panel for better heat dissipation and cooling. If I want the low profile and the low wind resistance, that is one of the factors I must accept as part of the overall package. While I am putting a rated 270 Watts of solar panels on the roof, I am actually expecting only about 200 Watts of electrical power from the system under normal conditions. Engineering is always a series of compromises.
If I can find additional panels of the specified size needed for the remaining space available, I can add about another 100 Watts to the system, and having about 350 Watts of solar power would really be nice. There is another solar panel maker who did have panels of about the size needed, but they are also very expensive at around $10 per Watt in comparison with the SoloPower panels I bought. $10 per Watt is like prices from back around 1990. I bought most of my eight Solarex MSX-60 panels in the late 1990s when they were about $5.00 per Watt. Today many solar panels are commonly available in the $1.00 to $1.50 per Watt price range, and in quantity they are less. In a pallet quantity, they can be down around $0.50 to $0.60 per Watt. Container quantities are even less.
Also, your idea of using the solar panels in a "portable" configuration is quite workable. I have done that for many years with three Solarex MSX-60 aluminum framed 60 Watt panels for operating the portable radio station out of the Subaru. For supporting them at the chosen angle, I use adjustable "trekking poles" to hold them up, and I move them about every hour or so to face the sun as it goes across the sky. For the current coming from each panel, the length of the wire and the wire size is somewhat "generous," but it does work. I have also carried them in the Winnebago Elandan between the beds in the back bedroom for portable operation of that radio station under the Elandan side awning on the folding table for display and demonstration purposes.
I hear all that loud and clear. I did wonder about the air space. I think I'd be with you on that.
My biggest concern, though, is having lower places on the roof that will collect debris/water. I don't think I have it in me to restructure a roof and I have to get myself used to the idea with any rig I find there is going to be some sagging. And then what about replacing? How to pull up something that's been glued down if it does get damaged? Now on some of the toys there is a front slant I might be able to take advantage of - depending on the angle (I've never measured one).
Some of this is just going to have to wait. But until then the more I know, the better buying decisions I can make. For example it has more value to me if it has a generator space but no generator, potentially to put the batteries in.
Do you think those flexies could stand being hauled up and down a ladder frequently? Being plugged and unplugged? The ones I've looked at have grommet holes, so I could 3M some sort of hooks and then with the right protection might be able to store them in the bathroom when underway. That and a big ole steering wheel anti-theft bar...only to remind me to take down the panels before getting on the road!
Not sure if I'm just making work for myself or not.
We had a 37.5 foot Bounder for several years and full-timed. Never got on the roof, left that to the better half. The worst part about full-timing was not having a place to work on things. Remind me to tell you the story of trying to "hide" changing out a hydraulic jack on that beast in a snooty private park one night...well, it made for an adventure and we made good friends while we were at it, so it wasn't in vain.
I'm thinking of buying some new solar panels for my house to charge batteries when the power is out.
Looking for the best deal.
Just now found this group. I also have long connections to solar and wind energy systems, having been in the alternative energy business since 1980. I guess I'm pretty-much retired now but still do consulting work and some sales in both disciplines, but mostly in PV these days. I originally got involved in PV when I was a yacht broker in Santa Barbara in the 70's and rented a corner of my office to a guy named Matt Voore, who invented the solar powered cabin vent for boats that sat unattended for long periods.
I also was the wind department head at DC Power Systems in Healdsburg, Ca for 4 years and taught our dealer network wind technology and theory all over the country (and out of it), as we were importers and distributors for the best small wind turbines on the market at the time. I'll put my $00.02 in here and suggest that using a microturbine for RV use is essentially not worth the trouble unless you intend on staying at a very windy, fixed location for some time. This is because it takes a substantial tower and guywire installation to safely install any wind turbine - even tiny ones. Also, unless the hub is at least 10 meters (or 30') higher than the surrounding terrain (upwind of your rig), the output of the machine will be minimal and sporadic. Towers are THE big problem with all wind turbines, but especially small ones, because of the costs and installation requirements. It was this way when I got in the business 36 years ago, and it remains that way today.
The best option for most RVers, IMHO, is PV and a decent battery bank to store the energy. I use portable panels because it allows us to have solar input while having the RV parked in the shade, I do have concerns about havening them ripped off while out hiking, but we mainly stay in State and Federal Parks, so the security is pretty good.
I hope this discussion takes off again as it's my main area of expertise.
Welcome to the group, sir.
I do not know how far back you have been reading in this thread. I also started in solar photovoltaic panels a while back. Literally, I built my first one in February of 1962 using 10mm by 20mm monocrystaline solar cells that we bought from Hoffman Semiconductors for a little over $11.00 each back then. We were making our own panels at that time because we could not find an extension cord long enough to power our equipment for more than just two or three orbits, and then we ran out of wire.
