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Drinking Customs 1630-1830: Why Temperance and Prohibition Became Important
Posted by Cindy Lambert | Oct 31, 2020 | Prohibition | 0
A fashion in the South was to take a glass of whiskey, flavored with mint, soon after waking.
"Leven O'clock Bitters" refers to the custom of closing offices and businesses at eleven in the morning so that everyone could get a drink. Drinks known as punch, slings, toddys, and flips were served in coffee houses, bars, homes, and offices. The custom was found throughout the colonies and was honored again at four o'clock.
Women working at home drank medicated rum such as "Stoughton's Elixir" or "Hexham's Tinctures".
Prior to dinner, people drank whiskey or brandy and water flavored with apples. Both were thought to be good for digestion. The last appeal for drinks was late in the evening to secure a sound night of sleep.
Many clergymen were engaged in the liquor business, owning distilleries and taverns. Their autobiographies are filled with accounts of drinking bouts in the homes of their parishioners and during ordinations and other religious exercises. The authorities of many towns encouraged the establishment of drinking places near the churches so that the preachers and their congregations could refresh themselves before and after services.
America's First Five Presidents and Alcohol
George Washington had a still on his farm and he was a devout lover of beer; in particular a dark porter was always in ample supply at Mount Vernon.
John Adams began each day by drinking a tankard of hard cider.
Thomas Jefferson collected wines, made rye whiskey from his own crops and repealed the whiskey tax in 1802. There are records at Monticello that he and his guests consumed 1,203 bottles of wine in just over two years' time.
James Madison drank a pint of whiskey each day.
James Monroe was a fan of French red wine and champagne.
Washington, Jefferson and Monroe planted vineyards containing a number of varieties of imported and native grapes.
Abstinence was not one of the Puritan's virtues. In April 1630 an English Puritan lawyer John Winthrop sailed on the "Arbella" from England for the Massachusetts Bay Colony. His vision was a Puritan "city upon a hill," preaching a sermon during the crossing entitled A Modell of Christian Charity. He brought with him in the hold of his ship more than 10,000 gallons of wine.
In the late 1600s, rum distilling was a major industry in New England, especially in the colonies of Massachusetts and Rhode Island. Between 1700-1750 there were 30 rum distilleries in Rhode Island and 63 rum distilleries in Massachusetts. Because of the success of rum, other regional industries profited; including slave trade, shipbuilding, ironworks, logging, and cooperage. During the mid-1700s Boston manufactured and consumed more rum than any other city in America. So, one could say it was an economic boost and brought prosperity. But look what else it brought.
Americans of the period believed it was particularly healthier to drink lukewarm alcohol during hot weather rather than drink cold water. Signs were displayed at public wells warning individuals of the dangers of cold water during the summer. Because digestion seemed to be restricted when drinking a cold beverage, the stomach would seem to need warm liquids on a hot day. And, according to ancient Chinese medicine, drinking warm liquids helped to arouse one's digestive system. Therefore, lukewarm alcohol had to be much better for one than cold water.
The middle-class beverage of choice was rum, and the wealthy classes also drank rum; the wealthy also imported brandy and wines such as Madeira, Canary, Port and Malaga. The local domestic wines were not of good quality but were available for purchase and consumption. Colonists did their own home brewing and distilling of brandies and spirits; wine was fermented from any fruit or vegetable found growing on the farm or in the woods.
Most farmers kept a barrel of fermented cider by the front door for family and friends to dip into any time of the day or night. A cider press could be found in many households and on every farm. In rural America apples were a major crop used for making this cider because "virtually every homestead in America had an orchard from which literally thousands of gallons of cider were made every year," according to food historian Michael Pollan.
By the 1760s, whiskey was being distilled in western Pennsylvania by farmers for their own consumption. Not only did farmers have their own cider presses, but legend maintains that every farmer also had his own still. Production of whiskey increased dramatically because farmers realized that a horse could carry only four bushels of grain to market but could carry whiskey made from twenty-four bushels just as easily.
The American Revolutionary War occurred between April 1775 and September 1783. Whiskey was issued as a ration to the Continental Army, if good rum was not available. In September 1789, President George Washington gave the task of solving the nation's debt to Alexander Hamilton as the first Secretary of the Treasury. Much of that debt was incurred by individual states during the American Revolution. Hamilton suggested an excise tax on whiskey but George Washington was opposed to that suggestion. The President went to both Pennsylvania and Virginia in 1791 to hear the citizen's views and the local governments had met that idea with positivity. Because of that assurance, Congress passed the bill for the new federal whiskey tax where small producers paid nine cents cash per gallon of whiskey, while large producers were at a rate of six cents per gallon receiving tax breaks for the more they produced.
CONSUMPTION AND PRODUCTION OF ARDENT SPIRITS IN THE NATION
In colonial times, Americans probably drank more alcohol that in any other era. Spirits were an integral part of daily life throughout the colonies no matter the geographic or economic differences. It was reported that the average American drank eight ounces of alcohol a day. And it didn't matter what. Americans drank beer, and cider with breakfast; rum and wine with dinner; claret, ratafias, creams, punches, and other concoctions in the evening.
Whiskey was so commonplace in society that if there was a barrel of whiskey with a tin cup chained to it, any person could help themselves at any time. Grocers and merchants kept barrels of rum for customers buying goods or settling their accounts; it was good manners to get groggy on these occasions.
Town and village officials, along with court sessions, were often held in taverns so everyone would have quick access to drink. The social status of tavern owners was high, equal or above clergymen. Just think about that statement for a while. Now you can understand why temperance and prohibition became discussion points for the next 100 years.
11,008,447 gallons consumed by a population of 4 million: 2.5 gallons per capita.
5,200,000 gallons produced. Ardent spirits were still being imported at a higher rate during these earlier years.
The Whiskey Rebellion in western Pennsylvania occurred during the summer of 1794 when federal marshals served writs to 60 distillers who had not paid their taxes. Mobs attacked the tax collectors and burned their properties and assaulted their families. A federal militia who marched into western Pennsylvania was not met by a rebel army and ultimately the whiskey tax remained in effect until 1802.
The Whiskey tax was reinstated from 1814-1817 to fund the War of 1812 even though it had been so difficult to collect during the earlier years.
14,191 distilleries, an increase of five-fold from 1790 to 1810.
Population of 7 million: 4.7 gallons per capita.
33,365,559 gallons consumed. 254,999,382 produced.
Imported 8,000,000 gallons and exported 133,823 gallons.
The 1,900 residents of Dudley, Massachusetts drank 10,000 gallons of rum.
Albany, New York's population of 20,000 drank 200 gallons of alcohol, an average of 10 gallons for each man, woman, and child.
American adults drank an average of 7 gallons of pure alcohol per year: the modern equivalent of 1.7 bottles of 80 proof liquor per person per week.
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Home Winemaking During Prohibition in San Luis Obispo County
The Anti-Prohibition Manual: A Summary of Facts and Figures Dealing with Prohibition
100th Anniversary of Prohibition in the United States
Temperance Efforts in the City of San Luis Obispo


