text:
UYGENS' INSTRUMENTS
HUYGENS' INSTRUMENTS
1. HASI - Huygens Atmosphere Structure Instrument, measures physical and electrical properties of Titan's atmosphere. An on-board microphone will send back sounds from Titan.
2. GCMS - Gas Chromatograph and Mass Spectrometer, identifies and measures chemical species abundant in moon's 'air'. It is equipped with gas samplers which will be filled at high altitude for analysis later in the descent.
3. ACP - Aerosol Collector and Pyrolyser, draws in and analyses atmospheric aerosol particles. Each sampling device can collect about 30 micrograms of material.
4. DISR - Descent Imager/Spectral Radiometer, images descent and investigates light levels
5. DWE - Doppler Wind Experiment, studies direction and strength of Titan's winds
6. SSP - Surface Science Package, determines physical properties of moon's surface. The package includes an accelerometer to measure the impact deceleration, and other sensors to measure the index of refraction,thermal conductivity, heat capacity, temperature, speed of sound, and dielectric constant of the material at the landing site.
One week after the successful completion of Huygens' mission to the atmosphere and surface of Titan, the European Space Agency is bringing together some of the probe's scientists to present and discuss the first results obtained from the data collected by the instruments.
New results were outlined at a press conference in Paris, France on Friday, 21 st Jan.
PAGE TWO-New Results
The atmospheric pressure is similar to earth
The winds on Titan are found to be flowing in the direction of Titan's rotation (from west to east) at nearly all altitudes. The maximum speed of roughly 120 metres per second (430 km/h) was measured about ten minutes after the start of the descent, at an altitude of about 120 km. The winds are weak near the surface and increase slowly with altitude up to about 60 km. This pattern does not continue at altitudes above 60 km, where large variations in the Doppler measurements are observed. Scientists believe that these variations may arise from significant vertical wind shear. That Huygens had a rough ride in this region was already known from the science and engineering data recorded on board Huygens.
"It is clear that the surface was soft. The best image I can give is of a crème brûlée, with a crust on the surface and softer material underneath. We also know that on impact, a little methane evaporated in contact with a hot tube of one of the instruments."- Jean-Pierre Lebreton, the director of the Huygens mission at ESA.
Data from the Gas Chromatograph and Mass Spectrometer (GCMS) indicate methane is evaporating from the surface (probably due to Huygens impacting at 4.5 meters per second).The data also shows that the probe passed through a dense methane cloud or haze at a height of 18 - 20 kilometres. These matches well with DISR's observations: at 25 km up the surface was still fuzzy, but below 18 km the clarity was near-perfect.
When the mission was designed, it was decided that the DISR's 20-Watt landing lamp should turn on 700 metres above the surface and illuminate the landing site for as long as 15 minutes after touchdown.
"In fact, not only did the landing lamp turn on at exactly 700 metres, but also it was still shining more than an hour later"
The non detection of the non-radiogenic form of argon, by Cassini spacecrafts Ion Neutral Mass Spectrometer and Huygen probes Gas Chromatograph Mass Spectrometer (GCMS), in Titans atmosphere suggests that the building blocks, or "planetesimals," that formed Titan contained nitrogen mostly in the form of ammonia.
"I think what's clear from the data is that Titan has accreted or acquired significant amounts of ammonia, as well as water."
"The features seen in the radar data suggests ammonia is at work on Titan in cryovolcanism."
UPDATE: The communications failure occurred on Cassini, not Huygens, and was caused by an error "as simple as throwing a switch to, On. The science projects team at ESA did not switch on Cassini`s software; Doh!.
"In Space no one hears you scream"
The probe was to transmit data on two channels, A and B. A Doppler wind experiment was to use Channel A, a very stable frequency.
But the order to activate the receiver, or oscillator, for Channel A a signal was never sent, so the entire mission operated through Channel B, which is less stable. However, there is hope that some of the data survived. The doppler wind data from Huygens will need to be pieced together from the many ground telescopes that were tuning into the probes descent, due to the communications glitch.
"We do have Channel B data and although driven by a very poor and unstable oscillator, we may be able to get a little bit of data.
Some of the Channel A signal reached Earth and was picked up by radio telescopes. "We now have some of this data and lots of work to do to try to catch up."
The National Radio Astronomy Observatory's Very Long Baseline Array radio telescope, which is operated from Socorro, New Mexico, used eight of its 10 dishes to listen to the 10-watt transmissions from Huygens during the probe's descent.
The VLBA collected about 7 1/2 hours of data on magnetic discs beginning at about 2 a.m. Friday from the probe.
The craft had sent back three hours, 37 minutes and 26 seconds of data. Seventy minutes of this was transmitted from the surface.
Raw images from the Huygens probe descent ESA page 2 (Of 37)
Second Titan Targeted Flyby
This view from Cassini's second close flyby of Titan on Dec. 13, shows bright material within the large dark region west of Xanadu. The area in this image is a region that has not previously been seen at this high resolution. The image was taken with the narrow angle camera at a distance of approximately 125,900 kilometres from Titan, using a filter centred at 938 nanometres that emphasizes the moon's surface and clouds. The image scale is 735 meters per pixel.
Goldstone Apple Valley Radio Telescope
Direct radio signals from Huygens reached Earth after 67 minutes (travelling at the speed of light). An experiment had been set up by radio scientists to use an array of radio telescopes around the Pacific to detect a faint tone from Huygens. This was successful, early detection a faint carrier signal was received at 1038 GMT, by the Green Bank radio telescope in West Virginia, US, soon after it entered Titan's atmosphere.
for computer-rendered views from the Cassini
Viewing the first Data
Events Time Line
Saturday 25 December
Spacecraft operations will be run at NASAs Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) in Pasadena, California.
05:08 CET - Separation of the Huygens probe from the Cassini orbiter.
~07:00 CET - Status report upon successful separation from NASA/JPL.
10:00 CET at the latest : ESA press release assessing the separation of the Huygens probe.
~10:00 CET - ESA TV Video News Release produced at JPL during separation
Transmission details will be on http://television.esa.int
12:00 CET - Replay of ESA TV Video News Release on separation
17:00-17:30 CET - Press briefing at ESA/ESOC Control Centre in Darmstadt, Germany. Televised on ESA TV
Control room clock
Media briefings originated at ESA/ESOC will also be retransmitted to several ESA establishments and across Europe.
ESA TV Broadcast schedule for 14 January 2005
Announcement of success
09:00-09:30 CET - ESA TV broadcast - Cassini turns to Huygens - Feeds from ESA/ESOC main Control Room.
11:00-12:15 CET - ESA TV Broadcast - Probe activation to parachute deployment and status of tracking by radio-telescope.
13:30-14:00 CET - Press briefing at ESA/ESOC: Huygens descent update (with results from ground radio telescope observations televised on ESA TV
14:30-15:00 CET - ESA TV broadcast: mission update.
As of 17:15 CET - Press briefing: arrival of first data televised on ESA TV.
23:00-24:00 CET - Press briefing: presentation of first image if available) - Televised on ESA TV
Time (GMT) `Earth Received`Events All times are 67 minutes after the actual events have taken place .
5.51 Timer triggers power-up of onboard electronics
Triggered by a pre-set timer, Huygens's onboard electronics power up and the transmitter is set into low-power mode, awaiting the start of transmission.
10.13 Huygens reaches 'interface altitude'
The 'interface altitude' is defined as 1270 kilometres above the surface of the moon where entry into Titan's atmosphere takes place. Over the next three to four minutes, the probe is expected to endure peak heating of nearly 3,500 degrees and a braking force of some 16 Gs, slowing the craft to 895 mph.
10.17 Pilot parachute deploys
The parachute deploys when Huygens detects that it has slowed to 400 metres per second, at about 180 kilometres above Titan's surface. The small 2.6 metres pilot parachute is the probe's smallest, its sole purpose is to pull off the probe's rear cover, which protected Huygens from the frictional heat of entry.
2.5 seconds after the pilot parachute is deployed, the rear cover is released and the pilot parachute is pulled away. The main parachute, which is 8.3 metres in diameter, unfurls.
10.18 Huygens begins transmitting to Cassini and front shield released
At about 160 kilometres above the surface, the front shield is released.
42 seconds after the pilot parachute is deployed, inlet ports are opened up for the Gas Chromatograph Mass Spectrometer and Aerosol Collector Pyrolyser instruments, and booms are extended to expose the Huygens Atmospheric Structure Instruments.
The Descent Imager/Spectral Radiometer will capture its first panorama, and it will continue capturing images and spectral data throughout the descent. The Surface Science Package will also be switched on, measuring atmospheric properties.
10.32 Main parachute separates and drogue parachute deploys
The drogue parachute is 3 metres in diameter. At this level in the atmosphere, about 125 kilometres in altitude, the large main parachute would slow Huygens down so much that the batteries would not last for the entire descent to the surface. The drogue parachute will allow it to descend at the right pace to gather the maximum amount of data.
10.49 Surface proximity sensor activated
Until this point, all of Huygens's actions have been based on clock timers. At a height of 60 kilometres, it will be able to detect its own altitude using a pair of radar altimeters, which will be able to measure the exact distance to the surface. The probe will constantly monitor its spin rate and altitude and feed this information to the science instruments. All times after this are approximate.
11.57 Gas Chromatograph Mass Spectrometer begins sampling atmosphere
This is the last of Huygens's instruments to be activated fully. The descent is expected to take 137 minutes in total, plus or minus 15 minutes. Throughout its descent, the spacecraft will continue to spin at a rate of between 1 and 20 rotations per minute, allowing the camera and other instruments to see the entire panorama around the descending spacecraft.
12.30 Descent Imager/Spectral Radiometer lamp turned on
Close to the surface, Huygens's camera instrument will turn on a light. The light is particularly important for the 'Spectral Radiometer' part of the instrument to determine the composition of Titan's surface accurately.
12.34 Surface touchdown
This time may vary by plus or minus 15 minutes depending on how Titan's atmosphere and winds affect Huygens's parachuting descent. Huygens will hit the surface at a speed of 5-6 metres per second. Huygens could land on a hard surface of rock or ice or possibly land on an ethane sea. In either case, Huygens's Surface Science Package is designed to capture every piece of information about the surface that can be determined in the three remaining minutes that Huygens is designed to survive after landing.
Scientists may get a near-real time confirmation the probe survived the initial phases of its descent from large radio telescopes that will be monitoring the descent from Earth. No data will be received, but a carrier signal may be barely detectable.
14.44 Cassini stops collecting data
Huygens's landing site drops below Titan's horizon as seen by Cassini and the orbiter stops collecting data. Cassini will listen for Huygens's signal as long as there is the slightest possibility that it can be detected. Once Huygens's landing site disappears below the horizon, there's no more chance of signal, and Huygens's work is finished.
15.14 First data sent to Earth
Cassini first turns its high-gain antenna to point towards Earth and then sends the first packet of data.
Getting data from Cassini to Earth is now routine, but for the Huygens mission, additional safeguards are put in place to make sure that none of Huygens's data are lost. Giant radio antennas around the world will listen for Cassini as the orbiter relays repeated copies of Huygens data.
15.17 Probe data replay begins
Canberra radio dish receives at 66,360 bps.
17:57 End playback of first partition
18:04 Ascending ring-plane crossing
Cassini now at 18.4 Saturn radii.
19:00 Madrid radio dish starts tracking
142,200 bps data stream
and cover an area extending out to 30 kilometres.
The image is assembled from a number of Descent Imager Spectral Radiometer images. The vantage point was about 8 kilometres above the surface.
"There's no evidence yet of liquid in these rivers, they look more like Arizona's dried-up river beds. But those canyons didn't carve themselves."
Titan's surface is remarkably fresh. Counting the number of craters and comparing it with the number of meteoroids that cross the orbit gives astronomers a way to calculate the age of the surface. The younger the crust, the fewer craters are visible. And there seems to be no craters; so it's probably less than 10 million years old .
A panorama of the surface. Scientists speculate that the white streaks are a ground 'fog' of methane or ethane vapour
from NPR.org
Huygens on the Ground
Image Credit: NASA/JPL
An artist's impression of the Huygens probe on the surface of Titan.
Huygens is going to descend during `daylight hours`. Sunlight filtering through the casts an orange glow across the landscape "like 1000 full moons, and bright enough to read a newspaper, but still about 1000 times dimmer than a sunlit day on Earth.
Just before Huygens lands it will turn on an intense flashlight to shine onto the terrain below. This is done to improve pictures of the landing site and help the probe's spectrometers get better readings of elements and minerals in the soil.
"The gods smiled on us." - ESA's space science director David Southwood,
This map illustrates the planned imaging coverage for the Descent Imager/Spectral Radiometer, onboard the European Space Agency's Huygens probe during the probe's descent toward Titan's surface on Jan. 14, 2005.
The coloured lines delineate regions that will be imaged at different resolutions as the probe descends. On each map, the site where Huygens is predicted to land is marked with a yellow dot. This area is in a boundary between dark and bright regions.
Huygens entry
The `descent octagons` indicate fields of view of the panoramic mosaics of images taken by Huygens' descent imager and spectral radiometer instrument as the probe reaches certain altitudes during its descent. This map shows the footprints for mosaics to be assembled from 36 individual images at each altitude, with the field of view cut off at 75 degrees from straight down although the actual images will extend all the way to the hazy horizon. Each mosaic made this way will be about 1,300 by 1,300 pixels.
The largest octagon is about 1,120 kilometres across and represents the field of view for the mosaic of images taken at an altitude of 150 kilometres. From that height, individual pixels in the centre of the image will be about 150 meters across, though haze between the ground and the camera at that height will likely degrade the resolution in those images.
Taken altitude of 8 kilometres with a resolution of 20 metres per pixel.
The progressively smaller octagons are the anticipated fields of view from altitudes of 90 kilometres, 50 kilometres and 30 kilometres. In all, the camera is expected to acquire panoramic mosaics at a total of 20 different altitudes from 150 kilometres down to about 3 kilometres. The pixel size in the mosaic from 3 kilometres high will be about 3 meters across. In addition, the camera is expected to obtain individual images down to an altitude of about 200 meters with pixel size as small as 20 centimetres. The location of the anticipated landing site is based on modelling of Titan's winds, and the actual landing site will be different if the actual winds experienced by Huygens during descent differ from this model.
Titan close-up
The first flyby of Titan took place on 3 July 2004. It provided data on Titan's atmosphere which was confirmed by another close flyby on 26 October 2004 at an altitude of 1174 km of this moon at a speed of 13.8 kilometres per second. At this distance the narrow-angle camera was able to resolve features down to about 1.4 kilometres in size. These data were used to validate the entry conditions of the Huygens probe. Another close flyby of Titan at an altitude of 1200 km occurred on 13 December and provided additional data to further validate the entry conditions of the Huygens probe.
On 17 December the orbiter was placed on a controlled collision course with Titan in order to release Huygens on the proper trajectory, and on 21 December all systems were set up for separation and the Huygens timers set to wake the probe a few hours before its arrival at Titan.
TheProbeHasLanded!
Huygens discarding heat shield
The Huygens probe separated on the morning of 25 December at about 02:00 UTC (03:00 CET) . Since the Cassini orbiter will have to achieve precise pointing for the release, there will be no real-time telemetry available until it turns back its main antenna toward Earth and beams the recorded data of the release. This signal then took 1 hour and 8 minutes to cross the 1.2 billion kilometres separating the Cassini spacecraft and Earth. Separation was achieved by the firing of pyrotechnic devices. Under the action of push-off springs, ramps and rollers, the probe was released at a relative velocity of about 35 cm per second, and, to keep on track, will spin on its axis, making about 7 revolutions a minute.
Huygens drifted through space until it hits Titan's atmosphere on January 14 at about 1013 GMT moving at 10 miles a second. The dense air encountered by the probe rapidly slowed it down, allowing Huygens to drift downward under a deployed parachute for almost three hours.
During the descent onto Titan, the Huygens probe scanned the surrounding atmosphere to analyse its composition and take more than 1,000 images as it heads toward the surface.
Huygens entered Titans atmosphere at a relatively steep angle of 65° and a velocity of about 6 km/s. The target was over the southern hemisphere, on the day side. Protected by an ablative thermal shield, the probe decelerated to 400 m/s within 3 minutes before it deploys a 2.6 m pilot chute at about 160 km. After 2.5 seconds this chute pulled away the probes aft cover and the main parachute, 8.3 m in diameter, was deploy to stabilise the probe. The front shield was then released and the probe, whose main objective is to study Titans atmosphere, opened inlet ports and deploy booms to collect the scientific data. All instruments will have direct access to the atmosphere to conduct detailed in-situ measurements of its structure, dynamics and chemistry. Imagery of the surface along the track was also acquired. The Descent Imager/Spectral Radiometer took pictures as the probe slowly spins. These data was transmitted directly to the Cassini orbiter, which, at the same time, will be flying over Titan at 60 000 km at closest approach. Earth-based radio telescopes have detect the signals tone directly.
15 minutes into the descent, at about 120 km, Huygens released its main parachute and a smaller 3 m drogue chute which took over to allow a deeper plunge through the atmosphere within the lifetime of the probes batteries.
The descent lasted about 140 minutes before Huygens impacted the surface at about 6 m/s. The probe has survives all this, and its extended mission will start, consisting in direct characterisation of Titans surface for as long as the batteries can power the instruments and the Cassini orbiter is visible over the horizon at the landing site, i.e. not more than 130 minutes.
Titan Raindrops
At that time, the Cassini orbiter reoriented its main antenna dish toward Earth in order to play back the data collected by Huygens, which will be received by NASAs 70-m diameter antenna in Canberra, Australia, 67 minutes later. Three playbacks are planned, to ensure that all recorded data are safely transmitted to Earth. Then Cassini will continue its mission exploring Saturn and its moons, which includes multiple additional flybys of Titan in the coming months and years.
of descent.( 1.9Mb .Mov)
Huygens separates from Cassini
After release, Huygens did not communicate with Cassini for the whole period until after deployment of the main parachute following entry into Titans atmosphere. Titan's atmosphere, which is about 95% nitrogen and 5% methane, has a pressure near the surface that is one and a half times the Earth's sea level pressure.
On 28 December Cassini will then manoeuvre off collision course to resume its mission and prepare itself to receive Huygens data, which it will record, to later relay back to Earth.
These images show the surface of Titan at two different infrared wavelengths. They were captured by the visual and infrared mapping spectrometer onboard Cassini as the spacecraft flew by at an altitude of 1200 kilometres - Cassini's closest approach yet to the hazy moon. The image on the left, taken at a wavelength of 2 microns, is the most detailed picture to date of the Titan's surface. It reveals complex landforms with sharp boundaries, which scientists are eager to further study. The image on the right was taken at a wavelength of 1 micron and shows approximately what a digital camera might see. It seems from the pictures received that this area is geologically alive, possibly with liquids moving on its surface.
No evidence of oceans?
However, synthetic aperture radar images of the surface, captured on Oct. 26, when the Cassini spacecraft flew approximately 2,500 kilometres above the surface, show that the dark regions may represent areas that are smooth, made of radar-absorbing materials, or are sloped away from the direction of illumination. A striking bright feature stretches from upper left to lower right across this image, with connected 'arms' to the East. The fact that the lower (southern) edges of the features are brighter is consistent with the structure being raised above the relatively featureless darker background. Comparisons with other features and data from other instruments has determined that this is a cryovolcanic flow, where water-rich liquid has welled up from Titan's warm interior.
Previous Photometric profiles showed considerable variations across dark areas that were identified as possible lakes or seas. A liquid surface would have been more uniform.
"There is no evidence of oceans,"
But it turns out that there is hydrocarbon flows and lakes.
Most of the features seem to be volcanic in nature, produced by flowing ice rather than molten rock.
View from ten miles up:Seen are streams, valleys and to the right a coastline.
Huygens remained dormant until a few hours before its arrival at Titan on 14 January. The entry into the atmosphere is set for 11:13 CET. Huygens is planned to complete its descent in about two hours and 15 minutes, beaming back its science data to the Cassini orbiter for replay to Earth later in the afternoon. If Huygens, which is designed as an atmospheric probe rather than a lander, survives touchdown on the surface, a solid surface, it could, in theory, deliver up to 2 hours of bonus data before the link with Cassini is lost. If Huygens lands in a liquid, ultra-low temperatures will sap the craft's batteries faster. "If it's not a sea, it could be a lake of tar. And did one see waves?" As a bonus the craft had been active for up to seven hours; due to the probe`s design keeping Huygens' instruments warmer than expected. The total data received would fit onto 3 floppy disks.
On Christmas day Huygens began its final journey to Titan
PAGE TWO-
At 1.25 billion kilometres from Earth, and after a 7-year journey, ESAs Huygens probe separated from the Cassini orbiter to fall towards Titan, the largest moon of Saturn, to enter its atmosphere on 14 January 2005, 1013 GMT, and landing on the surface at 1234 GMT.
This was the first man-made object to land on a this strange world, whose chemistry was assumed to be very similar to that of the early Earth just before life began, 3.8 billion years ago.
Saturn orbit insertion manoeuvre
The Cassini-Huygens spacecraft, a joint mission conducted by NASA, ESA and the Italian space agency (ASI), was launched into space on 15 October 1997, and took almost 7 years for the to reach Saturn, with the help of several gravity assist manoeuvres during flybys of Venus, Earth and Jupiter.
The Cassini orbiter, carrying the Huygens strapped to its belly, entered orbit around Saturn on 1 July 2004, and began a four year mission to explore strange new worlds.
The Cassini space probe carries two cameras, one with a narrow angle (0.35 degrees field of view) and the other with a wide angle (3.5 degrees).
Cassini's View of Titan Landing Site
Water Ice and Methane Springs on Titan
Possible 'Islands' on a Dark Plain
Landing Site false colour
Both cameras use charge coupled devices (CCDs), which are silicon chips that change photons of light into electronic signals to create images or to analyse the light received from such objects. Both cameras are equipped with dozens of filters operating between ultraviolet and near-infrared wavelengths. They are ideal for examining the atmosphere of Titanand showing close-up details of the moon's surface.
This image shows a full 360-degree view around Huygens. The left-hand side, behind Huygens, shows a boundary between light and dark areas. The white streaks seen near this boundary could be ground 'fog' of methane or ethane vapour, as they were not immediately visible from higher altitudes. As the probe descended, it drifted over a plateau (centre of image) and was heading towards its landing site in a dark area (right). This dark area is possibly a drainage channel which might still contain liquid material. From the drift of the probe, the wind speed has been estimated at around 6-7 metres per second.
Landing Site Location
A view of Huygens probable landing site based on initial, best-guess estimates. Scientists on the Huygens Descent Imager/ Spectral Radiometer (DISR) science team are still working to refine the exact location of the probe's landing site, but they estimate that it lies within the white circle shown in this image.
In some areas, the surface is very bright. This suggests that liquids wash dark tars from the icy surface quite regularly. This might be a sign of methane rain.
Geothermal activity from underground heat sources on titan may generate methane through the oxidation of iron contained in hot basaltic rocks. The process releases hydrogen which combines with carbon to form methane.
Landing polar panorama
The `Airstrip` Detail
Titan Total surface (2)
Click to Expand the Images!
This is an improved (Better than the ESA offering below) image of the surface.
( Full Size Image) 216 kb
This is a ESA website picture is a composite of 30 images from ESA's Huygens probe, released on Jan 17th. They were taken from an altitude varying from 13 kilometres down to 8 kilometres when the probe was descending towards its landing site.
At that stage of its descent, Huygens was dropping almost vertically with a speed of about 5 metres per second. It was drifting horizontally with a speed of about 1 metre per second.
These images were taken with a resolution of about 20 metres per pixel and cover an area extending
Date: Apr 8 11:40 2011
Huygens probe
A billion miles from Earth, a small saucer-shaped spacecraft emerged from the fiery turmoil of an atmospheric entry.
Seconds later, a set of explosive bolts fired, and its charred heat-shield fell away. A parachute then opened and the craft slowly began its descent, gently buffeted by winds.
With temperatures hovering at a chilly -180C, it finally touched down on the freezing surface of this distant world.
Not the opening chapter of a science fiction novel, but an accurate description of the extraordinary moment on 14 January 2005 when the European Space Agency's Huygens probe landed on the surface of Saturn's largest moon, Titan.
Cosmic Vision - See how Huygens landed on Titan
Click to Play | View Details
NASA - Huygens Probe Lands on Saturn's Moon, Titan
Date: Dec 6 09:48 2007
The Shores of Titan
Date: Aug 6 17:51 2007
Animated artist's interpretation of the area surrounding the Huygens landing site based on images & data returned Jan 14 2005 (Titan's chemistry may be similar to that of earths 400 million years ago).
«First < 1 2 | Page 12 of 2	sorted by Oldest FirstNewest First