I have been operating a 100 Watt ham radio station off 180 Watts of solar panels for over 20 years on islands from the Pacific Ocean to the Pacific Northwest Region in the Puget Sound Area and up to an Island in the Beaufort Sea, Lattitude 70 North and Longitude 139 West. I have been talking with people about solar photovoltaic panels and later wind turbines for emergency power in radio communications for a similar time period. The basic point that I have emphasized is that they really can do this too. It has been just in recent times with all the promotion of solar photovoltaic energy for homes that this has become a practical thing to do with the drop in solar panels and all the financial incentives there are promoting their use. One of the best examples of how this can be done is the story about John and Carol Evans who had a 12 KW grid-tied array put on their house in Maryland. The contract cost was $56,000. When all the rebates and other credits and incentives had been applied, that cost dropped to $12,000. That is a price of $1.00 per Watt, INSTALLED! I don't think that you can find a much more positive recommendation for solar power today.
Matt, I actually agree with you about wind energy. Yes, I do have and I erect and use either a SouthWest Wind Power Air-X or an Air-Breeze on a 30 foot tall tripod and mast that is plugged into the 12 VDC electrical system of the motor home to supplement the solar panels on the roof, and I have the electronic metering systems on the solar panel output, the wind turbine output, and also the main load power going out of the battery system, mainly to show people where most of the electrical power comes from. However, I still feel that the wind turbine system is a useful addition to the solar panels, and it does work at night and during storms in the daytime. I agree that the major cost of a good wind turbine system will be the tower, and not the wind turbine itself. Then there is the point about having a good wind resource in the first place. When the motor home has been shown at such places as Sol West, both in La Grande, Oregon, and earlier when it was in the valley in John Day. Oregon at the Grant County Fairgrounds, the main utility for the wind turbine was as an attractive attention getter to bring people to the display and discuss alternative energy and show how it can be used on a small scale to make life without using fossil fuels a real possibility and even practical.
Probably the most effective part of the display of all these things was the use of the Norton "Space Blankets" turned silver side out to reflect the sunlight off the things that I did not want to have warmed in the Summer sun. Used on the motor home and on the tops of the tents and the 10 foot by 10 foot shelter did demonstrate how effective they could be as a passive technique to control solar energy and reduce the need for such things as running the air conditioner in the motor home. Then the Sun Oven solar cooker is a great way to show that it is not truly necessary to use propane for making coffee and cooking. There are lots of ways to use alternative energy using products available quite reasonably today. Probably the most impressive thing about my Sun Oven is the "lazy Susan" turntable I made with two square pieces of plywood that goes under it and allows me to turn it to track the sun while cooking during the day. That one thing has been the main feature that most of the women seem to appreciate; not needing to pick up and turn the Sun Oven with the food in it to its new position and set it back down about once per hour.
One consideration that I must keep in mind with my motor home is that it does have a finite limit to its weight bearing capability. To that end, and also to avoid making holes in the fiberglass roof of the Winnebago Elandan, the solar panels I have on mine are some that were made by SoloPower a few years back, and they are built in thin stainless steel sheet metal, so they are very light weight and very thin. It is also a "24 VDC" system. Well, actually a 34 VDC system for less IR loss in the wiring getting across the roof and down inside the motor home to the MPPT charge controller. They do not have an aluminum frame around them which should be bolted to another framework mounted on the roof to hold them securely in place. In fact, I literally glued them to the fiberglass roof of the motor home using sealant. There is virtually no wind resistance to them, being less than 1/16th of an inch thick. The main drawbacks are the flat mounting of the panels and the lack of cooling air behind them. All of this is in recognition of the many different factors that can go into the decision of what kind of panels to use on a motor home and how to mount them with consideration to the point that it is a motor home, and the watertight integrity of the roof is a factor, along with the weight and other factors. As you are aware, all of this is an engineering compromise taking into consideration all of these factors, and trying to do it with the fewest negative consequences. The main thing is that I do have enough solar power to to run the radios and keep the batteries happy, along with the other improvements such as the conversion to LED lighting inside to drop the load off the batteries to a notably lower level. No, I am not trying to run an air conditioner off solar power.
Anyway, I think that there are many things that we can discuss, and, if you do not mind, as I am writing this thing, perhaps you could also review and critique what is being written for fact checking with current thinking and other suggestions. I cannot claim to know everything about photovoltaic solar panels for domestic use. My early experience was in a scientific application Most of what I have done, as you can tell, is with smaller systems for portable and mobile applications in remote settings.