The Distribution Rate on Market Price is based on the Fund's current annualized monthly distribution divided by the Fund's current market price. Sources of distributions to shareholders may include net investment income, net realized short-term capital gains, net realized long-term capital gains and return of capital. If a distribution includes anything other than net investment income, the fund provides a Section 19(a) notice of the best estimate of its distribution sources at that time, available at www.shiplpcef.com. These estimates may not match the final tax characterization (for the full year's distributions) contained in shareholders' 1099-DIV forms after the end of the year. Distribution payments are not guaranteed; distribution rates will vary and you should not draw any conclusions about the fund's past or future investment performance from its current distribution rate.


Here's our first review of Microsoft's Xbox 360 Elite. This version of the sleek games console offers more than just cosmetic improvements.
Microsoft's Xbox 360 Elite is here, and this version of the sleek game console offers more than just cosmetic improvements. The unit's bolstered specs - such as a 120GB hard disk drive and an HDMI 1.2 connector, perfect for today's high-def TVs - mean more room to store digital content, and a better way to view high-definition content.
This update of the current Xbox 360 won't make sense for every gamer to upgrade to, but HDMI capability alone makes the Elite a more-appealing option if you're planning on buying your first Xbox. The new console went on sale in the US yesterday, and retails at $480. To buy it online into the UK currently costs around £350-£400, however.
Our first impressions of this new iteration of Microsoft's two-year-old game console are generally positive - particularly with regard to the dramatically improved integration of the optional Xbox HD DVD Player, and the improved image quality offered by HDMI (the differences are there, albeit not as striking as one might expect).
The Xbox 360 Elite differs from the current Xbox 360 in ways beyond cosmetic finish. Black, however, really can be slimming - even in the context of an inanimate game console. The matte-black Xbox 360 Elite manages to look more svelte than its off-white predecessor.
Looks aren't everything, though. While we can appreciate that the Xbox 360 Elite will blend in better with the rest of your entertainment components, we're more interested in the unit's bolstered specs and what those new features will let us do. We were also interested to see how the unit handled - especially with regard to high-definition movie playback.
Initial setup of the Xbox 360 Elite is a snap. Simply choose the language and establish your Xbox Live account or migrate an existing one.
From there, you can select the High Definition Settings option for choosing the optimal audio and video for high definition.
This option is prominently displayed on the console's screen, and we applaud its inclusion since many users will use the Xbox 360 Elite on a high-definition TV. However, choosing this option is a bit disappointing. It deposits you into the Console Settings panel, directly into the display settings. Adio was just one of many console settings we could adjust below that. We'd expected to go to a menu that unified setting the audio and video for high-def.
The menu showed our current, default setting for the display - 1080i wide-screen. We next drilled down two more levels within the menu, so I could select the HDTV setting. We chose 1080p, to match the resolution of the Pioneer Elite Pro FHD-1 50in plasma display we were using. The menu also has an option to select screen format, but on the unit we tested, that option was grayed out.
We then moved back to adjust the audio settings, to select the digital output. The default setting here was for Dolby Digital 5.1; however, you can also choose digital stereo or Dolby Digital with WMA Pro. The onscreen display warns you that you can get only digital audio output through certain connectors - you must use an Xbox 360 Component HD, Advanced SCART, S-Video, or VGA HD AV cable to get digital output.
Strangely, though, the menu doesn't make any mention of the HDMI AV cable, despite the cable coming with the Xbox 360 Elite (that inclusion is a nice touch since the cable could be expensive). That omission also means that the unit's setup makes no mention of what kind of audio you can expect to recieve over HDMI.
On paper, the new Xbox 360 has several advantages over the existing Xbox console. Hard drive capacity has jumped from 20GB to 120GB - a huge benefit if you plan to use the Xbox for lots of movie and music downloads via Xbox Live. The unit also now has an HDMI 1.2 interface; HDMI is the optimal interconnect for high-definition video playback, and can present a better image (at up to 1080p resolution) than can component video (limited to 1080i output on the Xbox 360) or VGA (at 1080p).
The system ships with a matching black wireless controller, which Microsoft rates as usable up to a 30ft range. The Xbox 360 Elite also ships with a plethora of included cables: the aforementioned HDMI AV cable; the Component HD AV cable with component, S-Video, and composite audio inputs; an audio adaptor for composite audio and optical audio inputs; a headset; and an ethernet cable.
Trying to transfer content from your current Xbox? You'll have to procure the Hard Drive Transfer Cable (for moving content from your existing 20GB Xbox to the Xbox 360 Elite). Also missing from the box's bundled contents: a remote control. You'll have to buy one separately.
We were interested to see how Microsoft handled playing HD DVD movies on the Elite. In our informal hands-on testing of the console with Microsoft's HD DVD Player add-on drive, we could see some notable improvements over its predecessor, specifically in integration and image quality.
The Xbox 360 Elite and the HD DVD drive enjoy vastly tighter integration which, in turn, results in a far more seamless experience than you might have had with the Xbox 360.
Now, you don't even have to install a driver disc for the HD DVD drive - just plug it in, and the Elite recognises the drive. Once connected, if you move down to the open tray graphic on screen, it lets you open the tray for the Xbox 360, or for the HD DVD drive.