text:
Episode 1 Episode 2 Episode 3 Episode 4 Episode 5 Episode 6 Episode 7
The Real Housewives of Salt Lake City Watch Online Free
Fueled by multi-million-dollar businesses and brands, a hidden social circle of successful women have created their own paradise in the majestic mountains of Utah.
Actors: Heather Gay, Jen Shah, Lisa Barlow, Mary Cosby, Meredith Marks, Whitney Rose
Studio: Shed Media
Networks: Bravo
Keywords:Series 2020
Watch Origin Full Series Online. A group of troubled passengers wake up on a damaged spaceship abandoned in deep space, each having left behind a dark past in search of…
Watch The Man in the High Castle Full Series Online. Explore what it would be like if the Allied Powers had lost WWII, and Japan and Germany ruled the United…
Flint Town
Watch Flint Town Full Series Online. Over a two-year period, filmmakers embedded with cops in Flint, Michigan, reveal a department grappling with volatile issues in untenable conditions.
Genre: Action & Adventure, Crime, Documentary
Watch Dark Blue Full Series Online. Dark Blue was an action/drama television series which premiered on TNT on July 15, 2009, at 10 pm. It ended its run on September…
Watch Cardinal Full Series Online. Detective John Cardinal attempts to uncover the mystery of what happened to the missing 13-year-old girl whose body is discovered in the shaft-head of an…
Watch Huge in France Full Series Online. Famous comedian Gad Elmaleh moves to LA to reconnect with his son and must learn to live without the celebrity perks he's accustomed…
Watch The Last Kingdom Full Series Online. A show of heroic deeds and epic battles with a thematic depth that embraces politics, religion, warfare, courage, love, loyalty and our universal…
80,70,50,60,45 min
Watch Doctor Who Full Series Online. The Doctor is a Time Lord: a 900 year old alien with 2 hearts, part of a gifted civilization who mastered time travel. The…
Watch Howards End Full Series Online. The social and class divisions in early 20th century England through the intersection of three families – the wealthy Wilcoxes, the gentle and idealistic…
Watch 90 Day Fiance Full Series Online. Getting through customs is just the beginning. With just 90 days to wed on a fiancé visa, follow international couples as they attempt…
Watch Wu Assassins Full Series Online. The last in a line of Chosen Ones, a wannabe chef teams up with a homicide detective to unravel an ancient mystery and take…
Watch The Real Housewives of Salt Lake City Online Free
Trailer: The Real Housewives of Salt Lake City