text:
half elf drow 5e
The museum focuses on exhibits related to the history of Singapore. Museum virtual tours. Click here to access the virtual tours… Wherever you are in the world, take a tour of the National Gallery. The Google Arts & Culture portal is a great resource to help inculcate an admiration for artworks and cultural heritage in your children.. You can now take your children to explore over 2500 museums and galleries across the world through a series of virtual museum tours. Recently added is a display on Selam, estimated to be 3.3 million years old, considered to be the earliest child. Our three virtual tours allow you to step inside the Gallery and explore one of the greatest collections of paintings, from the comfort of your home. There are lots of free virtual museum tours online to choose from, but don't overlook the Virginia Museum of History and Culture in Richmond. Closure of the National Museum of Ireland sites. Over the past few months, most of us have been stuck inside or venturing out only to do necessary tasks. 7. Note: Please wait for a few moments for the tour to load. Das Musée D'Orsay in Paris: Das Musée D'Orsay ist eines meiner persönlichen Lieblingsmuseen in Europa. Through online exhibits, learn about the history and landscape of the state, the 400-year struggle for black equality and female activism in the state. Explore virtual 3D tours of galleries and exhibitions at National Museums Liverpool. This page allows you to explore our virtual tour of our museum exhibits and the Col. James M. Schoonmaker Museum Ship (scroll down for museum tour). Go on a virtual tour of the Museum. The opening photo of the virtual tour is an Aerial 360 taken at 60 meters which gives a birds eye view of the campus. The first guided virtual tour was presented by Fereidoun Biglari, head of the Paleolithic department of the museum, on the earliest evidence of human settlement in Iran. Virtual tour. NASA.gov brings you the latest images, videos and news from America's space agency. Experience the Gallery in virtual reality through your desktop, phone or VR headset. So you've always wanted to spend a night at the museum? Virtual tour 2011 Take a virtual tour of 18 rooms at the National Gallery and get a closer look at over 300 paintings Join the conversation. The National Museum in Bangkok also has a virtual tour section of exhibitions halls from around 2014 and 2015, this is neat, because these exhibitions are no longer on display physically but you can still visit them virtually. Photography: Quinn Villarreal via Unsplash. Now you can. The National Museum of Singapore is the oldest museum in Singapore.Its history dates back to 1849, when it was started as a section of a library at Singapore Institution and called the Raffles Library and Museum.After several relocations, in 1887 it moved to its permanent site at Stamford Road in the Museum Planning Area.. Sign up for emails. Kultur auf dem Sofa: 10 berühmte Museen, die virtuelle Touren anbieten Jasmin Haupenthal, SEO-Online Redakteurin 16.03.2020, 18:03 Uhr Selbst-Quarantäne: Ja. The customised hotspots feature a thumbnail of the destination and text below the image on mouse hover. Please turn off the Active X filter when accessing the virtual tour. The mapmaker was Abraham Ortelius, a Flemish cartographer and […] While you're on a virtual tour of the museum, look out for Egyptian antiquities, the remains of the original moat and more. The virtual tour allows visitors to take a virtual, 360-degree, self-guided tour of the entire museum by navigating from gallery to gallery either by using a drop-down map or by following navigational arrows connecting the individual nodes. Das National Museum of Singapore ist ein Museum in Singapur.. Das Museum ist das älteste Museum des Landes. Die Geschichte des Museums selbst geht ebenfalls in das Jahr 1849 zurück, als in dem Gebäude ein Teil der Bibliothek der Raffles Institution (Singapore Institution) eingerichtet wurde.Nach verschiedenen Auslagerungen des Museums wurde … Along with museums around the world that are going online, our local museums are also getting creative with digital exhibitions, tours and programmes during this period. Alternatively, you can click here to virtually explore the museum. Explore the Basilica with Our Interactive Map View each point of interest with our interactive map, exploring the art and architecture throughout the Crypt Level, Upper Church Level, and exterior gardens. SUBSCRIBE. Die virtuelle Tour von Google führt euch durch sechs Stockwerke mit zeitgenössischer Kunst aus Korea und der ganzen Welt. Timings- Tue-Fri (10:00 AM to 6:00 PM), Sat & Sun (10:00 AM to 8:00 PM) (Closed on Mondays and National Holidays) Entry Fee: Adults: Rs. The blueprint for establishing the National Museum in Delhi was prepared by the Maurice Gwyer Committee in May 1946. The National Museum of Ireland regrets that during the current Level 5 COVID-19 restrictions our public sites will be closed until further notice. Our free, live virtual tours connect community groups from all over Australia and beyond with the National Museum's collection and