Testing Sample Resumes 220424 Resume format for software Tester Awesome software Testing Resume in your computer by clicking resolution image in Download by size:. Don't forget to rate and comment if you interest with this wallpaper.
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We have been making our own lotions and balms for years. Friends and strangers alike have been asking for it, so we have decided to make it 'our business' to keep everyone moisturized.
We are super picky about what we put on our skin, and you should be too. Our skin is the largest organ that we have, so lets treat it with care. All of our products have healing elements that will keep your skin & hair healthy... and who doesn't want that?
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Mistaking a Magnate for a Male Escort
Charlotte Windt was a divorcee who slept with an escort after meeting at a bar. On the same day, her father leaped to his death due to being bankrupt. Instead of being a wealthy daughter, she was a poor woman scorned by society overnight and accepted her fate as a Luna guiding a pack of wolves. Four years, she returned with her triplets to Seafaire and ran into the escort in the bar, after which she forced him to earn money for her. Since she wanted more profits, she bought renal supplements for him and taught him ways to coax sugar mommies. The irony of her situation was that she was a white-collar employee forever at Zachary Nacht's mercy and rumored to be an Old Nick. As fate would strike, she was more acquainted with him than what she previously thought...
Returning from the Dead: His Secret Lover
"She's pregnant with your baby! How dare you say something like that!" "The baby? You know what, the baby doesn't deserve to come to this world!"
Divorce Anxiety
Nothing is more devastating than returning home only to be presented with divorce papers by your own husband. Unfortunately, that is the reality for Kathleen Johnson. She tries to change his mind by reasoning that she is pregnant with his child, not expecting that he would so emotionlessly tell her to have an abortion. Their relationship doesn't involve mutual feelings anyway, for her husband Samuel Macari has another woman in his life, whom he deems as his savior. However, when Kathleen finally agrees to divorce him, he finds himself reluctant to do so. Hence, he holds on. When things go south, she loses her trust in him. After their divorce, can he win her back? Can he make her fall for him again?
Nothing Matters, except YOU&Me
"Imagine if both your wife and your lover fell into the water at the same time—who would you save first?"
Leaving The Country After Divorce
Her marriage, which has lasted for three years, ends in a divorce. The whole city laughs at her and mocks her for being the abandoned wife of a wealthy family. Six years later, she returns to the country with a pair of twins. This time, she has taken a new lease on life and is now a world-renowned genius doctor. Countless men are now lining up to court her and marry her, until one day, her daughter tells her that "Daddy" has been on his knees for three days straight, begging to remarry her.
Adventure&Action
Six years ago, he was the best of the best but was framed, incapacitated, and imprisoned. His wife suffered because of him. Six years later, he is now the God of War with immense wealth and power. Standing at the pinnacle of martial arts, he holds her hand in his and rules the world.
Other Readers Are Reading...
The Poorest Rich Man
He had gone through years of poverty and misery, and when he discovered that he was actually the heir to a jaw-dropping fortune, he knew that his live was about to change, and not in the way how people usually anticipated…
Irresistible Romance
When Yan Wen came back home, she caught her fiancé on bed with Jiang Lingyun, the very woman to whom Yan Wen relinquished the role of the leading actress for the sake of her fiancé, Bai Zhexuan.
My Sassy President
A sham marriage with a rich but ugly girl? No thanks! To spite this marriage, he slept around and never went home! For the full year of their marriage, he had never once cared for his wife. Except for the fact that the woman was ugly as sin, he knew nothing else about her.
A Sensualist's Sin
It's spring, a traditional mating season for all breathing creatures. Yang Yu had been teaching for several days in a village populated by women only. At noon, as he lied under the large tree on the hill behind the school to take shade from the heat, he heard a hissing noise further in front of him. Thinking that it was a snake, he frantically pushed the leaves of the bushes aside to take a look. However, what he saw next almost gave him a nosebleed...
A Womanizer Lover
Love at the Next Stop
When they met again, Stella Johansson was already a married woman. She was embarassed when she met Miles Grant again and exercised self-control by backing off, yet he continued his pursuit. His moment of opportunity came when she was faced with difficulties and he was her knight in shining armor. Yet, after she was admonished by her father, she finally discovered that she had a messy problem in hand.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


"Teen Cult's self-titled debut is a nearly flawless art-rock triumph that unfurls as one comprehensive piece over 11 songs. The musicianship is impressive, demonstrated by both the technical character of the individual parts and the execution of the performances. The vocal melodies often invoke Jeff Buckley (hear Daniel Velazquez on "Lint" and Ian Sutherland on "Alligator Day") even as the emotional tenor varies from the croon of a witching hour tramp ("Grady") to the ravings of a horror movie madman ("Teenage Cult"). The drums (Brendan Smyth), guitars (Velazquez / Sutherland), and bass (Nnamdi Ogbonnaya) are tasteful, creative, and proficient. The sound as a whole is reminiscent of Cursive.


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Мусе — многозначный термин:

Топоним
 Мусе — коммуна во Франции, в департаменте Вогезы
 Мусе — коммуна во Франции, в департаменте Мозель
 Мусе — коммуна во Франции, в департаменте Об

Гидроним
 Мусе — река на востоке Литвы, в Вильнюсском уезде. Правый приток Няриса.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


In today's CyclingTips Daily News Digest: Jack Bauer crowned New Zealand national time trial champion; Froome rejected TUE during 2015 Tour de France on 'moral grounds'; Live stream: Hyde vs Powers at US National Cyclocross Championships; Study into traumatic injuries among pro and amateur racers has drawn nearly 400 participants; Fisher Price to launch high-tech exercise bike for toddlers; Video: Peter Sagan's best moments of 2016.
Three-time Tour de France winner Chris Froome rejected a therapeutic use exemption to treat a medical condition during his 2015 Tour win on moral grounds, BBC.com reports.
In 2013, Froome's TUE allowed him to use prednisolone for his asthma for a week before winning the Criterium du Dauphine, while in 2014 he took it for a week during the Tour de Romandie, as he defended his title.
Since hacked information was released in September, Team Sky has come under fire for TUEs granted to Bradley Wiggins for three corticosteroid injections before the 2011 and 2012 Tours de France and the 2013 Giro d'Italia — as well as the mystery surrounding a package delivered to the team at the 2011 Critérium du Dauphiné.
Click through to read the full story at BBC.com.