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


We Mentor - A Wise Woman Builds Inc.
We are a sisterhood that deposits positive contributions into one another lives.
We believe in self-importance, self-love, and self-worth but most importantly we believe in one another. We walk side by side united as one. We uplift, encourage, support, and empower. This is our Choice, our Belief, and our Commitment.
She's a dreamer, a believer, and a doer.


My newest custom painting is a portrait of a beautiful home in California. The first thing I do is to gather all the photos that the client sent me. Putting them together can be a challenge especially when there is no complete view of the house which is the case with this home. A large tree blocks the view from the street.
Any paintings are easier for me to do with spontaneous brushstrokes if I have done the work of figuring out the composition and values (darks and lights) ahead of time. This is especially true when architecture is involved.
The client writes, "Lovely! I'm so pleased and impressed." She thinks it's a good idea that I moved the tree to the left side so it doesn't block the house and that I eliminated power lines in the distance. The Jasmine shrub near the garage should have one trunk rather than three, so I will change that. Then, since she is pleased, I can turn this into a watercolor painting. I'll post the steps I use to do the watercolor next time!


text:
Q: Join between two fact tables (F4801 & F4111) We are working on JDE for our MRP.
There is F4801, that contains every order > one row for each order
And there is F4111, which contains every booking for every item and order.
There are several booking types like

*

*Correction

*Entry in Inventory

*Samples

*...

The F4801 contains the column [Started Quantity].
Now I have to compare this column for each order with all "Entry in Inventory" bookings from F4111.
For this purpose I would like to extract all data from F4801 since 01.01.2019. But how?
SELECT
F4801.WADOCO "Order",
F4801.WAUORG "Started Quantity"
FROM
    Pool.DB_JDE_PROD F4801

I guess then I need a join to get all bookings (type 'TT') from F4111 for each order of 4801, right?
But how?
This is my actual SQL:
SELECT
    ILDOC  "Order",
    ILDCT  "Booking Type",
    ILTRQT "Quantity"
FROM
        Pool.DB_JDE_PROD F4111
WHERE   ILDCT = 'TT'

In the end, I need a SQL for the F4801 and one for the F4111. I would like to compare them in excel.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


The GD'18 proceedings are now available from Springer.
The slides of most presentations have been uploaded, with permission from the speakers. They can be downloaded from the Program page. If yours is not there but it should be, please contact us.
Best presentation award: Elena Arseneva and Pilar Cano, for the paper "Pole Dancing: 3D Morphs for Tree Drawings".
Best poster award: Charles Camacho, Silvia Fernández-Merchant, Marija Jelic, Rachel Kirsch, Linda Kleist, Elizabeth Bailey Matson and Jennifer White, for the poster entitled "Bounding the Tripartite-circle Crossing Number of Complete Tripartite Graphs".
The list of accepted papers can be found here.
Deadline for posters is August 12, for more information, see this page.


text:
stock OR.PA € 378.00 -0.12%
Animations Activate Deactivate
Contrast Deactivate Activate
Discover L'Oréal Group
Create The Beauty That Moves The World
Connect with L'Oréal in your location
Language Switcher en hr-BA hr-HR sl-SI sr-Latn bg-BG
The Appointment of New L'Oréal General Manager for the Adria-Balkan Region
L'Oréal Adria Balkan
Vanya Panayotova was appointed new General Manager of L'Oréal for Adria-Balkan markets and started on new position beginning of March 2020. She replaced Brigitte Streller, who took on new responsibilities within L'Oréal Group, after 15 years of successful leadership over this region.
Vanya Panayotova is currently General Manager of L'Oréal Romania and her responsibilities are now extended to the Adria Balkan countries. She is simultaneously in charge of Adria-Balkan hub as well as L'Oréal Romania.
Vanya, a Bulgarian national, has an extensive experience of more than 20 years in the FMCG sector and an impressive career in leading international companies and large entrepreneurial businesses. She began her career at Procter & Gamble and continued at Mondelez International, where she held positions with growing responsibilities in Eastern Europe and Africa & the Middle East. In 2017, she returned to Romania as General Manager of Orbico, and joined L'Oréal Group in 2018 as General Manager L'Oréal Romania. As an accomplished leader with ample knowledge about Adria-Balkan countries, Vanya harnesses the energies of both entities in order to achieve continued and accelerated market share gains across all the countries that fall under her new responsibilities.
Commenting on the new appointment, Vanya Panayotova says: "I am really excited about the future of L'Oréal Adria-Balkan and I am delighted to be appointed to manage this excellent, highly motivated team. I am looking forward to contributing jointly to the company's mission of delivering beauty to everyone, all over this region."
Brigitte Streller has continued her successful career path as General Manager of the Czech Republic, Hungary and Slovakia Hub. Named General Manager Balkan in 2004, with direct responsibility over the creation of L'Oréal subsidiaries in Serbia and Bulgaria, Brigitte managed with success cluster of Adria and Balkan markets, positioning L'Oréal as undisputable leader in this region.
The handover process between Vanya Panayotova and Brigitte Streller became effective as of March 1st 2020.