exhibitions. The National Museum of the Great Lakes is committed to spreading our mission by providing valuable resources to those looking for history-based learning opportunities at home. Hier der Link zu allen Touren. National Museum of Natural History Virtual Tour. Explore the museum as if you were inside our premises. Get the latest updates on NASA missions, watch NASA TV live, and learn about our quest to reveal the unknown and benefit all humankind. Modern-day Singapore is depicted and labeled as "Cincapura." This map is illustrated with mermaids and imaginary sea monsters. Established in 1792, the museum now offers virtual tours: though for only three exhibits. Google virtual tour. Musée d'Orsay in Paris. The museum displays more than 200,000 relics and artifacts, boasts a large garden and prides itself with a permanent exhibition on the Chu kingdom (770-476 BC). Icons indicate hotspots where the visitor can get additional information such as videos, audio and links to online resources. Visitors can also access select collections and research areas at our satellite support and research stations as well as past exhibits no longer on display. Google Arts & Culture gives you access to 300,000 specimens within the Museum's collections, along with 14 digital exhibitions, virtual tours and an interactive gigapixel photo (so enormous you can zoom in on the tiniest detail) of Hintze Hall's gilded canopy. National Indian Railway. Go back to the top of the page. National Museum of Ethiopia The National Museum of Ethiopia houses the nation's artistic treasures as well as precious archaeological finds such as the fossilized remains of early hominids, the most famous of which is "Lucy,". Explore Here. […] You can visit the recently-restored Galerie d'Apollon, or explore the remains of the Louvre's Moat. Visit all our rooms which house the permanent collection and a great number of our temporary exhibitions. It features multiple locations around the museum to explore, and also has embedded videos and 3D models to explore. Janpath, New Delhi - 110011 . Join our mailing list to stay up to date and get notices about our new updates! Abraham Ortelius Map of Southeast Asia The Abraham Ortelius Map of Southeast Asia, created in 1570, shows the Malay Peninsula as an elongated extension of mainland Southeast Asia. 5. MADAME.de stellt Ihnen zehn virtuelle Museumstouren vor, die gerade jetzt sehr zu empfehlen sind . The world's greatest paintings to your inbox. Das National Museum of Natural History in Washington: ... Macht doch eine virtuelle Tour durch das Museum mit der ganzen Familie. Read More Plan Your Visit. Virtual tours of the National Gallery . Virtual museum tours of Hubei Provincial Museum are available Eventbrite - National Cryptologic Museum presents National Cryptologic Museums Virtual Tours - Wednesday, July 15, 2020 | Wednesday, December 30, 2020 - Find event and ticket information. Das Museumsgebäude wurde 1849 errichtet. Read more; NMI invites teachers to bring the Museum to the classroom this autumn. Hubei Provincial Museum in Wuhan is one of the most comprehensive museums in China and one of only eight museums supported by the national government. May 20, 2020 - National Museum of Singapore – Virtual Tour The National Museum of Singapore is the oldest museum in Singapore, and it started as a section of a library at Singapore Institution and called the Raffles Library and Museum. Eintönige Langeweile: Nein. The museum focuses on exhibits related to the history of Singapore, and it is one of four national […] The tours highlight objects in the permanent galleries of the museum, a curator of the museum told the Tehran Times on Saturday. Virtual Museum Tours: Best Renowned Museums To 'Explore' With Your Kids. Sign up. The National Museum, New Delhi, as we see it today, has an interesting beginning. Eines der populärsten Museen Koreas, das National Museum of Modern & Contemporary Art in Seoul, ist von überall auf der Welt zugänglich. Watch the premiere of the virtual tour of Proclaiming a Republic: The 1916 Rising, an exhibition which was on display at the NMI - Decorative Arts & History, Collins Barracks, Dublin 7, from 2016 – 2020.. The virtual tour will allow you to see the inscriptions up close and to view the many chapels and oratories that are found there. It is easy with just any desktop or mobile device or with virtual reality VR) glasses. Take a 3D virtual tour of the UK's National Museum of Computing. This is represented as a circle with … National Museum of Modern & Contemporary Art in Seoul. The Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History virtual tours allow visitors to take self-guided, room-by-room tours of several exhibits and areas within the museum from their desktop or mobile device. Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History: Washington, DC, USA . We cater to family and community groups and everyone from children to adults. These tours are for all ages and abilities. 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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
package com.nagao.db.nosql.utils;