this document is a proposal for a standard extension and an interface for non-standard inferences for DIG 2.0. Currently, this proposal is under construction.
Non-standard inferences (NSI) are more and more recognised as useful means to realise new kinds of applications. The number of applications that use non-standard inferences in their framework is growing. To implement these kinds of applications it is desirable to make use of existing implementations of NSIs. In order to have easy access to the implementations of the NSIs, an extension of the DIG interface to NSIs is desirable. There are different NSIs investigated and developed by different research groups. This extension proposal focuses on the NSIs studied at the TU Dresden. However, the extensions for NSIs are not restricted to this set of inferences. For an overview of the non-standard inferences covered here please see [NSIs]. So far all of the here proposed NSIs are the ones implemented in the system SONIC. We try to propose a general scheme here for NSIs, but at this stage the proposal is still quite tailored to this system.
The terminologies acceptable as input for most of the NSIs covered here are currently restricted to unfoldable (i.e. acyclic and with unique definitions) terminologies and to a set of concept constructors that is in most cases restricted to the set of sub-boolean operators plus (unqualified) number restrictions.
We have a couple of technical requirements for the environment in which our NSI extension operates. The NSI component works as a DIG server for the application and as a DIG client, since tests for satisfiability and subsumption are needed during the computation of the NSIs as well as access to told information to retrieve the concept definitions of concept names. To avoid duplicate storing and classifying of the KB and to ensure that the NSI component works on the identical KB as the application, the NSI component must use the same instance of the DL reasoner as the application. This way it is guaranteed that the NSI component always works on the current version of the KB even in case the application has re-submitted an edited version of the KB.
In its current implementation the SONIC NSI component is a stand-alone application that is invoked by the application and connects to the same instance of the DIG DL reasoner as the application. It gets the port number etc. from the application. For the forthcoming version of DIG our NSI component also needs a connection to a component that implements the told information access interface as specified by the proposal for accessing told data. We assume here that one connection suffices to access both, the told information component and the core DIG reasoner, which can either be realised by a core DIG reasoner supporting the told information access interface or by the middle-ware reference implementation of the DIG group.
Besides the information for the connection the NSI component needs the URI of the knowledge base that is loaded into the reasoner. Thus the URI of the KB must be transmitted as an identifier.
In contrast to standard reasoning tasks, most NSIs return complex concept descriptions and not only Boolean values. Furthermore the NSIs take into account the "target DL" for which they are applied. For example concept approximation "translates" concept descriptions from one DL L1 to another DL L2. Thus the NSI extension schema must provide means to communicate the respective DL.
Port number under which a told information access component and the standard DL reasoner runs.
Machine name where the told information access component and the standard DL reasoner runs; default is local host.
URI of the knowledge base as ID of the KB in use.
the target DL for the NSI.
The operators offered by our NSI extension are enlisted and explained in the following. First we give an abstract pseudo-LISP style syntax to illustrate the use of them. These inference services will be offered as ask statements in the XML schema. The whole NSI extension schema can be found here.
it returns a concept description in the target DL.
it returns a concept description.
The GCS of a set of concept descriptions is a concept description that subsumes all input concepts, but does not need to be the least one w.r.t. subsumption. Furthermore, the implementation performs the computation w.r.t. a background terminology. The approach supports a (usually expressive) background terminology that is extended by the (usually not so expressive) user terminology. The most expressive DL for which the GCS is available is ALE user terminology w.r.t. an ALC background terminology.
This operation has one parameter: a concept pattern. Roughly speaking, a concept pattern is a concept description where variables can appear at the places where concept names can appear in usual concept descriptions. The variables that appear in the concept patterns must be distinguished from concept names in the DIG standard by an extra tag.
Returns a set of concept names of concepts defined in the knowledge base which can be matched with the concept pattern, i.e., the variables in the concept pattern can be substituted by concept descriptions such that the resulting concept description is equivalent to the concepts in the returned set.
This operation has two parameters: a concept description and a concept pattern. Matching of a concept description C and a concept pattern D answers the question whether and how the variables in the concept pattern D can be assigned to concept descriptions s.t. a concept description is obtained that is equivalent w.r.t. the current TBox to the concept description C .
It returns a (possibly empty) set of assignments, i.e., pairs of the variables and concept descriptions. Each assignment yields a concept description that is equivalent w.r.t. the TBox to the input concept description, if substituted in the concept pattern.
The minimal rewriting of a concept description C1 w.r.t. a TBox is a concept description C2, which is equivalent to C1 and of minimal size. So, intuitively, a minimal rewriting returns a more compact form of a concept description. In our implementation we realised a heuristic for minimal rewriting that returns a small, but not necessary the smallest rewriting for ALE-concept descriptions.
It returns a smaller concept description equivalent to the input concept description.
However, this list is surely not complete and this proposal is open to be extended by other NSIs such as, for example, explanation.
Response statements for the queries. Since the core DIG schema does not yet supply a response schema, our proposal is the first in that direction and, of course, under construction.
The most queries require concept descriptions as input or produce concept descriptions as output. These are to be specified according to the DIG core schema. The whole XML schema for the NSI extension can be found here.
port - The port number where told information access component (and the DIG 2.0 standard reasoner) is listening.
machineName - The host name/IP of the machine that is running the told information access component (and the DIG 2.0 standard reasoner).
KB URI - The name/identifier of the knowledge base (TBox).
basicTargetDLClassAsk: Covers kinds of queries that have a concept description (class) and a target DL as input.
findAssignmentsAsk: Covers kinds of queries that return an assignment. In our case an assignment is a set of variable name pairs. — Might be interesting to use this in the forthcoming conjunctive query proposal. In contrast to the DIG naming scheme, this is name points to the return value instead of the input value.
findAssignableConceptsAsk: Covers all kinds of queries that return a variable assignment to concepts. In contrast to the DIG naming scheme, this is name points to the return value instead of the input value.
basicTargetDLClassSequenceAsk: Covers kinds of queries that have a sequence (rather a set) of concept descriptions and a target DL as input.
In fact all tags extend the basicClassAsk from the core DIG 2.0 ask schema.
Since most NSIs need a target DL as input, the queries must specify these. The target DL language should be specified in string format in the attribute targetDL. We propose to chose this string according the DL community's naming convention for DLs — such as "EL" or "ALEN". An alternative would be to specify the DL in a separate schema that is then used as a URI in the NSI extension. However, if the core DIG 2.0 schema will provide a standard for naming DLs, then we will use that standard in our extension. In addition, as in the "standard" ask in the core DIG, each query has an attribute id for identification in the response.
The subelement of this tag is the concept description for which the approximation has to be computed and the target DL in the attribute target.
These two queries have the same type: basicTargetDLClassSequenceAsk. The subelement of this tag are (at least two) concept descriptions. The user must also state the target DL for the LCS or GCS in the attribute target.
A.3 Ask statement for Find Matcher.
The subelements of this tag are a concept description followed by a concept pattern.
The subelement of this tag is a concept pattern.
The only subelement of this tag is the concept description that is going to be rewritten, thus we can use "basicClasAsk" from the ask schema and don't need an extension for this service.
?: Tag nsiResponse for grouping responses?
Since the core DIG does not yet have a response schema this proposal is quite preliminary and will evolve as the DIG response schema evolves.
Every individual response has to include the id of the query it refers to. Most of the services that NSI reasoner provide return (a set of) concept descriptions. These (sets of) concept descriptions should be handled according the core DIG 2.0 schema. Thus we do not propose a formal and complete schema for this kind of response. Instead we just give a proposal of valid XML document for this kind of response in the example section.
The only reasoning service that does not return a set of concept descriptions is "Find Matcher". This service returns a (possibly empty) set of of matchers, i.e, assignments, which are pairs of variables and concept names. So, we need a schema definition for a set of assignments, which is then refined to a set of matchers.
The complete definition of our proposal of NSI extension schema can be found here.
This page illustrates the use of the inferences by providing sample KBs, queries and the responses.
Should the targetDL be a string or a URI?
Clever naming scheme for response involving variables, so that it can be re-used by the forthcoming "conjunctive query" extension.
Inference not supported for this concept language.
The concept pattern given has no variable.
Can some of them be shared with other extensions?
Using Non-standard Inferences in Description Logics — what does it buy me?
Computing the GCS w.r.t. a Background terminology .