BioNapkins are made with FSC® certified pulp and are certifed carbon neutral. Custom printing available.
Rest assured BioPak napkins are the most environmentally sustainable option on the market – they are made with FSC® certified pulp and are certified carbon neutral. Napkins come in several sizes, each size tailored to a specific use. A beverage napkin, used when serving drinks and hors d'oeuvres,like most cloth napkins, is square, about thirteen centimeters to each side. A luncheon napkin is a couple of inches larger, and a dinner napkin larger still. The theory, evidently, is that the more food and drink that is served, the more potential there is for spillage, so the bigger the napkin must be to catch it.
- Made from FSC certified pulp.
- Select from white or natural colours.
-Our dispenser design ensures patrons use fewer napkins and touch only the napkins they use.
-Our Tall/Compact BioDispenser takes x250 Tall or Compact BioNapkins. Dispenser and napkins sold separately.
-Customise your napkins (minimum order quantities apply).
Each Dispenser holds 250 Tall/Compact BioNapkins.
BioNapkins are made with FSC® certified pulp and are certified carbon neutral. This dispenser fits our Single Saver BioNapkins, available in white and natural colours.
2 Ply Corner Embossed Cocktail Napkin.
- Select from white, natural or black colours.
2 Ply 1/4 Fold Corner Embossed Dinner Napkin.
2 Ply 1/8 Fold Dinner Napkin.
2 Ply 1/8 Fold Quilted Dinner Napkin.
1 Ply 1/4 Fold Lunch Napkin.
2 Ply 1/4 Fold Lunch Napkin.
2 Ply 1/8 Fold Lunch Napkin.
Rest assured BioPak napkins are the most environmentally sustainable option on the market – they are made with FSC® certified pulp and are certified carbon neutral. Napkins come in several sizes, each size tailored to a specific use. A beverage napkin, used when serving drinks and hors d'oeuvres,like most cloth napkins, is square, about thirteen centimeters to each side. A luncheon napkin is a couple of inches larger, and a dinner napkin larger still. The theory, evidently, is that the more food and drink that is served, the more potential there is for spillage, so the bigger the napkin must be to catch it. Our one napkin at a time Single Saver BioDispenser provide up to a 50% reduction in usage. These dispensers have been designed to allow you the option of inserting a card with your brand and message to the customer on the sides.
-Our Single Saver BioDispenser takes x250 Single Saver BioNapkins. Dispenser and napkins sold separately.


text:
Yiqing Song
Yiqing Song MD, ScD
Professor, Epidemiology PhD Program Director
yiqsong@iu.edu
ScD, Epidemiology and Nutrition, Harvard University
MA, Nutrition, University of Texas at Austin
MD, Beijing Medical University
Dr. Yiqing Song is a Professor in the IU Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health and Director of the PhD program in Epidemiology. He received his Medical degree from Beijing Medical University and finished his 5-year residency training in Pediatrics at the Third Teaching Hospital of Beijing Medical University. Dr. Song then received a Master's degree in Nutrition from the University of Texas at Austin and a Doctor of Science (ScD) degree in Epidemiology and Nutrition from the Harvard School of Public Health. Before joining the faculty at Indiana University, Dr. Song was a faculty member in the Division of Preventive Medicine at Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School.
Dr. Song has a broad background in medicine, nutrition, genetics, and epidemiology and has extensive experience in the evaluation of nutritional, biochemical, and genetic markers as predictors of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease (CVD) in several large prospective cohort studies, such as the Women's Health Study (WHS), Physicians' Health Study (PHS), and the Women's Health Initiative-Observational Study (WHI-OS). He has also been actively involved in testing the role of several dietary supplements in preventing type 2 diabetes in multiple large-scale randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trials, including the Women's Health Study, the Women's Antioxidant Cardiovascular Study (WACS), the Physicians' Health Study (PHS) II randomized trial, and the VITamin D and OmegA-3 TriaL (VITAL). Dr. Song has been the PI and Co-PI on a number of NIH-funded grants. He has authored and co-authored more than 120 peer-reviewed research papers and eight book chapters. Dr. Song was the recipient of the Research Frontiers Trailblazer Award by the IUPUI in 2015 and was awarded the American Heart Association's Award for Excellence in Research Addressing Cardiovascular Health Equity in 2017.
Dr. Song has served as ad hoc reviewer for over 30 peer-reviewed scientific journals and a number of national and international foundation/society funding agencies. Dr. Song currently serves as a permanent member on the NIH Study Section of Cancer, Heart, and Sleep Epidemiology Panel A (CHSA).
Dr. Song's primary research area is the primary prevention and epidemiology of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease.
His major research interests include:
Relation of nutritional, biochemical and genetic markers of dietary factors with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease
Racial/ethnic differences in vitamin D-related biomarkers and racial/ethnic disparities in cardiovascular disease risk
Design and conduct of randomized controlled trials of dietary supplements for primary prevention of type 2 diabetes
Pharmacoepidemiology research on comparative effectiveness and safety of a novel antidiabetic drug, sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors
Design and conduct of systematic review and network and pairwise meta-analysis for synthesizing evidence from observational and randomized trial data
E670 Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis in Health Sciences
E650 Readings in Public Health (Obesity and Diabetes Epidemiology)
E610 Chronic Disease Epidemiology
Zhang J, Ding EL, Song Y. Adverse effects of cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitors on renal and arrhythmia events: meta-analysis of randomized trials. JAMA. 2006;296(13):1619-32.
Ding EL, Song Y*, Manson JE, Hunter DJ, Lee CC, Rifai N, Buring JE, Gaziano JM, Liu S. Sex hormone-binding globulin and risk of type 2 diabetes in women and men. N Engl J Med. 2009; 361(12):1152-63 (*co-first author).
Song Y, Cook NR, Albert CM, Van Denburgh M, Manson JE. Effect of homocysteine-lowering treatment with folic acid and B vitamins on risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in women: a randomized controlled trial. Diabetes. 2009;58:1921-8.
Song Y, Xu Q, Park Y, Hollenbeck A, Schatzkin A, Chen H. Multivitamins, individual vitamin and mineral supplements, and risk of diabetes mellitus among older US adults. Diabetes Care. 2011;34(1):108-14.
Dai H, Sun Q, Zhang C, Zhang X, Li WQ, Manson JE, Hu FB, Song Y. Association between benign cutaneous nevi and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in men and women: results from two prospective cohort studies. Diabet Med. 2016. Doi: 10.1111/dme.13297.
Tang H, Zhang X, Zhang J, Li Y, Del Gobbo L, Zhai S, Song Y. Elevated serum magnesium associated with SGLT2 inhibitor use in type 2 diabetes patients: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Diabetologia. 2016;59(12):2546-2551.
Tang H, Li D, Zhang J, Li Y, Wang T, Zhai S, Song Y. Sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors and risk of adverse renal outcomes among patients with type 2 diabetes: A network and cumulative meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2017; 18(12):1199-1206.
Zhang X, Xia J, Del Gobbo LC, Hruby A, Dai Q, Song Y. Serum magnesium concentrations and all-cause, cardiovascular, and cancer mortality among U.S. adults: Results from the NHANES I Epidemiologic Follow-up Study. Clin Nutr. 2017; S0261-5614(17): 30304-30307.
Tang H, Li D, Li Y, Zhang X, Song Y* Li X. Effects of vitamin D supplementation on indexes of glucose and insulin homeostasis in non-diabetic adults: a meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials. Int J Endocrinol. 2018:7908764. doi: 10.1155/2018/7908764. (*co-corresponding author).
Zhang X, Tu W, Manson JE, Tinker L, Liu S, Cauley JA, Qi L, Mouton C, Martin LW, Hou L, Song Y. Racial/ethnic differences in 25-hydroxyvitamin D and parathyroid hormone levels and cardiovascular disease risk among postmenopausal women. JAHA. 2019 (in press).


text:
(Economy)
(Clothing and Textiles)
(Tech)
(Innovation)
Bazar de l'Hotel de Ville
Group purchasing organization
Knowledge Identifier: &Shopify
E-commerce platform that enables individuals and businesses to create online stores
Category: Business (12)
Countries: (56%), United States (33%), United Kingdom (6%)
Main connections: Commerce, CNET, FUBU
Linked to: CNET, Apple Inc., Tata Group, BeGood Clothing
49 active datas
Please help improve it by adding dated informations, images and videos about Shopify.
Lütke summarized this by saying "what used to take months in 2004, can now be done in about 20 minutes
Shopify was founded in 2004 by Tobias Lütke, Daniel Weinand, and Scott Lake after attempting to open an online store for snowboarding equipment, named Snowdevil
By 2006, the founders decided to share their code to help others sell items online
In 2007, it became a finalist for the CNET Webware 100 Awards
FirstMark Capital - VentureBeat, June 3, 2008 and Shopify
After meeting Lütke, Ferriss became an Advisor to Shopify in 2009
Lütke and Ferriss developed the idea for the competition after the two met at RailsConf 2009
On June 2, 2009 Shopify launched their API platform and App Store
In 2010, it claimed to have been profitable since 2008 without any significant investments from outsiders
Shopify's human resource head count increased from 40 employees in 2010 to approximately 418 in 2014
On January 9, 2010, Shopify acquired MNDCreative to expand the capabilities of Shopify on mobile devices
The Shopify Theme Store was unveiled on April 20, 2010
Shopify released a free mobile app on the Apple App Store on May 13, 2010
On April 26, 2011, the company launched its second Build-A-Business competition with Timothy Ferriss, Gary Vaynerchuk, author of The Thank You Economy, and popular marketing expert Seth Godin
On February 1, 2012, Shopify acquired Select Start Studios Inc bringing with it 20 mobile engineers and designers
On July 10, 2012, the company launched its third Build-A-Business competition with Timothy Ferriss, author of The 4-Hour Workweek, Eric Ries, Founder and author of Lean Startup, Daymond John, Founder of FUBU and star of Shark Tank , and Tina Roth Eisenberg
Happy Cog - They produce themes for the Shopify e-commerce platform, and until 2013, provided specialized web hosting services through Happy Cog Hosting
In August 2013, Shopify announced the launch of Shopify Payments
In August 2013, Shopify announced the launch of iPad-Centric POS System to Integrate Online and In-Store Sales
On August 1, 2013, Shopify acquired Jet Cooper, a 25 person design studio based in Toronto
In November 2013, Shopify began accepting bitcoin as an additional form of payment
In 2014, Soldsie integrated with Shopify, allowing Shopify shops to monetize Instagram and Facebook by turning their social pages into social stores
In January 2014, the company released a redesigned version of its mobile app and launched a mobile card reader
The fifth Build-A-Business competition began in October 2014
On April 14, 2015, Shopify filed for IPO.
Christian Burns - On August 24, 2016, the band announced that they would release a limited edition colored 12" vinyl collectible extended play with Shopify on September 19, 2016
On October 3, 2016, Shopify acquired Boltmade
In November 2016, Shopify partnered with Paystack which allowed Nigerian online retailers able to accept payments from customers around the world
On November 22, 2016, Shopify launched Frenzy which is a mobile app that greatly improves flash sales
On December 5, 2016, Shopify acquired Toronto-based mobile product development studio Tiny Hearts Ltd. The building has been turned into a Shopify research and development office
In January 2017, Shopify announced its integration with Amazon that would allow merchants to sell on Amazon from their Shopify stores
HackerOne - In February 2017, HackerOne sponsored an invitation-only hackathon, gathering security researchers from around the world to hack e-commerce sites AirBnB and Shopify for vulnerabilities
In April 2017, Shopify introduced a Bluetooth enabled credit card reader for brick and mortar retail purchases
Commerce - In October 2017, famous short-seller Andrew Left, released a detailed report which described the e-commerce platform as a "get-rich-quick" scheme that is against Federal Trade Commission regulations
Augmented reality - In 2018, Shopify, the Canadian commerce company, announced ARkit2 integrations and their merchants are able to use the tools to upload 3D models of their products, which users will be able to tap on the goods inside Safari to view in their real-world environments
In April 2018, Shopify announced a partnership with Deliv to offer same-day delivery capabilities to Shopify retailers
Online cannabis sales in Ontario used Shopify's software when the drug was legalized in October 2018
Shopify's software will be used for in-person cannabis sales in Ontario when it is legalized in 2019
Bessemer Venture Partners - As of 2019, the firm had invested in over 120 IPOs, including Shopify, Yelp, LinkedIn, Skype, LifeLock, Twilio, SendGrid, DocuSign, Wix.com, Box and VeriSign
In January 2019, Shopify announced the launch of Shopify Studios, a full-service television and film content and production house
In April 2019, Shopify announced an integration with Snapchat to allow Shopify merchants to buy and manage Snapchat Story ads directly on the Shopify platform
Commerce - In May 2019, Shopify acquired Handshake, a business-to-business e-commerce platform for wholesale goods