import java.io.ByteArrayInputStream;
import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
import java.io.ObjectInputStream;
import java.io.ObjectOutputStream;

public class SerializeUtil {
    /**
     * 序列化
     *
     * @param object
     * @return
     */
    public static byte[] serialize(Object object) {
        ObjectOutputStream oos = null;
        ByteArrayOutputStream baos = null;
        try {
            // 序列化
            baos = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
            oos = new ObjectOutputStream(baos);
            oos.writeObject(object);
            byte[] bytes = baos.toByteArray();
            return bytes;
        } catch (Exception e) {

        }
        return null;
    }

    /**
     * 反序列化
     *
     * @param bytes
     * @return
     */
    public static Object unserialize(byte[] bytes) {
        ByteArrayInputStream bais = null;
        try {
            // 反序列化
            bais = new ByteArrayInputStream(bytes);
            ObjectInputStream ois = new ObjectInputStream(bais);
            return ois.readObject();
        } catch (Exception e) {

        }
        return null;
    }
}


text:
//=================================================================================================

//=================================================================================================

//*************************************************************************************************
// Includes
//*************************************************************************************************

#include <cstdlib>
#include <iostream>
#include <blaze/math/CompressedMatrix.h>
#include <blaze/math/DiagonalMatrix.h>
#include <blaze/math/DynamicMatrix.h>
#include <blaze/math/HermitianMatrix.h>
#include <blazetest/mathtest/Creator.h>
#include <blazetest/mathtest/dmatsmatmult/OperationTest.h>
#include <blazetest/system/MathTest.h>

//=================================================================================================
//
//  MAIN FUNCTION
//
//=================================================================================================

//*************************************************************************************************
int main()
{
   std::cout << "   Running 'DDbHCa'..." << std::endl;

   using blazetest::mathtest::NumericA;
   using blazetest::mathtest::NumericB;

   try
   {
      // Matrix type definitions
      typedef blaze::DiagonalMatrix< blaze::DynamicMatrix<NumericB> >      DDb;
      typedef blaze::HermitianMatrix< blaze::CompressedMatrix<NumericA> >  HCa;

      // Creator type definitions
      typedef blazetest::Creator<DDb>  CDDb;
      typedef blazetest::Creator<HCa>  CHCa;

      // Running tests with small matrices
      for( size_t i=0UL; i<=6UL; ++i ) {
         for( size_t j=0UL; j<=i*i; ++j ) {
            RUN_DMATSMATMULT_OPERATION_TEST( CDDb( i ), CHCa( i, j ) );
         }
      }

      // Running tests with large matrices
      RUN_DMATSMATMULT_OPERATION_TEST( CDDb(  31UL ), CHCa(  31UL,  7UL ) );
      RUN_DMATSMATMULT_OPERATION_TEST( CDDb(  67UL ), CHCa(  67UL,  7UL ) );
      RUN_DMATSMATMULT_OPERATION_TEST( CDDb( 127UL ), CHCa( 127UL, 13UL ) );
      RUN_DMATSMATMULT_OPERATION_TEST( CDDb(  32UL ), CHCa(  32UL,  8UL ) );
      RUN_DMATSMATMULT_OPERATION_TEST( CDDb(  64UL ), CHCa(  64UL,  8UL ) );
      RUN_DMATSMATMULT_OPERATION_TEST( CDDb( 128UL ), CHCa( 128UL, 16UL ) );
   }
   catch( std::exception& ex ) {
      std::cerr << "\n\n ERROR DETECTED during dense matrix/sparse matrix multiplication:\n"
                << ex.what() << "\n";
      return EXIT_FAILURE;
   }

   return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}
//*************************************************************************************************


1. You pack it in; make sure to pack it out.
People consistently choose Maui because of its seemingly untouched nature. Yet, it will only remain so as long as each person takes care to avoid littering. Help keep Maui beautiful by picking up after yourself, including small items. This includes everything from bottle caps to cigarette butts.
2. Don't leave valuables in rental cars.
Unfortunately, Maui is not a place free of petty crimes. There are thieves, just as any tourist destination, waiting to prey on tourists. Protect yourself and your valuables by never leaving precious items in your rental car or elsewhere unprotected. Instead, keep cameras, cash and other expensive things either secure in your hotel or on your person when possible.
3. Give animals some space.
4. Balance the line between relaxation and good time management.
While good vacations are rarely defined by strict schedules, it is important to practice good time management when in Maui. For example, while the Road to Hana extends just 60 miles, its many twists and turns, roadside attractions and low travel speeds lead to this being a multi-hour excursion. Do not make the mistake of traveling late in the day and being forced to traverse narrow bridges and dangerous, unlit roads after dark. If you're considering a Maui helicopter tour with Maverick Helicopters, note some of our most popular flights occur at sunset, so a lot of them sell-out early. Be sure to book!
5. Stay alert and be safe.
The breathtaking beauty of Maui makes it easy for anyone to throw care to the wind. And while we definitely encourage you to enjoy your time here, it's important to be aware of your surroundings at all times. Shore break waves and riptides can take even the most experienced swimmer off their feet. Likewise, swimmers should be aware of Portuguese Man-o-Wars, scorpions and sting rays in their swim zones.
For more information about Maui and to book a thrilling Maui air tour, contact us today!