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Deem Wins Best Company Outlook Award from Comparably
Deem win is based on A+ score from anonymous employee ratings on company outlook and eNPS
April 05, 2021 11:00 ET | Source: Deem Deem
Oakland, April 05, 2021 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- Deem, a leading mobile and cloud technology provider for the corporate travel industry, today announced it has been selected as a 2021 winner of the Best Company Outlook award from Comparably. Winners were chosen from tens of thousands of companies and selected based on anonymous employee feedback provided on the Comparably platform.
Deem ranks in the top 5% of companies with fewer than 500 employees, based on staff members sharing their outlook, or confidence in the company's future, and their likelihood of recommending Deem to friends, reflected in their employee net promoter score (eNPS). The high rankings reinforce Deem's values of winning together, passion and drive, customer centered, and trust and transparency.
"Receiving this award from Comparably affirms the strength of our team and their belief in the travel technology we're creating together," said Deem President David Grace. "It also reveals our collective optimism in the travel industry. After an historically challenging year, our team is more passionate than ever about travel and making travel easier for everyone."
To qualify for a Comparably award, companies must meet a minimum threshold of ratings from employees who have left anonymous public ratings on their company's Comparably.com page within a 12-month period (March 2020 through March 2021).
About Comparably
Comparably (www.comparably.com) is a leading workplace culture and compensation monitoring site that provides the most comprehensive and accurate representation of what it's like to work at companies. Employees can anonymously rate their employers in 20 workplace culture categories, providing the public a transparent and in-depth look at the experiences different segments of workers have based on gender, ethnicity, age, department, tenure, location, education and company size. Since launching in 2016, Comparably has accumulated 10 million ratings on 60,000 U.S. companies. The platform has become one of the fastest-growing SaaS solutions for employer branding and a trusted third-party site for workplace and salary data, most notably for its annual Best Places to Work series.
About Deem
Deem is on a mission to transform travel. Starring Etta, its mobile-first, corporate travel booking and management platform, Deem offers employees everything they need to easily make the right travel decisions for themselves and their company. Deem's travel technology plugs into major travel agencies and expense solution providers, empowering more corporate customers and the world's largest travel management companies.
Deem is a wholly owned and independently run subsidiary of Enterprise Holdings. The company is headquartered in Oakland, California, with offices in Dublin, Ireland and Bangalore, India. Learn more at Deem.com.
Deem Etta Comparably Awards travel technology
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Southeast corner at Broadway
240 Central Park South seen from north side of Columbus Circle
This impressive and important 28-story, orange-brick building was erected in 1941 and has 321 rental apartments.
It was designed by Mayer & Whittlesley, an architectural firm that also designed the same year the 22-story apartment building at 40 Central Park South that has a similar but even more striking roof. The same architects were also co-designers with M. Milton Glass of 220 Central Park West in 1954. All three buildings extend through the block to 58th Street.
According to Robert A. M. Stern, Thomas Mellins and David Fishman, in their superb book, "New York 1960 Architecture and Urbanism Between The Second World War And The Bicentennial," (The Monacelli Press, 1995), this building was "the first Manhattan apartment house to make extensive use of balconies." The authors noted that this building replaced the "Dalhousie (1884), a pioneering apartment house."
View from the northwest
In "New York 1930 Architecture and Urbanism Between The Two World Wars" (Rizzoli International Publications Inc., 1987), Mr. Stern, Mr. Mellins and Gregory Gilmartin made the following commentary about this building:
"The era's last example of the courtyard apartment house was 240 Central Park South. Despite the limitations of the courtyard, the contextually responsible design was a superb restatement in Modernist terms of the River House parti. [It] occupied a complex point of transition in the city, fronting Central Park South, Columbus Circle, the diagonal of Broadway, and West Fifty-eighth Street, each of which had its own distinct character ranging from one that can be likened to the Champs Elysées at the Etoile to another resembling a quiet backwater at the edge of a big city. It was not its bland facades that lent 240 Central Park South distinction but rather the shaping of its two towers, particularly the northern one, in response to the complex perimeter of the site. Aspects of the courtyard apartment building were combined with those of the skyscraper apartment building to establish both a horizontal and vertical reflection of the city's composition. Terraces began only above the level of the trees in Central Park (high enough to be free of the fumes from the street); roofs were set back not only to conform to zoning requirements but also in consideration of solar orientation and views; and chimneys and mechanical equipment combined with the penthouse suites to produce a lively skyline. At the street level the building respected the varied nature of its local: a deep, planted courtyard on Central Park South creates an elegant pocket of shade, while a vigorous one-story commercial strip along Broadway used curved corners to define the diagonal of the street. The building succeeded not as a tour de force of dazzling aesthetics but as an exemplar of humane values applied to the problem of high-density city living and as a finely tuned instrument of urbanism. Both a fragment of the city's fabric and a notably individual statement, it was a synthetic work that was at once infill and icon."
View from the east
Apartments facing north in this highly visible building have spectacular views, but seen from the west the south tower seems a somewhat ungainly afterthought and the one-story retail spaces that connect them along Broadway almost seem crushed by their weight and would have been more effective as if it were somewhat taller. While no match for the some of the limestone palatial apartment houses of Fifth Avenue or Emery Roth's great skyscraper apartment towers along Central Park West, 240 Central Park South is an interesting and good building at the end of the Art Deco period and its façade murals while not memorable are delightfully colorful.
(Mayer & Whittlesley were also co-designers with Skidmore, Owings & Merrill on Manhattan House at 200 East 66th Street in 1950.)
The building has stunning vistas of Central Park West to the north and, from its upper floors, midtown to the south. There is excellent local shopping - it is directly across Columbus Circle from the huge, twin-towered Time Warner Center that opened in early 2004 - and public transportation and it is only a few blocks south of the Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts.
Curved retail spaces along Broadway
It has a concierge, many balconies, many corner windows and very colorful mosaic murals on the second and third floors above its courtyard, canopied entrance on Central Park South. It has sidewalk landscaping, but no health club and no garage. It has protruding air-conditioners and a very elegant Italian restaurant, San Domenico, just to the east of its entrance.
There is considerable traffic at this Columbus Circle location.