Pangkalan Brandan (or Pangkalanbrandan) (Pangkalanberandan) is a port town in Langkat Regency, North Sumatra province, Indonesia, forty miles north west of Medan, close to the boundary with Aceh. The area's population is estimated at around 21,000.
Oil deposits were discovered close to the village by a Dutch tobacco planter, Aeilko Jans Zijlker, in 1885. In June 1890, Zijlker, set up the "Royal Dutch Company for the Working of Petroleum Wells in the Dutch Indies" with its headquarters at Pangkalan Brandan and port facilities at nearby Pangkalan Susu, completed in 1898. The company was one of the two founder companies of Royal Dutch Shell. formed in February, 1907. Pangkalan Brandan was noted to be the first area of Indonesia which supported the development of other areas with its rich oil supply, its well can be traced as the origin of the global oil giant Royal Dutch Shell. There has been a proposal to use waste from the local palm-oil industry to generate electricity.
^ "History of Shell in Indonesia". PT Shell Indonesia. Retrieved 25 Nov 2008.
^ "10.3 MW PALM OIL WASTE TO ENERGY POWER PLANT AT PANGKALAN BRANDAN SUMATRA, INDONESIA" (pdf). Center for Research on Material and Energy. Retrieved 25 Nov 2008.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pangkalan Brandan refinery.


text:
Q: Rails how do I extract (and copy) only certain attributes from an ActiveRecord object? In Rails 5, I want to create a new instance of an Author model, but in the process I want to copy only a subset of the attribute values (columns) from my User model.
I am trying to run the following code:
user = User.first
Author.create user.attributes.without("id", "token", "secret", "created_at", "updated_at", "active", "email", "encrypted_password", "first_name", "last_name", "reset_password_token", "reset_password_sent_at", "remember_created_at", "sign_in_count", "current_sign_in_at", "last_sign_in_at", "current_sign_in_ip", "last_sign_in_ip")

The User.first method works and returns a valid user from the table. However, the Author.create line doesn't work. I'm getting a NoMethodError: undefined method `each' for nil:NilClass error.
Here is my User table from the schema.rb file:
create_table "users", force: :cascade do |t|
    t.string   "provider",                               null: false
    t.string   "uid",                                    null: false
    t.string   "name"
    t.string   "location"
    t.string   "image_url"
    t.string   "url"
    t.string   "token"
    t.string   "secret"
    t.datetime "created_at",                             null: false
    t.datetime "updated_at",                             null: false
    t.boolean  "active",                 default: false
    t.text     "description"
    t.string   "screen_name"
    t.integer  "followers"
    t.integer  "following"
    t.integer  "statuses"
    t.integer  "listed"
    t.integer  "lists"
    t.integer  "favorites"
    t.integer  "views",                  default: 0
    t.string   "website"
    t.string   "email",                  default: "",    null: false
    t.string   "encrypted_password",     default: "",    null: false
    t.string   "first_name",             default: "",    null: false
    t.string   "last_name",              default: "",    null: false
    t.string   "reset_password_token"
    t.datetime "reset_password_sent_at"
    t.datetime "remember_created_at"
    t.integer  "sign_in_count",          default: 0,     null: false
    t.datetime "current_sign_in_at"
    t.datetime "last_sign_in_at"
    t.inet     "current_sign_in_ip"
    t.inet     "last_sign_in_ip"
    t.index ["active"], name: "index_users_on_active", using: :btree
    t.index ["email"], name: "index_users_on_email", unique: true, using: :btree
    t.index ["provider", "uid"], name: "index_users_on_provider_and_uid", unique: true, using: :btree
    t.index ["provider"], name: "index_users_on_provider", using: :btree
    t.index ["uid"], name: "index_users_on_uid", using: :btree
end

And here is my Author table:
create_table "authors", force: :cascade do |t|
    t.string   "uid",                     null: false
    t.string   "provider",                null: false
    t.string   "name"
    t.string   "location"
    t.string   "image_url"
    t.string   "url"
    t.text     "description"
    t.string   "screen_name"
    t.integer  "followers",   default: 0
    t.integer  "following",   default: 0
    t.integer  "statuses",    default: 0
    t.integer  "listed",      default: 0
    t.integer  "lists",       default: 0
    t.integer  "favorites",   default: 0
    t.integer  "views",       default: 0
    t.string   "website"
    t.datetime "created_at",              null: false
    t.datetime "updated_at",              null: false
    t.index ["provider"], name: "index_authors_on_provider", using: :btree
    t.index ["uid", "provider"], name: "index_authors_on_uid_and_provider", unique: true, using: :btree
    t.index ["uid"], name: "index_authors_on_uid", using: :btree
end

As you can see, the new Author table has many of the same columns/attributes as the User table, but I only want to copy across a subset of the User attributes (columns and values) when creating the new Author object.
Maybe the user.attributes.without method isn't the right one?

A: You can do it via slice since user.attributes is just a hash of values.
user.attributes.slice('name', 'location')