text:
Q: MVC Razor MultiSelectList Getting/Setting SelectedValue I'm using erichynds Multi Select Widget to create a nice style for my MultiSelectList.  But my issue (appears) to be unrelated.
I am trying to loop through each DemographicQuestionFilter question, list out the DemographicResponseFilter response and be able to get/post the selected items along with my DemographicFilterViewModel model.  The issue I am having is that when I set the filters for item-1 (index 0) in the list it works fine, when I set item-2 (index 1) it only works if item-1 is also set, if item-1 is not set then the DemographicFilters object is null.  I'm assuming I can switch up types, or that I'm missing something basic here.
How can I make it so that the list containing the selected items for n Question is not dependent n-1 also having a selected item?
Here are my ViewModel objects:
Parent:
public class DemographicFilterViewModel
{
    public int TaskID { get; set; }
    public List<DemographicQuestionFilter> DemographicFilters { get; set; }
}

Child:
public class DemographicQuestionFilter
{
    public string Question { get; set; }

    public List<DemographicResponseFilter> Responses { get; set; }

    public List<SelectListItem> selectListItems { get; set; }

    public List<int> SelectedItems { get; set; }
}

Grandchild:
public class DemographicResponseFilter
{
    public int ResponseID { get; set; }
    public string Response { get; set; }
}

View:
@Html.HiddenFor(m => m.TaskID)
if (Model.DemographicFilters != null)
{
    for (int i = 0; i < Model.DemographicFilters.Count; i++)
    {
        @Html.HiddenFor(model => model.DemographicFilters[i].SelectedItems)
        @Html.DisplayTextFor(m => m.DemographicFilters[i].Question)

        @Html.ListBoxFor(model => model.DemographicFilters[i].SelectedItems, new MultiSelectList(Model.DemographicFilters[i].Responses, "ResponseID", "Response", Model.DemographicFilters[i].SelectedItems),  new { Multiple = "multiple" })

    }
}

Here is what is rendered to the screen (just so you can try to follow what I am doing):
http://i.imgur.com/ZefpLy1.png?1
Edit: The issue is when the View posts back to the controller, the View displays correctly, but on HttpPost the values in [n]SelectedItems are dependent on [n-1]SelectedItems having a value,
If [i]SelectedItems is blank (nothing selected) then every [>i]SelectedItems is null, even when the values are correctly set in the HttpGet...

HTMLHelper Extension:
#region Usings

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq.Expressions;
using System.Web.Mvc.Html;
using System.Web.Mvc;

#endregion

namespace Extensions
{
    public static class HtmlHelperExtensions
    {
        public static MvcHtmlString HiddenEnumerableFor<TModel, TEnumType>(this HtmlHelper<TModel> htmlHelper, Expression<Func<TModel, IEnumerable<TEnumType>>> expression)
        {
            return htmlHelper.Hidden(htmlHelper.NameFor(expression).ToHtmlString(),
                string.Join(",", expression.Compile().Invoke(htmlHelper.ViewData.Model) ?? new TEnumType[0]));
        }
    }
}

A: HiddenFor cannot be used for ListBoxFor so here is the workaround I tried to fix the issue.
Replaced
  @Html.HiddenFor(model => filter.SelectedItems)

With
  @Html.Hidden(string.Format("DemographicFilters[{0}].SelectedItems", i), "-1")

Problem with this approach is that your DemographicFilters.SelectedItems will have an extra row -1 added to it, need to add code to exclude -1 row.

A: My answer is an extension on what Vasanth Sundaralingam posted in his answer, that HiddenFor won't work with arrays.  I went ahead and created a function that behaves like a hiddenFor for enumerable properties.
@functions
{
    public MvcHtmlString HiddenEnumerableFor<TModel, TEnumType>(
        HtmlHelper<TModel> htmlHelper,
        Expression<Func<TModel, IEnumerable<TEnumType>>> expression)
    {

        return htmlHelper.Hidden(htmlHelper.NameFor(expression).ToHtmlString(),
            string.Join(",", expression.Compile().Invoke(htmlHelper.ViewData.Model) ?? new TEnumType[0]));
    }
}

Replace
@Html.HiddenFor(model => filter.SelectedItems)

With
@HiddenEnumerableFor(Html, m => m.DemographicFilters[i].SelectedItems)