The Michigan Humanities Council's mission is to connect people and communities by fostering and supporting quality cultural programs.
build stronger, more thoughtful communities for the future.
providing the humanities with leadership and a public voice in Michigan.


Public e-File enables citizens to initiate civil, administrative, judicial and misdemeanor proceedings and monitor these proceedings as well as submit documents to be processed. Public e-File is the part of the e-File vsible to everyone. E-File is a web-based information system, which collects documents related to civil, administrative, criminal and misdemeanor proceedings as well as the related actions, data and processes. E-File enables parties to proceedings and their representatives to submit proceedings' documents to the court electronically and monitor the progress of the related court proceedings. Citizens can also dispute claims and decisions as well as make inquiries in the Criminal Records Database regarding themselves and other people. In the system, individuals can only see the proceedings in which they themselves are involved.
Public e-File is secure, since an ID card or mobile ID is needed to log in. It also saves time, since data can be viewed and proceedings initiated without having to go to the agency in person. Last but not least, it reduces time spent waiting for decision, since the single data system hastens the officials' work.


I admit, I fell for a little hating on AIG employees getting bonuses. But something about the anger didn't smell right. Usually when there is an "outcry" over anything, I usually take a step back. Especially when the outcry is politically charged. I despise politicians when they step their high horse onto their higher soapbox.
See. Not responsible for the collapse. See how it went down? I wonder how many of the screamers and yellers will read that and be embarrassed over the lambasting of all AIG employees. Kinda puts things in context when there is a name and face, no?


We should have Shadowrun one or more tables running during all sessions.
Also worth mentioning are the custom KC Game Fair Nerps cards, available exclusively to Kickstarter backers!
And this past weekend event submission opened up. Get your events in now to secure discounts on admission. Check out the RPGKC's writeup here.
I am heavily considering attending the KC Game Fair.
What is the estimated turn-out for Shadowrun Missions for this event and what missions will be available? Or what missions should I expect?
Missions and CMPs will be available in about all time slots. We have 4 seasoned GMs right now ready to work various time slots.
Getting in on the Kick Starter will get you a seat at a KC Game Fair only CMP.
I checked out the KC Game Fair Warhorn. I was wondering what time frame the Special Mod would happen. I do understand that it may be subjected to change.
All games for the con are now posted at Warhorn. The backer's game is currently scheduled for Friday evening.
Nerps for the KC Game Fair.
Had a great time playing with the folks there. Great story telling from the Agents. Always great to know that no matter where you go there will always be a Troll Street Sam running around.


text:
Find A Park > Blue Heron Park > News > Parks Cuts The Ribbon At New Blue Heron Tot Lot
Blue Heron Park
Parks Cuts The Ribbon At New Blue Heron Tot Lot
http://www.nyc.gov/parks
New York City Department of Parks & Recreation Staten Island Commissioner Adena Long joined Borough President Molinaro, Assembly Member Joseph Borelli, New York State Senator Andrew Lanza, representatives from Community Board 3, school kids from P.S. 31, and Jack and Lois Baird, to cut the ribbon on a newly constructed tot lot playground in Blue Heron Park yesterday.
This new tot lot was constructed thanks to a generous allocation of $500,000 from Borough President Molinaro, part of a larger allocation by the Borough President of $2.5 million, which allowed Parks to construct five tot lots in various neighborhoods across the borough, at Silver Lake Park, Drumgoole Road in Annadale, the Greenbelt, New Dorp Beach Park, and now Blue Heron Park.
"Kids of all abilities now have another innovative, natural place to play in Staten Island," said Commissioner Long. "Thanks to $500,000 allocated by Borough President James Molinaro, Parks was able to construct a brand new accessible tot lot for the south shore's children to enjoy."
Borough President James P. Molinaro said, "I am delighted to cut the ribbon on the fifth and last tot lot that my office funded in communities all across Staten Island. These 'new generation' park playgrounds are colorful, sun-safe, imaginative, and most importantly, accessible, so that all of the neighborhood's children feel welcome to play together, regardless of abilities."
Parks created a woodland imagination play area for community children of all abilities between the ages of two and five, enhanced the Nature Center program space with interactive play components, integrated sustainable solutions within existing ecology, and stabilized the trail with a bioengineered swale.
Site accessible routes connect entry and exit points into and through the playground to accessible playground features. Natural elements such as boulders, logs and native plantings were added to enhance the play environment.
Blue Heron Park has become an outstanding wildlife sanctuary and educational resource. Thanks to the advocacy work of Jack and Lois Baird, and the Friends of Blue Heron Park, the years have seen it transformed from a wasteland filled with abandoned cars to a peaceful refuge of walking trails, meadows, ponds, streams, and woodlands.
The City acquired this parkland in several segments between 1974 and 2001. The Nature Center, set just inside the Poillon Avenue entrance to the park, contains several classrooms, exhibit areas and a library. It also has two observation decks with bird feeders and a mist net for bird banding - ideal conditions for bird watching and picnic tables for anyone to use. A wide variety of arts and educational programming is provided by the Urban Park Rangers and the Friends of Blue Heron Park. The offerings include nature walks, classes, crafts, zoo animals, storytelling, and special holiday events.
The park also has six ponds, among them the 1.75-acre Spring Pond and the 1.4-acre Blue Heron Pond, crossed by a popular footbridge. These kettle ponds were formed 15,000 years ago by the retreating Wisconsin glacier.
Want to see the finished productΑ Click here!
Directions to Blue Heron Park
FORGET THE VACATION- TAKE A STAYCATION: NYC PARKS UNVEILS SUMMER STAYCATION GUIDE
This Weekend In Parks
Nature Centers
Freshwater Wetlands In New York City - Blue Heron Park
More About Blue Heron Park
Council Member: Joseph Borelli
Park ID: R119
Property Type: Nature Area