text:
Community, Environment, Health, Links, Minnesota, News, News - Latest News
Largest Farmers' Market in Region Coming to Duluth this Weekend
Saturday: 24th Annual Harvest Festival
DULUTH, Minn. -Fresh produce and sustainable energy are the focus of a festival in Duluth this weekend. The 24th Annual Harvest Festival will be held in Bayfront Festival Park from 10 a.m. to 4 p.m. on Saturday, September 9. This festival is considered one of the largest farmers' markets in the region. In the park visitors can enjoy live music,…
Active Adventures, Business, Community, Features, Health, Links, Minnesota, News, News - Latest News
New Duluth Fitness Center Features "9 Rounds"
9Round is Latest Kickboxing Gym to Open in Duluth
DULUTH, Minn. – A new fitness center has opend in Duluth. 9Round Fitness is a kickboxing gym. It features a nine round, 30 minute workout to help clients get a good workout in during a short amount of time. The workout is a for the entire body, and trainers are on hand to guide clients. The fitness center also offers…
Business, Community, Minnesota, News, News - Latest News, Video
Duluth Pack Celebrates Grand Opening After Remodel
The event included free beer and pizza
Graham Hakala,
DULUTH, Minn. – Duluth Pack celebrated its grand opening today after finishing up some remodeling of their store in Canal Park. The store hosted a ribbon cutting ceremony with the Duluth Chamber of Commerce. The event included free pizza, free beer, and Duluth Pack giveaways. It was all to celebrate the company's place in Duluth's outdoors culture. "We are aware…
Community, Environment, Minnesota, News, News - Latest News, Public Safety
Twin Ports Utility Crews Head to Florida
As Hurricane Irma Inches Closer to Florida, Minnesota Power and Superior Water Light and Power Crews Head South to Help
Brett Scott,
DULUTH, Minn. – Hurricane Irma is slowly making way toward mainland Florida. Thursday evening, the storm impacted Puerto Rico. Forecasters are still uncertain which route the storm will take, but it's not stopping local power workers from heading south to help. "It's going to be pretty much mass devastation," said Minnesota Power Lineman Mike Linn. The natural disaster is continuing…
Business, Minnesota, News, News - Latest News
Minnesota Prepares to Fight for Amazon's 2nd Headquarters
The Associated Press,
ST. PAUL, Minn. (AP) – Minnesota is joining the chase to land Amazon's second headquarters. The e-commerce behemoth based in Seattle announced Thursday it's seeking to build a second headquarters, setting off a nationwide race. Dozens of cities and states are expected to compete. The company says it will spend $5 billion and could bring up to 50,000 jobs. Amazon already…
Community, Health, Links, Minnesota, News, News - Latest News
St. Luke's Doctors Host Cancer Survivorship Lecture
Doctors Focus on Breast Cancer Survivorship
DULUTH, Minn. -St. Luke's Hospital is continuing a cancer survivorship lecture series. This month doctors are focusing on breast cancer survivorship. Dr. Kerri Harting, a breast radiologist at St. Luke's Breast Center, will be discussing the importance of breast imaging. She'll focus on breast imaging tools, their use and the importance of breast imaging in screening for breast cancer. It's…
Community, Cooking Connection, Links, Minnesota, News, News - Latest News
Pita Pit Offers Healthy Option for Football Season
Cooking Connection: Pita Pit
DULUTH, Minn. – As football season begins, many Northlanders will be watching the game with friends. In place of unhealthy tailgating food, Pita Pit offers a delicious and healthy option. This morning, Indiana Molitor visited FOX 21 to chat about some tasty options. Molitor says it's easy to order for groups, just stop in the store or give them a…
Education, Minnesota, News, News - Latest News
Minnesota ACT Scores Rise, Remain Among America's Best
ST. PAUL, Minn. (AP) – Scores on the ACT college entrance exam rose for Minnesota's Class of 2017 and remain among America's best. For the second year in a row, Minnesota's graduating class led the 17 states where all high school seniors took the test. In results released Thursday, they posted an average composite score of 21.5, compared with 21.1…
Crime, Minnesota, News, News - Latest News
Man Charged for Fatally Stabbing Friend While Visiting St. Cloud
Site Staff,
Robin Hanson (Stearns County Jail) ST. CLOUD, Minn. (KMSP) – A 22-year-old man has been charged with second-degree murder for stabbing his friend to death while they were visiting St. Cloud, Minnesota from Iowa. Investigators believe the suspect, Robin Hanson of Deloit, Iowa, and Andre Tirrel, 22, also of Deloit, traveled together from Iowa to stay for the weekend in St. Cloud. On…
Community, Education, Minnesota, News, News - Latest News, Video
Early Childhood Studies Program At Steve O'Neil Apartments
Allowing Kids To Start Early
Joey Norton,
DULUTH, Minn. UMD's Early Childhood Studies Program teamed up with the Steve O'Neil apartments to get a jump start on literacy. The program is geared toward kids under the age of five at the apartment complex all in an effort to address disparities the children face. To start the program, representatives from the Duluth library, the Northland Foundation and Chum…
Lt. Gov. in Duluth to Talk Education
$100,000 Heading to Pre-Kindergarten Programs
DULUTH, Minn.-$100,000 is heading to the Duluth School District to expand its pre-kindergarten program. Today Lieutenant Governor Tina Smith made the rounds at Lowell Elementary to discuss what it means for the district. She believes that even though the kids are in pre-school, these early learning experiences will help them for years to come. "These kids and their families are…
Community, Education, Links, Minnesota, News, News - Latest News
Parenting Again, Raising a Second Generation
Preregistration Required for the Course; If Enough Support is Gathered, Winter Classes Could be Offered
PROCTOR, Minn. – Many communities across the Northland are seeing a rise when it comes to parents abusing drugs and alcohol. Children are being taken from homes and grandparents are stepping up to care for their grandchildren. It's why one Duluth woman has chosen to develop a new program known as parenting again. The class, specializing in raising a second…
Minnesota, News, News - Latest News
3 Formally Charged in Connection to Alexandria Girl's Disappearance
Melissa Lentz,
1/4 Show Caption Hide Caption 2/4 Joshua Holby Show Caption Hide Caption 3/4 Steven Powers Show Caption Hide Caption 4/4 Thomas Barker Show Caption Hide Caption ALEXANDRIA, Minn. – A 15-year-old girl missing for nearly a month from her Alexandria home, on the 200 block of North McKay Avenue, was found Tuesday. Jasmine Block disappeared from her home on…
Environment, Minnesota, News, News - Latest News
Man Catches Massive, Record-Breaking Flathead Catfish in St. Croix River
Photo: Minnesota DNR STILLWATER, Minn. – An angler from St. Anthony, Minnesota has broken the state record for flathead catfish after catching a 52.5 inch-long fish on the St. Croix River last month, the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources said Tuesday. Mark Mosby reeled in the monster on Aug. 2 on the St. Croix River near Stillwater breaking the state…
Community, Entertainment, Links, Minnesota, News, News - Latest News
Fast Cars to Fill Garfield Avenue This Weekend
Kia of Duluth Drag Races
DULUTH, Minn. – This weekend the City of Duluth will be filled with revving engines and fast cars for the Annual Kia of Duluth Drag Races. Cars will be filling Garfield Avenue Saturday, September 9 and Sunday, September 10 for the car show and races. Preliminary races will be held Saturday, with elimination races taking place on Sunday. The car…
Business, Community, Environment, Minnesota, News, News - Latest News
Larson Meets With Residents To Discuss The State Of City Streets
Meeting Was Held At Grant Recreation Center
DULUTH, Minn. Duluth Mayor Emily Larson continues to meet with voters hoping to persuade them to vote yes for a half percent sales tax increase to better the city's roads. The city of Duluth controls 450 miles of streets. Studies show that 55 percent of those streets are in poor condition. Tuesday Mayor Larson met with residents at the Grant…
Entertainment, Minnesota, News, News - Latest News
Minnesota State Fair Breaks All-Time Attendance Record
FALCON HEIGHTS, Minn. – This year was the best attended Minnesota State Fair of all time, breaking last year's record by more than 30,000 people. Minnesota's annual 12-day farewell to summer always draws crowds, but mild weather and plenty of new sights, smells, and sounds brought almost 2 million people through the gates. 1,997,320 to be exact. Even a few…
Woman Abducted from I-Falls Located Near Bemidji, Suspect Arrested
BELTRAMI COUNTY, Minn. – On Friday, Sept. 1, around 7 p.m., Beltrami County Deputies assisted the Koochiching County Sheriff's Office in investigating an alleged abduction that had occurred earlier in the day in International Falls, according to the Beltrami County Sheriff's Office. Authorities received information that a male subject, 31, of Blackduck, had taken his ex-girlfriend against her will, and…
Community, Education, Minnesota, News, News - Latest News
Students Host Produce Sale on First Day of Class
William Kelley Elementary 5th Grade Teacher Tom Frericks Spends Much of His Summer in the School Garden
SILVER BAY, Minn. – Fifth grade students from William Kelley Elementary School in Silver Bay were back to the books Tuesday morning and they'll have a fun lesson to kick the year off. For nearly seven years, teacher Tom Frericks has spent his summer growing plants and vegetables of all kinds in the school garden. From onions to squash, peas…
Appeals Court Affirms Rejection of 5 Would-Be Prince Heirs
ST. PAUL, Minn. (AP) – The judge overseeing the estate of the late rock superstar Prince decided correctly when he rejected five people who claimed to be half-siblings and heirs of the late rock superstar Prince, the Minnesota Court of Appeals ruled Tuesday. Carver County District Judge Kevin Eide properly applied state laws on parentage when he barred the five…
Community, Entertainment, Environment, Features, Links, Minnesota, News, News - Latest News
Lost Foresters Raise Funds for Orphans in Uganda
Every Labor Day, the Krohn's Organize a Series of Races at Pine Valley Park in Cloquet
CLOQUET, Minn – Dozens of hearty Northlanders chose to spend their Labor Day morning by waking up early and making their way to Pine Valley Park in Cloquet for a tradition one family started many years ago. Now, the excitement is growing and the fun is expanding into the 'lost forest.' "It's just so Minnesotan, it's awesome," said Brian Krohn,…
Community, Entertainment, Minnesota, News, News - Latest News
Hundreds Gather for Annual Labor Day Celebration in Cloquet
The Nations Longest Oldest and Longest Labor Day Parade Kicked Off at 11 a.m. Monday Morning
CLOQUET, Minn. – Hundreds took advantage of the beautiful Labor Day weather Monday morning, making way to Cloquet for the nations oldest and longest Labor Day Parade. Many spectators lined up nearly two hours before the parade of local businesses, politicians and laborers made way down Avenue C and 13th Street. Paradegoers say they enjoy the annual event because it's…
Dog Warns Minnesota Homeowners of Fire, Dies in Blaze
OAK GROVE, Minn. (AP) – Minnesota authorities say a dog died in a house fire after alerting the occupants that the home was being consumed by flames. The fire happened just before 6;28 a.m. Monday in Oak Grove, about 30 miles north of Minneapolis. Oak Grove Fire Chief Curt Hallermann says both people inside the home awoke and left the…
Mille Lacs Lake Walleye Season to Close Labor Day
MILLE LACS, Minn. – Labor Day marks the last day of the walleye season on Mille Lacs Lake. Anglers finishing for all other species from shore, dock, or pier may use live bait during daylight hours through Thursday, Nov. 30. Live bait restrictions remain in place for anglers in watercraft. Anglers can fish for muskellunge and northern pike at night…
Northlanders Celebrate Labor Day with Picnic, Parade
DULUTH, Minn. – Today is Labor Day and celebrations are taking place across the Northland. One annual event is the Labor Day Picnic in Bayfront Festival Park. The event features free food, beverages, games and kids activities all for free. Cloquet and Virginia are also hosting Labor Day events. For information on all events happening around the state, head to…
Coffee Conversation, Community, Education, Environment, Links, Minnesota, News, News - Latest News
Boat Tour Offers Fun, Educational Ride Along St. Louis River
Coffee Conversation: St. Louis River Alliance
DULUTH, Minn. – The St. Louis River Alliance is once again heading out on the water to educate Northlanders about the estuary. There will be a boat tour on the Vista Star Thursday, September 7 from 6:00 – 7:30 p.m. Boarding will begin at 5:30 p.m. The river alliance will highlight clean-up projects, successes and future vision of the estuary….
Community, Entertainment, Environment, Minnesota, News, News - Latest News
Fishing for Smiles at Legacy Lake
Residents at the Minnesota Veterans Home in Silver Bay Embark on a Fishing Adventure Once a Week
FINLAND, Minn. – Every summer thousands of people spend multiple hours launching their boat, baiting hooks and waiting for the 'big one.' However, many people are forced to give up their freedom of fishing as they age. In Finland Minnesota, one man's mission is now a mark on the calendar once a week. "It kind of gets them doing what…
Business, Community, Minnesota, News, News - Latest News, Video, Wisconsin
Black Hat BBQ Gives Back To Youth Rodeo
Funds Raised Goes Towards The High School Rodeo Foundation
SUPERIOR, Wis. It wouldn't be a rodeo without southern style BBQ. Supporting Minnesota's high school rodeo foundation, Black Hat BBQ can be found at many of the surrounding rodeo events. Portions of the proceeds made at each event is given back to the rodeo scholarship fund. Owners say raising funds is easy to do with favorites like their baby back…
Business, Health, Minnesota, News, News - Latest News, Video
Fresh Produce Arrives In Twin Ports
Fresh Produce From Rochester Minnesota Farm
DULUTH, Minn. It's the season for a harvest. Minnesota farmers are finding ways to sell their freshly grown products You may have seen several fruit and vegetable stands popping up around the twin ports recently. Sunny Side Produce Farms out of Rochester, Minnesota has dozens of stands in northern Minnesota and northwest Wisconsin, making it easier for you to buy…
Community, Minnesota, News, News - Latest News
Locals Collect Supplies to Help Texas Pets
Tina Marcella Left Duluth Friday
Greg Chandler,
DULUTH, Minn. – A local woman is on her way to Texas with a van full of supplies for pets affected by Hurricane Harvey. Tina Marcella and Traci Scholler with Minnesota Pit Bull Rescue collected donations to take to Ft. Worth, Tex. where they will be distributed to areas affected by the hurricane. Marcella left Duluth Friday afternoon, her van…
Duluth Superior Pride Celebrated at Bayfront Park
Annual Festival Brings Northland Community Together
Andrew Kirov,
DULUTH, Minn. – The Duluth Superior Pride Festival is celebrating its 31st year in the Twin Ports. The annual pride festival brings people together from across the Northland to have fun and feel accepted for who they are. "Pride. Smile. Respect queer people and trans people. And everybody." Thousands celebrated inclusiveness and community spirit in Duluth's Bayfront Park. "It's not…
Minnesota Company Plans $300 Million Expansion
Digi-Key Breaks Ground Sep. 15
THIEF RIVER FALLS, Minn. (AP) The growth of an electronic component company is presenting new challenges for a small northern Minnesota community. Digi-Key in Thief River Falls will hold a ground breaking ceremony Sept. 15 for an expansion that could cost as much as $300 million. The 1-million-square-foot expansion will more than double the component distributor's global hub. The company…
Community, Health, Minnesota, News, News - Latest News
Fruit Stand Gives Healthy Option for State Fair-Goers
The Produce Exchange Sells Fresh Fruit
FALCON HEIGHTS, Minn. – If you're headed down to the Minnesota State Fair this weekend there's a good chance you'll be eating something fried and on a stick. If you're looking for something healthy, stop by The Produce Exchange. The booth offers fresh fruit, Kampuchea on tap, energy drinks and organic and fair trade sparkling water. The booth has been…
Canadian Wildfire Smoke Reduces Air Quality in Minnesota
MINNEAPOLIS (AP) – The Minnesota Pollution Control Agency has issued an air quality alert for southwest, western, and central Minnesota because of smoke from Canadian wildfires. The affected area includes Alexandria, Brainerd, Marshall, Ortonville, St. Cloud, and Worthington. The tribal nations of Mille Lacs and Upper Sioux are also affected. The air quality alert is in effect through Saturday. Air…
Minnesota National Guard Deployed to Texas
ST. PAUL, Minn. – Governor Mark Dayton has approved soldiers from the Minnesota National Guard's 34th Combat Aviation Brigade to support response efforts for Hurricane Harvey. The soldiers will depart Friday from St. Cloud via CH-47 Chinook helicopters to conduct aviation operations in Texas. "I am glad that Minnesota will be able to assist the victims of the terrible tragedy…
Special Deer Hunt Permits Available for Cascade River, Judge C. R. Magney State Parks
THE GOAL OF STATE PARK HUNTS IS TO ENSURE HEALTHY NATURAL COMMUNITIES
DULUTH, Minn. – A special firearms deer hunt will be held at Cascade River and Judge C.R. Magney state parks from Nov. 4-19, according to the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources. Hunters wishing to participate in one of the special hunts can obtain a state park deer hunt permit in addition to their regular license. Hunters must apply to participate…
Community, Entertainment, Minnesota, News, News - Latest News, Video
Grand Slam at The Wade Provides Fun for Families
A beautiful August day full of music, games and baseball
DULUTH, Minn. – The Salvation Army held the first ever "Grand Slam at the Wade" on Thursday. Families enjoyed games, dunk tanks, music, and a baseball game. The Salvation Army put on the event to share with the community the things the Salvation Army does, beyond red kettles and thrift shops. "We want the community to be aware of our…
Community, Links, Minnesota, News, News - Latest News
Rummage for Rescue: Supporting Friends of Animals Humane Society
CLOQUET, Minn. – Garage sale-ing season is underway and one big rummage sale this weekend will help Northland animals looking for new homes. This is one of the biggest fundraisers for Friends of Animals Humane Society. The Rummage for Rescue sale is taking place at the Cloquet Armory on Saturday, August 2 from 9:00 a.m. – 3:00 p.m. This is…
Active Adventures, Community, Health, Minnesota, News, News - Latest News
Duluth Personal Trainer Stands Out from the Crowd
Active Adventures: XMT-3 Training
DULUTH, Minn. – A new studio with the focus on the individual has opened in downtown Duluth. XMT-3 Training is run by personal trainer Eric Franklin. Other than 30-minute group classes throughout the day, Franklin only hosts individual personal training sessions. It's part of his focus to branch off from the crowded gym atmosphere. Franklin says after working as a personal trainer…
Business, Community, Minnesota, News, News - Latest News, Weather in the News
Drive Nets Donations for Hurricane Relief
Local Business Owners Organized the Drive
DULUTH, Minn. – Local entrepreneur Mike Letica, like others around the country, saw the devastation Hurricane Harvey brought to South Texas and wanted to do something to help. "Anytime something happens, whether it's in the city or something nationally, I always think about what I would want from people if this happened to me," said Letica. "Prayers for Texas" was…
Community, Minnesota, News, News - Latest News, Weather in the News
Volunteers Trained Before Heading South
Local Red Cross Volunteers Headed to Texas to Help with Harvey Relief
DULUTH, Minn. – Local American Red Cross volunteers headed south to help with Hurricane Harvey relief efforts received training before their trip. Thursday, at the Red Cross' Duluth office, volunteers learned how to deploy, what to expect both in Texas and when they come home, as well as a class in sheltering fundamentals. The local Red Cross already has ten…
New Invasive Insect Damaging Minnesota Crops
Swede midge ST. PAUL, Minn. – A new invasive insect has made its way to Minnesota and is causing damage to various vegetables and crops. according to the Minnesota Department of Agriculture. The swede midge is a small fly that infests crops such as broccoli, cabbage, or canola. The insect was first discovered by the MDA in 2016 in Ramsey…
Community, Education, Environment, Minnesota, News, News - Latest News, Video
Duluth Public Schools Host Open House
Back To School We Go
DULUTH, Minn. It's down to Labor Day weekend to get in those summer activities. The back to school buzz was in the air Wednesday, as several Duluth Public Schools held open houses. Parents along with their kids packed schools across the Northland. Schedules are passed out back packs are full kids are excited to start the school year. "Probably going…
Lucky's 13 Chopped Salad with a Twist
Cooking Connection: Lucky's 13 Pub
DULUTH, Minn. – Lucky's 13 Pub has been in Duluth since February and so far business is going well for the restaurant. The pub offers several selections on their menu and has many tap beers and cocktails. For this week's Cooking Connection FOX 21's William Seay learned how to make the restaurant's "13" Chopped Salad. "13" Chopped Salad: Lettuce Kidney…
Rat Rods to Fill Mahtowa Labor Day Weekend
Rat Rod Rendezvous to Celebrate Nine Years
MAHTOWA, Minn. – A tradition taking over downtown Mahtowa each Labor Day weekend is continuing as the 9th Annual Rat Rod Rendezvous starts up Saturday. Car lovers will be bringing their rat rods from all over the country. The show is taking place Saturday, September 2nd and Sunday, September 3rd. There will be live music, a golf tournament and a…
Community, Minnesota, News, News - Latest News, Public Safety
Farming Accident Results in Fatality
NORTHWOOD TOWNSHIP, Minn. – A Minnesota man has lost his life after a farming-related accident. The Beltrami County Sheriff's Office responded to the scene on Tuesday, August 29 just after 10 a.m. The accident occurred in the 43000 block of Moose River Rd, in Northwood Township. That is located in the far northwest portion of Beltrami County, approximately 100 miles…
Cabin a Total Loss After Fire
No Injuries Have Been Reported
CANYON, Minn. – A Northland cabin is a total loss after fire overtook it Thursday morning. St. Louis County Sheriff's Deputies got the call just before 2:30 a.m. When they got to the home at 8292 W. Rose Lake Drive in Canyon, the cabin was fully engulfed in flames. This was a privately owned cabin and no one was there…
Concordia Language Villages Fears Impact of Visa Cuts
Photo: The Bemidji Pioneer MINNEAPOLIS (AP) – Officials who run a popular language and cultural immersion program in the north woods of Minnesota warn that potential changes in visa rules could make it hard for them to hire enough instructors. Christine Schulze, executive director of Concordia Language Villages, is urging alumni and other supporters to contact their congressional representatives and…
Business, Community, Links, Minnesota, News, News - Latest News, Public Safety, US & World News
Water Drive to Support those Affected by Tropical Storm Harvey
Local Businessman to Travel to Texas
DULUTH, Minn. – A local Duluth man is heading to Texas this weekend to help those affected by Tropical Storm Harvey and he's asking for help. Mike Letica is hosting a Water Drive on Thursday, August 31 from noon to 7 p.m. at Denfeld High School. Letica is asking for donations of water, cots, air mattresses, medical supplies, cash donations…
Community, Links, Minnesota, News, News - Latest News, Public Safety, US & World News, Wisconsin
American Red Cross: How Northlanders Can Support Harvey Victims
Monetary Donations Encouraged by Red Cross Officials
DULUTH, Minn. – Tropical Storm Harvey is causing devastation in Texas with thousands evacuated and mutiple deaths reported. As people around the country try to help those affected, the American Red Cross is doing whatever they can to help as well. Dan Williams, the Executive Director of the American Red Cross serving Northern Minnesota and Wisconsin, stopped by FOX 21…