You could also convert this into an extension method by adding it to a static class, and adding this before the first parameter.  That way it would look like very similar to HiddenFor
@Html.HiddenEnumerableFor(m => m.DemographicFilters[i].SelectedItems)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Can Laughter Unlock the Key to your Success?
By Peter Doskoch, published on July 01, 1996 – last reviewed on September 28, 2006
Is humour the forgotten key to happiness? Here's how to harness laughter's powers.
Laughter may help make you happier and healthier, but not everybody benefits from humour equally. Here's how to harness laughter's powers.
While the humour-is-healthy viewpoint has finally gained scientific respectability, now humour's therapeutic limits become defined and its weaknesses understood. That may sound like a glum take on a cheerful subject, but it's not. For the better we understand when laughter is useful, the more effectively we can deploy it something we can all be happy about.
Laughter is such an intrinsic part of our lives that we sometimes forget how very odd it is. Despite the development of newfangled imaging machines like MRI and PET scans, neuroscientists still have little idea what's happening in our brain when we laugh. Certainly the brain stem plays a role. People who've suffered strokes in this primitive brain region have been known to have prolonged bouts of pathological laughter. And some anencephalic infants babies born missing their higher brain circuitry will, when tickled, make faces that appear to be smiles or laughs, again implicating the primitive brain.
But laughing in response to something funny also calls on more sophisticated brain functions. One brain study in humour research looked at the electrical activity that occurs as we chuckle, giggle, or guffaw. About four-tenths of a second after we hear the punch line of a joke but before we laugh a wave of electricity sweeps through the cortex, reports Peter Derks, professor of psychology at the College of William and Mary.
What Derks finds most significant about this wave is that it carpets our entire cerebral cortex, rather than just one region. So all or most of our higher brain may play a role in laughter, Derks suggests, perhaps with the left hemisphere working on the joke's verbal content while the analytic right hemisphere attempts to figure out the incongruity that lies at the heart of much humour.
That laughter is a full-cortex experience is only fitting considering the wide-ranging effects it has on us psychologically and physiologically. Perhaps the most obvious effect of laughter is on our mood. After all, with even the most intellectual brands of humour, laughter is ultimately an expression of emotion joy, surprise, nervousness, amusement. More than a decade of research has begun unraveling the details of the laughter-mood connection:
Stressed-out folks with a strong sense of humour become less depressed and anxious than those whose sense of humour is less well developed, according to a study by psychologists Herbert Lefcourt, of the University of Waterloo, and Rod Martin, Ph.D., now at the University of Western Ontario.
Researchers at West Chester University in Pennsylvania found that students who used humour as a coping mechanism were more likely to be in a positive mood.
In a study of depressed and suicidal senior citizens, the patients who recovered were the ones who demonstrated a sense of humour, reports psychiatrist Joseph Richman, professor emeritus at Albert Einstein Medical Center in the Bronx, New York.
All of this makes sense in light of laughter's numerous physiological effects. "After you laugh, you go into a relaxed state," explains John Morreall, president of HUMOURWORKS Seminars in Tampa, Florida. "Your blood pressure and heart rate drop below normal, so you feel profoundly relaxed. Laughter also indirectly stimulates endorphins, the brain's natural painkillers."
In addition to its biological effects, laughter may also improve our mood through social means. Telling a joke, particularly one that illuminates a shared experience or problem, increases our sense of "belonging and social cohesion," says Richman. He believes that by psychologically connecting us to others, laughter counteracts "feelings of alienation, a major factor in depression and suicide."
Some of laughter's other psychological effects are less obvious. For one thing, says Morreall, it helps us think more creatively. "Humour loosens up the mental gears. It encourages out-of-the-ordinary ways of looking at things."
Humour guru William Fry, professor emeritus of psychiatry at Stanford University, takes this idea one step further. "Creativity and humour are identical," he contends. "They both involve bringing together two items which do not have an obvious connection, and creating a relationship."
Finally, humour helps us contend with the unthinkable our mortality. Lefcourt recently found that people's willingness to sign the organ donor consent on their driver's license rises with their tendency to laugh. "Very few people are ready to think, even for a moment, about death," he says. "But those who have a sense of humour are more able to cope with the idea."
A Healthy Sense of Humour
The idea that laughter promotes good health first received widespread attention through Norman Cousins's 1979 best-seller, Anatomy of an Illness. But centuries earlier, astute observers had ascribed physical benefits to humour. Thomas Sydenham, a seventeenth-century British physician, once observed: "The arrival of a good clown into a village does more for its health than 20 asses laden with drugs."
Today, scientific belief in laughter's effects on health rest largely on the shoulders of Lee Berk and Stanley Tan, both of the Loma Linda School of Medicine, in Loma Linda, California. Laughter, they find, sharpens most of the instruments in our immune system's tool kit. It activates T lymphocytes and natural killer cells, both of which help destroy invading microorganisms. Laughter also increases production of immunity-boosting gamma interferon and speeds up the production of new immune cells. And it reduces levels of the stress hormone cortisol, which can weaken the immune response.
Meanwhile, studies by Lefcourt and others have found that levels of immunoglobulin A, an antibody secreted in saliva to protect against respiratory invaders, drops during stress but it drops far less in people who score high on a humour scale.
While these findings suggest how laughter might benefit our health, nobody has yet proven that these immune effects translate into faster healing, because humour's impact on actual recovery has never been scientifically confirmed.