text:
CANCELLED – JSV's 2023 Annual Campaign Kick Off
« Family Swimming at APJCC Los Gatos!
Watercolor 2022 | Summer Session »
CHANGING LIVES STARTS HERE
With Guest Speaker ANDRÉS SPOKOINY, CEO and President of the Jewish Funders Network
Welcoming Scott Kaufman, Interim CEO of Jewish Silicon Valley
Sunday, September 18th
6:00 PM |VIP Reception with heavy hors d'oeuvres, and a meet and greet with Andrés
7:00 PM | Port & Chocolate Reception
7:45 PM | Program
Please RSVP by September 15, 2022.
Admission $36
Includes: Port & Chocolate Reception and Program
A gift or pledge of $1,000 and above to the 2023 Annual Campaign is encouraged.
VIP Admission $54
Includes: VIP Reception, Port & Chocolate Reception, Program
Right now, you have an opportunity to be a part of our 2023 Annual Campaign Kick Off! Our campaign runs from July 1st through June 30th each year and your generous support will help steer the direction of our efforts. As key stakeholders, we rely on you to help navigate and steer the path to a successful campaign.
About Andrés Spokoiny: Andrés is a longtime Jewish communal leader with a history of leading successful organizational transformations. He served as the JDC's Regional Director in Paris, and was responsible for a number of pan-European projects. He served as the Director of Leatid Europe, the leading training institute for Jewish lay and professional leaders in Europe and was the Executive Director of the Jewish Federation CJA in Montreal from 2009 to 2011. He joined the Jewish Funders Network as president and CEO in 2011. He also serves as a member of the Selection Committee of the Genesis Prize Foundation.
info@jvalley.org
14855 Oka Road, Suite 201
Los Gatos, CA 95032 United States + Google Map


I'm seeing more of an offset with the PXIe 4300 when I use the TB-4300B instead of the TB4300. How do I calculate the accuracy of this card and terminal block together?
To calculate absolute accuracy for the PXIe-4300 and TB-4300B, please follow the below example.
When the TB-4300B is connected, the module senses that the ranges are now 30V, 60V, 150V, and 300V, so we will use the 300V range for calculations. The TB-4300B attenuates signals by a factor of 30, which means we'll use the 10V numbers from the accuracy table in the PXIe-4300 Specifications document. We can also compute the Gain, Offset, and Noise Uncertainty of errors of the PXIe-4300 using the information found in this document.
Attached to this article is an excel file containing accuracy calculations for the full scale range of the PXIe=4300 with the TB-4300B.


Forms used to transact business with the booster organization. The Student Forms area has some forms of interest to the adult boosters as well.
The companies and organizations that provided financial support for the booster organization.
All the many ways to keep in touch with what is happening with the booster organization.
Electronic copies of the newsletters handed out at the booster meetings.
Some opportunities to cover the cost of supporting our excellent programs.
You can donate, pay participation fees and Craft Show fees on-line.
Clothe yourself in the finest PCMB Wearables.
Some of the many ways you can lend your talents to the band.


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Q: Algorithm for building a representation of an HTML table I need to parse an HTML table containing colspans and rowspans and build a representation of it.
Reading the HTML is not a problem, I'm using HTMLCleaner and XQuery with Saxon (Java).
But I'm looking for a good algorithm to build the table, as I don't understand the rules that are followed by the browsers for "difficult" cases.
For example, given the following table (where the rowspan is wrong)

1	2

3

I apply the following algorithm:
1) for each tr
    1.1) expand the colspan and rowspan of the cells in the current line
    1.2) create a new line if it doesn't already exist
    1.3) for each td add the elements to the line

i.e. (E is an empty cell)
newline->no line existing==no expansion
add line elements (1.3)
line1: 1 [tr=3], 2

newline->tr expansion (1.1)
line1: 1[tr=3], 2
line2: E
line3: E

add line elements (1.3)
line1: 1[tr=3], 2
line2: E, 3
line3: E

line3 has to be removed (Firefox renders only two lines), how can I know it?
I'm particularly interested in cases where the elements of an incomplete line are completed with those of the following one, like:

1	2	3

4	5

6

rendering: 1 2 3
           4 5 6

I have a practical case: this file contains two TRs which are rendered as one even though they are two different TR. Why?
The lines are these (starting from line 129792)

they are rendered as (inside the red rectangle)

How can I decide to enqueue elements to a previous line?
What rules do browsers follow for weird code?
I'm using Java, I understand also javascript and a little of PHP, but I I'm mainly interested in the algorithm to follow. I'd like to know if something already exists or to hear any suggestion.
What I want is to be able to output a text representation of the table like one rendered by a real browser.
Edit:
After I read xtratic answer, I read the HTML table processing model specification, but it doesn't seem to answer my question about when one must enqueue elements to the previous line, as in the practical case I described (and added in this edit). Indeed, the documents says "16 If current cell is the last td or th element child in the tr element being processed, then increase ycurrent by 1, abort this set of steps, and return to the algorithm above.". But not always it happens that we go to a new line when the last td is found.
What I'm interested more is when to combine different rows. I tried to enqueue TDs after the ones of the previous line when the number of TDs of the previous line is fewer than the maximum already found, but it doesn't work

A: Read the HTML table processing model specification to find out all you need to know about how to process HTML tables. (it's not easy)
Since you want to parse the form of an html table, I recommend writing your processor following the steps exactly as listed under §4.9.12.1 Forming a table (step 18 gets into processing rows). I'm quite sure this is how browsers do it as well. The steps are written in such a way to be as convenient as possible for translating into code for a processor so you should be able to follow it pretty literally. Once your processor is done you should have a table of cells (as it is defined) and then you do whatever you want with the table model you now have. I can't promise it will be easy but at least you'll have a step by step guide.