One of the forums I frequent had a link to a Brainwave Frequency Listing chart that I found fascinating. Particularly the bottom 1/3 of the chart, since those are the frequencies that fall within the audible spectrum.
Previous Previous post: see, the world IS safer with Dems in Congress….


While it sometimes feels like the entire fashion world is just biding their time, waiting for the Paris shows to start, there's a lot of really interesting fashion happening all over the globe. Mercedes-Benz Fashion Week Madrid is a prime example of a week where creativity and risk-taking reign supreme in the collections, often without being noticed by American publications.
So over the next few weeks as the SW team preps for our big trip to Japan to cover Mercedes-Benz Fashion Week Tokyo, we'll be running photos from collections that have caught our eye, without critique simply for your enjoyment, and as a reminder that the fashion world does not begin and end in Paris.
First up: Maya Hansen Spring 2015. With a background in corsetry and with a host of awards under her belt, Hansen created "Birth", a collection featuring prints inspired by the drawings of William Hunter an 18th century anatomist and physician.


The links on this page are great for finding Irish events, music, bands and other interesting stuff. If you want to add a link here, just let me know.
Vocalist for Innisfree, she has also recorded for Steve Ciccone, Victor Avilla and David Rucker. Check out her new CD.
This is a compilation of links developed by Dennis Doyle to almost any Irish information you want.
The Irish Center of Southern California, Inc. promotes Irish culture and supports our local Irish and Irish-American community. The primary aim of the Center is to acquire a multi-purpose facility including a theater, library, social hall, museum and meeting rooms. The facility will be used for lectures, concerts, socials, plays and classes in Irish music, language and dance. The Center hopes that the facility will provide a physical "center" for our community.
In addition to providing a facility, the Center will sponsor and promote activities focusing on the strong bonds between Ireland and Southern California. The Center will serve our community by sponsoring activities emphasizing education and enjoyment and by supporting the efforts of other local groups. The Center has promoted a deeper understanding of Irish events. Through it's emergency assistance fund the Center has helped individuals in our community by providing modest amounts of financial assistance to those in urgent need.