Laughter: The Proper Dose
Now that we know what laughter can do, it's important to recognize when it's most effective. Here are some things to keep in mind to live life happily ever laughter.
Humour may help some people more than others.
There's one problem with nearly all the research that links humour and mood; it's what scientists call "correlational." The fact that two things happen at the same time doesn't mean one caused the other. So if folks with a strong sense of humour are less affected by stress, "it doesn't mean laughing is what's helping them cope," says Martin. Rather, it could be that if they're coping well, they can laugh a lot.
In Martin's view, by adulthood our sense of humour has essentially reached its final form: And for those of us whose internal humour settings are on the low side, he believes laughter may not help as much. For example, in one study, participants' levels of immunoglobulin A increased when they viewed humourous videos. But they rose most in people whose tendency to laugh was greatest to begin with. So the serious and sober among us may benefit less from laughter.
Others dispute this idea, asserting that humour is an equal-opportunity life-enhancer. "Anybody who has normal mental development can engage in and benefit from humour," insists Morreall. "All they have to do is put themselves in this more playful state of mind. We have to give ourselves permission to do something we did very easily when we were three years old."
Martin, though, remains unconvinced. "My sense is that research hasn't been as successful as people had hoped. It seems to be pretty hard to teach someone to change their sense of humour." Nonetheless, if you're a natural humour powerhouse, laughter's force may be especially at your command.
Control and choice may enhance laughter's benefits.
Numerous studies show that psychological and physical health improve when people feel a sense of control in their lives, whether over their jobs, future, relationships, or even their medical treatment. Laughter's benefits may have a similar origin, suggests Morreall.
"When we're stressed, we often feel like we have no control of the situation," he says. "We feel helpless. But when we laugh, at least in our minds, we assume some control. We feel able to handle it."
One implication of this is that the more control people have over the type of humour to which they're exposed, the more they may benefit from it. At least one study bears this out. When patients recovering from surgery at a Florida hospital were allowed to choose the humourous movies they saw, they required less painkillers than a control group that saw no movies. But a third set of patients, force-fed comedies that may not have been to their liking, did worst of all.
Perhaps that should come as no surprise. Humour is intensely personal. Jim Carrey's comedy has little in common with Woody Allen's. "To harness laughter's benefits, it's essential that each person is matched to his or her favorite brand of humour," says Lefcourt. Often, that's remarkably difficult, even for folks close to you. "I'm sometimes very surprised at what people I know find funny," he says.
In the long run, conscientiousness may outperform laughter as a health aid.
Even if laughter proves to aid recovery, it may not be an asset in the long run, contends Howard Friedman, professor of psychology at the University of California at Riverside. Friedman and colleagues have been following the fates of the "Termites," a group of 1,528 11-year-olds that the legendary psychologist Louis Terman began studying in 1921. Terman asked teachers and parents to assess various personality traits of his preteen subjects. Friedman's team found that individuals judged as being cheerful and having a good sense of humour as children have been dying sooner than their less jovial classmates.
The reason, he thinks, is that cheerful people may pay less attention to threats to their physical and psychological well-being. "In the short term, I think it is helpful to be optimistic about a particular illness," says Friedman. But the same good-natured attitude that helps us laugh off the threat of illness ("I'm going to be just fine") may work against us when we're presented with the opportunity to eat unhealthy foods or light up a cigarette.
In fact, the only personality trait that consistently increased longevity among the Termites, Friedman says, was conscientiousness, possibly because folks with this trait are more likely to avoid hazardous behaviours. So laugh all you like but temper it with a bit of caution.
Prescription for Happiness
While laughter may not be a panacea, there's still much to be gained from it. And, truth be told, there's room for plenty of additional chortles in our lives: Fry found that by the time the average kid reaches kindergarten, he or she is laughing some 300 times each day. Compare that to the typical adult, whom Martin recently found laughs a paltry 17 times a day. (Men and women laugh equally often, Martin adds, but at different things.)
Fortunately, if you're attracted by the idea of using laughter to improve your spirit and health, chances are you've already got a good sense of humour. Meaning, of course, that you're just the type of person who might benefit from what Fry calls "prophylactic humour" laughter as preventive medicine.
For people who want to inoculate themselves with laughter, Fry recommends this two-step process.
First, figure out your humour profile. Listen to yourself for a few days and see what makes you laugh out loud. Be honest with yourself; don't affect a taste for sophisticated French farces if your heartiest guffaws come from watching Moe, Larry, and Curly.
Next, use your comic profile to start building your own humour library: books, magazines, videos, what have you. If possible, set aside a portion of your bedroom or den as a "humour corner" to house your collection. Then, when life gets you down, don't hesitate to visit. Even a few minutes of laughter, says Fry, will provide some value.
"We're teaching people a skill that they can use when, say, deadline pressures are getting close," explains nurse/ clown Patty Wooten, author of Compassionate Laughter (Commune-a-Key) and president of the American Association for Therapeutic Humour.
"The deadline will remain, but by taking time out to laugh, you adjust your mood, your physiology, your immune system. And then you go back to work and face what you have to do."
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