To be extra clear: there is no "combining rows" but there are cells that span multiple rows.
The algorithm for growing downward is what puts GENERALI SPA.. at the start of all those rows, and the data from the following
 elements is added into the next available cells on their respective rows.
GENERALI SPA... spans 4 rows, but it's first row is hidden since there's no other data on it, so it looks like it only covers 3.

    GENERALI SPA #1

    GENERALI SPA #2
    Proprieta'

    Totale #1

    Totale #2

The table without formatting or hiding would look like this:
   1                      2                     3             4
  +----------------------+---------------------+-------------+---
1 |         ...          |      (implied)         (implied)       <-- 0px high (hidden)
  +-                    -+---------------------+-------------+---
2 | "GENERALI SPA #1"    | "GENERALI SPA #2"   | "Proprieta" | ..
  +-                    -+-                   -+-------------+---
3 |         ...          |         ...         | "Totale #1" | ..
  +-                    -+---------------------+-------------+---
4 |         ...          | "Totale #2"               ...     | ..
  +----------------------+---------------------+-------------+---

This would essentially be the table model you get after parsing by following the process in the html spec.
I don't see much point in removing "incomplete" rows (define incomplete), let them stay in the table, they are essentially header rows coming before more data that they encompass, and they aren't really hurting anything, you can detect them easily enough.
However, if you really want to then you could remove rows that have no explicitly created cells other than cells that span into other rows. In the case of the table section above, you could remove row 1 because column 1 spans rows 1, 2, 3, and 4, and row 1 has no other explicitly created cells. Thus all the data of row 1 still exists in the cells the data spans ([[1,2], [1,3], [1,4]) and you can safely remove row 1.
As an extra example, when I change rowspan to 1, this data appears on its own row and the following
 data fills the available cells on their respective rows:

vvv less relevant info vvv
The older HTML 4.01 Specification, has a straight-forward example relating to your question:

The next example illustrates (with the help of table borders) how cell definitions that span more than one row or column affect the definition of later cells. Consider the following table definition:

1 2 3

4 6

7 8 9

As cell "2" spans the first and second rows, the definition of the second row will take it into account. Thus, the second TD in row two actually defines the row's third cell. Visually, the table might be rendered to a tty device as:

-------------
| 1 | 2 | 3 |
----|   |----
| 4 |   | 6 |
----|---|----
| 7 | 8 | 9 |
-------------

Note that if the TD defining cell "6" had been omitted, an extra empty cell would have been added by the user agent to complete the row.

This related question and answer lists some libraries that can help you in scraping the tables, but I don't believe this answer would handle the "difficult" cases since it's assuming that the occurrence of the  element corresponds exactly to its cell index in the table.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Update: Drunk gangster busted with loaded gun
Daniel Hayduk - Aug 24, 2011 / 4:00 pm | Story: 64000
Update 4:10 p.m. Grant V. Lewis, 28, has been identified as the man arrested early Wednesday morning outside Doc Willoughby's. Lewis appeared in Kelowna Court Wednesday charged with Occupying a Motor Vehicle with a Firearm, Possession of a Restricted unregistered Firearm, Possession of a Weapon (Firearm) for a Dangerous Purpose, Possession of a Loaded Restricted Firearm and Possession of a Firearm while Prohibited.
Dave Willoughby, owner of Doc Willoughby's, says Lewis was not in his establishment, adding he appeared to be confused.
A man with out-of-province gang connections was arrested in downtown Kelowna early Wednesday morning.
On August 24, at approximately 2:26 a.m., the Kelowna RCMP were advised of a disturbance call in the 300 block of Bernard Avenue.
Photo: RCMP - File Photo
A drunk man with organized crime connections was busted with a loaded handgun in Kelowna early Wednesday morning.
"Upon arrival the RCMP received information that a large white male had been standing on the sidewalk with what appeared to be a handgun in his pants and his shirt pulled up over the lower half of his face," says RCMP Staff Sgt. Terry McLachlan.
McLachlan says the male had reportedly been in an altercation with patrons in a bar and stated that he was waiting for someone to come out of the bar.
"The male was reported to have departed in a white SUV. When RCMP members arrived, the described white SUV was not seen."
Officers spotted a similar white SUV across the street with the suspect inside.
"The 29-year-old intoxicated male was taken into custody and a loaded .45 calibre handgun was seized from the white SUV."
McLachlan says the male is affiliated with organized crime in Edmonton, Alberta, and has an existing warrant from there.
The male will be appearing in Kelowna Provincial Court Wednesday, August 24, to face weapons-related charges.
Castanet's Kelly Hayes reports.
65 13098 Shoreline Way


the question asks: Determine the formal charge on each atom in the following molecules. Identify the structure of lower energy in each pair.
I know how to determine the formal charge by using the formal charge equation but I'm not entirely sure how I would identify the structure with the lower energy in each pair? Does it have to do with the formal charge?
The structure with the formal charge closest to zero is the most stable, meaning it has the lowest energy. Hope that helps!
the structure which has the lowest number of formal charges around the structure will be the most stable.


A technique to significantly lower your heating costs is to heat the room you are using instead of the entire house. The best way to heat the one or two room you are using is by using a space heater. Most space heaters draw power from electricity. Electric space heaters are very energy efficient. Though using electric to heat your whole home isn't a good idea they do a superb job of heating up a smaller area. It is surmised that it costs about 13 cents an hour to run an electrical space heater. One thing to always think about when employing a space heater is safety. Those with pets and youngsters will have to pay attention. Always implement the instructions of the products manufacturer when employing a space heater.
There are a pair of different ways that electric space heaters provide heat. Glowing heaters heat the objects they're aimed at rather than the air in the room. With convection heaters the air in the room is heated up. There are no drafts when you employ a radiant heater. They are a good way to heat just part of a room. Since they only heat a little area they're less expensive to run.
When you employ a radiant heater all you want to do is point it towards the couch where you are planning to spend the evening enjoying your fave television show. A selection of heating elements can be employed with radiant heaters. Many of them will use quartz tubes. Convection heaters will raise the temperature of a room quicker than a radiant heater will. They're going to work better if there'll be multiple folks using the room or if you'll be moving round the room. Convection heaters can also include fans which help to circulate the warm air. Find more info about energy efficient space heaters.