Paol Stool – Vanity Mirror Co.
The charming Paol stool is a perfect choice for your vanity seating or to add extra seating to your room.
It's neutral color makes it an easy addition in a large variety of spaces. Paol is tufted and upholstered in a 70% linen, 30% cotton blend for your comfort and embellished with silver studded detailing with rings on the side.


text:
Navy Tiger Moths
By Leo Pettipas
2010 marked the 100th anniversary of Canadian Naval Aviation, and so our Fall 2010 Journal featured several articles related to this fascinating subject. Leo Pettipas writes about just one aspect in his article on Navy Tiger Moths.
Former RCAF Tiger Moth 8865 joined the Navy as VG-TGF. In the interregnum between the two service periods it was owned by the Ottawa Flying Club as CF-CJH. The photo is circa 1955 when it was given a new lease on life as a station hack at Dartmouth.
(DND DNS-14607-2 via the TONY STACHIW collection)
Designed in Great Britain by the de Havilland Aircraft Company Limited, the Tiger Moth was a single-engine, two-seat, dual-control ab initio flying trainer. It was of composite wood and metal construction, fabric covered. Its wings were in a staggered configuration, with the top mainplanes positioned further forward than the lower ones to facilitate emergency exit from the front cockpit. To offset the forward location of the upper wing and to maintain balance, both wings were swept backward. The top of the engine cowling sloped downward toward the front to enhance the forward view. First introduced into the Royal Air Force (RAF) in 1932 as a standard elementary pilot trainer, the Tiger Moth continued on in this role with the RAF until 1947. During that year, Canadian naval personnel were receiving flying training on the type in Britain.
In 1926, de Havilland set up a branch plant in Toronto, but it was not until 1938 that the first Canadian-built Tiger Moth was handed over to the RCAF. During the ensuing war years, some 1384 DH-82Cs were acquired by the Air Force for basic flying training at British Commonwealth Air Training Plan (BCATP) elementary flying training schools (EFTS's).
From A to C
A variety of alterations to the basic British design was required to adapt the Tiger Moth to Canadian conditions. Principal among these were several "winterising" features: a sliding perspex canopy that enclosed both cockpits, a cockpit heating system, and more robust axles to accommodate heavier loads brought on when the aircraft was fitted with skis. These modifications were introduced in the earlier Canadian-built DH-82As.
Defining characteristics of the more developed C model were wheel brakes and a fully castering tail wheel, further-forward positioning of the undercarriage members to prevent nosing over during brake application, a Gipsy Major 1C engine, a jettisonable canopy that offered more head room, elevator trim tabs controlled by a wheel in each cockpit, American instruments of smaller size than their British counterparts, and an enhanced instrument layout. The corresponding reduced instrument panel size made possible a reshaping of the combing between the cockpits that in turn permitted an improved view from the rear (instructor's) position.
Background History
The three Tiger Moths that were turned over to the Navy originally carried the RCAF serial numbers (s/n) 5014, 5088 and 8865. The first-mentioned was taken on strength (TOS) by the Air Force in June1941 and spent at least part of its wartime service life with No. 31 EFTS, De Winton, Alberta under the control of No. 4 Training Command headquartered at Regina, Saskatchewan. It was struck off strength (SOS) in August 1945 after logging 1577.20 hours, and sold to the Royal Canadian Flying Clubs Association. It was assigned the registration code CF-CJJ and was being operated by the Ottawa Flying Club (OFC) when the federal government re-acquired it on the Navy's behalf several years later.
Tiger Moth 5088 became Air Force property in July 1941 and served with No. 32 EFTS, Bowden, Alberta. With 1460.45 hours to its credit, it was struck off strength in February 1945, turned over to War Assets Corporation, and subsequently sold in early December 1945 to the Ottawa Flying Club, which operated it under the registration CF-CJG. The Canadian Commercial Corporation of Ottawa acquired it in May 1948 for allocation to the RCN.
The third Tiger Moth to find its way into Navy hands, s/n 8865, was brought on charge with the RCAF in May 1942 and was struck off strength three years later in July 1945. In the meantime it had served initially with No. 3 Flying Instructor School at Arnprior, Ontario before transfer to No. 4 EFTS at Windsor Mills, Quebec. By the time of its retirement it had flown 1463.5 hours. It too became the property of the Ottawa Flying Club in early December 1945, where it was operated under the registration code CF-CJH, and was also purchased by the Canadian Commercial Corporation in May 1948 for subsequent delivery to the Navy.
The Navy Tiger Moths were initially slated to serve with two formations at the naval air establishment: the School of Naval Aircraft Maintenance, and Fleet Requirements Unit 743.
DH-82C 5014 as the fierce looking VG-TFA of Fleet Requirements Unit 743.Although the image is of less than desireable quality, it does illustrate the aircraft's unusual wing and fuselage stripes, large sharmouth, and "26" tail number.
School of Naval Aircraft Maintenance
Up until August of 1945, the Royal Navy (RN) in the United Kingdom (UK) provided air technical training of Canadian naval personnel. From August 20, 1945 until June 3, 1946, basic technical training was received at No. 1 Technical Training School, RCAF Station Aylmer, Ontario. Yet another shift, this one to the Mechanical Training Establishment at His Majesty's Canadian Ship (HMCS) Stadacona, took place later in 1946. Throughout this time, advanced instruction continued to be received from the RN in Britain by Canadian trainees following their receipt of basic training in Canada.
The post-war expansion of naval aviation brought with it a decision to concentrate all groundcrew training under the watchful eye of Naval Air headquarters located at RCAF Station Dartmouth. To that end, the School of Naval Aircraft Maintenance (SNAM) was established there in April 1948. An obvious requirement at the outset was an appropriate assemblage of teaching aids, notably airframes and engines. This need was partially addressed by the repurchase of the Tiger Moths from the civilian flying clubs.
The acquisition of these aircraft at public expense is noteworthy in light of the fact that 1948 was the same year the Navy retired six Fairey Swordfish, also fabric-covered biplanes, that had been on strength with the Dartmouth-based utility squadron Fleet Requirements Unit (FRU) 743. Why the Swordfish, already owned by the Navy and on-site, were not sufficient to meet the SNAM requirements by themselves is unclear; indeed, one of them was used at the school as a ground-training aid along with the Tiger Moths. Obviously, the latter filled a particular need, as most of the Swordfish were intentionally destroyed locally by burning in 1949. In the meantime, the Tiger Moths were flown to Dartmouth. In keeping with Murphy's Law, they arrived a week late, resulting in a delay in the commencement of the first SNAM course. They were taken on strength as fully airworthy aircraft in May 1948.
Tiger Moth 5088/CF-CJG did not remain on the Navy List for very long, being struck off strength in January 1949. Its subsequent disposition is unknown, but in all likelihood it was scrapped or reduced to spares and produce. Tiger Moth 8865/CF-CJH remained on the Navy's registry until 1957 (of which more below). But the Tiger Moth as a type did not enjoy a very long career as a SNAM instructional aid. According to some former students, one was still so employed in 1950, but there is conflicting testimony on this: another former SNAM student noted in a 2008 communiqué that there was a Tiger Moth in one of the SNAM hangars when he took his rigger training there starting in early 1950. However, he and his classmates did not get any rigger instruction on it at all and he did not recall its ever having come out of the hangar during the six months or so that he was there. It was definitely no longer being used for the purpose in 1951.
Just as the Tiger Moths were used during the war as elementary flying trainers for pilots, their deployment at SNAM was as basic training aids for technicians. Aspiring Air Mechanics were taught the fundamentals of airframes, engines, rigging and electrics. Instruction in Tiger Moth electrics, thanks to the type's simplicity, was confined to the engine magnetos and ignition system. Student Air Mechanics (Engines) learned to strip down the Gipsy Major engine and rebuild it from the crankshaft up, while the budding Air Mechanics (Airframes) dismantled the airframe and reassembled it. The Tiger Moths were used to illustrate such items as control cable runs; the workings of a bellcrank; turnbuckle adjustment of stagger, dihedral and sweep; fabric doping; and rib and boom stitching in fabric work. As an incentive, provisions were made to flight-test the reassembled aircraft with a student on board.
The Tiger Moths retained their military paint schemes of yellow overall and black engine cowlings while under civilian ownership. The wartime RCAF markings had long been replaced with the above-noted civilian registration codes, which were retained on the SNAM machines.
Fleet Requirements Unit 743
Fleet Requirements Units were general-purpose (utility) squadrons mandated to carry out a wide variety of non-operational support functions on behalf of the front-line air units and the fleet. This included provision of flying time for non-aircrew personnel, and it was in this capacity that FRU 743 employed Tiger Moth 5014. It was assigned the code VG-TFA, the combined designator of the Naval Air Arm (VG), FRU 743 (TF), and the individual aircraft code (A). The squadron Fair Flying Log shows that VG-TFA was used to provide "air experience" to "CAG [Carrier Air Group] and other" personnel during 1949, the last flight for this purpose by the squadron took place in October of that year. VG-TFA was SOS on 1 March 1950.
Subsequent Use
The last year a Tiger Moth was used at SNAM was 1950, the machine in question being 8865. It was not SOS in short order as were the other two, but was retained more or less intact in the Shearwater maintenance hangar (Z2) for several years. In the summer of 1954 station personnel restored it to flying condition. Navy roundels and markings, along with the original RCAF serial number, were applied. In addition, the number "800" was allotted to it, although it is questionable if the aircraft ever actually displayed this number, and the rationale for this assignment is unclear. Interestingly, a Sea Fury belonging to VT 40 carried this same number. Tiger Moth 8865 served as the station "hack" over the next three years, principally for casual/recreational flying by base personnel.
Upon its retirement from the Navy in 1957, 8865 was placed in storage at nearby Fairey Aviation of Canada Limited, bringing to a close the fourth chapter of its somewhat lengthy career. The aircraft did not remain in storage for very long, however; that same year it was purchased by Father John MacGillivray, the Roman Catholic padre at RCAF Station Summerside, for his personal use. Painted blue and white with red struts and trim, it was registered as CF-IVO.
One of Father MacGillivray's most notable achievements with CF-IVO was a return cross-country flight from Summerside to Rockford, Illinois, a total distance of 2800 miles (4505 kms). The trip was undertaken in order to attend an Experimental Aircraft Association (EAA) Fly-In, and involved thirty stops, nine customs clearances, thirty-nine flying hours, and twelve days of annual leave.
The destination of this journey may have had a bearing on the final disposition of CF-IVO, for although its flying permit was still valid July 15, 1965, Father MacGillivray donated it in 1964 to the EAA Air Museum, Hales Corners, Wisconsin. In a compilation of surviving vintage aircraft issued ten years later, it was on the museum's list of Antique and Classic Aircraft. A subsequent publication on aviation museums in the United States showed that it was still there in 1995.
The other surviving Tiger Moth – ex-VG-TFA – did not experience quite as illustrious a post-Naval career. It changed private hands three times between July 1950 and June 1955 before being acquired in September of 1955 by the Quebec Soaring Club at Ancienne Lorette. In August of 1957 it stalled in a turn after a low pass to drop a towrope, crashed and was damaged beyond repair.
Leo Pettipas is a well-known Winnipeg based aviation historian and writer who tends to specialize in naval aviation subjects. He is a past contributor to the CAHS Journal and has published a number of books on RCN aviation.